LAWRENCE DRAFT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T00827A000300060002-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 43
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 7, 2000
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: June 17, 1966
• Content Type: MF

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MEMORANDUM FOR: Mr. Houston
Larry --
I understand you are DC1/D0 this
weekend. I will keep Watch office in-
formed of my reachability, but for your
information as well, I will be around
home all day Saturday, except for brief
trip to emplane my wife for Milwaukee,
In case everybody signs off on this and
wants it printed forthwith. Sunday I have
to go to p.ehoboth to collect a daughter,
but will be back ca. 2300, will check with
Watch office,' and can come in and put the
paper into Reproduction if it is desired
oob Monday. " 11
FOR'/ NO; ~QI REPL ACE9~FURM 10? i41
I AJ f, c/ W W41t.N MAY PP ri tr
14,)
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17 June 1966
MEMORANDUM
oral Counsel
Lawrence Draft STATINTL
ugh- sent me his suggestions
for changes in the draft reply for Lawrence, along
with word that he had been over the draft we dis-
cussed Thursday, and did not wish to see it again
until you three gentlemen had put your chop an re-
visions resulting from his input.
2. 1 an trying to keep the changes visible
and separate so that those involved will not be
re.-reading all the same material half a dozen
times. The copies which were circulated this mor-
ning, as well as the attached, show the changes
which were made as a mmrt result of yestedday's
meeting. The attachment further shows the changes
requested by the Director, marked in the margin so
that you can find them rapidly if you have already
absorbed this morning's copy.
J 1 H 1 IIV 1 L 3. This latest version has been circulated
only to ZOCI, DDI, GC, and m1m and Con-
STATINTL sander Moran. Messrs. Moran and inform me
they have some suggestions which they w ll be sen-
ding either to Mr. Reins or to no.
Next edition, I propose, will be a clean
complete re-type for re--subsission to ICI.
STATINTL
C$/Pres, OCI
7810
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17 June 1966
Attached is a draft reply for Mr. David Lawrence,
revised in accordance with the suggestions of DDCI,
Executive Director, and General Counsel.
A clean, complete revision will be printed and
circulated after such further review and changes as
DCI may direct.
CS/Pres, OCI
DC I
DDC I
ExDir
OGC
OGC/ LC
DDI
DOC I
A/DCI(Cdr.Moran)
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(Note: To distinguish between. the two sets of ques-
tions, those on, yellow paper have retained
their original numbers from 1 through 42,
while those on white paper are numbered Wl
through W12. The supplementary questions
on white paper have been answered first be-
cause the answers provide a more general
introduction to the subject.)
(W1) Q: Can you describe the role of the Central
Intelligence Agency in general terms?
A:. The Congress of the United States did that
in the National Security Act of 1947, the same act
which established the Department of Defense and the
National Security Council. This legislation also
created the position of Director of Central Intelli-
gence, with responsibility for coordination of the
total foreign intelligence effort of the U. S. Gov-
>n effect
ernment, an.dAmade the DCI the principal foreign
intelligence adviser to the President and the NSC.
The prime responsibility of the Central Intelligence
Agency is to obtain, produce, and disseminate intelligence
essential to our national security. Specifically, the
National Security Act says that the CIA is "...to corre-
late and evaluate intelligence relating to the
national security, and provide for the appropriate
dissemination of such intelligence within. the Gov-
ernmen.t..." The Act assigned five functions to the
CIA, under the direction of the National Security
Council. First, the CIA is responsible for advising
the NSC---and of course the President--on intelligence
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00
matters related to national security. Second, the
CIA is responsible for coordinating all foreign
intelligence activities. Third, the Agency isJJre-
and 015seminaliah wi fbn one Gavernmen
sponsible for the production Aof finished national
intelligence. Fourth and fifth, the CIA undertakes
"such services of common concern." as may be deter-
mined by the NSC--services, that is, which are
useful to all the components of the government's
intelligence community--an.d is authorized to per-
form such other functions as the NSC might direct.
(W2) Q: Is this role essentially one of in-
formation. gathering? Would a more
descriptive title be "Cen.tral Infor-
mation Agency?"
A: our principal responsibility is to gather,
specifically, that information which relates directly
to national security problems and objectives. The
United States Information Agency deals with information
in the broader sense of the term, and distributes it
outside the government. It is useful both to their
operations and to ours to preserve this distinction.
There is a further point of professional semantics
involved: "intelligence," as we use the term, refers
to information which has been carefully evaluated as
to its accuracy and significance. It is the important
process of evaluating the accuracy and assessing the
significance in terms of national security which makes
the difference in our terminology between "information"
and "intelligence." -2-
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other available information on the same subject,
and analyzed and evaluated by competent experts in.
that particular field, we call it "finished in.telli-
gence.'g When, in addition., it represents the agreed
conclusions of the entire intelligence community--
the intelligence components of the Department of
State, the Department of Defense, and the FBI and
AEC if it should fall within the purview of those
agencies--then. it is "n.ational intelligence." In
short, we find that we need a terminology which
can be more precise and more limiting than. the broad
concept of "information."
(W3) Q: People seem to have the impression that
yours is a big "spying" organization,
staffed by spies. Is that anywhere
near a correct impression?
A: This is, of course, the popular view of any
intelligence organization, but in reality our job is
to provide intelligence information to U. S. Government
officials on matters affecting the national security so
that they may know, in a timely way, what the real news
is behind the events which become public around the world.
A great proportion of this work amounts to bringing
expert knowledge and scholarly analysis to bear in a way
which has nothing in common with the heroes of modern
spy fiction. Of course, much of the world's area and
population is controlled by governments operating closed
societies, in which they seek to conceal their activities
and objectives. Some classical espionage may be required,
to determine when and how these activities
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and objectives might threaten us. But to preserve
We cannot make public any
the proper perspective:
a breakdown of how many people are in headquarters
and in the field, or how many gather information
and how many analyze it, but
the man who joins CIA has far less chance, in the
course of his career, of identifying with James
Bond or The Spy Who Came In From the Cold," than
he does of identifying with an academic researcher,
economist, scientist, statistician, administrator,
accountant, or supply officer.
(W4) Q: Another idea is that the CIA is in the
business of stirring insurrections or
starting and maybe running little wars.
Is that impression justified?
A: This, again, is a popular misconception. Our major
business is the gathering of national intelligence, and
so-called covert operations are a relatively minor part
4:4ur. Qirexail :activities against Communism. Furthermore,
a glance at today's headlines should make it obvious that
the leaders of our government expect us to forestall or
help combat insurrections, not stir them up. The gov-
ernment, after all, is organized on a pretty logical
basis: Secretary Rusk is in charge of foreign
policy and foreign relations, Secretary McNamara,
together with the Secretaries of the individual
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services and the Joint Chiefs, runs the armed forces;
CIA has
and 4..e enough to do coordinating intelligence
without running any wars.
(W5) Q: Do your information activities cover the
globe?
A: Our intelligence responsibilities are world-
wide.
(W6) Q: Why is information On this scale important
to the U. S.? Is it necessary as an-aid
in shaping policies of this nation with
its worldwide interests and worldwide
aid programs?
A: Factual and unbiased intelligence information
on activities going on around the world is necessary
to officials of the U.S. Government on a timely basis,
so that they may use it as one of the many elements
which go into the decisions they have to make. At a
minimum, we must have certain basic information on
hand on virtually every country in the world, against
some sudden need. Country X -- you name it -- may appear
remote and totally unrelated to our national security,
but it is nevertheless impossible to state with certainty
that detailed information about Country X will not become
necessary to our government on a crash basis some day.
STATINTL
wie,[i tine nation's embassies
overseas and its consulates? Is that
work a supplement to the diplomati
c and
consular service, or in competition with
it?
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STATINTL
(W8) Q: Is your role in information-gathering
different from that of the intelligence
services of the armed forces?
A: Our finished national intelligence derives from
the work of all of the elements of the intelligence
community, which includes the intelligence services
of the armed forces. Foreign service officers provide
the Department of State with political intelligence,
commercial attaches are responsible for economic infor-
mation, the military attaches sent military intelli-
genceto their respective services, and for that matter
there are agricultural attaches and labor attaches. All
of them provide departmental intelligence for the specific
needs of specific departments. The CIA has been added
to supplement and expand the collection and fill
any gaps. It has a broader charter for all types
of intelligence necessary in. the national interest,
was
and--as * mentioned at the outset (Wl.)--the added
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statutory responsibility to "correlate and evaluate
in.telligen.ce relating to the national security, and
provide for... appropriate dissemination." For
example, a piece of political intelligence from
one country, and the army attachd's report from
another country, may add up to a conclusion. Of
major significance to the National Security Council,
or specifically to the AEC. It is CIA's respon-
sibility to see to it that the two halves do get
added up in Washington to make the whole, and
furthermore that the finished evaluation reaches
the department which needs it.
(W9) Q: Does machinery exist to correlate all
of the information that flows into
Washington?
A: Yes--formally, the United States Intelli-
which is advisory to the
gen.ce Board, or USIB. This Board,
Director of Central Intelligence and under his chairmanship,
Xk- ,_1.a .-ate-i - -te e-, meets every week, or
more often if necessary, to coordinate the work
and review the conclusions of all of the intelli-
gence components in. the U. S. Government. It con-
sists of: The Deputy Director of Central Intelli-
the Director as chairman
--~v-rl-~ lie--tom
gen.ce, who represents CIA so 'that
is uncommitted;
the Director of Intelligence
and Research, Department of State; the Director of
the Defense Intelligence Agency; the Director of
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the National Security Agency; an. Assistant Direc-
tor of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and
the Assistant General Manager for Administration
of the Atomic Energy Commission. The heads of
Army, Navy, and Air Force intelligence meet with
the Board as observers. USIB assigns intelligence
priorities to see to it that there are no gaps in,
our coverage, and ensures that the judgments which
go forward to the President are finished, national
intelligence.
It should be emphasized,
,L-?rt~-r-e~.,.ze, however, that the task
of correlation and coordination. starts long before
the product reaches USIB for final review. More
and more, as we develop and refine the concept of
an. intelligence community, the analysts and the
specialists in One component are in, constant touch
and interchange with their opposite numbers in. the
other departments and agencies, so that the national
intelligence process begins as soon as the raw in-
formation. reaches Washington., if not before.
(W10) Q: It is really possible to refine down, to
fixed conclusions the vast amount of
information that you receive? Is this
machinery so geared that quick action
can, follow when the flow of information
suggests impending danger or trouble?
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A: We are geared to receive information, pro-
duce in.telligen.ce, and react 24 hours a day, seven
days a week; nobody in. the Agency, from the analysts
to the Director, is guaranteed a night's uninter-
rupted sleep, or an. unbroken. weekend.
As for reaching firm conclusions, in. many
cases this can. be done by the expert analysts avail-
able, backed up by our storehouse of background
knowledge. There will always, of course, be the
"un.knowables"--questions which have no definitive
answers, possibly because the future is open to the
effects of many variables, or because the future
depends on. decisions which certain foreign. states-
men. may not even have made yet. Who will succeed
Mao Tse-tung? When., and by whom, will there be a
successful coup in Country X? Our policy makers
need and request our best answers on. the "un.kn.ow-
ables." This we do in our National Intelligence
Estimates. From what we do know, the best thinking
available in. the entire intelligence community makes
rational inferences about the un.kn.own -with vary,
in.g degrees of confidence, and an occasional foot-
note reflecting an individual dissent from the
agreed opinion. Many such estimates are produced
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routinely and annually, on a predetermined schedule;
some are produced in times of crisis in a matter
of hours. All are geared to the needs of the policy
makers for information.. All reflect the greatest
possible professional skill and dispassionate ob-
jectivity we can. bring to bear. We grind no axes,
and we do not permit ourselves to become advocates
of specific policies in preparing our estimates.
Our job is to provide the facts and the judgment.
All aspects of every estimate get the fullest
consideration, by the working groups which begin the
drafting, by the Board of National Estimates--a group
of distinguished senior officers of long experience
and proven competence in diverse fields of govern-
ment--and by the United States Intelligence Board.
In the end, the National Intelligence Estimate is
the report of the Director of Central Intelligence
to the President and the National Security Council.
(Wll) Q: Do you work largely in a vacuum, with
little or no contact with the rest of
the government?
A: By no means. It s"uld inherent in the
concept of a Central Intelligence Agency that any
branch of the government which needs information
can call on. us for it. Similarly, when we need
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expertise to-help-us in. evaluation, or in-the accom-
plishment of any of our missions, we will not hesitate
to go anywhere in the government or outside it, within
the limitations of security, where we might expect
to find. the necessary help. But our closest ties,
of course, are within. the intelligence community,
departments and agencies of the U. S. Government.
and to the ther
(W12) Q: To whom does your organization report?
Are accounts supervised or audited?
Does anyone in. Congress know of what
activities you are carrying on.?
A: That question--or rather, those questions--
are a big order and an important one. Let us
summarize the answers first, and then expand on them
in greater detail. We report our substantive
intelligence to the National Security Council, pre-
sided over by the President, and to other components
of the executive and legislative branches as he may
direct--cabinet departments, congressional committees,
even individual legislators who may have a need for
briefings. Discussion of our activities, our methods,
and our sources, however, is another matter, because
Public Law 80-253 of 1947(the National Security Act)
requires the Director of Central Intelligence to
protect the sources and methods of the entire intel-
ligence community. CIA's operations are authorized
and approved in the first instance by a special NSC
committee representing the President and the Secre-
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taries of State and Defense. The Director is authorized
and directed to make complete disclosure on the legis-
lative side to two special subcommittees of the Senate
and two similar subcommittees in the House. In addition,
the President has appointed a most knowledgeable and
distinguished Board, composed of private citizens, to
oversee the Central Intelligence Agency and for that
matter the entire intelligence community, and to report
regularly and directly to the President with their views
on the conduct of the activities of the Central Intel-
ligence Agency. Our requests for funds must be justified
in detail to the Bureau of the Budget and approved in
detail by special Appropriations subcommittees of House
and Senate, and our comprehensive auditing procedures
have to satisfy the standards of those who have approved
the budget in the first place.
Now, to go into these questions in greater detail:
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The Central Intelligence Agency budget is
reviewed fully by the Bureau of the Budget, which
requires the same assurances and justifications for
expenditures by intelligence agencies that it re-
quires from any other part of our government. We
are not immune from detailed examination of our re-
quests by the Bureau, nor are we exempt from its
skillful pruning knife. We have to go to Congress
for our funds, just like other agencies. The only
difference is that after our requests have been.
the appropriate Congressional subcommittees,
approved by
iek 141407
~~i'p~~~'~~'~"~"a"-m'~~~~ our specific appropria-
tions are then concealed for passage with other
appropriations, to deny the hostile intelligence
services information about our activities which
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would be very useful to them. We have meticulous
auditing procedures to ensure the tightest possible
control over the expenditure of funds entrusted to
the CIA.
Secondly, if your question
about those to whom we report includes the dissemi-
nation. of the intelligence we have collected, we
report in an, infinite variety of formats, tailored
The Director often reports
to specific purposes. 1-ee~-xe~ext directly and
in. person, of course, to the President and the NSC.
In additi.on., we have daily, weekly, and monthly
publicati.on.s, some global in scope, some for a
there will be
specific country. In a crisis situation.,
frequent situation reports, sometimes as often as evor hour
aroun~~T1e
clock. We have memoranda, studies in depth, the
which were described earlier,
estimates and an encyclopedic
compilation. of basic intelligence and fundamental
data on. -just about any country you can, think of.
This latter series, covering everything from the
economic statistics and the sociological composi-
tion of the country to its cabinet and its legal
code, adds up to more than. 10 times the size of the
Encyclopedia Britann.ica, and is still growing.
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Various publications have dissemination
lists, depending on their sensitivity and purpose,
ranging from less than half a dozen. copies to more
than 1,000. Our first and foremost customer is the
President, followed by the cabinet-level officers
who comprise the National Security Council. We
also serve departments in. the Executive Branch
which are not in the NSC, as their needs may re-
quire. We disseminate widely, of course, within.
the intelligence community. We serve U. S. mis-
sions and commands overseas, and U. S. delegations
at international conferences. As for the Legisla-
tive Br.an.ch, we give extensive briefings to com-
mittees, subcommittees, individual members of
Congress and committee staff personnel, both in
the form of broad global reviews and in. response
to requests for the intelligence appreciation. of
specific situations.
Thirdly, there is the intricate question of
which governmental authorities are aware of CIA
activities.
S. intelligence
agencies do not make policy, and undertake no
actions, covert or otherwise, which are not con-
sistent with U. S. policy and objectives as
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IWAO
established by the appropriate officers of the Exec-
There is a special committee C
-
utive Branch.
auspices, representing the President, the Secretary of State,
and Secretary of Defense, which sees to it th that CIA does not
V-eelect-
undertake any covert action which is not in consonance with
at..
T
-
~e-~eae~elee--~e-ee~+e#a3
:. the policies of the U.S. Government. In the field, as has be
fie3d.,..a.s-..I men
T the
..
#eeea-?-L1Qr~xa+a..-.. earlier (W7), we are required to have the fore-
knowledge and approval of the Ambassador.
We also report fully, not just on. our in.tel-
ligen.ce findings but on. our operations, our plans,
and our expenditures and funding requirements to
and
duly constituted subcommittees of the Appropriations
Armed Services Committees of both the Senate and the house.
s}~~~a~?-s~t~ee~-~x~~~4~e~-~..v.~.~~xa~.~.e.#ax~g The Director and his senior aides report regularly
the-#eft+t#e---4-PePeP these four special subcommittees. The hPresidentor an
x~~ eee~-e~-am a orize
indeed instructed by him--to make full disclosure
of U. S. in.telligen.ce activities and be completely
responsive to their questions, no matter how sensi-
tive. There have been suggestions that this ?nnthe contrary,
gression.al oversight is sporadic and casual;
in 1965, for instance, the Director and other senior CIA officers
(and
met a total of 34 times with these special subcommittees,
so you
on 19 occasions with other Congressional committees,)
ererr~e}-brref~r~~-eaer~-~e~~~~.-daay-,--~~r-~~--t?~re-~
can see that there is a major effort to keep the C@ngress
infe~-e~rae~es~xe~lirectoxhimse f inthhefirst1s
informed. T
he was on board, met 16 times with these special subcommittees.
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the subcommittees which are so sensitive that only a small
percentage of the personnel in CI.A have access to them.
~~~~?~-~e-w~~ei~-~
_'~ahcsz~uii#ees .
One distinction should be made clear: he hirector
is authorized to brief any Congressional committee having a
proper jurisidictional interest in the subject on substantive
global intelligence, and does. By law, however, he has
4-4raye been. given, the exclusive responsibility of
maintaining the security of intelligence sources
his
and methods--and in. lfi relations with Congress, ? he has
Ix been authorized by the President and by the
National Security Council to discuss such details
the four special subcommittees
of our operations only with ~..oatir designated for this purpose,
~..~e-.-..k..x. , not with any others.
This is not an arbitrary or bureaucratic limitation;
we are safeguarding the lives of trusted agents and
our own. staff people all over the world who contrib-
ute to our Government's intelligence objectives.
We owe it to them to take every precaution to pro-
tect them---and we owe it to our Government to give
hostile intelligence services no indirect hints or
clues which might enable the opposition to take
steps to blunt our intelligence operations, methods,
and sources.
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Finally, on the subject of oversight,
should mention a number of reviews, including one
standing group, which have been instituted by the
Executive Branch. We have been examined in detail
by Hoover Commission task forces, the Doolittle
Committee, the Clark Committee, and several special
investigating groups for specific purposes. Our
activities are under continuing and full scrutiny
by the President's Foreign. Intelligence Advisory
Board, first established in January of 1956 as the
Killian Committee, and now under the chairmanship
of Mr. Clark Clifford. The present membership in-
cludes Dr.. William O. Baker of Bell Telephone Labora-
tories; Mr. Gordon Gray, former Special Assistant
to President Eisenhower and one-time President of
North Carolina University; Professor William Unger
of Harvard; General Maxwell Taylor; Ambassador
Robert Murphy, former Under Secretary of State; Mr.
Frank Pace, Jr., former Secretary of the Army and
former Director of the Bureau of the Budget; Dr. Edwin
Land, head of the Polaroid Corporation; Admiral John
Sides, USN (ret.); and Mr. Augustus Long, formerly
the top executive of the Texas Company.
This Board meets in full session about every
six weeks to examine in detail, the work, the progress,
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and the shortcomings of the entire U. S. intelli-
gence program. The meetings last two or three
days and include comprehensive discussions with
the Director and his
axe---- senior officers, heads of other in.telli-
gence compon.en.ts, and senior officials of the Gov-
ernment who are our "customers." Upon completion
of each such session, the Board reports to the
President and makes recommendations for the improve-
ment of the intelligence effort. In addition., the
Board has a number of two-man or three-man panels
and subcommittees to delve more deeply and on a
full-time basis into specific aspects and cate-
gories of intelligence work. -t "_`L-lie'-1?e ~-~ -i - 3 -1 -~ ~
Against that background, it must certainly be
obvious that the activities of the Central Intelligence
Agency are under continuing, frequent, and searching
scrutiny by those charged with this function in both the
Executive and Legislative branches of our Government.
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(1) Q: While we know you can't tell us exactly
how much money you spend on particular
activities, could you give us an idea of
how your appropriation is divided--that
is, as between gathering of information
.abroad and transmission of it to various
parts of our government and information
that is related to clandestine operations?
Just the proportions might be interesting.
We
A: ??a-~cxr3r?-~~a-ave do not disclose that informa-
special supervisory groups,
tion except to the select_asersa.g-gs~a, because op-
position intelligence a ~i- .ga..c~a services Lw,would
find it useful.
(First part of Question 2 omitted because it duplicates W2)
(2) Q: Isn't it true, for instance, that much of the
information that you gather isn't really
secret at all, but that if someone were
at the proper place at the proper time, he
would be able to get the information in a
normal way--as, for instance, a newspaper-
man gets it?
Y, a
A: considerable part of the information used by
the Agency in preparing its finished intelligence reports
and radio,
is derived from the foreign press/ from technical journals
of foreign countries, and from official publications of
these countries; we don't disregard information simply
because it is not secret. Finished intelligence, however,
consists of the expert correlation and interpretation of
all the information we can obtain, by both overt and
clandestine means.
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(3) Q: When the information is gathered, is it
interpreted by somebody on the $pot, or is
it brought to you in raw form so that you
can feel sure it is factual rather than
opinionated?
A: We require the original report, or the original
statement of the primary source, whenever we can get it.
When this "raw material":.reaches us, it may be accom-
panied by the opinions and interpretations of inter-
mediaries through whom the information has passed, and
by the informed comment and preliminary evaluation of our
own collectors in the field, but these additions are
clearly labeled as such.
(4) Q: What is the importance of this type of
information to the operations of our
government?
A : L T m ' of-mss ? -I---unde-rstand the q &n . : ? I t is
our mission to provide the policy makers with the most
accurate, most objective, and most comprehensive informa-
tion available about the situation as it exists, together
with whatever we can learn or project about possible
impending developments.
(5)
Q: Since it has been stated that you yourselves
do not make policy, would you say from your
contacts with government officials that
they have found the information valuable
when they start to formulate particular
policies?
A:hty fn answer to both this and your
preceding questions t there is one unique contribution
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which the CIA can make to the government officials who
are faced with a choice among several possible policies.
Precisely because the CIA is not committed to any one
of the possible courses of action, our intelligence
input'.to the ultimate decision process is objective,
free from partisanship and advocacy. Our best indica-
top officials of the
tion of the usefulness of our reports to the p'gllVq'y!
Administration and members of the Legislative Branch
hq'r is the constant increase in the requests they levy
on us for both current intelligence and our projective
estimates.
(6,7) Q: As we understand it, you do not operate
within the United States in the matter of
clandestine operations of any kind. Is
that correct? Is this left entirely to
the FBI?
A: The Central Intelligence Agency is charged with
conducting operations outside the country, whereas the
FBI has as its principal mission the internal security
of the United States and its possessions. There is, of
course, close cooperation and considerable interplay
between our organizations because we are combatting an
international conspiracy whose operations and agents
move back and forth between this country and foreign
nations. The FBI and CIA therefore work very closely
together and keep each other intimately informed on
items of potential interest or concern to each other.
This allows us to combat international conspiracy in
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STATINTL
the most effective possible manner. The division of
responsibility for clandestine operations, of course,
should not be confused with the perfectly overt con-
tacts we have domestically, for example, with experts
in the academic world to discuss international situations
and exchange analyses.
(8) Q: In working abroad, what is the system of
contact that you have with our embassies
and legations. Do you have any represen-
tatives in any of the embassies?
STATINTL
Do you transmit any information directly
to the embassies, or does it have to come
to Washington and then be relayed back to
the embassies or legations abroad?
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(10) Q: What comments have you had, in a general Way,
from government officials as to the value of
the information they have received through
your system?
A. shave already mentioned, he growing demand for
our intelligence reports .t ao O'4~ ~~ ~?
(11) Q: Prior to the establishment of the CIA, was
there a feeling in the State Departmen4t and
elsewhere that they were handicapped in
getting information from other countries,
while the governments abroad themselves
carried on a constant information-gathering
operation in our country as well as in
Ij others? -f- ?
W T+~ aw1~ Ok4 re's K I!= O=e s 7 +G ~Irr ~t /H
ST
a a
~iarl~
.....---- ~.
A:
You have o take into consideration,
firstly,
that the collection of intelligence is not the primary
responsibility of the Department of State and the Depart-
ment of Defense, and that the representatives they send
abroad must operate in the open as recognized officials
of the US Government. In effect, we are in a better
position to obtain the intelligence we need because CIA
is specifically organized for the clandestine collection
of intelligence, and can give it first priority.
If, by handicaps, you mean the obstacles which
foreign governments place in the way~:of intelligence
it mast be.
collection., that foreign governments--both
before and after the establishment of CIA--make every
effort to preserve their essential secrets, just as we
do, and that year by year security procedures become
more sophisticated and more difficult to circumvent.
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On the other side of the coin, there are few if any
countries in the world today which are as much of an "open
society" as the United States.
(12) Q: Do you collect information of a business
nature, as well as that which concerns
governmental operations?
A: We collect any economic information which may
be useful to the security interests of the US Government.
We collect it exclusively for that purpose.
(13) Q: Do you gather information about the
operations of the governments themselves
throughout a country?
A: As , pointed out earlier, (W5, q) our
interests and responsibilities are pretty comprehensive,
,.fit is
although they may vary from country to country. =
Obviously `hhPoSZlik~
~conine yourself to a nation's foreign
affairs, or the situation in the capital city alone, if
you are responsible for assessing, for example, the
stability of the regime, the health of a nation's economy,
or the prospect for subversion in the boondocks.
(14) Q:
At what point do you feel that the in-
formation gathered is of a nature':which
requires you constantly to report it back
to our government? We are speaking now
only of information which would be avail-
able to anybody who happened to live in
the country, and does not involve clan-
destine operations in any way.
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-r dots
A : -I--r-eferu back to the, distinction
we make between information and intelligence.(W2) If
everything is quiet, there may be an occasional situa-
tion report based largely on open information. If the
situation has a direct relation to US national security
interests, particularly in a crisis, we will be trying
to get as close to "real:time" reporting as modern
communications permit.
(15) Q: In dealing with clandestine operations
are you up against countermeasures taken
by other governments to thwart the ac
tivities of our own people?
(16) Q: Do foreign governments operate within
the United States through their clandes-
tine operations differently than we do
when agents of your office operate abroad?
A: 4pref er not to discuss our methods even by
indirect comparison.
(17) Q: Would you say that the discovery of the
atom bomb secrets or rather the getting
of information of a secret nature both in
this country and in England by the Rus-
sian government was accomplished through
clandestine operations; of an agency analo-
gous to yours, and could it have been
thwarted by activities on our part? In
other words, do we have better measures
now to protect our secrets than we had then?
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our
A: That answer is not in province, except for
the fact that it was certainly a Soviet intelligence
operation.
(18, 19) Q: How do you cooperate with the intelligence
agencies of the military services? Does
each one of the armed services have its own
intelligence units and operatives? Do they
operate in foreign countries? Are they
confined strictly to military information?
Or is the CIA expected to collect this,
too, in cases where the units of the armed
services are not represented or do not have
agents?
A: The respective armed services collect depart-
mental intelligence required by their respective services
or the Department of Defense. We are responsible'for
correlating intelligence on all matters of national
security interest, across the board, have ?scribed
how the intelligence community cooperates in reaching
Specifically, ~t the machinery of the
agreed conclusions. (W9' l )Q
the United States Intelligence Board sees to that the efforts
of and DIA complement and supplement each other.
o) Q: Do you have any outside counsel or ad-
visers? ;What is the nature of this
activity?
A: We have several panels of technical experts,
inside and outside the government, to keep us informed on
new developments and techniques which could be of use to
On these panels are the best brains in this country, on
usWe trzy
virtually the entire range of human endeavor. We contract for
h loo Win. speeeral --t-e l e l tatters., .__YYe.eca~ tr t a
wherever i n~ the 'ITni States
studies and research project --sor
these can best be performed.
J
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We have found that patriotic citizens in all walks
interest. We find this very gratifyingbecause it
give the President, the Executive Branch and the Legislative
!'
Branch the very best information that can be made available.
(21) Q: How long ago did the CIA begin to dis-
close to congressional committees informa-
tion about its activities?
A: The Agency has been under
legislative oversight since its establishment.
(22) Q
Have the congressional committees which
have been in contact with CIA expressed
any dissatisfaction over the years that
they were not getting enough information?
A: We have never withheld any information, sub-
stantive or operational, from the '"'subcommittees.
On some occasions, in fact, they have asked us not to
give them the identities of very sensitive sources,
because they did not wish to know, and we have complied.
If you refer to dissatisfaction with the amount of in-
formation which we have--rattier than the amount we give
,professional ln-cellIgei1VC ij -
eration anywhere in the world is ever satisfied with
the extent of its knowledge, and these gentlemen have
been work,ng with us long enough so that I ^ they
have acquired this same professional dissatisfaction.
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(23) Q: Do you find that leakages of information
have been detrimental to your operation in
any respect?
A: It is one of the first principles of the art that
when another country learns or suspects that you have ob-
tained information they were trying to keep secret, they
will do everything possible to locate and destroy your
source, and counter your method of operation.
(24) Q: Do all the major countries operate
intelligence services?
A:`'know of no major country that does not. After
all, it simply amounts to obtauhing information which you
need to have. You might say that football teams and rival
department stores operate intelligence services, for
instance; they just happen to call them scouts or com-
parison shoppers.
(25, 26,):Q: Is there cooperation between the intelligence
(27 ) systems of friendly countries and our own?
If we collect information that is of vital
importance to one of our allied countries,
would it be transmitted to the State Depart-
ment or Defense Department and to the
proper governmental units abroad which are
friendly to `us? To what extent is the
cooperation between the intelligence agencies
of allied governments a factor in the suc-
cessful operation of intelligence activities
by your unit?
We- &rv
A: ttm not at liberty to go into detail, but
wherever it is of mutual interest and advantage, there is
substantial cooperation among the intelligence services
of friendly countries.
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What was the origin of CIA? Was it born
Q: (28) during wartime? Is it operatthen?ed any dif-
ferently now than it was
The Agency grew from the need to establish a
A:
objective intelligence organization in
centralized and the experi-
rimary impetus, of course, was
peacetime. A p
of Pearl Harbor, and the determination to ensure
ence The requirement
against such surprises in the future.
for a centralized organization stemmed from the success-
World War II of the office o f
1 experience-during
fu The require-
Strategic Services under General Donovathreat posed by
ment was made all the more real by the became readily
the USSR and international Communism which
War II. There
apparent shortly after the close of World
general agreement within the Government that there
was a agency in the
was need for a nonpartisan coordinating g
As a result, the CIA was created
intelligence fied In same respects the
the National Security Act of 1947.
by Strategic our an-
Office of ~peeia~ Services of World War II was
CIA's responsi-
it did not have
cestor, but ~e~~'~'?'~'~>~~
coordinating the work of the entire intelli-
bility for
gence community, or our requirement for across-the-board
coverage.
)
(29, 300
(31 ) Q:
What are the names of your different Do
if you can give them to us?
divisions, or is this
you maintain
Does mosteofayourdpersonnel live
secret?
abroad?
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A: We have personnel abroad. ---c-a of er-
(32, 33) Q: What can be said in answer to the criticism
that dishonorable methods are used by the
CIA? Do you consider that the CIA is an in-
strument of the "cold war," and is justified
in taking any measures to get information
that are being taken by other governments
in their efforts to get information inside
the United States?
A: We can be rough and unorthodox, a~erd-'~dt~~xvaera~~e...v We may be clandestine and devious,
but we emphatically reject rithe ca word "dishonorable." o raab e." We same ideals
but_wQ are, after all,
~e - e- a s, -3T -
and codes as the rest of the nation.
e..~e-remet~te-"e Secretary Rusk/in a press conference
earlier this year:
11 ....... I would emphasize to you that CIA is
not engaged in activities not known to the senior
policy officers of the Government. But you should
also bear in mind that beneath the vel of publiinc
discussion, there is a tough struggle going
the back alleys all over the world. It's a tough
one, :it's unpleasant, and no one likes it, but that
is not a field which can be left entirely to the
other side. And so once in a while some disagree-
able things happen, and I can tell you that there
is a good deal of gallantry and a high degree of
competence in those who have to help us deal with
that part of the struggle for freedom."
in Admiral Itaborn as
President Johnson, when he was swearing
Director of Central Intelligence on April 28, 1965, put
it this way:
of . We have committed our lives, our
property, our resources and our sacred honor to the
freedom and peace of other men, indeed to the freedom
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and peace of all mankind. We would dishonor that
, we would disgrace all the sacrifices
commiAmericanstmenthave made, if we were nthreatrto peace and
every day vigilant against every
freedom. That is why we have the Central intelligence
Agency....."
(34, 38) Q: Would you say that there is any essential
difference between the methods used by the
Army, Navy, and Air Force in their intel-
et information abro
adh
t
ligence units o g o ough
CIA?
and that which is used by the
the Armed Services have intelligence units,
does the CIA feel responsible for onsible f
ion or the,of any belofavaluef tom the Armedt
could possibly
Services? 11
A: To summarize whata said earlier (particularly
in reply to W8, 11, 18, and 19) CIA's intelligence re-
quirements cover anything and everything related to
national security, intelligence is our primary business,
and we are specifically geared for the job. The services
collect departmental intelligence for departmental pur-
poses, their attaches operate under the liability of
being known, and they have other missions which take
priority over the collection of intelligence.
(35
36
)
ou say that former
d
,
(37
,
Q:
)
y
On the whole, woul
employees have maintained integrity sears?
have not broken confidence over the years?
Have you had many instances of defections?
Do other governmental intelligence agencies
have something of the same problem?
A : The only answer which can be given to these questions
is the general statement that the personnel of the Agency are
of very high caliber and have shown great devotion to their
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(39-42) Q: To what extent does the CIA operate under
direct instructions from the President oral
Secretary of State? Are there some gene
instructions given covering a number of ac-
tivities? Do you have anything which might
be called regulations to govern your activi-
ties? Are these prescribed by the President
or Secretary of State or any other Cabinet
officer? In other words, to what extent do
you operate under specific instructions in
certain types of cases?
A: To recapitulate, the Central Intelligence Agency
operates under a charter consisting of the National Se-
curity Act of 1947 as amended, which provides that we
function at the behest and under the control of the
President and the National Security Councils We are gov-
erned by several layers of regulations known as the NSCID's
or National Security Council Directives; the DCID's or
Director of Central Intelligence Directives, which are
issued in the name of the Director in his capacity as
head of the entire intelligence community and chairman of
the United States Intelligence Board; and, as in the case
of any other governmental component, our own Agency
regulations.
Our missions are assigned by the President,.:the
National Security Council or its elements, and USIB. Our
activities are approved in advance and controlled by a
special element of the NSC representing the President,
the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Defense.
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To sum it all
may -P stress again that there
are sufficient checks and balances, enough controls and