AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAY 1956 SOVIET DRAFT LAW ON PENSIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00935A000400080006-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 27, 1998
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: July 23, 1956
• Content Type: IM

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inn
INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM
AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAY 1956 SOVIET DRAFT LAW
ON PENSIONS
CIA/RR IM-431
23 July 1956
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE
ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, USC, SECS. 793 AND 794, THE
TRANSMISSION OR REVELATION OF WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO AN
UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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S-E-C -R-E-T
CONTENTS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Economic Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. Analysis of Changes in Benefit Provisions . . . . . . .
1. Old-Age Pensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Present; Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Draft Law . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Disability Pensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Present Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Draft Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Survivors' Pensions . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .
a. Present Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Draft Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Other Provisions of the Draft Law . . . . . . . . .
Appendixes
Appendix A. Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix B. Source References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Page
1. Planned Expenditures for Social Insurance and Social Security
in the USSR, 1946-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Old-Age Pensions of Workers and Employees Under the May 1956
Draft Law in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3? Computation of Basic Disability Pensions Under Present Law
in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Computation of Basic Disability Pensions Under the May 1956
Draft Law in the USSR . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Minimum and Maximum Disability Pensions Under the May :L956
Draft Law in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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CIA/RR IM-431 S-E-C-R1-E-T
(ORR Project 41.1110)
AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAY 1956 SOVIET DRAFT LAW ON PENSIONS*
Summary
On 8 May 1956 the Council of Ministers, USSR, published a draft
law on state pensions which was to become effective on 1 October 1956
if approved by the. Supreme Soviet. The draft law represents a major
piece of social legislation, embodying a basic revision of the entire
pension structure -.- the first since the 1930's. The law codifies the
numerous decrees and regulations governing pensions for workers and
employees and integrates veterans' pensions with civilian social
insurance.
Pensions for most eligible workers and employees and their fami-
lies, as well as for veterans and their families, will be substantially
increased when the new law takes effect. Because minimum pensions
fixed in the new law exceed the maximum pensions available to many
workers under present arrangements, the greatest increases will accrue
to lower paid wage earners.
The new pension law provides a minimum old-age pension of 300
rubles per month and a maximum of 1,200 rubles. Under the present
pension system, most workers receive from 210 to 240 rubles.
According to a Soviet source, the average old-age pension will
increase by more than 90 percent and the average disability pension
by 50 to 60 percent. Additional budget allocations of 12.6 billion
rubles annually, an increase of 29.percent over the total amount
budgeted in 1955, will be required for social insurance and social
security under the new law.
0
The new law will continue the present Soviet policy of using
the pension system as an instrument to further general manpower
policies. Special. benefits are accorded workers who stay in the
same job for long periods, who work in remote locations or under
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this memorandum repre-
sent the best judgment of ORR as of 1 July 1956.
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unpleasant working conditions, who are engaged directly in production,
and who are employed in those industries considered most important
to the state.
On 8 May 1956 the Council of Ministers, USSR, published a draft law
on pensions which was to be submitted to the Supreme Soviet for con-
firmation and if approved was to become effective on 1 October 1956: l/*
The proposed law represents a fundamental revision of the pension
system, the first since the 1930's. Such a reform was foreshadowed
in Khrushchev's statement in March to the XX Party Congress that mea-
sures would be taken shortly to "radically improve the state of
pensions" so as to remove "grave shortcomings." 2/
Under present arrangements, pensions paid to eligible citizens
are governed by several different-systems. All "workers and employees"**
are covered by state social insurance (sotsial'noye strakhovaniye),
which provides old-age, disability, and survivors' pensions and is
financed from contributions of state enterprises. Disabled veterans,
members of the families of deceased veterans, and citizens disabled
from birth are granted pensions under the system of state social
security (sotsial'noye obespecheniye), financed from general state
funds. Specified categories of scientific, educational, and technical
workers receive pensions after designated periods of continuous ser-
vice, and special "personal" pensions are awarded to citizens per-
forming particularly meritorious services to the state. Some of these
long-service and personal pensions are a part of social insurance,
and others come under social security. Officers and other specified
personnel of the armed services and the MVD are covered by special
pension systems financed from the budgets of the ministries concerned.
* For serially numbered source references, see Appendix B.
** Workers and employees is a technical term used by the Soviet govern-
ment. It includes workers in heavy and light industries, in state
agriculture, and in nonindustrial services such as transportation,
communications, construction, trade, education, health, and art; it
also includes employees of all state and public institutions. The term
does not include workers on collective farms, members of the armed
services, forced laborers, or independent artisans.
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Finally, although members of the collective farms are not covered
under any of these systems, needy kolkhozniki (collective farmers)
may be awarded pensions from mutual aid funds provided by fixed deduc-
tions from kolkhoz revenues*; similar arrangements exist for members
of artels.
The new pension law will simplify the pension structure consider-
ably by combining in a single piece of legislation a multiplicity of
different decrees and regulations governing old-age, disability, and
survivors' pensions for workers, employees, and others. The law also
proposes to integrate the system of disability and survivors' pensions
for veterans with the civilian social insurance system. Finally,
eligibility rules and the methods of calculating pensions will be
made much less complex than they are now. From the point of view of
the individual worker, however, the principal advantage of the proposed
law is the fact that it will result in a substantial increase in the
average pension. For example, under the present system the old-age
pension for most workers is limited to 210 rubles, 225 rubles, or
240 rubles per month (depending on the kind of work), whereas under
the new provisions the minimum monthly pension is fixed at 300 rubles,
and the maximum is set at 1,200. Although most pensions will rise
when the new law takes effect, some may be reduced. According to
one reliable report, military officers' pensions have already been
cut. 4/
II. Economic Costs.
According to Finance Minister Zverev, the new pension law will
raise the average disability pension by 50 to 60 percent and the
average old-age pension by more than 90 percent; the annual cost of
the improved pensions is estimated at 12.6 billion rubles. 5/ This
figure represents an increase of 29 percent over the total amount
allocated for-social insurance and social security in the 1955 budget
and an increase of 26 percent over the amount provided for 1956. 6/
In the Soviet budget, funds for the payment of pensions are pro-
vided under two separate categories, social insurance and social secu-
rity. The amounts allocated to these categories in the budgets for
the past few years are shown in Table 1.** As would be expected in a
* According to available information, 2 percent of kolkhoz gross
income is set aside to finance these mutual aid funds. 3/
Table. 1 follows on p. 4. -
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Planned Expenditures for ; c ial Insurance
and Social Security in ,'-.e USSR a/
1946-56
Billion Rubles
Year
Social
Insurance
Social
Security
Total.
1946
7.2
17.0
24.2
1947
9.3
20.6
29.9
1948
15.7
22.6
38.3
1949
16.6
21.6
38.2
1950
18.1
22.4
40.5
1951
21.1
22.3
43.4
1952
N.A.
N.A.
37.5
1953
N.A.
N.A.
42.9 b/
1954
N.A.
N.A.
44.9 b/
1955
18.o
25.0
43.0
1956
17.9
30.5
48.4
a. 7
b. Including unknown amounts allocated for
family allowances.
nation with a growing and gradually aging population, the amounts
allocated for these social services have been increasing slowly.
The substantial increase in.the total allocations planned for 1956
undoubtedly represents an allowance for the higher pensions scheduled
to be in effect during the last quarter of the year. As indicated
by the figures in Table 1, all of the planned additional funds were
allocated to social security, and no increase was made in social
insurance funds, even though a substantial additional amount will be
needed to finance increased pensions for workers covered by social
insurance as well as for those (mainly veterans and their families)
covered by social security. It is possible that all of the estimated
increase in pension costs for 1956 was simply allocated arbitrarily
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to the social security account in the budget. It is also possible,
however, that some categories of expenditures formerly classified
under social insurance have been transferred to social security as
a part of the revision of the pension system.
The budget categories social security and social insurance include
many types of expenditures other than pensions. According to Soviet
sources, pensions account for about 40 percent of the budget alloca-
tion for social insurance (that is, about 7.2 billion rubles in 1955)?
If this percentage is also applicable to social security allocations,
the.total estimated. expenditures for pensions in 1955 would be 17.2
billion rubles. Total expenditures of such magnitude would trot be
inconsistent with data cited by Zverev with respect to estimated costs
of the new pension bill. The number of persons receiving pensions
is not known but is thought to exceed 5 million.
The estimated annual allocation of an additional 12.6 billion
rubles to pay for higher pensions provided under the new bill repre-
sents a sizable addition to the disposable income of the Soviet popu-
lation. This provision of additional purchasing power is in contrast
to the recent Soviet policy of attempting to stabilize consumer incomes,
a policy that has been largely successful. Nevertheless, the govern-
ment undoubtedly considers this concession not too high a price to
pay, for the reaction of the populace to the pension announcement
has apparently been highly favorable. 9/
Pensions paid out under the social insurance system are financed
by means of compulsory contributions from enterprises and state insti-
tutions. Contribution rates are fixed at a specified percentage of
the total wage fund and vary among industries, depending on the total
amount of benefits paid to eligible employees in the industry. At
present, rates range from 4.1 to 9.0 percent: enterprises in the coal
industry, for example, pay 9 percent, whereas those in state agricul-
ture and procurement pay 4.4 percent. 10/ It is estimated that in 1956
these contributions will yield 28.3 billion rubles, 1.8 billion more
than in 1955. 11/ The total yield from this source far exceeds
budgeted outlays for social insurance benefits. As yet there has
been no indication that contribution rates are to be raised in connection
with adoption of the new pension program.
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III. Analysis of Changes in Benefit Provisions.
1. Old-Age Pensions.
Under the present system, old-age pensions are paid to
workers and employees on the following conditions 12/:
(1) Those working underground or in harmful occupations
may retire at age 50 after 20 years of service on a pension of 60 per-
cent of their average wage, limited by appropriate maxima.
(2) Basic cadres* (osnovnyye kadry) in designated indus-
tries (metallurgy, machine building, chemica'.s, petroleum,, and others)
may retire at age 50 or 55 after 20 or 25 years of service on a pen-
sion of 50 percent of their basic wage or salary.
(3) All others may retire at age 60 (men) or 55 (women)
after 20 or 25 years of service, respectively, on a pension of 50
or 55 percent of their average wage (depending on the industry),
limited by appropriate maxima.
The maximum amounts of wages on which pensions are calcu-
lated are fixed separately for each industry, varying between 300
and 600 rubles per month; the former is applicable to most workers.
A cost-of-living supplement of 60 rubles per month is paid to all
nonworking pensioners who live in cities and whose monthly pensions
do not exceed 900 rubles. 14/ A worker need not retire in order to
receive a pension.
The net effect of these provisions is to fix old-age pen-
ri.ons for most workers between 210 and 240 rubles per month -- amounts
"?on sufficient to purchase, for example, even a cheap w'xl 1'-
,, :_ .
Ma.? 7955 the loaves ate
1 ` prlc: c, suit in the principal st
department store in Moscow (GUM) cost 690 rubles. 15/
* The term basic cadres refers to personnel directly connected with
the production work of the enterprise. The term apparently includes
all plant employees except those engaged in intraplant transport, in
teaching or administration of plant schools, in medical-sanitation
work, in providing cultural or communal services for workers, in
investigative work, and in experimental and research work. 13/
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b. Draft Law.
Eligibility requirements for old-age pensions in the new
law are essentially the same as under the present law, except that
women working underground or in unhealthy surroundings may retire
at age 45 with 16 years of service. Pensions depend on the kind of
work and-the average earnings, as shown in TabLe 2.
Old-Age Pensions of Workers and Employees
Under the May 1956 Draft Law in the USSR
Pensions
(Percent of Monthly Earnings)
(1)
(2)
Workers and Employees Who
Monthly Earnings
Workers and
Employees
Except Those
Work Underground or Who Are
Engaged in Work Conducted
Under Unhealthful Conditions
(Rubles)
in Column (2)
and in Hot Workshops
Through 350
100
100
351 to 500
85
90
501 to 6oo
75
80
601 to Boo
65
70
801 to 1,000
55
60
Above 1,000
50
55
Pensions are increased by 10 percent for those who retire
after an uninterrupted period of over 15 years and for those with 1
dependent; those with 2 or more dependents receive an additional 15
percent. The minimum monthly pension is 300 rubles and the maximum,
1,200 rubles. In contrast with present practice, the new law discriminates
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against pensioners who continue to work after they are eligible for
pensions. Those whose monthly earnings exceed 1,000 rubles receive
no pension if they continue to work; if their earnings are 1,000
rubles or less, their pension is 150 rubles, except that those
engaged in underground or unhealthful work receive 50 percent of the
pension to which they would be otherwise entitled.
The net effect of the new provisions will be to increase
substantially the old-age pensions of the great majority of workers
and employees. To illustrate: under the present law a textile
worker who meets the eligibility requirements and whose qualifying
wage averages 700 rubles per month is entitled to a monthly pension
of 210 rubles, whereas under the draft law he would be entitled to
455 rubles, and if he had a continuous work period of more than 15
years he would receive 500 rubles. The fact that the new law -- in the
face of a tightening labor supply -- penalizes those who continue to
work may indicate that older workers, particularly in the lower wage
categories, have been found to be relatively unproductive and per-
haps unable to cope with new mechanized processes being widely intro-
duced throughout Soviet industry.
2. Disability Pensions.
a. Present Law.
Long-term disability pensions* -- the pensions treated
in this memorandum -- are paid to eligible workers and employees,
the amounts depending on the cause and extent of the disability and
on the age, sex, kind of work, and length of service of the worker. 16/
Those disabled by accidents or disease connected with their work
are eligible for pensions (workmen's compensation) regardless of
age or length of service. Those disabled from other causes are eligi-
ble for pensions only if they have worked the required number of
years (ranging from 2 to 20 years depending on age, sex, and kind
of work).** Eligible disabled workers are classified in three cate-
gories on the basis of the degree of disability as found by medical
* Persons whose disabilities are regarded as curable are not paid
pensions under social insurance, but may receive sickness benefits
under another program.
** One year of work in the extreme north and in other remote areas
is counted as 2 years in determining service eligibility for both
disability and old-age pensions.
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commissions, and basic monthly pensions are then computed as shown
in Table 3.* Various kinds of supplements to these basic pensions
are provided as follows:
(1) An additional 60 rubles per month is paid to nonwork-
ing pensioners living in cities.
(2) For continuous service in the same enterprise or in-
stitution, the basic pension for non-work-connected disability is
increased by 10 to 25 percent, depending on the number of years of
service and kind of work. For example, most workers with 15 years
of service are entitled to a 20-percent increase; miners working
underground receive a 25-percent increase. 17/
Disabled. veterans (other than officers) who worked in
industry prior to military service are paid disability pensions on
the same basis as civilian workers, except that the maximum pension
is fixed at 460 rubles per month. 18/ Veterans who did not work
prior to military service receive fixed disability pensions rang-
ing from 70 to 300 rubles per month, depending on the cause and
extent of disability. Noncommissioned officers receive an addition
of 25 percent of the basic pension.
b. Draft Law.
Under the new law, long-term disability pensions are to
be paid to those disabled in connection with their work, without
regard to age or length of service. Those disabled from other causes
must meet eligibility requirements based on age, sex, and length of
service as fixed by the Council of Ministers; whether these require-
ments are to be different from the present law is not stated. The
amount of the pension continues to depend on the degree of disability,
the kind of work done by the employee, and his average earnings, but
the amount of differentiation will be reduced. The manner in which
the basic pension is to be fixed is shown in Table 4.** Presumably
the list of occupations and industries which carry privileged pension
status for workers is being re-examined by the Council of Ministers;
such a review will-undoubtedly be oriented toward providing an addi-
tional incentive to workers to take jobs in accordance with current
manpower allocation needs.
* Table 3 follows on p. 10.
** Table 4 follows on p. 11.
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Basic pensions are to be supplemented as follows:
(1) For invalids in Groups I and II with non-work-connected
disabilities -- an increase of 10 percent if they had 10 to 15 years
of continuous service in the same enterprise or institution, and 15
percent if they had more than 15 years.
(2) For nonworking invalids in Groups I and II with 1 depen-
dent -- an increase of 10 percent; with 2 or more dependents -- an in-
crease of 15 percent.
(3) For invalids in Group I who are totally disabled and
require care -- an increase of 15 percent for their care.
Minimum and maximum disability pensions are established
as shown in Table 5.
Table 5
Minimum and Maximum Disability Pensions
Under the May 1956 Draft Law in the USSR
Rubles per Month
Minimum
Maximum
Non-Work-
Non-Work-
Degree of
Work-Connected
Connected
Work-Connected
Connected
Disability
Disability
Disability
Disability
Disability
Group I a/
360
300
1200
900
Group II b/
285
230
900
600
Group III -c/
210
160
450
400
a. Including those completely disabled and requiring outside care.
b. Including those completely disabled but not requiring outside
care.
c. Including those disabled for work at their regular jobs but able
to work irregularly or at other kinds of jobs.
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Disability pensions to servicemen (privates) who were
workers or employees before entering military service are paid on
the same terms as to civilians except as follows: (1) pensions
are awarded regardless of age or length of service, and (2) the
minimum pensions for totally disabled veterans are slightly higher.
Pensions for noncommissioned officers are 10 percent higher than
those for privates, though they may not exceed the maxima set for
privates. Pensions for servicemen who did not work prior to mili-
tary service and for commissioned officers are to be established by
the Council of Ministers.
The net effect of all these provisions will be to raise
considerably the level of disability pensions, particularly for
lower paid workers. For example, under the present law a coal miner
who was totally disabled as a result of a mining explosion and whose
earnings averaged 1,000 rubles per month would receive a pension of
740 rubles under the present law and 782 rubles under the draft law.
A street-sweeper who was partially disabled (Grout II) while at work
and whose monthly earnings averaged 400 rubles would receive a monthly
pension of 285 rubles under the present law and 360 rubles under the
new law. A department store clerk who was totally disabled in an on-
the-job accident and whose monthly earnings averaged 700 rubles would
receive a monthly pension of 360 rubles under the present law and
598 rubles under the new law.
3. Survivors' Pensions.
Pensions are paid to the families of workers and employees
who die or disappear, provided the worker himself would have been
eligible for a disability pension. Eligible dependents include the
following: children, brothers, sisters, disabled and aged parents,
and a parent or spouse irrespective of age if he cares for children,
brothers, or sisters (under the age of 8) of the deceased or disap-
peared breadwinner. The amount of the pension is based on the dis-
ability pension to which the deceased or disappeared breadwinner, him-
self would have been entitled; the total amount paid to the family
depends on the number of eligible dependents. In most cases the
survivors' pension is figured on the basis of the pension to which
the deceased would have been entitled as a partially disabled (Group II)
invalid as follows: 1 dependent, 50 percent; 2 dependents, 75 percent;
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3 dependents, 100 percent; and 4 or more dependents, 125 percent. If
the deceased was in the category of basic cadres in designated indus-
tries (coal, metallurgy, and others), his survivors are entitled to
pensions on more generous terms. 19/ All pensions are increased by
60 rubles per month for survivors living in cities or in workers'
settlements.
Under the new law, pensions will be paid to eligible
survivors of workers who die, but not to those who "disappear"; the
list of eligibles Is broadened to include grandchildren of the deceased.
The basic survivors' pension is equivalent to that disability pension
to which the deceased himself would have been entitled -- if there are
3 or more dependents, the rate for a Group I disability will apply;
if there are 2, the rate for Group II is used; and for 1, the rate
for Group III applies. Thus the amount will depend on the industry,
occupation, and average wage 'of the deceased and the cause! of his
death, as shown in Table 4.* Minimum and maximum survivors' pensions
are the same as those fixed for disability pensions. The following
supplements are also provided: (1) a 15-percent increase in the
pensions if there are 3 or more survivors and if the deceased died
from work-connected causes, (2) a 10-percent increase in survivors'
pensions if the deceased died from non-work-connected causes and
had 10 to 15 years of uninterrupted service in the same enterprise
or institution, and (3) a 15-percent increase is paid if he had over
15 years of uninterrupted service. Families of deceased servicemen
who had worked prior to military service are treated in the same way
as are the families of deceased civilian workers, although, as with
disability pensions, a 10-percent increase is provided for families
of deceased noncommissioned officers. The net effect of the draft
law will be to raise survivors' pensions to about the same extent
that disability pensions are raised.
4. Other Provisions of the Draft Law.
Under present arrangements, designated categories of special-
ists (teachers, medical workers, agronomists, and others) receive
special pensions after a specified number of years of service in
their professions. Though eligibility rules and amounts of pensions
* P. 11, above.
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vary with the profession, the usual service requirement is 25 years,
and the pension amounts to 40 or 50 percent of the average wage. 20/
The draft law provides for the continuance of pensions of this type,
but requires the Council of Ministers to determine "the procedure for
the further award and payment" of such pensions. The draft law also
retains the special system of awarding pensions to scientists on
privileged terms.
Finally, special old-age, disability, and survivors' pensions
are awarded to those who have rendered special service in connection
with "revolutionary, state, public, cultural activity or defense of
the USSR" (or to the families of such persons). 21/ These are the
so-called "personal" pensions which are awarded by the Council of
Ministers, by special commissions of the republic_ministries of social
security, and by other authorized local government agencies. Under
the draft law the Council of Ministers, USSR, is to establish rules
governing the award of such pensions in the future.
When the draft law goes into effect, those who are entitled
to higher pensions under it will have their pensions increased appro-
priately. All others may retain their pensions unless they exceed
the applicable maximum specified in the law; if so, the pensions must
be reduced to the appropriate maximum. Finally, pensioners living
in rural axeas and connected with agriculture are paid pensions
amounting to 85 percent of those to which they would otherwise be
entitled. It is believed that this provision constitutes a recogni-
tion of a lower cost of living usually prevailing in'rural axeas rather
than a concerted policy of discrimination against workers associated
with agriculture. The present emphasis on agricultural production,
together with the greater opportunity now afforded for limited sub-
sistence farming (animals and small plots), tends to reinforce the
proposition of nondiscrimination.
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S-E-C -R-E-T
APPENDIX A
GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
Little statistical information is available concerning the opera-
tions of the various forms of social insurance and social security
in the USSR. It would be desirable to have a breakdown of budget
allocations for social welfare among kinds of benefits and, to know
the total number of pensioners, subdivided by categories of pensions.
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S -E-C R-E -T
APPENDIX B
SOURCE REFERENCES
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Doe. - Documentary
A - Completely reliable
B - Usually reliable
C - Fairly reliable
D - Not usually reliable
E - Not reliable
F - Cannot be Judged
1
- Confirmed by other sources
2
- Probably true
3
- Possibly true
4
- Doubtful
5
- Probably false
6
- Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a staff
officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff offi-
cer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report.
No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation
on the cited document.
1. Pravda, 9 May 56. U. Eval. Doe.
25X1A8a 2.
3. Gavrilov, V.I. Raspredeleniye dokhodov v kolkhozakh (Distribution
of Income in Kolkhozes), Moscow, 1953, P- 30. U. Eval. Doe.
4. State, Moscow. T 2531, 10 May 56. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
25X1 A8a:1 L 1
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6. Izvestiya, 27 Dec 55. U. Eval. Doc.
Planovoye khozya stvo no 1, 1956, p. 22. U. Eval. Doc.
7. CIA. ORR Project 1 .843, The 1956 Soviet Budget (to be pub-
lished). S.
State, OIR. IR rpt no 6418, The Soviet Budget for 1553,
14 Sep 53. C. Eval. RR 1.
8. Karavayev, V.V. Sotsial'noye strakhovaniye v SSSR (Social
Insurance in the USSR), Moscow, 1955, p. 95. U. Eval. RR 2.
Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i pravo, no 6, 1951, p. 65. U.
Eval. RR 2.
25X1A8aCIA-A
06-
New York Times, 1 May 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
10. Karavayev, op. cit. (8, above), p. 130-31. U. Eval. RR 2.
11. CIA. ORR Project 14.843 (7, above).
12. Karavayev, op. cit. (8, above), p. 107. U. Eval. RR 2.
13. Yezhov, A.I Promyshlennaya statistika (Industrial Statistics),
Moscow, 1954, p. 112-113. U. Eval. Doc.
14. Karavayev, op. cit. (8, above), p. 108. U. Eval. RR 2.
15. Air, Moscow. Air Pouch Memo, no 488, D 251845, 6 Jun 55. OFF USE.
Eval. RR 2.
16. Karavayev, op. cit. (8, above), p. 97-106. U. Eval. RR 2.
17. CIA. FDD Translation no 542, 25 Apr 56, Trade Union'Worker's
Handbook, p. 64. OFF USE. Eval. Doc.
18.? Rovinskiy, N.N. Gosudarstvenniy byudzhet SSSR (State Budget
of the USSR), Moscow, 1951, p. 304. U. Eval. Doc.
19. Karavayev, op. cit. (8, above), p. 111. U. Eval. RR 2.
20. Ibid., p. 109-110. U. Eval. BR 2.
21. Rovinskiy, op. cit. (18, above), p. 306. U. Eval. Doc.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
S-E-C-R-E-T
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