INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS STAFF NOTES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00912A001800010012-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 19, 2009
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: May 25, 1977
• Content Type: NOTES

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~4
Secret
International Narcotics
OTES
DOJ Review Completed.
Secret
State Department review completed
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INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS
25 May 1977
CONTENTS
COLOMBIA: Narcotics Trafficking
and the Judicial System .
PERU: Inter-Service Rivalry in
Narcotics Control .
NOTEWORTHY POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS:
1. Pakistan . g
2. Caribbean , 9
NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS:
1. Malaysia 13
2. Singapore 14
3. Hong Kong/Macao 14
BRIEFS 16
ItJTERESTING READING ~ lg
This publication is prepared by analysts in the Directorate of Intelligence for
specialists in the Washington community who are interested in international nar-
cotics matters. Comments and queries are welcome. They should be directed to the
authors of the individual articles.
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COLOMBIA: Narcotics Trafficking and the Judicial System
According to a recent report in the Bogota press,
special protective services for Colombian judges will
be provided by the Ministry of Defense. The action is
being taken to avoid attacks of the type that have re-
cently cost the lives of several magistrates, particu-
larly those who deal with cases involving narcotics
traffickers.
The catalyst for the defense minister's decision
was the murder of a judge in Cali earlier this month.
The judge, ]mown for his honesty and integrity, was
slain by members of a drug group after bribery attempts
failed to stave off an adverse ruling against an im-
prisoned colleague. To make the message even more
forceful, the judge was murdered as he was returning to
a narcotics seminar for local magistrates that was being
visited by the minister of justice.
(numerous drug traffickers
are arrested and brought to trial.
In June 1975, the government, acting under state of
siege authority, placed narcotics trafficking offenses
in the category of major crimes to be tried before mili-
tary courts. The move was intended primarily to s eed
up the judicial process
The judicial process has
since been returned to the civil courts, however, and
many major, traffickers are again able to ain acquittal
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Officials of the US Drug Enforcement Administration
believe that one of the ,most effective deterrents in
Colombia's narcotics control efforts would be the imple-
mentation of a strong judicial reform program that would
enable honest judges to try traffickers without fear of
reprisals. If indeed an effective system of personal
protection of judges by the military is being organized,
it will constitute a significant step forward in con-
trolling narcotic traffickers in the country.
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PERU: Inter-Service Rivalry in Narcotics Control
Peru's Civil Guard (GC) is challenging the compe~?-
tence of the Peruvian Investigations Police (PIP) to act
as the senior agency in enforcing drug regulations. The
Civil Guard's attempt to gain a larger role in narcotics
matters could further reduce cur. rent mediocre drug en-
forcement activities and possibly affect recently pro-
posed reorganization al plans designed to halt illicit
coca production and to graduall eliminate all coca cul-
tivation in Peru.
The Civil Guard's maneuvering results in part be-
cause the specific duties of each service are not clearly
defined in reorganization al proposals. Civil Guard
officials insist that they have a role in large cities,
where Peruvian Investigations Police offices are located,
in addition to their usual duties in towns and rural
areas. In mid-April the minister of interior, who has
jurisdiction over both organizations, disapproved the
Civil Guard's expansion attempts and ruled that the
Civil Guard is to restrict its activities to their cur-
rent jurisdiction. The issue, however, was not settled
and the Civil Guard continues to press its claim.
The jurisdictional dispute has been complicated by
a recent visit to Peru by an official from the narcotics
office of the United Nations who offered to provide the
Civil Guard with US$70,000 to support its drug efforts.
He was given a list of needed sLtpplies, including a
fully equipped laboratory for use in narcotics work that
was requested because Civil Guaz?d officials do not trust
the chemists of the Peruvian Investigations Police who
currently analyze seized drug materials. The UN official
also offered to provide US$40,000 to the Peruvian In-
vestigations Police; the response, if any, is not known.
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Principal Areas of Coca Cultivation
*n~~ro
ECUADQR
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The most serious charges leveled at the PIP's anti-
narcotics activities are corruption and lack of prose-
cution of major traffickers. While the Civil Guard takes
the lead in making these accusations, similar charges
were made in a series of narcotics-related articles that
recently appeared in Lima newspapers. Additionally,
the National Coca Enterprise (ENACO), which is charged
with controlling licit coca production, was accused of
malfeasance. The writers stated that ENACO's role in
the key coca-growing regions of Huanuco and Cajamarca
is largely decorative and that the organization devotes
little effort to its primary duty of enforcing acreage
and production allotments. The articles concluded that
the repression of drug smuggling could not be allowed to
remain solely in the hands of the Peruvian Investigations
Police. Rather, they urged that this function be decen-
tralized and expanded to include the Civil Guard.
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NOTEWORTHY POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
(Editor's Note: These items, produced for
other CIA publications, do not deal specif-
icaZZy with the international narcotics
situation. They are included here, however,
because they concern developing political sit-
uations that could impact adversely on the
international narcotics control effort.)
PAKISTAN: Situation Report
Another effort to resolve the 10-week-old political
crisis in Pakistan is under_ way, apparently at the urging
of Saudi Arabia and possibly other Muslim states. Last
.week, Prime Minister Bhutto released Abdul Qayyum Khan--
the leader of one of the nine parties in the opposition
alliance--from prison so that he could meet with the
leaders of the other parties, all but one of whom are
still in jail.
Qayyum Khan, after meetings with his colleagues and
Bhutto has appeared optimistic about the chances for a
peaceful solution to the crisis. The opposition was ex-
pected to make a formal :reply to Bhutto on May 26, after
Qayyum had seen all of the opposition leaders.
Public statements by the acting head of the oppo-
sition alliance have implied that little if any progress
is likely, and Qayyum Khan?s optimism about a solution
may be misplaced. Sever+~l other recent initiatives have
foundered on irreconcilable demands. The most immediate
problem facing those trying to end the crisis is to ob-
tain agreement by all nine opposition leaders to a uni-
fied position on negotiations. One of the principal
hurdles has been disagreement within the group on a
formula to allow Bhutto to remain in office, at least
temporarily, while restricting his power to control the
government.
According to Qayyum, Saudi Arabia and other Arab
countries have brought pressure on both Bhutto and the
opposition to reach a settlement. The opposition press
reports that King Khalid sent special messages to both
sides.
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The crisis erupted following the election in March;
Bhutto's party won handily, but the apposition claimed
the election was rigged. Bhutto has refused thus far to
accede to the principal demands of his opponents that he
resign and that a new election be held under army or
judiciary supervision. He has indicated a reluctant
willingness to consider an election but has refused to
step down.
On May 13, Bhutto announced plans for a national
referendum to decide if he should remain as prime
minister. The opposition rejected that proposal.
EASTERN CARIBBEAN: Radical
Lea ers Emerging
Marxist-oriented radicals are making a strong push
for power on islands in the eastern Caribbean. The
challengers, many of whom were active in the Caribbean
black power movement a decade acJo, are increasingly
turning to conventional election politics as the most
promising route to leadership. Any success the radicals
have will probably mean an increase in Cuban influence.
The new radical leaders have adopted various strate-
gies. Some are working within traditional parties.
Others have formed broadly based alliances in hopes of
defeating a well-entrenched leader. These and similar
tactics have already enabled several radical groups to
take control of the opposition and could allow others
to develop as major contenders for power in the years
ahead.
On Barbados, a group of Marxist university activists
led by Ralph Gonzalves has joined with young regulars
of the opposition party in an attempt to steer the party
to the left. Gonzalves, an electrifying speaker and ac-
complished political organizer, is still a long way from
translating stump oratory into leadership, but he has
acquired a respectable podium for delivering his ideo-
logical message.
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The Eastern Caribbean
Virgin Is.
=TH@
BAHAMAS
~M..E(MICp~ '
l IB'EUiE. IAMAICII
P i.. NONUURAS
SRLV~ ~ NICARAGUA
~/
CpSTA pI~A'
PANAMA ~~
7mtdla
_ i s ,rt-~_.: ~~^,'y o. John
{~ _ Thomas ~
f'~/iequ esVirgin Is.~
(Pto. Rico) (U.SJ
~..:Sf. Ct~ix
Anguilla
(U.K. ~ySt. Martin (Guadeloupe)
St. Maarten ~ ~ ?St. Barthelemy (Guadeloupe)
~ ~~
(Neth.) .Saba (Neth.) ~ '~~~.`Barbude
St. Eu>Etatiua a
(Neth) St. Kitts
~ St. Kitts-'`.Nevis / Antigua (U.KJ
'~'~ Nevis(U.K3' f r' -~ Antigua
- OUMINICAN
HAITI, } REPHRLIC
t St. Lucia
(U.KJ
St. Vincent
(U.K.)
Etaeaaoos
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On St. Lucia, which is not yet independent of the
UK, a dynamic Marxist politician, George Odlum, has worked
his way up to a position of influence in the major oppo-
sition party. Odlum's brand of socialism has met with
broad support in the party, and only last-minute maneu-
vering kept him from becoming party leader early this
year. He remains second in the hierarchy and is gen-
erally conceded a strong chance of eventually assuming
power.
On Grenada, the Marxist-oriented New Jewel Move-
ment joined forces with two centrist parties last year
to try to defeat the durable but eccentric Prime Minis-
ter Eric Gairy. The coalition was narrowly defeated in
the December election, but it stall maintains an outside
chance of replacing Gairy in the near future.
On Antigua, Tim Hector, leader of the Afro-Caribbean
Liberation Movement, reportedly plans to seek election
to the Antiguan House of Assembly.
On Dominica, Roosevelt Douglas, a long-time activist
and a stalking horse for Cuba in the eastern Caribbean,
has ingratiated himself with Premier Patrick John in hopes
of steering him on a leftward course.
The Cuban government stands to gain from the strength-
ened position of the radicals in the eastern Caribbean.
Many of the emerging leaders have been impressed by visits
to Cuba or influenced by contact with Cuban officials in
third countries such as Jamaica or Guyana.
In some cases, Havana may have actually helped per-
suade the leftists that participation in conventional
politics is the best course to follow. Encouraging local
leaders to use established parties or "progressive" coali-
tions as vehicles to power would be in line with Cuban
policy in the Caribbean. This has been reinforced by the
Jamaican experience, in which young radicals have suc-
ceeded in gaining a strong position within the ruling
party and considerable influence over Prime Minister
Manley.
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Local circumstance: have pushed Caribbean politics
leftward in recent year:c and are likely to continue to
do so. Limited resourcE:s and worsening economic condi-
tions combined with populations that have large percent-
ages of young people have significantly improved the
prospects for the left. By joining established parties,
the radical politicians have had to tone down their rhe-
toric, but they have also gained a stamp of legitimacy
which they can use in tYieir drive for power.
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NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS
Significance: Malaysia's role .in international narcotics
trafficking in the past three years has increased so
that it now serves as a major departure and transit
point for much of the illicit narcotics reaching Euro-
pean markets. There is no tangible evidence that Ma-
laysia is a cultivator of opium. There have been, how-
ever, four narcotics refineries raided and closed in
northern Malaysia over the past three years with some
evidence that others continue to function.
The bulk of international trafficking is controlled
by several organizations consisting primarily of ethnic
Chinese in the Penang-Alor area. The flow of narcotics
is from the poppy fields of Burma to refineries on the
Thai-Burma border, and then south through the Malay Pen-
insula where it is smuggled by courier to international
markets. An indicator of Malaysia's role in trafficking
is the official admission that 370 Malaysians have been
arrested overseas in the past two years for narcotics
trafficking. There is also a drmestic narcotics abuse
program--10,436 kilos of opium and derivatives, including
196 kilos of heroin, have been seized since 1970.
Problem: The government of Malaysia is aware of the
scope of its narcotics problem, and some control meas-
ures, have achieved minor successes. Most of the meas-
ures, however, have been focused primarily on the do-
mestic problem rather than on the international aspects
of the narcotics issue. Laws have been passed to deal
harshly with drug abusers. There is a tendency, however,
to regard the Communist insurgents as the primary factor
in the international aspects of the problem. Although
there is some evidence that the insurgents have been in-
volved in narcotics smuggling through Malaysia, there
is little evidence of any connection with international
trafficking organizations. The unrest in the border
areas resulting from the insurgent groups located there
increases the difficulty of controlling the movement of
illicit narcotics through the region.
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Prospects: In the immediate future, the momentum
established by the traffickers will be maintained. Prog-
ress against international trafficking must include an
awareness by the governmer.~t that the narcotics traffick-
ing problem extends far bE:yond the insurgents. There
must also be more stringent prosecution of the offend-
ers, and a more concerted effort to control smuggling
at major points of international travel.
Significance: From all evidence, Singapore does not
play a major role in the aictual movement of narcotics
to international markets. Unquestionably, some narcotics
must move through Singapore, but the bulk of narcotics
smuggled into Singapore is far local consumption. Singa-
poreans, however, figure r~eavily in international traf-
ficking schemes. Many are couriers, much as is the case
of Malaysians, and many oi` them are arrested annually
in Europe (most of the couriers pick up the narcotics
in Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, and Penang, and do not begin
their courier duties in Singapore). The significant
role is played by Singaporean financiers. Several nar-
cotics operations have been traced to financial backing
by Singapore residents.
Problem: Uncovering and prosecuting financiers, who
exercise great care in concealing their role in narcotics
trafficking, is the primary problem. The law in Singa-
pore is more than sufficient to cope with normal patterns
of trafficking; prosecutions over the past several months
resulted in a number of dE:ath sentences. The penalized
have been generally of a very low level--small-time
couriers, peddlers, and ak>users. The government is co-
operating with other nations, but the "multilayered"
financiers continue to avoid detection and arrest.
HONG KONG/MACAO
Significance: Hong Kong is primarily a consumer area,
but und~tedly also servE:s as a conduit for narcotics
being smuggled into the U:~ and Europe. It also is a
source of financing--similar to Singapore--for multi-
national smuggling operations. Increased awareness of
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its narcotics role; sustained vigilance by enforcement
agencies, cooperation with other governments, and less
government corruption have lowered the level of traffick-
ing through Hong Kong over the past few years.
Problem: Hong Kong's relatively minor role in inter-
national trafficking in narcotics may be only temporary.
If eradication programs in Mexico attain any substantial
degree of success, an increase of Asian heroin on the
US market probably will develop with traffickers taking
advantage of Hong Kong's links to the West Coast--through
ethnic Chinese community ties and the burgeoning commer-
cial traffic. The outstanding problem, similar to that
of Singapore, is that Hong Kong also serves as a source
of financial support for narcotics trafficking. Hong
Kong sources are already giving financial support to
profitable operations to Europe, the US, and Canada
through ethnic Chinese communities.
Prospects: Any lessening of the intensity of Hong Kong's
operations against narcotics trafficking or any acceler-
ation in the activities of the traffickers could result
in Hong Kong regaining a major role in international
narcotics trafficking.
Macao is not addressed separately in this assess-
ment since it can be considered.a reflection of the
situation in Hong Kong. Frequently, narcotics are trans-
ported through Macao to Hong Kong. Similarly, if anti-
narcotics efforts in Hong Kong increase in risk, Hong
Kong traffickers shift their operations temporarily to
Macao. Independent of Hong Kong, Macao does not have
aYsignificant role in international narcotics traffick-
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GUYANA: Expressing his concern over the current drug
problems in Guyana, Cecil Roberts, the assistant
superintendent of thE~ Guyanese police, said that
marijuana trafficking in Guyana is on the rise and
that the local policE~ are not equipped or trained
to handle the present: drug problem. According to
Roberts, Guyana needs trained drug-sniffing dogs
and dog handlers to Uncover narcotics being smuggled
into Guyana and/or being transferred through Guyana
at its two primary ports of entry--Tmehri airport
and Georgetown harbors. Roberts confided to US em-
bassy officials that the Guyana police department
presently has only triree officers who have had train-
ing in narcotics work:. Reportedly, the "highest
levels of government," perhaps including Minister
Forbes Burnham, have agreed to cooperate fully with
DEA initiatives in developing a drug enforcement
program in Guyana.
AFGHANISTAN: On 24 May, local anti-smuaalina forces
seized over 800 kilograms of raw opium.
The opium was reportedly being transported in a
truck registered in Kabul and was neatly packaged
in machine-sewn cloth bags protected by machine-sewn
plastic bags.
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TURKEY: The Turkish government .recently invited General
Farag, chief of the Egyptian Anti-Narcotics Admini-
stration (ANA), to visit Ankara for discussions with
Turkish anti-narcotics officials. This is the first
such contact in recent years, and was prompted by
the seizure last June of about 200 kilograms of raw
opium from a boat that sank off the Egyptian coast
during an apparent smuggling attempt. A Turkish
national was apprehended, and a Turkish ship appar-
ently was involved in bringing the shipment to the
vicinity of the Egyptian coast. Although the raw
opium was originally assumed to be Turkish, labora-
tory analysis indicated that it was not of Turkish
origin, but it apparently did transit Turkey on the
way to Egypt. Intermittent investigation of the
case has been going on for about a year. After
much prodding, Turkish and Egyptian officials appar-
ently have overcome traditional coolness enough to
make direct official contact possible on the narco-
tics case. The Turks have made some low-level con-
tact in Cairo, but this meeting of officials in An-
kara constitutes the first real step toward possi-
ble closer cooperation between Turkey and Egypt in
the international narcotics control effort.
NORWAY: Foreign Minister Frydenlund, in his foreign po-
licy statement to Parliament on 20 May, drew atten-
tion to the government's strong interest in the in-
ternational narcotics problem and to government
plans to devote development-aid funds to the prob-
lem. He further said the government will strive to
get other industrial states to participate and will
discuss the matter with the other Nordic countries
as well as in the Council of Europe Ministerial
Committee.
IRAN: The Iranian government is taking steps to bolster
its narcotics control effort. A new drug abuse
control organization, which. will have an independent
inspectorate and a cooperative relationship with
the police, has received ministerial approval. The
gendarmerie and police anti-narcotics units are also
being expanded. The police involved in the drug
control effort are being increased thirty-five per-
cent. There is growing concern in Iran over in-
creased opium poppy cultivation in neighboring
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Afghanistan.
demarche to
Tehran. has already made at least one
the Kabul overnment and reportedly is
considering
another.
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BULGARIA-LAOS: The Bulgarian government is considering
the purchase of three tons of raw opium from Laos.
Both governments have sought unofficial UN approval
for such a transaction before making formal applica-
tion to the International Narcotics Control Board
(INCB), as required under the terms of the 1961
Single Convention. There is concern in UN circles
that, if an application is made and turned down by
the INCB, it could jeopardize the continuation of
the UNFDAC office in Vientiane.
BURMA: Burmese press articles, apparently inspired by
the Burmese government, have called for Thai-Burmese
cooperation in suppressing the Golden Triangle drug
traffic. The series of articles, which require gov-
ernment approval, chided the Thai government for
"past failures and shortcomings" in narcotics con-
trol, but praised recent control efforts and urged
greater bilateral cooperation in the narcotics sup-
pression effort. Embassy representatives in Ran-
goon view the press campaign as a clear effort by
the Burmese to encourage the Thai government to join
in a cooperative effort against the "insurgent"
groups that are deeply involved in narcotics traf-
ficking along the Thai-Burmese border.
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Deputy Law Minister: Need For Global Laws on Drugs
(MALAYSIA)--TNDD,* No. 299, May 11, 1977, pp. 10-11.
Growing Involvement of Asian Communists in Drug Trade
(MALAYSIA)--TNDD, No. 299, pp. 13-14.
Southeast Asians Drug Problem (NEW ZEALAND)--TNDD, No.
299, pp. 21-27. (We estimate, however, that the
current opium production in Burma, Laos, and Thai-
land is closer to 500 tons than the 700 ton total
noted in the Garnier article.)
Narcotics Control Board To Get 200-Member Permanent Staff
(THAILAND)--TNDD, No. 299, p. 38.
PoZiee Get Grip on Amsterdam Heroin Market (NETHERLANDS)--
TNDD, No. 299, pp. 74-77.
Preventive Program to Counter Heroin Addiction Outlined
(SWEDEN)--TNDD, No. 299, pp. 77-84.
Joint Nordic PoZiczg Suggested to Counter Drug Abuse
(SWEDEN)--TNDD, No. 299, p. 92.
FRG Drug Dealer's Operations, Distribution Described
(WEST GERMANY)--TNDD, No. 299, pp. 93-95.
Achievements of Bulgarian Customs Officers Against Drug
Smugglers (BULGARIA)--TNDD, No. 300, May 19, 1977,
PP- 29-32.
Plate River Basin Onee Was World Drug Center (ARGENTINA)--
TNDD, No. 300, pp. 33-35.
,Porto Segura Seen as New Entrzg Point for Drugs From East
(BRAZIL)--TNDD, No. 300, pp. 46-50.
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Drug Problem in Basel Worsening (SWITZERLAND)--TNDD, No.
300, pp. 118-120.
Indian Police Smash International Drug Sr~ndicate (INDIA)--
TNDD, No. 301, May 23, 1977, pp. 7-$.
Narcotics Smuggling Ring Thwarted (EGYPT)--TNDD, No. 301,
pp. 51-60.
Cgprus ReportedZrg Transit Center for Drugs-Weapons Smug-
gling (CYPRUS)--TNDD, No. 301, p. 62.
Record Quantity of LSD Seized in Rome (ITALY)--TNDD,
No. 301, pp. 64-65.
PS SNIN 77-Oll
25 May 1977
20
SECRET
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2009/12/01 :CIA-RDP79T00912A001800010012-7
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2009/12/01 :CIA-RDP79T00912A001800010012-7