PRODUCTION OF BELARUS' TRACTORS AT THE DNEPROPETROVSK AUTOMOBILE PLANT NO. 186 ( DAZ )

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79S01046A000800050001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 29
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 10, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 1, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET N? 70
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Economic Research Aid
PRODUCTION OF BELARUS' TRACTORS AT THE
DNEPROPETROVSK AUTOMOBILE PLANT NO. 186 (DAZ)
CIA/RR A.ERA 61-2
May 1961
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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SECRET
25X1 C
Economic Research Aid
PRODUCTION OF BELARUS' TRACTORS AT THE
DNEPROPETROVSK AUTOMOBILE PLANT NO. 186 (DAZ)
CIA/RR A.ERA 61-2
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Sees. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research- and Reports
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This project was undertaken to analyze the evidence that Belarus'
tractors are produced at the Dnepropetrovsk Automobile 25X1C
(Dnepropetrovskiy Avtomobil'nyy Zavod -- DAZ) and to estimate the rate
of production of tractors as an aid in assessing the potential of the
plant for production of rocket engines, an activity in which the plant
is believed to have been engaged since 1951 or 1952.
This research aid will show that DAZ was assigned the task of ful-
filling the obligations of the Ministry of the. Defense Industry for
production of Belarus' tractors according to the agricultural decrees
of September 1953 and that the plant has produced tractors at a rela-
tively high rate up to the present.
25X1 C
estimates er ve from published data and for information on historical
developments and the physical layout at DAZ and at the Minsk Tractor
Plant, the estimates of production for DAZ are essentially from soviet
published sources. These estimates were made possible by severaL
factors, as follows: (1) DAZ and the Minsk Tractor Plant, on which
there is considerable data on production, are the only two plants in
the USSR producing the Belarus' tractor; (2) data have been published
either on total Soviet production of Belarus' tractors or on deliveries
of this tractor to agriculture, from which production could be esti-
mated and from which production at Minsk was subtracted to obtain a
residual representing production at DAZ; and (3) reported annual pro-
duction of tractors in the Ukrainian SSR was used as a total from which
estimated or reported production at the established tractor plants
was subtracted to obtain a residual representing production at DAZ.
The latter residual and the one previously described did not differ
significantly for any year.
More details on the physical aspects of DAZ are contained in
CIA/RR G.CG 60-7, Dnepropetrovsk Automobile Plant No. 186 (DAZ),
July 1960, SECRET.
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CONTENTS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
B. Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. In the Ministry of the Defense Industry (MOP) . . 6
2. In the Ministry of Machine Building (MM) . . 10
3. In the Ministry of the Aviation Industry (MAP) 11
C. Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. At the Dnepropetrovsk Automobile Plant (DAZ) . . 11
2. At the Minsk Tractor Plant (MTZ) . . . . . . . . 12
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
B. Production of Tractors in the Ukrainian SSR . . . . . 13
1. Total Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. Producing Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
C. Production of BelarusI Tractors in the USSR and the
Belorussian SSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. In the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. In the Belorussian SSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
D. Production of Belarus' Tractors at the Dnepropetrovsk
Automobile Plant (DAZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendixes
Appendix A. References in Soviet Publications to Produc-
tion of Tractors at Dnepropetrovsk . . . . . . 21
Appendix B. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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Page
Appendix C. Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . 37
Appendix D. Source References . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1. Estimated Production of Tractors in the
Ukrainian SSR, by Producing Plant, 1953-60 . . . 14
2. Estimated Production of Belarus' Tractors in the
USSR and Deliveries to Agriculture, 1953-59 ? . 16
Estimated Production of Tractors at the Minsk
Tractor Plant, 1952-61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Estimated Production of Belarus' Tractors in the
USSR at the Minsk Tractor Plant and Residual
Production, 1953-59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Estimated Production of Belarus' Tractors in the
USSR, by Plant, 1953-60 . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Photographs
Figure 1. USSR: Example of a Radiator Emblem of a
Belarus' Tractor Unlike That of the
Minsk Tractor Plant. Possibly a Product
of DAZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 2. USSR: Second Example of a Radiator
Emblem of a Belarus' Tractor Unlike That
of the Minsk Tractor Plant. Possibly a
Product of DAZ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Following Page
Figure 3. USSR: Radiator Emblem of a Belarus'
Tractor of the Minsk Tractor Plant . . .
Figure 4. USSR: Dnepropetrovsk Automobile Plant
No. 186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 5. USSR: Minsk Tractor Plant . . . . . . . . 20
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PRODUCTION OF BELARUS' TRACTORS
AT THE DNEPROPETROVSK AUTOMOBILE PLANT NO. 186 (DAZ)*
1954-60
Summary
The Dnepropetrovsk Automobile (Dnepropetrovskiy Avto- 25X1C
mobil'nyy Zavod -- DAZ)** of the former Ministry of the Defense Industry
(Ministerstvo Oboronnoy Promyshlennosti -- MOP) is believed to have
been engaged in production of rocket engines since 1951 or 1952. DAZ
also is one of two plants in the USSR producing the Belarus' tractor.
From an initial output of 6,500 tractors in 1954, production at this
plant in the Ukrainian SSR increased to an estimated peak of 31,800 units
in 1958. DAZ produced an estimated total of 170,000 to 175,000 of these
tractors by the end of 1960, with a range from 1956 of 29,000 to 31,800
units annually. The attendance of design personnel from the "tractor
plant" in Dnepropetrovsk at a 1960 seminar on the use of high-speed trac-
tors in agriculture suggests that DAZ intends to continue production in
1961. There is evidence, however, that DAZ probably will be phased out
of production of tractors by 1965. Published data on the 1965 plan for
a doubling of production of tractors in Kharkov Sovnarkhoz, where the
well-established tractor plants in the Ukrainian SSR are located, and
on the plan for total production of 107,000 tractors in the Ukrainian
SSR in 1965 indicate that no allowance has been made for production of
tractors in the Ukrainian SSR outside Khar'kov Sovnarkhoz by 1965. At
the same time, production of Belarus' tractors at the Minsk Tractor
Plant (Minskiy Traktornyy Zavod -- MTZ) in the Belorussian SSR, the
other plant in the USSR producing this tractor, is expected to increase
to a minimum of 67,500 units by 1965, or more than the combined output
at MTZ and DAZ in 1960.
* The estimates and conclusions in this research aid represent the
best judgment of this Office as of 1 May 1961.
25X1 C** rather than the factory num-
ber of the facility, this research aid will use the conventional name
"Dnepropetrovsk Automobile ' or "DAZ," when referring to 25X1C
this installation. The latest available reference in the Soviet press
to the term."Dnepropetrovskiy Avtomobil'nyy Zavod" was published on
14 June 1951. 1/ (For serially numbered source references, see Appen-
dix D.) The shortened term "DAZ," has been noted in other Soviet
publications of earlier dates. 2/ It apparently, however, is still
known by this term among local residents.
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Production of -Belarus' tractors was initiated at MTZ a few months
earlier than at DAZ and increased from an initial output of less than
500 units in 1953 to a peak of 34,500 units in 1960. In 1961, 38,000
units are to be produced. A total of about 144,000 Belarus' tractors
had been produced at MTZ by the end of 1960, including all models from
the original MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 to the present MTZ-5 and MTZ-7 series.
Until 1958, MTZ produced a logging tractor for forestry work, in addi-
tion to Belarus' tractors, at an average annual rate of about 5,300
units.
Large-scale production of Belarus' tractors was,undertaken at DAZ
and MTZ as the result of an upward revision in September 1953 of the
agricultural goals of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55), which en-
visioned a substantial increase in production of row-crop tractors,
including a new wheeled tractor of 37 horsepower (hp) -- the Belarus'.
A decree of 20 September 1953 scheduled production in the USSR of no
less than 500,000 general-purpose tractors (in 15-hp units) and
250,000 row-crop tractors (in physical units) from 1954 to 1 May 1957.
The annual rate of output of 75,000 row-crop tractors indicated in
the decree was 3.24 times the rate achieved in the 4 years preceding
1954 and apparently was beyond the short-run capabilities of the
established tractor plants. The MOP and the Ministry of the Aviation
Industry (Ministerstvo Aviatsionnoy Promyshlennosti-- MAP) were, there-
fore, directed to render -assistance in the tractor program. The MOP
was-assigned the specific goal of producing, in its own plants, 5,000
Belarus' tractors in 1954 and 10,000 in 1955 plus spare parts for them.
According to a wide variety of Soviet published sources 25X1C
25X1 the MOP concentrated produc-
tion o tractors at DAL. A o a o , 0 additional Belarus' tractors
was to be produced by the end of 1955 by the Ministry of Machine Build-
ing (Ministerstvo Mashinostroyeniya -- MM). No goals were -announced
for the MAP, which appears to have limited its part in the tractor pro-
gram to the manufacture of components.
DAZ apparently has produced the same models of Belarus' tractor
that have been produced at MTZ. In 1960, for example, the MI'Z-5MS
was being manufactured by both MTZ and DAZ. DAZ, however, also has
been producing prototypes of an experimental high-speed Belarus' E-50
tractor since 1958 and apparently will initiate production of this
model when-field tests are completed. To date, there has not been a
positive identification of a tractor made at DAZ, nor is there any
assurance that such tractors have any special mark of identification
to distinguish them from those manufactured at MTZ.
Although it is known that DAZ is supplied with parts from other
plants, there is no definitive information on the extent of subcon-
tracting or on the extent of production of spare parts at DAZ itself.
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Prototypes of the Belarus' E-50 tractor produced at DAZ have been
equipped either with experimental engines from MTZ or with engines
from the Serp i Molot Plant in Kharkov, which indicates that DAZ
probably does not produce its own engines. Furthermore, DAZ probably
does not receive engines from MTZ, for production of engines at Minsk
is only slightly in excess of the number of tractors manufactured.
The manufacture of. prototypes in its own shops, however, suggests
that DAZ probably does have its own design organization and the facili-
ties for making the major tractor components and, therefore, is not
merely an assembly plant.
25X1 C DAZ, is a very large plant, but
neither the total area nor the extent of the part devoted to produc-
tion of Belarus' tractors is known. According to plans made at the
time when construction began in 1945, the plant area was to have been
about 500 acres with a total floorspace of about 4.5 million square
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feet (sq ft). There is no certainty that all buildings were constructed
as planned. By comparison, 25X1 C
2.0 million sq ft and 10,000 to 11,000 employees. The latter might be
considered maximum figures for production of Belarus' tractors at DAZ
in 1959, but a more reasonable figure probably would be much lower,
for DAZ is not known to produce its own engines and, unlike MTZ, proba-
bly is not engaged in production of tractor spare parts to the extent
of at least one-tenth of the value of the total output.
a epan
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I. Introduction
A. Background
In September 1953 the USSR announced an upward revision of
the agricultural goals of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55). An
important feature of the revision was the plan to increase substan-
tially production of row-crop tractors, including the Belarus', a new
wheeled tractor of 37 hp developed at MTZ but not yet in production.
A decree of 20 September 1953, outlining the particulars of planned
machinery for agriculture, announced that no less than 500,000 general-
purpose tractors (in 15-hp units) and 250,000 row-crop tractors (in
physical units) were to be produced in the period from 1954 to 1 May
1957.* / The annual rate of production of 75,000 row-crop tractors
indicated in the decree was 3.24 times the reported rate achieved in
the 4 years preceding 1954 and apparently was beyond the short-run
capabilities of the regular tractor-producing plants controlled at
that time by the MM and the Ministry of Transport and Heavy Machine
Building (Ministerstvo Transportnogo i Tyazhelogo Mashinostroyeniya --
MTTM).** The MOP and the MAP, therefore, were directed to render
assistance in the program for producing tractors.
The MM was scheduled to produce 10,000 Belarus' tractors in
1954 and 15,000 in 1955.*** The MOP was to produce, in its own plants,
5,000 units in 1954 and 10,000 in 1955, plus spare parts for these
tractors. The MOP was given 1 month in which to submit plans for
organizing the manufacture of Belarus' tractors and proposals for the
additional capital investment that would be necessary during 1953 for
the accomplishment of the task. / There were no details as to which
plant or plants of the MOP would be involved in the program.t
* The decree confined itself to the 40-month period ending 1 May
1957, but there seemed to be no implication that production of row-
crop tractors would be curtailed after 1 May 1957.
** The former MM controlled all regular tractor-producing plants in
1953 except the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, which was controlled by
the former MTTM.
*** The MM was to have produced 700 Belarus' tractors by the end of
September 1953 and "considerably more" by the end of the year, 5/ but
a Soviet handbook shows production of only 469 for the year.
t The wording of the decree of September 1953 as it affected the
MOP is as follows:
The Council of Ministers, USSR, and the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union have decreed the following:
Gosplan, USSR, and the Ministries of Machine Building,
Transport and Heavy Machine Building, Defense Industry, and Aviation
Industry are to provide for the production for agriculture of no less
than 500,000 (in terms of 15-hp units) Lfootnote continued on p.
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B. Developments
1. In the Ministry of the Defense Industry (MOP)
There is considerable evidence in Soviet publications that
from the beginning of the program the MOP concentrated production of
Belarus' tractors in a plant in Dnepropetrovsk.* At the same time,
there is considerable evidence and in one 25X1C
Soviet publication that the trac ors nave been an are being produced
at DAZ, which also is believed to have been engaged in production of
rocket engines since 1951 or 1952. DAZ is estimated to have produced
from 170,000 to 175,000 Belarus' tractors during 195+-6-0, or approxi-
mately 20 percent more of this type of tractor than MTZ produced in
the same period. Production at DAZ increased from an aggregate of
21,600 tractors in 195- and 1955, compared with the plan of 15,000,
to about 29,000 in 1956 and within a general range of 30,000 to 31,800
during 1957-60. The peak year was 1958 when, according to a Soviet
publication, as many as 31,800 tractors probably were produced.
These estimates are based on a combination of (a) the same publica-
tions that provided the basis for the estimates at MTZ. -
tion figure for DAZ 25X1 C
25X1 C d an analysis of the annual de-
liveries o e arus tractors to agriculture, and (e) an analysis of
the total production of tractors in the Ukrainian SSR and in the two
tractor plants in Kharkov.
general-purpose tractors and 250,000 actual row-crop tractors in the
period from 195+ to 1 May 1957.
To assign the Ministry of Defense Industry to:
a. Organize the production of Belarus' tractors equipped
with hydraulic lifts (and of spare parts-for the Belarus') in its
plantsfrom blueprints supplied by the Ministry of Machine Building.
b. Produce 5,000 Belarus' tractors in 195+ and 10,000
Belarus' tractors in 1955.
c. Together with Gosplan, USSR, submit within one month
plans for organizing the production of Belarus tractors and proposals
for additional 1953 capital investments.
* Although there was an early indication that-Belarus' tractors
might be in production in a plant in the RSFSR, estimates of the
Soviet annual rate of output of Belarus' tractors and the rates of out-
put of tractors in the Belorussian SSR and in the Ukrainian SSR indi-
cate that there has been no significant production outside these two
republics. Production in other areas probably has been concerned with
components for the Belarus' tractor.
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DAZ was first tentatively identified as the MOP plant pro-
ducing Belarus' tractors in December 1953 when it complained that prepa-
rations for production of tractors were being delayed because of the
failure to receive certain items of production equipment. Subsequently,
a Soviet catalog of spare parts for row-crop tractors, published in
1955, referred to production of Belarus' tractors at the plant with Post
Box Number 186,* and there have been noted eight other Soviet publi-
cations covering the period 1957-60 that refer to production of trac-
tors at Dnepropetrovsk. Four of these sources specifically refer to
Belarus' tractors.** 25X1 C
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It apparently has been the practice for DAZ to produce the
same model of the Belarus' tractor that is in production at MTZ. For
example, a Soviet agricultural journal of May 1960 reported that both
the Minsk and Dnepropetrovsk plants were producing the Belarus'
MTZ-5MS model in 1960. J At the same time, there is evidence that
DAZ has its own tractor design organization, has the facilities for
producing tractor prototypes, and possibly will initiate production
of a Belarus' model different from those produced at MPZ. Evidence
of the existence of design facilities at DAZ is contained in a Soviet
agricultural journal which states that designers from the tractor plant
in Dnepropetrovsk attended a seminar at Armavir in 1960 to discuss the
use of tractors in agriculture at higher speeds. ?J Regarding facili-
ties for production of prototypes, it is known that the plant has pro-
duced ~rotot es of an experimental high-speed tractor. In 1958 a
25X1C that E-50 (E - eksperimental'nyy) wheeled
tractors a een pro u d at Dnepropetrovsk. The tractor used a new
50-hp D-50 engine developed by MTZ. 2/ In January-February 1959 a
Belarus' E-50 tractor, produced in the Dnepropetrovsk Sovnarkhoz and
equipped with a 50-hp SMD-4 engine, was on display at the industrial
exhibit in Moscow. 10 The SMD-.+ is a Serp i Molot diesel engine pro-
duced by the Serp i Molot Plant in Khar'kov. Three of these E-50
tractors were being tested in Omskaya Oblast in 1959, and others were
being tested in the Kuban'. 11 That DAZ possibly will begin production
of a tractor of its own design is indicated in an article by a Soviet
author discussing agricultural developments in the Ukrainian SSR and
emphasizing the use of high-speed tractors. The article stated that
the "Belarus' Plant" intended to switch over in 1960 to "the speedier
* There is, however, no known reference in any Soviet publication
that pinpoints DAZ by name as a producer of tractors.
** Most of these publications are referred to at various times in the
text of this research aid, but they are given in detail in Appendix A.
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type of wheeled tractor," apparently a reference to theE-50 discussed
a few paragraphs earlier in the same article. 12 The tractor was
still being tested in December 1960 13 and probably was not yet ready
for production. There has been no mention of the E-50 in connection
with MTZ.* It would-facilitate the identification of a DAZ-produced
tractor considerably if it could be established conclusively that the
plant was making a model different from that made at MTZ. To date,
however, there has not been a positive identification of a Belarus'
tractor produced at DAZ.**
* It is possible that the work on the E-50 at DAZ is simply a separate
attempt to create a tractor with the general technical characteristics
of the MTZ-50 that is under development at MTZ.
** There is no assurance that DAZ puts any special form of identifica-
tion on the tractors that it manufactures. It may simply use the Minsk
nameplate. At an exhibit in France in 1960, intended as a demonstra-
tion of the industrial progress of the Ukrainian SSR, there were dis-
played Belarus' tractors that were clearly identified by the standard
MTZ nameplate. These tractors had various agricultural machines
attached to them which were produced in the Ukrainian SSR, and the
latter may have been the items which were intended as a demonstration
of Ukrainian progress. On the other hand, a Soviet agricultural
official, when describing the tractors used in his area in 1957, stated
that among those available were MTZ-2 models manufactured at the "Minsk
Tractor Plant in Dnepropetrovsk." Of possible significance are
photographs of four tractors that have an unusual radiator emblem. In-
stead of the standard "MTZ" emblem at the top of the radiator, with the
"T" in the center and larger than the other letters (a seemingly un-
alterable characteristic of the "T" in the radiator emblem of the
regular Soviet tractor plants), thesefour tractors have a long, narrow
emblem plate running vertically down the center of the radiator. Most
of the space on the emblem is taken up with the word BELARUS'. Just
above the "B" is a horizontal grouping of three small letters, the
last two of which clearly are "MZ." Although it is oddly shaped, the
first letter appears to be a "T." The meaningof these letters has
not been determined. No record of -a grouping such as this in just
such a form is available The tractor in 25X1 B
the 195+ photograph, indicated on an accompanying placard as an MTZ-2,
is slightly different from the other three in that the elongated radia-
tor emblem is topped with an open star. The angle is such that it is
impossible to tell what appears in the center of the star. It probably
is an -additional plant emblem. The letters "TMZ" may represent nothing
more than a transpositionof the letters "MTZ," but this explanation
does not indicate why Minsk would have produced so very few tractors
with this emblem or, if the emblem is a variation of the Minsk emblem,
why it would not have appeared at some time in brochures and tractor
manuals or more frequently in the numerous Lfootnote continued on p. 9
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One of the unknown features of production of tractors at
DAZ that must remain unanswered for the present is the extent to which
production of components is subcontracted. The answer to this question
would determine whether DAZ is as heavily engaged in producing the
major components of a tractor as is MTZ or whether it is primarily a
tractor assembly plant. The fact that DAZ has produced a number of
units of the experimental E-50 tractor, excluding the engine, suggests
that it probably has facilities devoted to production of some of the
major components.
Because each plant apparently produces the same model of
Belarus' tractor, it would seem reasonable to assume that DAZ sub-
contracts at least to the same extent as does the Minsk plant and that
both are supplied by many of the same plants. Items and suppliers
that have been identified with Minsk, and probably are involved with
DAZ also, include rear tires from the Yaroslavl' Tire Plant, front
tires from the Voronezh Tire Plant, electric drive systems from Yaro-
slavl' Sovnarkhoz, hydraulic equipment from a plant in Borisov, and
instrument panel equipment from Riga. There may be major differences
between the two plants, however, with respect to the extent to which
each produces spare parts and engines for tractors. Ten to 12 percent
of the value of the output at Minsk is comprised of spare parts, some
of which are produced in special facilities set aside for the purpose.
MTZ, often considered as a useful aid for analyzing the area devoted
to production at DAZ, in view of this high rate of output of spare
parts, would not readily serve such an end unless information were
available indicating that DAZ was similarly oriented. In addition,
Minsk is known to produce its own engines, including a limited quan-
tity for replacement, and is the only known producer of the D-40
series, which has been the standard engine on the Belarus' tractor in
recent years. No definitive information is available, however, con-
cerning engine production at DAZ. In one instance, DAZ produced a
Belarus' E-50 tractor equipped with an experimental engine from MTZ,
but output at MTZ is insufficient to supply DAZ on a regular basis.
In another instance, DAZ produced an E-50 with a diesel engine from
the Serp i Molot Plant in Kharkov, which specializes in diesel engines
for tractors and grain combines. Although the Serp i Molot Plant may
published photographs of the Belarus' tractor. It is unlikely that
these tractors represent some of the first models of the Belarus' manu-
factured at Minsk, for two of the photographs are from Soviet publica-
tions of 1959 and a third was taken in 1960. Furthermore, on a photo-
graph of October 1953 from a Soviet publication, the slightly protrud-
ing Minsk emblem at the top of the radiator is clearly discernible. 15
The answer may be that these are examples of DAZ-produced Belarus'
tractors. Figures 1 and 2, following p. 10, are photographs that best
show the emblem in question. Figure 3, following p. 10, is a photograph
of a tractor showing the standard MTZ radiator emblem.
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now be in a position to supply DAZ, it probably has not always done so,
for press reports state that Serp i Molot produced gasoline engines for
grain combines for several years and did not begin manufacturing diesel
engines until 1957. On the other hand, in spite of the press reports,
there possibly may be some significance in the fact that the Serp i
Molot Plant began the conversion from agricultural machinery to engines
in 1954, the same year in which DAZ began producing tractors. In any
event, there is no evidence which indicates that DAZ builds its on
engines for the Belarus' tractor.
2. In the Ministry of Machine Building (MM)
25X1 B
25X1 B
The MM concentrated production of Belarus' tractors in
MTZ where it had been developed, and various ministerial changes since
1953 have not altered this arrangement. Soviet statistical handbooks,
annual reports of plan fulfillment, and reporting in the press and
radio indicate an aggregate production of about 144,000 of these trac-
tors at Minsk from October 1953 through 1960.* The Belarus' tractor
bearing the model designation MTZ has gone through numerous modifica-
tions during this period, including a change from a 37-hp to a 50-hp
engine, a 25-percent decrease in weight, four-wheel drive on some
models, and a closed cab on some models. The tractor has not changed
greatly, however, in general appearance. Production has progressed
from the MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 through the MTZ-5 and its several variations
(MTZ-5K, MTZ-5L, MTZ-5M, MTZ-5LS, and MTZ-5MS) to the MTZ-7. The
MTZ-50, MTZ-52, MTZ-54, MTZ-60, and MTZ-62 are among those currently
being tested.
Logging (trelevochnyy) tractors for forestry work were
produced at Minsk at an average rate of about 5,300 units annually
until some time during the second half of 1958. 16 With the termi-
nation of production of logging tractors, Belarus' tractors were manu-
factured in significantly greater quantities than in previous years --
about 30,300 units in 1959 and 34,500 in 1960 compared with approxi-
mately 22,500 in 1958. In 1961, there are to be produced 38,000 units,
which include a scheduled exceeding of the plan by 2,000 units. 17
MTZ produces its own diesel engines for the Belarus' trac-
tor, as well as the small 10-hp gasoline starting engine, and all
ther main units such as transmission, frame, and axles. - 25X1 B
production of engines, presumably for replacement purposes. 18/ A
tors was progressing at about the same rate with only a small excess
that during 1955-58 production of engines and trac-
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Figure 1. USSR: Example of a Radiator
Emblem of a Belarus' Tractor Unlike That
of the Minsk Tractor Plant. Possibly a
Product of DAZ
Figure 2. USSR: Second Example of a Radiator
Emblem of a Belarus' Tractor Unlike That of the Minsk
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SECRET
Figure 3. 4wVw%9wC I
USSR Radiator Emblem of a Belarus' Tractor
of the Minsk Tractor Plant
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visitor was told that the plant receives from other plants such items
as ball bearings, piston rings, valve springs, valves, hydraulic pumps,
diesel injection pumps, fuel nozzles, asbestos clutch facings, steering
wheels, rubber tires, and wheel rims. The plant has an automatic line
for production of pistons and supplies some of these to other plants.
There are special facilities devoted entirely to production of spare
parts for MTZ-produced tractors as well as for other types of tractors
used in the Minsk area. Spare parts account for about 10 to 12 per-
cent of the total value of output. 12/
3. In the Ministry of the Aviation Industry (MAP)
Although the MAP was included among the ministries that
were to assure output of tractors as outlined in the decrees of Sep-
tember 1953, there has been no indication that the MAP was given any
specific goals for production of Belarus' tractors. The only activity
of the MAP in this respect probably has been in connection with pro-
viding parts.
C. Future Prospects
1. At the Dnepropetrovsk Automobile Plant (DAZ)
According to a Soviet agricultural journal, engineers and
designers from the tractor plants in Kharkov, Minsk, and Dnepropetrovsk
attended a 1960 seminar at Armavir to discuss higher speed tractors
and agricultural machinery, 20 which indicates that DAZ probably in-
tends to continue producing tractors at least through 1961. Such con-
tinuation seems probable in view of the fact that the conversion of
Soviet tractor plants to higher speed tractors is just beginning.
KhTZ, for example, switched to the higher speed T-75 tracklaying
tractor in the last quarter of 1960, and MTZ is to switch entirely to
production of higher speed Belarus' tractors in 1961. 21/ Earlier it
had been reported that the "Belarus' Plant" in the Ukrainian SSR would
switch to higher speed tractors in 1960. 22 These bits of evidence
suggest that DAZ probably is producing tractors in 1961, but they
give no clue as to whether or not there has been any change in the rate
of output.
Analysis of recently published Soviet data, however, sug-
gests that there are plans for the termination of production of
Belarus' tractors at DAZ by 1965. A Soviet handbook, which went to
the editor in mid-September 1959, reported that 107,000 tractors will
be produced in the Ukrainian SSR in 1965 compared with 82,000 in 1958,
an increase of 30 percent. 23 Another Soviet publication of January
1959 reported that production of tractors in Kharkov Sovnarkhoz in
1965 would be 2.13 times that of 1958. 24/ Production of tractors at
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KhTZ and the Kharkov Tractor Assembly Plant (Khar'kovskiy Traktornyy
Sobrannyy Zavod -- KhTSZ) for 1958 has independently been estimated at
about 50,000. On the basis of the 2.13 ratio, planned output in 1965
for these plants would be very close to the 107,000 tractors to be
produced in the entire Ukrainian SSR in 1965. Thus KhTZ and KhTSZ,
with no help from DAZ, apparently are scheduled to provide the entire
production of tractors scheduled for the Ukrainian SSR in 1965. This
indication of a possible phasing out of production of tractors at DAZ
is strengthened by the information that MTZ intends to increase its
output of Belarus' tractors by 1965 to a level in excess of that now
achieved by the combined output of MTZ and DAZ.*
2. At the Minsk Tractor Plant (MTZ)
The Seven Year Plan (1959-65), according to reports of
1959-and early 1960, -scheduled an increase in production of tractors
at MTZ to 18 percent of plannedSoviet production of 375,000 tractors
in 1965, or about 67,500 units. 25 In 1958, MTZ produced about
26,100 tractors, which accounted for 12 percent of Soviet production
of 219,700 tractors. The workers of MTZ, however, have pledged to
produce 73,000 more tractors during the Seven Year Plan than were
originally scheduled. 26 If this pledge is fulfilled, MTZ by 1965
will be producing considerably more than the estimated total of
65,000 to 66,000 units produced by MTZ-and DAZ together in 1960.
An increase in production at MTZ is to be achieved through
a combination of new construction (total extent unknown); more modern
equipment, including a number of automatic lines; more efficient use
of existing equipment; and greater specialization of production, which
will involve the transferring of production of tractor parts to a
number of other enterprises.
II. Production
25X1 B
25X1 B
AlthoughSoviet publications do not refer to the annual level
of output of Belarus' tractors at Dnepropetrovsk
it is nevertheless possible on
to determine production or tractors in xnar'iiov bovnarxnoz, in zne
Ukrainian SSR, and in the Belorussian SSR. These estimates are
bolstered by figures (undoubtedly rounded) on output by DAZ in 1956
* See Appendix B, p. 35, below.
I 25X1 B
25X1 B
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25X1 C
and 1957 that originated with the chief engineer of KhTZ 25X1C
The evidence
o tractors In the Ukrainian R increased
sharply to 40,400 units in 1954 and 71,600 in 1956 compared with only
28,500 in 1953, before the program for increasing output of Belarus'
and other types of row-crop tractors was initiated and without any
evidence of increases of this magnitude at established tractor plants
in the Ukrainian SSR; (2) that since 1954 MTZ has consistently pro-
duced considerably fewer Belarus' tractors annually than were being
delivered to agriculture; and (3) that the estimated excess production
of Belarus' tractors outside Minsk has consistently approximated the
residual production in the Ukrainian SSR after an accounting was taken
of output at the two established tractor plants. On the basis of this
evidence, it has been established that DAZ increased its production of
Belarus' tractors from 6,500 units in 1954 to 15,100 in 1955 and to a
peak of about 31,800 units in 1958. Production, generally, has aver-
aged 29,000 to 31,800 units annually during 1956-60.
B. Production of Tractors in the Ukrainian SSR
1. Total Production
Data on the total production of tractors in the Ukrainian
SSR is regularly reported in a variety of publications. About 88,000
tractors were produced in 1960 compared with 71,600 in 1956 and
28,500 in 1953. Annual production during 1953-60 is shown in Table 1.*
2. Producing Plants
There are only three tractor plan ,s in the Ukrainian SSR.
The two well-publicized plants are KhTZ (wheeled and tracklaying trac-
tors) and KhTSZ (wheeled tractors). Estimates of the aggregate pro-
duction of these plants may be subtracted from total production of
tractors in the Ukrainian SSR to obtain a residual that represents out-
put at DAZ, the third plant.
The relative preciseness of the estimates for each of the
Kharkov plants for most of the years in the series could not be
justified on the basis of the information on these two plants alone.
It was possible, however, on the basis of this information to arrive
at estimates that were within a range of a few thousand units of those
shown in Table 1. The data in Table 1 for certain years reflect the
influence of other information concerning production of tractors at
MTZ and, consequently, on production at DAZ. For example, output of
11,300 tractors at KhTSZ in 1954 could be derived easily from Soviet
Table 1 follows on p. 14.
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Estimated Production of Tractors in the Ukrainian SSR
by Producing Plant
1953-60
Year
Kharkov
Tractor Plant
Kharkov Tractor
Assembly Plant
Residual b
Total
1953
22.5
6.0
0
28.5
1954
22.6
11.3
6.5
40.4
1955
34.7
7.5
15.1
57.3
1956
39.6
3.0
29.0
71.6
1957
39.9
4.0
30.2
74.1
1958
42.7
7.5
31.8
82.0
1959
42.8
7.5
30.5
80.8
1960
49.0
8.0
31.0
88.0
a. For methodology and sources, see Appendix B.
b. See footnote b, Table-5, p. 19, below.
publications. An independent estimate for KhTZ, on the other hand,
necessarily had to be coupled with a 25X16
Soviet published figure on e otal pro auction -54 tracklaying
tractors and, on this basis, could reasonably be about 22,600 units.
The choice of the figure 22,600 shown in Table 1 reflects the fact
that other data on output of Belarus' tractors in the USSR and at MTZ
indicated an excess production outside Minsk of 6,500 units that was
considered to be production at DAZ. The contrived nature of some of
these estimates does not detract from their usefulness as approxima-
tions of output by plant. For the more recent years the most reliable
estimates are those shown for KhTZ for 1958 and 1959 and KhTSZ for 1958.
The first two of these estimates were reported in a Soviet publication,
and the third was readily derivable from published data. The estimate
for Kh n 1 and the estimates for both plants in 1960 are less
25X1 C firm. however, pro-
vide the basis for the figure shown for that plant and thus assure its
general reliability. The residual figures for the period 1957-60,
representing production at DAZ, rest solely on estimates of production
at the Kharkov plants and are intended as approximations of output
by DAZ.
The sharp fluctuation in output at KhTSZ, although not
entirely explainable (particularly-for 1956), suggests that the plant
was more of an assembly plant in 1954 than it has been at any time since.
14
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In. 1955, for example, KhTSZ was making many of its own engine components
and probably its own engines, production of cylinder 25X1C
sleeves, camshafts, and bearing rings, 2 possibly indicating that the
plant began production of diesel engines for tractors as early as 1955?'
On the other hand, such components may be for gasoline engines for
general agricultural use, 4,000 units of which were to be produced by
the plant in 1956. 0 the plant supplied more 25X1C
than 2,000 "machines above plan in 1955 for the construction of the
Irkutskaya hydroelectric powerplant. 31 In 1956, KhTSZ was the first
plant in the USSR to initiate regular production of self-propelled
chassis, which may have involved unforeseen delays. In recent years
the Soviet press has indicated that tower cranes and large, self-
propelled crawler-mounted cranes of 30-ton hoisting capacity are manu-
factured by KhTSZ. 32
C. Production of Belarus' Tractors in the USSR and the Belorussian
SSR
1. In the USSR
A useful tool for estimating production of Belarus' tractors
at DAZ is the annual rate of output of these tractors in the USSR as a
whole. The total output may be used in conjunction with output at M1Z
to secure a residual representing production at DAZ. Data on Soviet
production of Belarus' tractors during 1953-55 is contained in an offi-
cial handbook. Estimates for the period 1956-59 have been based on the
reported annual deliveries of these tractors to Soviet agriculture.
Data on the number of Belarus' tractors delivered to agriculture in 1960
are not available.
Annual production of Belarus' tractors in the USSR and de-
liveries to agriculture during 1953-59 are shown in Table 2.**
2. In the Belorussian SSR
MTZ is the only producer of tractors in the Belorussian
SSR. Data on the plant for an extended production series is the best
for any Soviet tractor plant. Output at Minsk amounted to 5,000 to
6,000 tractors in 1952 and 1953 but increased sharply to 14,300 units
in 1954, 24,900 in 1957, and 31+,500 in 1960. The increases were ob-
tained through a combination of new construction, new equipment, sub-
contracting, and terminating production of logging tractors.
* A parts catalogue of 1959 reported that the plant manufactured
diesel engines for self-propelled chassis. 29
** Table 2 follows on p. 16.
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Estimated Production of Belarus' Tractors in the USSR
and Deliveries to Agriculture a/
1953-59
Year
Production J
Deliveries J
1953
0.5
0.4
1954
14.8
13.2
1955
27.9
23.9
1956
45.0-45.7
39.7
1957
48.7-49.1
42.6
1958
52.9-53.3
46.3
1959
59.3-59.8
51.9
a. For methodology and sources, see Appendix B.
b. Reported production for 1953-55 has been rounded to
the nearest hundred tractors.
c. Reported deliveries to agriculture have been given in
handbooks only in rounded form.
d. The minimum-figure in this range represents production
at MTZ plus production at DAZ reported by an official of -a
Soviet tractor plant.
Until 1953, MTZ manufactured only logging tractors for
forestry work, including engines. Production of Belarus' wheeled
tractors began in October 1953 in accordance with the agricultural
decrees of September 1953, but fewer than 500 were released by the
end of the year. Belarus' tractors, output of which increased from
8,300 in 1954 to 22,500 in 1958, were produced concurrently with
logging tractors until some time in the second half of 1958, when
production of logging tractors was phased out. An immediate increase
in 1959 of 35 percent in the annual rate of production of Belarus'
tractors not only was anticipated but was achieved. Beginning in
1959, MTZ concentrated on Belarus' tractors. The annual production
of tractors at Minsk, by type, is shown in Table 3.*
The annual residual productionof Belarus' tractors ob-
tained when the output at Minsk is subtracted from output for the
USSR, as a whole, is shown in Table 4.*
Table 3 follows on p. 17.
Table 4 follows-on p. 18.
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Estimated Production of Tractors at the Minsk Tractor Plant a/
1952-61
Year
Total
Belarus'
Logging
1952
5,097
0
5)097
1953
6,54o
469
6,071
1954
14,297
8,347
5,950
1955
18,266
12,822
5,444
1956
21,250
16, 000
5,250
1957
24,900
19,200
5,700
1958
26,100
22,500
3,600
1959
30,300
30,300
0
1960
34,500
34,500
0
1961
38,000 cJ
36, 000
0
a. For methodology and sources, see Appendix B.
b. Data for 1957-60 are rounded to the nearest hundred
tractors.
c. Plan including a scheduled exceeding of the plan by about
2,000 units. L3/
D. Production of Belarus' Tractors at the Dnepropetrovsk Automo-
bile Plant (DAZ)
With the data acquired from the various sources and the
methods described in the previous sections of this research aid, it
is possible to construct a time series for production of Belarus'
tractors at DAZ. This series, covering the period 1953-60, is given
in Table 5,* based on the ranges developed in Tables 1** and 4.*** In
order to provide a composite picture, Table 5 also gives estimated pro-
duction of Belarus' tractors in the USSR and at MTZ.
As mentioned in I, above, DAZ exceeded the planned aggregate
production of 15,000 tractors scheduled for the MOP in 1954 and 1955
by nearly 7,000 units. Production during 1956-60 probably has ranged
from 29,000 to 31,800 units annually. There appears to be a plan for
phasing DAZ out of the tractor program by 1965, but available evidence
suggests the possibility of production continuing at least into 1961.
* Table 5 follows on p. 19.
P. 14, above.
*** P. 18, below.
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Table 4
Estimated Production of Belarus' Tractors in the USSR
at the Minsk Tractor Plant and Residual Production
1953-59
Year
USSR
Minsk Tractor Plant
Residual
1953
0.5
0.5
0
1954
14.8
8.3
6.5
1955
27.9
12.8
15.1
1956
45.0-45.7 cJ
16.0
29.0-29.7
1957
48.7-49.1
19.2
29.5-29.9
1958
52.9-53.3
22.5
30.4-30.8
1959
59.3-59.8
30.3
29.0-29.5
a. Constructed from data in Table 2, p. 16, and Table 3, p. 17,
above.
b. See footnote b, Table 5, p. 19, below.
c. The minimum figure in this range represents production at
MTZ plus production at DAZ reported by an official of a Soviet
tractor plant.
Whether DAZ was able to achieve a high level of output from the
beginning because it possessed considerableidle capacity that was
hurriedly put to use or whether capacity devoted to other products was
hurriedly converted to tractors is not known. The first assumption
would appear to be a reasonable explanation in view of the size of the
plant and the fact that the manufacture of trucks for which the plant
was intended was never initiated- on a large scale. Initiation of
production of rocket engines at DAZ in 1951 or 1952 34 presumably did
not involve the entire facilities of the plant. When the high priority
program for increasing production of tractors was established in 1953,
the idle capacity at DAZ offered a logical solution to the problem of
lack of adequate capacity in plants of the tractor industry.
25X1 C DAZ, , is an
enormous plant, but neither the total area of the plant nor the extent
of the plant devoted to production of the Belarus' tractor is known.
By analogy with NTZ, which produced about the same number of tractors
in 1959 as DAZ, the latter possibly may have as much as 2.0 million
sq ft of floorspace and 10 000 to 11,000 workers allocated to pro-
duction 25X1C
of tractors. jjjW hat the plant
had a floorspace of about 1.72 million sq ft, 25X1 C
1956 indicates a figure of at least 2.0 million sq_ft. DAZ, however,
probably does not produce its own engines, and, unlike MTZ, tractor
* Following p. 18.
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Table 5
Estimated Production of Belarust Tractors
in the USSR,, by Plant a/
1953 -60
Year
Total
Minsk Tractor Plant
Dnepropetrovsk
Automobile Plant
1953
0.5
0.5
0
1954
14.8
8.3
6.5
1955
27.9
12.8
15.1
1956
45.0-45.7
16.0
29.0-29.7
1957
48.7-49.4
19.2
29.5-30.2
1958
52.9-54.3
22.5
30.4-31.8
1959
59.3-60.8
30.3
29.0-30.5
1960
65.5 c/
34.5
31.0
a. Constructed from data in Tables 1, 2, 3, and , pp. 14, 16, 17,
and 18, respectively, above.
b. Production at DAZ is based on the two estimates given as resi-
duals in Table 1, p. 14, and Table 4, p. 18. Data for 1953-56 are
from Table 4. The lower limit of the range for 1957-59 is the lower
limit of the range of the data for the respective years in Table 4,
whereas the upper limit of the range is from Table 1. Data for 1960
are from Table 1.
c. The sum of production for DAZ and MTZ given in Tables 1 and 3,
pp. 14 and 17, respectively, above.
spare parts probably do not account for 10 to 12 percent of the total
value of output of tractors and parts. If DAZ was completed in ac-
cordance with the original plan, it has a floorspace of about 420,000
square meters (sq, m), or 4.5 million sq ft.*
* The construction of DAZ, which began in 1945, was undertaken for
the purpose of producing ZIS-150 trucks at a planned rate of 25,000
units by 1950 and an eventual output of 60,000 annually. Press re-
porting of the period stated that the plant area would be about 500
acres and would have a total floorspace of 420,000 sq m and 70 indus-
trial buildings. In 1947, plans called for 75 "production units."
These units were to include shops for assembly, chassis, engines, body
work, springs, wheels, woodworking, instruments, and foundry, forge,
and press shops as well as a power station and a gas generator station.
Between 7,000 and 8,000 machine tools of various types were to be in-
stalled. The chassis shop alone would ffootnote continued on p. 227
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occupy 32,000 sq m (344,000 sq ft) and the foundry 37,970 sq m
(409,000 sq ft). Some of these buildings undoubtedly were completed
25X1C according to plan, does not permit a clear
identification. There presently is one large fabrication assembly
type of building, the largest in the plant,-that occupies much of one
side of the area and has a roof cover of about 1 0,ooo sq ft. A
number of other buildings of the same general type but smaller are
located nearby. None of the buildings that might be directly involved
in production of tractors can be identified.
At the time MTZ was under construction, a local newspaper reported
that the plant would have 32 "shops" and a total production area of
172,000 sq m (1.85 million s ft). Included in this area were a gray
iron foundry of 25,000 sq m (269,000 sq ft), -a steel foundry of 20,000
sq m (215,000 sq ft), and a tool shop of 8,000 sq m (86,000 sq ft),
which account for one-third of the total floorspace. Seven "gigantic"
production buildings, presumably including the foundries described
above were to have a combined floorspace of 62,000 sq m (667,000 sq
25X1 C ft). indicate that at least the main
buildings of the plant probabl were constructed about as planned,
with 25 to 30 buildings. who obviously were only in 25X1C
the main area of the plant, report that there were 160,000 sq m of
25X1 C
-floors ace (1.72 million sq ft).
25X1C however, indicates a roof cover of a ou
2.0 million sq ft in the main plant and another 1.0 million sq ft in
what appear to be two extensions in various stages of construction.
The assumption that the latter are -extensions of the tractor plant
may be in error.
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