SE-38: SOVIET BLOC CAPABILITIES AND PROBABLE COURSES OF ACTION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE (BELOW 30,000 KILOCYCLES)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79S01011A000900020012-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 27, 2009
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: April 20, 1953
• Content Type: SE

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25 YEAR
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SC-38: SOVIET BLOC CAPNSIMMIs AND PRC$ABCOCO RS S Or ACTION
7F EIECTACP+Ip t3ACTy IC WARVARC (313LOW 30,000 KILOCYCLES)
APPENDIX A: ECONC! C FACTORS
EICR12-Sl.
20 April 1953
. WARM
RBIS MATERIAL COMPAINS INFORMATION AFPE THE
NATIONAL DEFENSE or TRR Ck sii STMS W ?BIN THE
NEAIOL C' THE ESPIONACZ LAW, Ti'TIE 188, USC, SECSQ
793 AND 794, TOM TRANSMISSION OR RELATION OF
WSI i IN ANY MANNER TO AN WAUTHORE,SD PERSON IS
PROM= BY LAW;
Prepared by the EIC Subca?nmitfise on Electronics and Telecommunications
on the Basis of EIC-R12
ECONOMIC INTELLia E ComwWo
US OFFICIALS ONLY
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Staten nt of C zicurrence
This sppendlx to M-38 has been approved by the B300 sentatives of
the Departments of the Arby's the Navy, the Air Forces and State and c CIA.
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I. Introduction . . . . . . . O
11. Sim Resources in Telecommmuiestiom . . 2
A. Bloc Telecoaanunications Facilities.. . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B. Bloc Production of Telecaasmaanications Equipment, . . . . 5
C. Adeq.aecy of Electric Power Supply . . .
. 9
D.' Bloc Telecommunications Manpower Resources ?. ? . 9
M. Bloc Capabilities for Expended Electromagnetic Wurfue 10
A. Diversion of Telecommun3:cati ons Facilities from Normal.
Ser ? A~ ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ! O ? ! ? ? ? ? ? O . O O O 10
B. Diversion of Resources to Production of ElectromegOetic
Warfare Equipment . . . . . . . a ? ? O 13
0. Diversion of iaanpoWer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O 14
D. Increasing Present Capabilities Over the Next Two Years 14
XV? Vulmrability of the Bloc to Retaliatory Electromagnetic
Wazifaare . . O . . . ? . : ? ? . . . . . O 7 . . O . . . O ? 15
1. Tabulation of Estimates on the Soviet Bloc ' leleeormiunlcatia,ne
System (Radio, Telegraph,, Telephone, Telephoto),, 19146, 1950-52 16
2. Tabulation of Reported Soviet Bloc International Telo-
cammuunications Circuits, 1 January 1952. . . . . . . . . . . 17
Estimated Th mber of Transmitters Used for Rediobroadcaabsting
by the Soviet Bloc, 15 January 1953 ? . . . . o o 0 ? . o . 0 18
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Tsbtilaticn of Data on Soviet Bloc l'nternational. Antral Radio-
b1"astdreasting Servi3ces, 1 Jlaauary 1953 ? ? 19
5. - Estimate of the number and. Character of Soviet Bloc Aural
Radiob
d
rog
casting Reception Jhcilities, 1952-53 . . . . . . , 20
Total Estimated Output of Electron TQbes in the Soviet Bloc,
1951-521P 1955
? . . . . . ?
7. Estimated Production of Microwave R
di
a
o Equipment
in East GBIUMW.
1949_55 . . . . . e . . . . . . 21
igure leccmmanicationg Come
rage of the Soviet orbit
fFigure 2.7 Soviet Orbit Aeronautical & MGritime, commonicatioae
and. Radio-navigational-aids Trmnam tting-station
Locations
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SECtmm MCRMATIOR
is-38: mm BLOC CAPS AND PRCBAl Z CORMS or ACTICIII
CMA L0,000 1CIIACYOLES) ,
APPENDIX At ECO C FACTS
I.? Introduction.
I. From on, economic point of view, the rapid telecommunication,
resources of the Soviet Bloc mfr be regarded as consisting of two princi-
pal components: (a) the radio and wire comarunication.systems in being,
which Include (i) the rating equipment such as transmitters, telephone
lines, monitor-control stations, etc.; (U) the tecbuical personnel vbo
operate and maintain this equipment; and (iii) the essential services and
?au plies notably. electric power, needed to operate the system; and (b) the
communications equipment industry, including its plant facilities, manpower,
and supporting sources of essential materials and power.
2. The present physical capabilities of the Bloc for waging electro-
magnetic warfare are determined simost exclusively by the first component:
namely, the radio and wire cammounication systems in being, particularly
the quuantity, tecbnicsl characteristics, and geographic distribution of
the operating equipment. These capabilities, moreover, could be Increased
by diverting com inications resources now used for a variety of, purposes
to the specific task of waging electromagnetic varfam. In the present
estimate, therefore, the electronics industry is important prImarily in
assessing, the Bloc's ability to improve and expand its present capabilities
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either by way of suaaament3ng the diversion of existing communications
resources or as an alternative to such diversion.
ZI. Bloc Resources in Telecaamumicetidns.
A. Bloc Telecommunications Itailities.
3. To support its varied activities over same 12 million square
miles, the Soviet Bloc operates an extensive co dex of rapid camnutnics.
tions facilities. These facilities serve the do?estic9 antra-Blocs and
International needs of the Bloc countries. At practically all important
military headquarters swine and radio facilities are readily available.
The principal wire and radio facilities of the bloc are shown
on the acccrrazr3ring naps (Figures 1 and 2*). Figure 1 shows the pri nci.
pal wire lime and more than 29300 fixed radio station locations; Figure 2
shows the. location of over 1,000 aeronautical radio compamication stations.
(212 with radio navigation aid facilities).. 333 maritime radio- commw=1ce-
tion stations, and 103 maritime radio navigation aid facilities. The
stations spotted on Figure 2 all operate or serve mobile radio units
(aircraft, vessels, and vehicles).
5. All transmitters capable of emitting radio signals are potential
jammers. It is estimated that the Bloc "s wire and radio carmunicatiirn
systems; es a whole comprises same 9,600` significant transmitters. A complete
bra of this total by type of service (for exaapley radio broadcasting,
navigation aids,, etc.) is not availabiea but Table 1 smmoarizes certain
Following pi 21.
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aggregate statistics on the Bloc's telecommunications system. e
6. The basic telephone and telegraph system of each Bloc coun-
try, emplaying both vim and radio, is Integrated nationally and services
primarily the state authority. Each of these in turn shove source lategra-
ticn into one massive Bloc-wide system with Moscow as the /Focal pointo
The basic system serves the general political., social, camo,ercial, and
military needs of the Bloc. In addition,, there are fu ctioa-al systems,
in the main connected with the basic system., which meet the need for
security., police,
industrial, aeronautical,, naritim8, meteorological,
and military operations.
7. In the basic system alone there are believed to be over 30
main centers In the USSR with heavy concentrations of radio and wire.
facilities, 14 in Coa nist Chins, and same 36 in the other Bloc corm-
tries. For the bundling of international point-to-point radio and wire
ccmmunicationsp there-are believed to be 12 gateway cities" In the
'CSSRp 28 in Communist China, aM 30 in the other Bloc countries. Table 2
Is n tabulation of reported Bloc international telecoiiimications car-
cults. It .shows not only the extent of the coverage but also the
relation between the use of wire and radio for those circuits.
8. Large areas east of the Urals and north of the Trans-Siberian
Railroad, as well as wide. areas of Cc' moist Chinas, resin uncovered by
Table 1 f'o7.lows on p. 16.
Gateway cities are cities with through- internatic l radio and/or
wire cbeunneis is,
Table 2 follows on P. 17,
3
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wire lines or are only thinly covered. In these areas, rapid corsnunice-
tions depend largely or wholly on radio.
9. Bloc dependence on radio is not limited to the areas lacking
wire lines. Mobile units (such as vehicles, aircraft,* and ships) are
almost completely dependent on radio for rapid caeomtnications and certain
nrevigational services.
10. Radio also is used heavily between maMr points within the Bloc
which are connected by wire. The USSR employs radio more intensively and
extensively than any other country in the world. Communist China's use
of radio is relatively i conseciuential, as compared with, that of the USSR,
but low-powered radio stations of 1 kilowatt nr less are located at many
wire junctions and supplement wire facilities. The European Bloc, on the
other band, apart from Albeaits ' where facilities are meager, is well served
by wire facilities, and radio is not generally employed for points connected
by wire lines.
11. The Bloc mans aural radiobrcadcasting systems are heavy users
of radio, The Bloc domestic services use a minimum of over 400 radio
transmitters, employing a wide range of powers and operating in the three
major frequency bends below 30,000 kilocycles -- the law, the ,medium,
and the high. Statistics an these services are shown in Table 3.a It is
believed that some of these transmitters are at time employed in the
* Sable 3 follows on p. 3.8.
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jamming operation. The international service is itself considerable,
though the number of transmitters employed for this service alone is not
known. Table k gives some measure of the meignitude of this service
12. The wire line plays an increasingly significant role in Bloc
mass aural domestic radiobroadcasting service. Wire lines are used to
relay broadcasting programs between same cities. More important,-hov-
ever,, is the use of wire lines for the distribution of broadcasting
programs to loudspeakers.. Such wire lines are generally independent and
separate from the wire lines used for telephony and telegraphy. In the
vicinity of radiobroadcasting stations wire lines con at the stations
directly with the associated loudspeakers. The wire link is also used
to transmit programs to more distant wire diffusion exchanges to which
loudspeakers in the latter area are connected. Other remote areas are
served by wire diffusion exchanges which pick up programs by radios ampli-
fy them, and distribute these signals to wired loudspeakers. Table 5
gives estimates of the number and character of Bloc reception facilities
for 1952 and 19530.E
B. Bloc Production of Telecommunication Equipment.
13. The electronics Industry of the Soviet Bloc comprises an eati-
n ted 120 to 150 plants in the USSR and over 135 plants in East Oermeinye
Czechoslovakia,, and Hungary. Approximately 85 percent of the plaints are
e
4 o Vows on p. 19.
Table 5 follows on p. 20,
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su ed In a iaa ]y at cad Vrafte s and sajor Whasasoblies, and the
=wLinGer Is p tatIca of t0ss . Bed other cctnpooaa1 parts.
14. Its is estinated that the total prroductim at the electronics
tm strt at the Bloc In 1952, a ased is vatvtr ter at US prices
sae $750 ai1Uo. ~,pp~roaLtat?ly three-fourths at the electronics equip-
=at ps~odsosd Is the Bloc Is a1]rooated to adlitsmy needs, and the remsin-
ing =w-tear tb to civilise iwds..
15. 'mss Bloc produces nearly all of. Its own transmitter equipment.
most of the production is from 12 known plants in the USSR, but East
German and Rungerien production is also significant. East Berman produd-
tion for the period 1950-52 was approximately 600 transmitters with a total
rated power exceeding 20500 kilowatts. Of particular importance because of
their high power were 9 units ranging from 100 to 500 kilowatts and 17 aunts
slanging from 3 to. 50 kilowatts. Hungarian factories are reported to have
produced 700 transmitters (5 of vhich angled between 120 and 135,kilowatts)
for the t during 1949-51.
16. It is estimated that the Bloc produced 64 million eieetirxt tubes
of all types in 1952, nearly 3 million of which were transmitting and otter
special tubes (see Table 6),e There is no indication that the Bloc
cos inicetion transmitter program has been hampered WW-shortages of tube
manufacturing facilities since 1950. In fact,, East Germany has a Cape,-
city to produce transmitting tubes which is currently not being fully
utilized because of lover planned requirements.
Table 6-f-0-1 -TOW on p. 21.
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17. A significant developaaent tending to reduce the Bloe?s
vulnerability, to radio jai" 4ng is the production during the lest 3 years
of microwave radio relay equipment of predominantly eight-chsnrsel type.
This equipment permits highly directional transmission at extremely high
frequencies,. with relay stations required at line-ct-sight distances.
It provides much greater security from. hostile interference and enemy
interception. It is estiamted that the Bloc has produced about 2,700
microwave equipment units (each unit comprising a tranamittef and a
receiver), during the period 1949-52. Approximately 1,750 units were
produced in East Geraainy (see Table 7),e and the remainder are believed.
to have been produced in the URSSR. There is no evidence of microwave
:equipansnt production in the Satellites other than East Qermww,
18, Production of eU types of civilian radio receivers in t1>ces
Bloc increased from slightly more than 1 million sets in 1918 to about
1..6 million sets, in 1951.E During the same period the output of short-
Veve receivers decreased from 825,000 to roughly 650,000 sets. This
decrease does not Indicate en special difficulty encountered by the Bloc
in producing short-wave sets, but probably reflects an effort to reduce
the availability of radio sets capable of receiving Western broadcasts
beamed to the Soviet and Satellite people.
Table 7 o laws on p. 21
Of the 1.6 million receivers produced in 19519 450,000 were relatively
insensitive crystal receivers.
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19. Bloc production of telecommunications wire line equipment is
adequate to maintain existing wire ctnieation systems and to expand
them in accordance with published plans. However, despite the rapid
expansion or wire and cable plants since 1918, the Bloc is dependent on
imports for 20 percent of its wire and cable. Production of wire could
be greatly increased if raw copper were diverted from other uses. The
Bloc requires an estimated 84,000 metric tons of copper,, for its current
production of both com+ mnicatione and industrial wire and cable.' This
requirement represents over 30 percent of the Bloc's production of
copper., estimated at 2685000 metric tons. Bloc production of copper is
supplemented by an estimated 80,000 metric tons of imported copper.
20. Soviet dependence on Western imports of critical electric and
electronic test equipment is rapidly decreasing. In 1951 the estimated
total of imports was $14 million, or 2 percent of Bloc production of
electronic equipment. However, these 'imports included large shipments of
transmitter equipment end tubes, items for'which the Bloc is not estimated
to be currently dependent on foreign sources.
21. Present trade controls have kept the Bloc's imports of elec-
tropic equipment below the 1951 level. However, significant quantities
of materials and certain machines required-in the manufacture of tubes and
components are still being imported% teeny of the materials moving in this
tracde,v such as refractory metals and diamond dies,, are 'difficult to inter-
diet effectively because of the smell tonnages. involved.
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C. Adegnacsr of Electric P" r Sly.
22. 'te amount of electric enerW cc auaoed by rapid coven mications
facilities w d In the of electronic sq t neat is a small
peraents of the totall, electric energy produced in any one of the Bloc
can tries. There are no indications of a sborUgR of electric power
for the operation of the Bloc's con nunicatiaa facilities and the support-
iag electronics industry.
23. Electric porter services are available from central stations
to most of the Bloc area west of the Urals and to certain-limited areas
in the Asiatic part of the Bloc. In ,regions without central station
supply, power must be obtained Prams, more localized sources such as genera-
tors or batteries. Consequently, in large areas or Siberia and China it
my be difficult to assure reliable rapid communications services under
conditions of sudden heavy demand.
D. BLOC -.Telecommunications Manpower - Pesources.
211. 'Through stepped-vp training programs, the R bad by-1950
largely overcame the mare critical postwar shortages of skilled Workers.
It is estimated that $,600 electrical engineers from-college level insti-
tutions, and 109000 technicians from advanced communications schools,, are
now being graduated annually.
25. The Soviet Bloc :vat1.d not encounter a serious manpower shortage
in increasing its electromagnetic warfare activities. On total number of
workers in the BRoc electronics and telecoms nications manufacturing indus-
tries is estimated as 292,000 for 1951, with an increase to 3729000 by the
91-
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end of 1952. Personnel engaged in operating the coseinications facilities
of the 4YSSR, exclusive of military personnel, are estimated at 600,000.
An additional source of trained manpower is available in the military ser-
vices and in the radio anateur grorap.
Bloc Capabilities for Expended Electrameetic Warfare.
A. Diversion of Telocoamunieations Facilities from Normal Service.
26. Radio below 30,000 kilocycles is only one of the several
media available for rapid communications; and even where it is the sole
medium, it is not in every case indispensable. By use of reserve trans-
mitters, rationalizing facilities and services,, and diverting traffic to
alternate mediae it is believed that the Bloc could increase its current
jampiing effort (estimated to involve to date. the variable use of some 900
different transmitters) now directed against reception of foreign broad-
casts ' to . Bloc audiences. While it is estimated that roughly 1,000 to
2,000 additional transmitters could be employed for janaoing' purposes without
significantly impairing rapid ccmmmnications services, the actual extent to
which additional transmitters could be diverted to janamdng depends on the
number of hours of jaanriing operation; the time of day; the target area;
and the location, power., and frequency of the transmitters available. In
any case., transmitters would be drawn from the estimated 9,600 total sig-
nificant transmitters distributed throughout the Bloc.
27. It is not possible to determine the precise diversion of trans-
mitters which each of the methods discussed be~.ov might provide. NNW of
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the methods are based in part on analogical comparisons with worldwide
operationsi standards. Also, some of the methods may already have been
partially introduced in support of the current Soviet jamming operatIon.
a. Use of Reserve Transmitters.
Most countries provide reserve transmitters for their
main radio stations in order to insure continuity of service. There
are some 2,300 reported radio station locations in the Soviet Blocs
each of which probably has at least two transmitters. It is also likely
that the Bloc has a considerable number of transmitters in strategic
reserve. In addition,,'there are probably a number of transmitters actually
in service which are potentially an additional reserve. These trans-
mitters include units engaged in dun Wr traffic to conceal operational
surges in traffics other typos of deception traffic,, and use of live
cirrcuits for training radio operators.
b. Rationalization of Transmitter Facilities.
It is estimated that there are hundreds of lightly loaded
,
services which do not require the use of their transmitters on a 2k-hour,
stand-by basis and could consequently provide mares hours of jamming
service. An actual release of such transmitters might be' obtained by
reducing the number of transmitters at a single location operating In dif-
ferent services. Additional transmitter time also could be released by
increasing within limits the speed of telegraphic transmission and/or the
channel capacities served by a single transmitter.
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c'. fansmItters Released by Acceptance of D*le d Service.
The rationalization of transmitter facilities would be
greatly pseisted by flattening out the 211-hour traffic load curve and
accepting other delays in service. For exonplee s substantial number
of transmitters could be released by the reduction of the number of points
involved in direct interccaa=Aoication.
d. Reduction of Nonessential. Services and Use of Alternative
Maediaa
Diversion of nonofficial private messages from point-ft-
point rapid comnnications services to the postal medium would constitute
a significant direct saving in radio transmitters as wall as an indirect
saving by re leasing wire lines for essential comeunications o In addition,
the Elm probably could divert a number of its 1121 transmitters en d in
muss aural radiobrosdcasting. Some of theses transmitters are believed to
participate in current Jamming operations. The reduction of eanral radio-
broadcasting would be mitigated to now extent by the continued expztein
of the extensive wire diffusion network developed for carrying programs to
lcrmdspealers. This network is becoming increasingly less dependent on radio
distribution of programs. Present dependence on radio for rebroadcasting to
wire diffusion centers could be overcome by further extension of wire and by
transporting program transcriptions by physical means.
e. Rescheduling of Residual Radio Services.
Tice services which the Bloc would continue to conduct., under
extended electromagnetic warfare conditions, could be rescheduled as to time,,
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areas frequency band, and/or, transmitter assignment In such a way as to
provide optimmn availability for jamming operations
B. Diversion of Aesources to Production of Elect tic
0 AL"
Wait .re T .. ~?
28. It is believed that the Bloc electronics industry could provides
for substantial increases in the production of transmitters for jaie"ing by
cutting back nomessentlal electronics production. For eZOWle, the cost
of producing 1,000 standard com-ications voice transmitters of 10 kilowatt
power, which are entirely adequate for Jamming operation is estimated at
approximately $22 million in US prices. This cost represents about 3 per-
cent of the total and 12 percent of the nonmilitary production value of
the Bloc electronics industry for 1952. The production of the first adds-
tiona]. 1,000 transmitters possibly could be undertaken without serious
displacement in the industry. Production of additional 1,000-unit incre-
ments naturally would entail more serious diversion. of resources and elec-
tronic equipment production.
29. The Bloc would encounter difficulty in expanding significantly
its abort-term output of ccmmnnications cable and wire. Supplies of raw
copper already are tightly allocated. Also, the Bloc is dependent for
said 30 percent of its raw copper and 20 percent of its cable and wire on
external sources.
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0. Diversion of Manpower.
30. The cost of diverting technically trained manpower for the
enlargement of electromagnetic warfare would be relatively snnlla Most
of the requirements could be net by the reallocation of personnel in the
existing caomnanications services and electronic equipment induatryo
D, Thcreaaing Present Capabilities Over the Nsxxt 2 ~Se
31. The natural rate of growth of rapid communications facili-
ties and of the production of the equipment and materials for these
facilities would yield a sizable increase in the capability of the Soviet
Bloc. The level of output for electron tubes, the best indicator of
electronic capability, is expected to increase over 50 percent, measured
in value terms, during the next 2 years (see Table 6). Rapid rates of
expansion allc are acted for the production of microwave radio equip-
ment ( Table 7) for the extension of wire diffusion networks (see
Table 5), and for the construction of wire lines and coaxial cables.
Some ineresses also are expected in existing wire line capacities.
32. If the future potential for electromagnetic warfare were to
receive greater erpbasio in Soviet production planning and in the reduc-
tion of dependence on radio coma nicationa below 30,000 kilocycles, Soviet
capabilities could be significantly increased. The extent and speed with
which these future capabilities could be developed would depend, of course,
*)n the priority which the Bloc placed on this program in relation to other
production goals.
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IV. Vulnerabil i of the BLOC to Retalia DOW Warfare
33. An assessment of tbs. vulnerability of radio circuits must
consider two factors: the strategic essentiality of the service and
the technical susceptibility of the circuit to jamining.
34. The loss of goverrmmnt camamad communication abomels In
the Asiatic part of the Bloc and of radio navigational, radio control,
and mobile radio coammssmnications services throughout the Bloc could be
extremely serious in time of war or other emergencies. W der cold war
coimditious tie loss of rapid radio ccumieanication would to some variable
extent hamper the direction of Bloc affairs and would force the diversion
of resources to the more rapid development of alternative means of
coonommIcation. T s Bloc is ccupletely dependent on radio for the major
portion of Its rapid ccxsmsnications east of the Urals and in Camrimist
Chhim.. The Bloc also Is dependent on radio for long-range mobile opera-
tional camrmmications, radio navigation, and radio control cbannels.
35. The present long-range civil radio network of the USSR
bandies 15 percent of the traffic volume between the major cities along
the Trans-Siberian Railroad and 80 percent of traffic north of the rail-
road. The antenna parts of this system are equipped with numerous direc-
ticnal,, higb-S"n antenna arrays which decrease susceptibility to jamming.
Aeronautical and maritime networks are more vulnerable to jamming because
of low power and lose directional antennas.
36. CM of the most important assets in readjusting to the loss
of the civil high-frequency network would be the application of eight-
l microwave, wants as substitutes for many essential. v ' ".bile radio
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*%W IM04
3wF.-C-II-v- -T
Tabulation of ratimates on the Soviet aoc Telecommunications System
(Radio, Telegraph, Telephone, Telephoto)
1946, 1950-52
Basic System European Ca mist
Satellites Chins
1. Kilometers of Wire J 3,000 (1952) 30,000 (1952) 600 (1952)
(Thatsands)
2. Radiomirensmitters 7,150 (1952) 1,,250 (1952) 1,210 (1952)
(Al]. Services)
30 Radio Transmitters 168 (1952) 105 (1952) 149 (1952)
(Broadcasting Ser-
vices)
4. 'Radio Stations in 1,490 (1951) 100 (1951) b 328 (1950) J
point-to-point
Service
5. Radio stations
1 - 9. kw
2 - 30 me
6. Radio stations
10 - 19 kv
2-30n
7. Radio Stations
20 law & Over
2 - 30 me
63 (1951) 41 (1951)
NaAO 11 (1951) 8 (1951)
425 (1951) 17 (1951)
2 (1951)
8. Telephone Conver- 132 (1951)
q %-&-I (1951) 6.5 (1951)
94tions
Total All
,
Ts (Millions)
9. Tlegrarns, Total 283.5 (1951)
All Wpas (Millions)
51. (1951)
Voted to
on.
b. Nine of the stations in the point-to-
X se
14.3 (1946)
re ce for t3M European
Satellites and
277 for Coajet Chirac are below the 1-kilowatt (kw mini==
poser covered for, radios in lines 5 , 6 and 7
c? The USSR bas submitted a total of 1425 notifications to the Internation
Teleccaa MIcations ibion ( 8) for call letters, for radio transmitters of
15-kw' power or more in the freq ency range from 6 to 13 megacycles (mc) .
16
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Tabulation of RRaported. Soviet Bloc International Teleccmm m1cationa Circuits J
1 3anuary 1952 .
Country shown Contacted Radio Wire
lumber of circuits
with tither Bloc
CombrIes
Moor of Bloc
ac#.~ct
Countries Cantes
Bedio & Radio 'wire
Radio War We -N -L - 2k
TSR
12
30
35
32
11
9
. 4
3 1
Albania
2
5
3
2
1
0
2 1
Past Austria
1
20
11
84
3
24
2
2 3
8tol.gaa
1
16
13
26
6
5
1
1 5
Chine,
28
30
73
42
15
14
2
2 1
Czechoslovakia
5
35
35
110
7
$5
4
2 3
Bast.Gorn any
3
16
11
7
7
2
0
7 1
Hung
4
27
21
55
8
28
3
3 3
Poland
8
22
21
39
19
Fomenia
6
17
19
30
19
a. Talmn frc B - , A-PPOUN C. S.
Ntaober of
Gatetaw Total NUmber of
Cities in To eel lumber Circuits
Country of Countries
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S-E-C R E-T
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NOW moo
S-E-C RR-T
Table3
Estiz ted Nwaber of Transmitters Used for Fadiobroe d casting
by the Soviet Bloc a/
(L . Low-Frequency: M = Media~m quenCy3 H Higb--~requsncy)
15 January 1953
NO. of
Cities
Having Fre-
Traens- q*ency
Country m ters Send
USSR
Albania
East
Austria
ftishria
China
87
Czaeacho- 14
East
Oex ny
Hungary
= Poland
nia,
Power (in Kilowatts)
.01-14 -12 20- 100-1 20o-" 500 & Over totals Totals
L 8 13 13 9 1 44 167
M . 15 20 12 10 57
H 24 3.5 20 7 66 10
L
M 4 1 5
H 5
L
M 6 1 4 7
H 4
L
M 1
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
M
H
L
110 3 1
21 10 4
3 2 6
1 1
1
14 3 5 1
3
M 1 3
H 1
L
M 2 2 6
H 5
5 L
M 2. 3
H 2 1
Totals 215
a. n i GAFF 3x E. UO
-18-
4
2
114
35
1
21-
2
1
14
3
7
3
1
10
5
1
6
3
10
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B-3-C-A-B-T
Table 4
Tabu atioa of Data on Soviet Bloc
tnternationsl Aural Radiobroadcasting Services J
1 Janueay 1953
No. of Cities
Average
Average
No. of
Frequency Band
Broadcasting
Number of
Daily
Different
Used
in Country
Country Shown
Programs
per
Frog am
(Hours)
Lsn?uagae
Used
Low Medium High
WSR
4
229
102
35
Albania,
1
26
8
11
East Austria
1
x
Btaigaria
1
30
18
11
x
China
2
47
22
14
Czechoslovakia
1
55
29
14
East Germany
1
2
Hungary
1
46
27
12
x
Poland
1
78
45
13
x
Ew'*nia
2
16
10
9
. Totals
15
261
.a. in cm E -
, A
G.
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Table 5
Estimate of the Ehmber and-Character of Soviet Bloc
Aural Radiobroadcasting Reception Facilities
1952-53
1952
1953
wire Dif`Pusion systems
WIMMf usi+on 8yrstems
Country
ExchanMs
Loudspeakers
Radio Receivers
Exchanges
Lotulspeakere
Radio Receivers
36,500
109000,000
4,500,000
40,000
10,500,
59000,000
Albania
100
NoA.
19,000
100
A.A.
20,000
t].ge~ria
891
114, 595
250,000
1,100
143,000
260,000
China
(Thousands)
N.A.
1,000,000
(Thousands)
NAB
1,000,000,
Czechoslovakia
LA.
500,000
2,600,000
N.A.
5009000
2,730,000
East Austria
N,.A0
N.A. a/
900,000
NA.
W AO
950,000.
East Germany
N.A.
N.A. a/
$,000,000
NA,.
NoA.
4,100,000
H=6=7
NoA.
160,000
627,00o
190,000
635,E
Poland
7,450
725,000
1,250,000
8,000
785,000
19330,
Rwnanja
200
100,000
300.,000
300
150,000
310,000
Total Bloc
12,4461000
16,N5.900()
A. The 2 estimates are from EIC R12, Appendix J. S.
b. The 1953 estimates are projected from CHR estimates for previous years.
c. Fragmentary reports indicate that wire-diffusion systems are also under development in these
countries.
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S-E-C R-E-T
Table 6
Total Estimated Output of Electron Tubes
in the Soviet Bloc of
{Bats of Output at End o
y
ear)
1951-529 1955
A1l. Types
Transmitting and
Special Tubes
Dumber of Tubas Dollar Value
Dumber
Year
(MMiilions) (
pion $)
Minims
1951
50
62
2.4
1952
64
82
209
1955
115
170
5.5
Oittpit and capac queer for because
manufacturing variables. These figures are based on a
forthcoming supplement to CIA/RR 7, The Electron Tube
industry in the Soviet Bloc, 29 August 2. Ss
MTICIkW OnLy. y sera adopted on the basis of the
analysis of plant output rather than analysis of plant
capacity.
Table 7
Estimated Production of Microwave Audio Equipment
in East Germany
1949-55
Amouat
1949-50
500
1951
500
1952
750
1953
18000
1954
18500
1955
1st
a. Production is expressed in equipment units.
Each unit includes a transmitter and receiver.
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Soviet Orbit Aeronautical & Maritime
Communications and Radio-navigational-
aids Transmitting- station Locations
Aeronautical radio-communication station
Aeronautical radio-navigation-aid facility
? Maritime radio-communication (coastal) station
o Maritime radio-navigation-aid facility
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12646 CIA, 3.53
TELECOMMUNICATIONS' COVERAGE
OF THE SOVIET ORBIT
0 International"Gateway"Communications City
? Main Communication Center
? Radio Station Location
(Each dot represents a probable location of one or more
radio stations each containing one or more radio trans-
mitters operating on frequencies up to 30 Mc. Both con-
firmed and unconfirmed information has been included.)
Meteorological Station
(Each square represents a location North of 60? North
Latitude at which a meteorological station has been
reported. The absence of wire line facilities suggest.
the probable use of radio communication facilities.)
Wire Line
(Only principal wire line facilities are shown. Telegraph
and telephone lines, as such, are not depicted.)
Submarine Cable
(All of such lines are not shown and their presence on
the map does not necessarily indicate that the facility
is operational at this time.)
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