WORLD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ABRASIVES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00935A000100040001-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 68
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 15, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 19, 1951
• Content Type: IM

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM NO. 344
(CIA/RR IM-344)
WORLD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF
ABRASIVES
19 March 1951
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THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES, WITHIN THE
MEANING OF TITLE 18, SECTIONS 793 AND 794 OF THE U. S.
CODE, AS AME NDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR RE VE LATION OF
ITS CONTENTS TO ORRECEIPT BY AN UNAUTHORIZED PER-
SON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM NO. 344
(CIA/RR IM-344)
WORLD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ABRASIVES
19 March 1951
Note: This report has not been coordinated with the intelligence
organizations of the Departments of State, the Army, the Navy,
and the Air Force. It contains information available to CIA as of
1 March 1951.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ............................................................... 1
2. World Production ........................................................ 2
a. Artificial Abrasives ................................................ 2
b. Natural Abrasives ................................................... 3
3. North America .................................................... 4
a. Survey of Production ............................................... 4
b. Dependence on External Sources ................................ 6
4. Western Europe ............ ........................................... 8
a. Survey of Production ............................................... 8
b. Dependence on North America .................................... 9
5. Eastern Europe ........................................................... 11
a. Survey of Production ....................................:............ 11
b. Dependence on External Sources ................................ 12
Appendix I. Country Studies .................................... . ........ 15
1. Western Europe ........................................ 15
2. Eastern Europe ... .................. .............. 22
3. Far East .................................................. 30
4. Other Countries ... ................................... 31
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Appendix II. Tables ...................................... .............. 32
Table 1. World Production of Aluminum Oxide
and Silicon Carbide, 1949 ............... 32
Table 2. Production of Crude Abrasives, US
and Canada, 1943 ........................... 33
Table 3. Capacity of Crude Abrasives Industry,
US and Canada, 1948 ...................... 33
Table 4. Consumption of Bauxite by US
Abrasives and Refractory Industries,
1945-49 ....................................... 34
Table 5. US Imports of Corundum Ore and
Concentrates, 1937-39, 1944-48 ....... 34
Table 6. Capacity for Production of Crude
Abrasives in Western Europe, 1949 .. 35
Table 7. North American Exports of Artificial
Abrasives, Crude and Grain, 1949 ..,. 33
Table 8. US Exports of Artificial Abrasive
Wheels to Western Europe, 1947-49 . 36
Table 9. Norwegian Sales of Silicon Carbide,
Domestic and Foreign, 1948-50 ....... 37
Appendix III. Names and Locations of Important Plants ......... 33
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WORLD PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ABRASIVES
1, Introduction,
North America (US and Canada) possesses a high degree of self
sufficiency in abrasives, producing about 64 percent of the world
total and supplying Western Europe with practically all of its imports,
amounting to about 40 percent of requirements. In the Eastern bloc
the Satellites are in varying degrees largely dependent for their
abrasives on the West, and the USSR also relies chiefly on the West
for specialized abrasive products. Restrictions on the movement of
abrasives from West to East, particularly from North America, have
probably accelerated the efforts of the Eastern bloc toward self-
sufficiency, which may be expected in less than 5 years.
The abrasives industry, although physically small, is strategically
important, Modern warfare depends for its weapons on an efficient
machine industry that is in turn dependent on abrasive products to
insure mass precision production. Moreover, since North America,
Western Europe, and the Soviet bloc must each in varying degrees
import abrasives and abrasive products, the abrasives industry
would be of critical importance during a period of global warfare or
other emergency.
The term "abrasive"' includes a multitude of products -- any sub-
stance used to rub off, smooth, wear down, or polish. Abrasives may
be hard or soft, coarse or fine; they may consist of pure elements or
be complex inorganic compounds; they may be natural substances or
artificial, manufactured materials. It is, for the most part, the
artificial abrasives -- hard substances formed in electric furnaces
at temperatures measured in thousands of degrees -- and the products
manufactured therefrom that dominate the field of high-grade abra-
sives. Natural abrasives, except for diamonds and corundum, play
only a minor role in machine operations.
Artificial abrasives may be classified into (a) crude, in the form
of large lumps, and (b) grain and powders. The production of crude
abrasives is a primary activity of those plants producing fused
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aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, or boron carbide in electric
furnaces.1 The crude abrasives industry is concentrated in a
few plants, estimated at 39. Grain and powders are obtained by
crushing the crude lumps produced in the furnaces and by grading
the crushed material according to size of particles into grain,
powders, and micro (powder of rigidly controlled grit sizes).
Abrasive products may be classified into bonded products --
wheels, sticks, segments, and the like -- bonded together with
materials such as ceramics, resin, rubber, and shellac; coated
products made of cloth or paper; and polishing powders. Since
coated products and powders are readily produced in all countries,
they are of little importance in a strategic study. Bonded products,
however, are not so easily manufactured. The process of bonding
the abrasive grain together in the form of wheels requires a high
degree of technical skill and is the most important end product of
the industry. Only a few firms in the world are capable of manu-
facturing with high precision the myriad products with differing
specifications for size, type, bonding, and grain required by the
machine industries. Because there are so few plants engaged in
the manufacture of bonded abrasives, and even fewer which develop
a high-quality product, their continuous operation is thereby rendered
increasingly important in sustaining a flow of war materials.
2. World Production.
a. Artificial Abrasives.
Artificial abrasives constitute 80 to 85 percent of world
production of the abrasives industry. Virtually all of the output
1. About 56 percent of the silicon carbide and 97 percent of the
aluminum oxide are used to make abrasive products. The balance
is utilized in producing special refractory by-products which are
used in high-temperature furnace linings, cement, crucibles, and
electrical resistors. Less than 0.03 percent of all crude abrasives
produced is boron carbide, which is used for special polishing
powders and abrasive-resistant products.
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of artificial abrasives consists of two substances: fused aluminum
oxide and silicon, carbide. (For an .estimate of world production of
these two commodities, see Table 1, Appendix II.)
About 60 percent of the crude abrasives is used in the produc-
tion of bonded products, which consist largely of wheels.1 The other
40 percent is used in products which, with the exception of powders
for polishing and obtaining highest precision, have little strategic
significance in the abrasives industry. Precise statistics on the out-
put of wheels are not available from most countries, not even from
the country with the largest production- -the US. However, world
production of wheels may bye computed by taking the 1949 world pro-
duction of crude abrasives, 311,100 short tons (see Table 1, Appendix II),
multiplying this by 60 percent, the proportion of crude used for the
production of wheels, and adding 16 percent for the weight of the
bonding materials (rubber, resinoid, etc.). By this reasonably
accurate computation, inasmuch as processing methods are similar
the world over, total global production of wheels in 1949 may be
estimated at about 223,000 short tons.
The US and Canada produce about half of thistotal of wheels.
The USSR is the world's next largest producer, and, of other Soviet
bloc countries, Czechoslo.Arakia and East Germany have sizable out-
puts, and Hungary has a small production. Producing countries of
Western Europe in order of importance are the UK, France, Western
Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and Austria. The only other
countries of any importance that produce wheels are Japan and
Australia, and output in both is relatively small.
b. Natural Abrasives.
Corundum is used in a few special operations where its tough-
ness and shape of crystals give better results than the artificial
abrasives. Although deposits are widespread over the earth's crust,
the cost of production is high in most places, and exploitation,
1. Since a veryTarge percentage of bonded products consists of
wheels, bonded products plants are also designated as wheel
plants.
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accordingly, is quite limited, Corundum is produced in substantial
amounts only in the USSR and in the Union of South Africa. Produc-
tion in the former is estimated to be about 10,000 short tons
annually; in the latter, about 3,000 tons.
Diamonds, because of their high cost and scarcity, are used
only where extreme hardness not attainable in other abrasives is
required. World production of industrial diamonds has in the post-
war period averaged around 7.5 to 8.5 million carats per year. Of
this total, about 80 to 85 percent is crushing bort, the particular
form of diamond used in the production of abrasive products. The
source for diamond crushing bort is primarily the Belgian Congo,
and production and export are under the authority of the Diamond
Corporation, an English syndicate that controls about 95 percent of
the world production of diamonds. About 65 percent of the world
production of diamond crushing bort in postwar years has been
shipped to the US for processing. Diamond wheels are a special
product requiring a technique different from that for regular grind-
ing wheels and are produced in separate plants in the US, the UK,
the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, and possibly the USSR.
3. North America.
a. Survey of Production.
The US-Canadian abrasives industryl far exceeds the rest
of the world in output, both in quantity and in quality of product.
About two-thirds of the world production of crude abrasives (see
Table 1, Appendix II) and one half of the world production of
wheels come from North American plants. It should not be in-
f erred, however, that the industry is a large one by US standards.
1. Much of this section has been taken from a confidential report,
Abrasives dustr Survey, prepared for the Abrasives Section,
Production Division, National Security Resources Board, 1949, by
R. Kirkpatrick and W.T. Montague.
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On the contrary, at the primar level, the production of crude abra-
sives, the industry consists of but 13 plants concentrated in 6 areas
for the most part near the vAterfalls of the Niagara and the lower
St. Lawrence tributaries, and, at the secondary level, the production
of wheels, three-quarters of the production capacity is grouped at
three places -- the Niagara Falls area; Worcester, Massachusetts;
and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Though the North American abrasives industry is largely in
the hands of US owners, 85 to 90 percent of crude abrasives comes
from Canada. Accessibility to large quantities of cheap electric
power is a primary factor in the crude abrasives industry, a fact
which accounts for the concentration of this industry in Canada.
Much of the crude abrasives produced in Canada is brought to the
US for crushing and prot;essing to various sizes and quality of
grain and powders.
In 193, when output was at a peak of 284,073 short tans
(see Table 2, Appendix II), practically the full capacity of the US-
Canadian crude abrasives industry was employed. Capacity was
increased during the postwar years and in 1048 reached 332,492
short tons (see Table 3, Appendix II), as compared with an actual
output of 219,200 tons (see footnote b, Table 1, Appendix II). As
most of the idle capacity is in aluminum oxide facilities, no increase
is planned for this commodity. The capacity for silicon carbide,
however, is being enlarged and probably reached about 106,000
short tons by the end of 1950. This expansion would increase the
total capacity for the US-Canadian crude abrasives industry to
356,500 short tons, considerably more than the peak annual pro-
duction of 284,073 tons during the war. Further expansion of pro-
duction could be achieved rapidly in an emergency.
The wheel industry in North America is almost entirely in
the US. Annual production in recent years has been about 120,000
short tons. US wheels are of unsurpassed quality, a matter of
paramount importance to both domestic and foreign consumers.
Manufacturers of wheels in Western Europe, although often able
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to produce sufficient quantities, usually lack the ability to produce
both the, variety and quality of products needed. The range of US
products, both by type and by size, is greater than in any other
country. As in the case of crude abrasives, US production of wheels
also is below capacity, but output could be doubled in a short time.
b. Dependence on ExternaSources.
North American industry has a high degree of self-sufficiency
with respect to abrasives and abrasive products. The machine in-
dustries are supplied with US and Canadian products almost exclusive-
ly, and the producers of wheels use abrasive grain made in the US and
Canada. Only at the initial stage of acquiring raw materials is there
any significant importing, limited mainly to three strategic commodi-
ties:. bauxite, corundum, and diamond crushing bort. The other raw
materials, such as petroleum coke and silica sand, which are used in
the production of abrasives are obtained from domestic sources ex-
cept for small quantities of such items as rubber and shellac.
Bauxite ore is the material purchased from abroad in largest
amounts for the abrasives industry,: being imported from British
and Dutch Guiana.. During the war, however, with shipping at a
premium, the industry was able to meet rapidly expanding require-
ments without resort to extensive imports of bauxite ore. The
primary sources of supply were several localities in the US which,
if necessary, could again adequately serve the needs of the North
American abrasives industry. Since the war, imports from the
Guianas have been stepped up sharply (bee Table 4, Appendix II),
notwithstanding large workable deposits in the US. The shift in
sources is due to postwar improvement in availability of shipping
.and the comparatively higher quality and lower price of Guiana
bauxite. .
Virtually all corundum ore used in North America comes
from the Union of South Africa (see Table 5, Appendix II). If
this supply were interfered with, some corundum could be pro-
duced in Canada, but at greatly increased costs, and at best it
would be insufficient. Failing this, corundum could be replaced
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entirely with artificial abrasives, but only with additional technical
work and at the price of efficiency, since to a considerable- extent
artificial abrasives are not suitable substitutes. Corundum produc-
tion in the Union of South Africa, now at full capacity, scarcely
meets present North American requirements and probably could
not be expanded rapidly enough to supply wartime needs.
The third commodity which the US and Canadian abrasives
industry must obtain from foreign sources is diamond crushing
bort. The southern part of Africa is the only important source,
the Belgian Congo being the principal center of production. Less
than 2 percent of US imports of diamond crushing bort comes
from countries of the Western Hemisphere -- Brazil, Venezuela,
and British Guiana, in particular. Total US imports of diamond
fragments used for crushing bort, powders, and dust increased
from an annual average of 1,527,000 carats in 1935-39 to a peak
of 10,445,000 carats in 1944 and fell again to a postwar low of
3,233,000 carats in 1947. The heavy war requirements were met
only because, in addition to regular supplies from the Belgian
Congo, stocks had accumulated prior to Pearl Harbor in the
hands of the Diamond Corporation. Now the situation differs:
present inventories are low. Diamond crushing bort is not readily
obtainable for current industrial requirements, as present world
demand is in excess of production capacity. Nor could require-
ments ever be entirely satisfied through substitutes. In time of
war, as occurred in 1944, North American demand for diamond
crushing bort would be several times greater than at present..
In the event of war or other emergency, there would
probably be no insurmountable problems in North America re-
garding artificial abrasives. It should be pointed out, however,
that the small number of primary plants and their hydroelectric
sources are concentrated in a few areas in Canada which makes
them particularly vulnerable. Moreover, North America could
not hope to import substantial quantities of abrasives, since the
other producing countries of the West depend considerably on
the few North American plants. However, barring destruction
of facilities, production in North America could keep up with
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expanding domestic requirements and at the same time continue to
supply allies in need.
4. Western Europe,
g. Survey of Production.
With access to exports from North America, there are no
critical shortages of abrasives in Western Europe at the present
time. About 40 percent of the requirements of Western Europe for
crude abrasives and abrasive grain, as well as a small but im-
portant percentage (about 2 percent) of its requirements for wheels,
are imported. The foreign sources of artificial abrasives for
Western Europe are the US and Canada. For natural abrasives,
corundum and diamond crushing bort, Western Europe depends on
the southern part of Africa, the corundum ore being: processed in
the USa
That all of the abrasive products required in Western Europe
are not, produced within the area is largely a matter of technical
incompetence. The greater skills and more advanced knowledge
of North American producers cannot be matched except in a few
instances, One plant in Norway, for example, the only one outside
the US with a sizable export of silicon carbide, makes a high-
quality product. French white aluminum oxide, well-known through-
out Europe under the trade name of Crystalba, also is of the best
quality and in normal times is marketed widely. US subsidiaries
producing wheels in the UK turn out products almost comparable
with those of the parent corporations, and Swedish wheels are like
wise of unusually high quality.
As in North America, production of crude abrasives in Western
Europe is concentrated in a few plants, estimated at 19, one of which
is in the UK. Seven more plants, all in the UK, crush and grade
crude abrasives imported from Canada and the US, In West Germary
the crude abrasives industry consists of five plants with a combined
capacity of 37,000 short tons (production in 1949 was 21,000 tons),
and in France five plants produced 22,000 short tons of crude
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abrasives in the. fiscal year 1948-49. The remainder of the crude
abrasives industry in Western Europe is rather widely scattered.
(The distribution of the plants and the estimated capacities for
each of the countries is given. in Table 6, Appendix II. Output in
West Germany has probably been increased since mid-1949, so that
unused capacity by now is doubtless smaller than the table indicates.)
A small. amount of expansion is occurring within the crude
abrasives industry in Western Europe. The Austrians. are expanding
capacity, with the hope of attaining self-sufficiency in the production
of abrasive grain. The French plan to double their capacity of
silicon carbide to 600 short tons by 1951 and are building a new
aluminum oxide plant. In West Germany, where production of crude
abrasives is well under capacity, the restoration of output can be'
expected to increase with the expansion of Western European arms
production.
Every country in Western Europe has at least a small output
of wheels., and its wheel industry is considerably more fragmented
than the crude. It is impossible to estimate the production capacities
for most individual plants or even for many countries. Data on the
number of wheel plants per country are available but in some cases
are incomplete. The greatest production comes from the UK, where
16 wheel plants turn out abrasive products. Statistics for West
Germany indicate the existence of 38 wheel plants, with a combined
capacity of 21,600 short tons, although production by June 1950 had
risen only to an annual rate of 8,000 tons. The 17 wheel plants in
France provide that country's requirements for wheels except for
a few. special types. Production of wheels in each of the remaining
Western European countries varies from moderate. to minor
importance. Plans for new construction'in the wheel industry
in Western Europe have not been disclosed, but little expansion of
capacity can be expected. However, in West Germany there is some
unused capacity available.
b. Dependence on North America.
Since Canadian crude abrasives are so inexpensive- and 'US
wheels so superior in quality and variety, Western European traffic
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with North America in abrasives has been and will continue to be
wholly one-way. The greater part of this traffic is made up of
crude abrasives and abrasive grain. Of artificial abrasives cure
rently being used in Western Europe, about 40 percent was imported
from North America. US and Canadian exports of crude abrasives
and abrasive grain in 1949 were nearly 50,000 short tons, or about
20 percent of production. More than half of these exports went to.
the UK, and most of the remainder was imported by other Western
.European countries (see Table 7, Appendix II). Though there is
some trade among Western European countries in crude abrasives
and abrasive grain, chiefly Norwegian silicon carbide, French
aluminum oxide, and West German crude and grain, the quantity
is small in relation to total imports from North America. Imports
of raw materials for the production of crude abrasives in Western
Europe are not large. Deposits of bauxite are found in France,
Greece, the Netherlands, Italy, and Yugoslavia, and also small
quantities in the UK. Some petroleum coke is imported into Norway
from the US.
The machine industries, of Western Europe purchase most of
their abrasive products, including wheels, from domestic firms.
However, imports of wheels from the US, although only about 2
percent of requirements, include special types and sizes for high
precision work that are not produced elsewhere. Even in the three
countries in the area the UK, France, and West Germany
whose output of wheels substantially covers domestic requirements,
there is some need for a continuing supply of special US items.
However, the heavy postwar exports of wheels from the US to Western
Europe have fallen off, as West Germany is now resuming full pro-
duction and turning out sufficient quantities of wheels to provide an.
ample surplus for export (see Table 8, Appendix II).
In the event of a peripheral war of limited action against
one or more Satellite countries, Western Europe would not be
greatly affected regarding abrasives. Although the loss of such
countries as Finland, Yugoslavia, or Greece would have little
significance in production, the loss of West Germany would neces?-
sitate increased importing from the US. Should widespread
destruction. of Western European abrasive plants occur in a global
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war, the US-Canadian abrasives industry would be hard-pressed to
replace simultaneously most of the productive capacity of the UK,
West Germany, and France. Should Western Europe be overrun,
destruction of its abrasives industry would be advantageous to the
US, since the combined Soviet-Satellite production is already in-
sufficient for the needs of the Soviet bloc and will most likely
continue so for several years. This shortage in Eastern Europe,
in addition to certain special products required in Western Europe
which the Soviet industry does.not ordinarily manufacture, would
preclude the Soviet orbit from effectively supplying Western
Europe with abrasives required for production of war materials.
5. Eastern Europe.
a. Survey of Production.
Only three countries in Eastern Europe have a substantial
production of abrasives-and abrasive products: the. USSR, East
Germany, and Czechoslovakia. USSR production in 1949. consisted
of. about 40,00.0 .short tons of abrasives, of which about 10,000 tons
were corundum and the remainder artificial abrasives) (see Table 1,
Appendix II). This output exceeds that of any other European nation
but is only about. 18 percent of the US-Canadian output. In the USSR
there..ar.e known to be four furnace plants producing aluminum oxide
and silicon carbide and two plants processing corundum from
indigenous deposits, and more such. plants may actually be in opera-
tion. The USSR also is probably the largest producer of wheels in
Europe, the output coming from at least six plants. Production,
.however, is perhaps only one-fourth that of the US and. Canada. com-
bined. Postwar reports of new products and of elementary improve-
ments in production methods indicate that in many respects the Soviet
1. This estimate is based on 1939 production figures, which have been
revised upward in accordance with reported changes in individual
plant capacities and reported percentage increases in nation-wide
production.
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abrasives industry is still far behind the US and Canadian. Further
more, Soviet use of. many different types of grinding. machines, built
in numerous countries, requires a wide, assortment of abrasive
products to fit the machines, and the Soviet industry is particularly
deficient in variety of products. In order to reduce the large number
of types and sizes of wheels needed, the machines are being adapted
to certain standards. The Soviets also have developed electrolytic
methods of grinding and tool-sharpening that appear to have some merit
and that reduce the need for wheels, especially diamond wheels. How-
ever, the fact that since 1946 the USSR has not sought to import any
diamond wheels from the US indicates that the USSR is producing
diamond wheels.
In East Germany the production of abrasives is represented
largely by one plant with a sizable output of crude abrasives (about
10,000 short tons annually but with high production costs).
Czech production of aluminum. oxide, of much lower quality than
prewar, is estimated at 6,500 short tons for 1949. Czechoslovakia is
the other large producer of wheels in the Soviet bloc, and the only
Satellite with much to export, most of the wheels going to the Soviet
Union.
The trend of production of abrasives and abrasive products in
the Soviet bloc is upward. Although East German production has
fallen off as a result of Soviet control, primarily because of dis-
mantling of plants, output in the USSR proper has risen in the postwar
period, and will continue to do so. Moreover, primary plant capacity
for the production of crude abrasives is being expanded in Czecho-
slovakia and initiated in Hungary and Poland.
b. Dependence on External Sources.
The major raw materials used in the abrasives industry are
found in Eastern Europe, but deposits of corundum ore may possibly
be running low, larger deposits having been used up before the war.
Silica sand and petroleum coke are both indigenous to the area, and
bauxite of abrasive grades is mined in the USSR and Hungary. Very
few diamonds are mined in Eastern Europe, but there is doubt whether
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diamond wheels are used as extensively in the Soviet bloc as they
are in the West.
The production of abrasives and abrasive products by the Soviet
bloc has increased at an even faster pace than consumption. Imports
by the USSR from the West are confined mainly to specialized
abrasive products such as silicon carbide grain and powders in
critical sizes and high-precision types of wheels which the USSR has
not yet been able to produce. The wheels are mainly rubber bonded
types used in ball- and roller-bearing production.
The Satellites, on the other hand, are largely dependent on
the West, for abrasives. All evidence indicates that the USSR has
no surpltis of abrasive products to supply its allies. The US and
Norway were the primary sources of supply of silicon carbide for
Czechoslovakia and East Germany, and it has been increasingly
difficult for them to obtain their requirements (approximately 3,000
short tons per year in the case of Czechoslovakia), because of US
export controls and the Norwegian system of allocating exports in
accordance with prewar trade patterns. Norwegian allocations
have been far less than the quantities sought by the Soviets in trade
negotiations. White aluminum oxide also is purchased by Czech
industries from the UK and France, the latter supplying the well-
known Crystalba, procurable only in small quantities since the war.
Canada also has sold some crude abrasives to Czechoslovakia.
Polish requirements for abrasives, all of which must be imported,
are from 500 to 1,000 short tons annually. The Polish-Swiss trade
agreement for 1949-50 provided for Swiss exports to Poland of 300
short tons of silicon carbide. Presumably much of the balance of
Poland's abrasives requirements is procured from Czechoslovakia.
Hungary must import her entire requirement of abrasive grain.
Requirements of Rumania and Bulgaria are quite small and, except
for the most elementary items, must all be imported.
US and Canadian export controls on abrasive items have! made
it.difficult for the Soviet bloc to obtain sufficient silicon carbide and
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certain types of wheels. Other abrasives and abrasive products,
however, are readily available from Western European producers
and have generally replaced US products, although some firms in
Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Austria, among others, have
been re-exporting US products. Adequate information on exports
of abrasives from the West to the Soviet bloc is lacking. However,
it is known that the USSR, in addition to importing Norwegian
silicon carbide, has imported wheels from Switzerland. Wheels
also have been supplied to the USSR in smaller quantities by other
Western European exporters. At least 300 tons of Austrian wheels
went to Eastern Europe in 1949.
In the event that war or other emergency should cut off
Western European abrasive exports, the Satellite machine industry,
particularly in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland,
would probably be disrupted, at least for several months. There
would be no alternative source which could supply the necessary
products until Soviet production could be expanded. It appears
probable, however, that in less than .5 years, the Soviet bloc could
become completely self-sufficient in abrasives except for indus-
trial diamonds. Attainment of this objective would be delayed some-,
what by the necessity of producing efficient abrasives-manufacturing
equipment which the USSR has been trying to import. Other problems
in attaining self-sufficiency would be the manufacture of special
abrasive products which the Soviet engineers are not yet competent
to make.
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APPENDIX I
COUNTRY STUDIES
1. Western Europe.
a. Austria.
In prewar years Austria did not produce abrasive grain but
relied chiefly on Germany. Since World War II it has been the policy
of the Austrian government to make the country self-sufficient in
abrasives. In 1946 an aluminum oxide plant with a capacity of 19500
short tons was established in a chemical works at Seebach-bei-Villach
in Carinthia. Recently another plant with a 200--ton capacity was
built by the leading Austrian producer of wheels. Both of these plants,
however, cannot meet requirements of the well-established Austrian
wheel industry, so that there is still a reliance on imports of aluminum
oxide. Although there is as yet no domestic production of silicon car-,
bide, a plant is expected soon. There are five plants producing wheels,
three of the largest having a combined capacity of 39000 to 4,000 metric
tons.
A considerable export business has developed between Austria
and countries of the Eastern bloc. In 1949, about 300 metric tons of
wheels destined for Eastern Europe were officially reported but were
not all Austrian, being largely re-exports manufactured elsewhere in
the West.
b. Belgium.
Abrasive grain is not produced in Belgium, but one large plant
and six small plants produce wheels of the rough and snagging types,
used principally in foundries. Annual output is about 900 metric tons,
Belgian imports of bonded products in 1949 totaled 442 tons; exports,
280 tons.
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c. Denmark.
Abrasive grain is not produced in, Denmark, but two small
plants produce wheels for domestic machine industries. Imports
in 1948 were 400 metric tons of abrasive grain and 360 metric
tons of wheels and stones. Principal suppliers were Sweden,
Czechoslovakia, the UK, and Norway.
d. Finland.
Finland's requirements of high-quality: abrasives are small,
and only ordinary wheels of -non-.precision -type are produced,.
Imports in 1947 included approximately 200 metric tons of wheels
and 360 metric tons of abrasive grain. Principal suppliers, in
order of importance, were the UK, the: US,. Sweden, Norway, Denmark,
France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Switzerland, and Canada. A
large percentage of the wheels required by Finland is used in the
production of wood pulp.
e. France.
The French crude abrasives industry, with a capacity ex-
ceeding 22,000 metric tons, is second only to the West German
industry in output. Three plants, with a combined capacity of
15,000 short tons,, produce regular-aluminum oxide; another plant,
with a capacity of 4,000 tons, produces white aluminum oxide;;
and still another plant, with a capacity of 3,000 tons, produces
silicon carbide. Annual production statistics:' are not available,
but it is known that a shortage of electric power has curtailed
production somewhat in the postwar period. French white alumi-
num oxide, well-known throughout Europe under the trade name
of Crystalba, is of the highest quality. Formerly, 50 percent of
production was exported, and at present, even with limited pro-
duction, some exports are maintained to.keep contact with former
markets. The principal importers -are- Switzerland, the UK, the
Benelux countries, Norway, Italy, and Sweden. Czechoslovakia is
the only country outside Western Europe with -sizable imports of
Crystalba. Some abrasive grades of bauxite, of which the
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Marseilles area has the best in Europe, also are exported. Production
capacity for aluminum oxide is being considerably increased by the
addition of a new plant under construction. Although the French must
still import most of their requirements of silicon carbide, present
plans for doubling production of domestic silicon carbide by 1951 wild
alleviate this shortage. Some boron carbide also is produced.
The wheel industry in France consists of 17 plants. Except for
a few special types, production takes care of domestic requirements.
Production in 1949 probably exceeded 12,000 metric tons. Aside from
the products of the sole US-owned plant, the quality of wheels is only
average. Small quantities of white aluminum oxide wheels are ex-
ported, but most wheels are sold to domestic machine industries.
f. Germany, West.
In prewar years Germany ranked first in Europe as a producer
and exporter of abrasives, and the substantial rate of output was nearly
doubled during the war. In 1943, about 58,000 short tons of abrasive
grain, of which 46,000 tons were aluminum oxide and 12,000 silicon
carbide, were produced by nine plants.
After the postwar division into zones of occupation the German
abrasives industry was about equally divided between West and East
Germany. That portion of the industry remaining in West Germany
is quite extensive, five crude abrasives plants being located in the
territory at the time of division. The capacity for the production
of aluminum oxide is estimated at 28,800 short tons, and that of
silicon carbide at 7,800 short tons. Output was quite low until 1949,
a symptom of the disruption of the economy. In 1950, however, thenv
was a remarkable increase in production, and German abrasive
products are again appearing in world markets. Output is now only
slightly below prewar, current annual production being estimated
at 15,000 tons of aluminum oxide and 6,000 tons of silicon carbide.
There also is one plant producing boron carbide in grades suitable
for honing and polishing. The rate of production is approximately
8 short tons annually, about half the US rate.
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In acquisition of wheel plants West Germany fared is little
better. Of Germany's peak wartime production of wheels, 36;,000
metric tons in 1943, only 40 percent came from territory now in
the Soviet. Zone. In. West Germany there are 47 wheel plants, the
combined output of which had recovered by the end of 1949 to 6,900
tons. Production in June 1950 had risen to an annual rate of 8,000
tons. Furthermore, as armament production in Western :Europe
increases, production of abrasives in West Germany can be expected
to keep pace. Because total capacity of the industry, 27,000 metric
tons, is well above present output, a good deal of slack can be
utilized whenever the demand increases.
The quality of production in West Germany is at present: below
standards. Most raw materials -must be imported. Materials from
East Germany are no longer available. Furthermore, some postwar
disorganization and inadequate technical control still impair production.
With increasing production, West German.exports have risen.
It is estimated that exports of abrasive grain in 1950 will. reach 2,400
short tons of silicon carbide and.4,800 short tons of aluminum oxide.
Exports of wheels are expected to be about 800 metric tons, or. 10
percent. of production. Shipments of crude abrasives and wheels go
to both Eastern and Western European countries. While quality is
inferior to US and UK products, prices are much lower. Regular
and white aluminum oxide and silicon carbide have been offered in
Sweden at about 40 percent below US-delivered prices, and wheels
in Switzerland at considerably below US and UK prices. Were it
not for export controls, the West German industry would once more
be a principal supplier of abrasives to Eastern Europe.
g. Italy.
The Italian crude abrasives industry consists of one company
that has two plants producing abrasive grain. Production capacity is
8,840 short tons, of which 8,000 is for aluminum oxide and 840 for
silicon carbide. Production in 1948 was 4,800 tons of aluminum
oxide and 510 tons of silicon carbide. Because the industry uses
domestic bauxite of low grade, the quality of aluminum oxide produced
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is one of the poorest in the world. Italian boron carbide, produced
by one-Chemical company, also is low-grade.
There are eight wheel plants in Italy, the most important being
a subsidiary of a US corporation. A wide range of types and sizes
of wheels is produced, but, with a few exceptions, they are poor in
quality.
Italy is not self-sufficient in abrasives. Total imports of
abrasive grain and products were 1,498 metric tons in 1948. A
breakdown of import-export statistics is not available, but the
principal imports of abrasives were 678 tons of abrasive grain
and 96 tons of precision wheels from the, US. Other imports of
abrasives come from Switzerland, Germany, and Czechoslovakia.
Exports of abrasive grain and products .are small, totaling only 115
metric tons in 1948, 109 tons of which went to Yugoslavia.
h. Netherlands.
The importance of the Netherlands in world abrasives markets
is in production of diamond abrasives, some of which are exported to
the Soviet bloc as well as to Western countries. Abrasive grain is riot
produced in the Netherlands, and there are only two small plants that
produce wheels. The completion of a larger, more modern wheel
plant was expected before the end of 19960, with import requirements
of about 275 metric tons of abrasive grain annually. Currently, most
wheels used by Dutch machine industries are imported. Imports in
.1948 were 690 metric tons of wheels and 248 metric tons of abrasive
grain, wheels being imported mainly from the US and the UK, and
abrasive grain. from the US, Switzerland, and Norway.
i Norw .. .
The Norwegian abrasives industry is important only as a pro-
ducer of high-quality silicon carbide. Norway's entire production,
8,000 short tons in 1949, a typical postwar year, comes from one
US-owned plant. Norway is the only country, except the US and
Canada, with a sizable surplus of silicon carbide, and ordinarily
over 90 percent of the output is exported (see Table 9, Appendix II).
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Since the imposition of export controls on US abrasives, the demand
in Western and Eastern Europe for the Norwegian product has been
heavier, and the industry has been forced to resort to some extent
to allocation of exports in accordance with sales during previous
years., in 1950, Norway ceased shipments entirely to the USSR and
Czechoslovakia and allotted far less to Poland than was requested
(see Table 9, Appendix II).
In 1949 the production of three small Norwegian wheel plants
was about 600 metric tons. The output consisted of most types of
wheels,. and the quality was fair. In 1948, wheels were exported to
France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR.
l Por
Portugal's requirements of high-quality abrasives are small.
Two wheel plants-manufacture products only of the lowest type,
suitable. for the blacksmith and hardware trades. Imports of 'wheels
in 1948., mainly from the UK, totaled 96 metric tons.
. Swain.
Spain's requirements of high-quality abrasives are small.
Three wheel plants, with a total capacity of about 1,000 metric
tons,. produce vitrified wheels of poor quality.
1. Sweden.
The Swedish crude abrasives industry consists of one plant,
which in 1949 produced 1,200 short tons of silicon carbide and 2,000
short tons of aluminum oxide. A second plant once produced about
1,000 tons of aluminum oxide per year but discontinued operations
in 1947 either because of a power shortage or because of unsats-
factory reslults.
The Swedish wheel industry turns out a product unexcelled
anywhere in Europe or Asia. Only US wheels are on the whole
superior to the Swedish product,. which is on a par with the British.
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.Six plants, which provide over half of the nation's requirements,
manufacture, wheels in a wide range of types and sizes, including
rubber bonded. One plant also produces diamond wheels.
Swedish imports of abrasives in 1949 included about 1,900
metric tons of aluminum oxide and silicon carbide and. 3.60 tons
of wheels from the US, as well as 800 tons of silicon carbide from
Norway. About 300 metric tons of wheels were exported in 1948.
m. Switzerland_
The importance of Swiss abrasive products is in their high
quality. Production of crude abrasives is limited to one silicon
carbide plant with a capacity of 3,000 short tons. Its annual exports
have recently averaged about 2,000 tons. The principal customers
are. France, Italy, Austria, Denmark, West Germany, ' and the
Satellite countries Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and East
Germany. Although aluminum oxide has-been produced in experi-
mental quantities by an aluminum company and also by a chemical
concern, neither has marketed the product.
There are six producers of wheels in Switzerland, only one
of which has large capacity. Although their combined output is
less than 1,000 metric tons of wheels annually, all major classes
of wheels e)cept rubber bonded are produced. There also are three
producers. of diamond wheels in Switzerland. Certain specialities,
such as small precision wheels,. are comparable in quality to the
best.US wheels, About 20 percent of Swiss production is exported,
Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands being the largest purchasers.
Some 250 metric tons of wheels are imported annually by
Switzerland from the US, West Germany, the UK, Czechoslovakia,
and Belgium. About 1,500 tons of abrasive grain also are imported
annually, the principal sources being the US, France, the UK, Norway,
and West Germany.
n. United Kingdom.
The UK has the greatest output and highest quality of abrasive
products in' Western Europe. Seven plants crush and grade crude
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abrasives. Although there...is..some..,domestic. production of white
aluminum oxide, over 85. percent of.. the crude abrasives.: consumed
in.British processing plants is imported from North America because
of the lower. production costs, particularly in Canada, where electric
power is cheap. However, in the case of the purest and highest-
priced grade of white aluminum oxide, the factor of power rates is
not of the same importance. Because of a shortage of electric power,
production in the UK was discontinued during the war, and even now
output is relatively small because demand is not great. As a rule,
white aluminum. oxide accounts for something like 12 percent of the
total UK consumption of crude abrasives. Boron carbide also is
produced in. small amounts.
Eighteen plants in. the UK manufacture wheels, the ones with
the highest-quality. products and also the greatest output being US
subsidiaries. The. products of these US-owned plants are comparable
in quality, variety, and precision to US products and are generally
superior to other European products with the exception of the Swedish.
Most British abrasive products are used by domestic machine industries.
For -example, of the 35,000 short tons of wheels and other abrasive
products produced in 1948, only, 2,400 tons were exported. The UK
also is an important producer of diamond wheels.
0. Yugoslavia.
Yugoslavia has one small furnace for production of aluminum
oxide and one wheel plant with a capacity of about 300 metric tons
producing low-grade wheels. Annual requirements of abrasives
are estimated to be 500 to 1,000 metric tons. Imports of abrasive
grain in 1947 from the US and Norway totaled 220 tons; of wheels
from the US, 135 tons. Good abrasive grades of bauxite are mined
and exported to Western countries.
2. -Eastern Europe.
a. Bulgaria.
Output of abrasive products in Bulgaria consists of stones and
wheels of very inferior quality. Annual Bulgarian requirements of
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abrasives are estimated at 200 to 300 metric tons.
b. Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia was the first European country to produce
abrasives. Early in the twentieth. century the Czechs built and
operated abrasive furnace plants and abrasive products plants in
Dresden, Germany, and in La Bathie, Savoie, France, and a wheel
plant in Moscow. These plants, as well as.. one abrasives plant and
two abrasive products plants within Czechoslovakia, were built by
the United Carborundum and Electric Works of Benatky. In the
years between the wars a Czech plant also produced carborundum
but was dismantled by the Germans after they took over the Norwegian
carborundum production.
In 1947 the United Carborundum and Electric Works contracted
with a leading US producer for the plans and specifications of an
abrasive products plant with a capacity of 6,000 metric tons of wheels
when operating on a single-shift and 15,000 metric tons on a three-
shift basis. Erection of the plant proceeded very slowlydn 1948 and
1949, but inquiries sent out early in 1950 for the purchase of machinery
indicate that the work is now progressing at a faster rate. Delays
may have been due to lack of sufficient furnace capacity for raw
material.
In 1948. the Czechs erected a. plant for refining and grading crude
silicon carbide. Imports of, silicon carbide from Norway since 1949
have all been of crude abrasives. The high cost of electric power
probably makes it uneconomic to produce silicon carbide, but the
refinery makes it possible to utilize cheap imported crude. In
July 19.48 .the Czechs made inquiry in the US for plans for a silicon
carbide furnace plant and a processing plant and for technical aid
in the production of silicon carbide. They are probably considering
producing their own requirements in spite of high costs. In 1948 they
also were striving to regain possession of their Dresden abrasives
plant, dismantled by the Soviets. -
There is no production. of white aluminum oxide or silicon
carbide in Czechoslovakia, but output of regular aluminum oxide
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grain in 1949 was about 6,500 short tons. White aluminum oxide is
bought from the UK and Fradnce. In 1950 a new furnace plant. of 12
furnaces for aluminum oxide was under construction, as compared
with only 7 furnaces now in operation. This new installation may
almost triple1949 capacity. Because of limitations on exports of
silicon carbide from the US and Norway, Czechoslovakia has been
hard-pressed to obtain its annual requirements of 3,000 short tons.
The Czech industry produces a wide variety of abrasive
products. Wheels are, for the most,part, of the vitreous type. No
rubber bonded wheels are produced; Reports indicate -'that postwar
production is not so high in quality as prewar, one important: reason
being that available bonding. materials lack the variety necessary
for quality production. Also, many skilled workers have found em-
ployment elsewhere. Furthermore, the bauxite, which is imported
from Hungary, is not of the best abrasive grade, being high in iron
content.
Czechoslovakia is the only country in the Soviet bloc that has
a surplus Of. abrasive products for export, and the USSR gets the
largest share. Whereas exports to the .Balkans were large in 1948,
they are no longer a. major factor in Balkan trade. Extorts to Italy
have been bartered for'ball bearings. With long experience in the
production of abrasives, the Czechs should be able to give valuable
technical aid to other Satellite countries.
c. Ger many, East.
Of the three crude abrasives plants in East Germany before the
war, the two most modern were almost completely dismantled by the
Soviets. These two plants had. a combined wartime capacity of 5,600
short tons of aluminum oxide grain and 7,100 short tons of crude
silicon carbide, equal to 12 percent and. 60 percent respectively, of
German production. The large aluminum oxide plant not dismantled
has a capacity of 15,000 tons and produces about 10,000'tons annually.
This plant:'is.an old one, and production costs are high. One of the
other plants has been partially re-equipped and is producing 1,200
to 1,800 tons of aluminum oxide-. In 1949, only about 1,200 short tons
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of silicon carbide -~ a poor grade hardly usable for abrasives -- were
produced in a chemical plant. In 1950, production probably exceeded
3,500 tons.
At the end of the war there were eight wheel plants of importa.:'ice
in East Germany. Three of the largest and most modern, with a coin?
bined capacity of 7,760 metric tons of wheels, or 22.5 percent of peak
wartime German production, were completely dismantled. After dis-
mantling, they were re-equipped at about 25 percent of their former
capacity. Present wheel capacity in East Germany is about 4,600
metric tons, which is below requirements, and the plants operate at
only about 85 percent of capacity, producing some 3,900 tons annually..
Silicon carbide for use in the plants must be imported. The quality
of the wheels is poor as compared with that of the prewar period,
do Hungary
Although production of bauxite of abrasive grade in Hungary is
large, there is no production of abrasive grain. The Five-Year Plan
stated that an aluminum oxide plant, to be a part of the gigantic
Alma.sfuzito alumina works, was to be started in 1950, In 1949 the
Hungarian government negotiated with a German firm in Berlin for
a number of electric furnaces with a capacity of 1,500 kilo-volt-
amperes per furnace to be used in this plant.
There are several wheel plants in Hungary, the largest of which.
has a capacity of 300 metric tons per year. Catalogs indicate that a
fairly complete assortment of wheels is produced. Some were exported
to the Netherlands and Rumania in 1948.
Annual Hungarian requirements for abrasive grain appear to
be about 1,000 metric tons. The 1950 trade agreement with East
Germany provides for imports of 500 metric tons of aluminum oxide
grain and 10 tons of wheels, as well as unspecified amounts of silicon
carbide.
Po 0
The Polish government has allotted 1.5 billion zlotys for the
establishment of abrasives and ball-bearing industries Abrasive
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grain is not produced in. Poland, but plans were made in 1950 to
begin production of aluminum oxide and silicon carbide at the Ratibor
plant .in. Silesia. Furnaces and electrodes for this plant were pur-
chased.in 1949. The only-wheel plant produces. wheels of.,poor quality.
Annual Polish. requirements for abrasive grain are estimated at 500
to 1,000 metric tons. The Polish-Swiss trade agreement of 1949-50
provides for Swiss exports to Poland of 300 tons of silicon carbide.
f. Rumania.
Output of abrasive products in Rumania consists of stones and
wheels of very inferior quality. The largest wheel plant has a capacity
of, 48 metric tons. per year. Formerly,. US wheels were imported, but
recent imports have come from East Germany and Czechoslovakia.
Small quantities of abrasive grain also are imported. Annual. Rumanian
requirements of abrasives are estimated at 200 to 300 metric tons.
S. USSR.
Information on the more important abrasives plants in the USSR
isso-fragmentary that in most instances it has been impossible to make
any summary of plant capacity, recent production, and quality. Those
details which appear to be reasonably accurate follow.
(1) Chelyabinsk Abrasives Combine, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk
Oblast.
Plant construction at Chelyabinsk was started in 1932, and
production capacity by 1936 was 6,000 metric tons of aluminum oxide
and. 14,500 metric tons of wheels. In 1942 the number of furnaces for
the production of. crude abrasives had been increased to six with a
capacity of 10,000 tons of aluminum oxide. During the war, equipment
from the Imeni Ilyich. Abrasives Plant and two small plants in Luga,
Leningrad Oblast, were moved to Chelyabinsk. In May 1946 the plant's
output of wheels was at an annual rate of 9,000 tons. Production in
1948 was 110 percent of "planned" value, but only 50 of the 148, items
projected .were made. Raw material for the production of aluminum
oxide is received from the Chelyabinsk bauxite processing plant.
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(2) Zaporozh'ye Carborundum Plant, Zaporozh'ye, Ukrainian
SSR (also reported as Dnepropetrovsk).
.AA4 electric furnace plant for silicon carbide was built at
Zaporozh',ye in.1935-39 at a reported cost of 5.3 million rubles. A fair
grade of silicon carbide reportedly was produced in 19369 though the
plant was still under construction at the beginning of 1940. The fur-
nace design. and. capacity of the prewar plant are:reported to have been
the, same as the: Norwegian silicon carbide plant, which has a capacity
of .8,000 metric. tons. The 2 porozh'ye plant was damaged during the
war, and restoration was begun in 1946, The Soviet press in 1949
characterized it as, the- largest carborundum plant in the USSR.
(3) Imeni Ilyich Abrasives Plant, Leningrad.
This plant ranks with the Chelyabinsk Abrasives Combine
as one of the two most important producers in the USSR. The plant
was founded in.1930 and expanded in the 1932-37 period and again in
19.39. After the war, .construction was. started on a much larger scale
on an entirely .new plant with new equipment, including a modern tun -
nel kiln, and. building was still going on in 1949. Before the war, 3,000
workers were. employed, but employment in 1949 was slightly over 2,000.
..Prewar production included both aluminum oxide and sili
con carbide, The 1934 production plan was 3,300 metric tons of
aluminum oxide and 1,000 metric tons of silicon carbide grain. The
new plant produces only aluminum oxide, at a rate of about 3,600
metric :tons a year.
Wheel production in 1948 was 5,51:0 metric tons. The
wheels produced-are mainly. vitreous bonded, some Bakelite bonded,
and a few. rubber .bonded, but the quality and range of sizes and type-3
.ar.e still inadequate. In.. 1947, 20 to 30 percent of the wheels produced
was rejected. In 190 this percentage was reduced through technical
help received. from the Leningrad Experimental Abrasives Plant.
Reports in 1948 and 1949 mention new developments in production that
have been in use in the US for many years, such as. the introduction of
titanium oxide as .apart of the furnace raw material in the production
of aluminum oxide. Furthermore, improvements in the molding of
wheels resulted in the saving of 30 to 40 percent of valuable corundum.
A method of producing wheels of high porosity also was developed.
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Abrasive materials used by the plant include (a) black and
green silicon carbide from the Tashkent Carborundum'Factory,
(b) corundum from Semiz-Bugu, Karaganda Oblast, and from the
Akmolinsk Oblast in Kazahk SSR, and (c) emery.
(4) Tashkent Carborundum Plant, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR.
In 1948, production at this electric furnace plant near
Tashkent was about 6,000 metric tons of silicon carbide and 500
metric tons of white aluminum oxide. In 1946, production was started
on small quantities of boron carbide and on very fine white alumi-
num oxide powder known at the factory as micro powder. Earlier
reports indicated that the USSR was in short supply of fine powdered
abrasives for honing and finishing operations.
The plant controls quartzite mines in the vicinity, and the
Aktash corundum mines are located very near Tashkent:, mines in
the Karaganda and Pavlodar Oblasts being a few miles north.
Whether corundum is the raw material used in the production of
white aluminum oxide is not known. The plant, which has four sets
of electric furnaces (four furnaces per set), of which the last set
was installed in 1947, requires about 30 metric tons of sulfuric acid
and 700 metric tons of anthracite, local coal, and oil coke per month.
(5) Kyshtym Graphite and Corundum Combine, Kyshtyrri
Chelyabinsk Oblast.
Plant construction at Kyshtym was started in 1.932, and
production in 1936 was 6,000 metric tons of corundum and 4,000
metric tons of graphite. Corundum and bauxite mines are found in
the vicinity of Kyshtym, and new deposits of corundum were dis-
covered in 1944. A subsidiary plant is located at Techeriskoye (15
miles from Kyshtym).
(6) Semiz-Bugu Corundum Processing Plant, Bayan-Aul,
Pavlodar Oblast, Kazakh SSR.
This plant processes corundum from mines in the vicinity
of Pavlodar and Karaganda. Operation began in 1918, and output in
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1932 was 1,' 750 metric tons. Corundum is shipped to the Imeni
Ilyich.Abrasives Plant, Leningrad, and possibly to other plants.
(7) Moscow Abrasives Plants, Moscow.
Little is known about production of abrasives in the, Moscow
area. A plant established many years ago in Moscow by the United
Carborundu'm and Electric Works of Benatky, Czechoslovakia, pro-
duced low-grade vitrified snagging, foundry, and hardware types. of
wheels. One report states that a Moscow plant was extended and re -
constructed in 1939. Another report states that the "Balashikha"
plant produced 3 9000 metric tons of abrasive products in 1943. A
recent report describes a small plant producing wheels and powd.ert
under the name of Moscow Abrasives Plant.
($) Tashkent Abrasives Plant, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR.
This plant produces abrasive products and uses raw material
from the Tashkent Carborundum Plant located nearby. Products
include a wide variety of vitreous and bakelite bonded wheels of
aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, segments, sticks, coated products,
and polishing and lapping boron carbide. Production in 1947 was 950
metric tons; about 5 percent of 1948 production was rejected because
of weak bonding and incorrect balance of wheels (rejects after ship-
ment are not included). In December 1948 the plant employed 440
persons, of whom about 330 were engaged in production.
(9) Siberian Abrasives Plant, Khaita, Irkutsk Oblast.
Wheels are the main product of this plant. The plant- is
well-equipped, new machinery having arrived from Leningrad in 1946
and early 1947. Production in 1948 was 3,780 metric tons, and the
plant employed 1,160 industrial and 400 nonindustrial workers.
(10) Zlatoust (near Chelyabinsk), Chelyabinsk Oblast.
Two.plants for abrasive products are located in Zlatoust.
Wheels were produced as early as 1923 from domestic and imported
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abrasive grain. Experiments were conducted in 1927 on the produc-
tion of aluminum oxide. A recent report mentions wheel production.
(11) Kras~el Abrasives Plant, Luga, Leningrad Oblast.
This plant was probably dismantled during the war. A
recent report states that it is producing abrasive lapping paste.
(12) Other possible plants on which no recent or definite informa-
tion is available are as follows:
(a) Shuya Grinding Wheel Plant, Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast,
Central Industrial Region.
A plant for production of bonded and coated products,
including rubber bonded wheels, was under construction at this loca-
tion in 1940.
(b) Khait Abrasives Plant, Khait, Garm Oblast,
Tadzhik SSR.
A new factory at this location may have produced emery
wheels and other abrasives products in 1944.
(c) Smychka Abrasives Plant, Luga, Leningrad Oblast.
A wheel plant was removed from this location during
the war. There is no information on its present status.
3. Far East.
a. Australia.
Crude abrasives are not produced in Australia, and abrasive
grain is imported from the US, the UK, and Norway. Imports in 1949
included 1,470 short tons of abrasive grain and 36 short tons of wheels
from the US, and 136 metric tons of silicon carbide from Norway.
Imports from the UK were undoubtedly higher than from the US. Total.
requirements might, therefore, exceed 3,000 short tons.
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b.. Indi
India has a small wheel industry, but production costs are very
high. In order to protect the industry, the import duty on wheels and
segments was increased in 1949 from 80 to 100 percent ad valorem.
c. Japan.
Japan has 11 plants producing a good quality of green and black
silicon carbide and poor-quality regular and white aluminum oxide.
Production in 1949 was 1,500 metric tons of aluminum oxide, 800 metric
tons of silicon carbide, and 6,000 metric tons of wheels, sufficient for
present requirements, as compared with prewar production of 4,800
tons of abrasive grain and 8,400 tons of wheels. Peak production
during.the war was 25,600 metric tons of abrasive grain and 24,000
metric tons of wheels. The. range of types and sizes of wheels pro-
duced is,. however, very limited. During prewar years, Japan imported
about 2,000 tons of abrasive grain from the US and Germany. Prewar
imports of wheels were very small and included only a few special
types and sizes.
d. Korea.
There is an aluminum oxide furnace plant in operation north of the
38th Parallel, but its output has not been determined.
4. Other Countries.
In unindustrialized countries of Europe, Asia, Latin America, and
Africa, there. is practically no production of abrasives. The order of
importance of these countries as importers of US abrasives is as
follows: Argentina, India, Union of South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Chile,
and Cuba.
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APPENDIX II
TABLES
World Production
of
Aluminum Oxide and Silicon Carbide j/
1949
Aluminum Silicon
ShortT?ne
e-, Carbide Total
North America
US and Canada ij)
North America
Total
125,900
125,9QQ
67,500
67,500
193,400
W
,
Western Europe (Fiscal Year 1948-49)
0
France
19,000
3,000
0
22,0
West Germany
15,000
6,000
21,000
Norway
8,000
8,C00
Italy
4,800
500
5,:00
UK
3, 600
-
3, E X00
Sweden
2,000
1,200
3,200
Switzerland
3, 000
3, 0700
Austria
1,500
-
1,.OO
Western Europe
T
tal
45,900
21.700
67.600
,
o
Eastern Europe (Estimate)
USSR
16,000
14000
30,9000
East Germany
10,000
1,300
11,:i00
Czechoslovakia
6, 500
-
6, )OO
Eastern Europe
tal
T
32.50
,
o
Japan
1, 500
800
2, : 300
World Total
205.8800
105.300
311..L00
/ Includes less than 100 tons of extremely hard boron carbide used
mainly in the form of powders for special polishing operations and
in molded form as nozzles to resist abrasion.
N.B. Footnotes b and c follow on p. 33.
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Production of Crude Abrasives
US and Canada
1943
Mjort
T M
Product
us
Canada
-
TT
t
1
2
a
_
Silicon Carbide
15,870
51,409
67,279
Aluminum Oxide
22,889
193, 905
216,794
Total
38.759
245.314
284.'
Table 3
Capacity of Crude Abrasives Industry
US and Canada
1948
Short Tons
Product _
US
Canada
1
t
al
.
2
-
Silicon Carbide
17,700
64,300
82,000
Alumi n m Oxide
27,192
223,300
250,492
44,892
287?600
'33a
4sa
.
(Footnotes continued from Table 1, p. 32.)
j/ Separate production figures for the US and Canada are not avail-
able for 1949. About 12 percent of the crude abrasives is produced
in the US and 88 percent in Canada. In 1948, production was as follows:
a
ojg
-
Canada
140,500
52,600
1939100
US
13,900
12,200
26,100
Total
00
64,80Q
Z"200
c/ Insignificant quantities produced.
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Table 4
Consumption of Bauxite
by
US Abrasives and Refractory Industries
1945-49
sh,cwt o.s
1945
19AL
.1948
Source
Us
187,355
182,582
204,781
125,030
'
126,3`5
Guianas
13,827
22,798
54,478
,277
122
77,086
182
l 201
t
T
380
205
59
2
247,307
203,
.
a
o
.
.
Table 5
US Imports
of
Corundum Ore and Concentrates
1937-39,
1944-48
1937-39
b
~
6
~-
... /7
l i
.....~
South Africa
3,153
5,220
4,120
2,801
2,35
4
)
3,566
Others
24
1,240
2,124
1,181
~
y
46
Total
3
177
6.460
6,244
3.98
?2
.
Peak wartime imports.
Yearly average for 3-year period.
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Table 6
Capacity for Production
of
Crude Abrasives in Western Europe g/
1949
Number of Plants
in Operation
1949
Production
Fiscal Year
39
4S
49
Capacity
~ c
~
-
!!!
-
~
Short Tons
West Germany
5
21,000
37
000
France
5
22,000
,
22
000
Italy
2
5,300
,
8
840
Norway
1
8,000
,
8
000
Sweden
2
3,200
,
4
200
UK
1
3,600
,
3,600 2C/
Switzerland
1
3,000
000
3
Austria
2
1,500
,
1,700 $/
Total
?2
67_600-
88 - A19
/ All figures are estimated.
J The figure of 22,000 tons for France is based on the assumption
that output in 1948-49 was at full capacity. There is evidence,
however, that a shortage of electric power kept production below
capacity, so that this figure may be low. A new plant is now under
construction.'
c/ The one abrasivesproducing plant in the UK should not be con-
fused with the seven plants which process crude imported from the
US and Canada.
Since Austria plans to become self-sufficient in abrasives,
capacity may have been increased by now above the estimate of 1,700
tons.
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North American Exports of Artificial Abrasives
Crude and Grain
1949
Short Tons
Importing
Area
S Canes
Total
UK
8,100 25,000 -
33,100
France
3,800 -
3,800
Italy
2,000 -
2,000
Sweden
1,900 -
1,900
Belgium
1,300 100
1,400
Austria
1,000 -
1,000
West Germany
600
600
Switzerland
200 300
500
Western Europe,
Others
500 -
500
Western Europe
Total
19,400 25.400
144.800
,
All Other Countries
3,700 600
4,300
Total, US Exports
23.100 26.000
1,x?100
Table S
US Exports of Artificial Abrasive Wheels
to Western Europe
191+7-49
Short Tons
Importing
Country
1947 1948
1949
Sweden
1,409
841
357
Netherlands
332
263
264
Italy
40
96
237
France
141
62
128
Belgium
170
191
107
Switzerland
101
90
98
Norway
130
43
55
UK
31
49
52
Finland
68
26
26
Portugal
54
10
2
Others
20
38
46
?-.496
1,792
1,372
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Table 9
Norwegian Sales of Silicon Carbide
Domestic and Foreign
1948-50
Area
T
-Metric
Percent of Tot
l S
l
1948
5 0 J
a
es
a
;? IQ
Norway
672.0
715.1
673.8
9.5 9.0 7.8
UK
21253.3
21724.1
3,232.5
31.5 34.2. 37.5
Sweden
836.4
1,200.4
1,482.8
11.8 15.0 17.2
Denmark
161.0
209.6
207.4
2.3 2.6 2.4
US and Canada.;.
919.7
196.0
720.4
12.9 2.55 8.4
Australia
135.8
109.9
108.0
1.9 1.4 2.1
Subtotal
4`978.2
5,155.1
4.9
69.9 7
5 4
.
Netherlands
81.2
130.9
105.9
1.1 1.6 1.2
Belgium-Luxembourg
452.8
643.2
421.5
6.3 8.1 4.9
France
94.9
364.6
257.5
1.3 4.6 3.0
Switzerland
243.9
125.4
202.0
3.4 1.6 2.3
Austria
79.3
34.5
185.0
1.1 0.4 2.1
Spain
-
30.0
58.0
- 0.4 .0.7
Italy
-
17.1
167.9
- 0.2 1.9
Germany (East and
West)
-
121.3
526.0
- 1.5 6.1
Subtotal
252.1
1,467.0
1.923.8
18.4 22.2
USSR
420.0
454.0
5.9 5.7 -
Czechoslovakia
520.9
616.9
-
7.3 7.7 -
Poland
174.4
100.8
75.0
2.4 1.3 0.9
Yugoslavia
44.5
57.0
60.0
0.6 0.7 0.7
Finland
53.4
65.0
66.6
0.7 0.8 0.8
Subtotal
1- .213.2
1,293,~
201.6
16.9 J6.2
Miscellaneous
5.5
62.0
2.0
- 0.8 -
.. Total
Ljj2jj
0 :100, 100.0
IL/
1949 sales constituted 3,948 tons of grain and micro, 2,792 tons of
crude, 320 tons of powders, and 917 tons of refractory. Sales to Czecho-
slovakia were all of crude. Shipments to other countries of Eastern
Europe were entirely of grain and micro.
/ Decreased sales to countries of the Eastern bloc in 1951) reflect the
effects of Western pressure on Norway to comply with export restrictions
on shipments of strateg ~omaterials ? -9
ith
the dsF~- 1 R/ (tom ~! 'd/q'~o~'~~0$01
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APPENDIX III
NA E$ AND LOCATIONS OF IMPORTANT PLANTS
1. stria.
Treibacher Chemische Werke AG
Seebach bei-Villach
Carinthia
(British Zone)
Rappold Schleifmittel Industrie KG
Strobachgasse 6
Vienna 5
(British Zone)
Built in 1946; original
capacity, 1,500 tons of low-
grade aluminum oxide; being
expanded to 4,000-5,000 tons
in 1950, primarily for hh.igher-
grade products.
Largest wheel producer :n
Austria; made recent addition
to wheel plant for production
of 200 tons of aluminum oxide:
wheel capacity, 1,200 tans (no
rubber or shellac wheel:,).
Seebach-bei Villach
Carinthia
(British Zone)
D. Swarovski, Glassfabrik &
Tyrolit Schleifmittelwerke
Wattens
Tirol
(French Zone)
"ALPINA"-Schleifscheibenfabrik
Karl Kisling
Effingergasse 26-28
Vienna 16
(French Zone)
Arthur Lebert Nachf. A. Hopf
Schleifseheiberifabrik
Ameisgasse 28
Vienna 14
(French Zone)
- 38 -
Wheel capacity, 1,200 tons.
Built in 1936; furnace 3quip-
ment badly damaged; not ex-
pected to resume production
of furnace products; whet
capacity, 1,200 tons.
Wheel capacity, 450 tons.
Wheel capacity, 100 tons.
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2. Belg
Societe Anon. des Meules Duchfteau Wheels, stoMs, and sticks;
15-17, avenue Georges Rodenbach 1949 production: silicon
Schaerbeek (near Brussels) carbide, 1,200 tons; aluminum
oxide, 1,400 tons..
its. Th. Kluft
Mortsel (near Antwerp)
Wheels.
Societ,4'des Meules et Abrasifs Wheels.
("SO ")
rue Gillon
Meules Belga Wheels.
Van den Heckestraat 28
Ledeberg (near Ghent)
Compagnie Industrielle des Abrasifs Wheels and stones.
("CIA")
24, rue Volta
Marcinelle-Charleroi
Hainaut
R. Goffard
rue Leman
.ins (near Li4'ge)
Sohy Freres
SauvenAre (near Gembloux)
Creuven-Wegner
17, rue Jardon
Verviers
Wheels and stones.
Societe Anon. Ets. Preud'homme
Freres
110, rue Leon GrosJean
Evere (near Brussels)
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3. Czechoslovakia.
United Carborundum and Electric
Works, atipnal Coro ation
(Spo j en8 Zfvody na Vfrobu
Karborunda a Elektritu NZodnf
Podnik)
Benatky nad Jizerou
Bohemia
Largest wheel producer In
Czechoslovakia; aluminum
oxide capacity, 8,000 tons;
1949 production, 6,500 tons;
in 1948 facilities added for
crushing and refining imported
crude silicon carbide; stew
aluminum oxide processing
plant of 6,000 tonstcapicity
(single-shift basis or "5,000
tons on three-shift bas'_s)
being built; during prer;rar
years silicon carbide a`_so
produced but facilities dis-
mantled during the war.
Ostrit Schleifscheiben- &
Schleifmittelwerk Dr. P.
Wertheimer KG
Jindl-iJskd 7
Prague
4. Denmark.
Nordisk Slibeskive Fabrik
Skolegade 19
Valby
Copenhagen
Largest abrasives producer in
Denmark; wheels and bri-,ks of
aluminum oxide and silicon
carbide.
5. Finland.
Oy Karla AB
Nickby (Nikkila)
Wheels of silicon carbide
and aluminum oxide.
Tammer Tehtaat Oy
Tampere
Oy Hang? Cementgjuteri AB
Hango
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Wheels of emery and garnet.
Wheels and bricks of emery
and silicon carbide,
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Karpokivi Oy
Helsinki
Stones of silicon carbide.
Suusamon Kivitehdas
Kuusamo
6. France.
I
Soci t4'd'Electro-Chimie, d'Electro-
tallurgie at des Aci4ries
ectriques d'Ugine
10, rue G6n4ra1 Foy
Paris
La Bathie
Savoie
Societe Electro-Chimique de Mercus
Mercus-Gar.rabet
Paris
Societe Anon. 1'Achromine
Jarrie
Abrasifs du Sud-Quest ("ASO")
23 bis, rue de Balzac
Paris
Sarrancolin
Compagnie des Meules Norton
La Courneuve
Paris
Ets. G. Durrschmjdt Societe
Lyonnaise des eris
14, chemin de Montbrillant
Lyon
Wheels.
1948 capacity and production,
3,000 tons of silicon carbide
(50 percent each of abrasive
and refractory grades); capac-
ity to be doubled by 1951;
aluminum oxide capacity 4,000-
5,000 tons; 1948 production,
3,500-4,000 tons of white
aluminum oxide, 99.5% pure,
highest quality in Europe.
These three plants produce
regular aluminum oxide;
combined capacity, approxi-
mately 20,000 tons; 1948
production, approximately
15,000 tons.
Wheels of silicon carbide
and aluminum oxide; capac-
ity, 4,720 tons; 1948 pro-
duction, 4,597 tons.
Wheels of silicon carbide
and aluminum oxide; capacity,
1,825 tons; 1948 production,
1,778 tons.
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%ww
Societe des Meules
Artificielles ("SAMA")
62, rue Victor Hugo
Courbevoie
Paris
i it
Ets. Fours Rousseau, Societe Anon.
116 bis, Quai de Bezons
Argenteuil (near Paris)
Wheels and stones of sil:i.con
carbide and aluminum oxide;
capacity, 832 tons; 1948
production, 810 tons.
Wheels of silicon carbide
and aluminum oxide; cap&:;ity,
788 tons; 1948 productioni,
768 tons.
Ets. A. Huard
53-59, rue des Perichaux
Paris 15 //
Compagnie Centrals des Emeris at
Tous Abrasifs ("CET A")
133-135, boulevard S4rurier
Paris 19
Courbevoie
Paris
Vve. Denis Poulot Fils
48-50, avenue Philippe Auguste
Paris 11
Ets. Henri Essig
41, rue Victor
Nancy
Wheels and stones; capacity,
616 tons; 1948 production,
600 tons.
Wheels and stones; capacity,
540 tons; 1948 production,
526 tons.
Wheels and stones; capacity,
108 tons,; 1948 production,
105 tons.
Wheels and stones; capacity,
380 tons; 1948 production,
370 tons.
Ars, Societe Industrielle
12, rue Ch. Floquet
Montrouge
Paris
Scandaletos
36, boulevard Bastille
Paris 12
M es Artificielles Vitrifiees
As. Paul Barn
49-51, rue Hoche
Issy-les Moulineaux (near Paris)
- 42
Wheels and stones; capacity,
380 tons; 1948 production,
370 tons.
Wheels (reclaimed); capacity,
54 tons; 1948 productiona,
53 tons.
Dental wheels; capacity,
380 tons; 1948 production,
370 tons.
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OK 4
rue des Portevins
Paris
Wheels; caps,city, 379 tons;
1948 production, 370 tons.
Fortin et Saunier Rubber wheels and polishing
36, rue Sedaine products; capacity, 38 tons;
Paris 11 1948 production, 37 tons.
R. Adrian
Saint-Didier-enVelay
i
Ets. Kahn
3, rue 1'Espagnol
Paris 20
A. de Burnay, Meules Diamantes Wheels.
9, passage Thiere
Paris 11
i
Ets. P. Henry
21, rue Favorites
Paris
Societe Industrie le
des Meules en &ieri
Paris
Ifts. Deplanque Aine, Meules,lfineri Wheels.
Maisons-Alfort
Paris
Deplanque Fil.s, Jenne,
Meules Artificielles
E, rue Ueon Frot
Paris 11
Wheels.
Societe' OMIP
94, boulevard Beaumarchais
Paris 11
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low
Somata Abrasifs
20, rue de Conflans
Charenton
Paris
Wheels.
7. Germany.
?,. East Germany (Soviet Zone).
Elektroschmelze
Zschornewitz
Saxony Anhalt
Very old, inefficient p3_ant;
wartime aluminum oxide capacity,
15,000 tons; 1949 production,
8,000-11,000 tons.
Electroschmelzwerk AG
Mueckenberg
Saxony
Schleifscheibenfabrik
Dresden-Reick AG
Dresden
SAG Stoclcstoffwerk Piesteritz
Piesteritz-beiWittenberg
Brandenburg
Dismantled by Soviets; Saar-
time capacity, 6,000 tons
of raw silicon carbide, but
lacked crushing and ref5ning
equipment.
Wartime capacity, 1,500 tons
of aluminum oxide and 700 tons
of silicon carbide; sil.con
carbide facilities dismantled
by the Soviets; 1949 production,
about 1,800 tons of whec;ls made
from aluminum oxide produced at
the plant.
Formerly Bayerische Stiekstoff-
werke AG; made first attempts
to produce silicon carbide in
1948-49; equipment may Lave
been obtained from the cd_i.s-
mantled Dresden-Reick pant;
July 1949 production rate,
1,200 tons per year of very
low-grade silicon carbide,
hardly suitable for abrfisives
but used mainly as refrc+.ctory;
report of November 1950 in-
dicates production has f.ncreased
to 3,000-3,600 tons.
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 Approved For Reloe,e 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00 A000100040001-9
Edwin Becker Schleifmittelwerk
Berlin-Hermsdorf
Capillar-Schleifscheiben Werke
Crosta-ueber-Bautzen
Dorfnerwerk Inh. Dr.-Ing. Josef
Dorfner
Velten-bei-Berlin
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Eibenstocker Schleifscheiben-
fabrik, Ing. German & Co.
Eibenstocker
Carl Hinne Leipziger Naxos-
Schmirgelscheiben Fabrik
Boehlitz.-Ehrenberg/Leipzig
"Oemeta" Chemische Werke GmbH
Berlin W 15
Orion Schleifmittelwerk Max
Frey
Berlin N 65
Rottluff-Schleifscheibenfabrik
AG
Chemnitz 17
Schmirgelwerk Dr. Rudolf
Schoenherr
Chemnitz 13
Bonded products.
Bonded products; capacity,
1,200 tons.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products; capacity,
360 tons.
b. West Germany.
Lonzawerke Elektrochemische
Fabriken GmbH
Waldshut
South Baden
(French Zone)
Aluminum oxide capacity,
7,200 tons; 1949 production,
2,400-3,000 tons; silicon
carbide capacity, 3,000 tons;
1949 production, 1,200-1,500
tons.
- 45 -
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000100040001-9
MSO Maschinen & Schleifmittelwerke
AG
Offenbach-am-Main
Hesse
(us Zone)
Elektrosehmelzwerk Kempten AG
Kenpten
Bavaria
(US Zone)
Feldmuehle AG, Werk KooLolyt
Wesseling-bei-Koeln
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Hermann Starek Ferrowerk
Rhina AG
Laufenberg
South Baden
(French Zone)
F.W. Beckmann GmbH
Solingen
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Ernst Kircher Schleifmittelwerk
Pforzheim
Wuerttemberg-Baden
(US Zone)
Bergisches Schleifmittelwerk
Fritz Gauterin GmbH
Solingen Wald
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Naxos Sobmirgel-Schleifwaren-
fabrik Burkhard & Go.
Frankfurt-am-Main/West
Hesse
(US Zone)
Aluminum oxide capacity,
6,000 tons; 1949 production,
3,000 tons; 1948 wheel capac-
ity, 1,800 tons.
Silicon carbide capacity,
4,800 tons; 1949 production,
4,800 tons; plant being ex-
panded; also produces boron
carbide.
Ab minum oxide capacity;,
12,000 tons; 1949 production,
6,000 tons; bonded products;
capacity, 3,600 tons.
Aluminum oxide capacity,
3,600 tons; 1949 product ion,
2,OOO-2,500 tons.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products; capacity,
360 tons.
Bonded products.
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 Approved For Relesee 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79TO09MA000100040001-9
SECRET
Butzbacher Schleifmittelwerke
Butzbach
Hesse
(US Zone)
Bonded products.
Degussa Gold- and Silber-
scheibenanstalt
Neurod
Hesse
(US Zone)
Deutsche Carborundum Werke GmbH
Duesseldorf-Reisholz
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Deutsche Norton GmbH
Wesseling bei-Koeln
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Dilumit--Werk GmnbH
Duesseldorf
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Diskus Werke AG
Frankfurt--am-Main
Hesse
(US Zone)
Dorfnerwerk
Hirschau, Oberpfalz
Bavaria
(US Zone)
Eichler & Co.
Neu-Iaenburg
Hesse
(US Zone)
-47-
SECRET
Bonded products; capacity,
360 tons.
Bonded products; capacity,
3,000 tons. .
Bonded products; capacity,
4,200 tons.
Bonded products; capacity,
240 tons.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000100040001-9
Fickert & Winterling KG
Marktredwitz
Bavaria
(US Zone)
Bonded products.
Fontaine & Co, (i1
I rankfurt-am-lain
Hesse
(US Zone)
Peter Fuchs
Ransbaeh, Westerwald
Rhineland-Palatinate
(French Zone)
Gewerkschaft Elsa
Bochum
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Guilleavme-Werk Bonded products; capaci4y,
Beuel-a .- iein 1,800 tons.
North RhineWestphalia
(British Zone)
Jota-Werk Ge'br. Funke AG
Duesseldorf
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Hahn & Kolb
Stuttgart
Wuerttemberg-Baden
(us Zone)
Hermann Hilmer Inh. E. must
Witten
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
-48-
SECRE'r
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 Approved For Releae 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00914000100040001-9
Keramische Schleifscheiben-
fabrik, Karl Krebs & Riedel
Kaxlshafen
Hesse
(US Zone)
Bonded products.
Kurt Landenberger
Stuttgart-Untertuerkheim
Wuerttemberg; Baden
(US Zone)
P. Lapport & Sohn
Enkenbach
Rhineland-Palatinate
(French Zone)
Th. Leisse & Co.
Meschede
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Naxos-Union Schleifmittel- Bonded products; capacity,
and Schleifmaschinenfabrik 2,000 tons.
Frankfurt-am.-Main
Hesse
(US Zone)
"Naxos-Elektro" Schmirgel- Bonded products.
and Corundfabrikate Wilhelm
Kramer KG
Nidda
Hesse
(US Zone)
Naxos-Schmirgelwerk Mainkur GmbH Bonded products.
Hanau-am-Maim
Hesse
(US Zone)
Richartz Schleifmittel AG Bonded products; capacity,
Solingen-Ohligs 360 tons.
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
- 49 -
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000100040001-9
August Rueggeberg Verkzeug-
und Maschinenfabrik
Marienheide
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Schleifmittelwerk Bietigheim
Friedrich Elbe
Bietigheim
Wuerttemberg-Baden
(US Zone)
Schleifscheibenfabrik Dresden-
Reick Prym KG
Duesseldorf
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Schleifscheibenfabrik Alfons
Schmeier
Helmbrechts, Oberfranken
Bavaria
(US Zone)
Schleifmittel-Werk Karl Seiffert
Vertriebs-GmbH
Hilden-bei-Duesseldorf
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone).
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products; capacity,
1,800 tons.
Schleifscheibenwerk Frankenwald
Seyffert & Co.
Schauenstein, Oberfranken
Bavaria
(US Zone)
Friedrich Schmaltz GmbH
Offenbach-am-Main
Hesse
(US Zone)
Schmirgelwerk Ludwigshafen
Carl Lebert
Ludwigshafen
South Baden
(French Zone)
- 50 -
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T0094000100040001-9
C.F. Schroeder, Schmirgelwerke KG
Hannoversch-Muenden
Lower Saxony
(British Zone)
Hermann Schwarzhaupt & Soehne
Luedenscheid
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Dr. Sievers & Co. GmbH
Mehlem-am--Rhein
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Stella-Schleifscheibenwerke
Robert Buchner KG
Marktredwitz
Bavaria
(US Zone)
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Tyrolit-Schleifmittel-Ges.
Zaehringer
Stuttgart/west
Wuerttemberg-Baden
(US Zone)
Westdeutsche Schmirgel- and
Schleifmittel Fabrik Derkom
& Co. GmbH
Solingen-Wald
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
WIDIA-Fabrik
Essen
North Rhine-Westphalia
(British Zone)
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Bonded products.
Winterling-Keramik, Winterling Bonded products.
& Co.
Schwarzenbach-an-der-Saale
Bavaria
(US Zone)
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000100040001-9
V
Karl Fickert KG, Maschinen-
und Schleifscheibenfabrik
Schwarzenbach-an-der-Saele
Bavaria
(US Zone)
8. Hungary.
(Name and location of plant unknown)
"Wider}ta" Ved j egyo GytrtmLny~ok
Nyar fit 7
Budapest VIII
Solus Csiszolokronggya~r b.t.
Jdzsef Antal 3 fnger
Liget-u 11
Budapest X
Stiebe~ '' Csiszolokoronggyar r. -t.
C surgri ut 28
Budapest XI
Naxos Csiszol rugyer r.-t.
Budafok
Istva/n. Kossenyi
Kiss 3 zsef a 53
Budapest V
Ferene Velty Fia.
Veszprem
Arnin Rosner
Fiumei--ut 12/A
Budapest VIII
-52-
SERET
Bonded products.
Planning in 1949 to start
production of aluminum oxide
in 1950; in June 1949 negotia-
tion being carried on in
Berlin for purchase of a
number of electric furnaces
of 1,500 kilo-volt-&iperes
capacity.
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 Approved For Releaa 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T0094000100040001-9
Adolf Kanitz & Co.
Budapest
Italy.
Soc. An. Fratelli Galtarossa
Verona
Plants at -
Domodossol.a
and
Trento
Soc. Mole Norton
Corsico (Milan)
Soc. Italiana Mole Abrasivi Ermoli
Malnate (Varese)
Fabbrica di Mole Bottaccini
Padua
Soo. Italiana dello Sm.eriglio
Bovisa (Milan)
Astese Fabbricazione Abrasivi, Soc. An.
Asti
Soc. An. Industria Mole
Via Dalmazia 1
Padua
Capacity: aluminum oxide,,
8,000 tons; silicon carbide,
840 tons; 1949 productions
aluminum oxide, 4,800 tons;
silicon carbide, 500 tons;
also produces low-grade boron
carbide in small quantities.
Wheels.
Wheels.
Wheels.
Wheels.
Wheels.
Wheels.
Manifatture del Seveso
Via Bertini 32
Milan
"ABRAX" Industria Mole Smeriglio
Vicenza
Compagnia Italiana Abrasivi ("CIA")
Cusano Milanino
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 Approved For Rele
I"W ase 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T009w3r,5A000100040001-9
Prarher
Rho
10. ZTap.
L.
h.
A.
is-
Kanto Denki Kogyo KK
C unma
Nihon Corundum IK
Oji
Shows Denko KK
Shiojiri
Taisho Denki Seirensho
Kashiwabara.
Nihon Bando Kogyo KK
Kambara
Nihon Soda SK
Iwase
Nihon Jinzokokuen KK
Sasazu
Nihon Kenmazai Kogyo IK
Sakai
Wheels.
In 1949, aluminum o.de and
silicon carbide produced Jr
plants c and h; alum5..num
oxide only produced :.n plants
a, b, e, i, and k; silicon
carbide only produced in
plants d, f, g, and j, 1949
production, 1,500 tons of
aluminum oxide and 800 tons
of silicon carbide, which i
about half of prewar and one-
tenth of maximum wartime
production.
Rasa Kogyo KK
Osaka
Wakayama Denki KK
Chemical Plant
(Location of plant unknown)
Ujiden Kagaku Kogyo KK
Abrasives Plant
(Location of plant unknown
- 54 -
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00A000100040001-9
SECRET
(Name and location of plant unknown)
12. Netherlands.
Nederlandse Slijpsteenindustrie
Jannink & Co. N.V.
Haaksbergerstraat 103
Enschede
Aluminum oxide plant in opera-
tion in Hungnam area, latitude
39?501 N - longitude 127?38' E;
capacity and production unknown.
Wheels; new and largest plant.
Eerste Nederlandsche Slijpsteenen-
fabriek
Niasstraat 17
Amsterdam,
13. Norw .
Arendal Smelteverk A/S
Eydehamn
Aust-Agder
Production and capacity, 8,000
tons of silicon carbide; sole
producer in Norway; US-owned
subsidiary; produces best
grade of silicon carbide in
Europe.
Den Norske Slipeskivefabrik A/S
Oslo
Foss Slipeskivefabrik A/S
Fetsund
Akershus
Norr~na Fabriker A/S
Porsgrunn
Telemark
Wheels and stones of silicon
carbide, corundum, and alumi-
num oxide; 1948 production of
these three companies, 541
tons.
14. Pow land.
Ratibor
Silesia
Plant for production of alumi-
num oxide and. silicon carbide
under construction; furnaces
and electrodes purchased in
1949.
SECRET
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T009335A000100040001-9
Vogt & Co.
Wapienica
Silesia
15. Portugal.
Falbrica de MA de Esmeril
Vieira Pinto & Cia. Ltd.
Pagros de Brandao
16. Spain.
Fabregat Jose Pino
Avenida Jose Antonio Primo de
Rivera 679
Barcelona
Wheels.
Wheels of silicon carbide and
aluminum oxide.
Industrial Abrasivas Soc. An.
Valencia
Alberdi y Cia.
Mond,agon
arty puzcoa
17. Sweden.
H6ganas Billesholms AB
Hoganas
Malmohus
AB for Kemisk och
Elektrokemisk Production
Avesta
'vastmanland
AB Svenska Smergelskiffabriken
Hoganas
Malmohus
Baltiska Slipskive AB
Haver?dal
Stockholm
- 56 -
Aluminum oxide and silicon
carbide; new furnace capacaty
being installed; capacity:
aluminum oxide, 10000-2,000
tons; silicon carbida, 900?-
1,200 tons.
Until 1947 produced -about a,400,
tons of silicon carbide;
operation diseontinu3d.
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 Approved For Rele"e 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00 A000100040001-9
Svea AB, Slipskivefabriken
Norrt'al j e
Stockholm
Industri AB Solid
brebro
Slimaverken
Almhult
Kronoberg
Svenska Diamantbergborrnings AB
Stockholm
18. Switzerland.
Gotthardwerke AG fuer Elektrochemische
Industrie (Subsidiary of Lonza-
Elektrizitaetswerke Chemische
Fabriken AG)
Gampel
Diamond wheels.
Capacity, about 3,000 tons
of silicon carbide.
Aluminium-Industrie AG
Lausanne
Karbidwerk Spoerry
Flums
St. Gallen
Schweizerische Schmirgel-
scheibenfabrik AG (Swiss
Emery Wheel Works Ltd.)
Winterthur
Gripp Schleifscheibenwerk
Dietikon (near Zurich) ,
- 57 -
During the war produced about
100 tons of crude white
aluminum oxide.
Produced small experimental
quantity of aluminum oxide
but discontinued the project.
Only large abrasive products
plant in Switzerland; silicon
carbide and aluminum oxide
wheels and stones.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000100040001-9
%W IVWW
Schleifwerkzeuge Burgdorf
Dr. Bosshard & Co.
Burgdorf
H. Studer
Birmensdorf
0. Martinelli Schleifscheiben-
f abrik
Buchs
Aargau
Sarubin, Societe Anon.
Biel Bienne
A. Vogel' s Soehne AG
Pieterlen
Diametal AG
Biel
Swiss Jewel Co. Soc. An.
Locarno
19. United Kingdom.
Universal Grinding Wheel Co. Ltd.
Stafford
Thomas Firth & John Brown Ltd.
Sheffield
Carborundum Co. Ltd.
Trafford Park
Manchester
Norton Grinding Wheel Co. Ltd.
Welwyn
Hertfordshire
Luke & Spencer Ltd.
Broadheath
ltrincham
Cheshire
-55-
SEMM
Wheels.
Diamond wheels.
Diamond wheels.
Diamond wheels.
White aluminum oxide, 2,?OC
tons, and wheels of aluminum
oxide, silicon carbide, and
diamonds; also has e crtash ng
plant.
Wheels of aluminum oxide,
silicon carbide, and, diamon
also has a crushing plant.
Is:
Wheels of aluminum oxide,
silicon carbide, ane'. diamonds
also has a crushing plant.
Wheels of aluminum oxide,
silicon carbide, and. diamonds
also has a crushing plant.
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 Approved For Rel ,We 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79TOOWA000100040001-9
Thos. Goldsworthy & Sons Ltd.
Manchester
Crushing plant for aluminum
oxide.
Lancashire Grinding Wheels Ltd.
Padiham
Lancashire
Geo. Jowitt & Sons Ltd.
Lescar Lane
Sheffield
Abrafract Ltd.
Beulah Road
Owlerton
Sheffield
Abrasive Products Ltd.
Hare Street
Bilston
Staffordshire
Anglo Abrasivf- Works Ltd.
Alperton Lane
Wembley
Middesex
Mitchell Emery Wheel Co. Ltd.
Openshaw
Manchester
Pollett Bros. Ltd.
Waterloo Works & Wellington Foundry
Burton-on-Trent
Staffordshire
Stacey's Abrasive Wheels Ltd.
Heeley
Sheffield
A.A. Tattersall & Co. Ltd.
Mill Hill Emery Works
Blackburn
Lancashire
- 59 -
Wheels of aluminum oxide and
silicon carbide; also has a
crushing plant.
Wheels of aluminum oxide and
silicon carbide.
Wheels of aluminum, oxide
and silicon carbide.
Wheels of aluminum. oxide and
silicon carbide.
Wheels of aluminum, oxide and
silicon carbide.
Wheels of aluminum oxide and
silicon carbide.
Wheels of aluminum oxide and
silicon carbide.
Wheels of aluminum oxide and
silicon carbide.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T009935A000100040001-9
Turret Grinding Wheel Co. Ltd. Wheels of aluminum oxide and
Fordbridge Road silicon carbide.
Sunbury-on-Thames
Middlesex
Wizard Abrasives Ltd. Wheels of aluminum oxide and
North Anston (near Sheffield) silicon carbide.
Yorkshire
Arcorundum Grinding Wheel Co. Wheels of aluminum o,dde and
52, Finchfield Road silicon carbide.
Wolverhampton
Staffordshire
Lap (CI Process) Ltd.
Palace Wharf
Rainville Road
Hammersmith
London, W 6
Anderson Grice & Co. Ltd.
Carnoustie
Scotland
Wheels of silicon carbide.
The Impregnated Diamond Products Ltd. Diamond wheels.
Gloucester
A.C. Wickman Ltd. Diamond wheels.
Coventry
Pearl Manufacturing Co. Diamond wheels.
2, Mount Pleasant
London, WC 1
Sir James Farmer Norton
Adelphi Ironworks
Salford
Whistlers Diamond Tool Co. Ltd.
2,. St. Mary's Street
Gloucester
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 Approved For Rele 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00A000100040001-9
Chelyabinsk 'Abrasives Combine
Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk Oblast
1949 production, 10,000 tons
of aluminum oxide; wheel pro-
duction probably exceeds 1936
production, 14,500 tons.
Zaporozh'ye Carborundum Plant
Zaporozh'ye
Ukrainian SSR
Imeni Ilyich Abrasives Plant
Leningrad
Tashkent Carborundum Plant
Tashkent
Uzbek SSR
Kyshtym Graphite and Corundum
Combine
Kyshtym
Chelyabinsk Oblast
Semiz-Bugu Corundum Processing
Plant
Bayan Aul, Pavlodar Oblast
Kazakh SSR
Moscow Abrasives Plant
Moscow
Tashkent Abrasives Plant
Tashkent
Uzbek SSR
Khait Abrasives Plant
Khait,Garm Oblast
Tadzhik SSR
- 61
1949 production, about 8,000
tons of silicon carbide.
1940 production, 6,000 tons of
aluminum oxide and large pro-
duction of abrasive wheels;
1948 wheel production, 5,150
tons; 1950 aluminum oxide pro-
duction, 3,600 tons.
1949 production, 6,000 tons
of silicon carbide, 500 tons
of white aluminum oxide, and
some boron carbide.
Natural corundum processing
plant; 1936 production,
6,000 tons of corundum.
1932 production, 1,?50 tons
of corundum.
Grinding wheels and grinding
powders.
Grinding whee=ls and other
abrasive products.
New factory at this location
produced grinding wheels in
1944.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79Td0935A000100040001-9
VW ""W
Siberian Abrasives Plant
Khaita
Irkutsk Oblast
Smychka and Krasny Tigel Abrasives
Plants
Luga
Leningrad Oblast
1948 production, 3,780 tons
of grinding wheels.
Two plants in Luga lismantled
during the war; Krasny Tigel
plant now producing abrasive
paste; no informati )n ava .f-
able on the present status of
the Smychka plant.
Other possible plants of which little is known and which may not now
b
i
e
n existence are as follows:
Balashikha Abrasives Plant
Mo cow
Shuya Grinding Wheel Plant
Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast
Central Industrial Region
Zlatoust (near Chelyabinsk)
Chelyabinsk Oblast
21. Yugoslavip.
Ruse (near Maribor)
;;. Svati
Maribor
Grinding wheels; 1943 produc-
tion, 3,000 tons* this may be
the Moscow Abrasives Plant,
Plant under construction in
1940.
Two old plants probably
located here.
Nitrogen factory; aluminum
oxide reported to have been
first produced in December 194.8;
Yugoslavia has abrasive grade
bauxite, produces aluminum
oxide and aluminum, .nd has
endeavored to employ German
technicians of the abrasive
industry.
Wheel plant; capacity, 300 tons.
-b2-
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 Approved For Rele s 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79TOO93355A000100040001-9
SECRET
Approved For Release 1999/09/27 : CIA-RDP79T00935A000100040001-9