INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS BIWEEKLY REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00912A001900010011-6
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• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 20, 2009
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• Content Type: REPORT

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Foreign secret
Assessment
Center
International Narcotics
Biweekly Review
24 May 1978
DOJ review(s) completed.
State Dept. review completed
Secret
RP INBR 78-011
24 May 1978
rnnv `0'
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INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS BIWEEKLY REVIEW
24 May 1978
CONTENTS
The articles in this publication are prepared by analysts in the National Foreign Assessment Center
primarily for specialists in the Washington community who are interested in international narcotics
matters. Co and c ueries are welcome. They should be directed to the authors of the individual
articles or to
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NOTEWORTHY POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS:
1. Afghanistan 7
3 . Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
iii
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NOTEWORTHY POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
(Editor's Note: These items, produced for another
CIA publication, do not deal specifically with the
international narcotics situation. They are in-
cluded because they concern developing situations
that could impact on the international narcotics
control effort.)
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AFGHANISTAN: Near East and South Asian Reaction
to the Coup
The military coup in Kabul on 27 April was a shock
to most of the governments of South Asia and the Near
East. Most quickly concluded that the new government
was Communist and pro-Soviet, and some believed that
Moscow had ordered the coup that brought an end to
President Daoud's five-year rule. Although the new
government has tried to reassure its neighbors, these
suspicions persist.
Those governments with significant dissidence at
home are also concerned that local Communists, emboldened
by the Communist success in Afghanistan, might attempt
to seize power, or even that Moscow might order and sup-
port such an attempt. These fears have been expressed
not only in the monarchies such as Nepal and Iran and
by the moderately conservative military government in
Pakistan, but even in Syria, where President Assad sees
a number of similarities between his situation and
Daoud's.
Many countries are concerned that the coup has up-
set the balance of power in the region. In Egypt, Iran,
and Pakistan those worries are heightened by the recent
failure of the US to intervene in the Horn of Africa and
by its apparent lack of interest in taking any action in
Afghanistan. Many are also concerned about the fate of
Islam under the new regime.
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Despite these concerns, the nations of the region
apparently have decided that their best course is to
wait and see how the new government performs, in the
meantime maintaining diplomatic relations with Kabul in
hopes of encouraging the government to pursue the moderate
domestic and foreign policies it has announced. Rein-
forcing this view is the lack of a real alternative.
Pakistan
The Pakistanis are the most worried by the installa-
tion of what they perceive as a Soviet-controlled Com-
munisovernment in Afghanistan. Despite public
assurances from Kabul, they expect a revival of
the longstanding Pushtunistan dispute involving Pakistan's
two western provinces. Many Pakistani leaders expect that
ultimately Kabul, instigated and supported by Moscow,
will attempt to annex these provinces, thereby giving
the USSR access to the Indian Ocean. If Moscow's plan
succeeds, Pakistanis would expect India to occupy their
eastern provinces, ending Pakistan's existence as an in-
dependent country.
Even if the impact of the Afghan coup were to be
less catastrophic than the worst fears of many Pakistanis,
they would still expect to be troubled by significant
Soviet and Afghan meddling with tribes near the border,
increased diplomatic pressure from Moscow and New Delhi,
and a greatly strengthened leftist movement at home.
Islamabad, nevertheless, has recognized the new
government and intends to try to maintain good relations
with it in hopes of encouraging Kabul to establish some
degree of independence from Moscow and to encourage it
to abide by its announced policies.
At the same time, however, the Pakistanis are taking
steps to deal with the Afghan threat. Army units have
been moved closer to the border--probably as much to
remind the Afghans of Pakistani military strength as to
meet any Afghan incursion--a stepped-up effort is under
way to win the support of tribes along the border, and
Pakistan is seeking increased military and economic aid
from both the West and the Near Eastern oil producers.
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Pakistan's fears may be somewhat unrealistic, and
even deliberately exaggerated when expressed to potential
aid donors. If Daoud were still in power, Pakistan would
still be seeking economic and military aid, although
giving different reasons for its need. Nevertheless,
many Pakistanis sincerely believe that the coup has
significantly increased the dangers to Pakistan's survival,
and Afghanistan will be a far more important factor in
Pakistani decisions on almost any issue than it has been
in the past.
Iran
Iran, despite a long history of tension with Afghan-
istan, had improved its relations with Kabul in recent
years and had become an important source of economic aid.
At one point, Tehran considered--but never implemented--
economic assistance for Afghanistan that would have sur-
passed the Soviet program.
The Shah shares most of Pakistan's fears about the
new government, and in addition sees himself as con-
fronted with a rising threat from dissidents at home and
virtually encircled by the USSR and its allies, Iraq and
now Afghanistan. Nevertheless, he is prepared to give
the new government in Kabul a chance to prove its national
independence and its nonalignment. For the time being,
Iran is prepared to continue economic aid projects to
Afghanistan, presumably to encourage any nationalist
components in the new ruling group. Iran is likely to
use the coup as an additional argument to secure US
support.
India
India is primarily important to Afghanistan because
of its dominant position in the subcontinent and specifi-
cally because it serves as a military counterweight to
Pakistan. Relations between the two countries have
generally been good, and--with Indian Foreign Minister
Vajpayee's visit to Kabul last September and Afghan
President Daoud's visit to New Delhi in March--appeared
to be growing even closer.
India was one of the first to recognize the new
government in Kabul. It is India's policy to recognize
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governments in power, regardless of ideology. Neverthe-
less, coups are anathema to Indian thinking, and the
Indians probably have had more misgivings about the Taraki
takeover than they are willing to admit. Indian officials
have preferred to characterize the new Afghan leaders as
strong nationalists rather than Communists and have urged
outsiders to wait and see what new policies emerge from
Kabul. India, however, objects to heavy foreign influ-
ence in any country and will be dismayed if Soviet in-
fluence becomes preponderant in Afghanistan.
Indian officials believe their most prudent course
is to cultivate cordial relations with the new Afghan
leaders and to attempt to play a moderating role if
necessary. The Indians maintain that their nonaligned
credentials enable them to deal as neutrals and should
give them access to the highest levels of the new govern-
ment.
Egypt
Egypt is important to Afghanistan almost solely be-
cause of its leadership role in the Arab world. The
Egyptian press has reported that C has decided to
recognize Afghanistan's new regime. the
Egyptians see the Afghan coup as the latest example of
Soviet expansion in the Third World, and one--like the
Horn of Africa--that has not evoked an adequate Western
response. Egypt will be sympathetic to the Shah's fears
of encirclement and Pakistani apprehensions about Soviet-
backed attempts to exploit Pushtunistan.
Libya
Libya withheld recognition of the new regime in
Afghanistan until Foreign Minister Turayki completed a
hurriedly arranged trip to Kabul. Libya presumably
welcomed the advent of a more "progressive" regime, but
presumably wants to sound out the new government's atti-
tude on Muslim and Middle East issues and gain a clearer
picture of its relations with the USSR. Turayki appar-
ently was satisfied, and Libya formally recognized
Afghanistan on 11 May. The announcement included no
mention, however, of whether Libya intends to honor
economic and technical agreements worked out last
March with former President Daoud.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has not been among the major aid
donors to Afghanistan, but the Daoud government realized
its potential and shortly before the coup had won Saudi
agreement to examine the funding of Afghan development
projects. In addition, the Afghans, even more than most
Muslims, have looked to Saudi Arabia for religious leader-
ship.
Saudi Arabia moved slowly to recognize the new
government and acted only after receiving assurances that
the new rulers were Muslims and intended to keep Afghani-
stan a Muslim country. The Saudis are still skeptical
nd intend to watch the situation closely.
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Noteworthy Political and
Economic Developments
IRAN: Widespread Disorders
Major new disorders spearheaded by fundamentalist
Muslim leaders opposed to the Shah's modernization pro-
grams broke out across Iran last week. It was the fourth
and most serious such outbreak this year, triggering
violence on university campuses and tying up police and
many Army troops for days.
Similar demonstrations occurred in each of the first
three months of the year. The first round was centered
in the religious center of Qom, the second in the city
of Tabriz, and the third in Yazd, although each time less
violent disorders occurred in other cities as well.
The latest disturbances, which began on 9 May, also
erupted irrt in Onm and were most severe there and in
TAhriz_
at least
people were killed in the two cities. Property damage
was reported to be heaviest in Qom, where rioters badly
damaged four police stations, destroyed the headquarters
of the Resurgence Party--the regime's political arm--and
burned 400 automobiles.
This week, Qom remained under martial law with some
1,000 troops,. accompanied by Chieftain tanks, on guard at
key intersections and near mosques. Nationwide, the new
outbreak of Muslim dissidence appeared to have lost momen-
tum, although the security situation was still volatile
in Tehran and Tabriz.
At the height of the disorders, the Shah postponed
a scheduled visit to Eastern Europe in order to supervise
the tactics of his security forces in dealing with demon-
strators. By 16 May, however, he considered the situation
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sufficiently well in hand to depart on a one-week trip
to Bulgaria and Hungary.
The cycle of violence that began in early January
apparently is being coordinated by Muslim leaders in Qom,
the main center of religious fundamentalism. The most
serious disorders clearly have been fomented by local
Muslim clergymen who have incited the masses in mosques
across the country by denouncing the Shah's modernization
programs in fiery sermons.
The Shah is frustrated with his failure to contain
the unrest and seems baffled on how to deal with the
underlying causes of the Muslim dissidence. There appears
to be little room for compromise between the monarch and
his conservative Muslim opponents who believe that reforms
instituted by the Shah and his father threaten the future
of Islam in Iran. The Shah is gambling that his program
of modernization has enough popular support to allow him
to continue taking stern measures against the conservative
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MALAYSIA-THAILAND: BILATERAL CONFERENCE POINTS TO CLOSER
COOPERATION IN COMBATING NARCOTICS SMUGGLING IN
BORDER AREA. Thai and Malaysian officials held an
"unofficial conference" in early May to discuss the
increasing problem of heroin traffic across the Thai-
Malaysian border. US representatives attended the
meeting and were optimistic regarding its accomplish-
ments. All participants appeared to view the joint
meeting as an initial step in trying to neutralize
the flow of heroin across the border. The exchange
of information during the conference indicated that
both of the principals were aware of the major traf-
ficking patterns in the area and of the use of fish
and charcoal trucks to move the heroin. There was
also considerable agreement on the need to improve
communications links between the two countries and
on the need for joint antinarcotics operations in
the border area. Another bilateral meeting will
be held soon to discuss narcotics smuggling along
the coast of the Andaman Sea where traffickers use
small boats to transport opiates from Thailand to
Malaysia. A third conference has also tentatively
been scheduled to be held in Kuala Lumpur with
Singapore also invited to attend.
ARGENTINA: GOVERNMENT VIEWING NARCOTICS SITUATION MORE
SERIOUSLY. The Government of Argentina is beginning
to take a harder look at the international narcotics
problem and is showing signs of more cooperation in
the international effort. The Argentine National
Narcotics Council (CONATON), a policy-level group
composed of representatives from six ministries, has
obtained executive orders barring the cultivation of
opium poppies and marijuana. It has also obtained
an executive order which will authorize the implementa-
tion of a previously legislated ban on the importa-
tion of coca leaves. The Argentine Government has
also agreed to the reestablishment of the bilateral
US-Argentina Narcotics Commission which was originally
created in 1972. A ceremony formally reinstating
the commission is scheduled to be held on 16 June
1978.
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AFGHANISTAN: CONFISCATED OPIUM MAY AGAIN BE FOR SALE.
The new Afghanistan Government issued a decree on
13 May stating that all smuggled goods confiscated
by the previous governments and stored in warehouses
will be "used to benefit the people and the national
economy." The Embassy in Kabul notes that there may
be several tons of opium included in these seizures.
The Daoud government was trying to sell the confiscated
opium on the international licit market prior to
the coup late last month.
SWITZERLAND: SWISS MAY SOON CONTRIBUTE TO UNFDAC.
According to a Swiss official, a contribution to the
United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control has been
under consideration by the government of Switzerland
for some time but had been given low priority be-
cause of the Swiss budgetary restraints. A parlia-
mentary message is currently in preparation request-
ing that about $50,000 be contributed to UNFDAC; if
all goes well, the Federal Council should approve
the request by the end of June and parliament ap-
prove before the end of the year. In that case,
the contribution can be made to the UN fund by April
THE NETHERLANDS: NO INTENTION TO LEGALIZE CANNABIS.
The Embassy reports that, contrary to what the Dutch
representative told the UN Narcotic Drugs Committee
in Geneva last April, the Netherlands does not want
to amend the Single Convention to permit the legaliza-
tion of cannabis. Apparently such a position was
taken by an interdepartmental committee two years
ago but has since been abandoned as an official
policy of the government. The new Dutch State
Secretary for Public Health opposes even decriminal-
izationof the cannabis family of drugs, including
hashish, marijuana, and other related drugs.
BOLIVIA: BAN ON NEW COCA PLANTINGS WILL NOT BE ENFORCED
UNTIL AFTER THE JULY ELECTIONS. According to recent
information from the Embassy in La Paz, the govern-
ment of Bolivia, as of 30 November 1977, established
a ban on new coca plantings on registered lands.
Spot checks of the coca-growing areas, however, have
disclosed an obvious increase of new illegal plant-
ings. Principally because of the national presidential
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elections scheduled for 9 July 1978, the government
does not intend to proceed at this time with its
planned public destruction of the illegal plantings.
The government reportedly fears that such action
would adversely arouse the peasant-farmer population
in the coca-growing areas and the election process
would be disrupted. At least one presidential can-
didate has assured that, following the elections, the
law against increased and illegal coca production
will be fully enforced. In the meantime, the govern-
ment is documenting the ownership and locations of
illegal coca cultivation in preparation for later
legal action.
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BAHAMAS--Colombian Marijuana Reported Pouring into
Bahamas--TNDD, No. L/7779, 17 May 1978, pp. 48-50.
According to the Nassau press, marijuana is literally
pouring into the Bahamas from every direction and is
destined for the North American continent. The press
claimed that in the first three and a half months of
1978, authorities have confiscated an estimated $6
million dollars worth of the "Colombian Gold."
BULGARIA--Polish Report on Narcotics Trafficking in Bul-
ag ria--TNDD, No. L/7759, pp. 69-72. The article
describes in some detail the heavy truck traffic be-
tween Europe and countries of the Middle East and
South Asia and describes how the cargoes traveling
under international documentation and seal often
include illicit drugs--especially hashish. Accord-
ing to the article, it is mainly hashish that is
smuggled through Bulgaria, and the destinations of
the shipments coming from Turkey and Afghanistan
through Bulgaria and Yugoslavia are Vienna, Munich,
and Amsterdam. A great deal of the "Bulgarian"
contraband reportedly also reaches West Berlin. The
press report claimed that 126 narcotics and drug
smugglers were detected by Bulgarian customs in-
spectors last year, and nearly a ton of various types
of narcotics were seized. The item claimed that over
400,000 trucks transit Bulgaria each year, and the
overwhelming majority of them are 20- or 30-ton TIR
trucks. Nearly 1.4 million passenger cars travel
the same route or a total of close to 10,000 vehicles
per day. The item claimed further that farm products
are among the favorites used as cover for Turkish
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smugglers, who cross Bulgaria en masse three or four
times a year. Narcotics are also reportedly trans-
ported by train, where they are particularly difficult
to detect.
GREECE--Italian Freighter Drug Arrest--TNDD, No. L/7766,
p. 50. Eight members of the crew of an Italian-
owned small freighter flying the Panamanian flag
were arrested recently in Crete when over two tons
of hashish worth about $43,000,000 was discovered
aboard the ship. The crew included Italians, Greeks,
and Zambians; the vessel was bound from Lebanon to
a West European port.
INDIA--Big Narcotics Haul in Bombay--TNDD, No. L/7779,
17 May 1978, p. 14. Customs officers recently seized
130 kilograms of hashish and 10 kilograms of opium
from an air cargo complex at the airport in Bombay.
The contraband was concealed in a shipment of handi-
craft goods and was being exported to the United
States and Canada.
INDONESIA--Opium From Saudi Arabia Seized in Java--TNDD,
No. L/7766, pp. 13-14. Indonesian authorities re-
cently seized 4.6 kilograms of "Saudi Arabian" opium
and arrested five persons involved in the illict drug
trafficking. The narcotics apparently were called
"Saudi Arabian" because the original sale was made in
Mecca by a visiting pilgrim. According to those
arrested, the opium had entered Indonesia in a ship-
ment of tinned dates. The traffic is believed to be
the work of an international opium syndicate, as
some of those involved are too poor to pay the price
of a pilgrimage to Mecca let alone purchase ex-
pensive narcotics.
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MALAYSIA--Acute Drug Problem Among School Children--TNDD,
No. L/7779, p. 21. The government is viewing the
drug abuse problem, especially among school children,
with growing concern, according to the Minister of
Education. He said that 70 percent of the known
drug addicts in the country last year were below
25 years of age, and another 2 percent were about
15 years of age.
SINGAPORE--Preventive Steps, Tough Anti-Drug Laws Urged--
TNDD, No. L/7779, p. 24. There has been a phenomenal
growth in heroin use and addiction during the past
three years according to the local press. For
example, 2,262 persons were arrested in 1975 on
charges of using heroin; in 1976 this figure had
more than doubled. The drug problem has also spread
to the Singapore armed forces where an estimated
1 percent are drug abusers. In their all-out war
against narcotics smugglers and pushers, the author-
ities have invoked the Criminal Law Act which allows
a suspected trafficker to be detained without trial
for an indefinite period. The Drug Act has also
been amended to provide for the mandatory death
sentence for those convicted of trafficking more
than 15 grams of heroin or more than 30 grams of
morphine. The first hanging for heroin trafficking
in Singapore occurred in late April.
THAILAND--Seized "Thon Buri" Heroin Found Nearly Pure--
TNDD, No. L/7779, pp. 43-46. The heroin seized re-
cently from a drug refinery in Thon Buri is described
as a different type of heroin and can be sniffed,
injected, or taken orally. According to Thai ex-
perts, the heroin, known as Special No. 1 is only
1 percent short of the purest white powder known
as No. 4 heroin. It is the first of its kind to
be seized in Thailand; police confiscated 60 kilo-
grams of-the drug last month. The drug reportedly
was packed and ready for shipment to European mar-
kets; apparently the refinery had been in operation
for some time. This is said to be the first crack-
down on a heroin laboratory in the capital in the
past five years.
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TURKEY--Security Forces Discover Illegal Opium Fields--
TNDD, No. L/7759, p. 106. Inspection of opium cul-
tivation in Konya Province is continuing. During
recent inspections, provincial gendarmerie units
found that unauthorized opium poppies were being
cultivated over an area about 2.5 hectares. The
unauthorized poppies were destroyed by the authori-
ties, and 11 farmers were taken into custody on
charges of unauthorized opium poppy cultivation. (It
appears likely, however, that these were farmers
who had exceeded their licensed growing areas rather
than an attempt by would-by traffickers to raise an
illicit crop. Konya is one of the few areas where
controlled opium poppy cultivation is authorized.
Poppies will grow in almost all of Turkey's 67 prov-
inces and any attempt to grow poppies illegally
probably would not occur in an area like Konya which
is under intensive surveillance.)
SOUTH AFRICA--Transkei Dagga Imports Seized--TNDD, No.
L/7759, p. 104. Dagga, an African form of marijuana,
from Transkei was seized last month by the Narcotics
Bureau. Thirty persons were arrested and 10 cars
were seized. The police claimed that large quan-
tities of Dagga were being brought into Natal because
of the apparent successful harvest in Transkei.
(There have been other indications that South Africa
may be playing a larger role in drug trafficking than
has previously been suspected. An earlier press
item suggested that money from the major LSD opera-
tion in the UK may have found its way into South
Africa. Another item appearing last month in the
German periodical Stern written by Walter Unger,
discussing the Latin American drug threat to the
US, referred to "men who pull the strings" sitting
in South Africa.)
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