IMPORTS OF MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT BY COMMUNIST CHINA 1950-58

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• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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N? 102
Economic Intelligence Report
IMPORTS OF MACHINERY
AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
BY COMMUNIST CHINA
1950-58
CIA/RR ER 60-22
September 1960
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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SECRET
Economic Intelligence Report
IMPORTS OF MACHINERY
AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
BY COMMUNIST CHINA
1950-58
CIA/RR ER 60-22
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
SECRET
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FOREWORD
This report describes the level, direction, and composition of im-
ports of machinery and transportation equipment by Communist China.
The available data on the value of these imports are examined and cam-
pared with those on total imports in order to place in perspective the
imports of machinery and transportation equipment.
The report delineates the requirements of Communist China for ma-
chinery and transportation equipment for developing the country under
the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62). After considering official Chi-
nese Communist claims for self-sufficiency in production of machinery
and transportation evipment, the report describes in general terms
the types and amounts of such equipment that Communist China will need
to import.
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CONTENTS
Summary and Conclusions
I. Level of Trade in Machinery and Transportation Equip-
Page
1
ment
3
A.
Value
3
B.
Importance
5
II.
Geographical Distribution
7
A.
General
7
B.
USSR
7
C.
European Satellites
9
D.
Free World
12
III.
Commodity Composition
17
A.
General
17
B.
USSR
19
C.
European Satellites
22
1. East Germany
22
2. Czechoslovakia
23
3. Poland
25
4. Hungary
26
5. Rumania
29
6. Bulgaria
29
D.
Free World
31
IV.
The Drive of Communist China for Economic Self-
Sufficiency
33
A.
Achievements and Goals
33
B.
Restrictions on Imports of Capital Equipment from
Foreign Countries
36
V.
Future Requirements
39
A.
Mining and Metallurgical Equipment
4o
B.
Transportation Equipment
41
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C. Electrical Equipment 42
D. Chemical Equipment 43
E. Petroleum Equipment 44
F. Metalworking Machinery 44
Appendixes
Appendix A. Statistical Tables
47
Tables
1. Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Trans-
portation Equipment, 1950-58
2. Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Transpor-
tation Equipment from the USSR as Reported by the
USSR, 1950-58
3. Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Transpor-
tation Equipment from the Free World as Reported by
the Free World, 1953-58
4
10
14
4. Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Transpor-
tation Equipment from Selected Countries and Areas of
the Free World, 1956-58 15
5. Communist China: Imports of Complete Installations
from the USSR as Reported by the USSR, 1950-58 . . 20
6. Communist China: Imports of Complete Installations
from East Germany, 1956-58 23
7. Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports of
Machinery and Transportation Equipment from East Ger-
many, 1956 and 1958
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8. Communist China: Imports of Complete Installations
from Czechoslovakia, 1955-57
9. Communist China: Imports of Complete Installations
from Poland
Page
25
27
10. Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports of
Machinery and Transportation Equipment from Hungary,
1956 and 1958-59 28
11. Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Transpor-
tation Equipment from Bulgaria, 1953-57 30
12. Communist China: Planned Imports of Machinery and
Transportation Equipment from Bulgaria, 1958-62 . . 32
13. Communist China: Degree of Self-Sufficiency in
Producing Selected Types of Machinery and Trans-
portation Equipment, 1957
14. Communist China: Estimated Distribution of Imports of
Machinery and Transportation Equipment, by Value,
1950-58
15. Communist China: Estimated Distribution of Imports of
Machinery and Transportation Equipment, by Percentage,
1950-58
16. Communist China: Estimated Imports of Machinery and
Transportation Equipment from the European Satellites,
1953-58
17. Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports of
Machinery and Transportation Equipment from the USSR,
1955-58
18. Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports of
Machinery and Transportation Equipment from Poland,
1955-59
19. Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports of
Machinery and Transportation Equipment from the Free
World, 1953-58
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50
51
53
55
56
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Page
20. Communist China: Major Imports of Machinery and
Transportation Equipment from Selected Countries
and Areas of the Free World, 1955-57 58
Charts
Following Page
Figure 1. Communist China: Estimated Growth of Im-
ports of Machinery and Transportation
Equipment, 1950-58 6
Figure 2. Communist China: Estimated Imports of Ma-
chinery and Transportation Equipment, by
Area, 1953-58
Figure 3. Communist China: Estimated Distribution
of Imports of Machinery and Transporta-
tion Equipment, by Percentage, 1953 and
1955-57
Figure 4. Communist China: Estimated Growth of Im-
ports of Machinery and Transportation
Equipment from the USSR, the European
Satellites, and the Free World, 1950-58
Figure 5. Communist China: Estimated Distribution
of Imports of Machinery and Transportation
Equipment from the European Satellites, by
Percentage, 1953-57 '
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IMPORTS OF MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
BY COMMUNIST CHINA*
1950-58
Summary and Conclusions
Since the Communists assumed control over the mainland of China
in 1949, the nation has been a heavy net importer of machinery, and
transportation equipment. During 1950-58, Communist China imported
machinery and transportation equipment amounting to at least US
$3,33o million, the major part of which was obtained during 1953-58.
Imports of machinery and transportation equipment have increased at
an average annual rate of slightly more than 18 percent since 1953
and, in spite of fluctuations in total imports, rose steadily in
absolute terms during 1950-58. The fact that machinery and trans-
portation equipment accounted for about 30 percent of total imports
under the First Five Year Plan (1953-57) illustrates the dependence
of Communist China on foreign sources in its effort to industrialize
the nation.
The USSR was Communist China's principal supplier of machinery and
transportation equipment during 1953-58, followed, respectively, by the
European Satellites and the Free World. Of the total imports of ma-
chinery and transportation equipment during that period, Communist
China received approximately 51 percent from the USSR, 41 percent from
the European Satellites, and 8 percent from the Free World. Although
imports of machinery and transportation equipment from the European
Satellites were lower in volume than those from the USSR, a much higher
percentage of total imports from the European Satellites consisted of
machinery and transportation equipment -- 76 percent of total imports
from the European Satellites compared with 36 percent of total imports
from the USSR. Of the Satellite countries, East Germany and Czecho-
slovakia, the two most industrialized nations, were the leading ex-
porters of machinery and transportation equipment to China. Hungary,
Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria, in that order, followed next in impor-
tance. Imports of machinery and transportation equipment from the
Free World, which were small until 1955, have increased since then but
still are small compared with imports of machinery and transportation
equipment from the USSR and the European Satellites.
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of 1 July 1960.
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Complete installations of machinery are the most important items
of machinery and transportation equipment, in terms of value, imported
from countries of the 'Soviet Bloc. Such installations constituted more
than three-fourths of China's imports of machinery and transportation
equipment from the USSR in 1957 and currently account for more than
one-third of total imports from the European Satellites. Imports of
individual items of machinery were sizable during the period of eco-
nomic restoration, 1950-52, and the early years of the First Five Year
Plan (1953-57) but were relatively less important during the later
years of the same plan. Among individual imports of machinery, some
of the most important items are metalcutting machine tools, transpor-
tation equipment, petroleum equipment, mining machinery, electro-
technical equipment, precision instruments, construction equipment,
and tractors and farm machinery. Imports of machinery and transporta-
tion equipment from the Free World consisted solely of individual
items of machinery, the most important broad category of which was
nonelectrical machinery, followed in importance by electrical machin-
ery and transportation equipment.
Although Communist China depended heavily on imports of machinery
and transportation equipment through 1958, the nation has made con-
siderable progress toward attaining economic self-sufficiency in pro-
duction of machinery and transportation equipment. By the end of 1957
the domestic machine building industry was able to satisfy 55 percent
of national requirements for machinery and transportation equipment,
including about 42 percent of the equipment for the 156 Soviet aid
projects. According to official Chinese announcements, China met 78
percent of its requirements for machinery and transportation equipment
in 1958 and will supply 45 to 50 percent of the equipment needed for
the 78 new Soviet aid projects. In spite of such progress a number of
significant gaps remain in the machine building industry of China,
particularly in the manufacture of heavy and precision machinery. The
domestic machine building industry will not be capable of meeting the
entire demand by China for machinery and transportation equipment
under the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62). Although China made con-
siderable progress in the manufacture of metallurgical equipment dur-
ing 1958-59, it still depends on imports for complex rolling mills,
selected components for blast furnaces, and various other types of
metallurgical equipment. China will import large amounts of petro-
leum equipment, at least through 1960. Imports of transportation
equipment will be limited largely to diesel and electric locomotives.
Also, China will have to import equipment for generating electric
power and equipment for the chemical industry, especially for produc-
tion of chemical fertilizer. Heavy, precision, and specialized types
of machine tools also will be imported.
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I. Level of Trade in Machinery and Transportation Equipment*
A. Value**
Since the assumption of Communist control over the mainland
in 1949, China has relied heavily on imports of machinery and trans-
portation equipment in order to carry out its program for rapid in-
dustrialization. During 1950-58, Communist China imported machinery
and transportation equipment the estimated value of which amounted to
at least US $3,330 million. Approximately 12 percent of this amount
was imported during the period of economic restoration, 1950-52. The
larger part of this amount, about 88 percent, was imported during
1953-58. Table lxxx shows the estimated value of the machinery and
transportation equipment imported by Communist China during 1950-58.
A comparison of the value of machinery and transportation
equipment imported by Communist China with the value of machinery and
transportation equipment imported by other nations gives some indica-
tion of the general magnitude of China's Imports. Under the First
Five Year Plan (1953-57), China imported machinery and transportation
equipment valued at US $2,212 million. India, also an underdeveloped
country, imported machinery and transportation equipment valued at
about US $2,265 million during 1953-57. IP Industrialized nations
such as the US, the UK, and West Germany imported machinery and trans-
portation equipment valued at US $2,673 million, US $2,185 million, and
US $1,339 million, respectively, during the same period. 2/
* The term machinery and transportation equipment as used in this
report includes generally the same coverage as the Standard Interna-
tional Trade Classification for Machinery and Transportation Equip-
ment (S1TC 7). Each of the European Satellites aggregates its trade
in machinery according to different definitions. East Germany, for
example, includes "castings and forgings," whereas others exclude this
category. The differences are not important, however, in evaluating
the over-all trends in trade in machinery and transportation equip-
ment. The great bulk of the trade in metalworking, chemical, electri-
cal, and agricultural machinery and all kinds of transportation equip-
ment is included in all of the reporting classifications.
** Because of the lack of data from Chinese Communist sources on
imports of machinery and transportation equipment, all monetary values
in this report are based primarily on the more extensive data avail-
able from sources other than Chinese Communist. All values in this
report are given in current US dollars unless otherwise indicated and
are converted at the official exchange rates of the countries of the
Soviet Bloc.
*** Table 1 follows on p. 4.
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Table 1
Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
1950-58
Year
Total Imports
(Million US $)
Imports of Machinery
and Transportation Equipment 121
(Million US $)
Percent of
Total Imports
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
590
1,075
1,025
1,270
1,245
1,690
1,475
1,430
1,770
68 s/
163 Li/
183 sil
303 2/
376 2/
412
546
575 1/
708 2/
11.5
15.2
17.9
23.9
30.2
24.4
37.0
140.2
4o.o
Total 3,334
b. Minimum amounts based on available information.
c. Including imports from the Free World, the USSR, and Poland only. Data on
imports from other European Satellites are not available.
d. Including imports from the Free World, the USSR, Poland, and Hungary only.
Data on imports from other European Satellites are not available.
e. Excluding imports from Rumania, for which data are not available.
f. Excluding imports from Bulgaria, for which data are not available but are
believed to be insignificant.
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Imports of machinery and transportation equipment by Communist
China increased at an average annual rate of slightly more than 18 per-
cent from 1953 through 1958, and this rate reflected the reliance of the
regime on such imports to achieve rapid industrialization. Even so,
the rate of growth was uneven, rising to 33 percent in 1956 and drop-
ping off to about 5 percent in 1957. The declining rate of growth in
imports of machinery and transportation equipment in 1957 reflected,
in general, certain adjustments undertaken in the Chinese economy that
resulted in reduced investment in fixed capital in heavy industry and
greater dependence on domestic supplies of machinery and transportation
equipment. The reduced rate of growth in 1957 was largely absorbed in
China's trade with the USSR, from which imports of machinery and trans-
portation equipment declined by approximately 11 percent compared with
that in 1956. Imports of machinery and transportation equipment from
the European Satellites and the Free World continued to rise in 1957,
and, in spite of changes in the rate of growth, imports of machinery and
transportation equipment, unlike total imports, rose steadily in abso-
lute terms during the entire period 1950-58 (see the chart, Figure 1*).
B. Importance
An analysis of the role of imports of machinery and transpor-
tation equipment in the total imports by Communist China reveals the
striking changes that have occurred in the pattern of trade in China
under the Communists compared with that in pre-Communist days. During
1935-37, only 14 percent of total Chinese imports consisted of machin-
ery and transportation equipment. V Immediately after the Communist
occupation of the mainland in 1949, imports of luxury items and con-
sumer goods fell rapidly, and the decline in such imports was matched
by a corresponding increase in imports of capital goods.
Because China needed all types of goods for the general res-
toration of the economy during 1950-52, the percentage of imports of
machinery and transportation equipment was lower than under the First
Five Year Plan (1953-57) (see Table 1). In addition, the trade con-
trols operative during 1950-52, Chinese requirements for military goods,
and lack of definite plans for development were factors accounting for
the low percentage share of machinery and transportation equipment in
total Chinese imports. Beginning with the First Five Year Plan, when
the Chinese Communists began to plan a program of industrialization,
the percentage of imports of machinery and transportation equip-
ment increased rapidly and accounted for about 30 percent of total
* Following p. 6.
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imports,* and under the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62) the percent-
age probably will be even higher. This shift to emphasis on imports
of machinery and transportation equipment reflects the priority that
the Chinese Communists allocated to a high rate of net capital for-
mation and the priority development of heavy industry.
The importance of trade to the industrial development of China
also is reflected in the import of other items. Articles in the Chi-
nese Communist press have stated that, in addition to the 60 percent
occupied by machinery and transportation equipment, about 30 percent
of total Chinese imports under the First Five Year Plan consisted of
essential raw materials such as metals and ores and petroleum and
petroleum products.* Consumer goods accounted for only 10 percent of
total Chinese imports during 1953-57.
* According to official Chinese Communist sources, approximately
60 percent of the total imports under the First Five Year Plan con-
sisted of machinery and transportation equipment. 2/ The discrep-
ancy in the percentage figures, 30 percent compared with 60 percent,
results from the fact that some military goods probably are included
in the Chinese statement but have not been included in the information
(other than Chinese Communist) on which this report is based. The
Chinese may also include in the category machinery and transportation
equipment some items, such as some ferrous metal products, which
strictly speaking are not components of the category machinery and
transportation equipment as reported in the non-Chinese Communist
sources. Moreover, the Chinese statement probably is based on yuan
values that because of the Chinese multiple exchange rate system over-
state the relative importance of Bloc trade and hence the proportion
of machinery and transportation equipment to total imports.
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COMMUNIST CHINA
ESTIMATED GROWTH OF IMPORTS OF MACHINERY
AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT, 1950-58
Million US dollars
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
29041 8-60
0
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
Total Imports
Imports of Machinery
and Transportation Equipment
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II. Geographical Distribution
A. General
The traditional pattern of trade in machinery and transporta-
tion equipment has been recast since 1949 by Communist China and now
is oriented predominantly toward the Soviet Bloc. Between 1936 and
1938, for example, approximately 99 percent of the machinery and
transportation equipment imported by Nationalist China came from the
West, and only about i percent from the countries that now comprise
the Soviet Bloc. W During 1953-58 the Soviet Bloc accounted for ap-
proximately 92 percent of the machinery and transportation equipment
imported by Communist China in contrast to pre-Communist days, when
the volume of such exports from the countries presently in the Soviet
Bloc was quite insignificant. This reversal in the trade pattern of
Communist China took place partly within a political-military context.
The Korean War and the general imposition of trade controls by non-
Communist countries had some influence on the change in the direction
of imports by China of machinery and transportation equipment. Ideo-
logical affinity between the leaders of China and other countries of
the Bloc also was a factor in this reorientation. Moreover, there
exists a rational economic basis for trade ?in machinery and transpor-
tation equipment between the relatively underdeveloped economy of
China and the industrialized economies of the USSR and the European
Satellites.
As shown in Table 15* the share of the Soviet Bloc in Communist
China's total imports of machinery and transportation equipment rose
from 62 percent in 1950 to a high of 96 percent in 1954 and 1955 and
fell to approximately 89 percent in 1957. From the end of 1951, a
time of general tightening of the controls applied by the Free World
to trade with Communist China, through 1955, imports of machinery and
transportation equipment by China from the Free World were small.
Since 1956, however, imports in this category from the Free World have
increased, and the estimated distribution by dollar value during
1950-58 is shown in Table 14.** (For charts showing the geographic
distribution by dollar value of Chinese imports of machinery and trans-
portation equipment during 1953-58 and for selected years, see Fig-
ures 2 and 3.
B. USSR
During 1953-58 the USSR was the major supplier of machinery
and transportation equipment to Communist China. As shown in Figure 2,
* *
** *
Appendix A, p. 50, below.
Appendix A, p. 48, below.
Following p. 8.
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approximately 51 percent of the machinery and transportation equipment
Imported by China during that period came from the USSR.
Chinese imports of machinery and transportation equipment from
the USSR have grown rapidly since the establishment of the Communist
regime in China. Such rapid growth was due in large measure to the
extensive imports of complete sets of equipment for the Soviet aid
projects.* The estimated growth of imports of machinery and trans-
portation equipment by China from the USSR for 1950-58 is shown in
the accompanying chart, Figure A.** During 1953-56, Chinese imports
of machinery and transportation equipment from the USSR increased as-
proximately 86 percent. As shown in Table 14,*** imports in this cate-
gory under the First Five Year Plan (1953-57) reached a peak in 1956,
when such imports amounted to US $305 million. The share of the USSR
in Chinese imports of machinery and transportation equipment fell to
US $272 million in 1957, but this decline does not establish a trend
away from reliance on the USSR as a major supplier. Imports of ma-
chinery and transportation equipment from the USSR in 1958 increased
by about 17 percent compared with those in 1957. The "leap forward"
program in China's economic development in 1958 increased the demand
for some types of machinery and transportation equipment: for example,
imports of transportation equipment from the USSR rose markedly in
1958.t Chinese imports of machinery and transportation equipment from
the USSR in 1959 were expected to be at least double those of 1958.
Because China has a continuing need to import many types of heavy
equipment and precision machinery, an increase ir imports of machin-
ery from the USSR is not surprising. More important, however, is the
fact that China has a continuing need for importing complete sets of
equipment from the USSR in order to complete previously contracted
Soviet aid projects as well as to construct 78 newly contracted proj-
ects.* This fact alone would seem to insure that the USSR will be a
leading supplier of machinery and transportation equipment to China
under the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62).
Imports of machinery and transportation equipment by Commu-
nist China from the USSR occupy a very sizable part of total Chinese
imports from the USSR. It is estimated that during 1953-58 approxi-
mately 36 percent of total imports from the USSR consisted of machin-
ery and transportation equipment. The percentage share of machinery
and transportation equipment in total imports from the USSR has con-
tinued to rise annually, from 24 percent in 1953 to a high of 50 per-
cent in 1958 (see Table 2tt). Even in 1957, when Chinese imports of
machinery and transportation equipment declined, the percentage share
of machinery and transportation equipment in total Chinese imports
See the first footnote on p. 9.
** Following p. 8.
Appendix A, p. 48, below.
t See III, B, p. 21, below.
tt Table 2 follows on p. 10.
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COMMUNIST CHINA
ESTIMATED IMPORTS
OF MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION
EQUIPMENT, BY AREA, 1953-58
Million US dollars
FREE WORLD
226 7.7%
EUROPEAN
SATELLITES
1,207 41.3%
USSR
1,486 51.0%
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COMMUNIST CHINA
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTS OF MACHINERY
AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT, BY PERCENTAGE, 1953 AND 1955-57
Free World
European
Satellites
USSR
6.9%
3.6%
7.6%
11.4%
41CC6%-=
55.8%
55.8%
54.0%
47.3%
1953 1955 1956 1957
Figure 3 50X1
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COMMUNIST CHINA
Figure 4
ESTIMATED GROWTH OF IMPORTS OF MACHINERY AND ?
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT FROM THE USSR, THE EUROPEAN SATELLITES,
AND THE FREE WORLD, 1950-58
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
European
World
Satellites
USSR
INI
IiFree
Total Imports
1
411.8
Million US Dollars
303.1
)005
68.3
Hi
41.4
45.2
162.7
12.0
107.7
14.2
182.8
9
156.6
j20
1118.6
13:3
163.6
375.7
163.5
115.0
198.9
1167.2
6
229.6
141
199.6
545.9
65.8
304.7
574.8
--
1237.4
1271.6
69.7
708.5
320.8
29044 8-60
318.0
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rose to 50 percent compared with 42 percent in 1956. This trend un-
doubtedly reflects the intentions of the Chinese to import only those'
items that are most essential for their rapid industrialization pro-
gram -- that is, machinery and transportation equipment. The rise in
the percentage share of machinery and transportation equipment in
total imports from the USSR also is due partly to the growing self-
sufficiency of China in producing industrial raw materials.
Although China was and continues to be so heavily dependent
on the USSR for large quantities of machinery and transportation
equipment, economic credits extended to China by its relatively opu-
lent ally during 1950-59 amounted to only US $430 million. This
amount was fully drawn on by China by the end of 1957 to cover a part
of the cost of machinery and equipment necessary for the Soviet aid
projects,* the total value of which amounts to US $3,275 million.
Consequently, it appears that only about 13 percent of the total cost
in foreign exchange of these industrial aid projects is covered by
Soviet credits and that the major part of the cost of the Soviet aid
projects is financed by current exports from China.**
C. European Satellites
Unlike Sino-Soviet trade, no long-term credits have been ex-
tended in Sino-Satellite trade. Most Sino-Satellite commodity trans-
actions and payments for services are financed through bilateral
clearing accounts, and for 1951-57 as a whole Sino-Satellite clearing
accounts were approximately in balance.***
* For 3 years following April 1956 the number of Soviet aid proj-
ects was reported as 211. Of these, only 205 were considered by the
Chinese Communists to be industrial construction projects. The re-
maining six involved the construction of research institutes and the
renovation or expansion of previously constructed projects. In April
1959 the number of projects reportedly had been reduced from 211 to
166 as a result of the merging of some of these projects during their
construction. In addition to these 166 projects, the USSR is to assist
in the construction of 125 additional projects in accordance with the
two agreements signed by the USSR and China in August 1958 and Febru-
ary 1959. .1_ej Thus the total number of Soviet aid projects probably
stands at 291. There is, however, some ambiguity in the announcements
regarding Sino-Soviet economic agreements, and, therefore, the total
of 291 should not be interpreted as the precise number of Soviet aid
projects. Moreover, any estimate of the number of projects may be
misleading, for the projects vary considerably in size, value, and
scope.
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Table 2
Communist China:
Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from the USSR as Reported by the USSR 2/
1950-58
Imports of
Total Imports
from the USSR
Year (Million US $)
Machinery and Transportation
Equipment
(Million US $)
Percent of Total
Imports
1950
388.2
41.4
10.7
1951
476.3
107.7
22.6
1952
554.2
156.6
28.3
1953
697.6
163.6
23.5
1954
759.3
198.9
26.2
1955
748.4
229.6
30.7
1956
733.0
304.7
41.6
1957
544.1
271.6
49.9
1958
634.0
318.0
50.2
a. 11/.
Even though no long-term credits were extended in Sino-
Satellite trade, the European Satellites during 1953-58 supplied ap-
proximately 41 percent of the machinery and transportation equipment
imported by Communist China. The estimated percentage distribution
of these imports by China from the European Satellites for 1950-58 is
shown in Table 15.* (For a chart showing the estimated percentage
distribution of Chinese imports of machinery and transportation equip-
ment from the European Satellites, see Figure 5.**) East Germany and
Czechoslovakia, the two most industrialized Satellite countries, were
the leading suppliers among the Satellites of machinery and transpor-
tation equipment to China during 1953-58. Hungary, Poland, Rumania,
and Bulgaria, in that order, followed next in importance during that
period.
As shown in Table l4, XXX imports of machinery and transporta-
tion equipment by Communist China from the European Satellites were
small during 1950.,52 but increased rapidly thereafter. The growth of
Appendix A, p. 50, below.
** Following p. 10.
*** Appendix A, p. 48, below.
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1
Figure 5 50X1
COMMUNIST CHINA
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTS OF MACHINERY
AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
FROM THE EUROPEAN SATELLITES, BY PERCENTAGE
1953-57
29045 8-60
EAST GERMANY
46.5%
POLAND
10.4%
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
26.2% HUNGARY
13.7%
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0.3%
RUMANIA
2.9%
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these imports from the European Satellites is shown in the chart, Fig-
ure 4.* Imports of machinery and transportation equipment from the
European Satellites increased at an average annual rate of about 20
percent under the First Five Year Plan, rising from an estimated mini-
mum of US $119 million in 1953 to a minimum of US $237 million in 1957.
Although Chinese imports of machinery and transportation equipment
from the USSR declined by 11 percent in 1957, imports in this cate-
gory from the European Satellites increased about 19 percent above
1956. Information for 1958 indicates that Chinese imports of machin-
ery and transportation equipment from the European Satellites amounted
to about US $321 million, an increase of 35 percent above those in
1957. Consequently, imports of machinery and transportation equipment
from the European Satellites in 1958 were at about the same level as
those from the USSR, which, as noted above, increased 17 percent above
those in 1957 and amounted to US $318 million.**
The steady rise in Sino-Satellite trade should not be inter-
preted as an indication that Communist China prefers Satellite ma-
chinery or as a conscious effort by the Chinese to import increasing
amounts of machinery and transportation equipment from the Satellites
at the expense of other sources of supply. The Chinese probably
actually desired to reduce imports of machinery and transportation
equipment from the Satellites as well as from the USSR in 1957, but
the inflexibility of Sino-Satellite trade arrangements reduced the
possibilities, and an absolute increase in this trade occurred in 1957.
The increased imports of machinery and transportation equipment from
the Satellites in 1958 to a level that almost approximated imports in
this category from the USSR in 1958 were due to special demands gener-
ated by the "leap forward" program. China's imports of machinery and
transportation equipment were expected to return to a more normal pat-
tern in 1959 with the USSR supplying most of these imports, probably
more than US $600 million worth, and the Satellites supplying a some-
what lesser part.**
Machinery and transportation equipment accounted for approxi-
mately 76 percent of Communist China's total imports from the European
Satellites during 1953-58. The percentage share of machinery and
transportation equipment in total imports was much higher than that of
the USSR which, as noted above, amounted to approximately 36 percent
during the same period.** As shown in Table 16xxx the percentage
share of machinery and transportation equipment in total Chinese im-
ports from the European Satellites rose from 63 percent in 1953 to
about 84 percent in 1958. Of the European Satellites, East Germany
had the highest percentage of machinery and transportation equipment
Following p. 8, above.
** See p. 8, above.
*** Appendix A, p. 51, below.
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in its total exports to China except for 1957, when imports by China
of machinery and trankportation equipment as a percent of total
imports from Czechoslovakia and Hungary were slightly higher. In-
formation for 1958 shows a slight decline in the percentage share
of machinery and transportation equipment in total imports from the
European Satellites.
Of special interest is the conclusion of long-term (1959-62)
trade agreements with the European Satellites. To date, such agree-
ments probably have been signed with all of the European Satellites,
and the period of these long-term trade agreements, 1959-62, coin-
cides with the remaining years of China's Second Five Year Plan. Ap-
parently these agreements are intended to facilitate coordination of
foreign trade with internal economic planning. Moreover, such agree-
ments probably are indicative of an effort to strengthen economic ties
with the European Satellites.
D. Free World
The Free World supplied only a very small part, approximately
8 percent, of the machinery and transportation equipment imported by
Communist China during 1953-58 (see the chart, Figure 2*). Beginning
in 1956, imports in this category from the Free World began to increase
and rose from US $15.0 million in 1955 to US $69.7 million in 1958, an
increase of about 365 percent (see Table 14**). The estimated growth
of China's imports of machinery and transportation equipment from the
Free World is shown in Figure 4.* During 1955-57, as China imported
increasing amounts of machinery and transportation equipment from the
Free World, the percentage share of such imports, compared with China's
total imports of machinery and transportation equipment, rose from
3.6 percent in 1955 to approximately 11.4 percent in 1957 (see
Table 15***). In 1958 the percentage share of imports of machinery
and transportation equipment from the Free World declined, but those
from the Bloc increased to about 90 percent.
Apparently, increased imports by Communist China of machinery
and transportation equipment in 1956 from countries of the Free World
may have been due to the increased use of exceptions procedures by the
European countries of the Coordinating Committee (COCOM).t Abandonment
Following p. 8, above.
** Appendix A, p. 48, below.
*** Appendix A, p. 50, below.
t Coordinating Committee of the Consultative Group, an international
committee composed of representatives of 15 countries of the Free World,
the function of which is to coordinate control of exports of strategic
commodities to the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
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of the China Differential in 1957 does not appear to have had any im-
mediate effect on such imports by China from the Free World. Para-
doxically it appears that the increase in the value of exports to
China from countries belonging to COCOM, since the relaxation of the
controls in 1957, has been largely in noncontrolled items. 1?/ Con-
trols were revised again in August 1958, and statistical data are not
yet available for an authoritative statement on the effect of that re-
vision on the volume of imports of machinery and transportation equip-
ment from the Free World.* The percentage share of machinery and
transportation equipment in total Chinese imports from the Free World
is shown in Table 3.** Although this percentage share rose in 1956
and 1957, it is still small compared with that occupied by machinery
and transportation equipment in exports by the Soviet Bloc to China.
The major exporters in the Free World of machinery and trans-
portation equipment to Communist China for 1956-58 are shown in
Table 4.*** Japan held the leading position in 1956 but was outranked
by Sweden in 1957, when Sweden exported approximately US $24 million
of mining and construction equipment to China. West Germany was tne
major supplier in the Free World of machinery and transportation
equipment to China in 1958. The UK followed next in importance. Re-
portedly, exports of machinery (other than electrical machinery) by
the UK to Communist China were higher in 1958 than in any previous
year since World War II.
The future course of imports of machinery and transportation
by Communist China is difficult to predict at this time. As shown in
Table 4, the increase in imports of machinery and transportation equip-
ment in 1957 was due largely to the substantial increase in imports of
machinery from Sweden with which a contract for about US $24 million
worth of mining machinery had been placed. In fact, had it not been
for this one contract, exports of machinery and transportation equip-
ment by the Free World to China in 1957 would have remained at about
the same level as in 1956. Imports of machinery and transportation
equipment from the Free World increased in 1958, but, as shown in
Table 3, the increase was small compared with the increase in total
imports. According to trade returns of 1958, therefore, the "leap
forward" program did not stimulate great increases in imports of ma-
chinery and transportation equipment but rather a large increase in
imports of items other than machinery. As noted previously, the in-
creased imports of machinery and transportation equipment in 1958 came
from the USSR and the European Satellites.t
**
See III, D, p. 31. below.
Table 3 follows on p. 14.
Table 4 follows on p. 15.
t See pp. 8 and 11, above.
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Table 3
Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from the Free World as Reported by the Free World 2/
1953-58
Year
Imports of Machinery
Total and Transportation
Imports Equipment
(Million US $) (Million US $)
Percent of Total
Imports
1953 284 20.9 7.4
1954 293 13.3 4.5
1955 314 15.0 4.8
1956 432 41.6 9.6
1957 523 65.8 12.6
1958 767 69.7 9.1
a. 12. Some of the countries of the Free World designate trade with both Commu-
nist China and Nationalist China (Taiwan) under "China" without differentiation. In
addition, a few of the countries of the Free World, such as Switzerland, include
Hong Kong in their trade with "China." Consequently, the volume of trade between
the Free World and Communist China is somewhat overstated, but the overstatement is
not considered to be serious. The definition of China as determined by each country
of the Free World will be indicated wherever necessary in the rest of this report.
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Table 4
Communist China: Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from Selected Countries and Areas of the Free World
1956-58
Thousand US $
Country or Area
1956
1957
1958
Japan
12,113
7,636
4,304
West Germany
5,806
6,881
17,818
France
5,401
6,813
4,146
Switzerland
4,426
5,252
6,077
UK
2,689
3,782
11,247
Finland
1,754
2,745
1,340
Belgium-Luxembourg
1,517
3,759
3,919
Hong Kong
1,437
1,347
3,490
Sweden
1,420
23,518
7,505
Austria
1,051
1,562
4,064
Others
3,941
2,462
5,788
Total
41,555
65,757
69,698
a. 1.2/. The data in this table, as reported by countries of the
Free World, refer as far as possible to Mainland (Communist) China,
including the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, Tibet, and the area
formerly known as Manchuria. Known exceptions to this rule are as
follows: Austria includes exports to Outer Mongolia (1956 only);
France includes exports to Taiwan (except July to December 1957);
Switzerland includes exports to Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao; the
UK includes exports to Outer Mongolia (1956 and 1958 may); and
Hong Kong includes exports to Outer Mongolia (1958 only).
Information on exports of machinery and transportation equip-
ment by the Free World to China in the first half of 1959 is not yet
available except for the UK. Exports of machinery and transportation
equipment from the UK to China for the first 6 months of 1959 showed
a substantial increase above such exports for the same period in
1958. 1.6_/ This increase is accounted for largely by deliveries
against contracts signed in 1958 and cannot be viewed as an indicator
of trade developments in 1959.
In conclusion, it is believed that any increase in imports of
machinery and transportation equipment by Communist China from the
Free World will occur within the context of expanding such imports
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from all areas and that, therefore, the present position of the Soviet
Bloc in such trade will not be altered materially. The signing of
long-term trade agreements with the Satellites and the large increases
in imports of machinery from the USSR necessary for the completion of
Soviet aid projects indicate that China's trade in machinery and trans-
portation equipment will be largely committed to the Soviet Bloc. It
is anticipated that China's earnings of convertible currencies will be
limited and that, therefore, China's imports of machinery and transpor-
tation equipment from the Free World will be limited.
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III. Commodity Composition
A. General
The available information on the commodity composition of im-
ports of machinery and transportation equipment by Communist China is
presented by geographic area.* From an analysis of this information,
the following three trends emerge: (1) the increasing importance of
importing complete installations** of machinery; (2) the large imports
of individual items of machinery during the period of economic res-
toration, 1950-52, and the early years of the First Five Year Plan
(1953-57); and (3) a somewhat reduced import of some individual types
of machinery and transportation equipment during the latter part of
the First Five Year Plan.
Complete installations are the most important item in Chinese
imports of machinery and transportation equipment from the Soviet
Bloc, and no known imports of complete installations came from the
Free World. Imports of complete installations from the Soviet Bloc
were limited during the period of economic restoration, 1950-52, but
increased rapidly under the First Five Year Plan (1953-57) and ac-
counted for more than three-fourths of the machinery and transporta-
tion equipment imported from the USSR in 1957. During 1953-57, 135
Soviet aid projects had been started, and 68 of these were completed
by 1957. 11/ Although imports of complete installations from the
USSR decreased in 1958, imports in this category reportedly were to
be 80 percent higher in 1959. 1W Under the Second Five Year Plan
(1958-62), imports of complete installations as a part of total
* See pp. 19 to 32, below.
** The term complete sets of equipment or complete installations is
a commodity category which is employed in reporting on foreign trade
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc and which covers the import and export of
technical services and equipment combined in a single unit. Complete
installations vary from small units such as air-conditioning equip-
ment designed for specific use in a textile mill to very large units
such as an industrial complex consisting of many separate plants.
They may include reequiping the existing plants such as the Milkden
Machine Tool Plant No. 1 as well as the construction of new ones such
as the Tiai-yuan Heavy Machinery Plant. Complete installations may be
entirely equipped with imported machinery or may be partly equipped
with Chinese machinery. The Chinese claim, for example, that by the
end of 1957 they were supplying about 42 percent of the equipment
needed for the 156 Soviet aid projects. The 78 projects called for
in the most recent Sino-Soviet aid agreement are to be 45 to 50 per-
cent equipped by China. The common ingredient in complete installa-
tions is the technical services required for design, manufacture, and
installation of equipment as a complete unit.
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imports of machinery and transportation equipment from the USSR will
increase and probably account for more than 80 percent of total im-
ports of machinery from that country. Complete installations cur-
rently account for more than one-third of China's total imports from
the European Satellites, and their proportion is increasing yearly.
The construction of 68 Satellite aid projects was undertaken under
the First Five Year Plan, and 44 of these were completed by the end
of 1958. 12/ Complete installations accounted for more than 46 per-
cent of Chinese imports of machinery and transportation equipment
from East Germany in 1957, and planned imports of complete installa-
tions in 1958 were to account for about 65 percent of such imports
from East Germany. In 1956-57 imports of complete installations ac-
counted for more than 50 percent of the machinery and transportation
equipment that China received from Czechoslovakia.
Among imports of individual items of machinery by Communist
China, some of the most important are metalcutting machine tools,
transportation equipment, petroleum equipment, mining machinery, elec-
trotechnical equipment, construction equipment, tractors and farm ma?
chinery, and precision instruments. Under the First Five Year Plan,
China imported more than 21,000 metalcutting machine tools, more than
1,400 drilling machines, 1,562 railroad coaches, more than 40,000
trucks, and 16,000 tractors. 22/ Between 1953 and 1956, about 300,000
electrical precision instruments were imported. 21/ The available in-
formation on China's imports of individual items of machinery from spe-
cific countries is summarized below.* Especially noteworthy are the
individual types of machinery and transportation equipment imported
from the varlous countries of the Soviet Bloc, including: (1) optical
and precision instruments, transportation equipment, and electrotech-
nical equipment from East Germany; (2) certain types of transportation
equipment, power generating equipment,** and heavy equipment from
Czechoslovakia; (3) transportation equipment, communications equip-
ment, and agricultural machinery from Hungary; (4) large imports of
tractors and farm machinery and oceangoing ships from Poland; (5) the
wide range of items of machinery imported from the USSR; and (6) the
limited nature of imports of machinery from Bulgaria and Rumania.
China reduced somewhat the import of many individual types of
machinery and transportation equipment in the last years of the First
Five Year Plan. 22/ In 1957, for example, imports of Soviet tractors
and agricultural machinery, oil well drilling equipment, and power
generating equipment decreased markedly. The value of trucks imported
from the USSR in 1957 decreased by about US $12 million compared with
* See pp. 19 to 32, below.
** For purposes of this report, power generating equipment is used to
refer to equipment for the electric power industry.
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that in 1956. This decline reflects, in part, .the opening of the
Ch'ang-chiun Automobile Plant No. 1. To some extent, increased Chinese
self-sufficiency was responsible for the reduction of individual im-
ports of machinery in 1957, but shifts in policy on agricultural mecha-
nization and a reduced volume of capital construction also were con-
tributing factors.
B. USSR
The most important item in imports of machinery and transpor-
tation equipment by Communist China from the USSR is complete instal-
lations. As shown in Table 5,* imports in this category were rela-
tively limited during the period of economic restoration, 1950-52, but
rose rapidly thereafter. Under the First Five Year Plan (1953-57),
imports of complete installations increased approximately 324 percent.
By 1957, imports of complete installations accounted for about 77 per-
cent of total Chinese imports of machinery and transportation equip-
ment from the USSR but declined in 1958 by about US $43 million. This
decline -- a temporary situation -- should not be interpreted as an
indication that the USSR is limiting arbitrarily deliveries of com-
plete installations. Instead, the decline was occasioned by increased
imports by China of individual items of machinery which had more im-
mediate utility and which were necessary to relieve bottlenecks that
had developed in the Chinese economy under the "leap forward" program.
For example, large imports of transportation equipment were needed in
1958 in order to ease the serious dislocations in the transportation
system that were created by the pressing demands of the "leap forward"
program. Imports of complete installations reportedly will be 80 per-
cent higher in 1959. 23/ Because of the large volume of unfulfilled
Soviet commitments to deliver complete installations under previous
agreements as well as of the new agreement calling for the delivery of
78 additional complete installations, it seems certain that imports of
complete installations will increase rapidly under the Second Five
Year Plan (1958-62) and probably will account for more than 80 percent
of the machinery and transportation equipment which China will import
annually from the USSR.
The major importance of these aid projects is the actual role
that they perform in the industrialization program of Communist China.
For example, nearly 60 percent of the production of iron and steel in
Communist China in 1957 reportedly was produced in plants built with
the assistance of the USSR. 2).:Y Also, powerplants built with Soviet
aid were reported to account for about 680,000 kilowatts (kw) of a
total capacity of approximately 4.4 million kw in 1957. 2.2/ In the
machine building industry the USSR constructed at least 26 plants,
* Table 5 follows on p. 20.
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Table 5
Communist China: Imports of Complete Installations
as Reported by the USSR
1950-58
from the USSR
Year
Total Imports
of Machinery
and Transportation Equipment
(Million US $)
Imports
of Complete
Installations 5/
(Million US $
Complete Installations
as Percent of Total
Imports of Machinery
and Transportation Equipment
1950
41.4
1.0
2.4
1951
107.7
32.2
29.9
1952
156.6
40.7
26.0
1953
163.6
49.3
30.1
1954
198.9
93.1
46.8
1955
229.6
141.5
61.6
1956
304.7
217.0
71.2
1957
271.6
209.0
77.0
1958
318.0
166.2
52.3
a. ay
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among which are some of the most important machine building plants in
Communist China such as the Chiang-ch'un Automobile Plant No. 1, the
Harbin Steam Turbine Plant, the Lo-yang Tractor Plant, the Wu-han
Heavy Machine Tool Plant, the T'ai-yuan and Fu-la-erh-chi Heavy Ma-
chinery Plants and others. According to a Chinese Communist official
of the State Planning Commission, the projects constructed with Soviet
assistance during 1953-56 in the coal, electric power, iron, steel,
copper, aluminum, and machine building industries accounted for 30 to
90 percent of newly added productive capabilities of their respective
industries.
Among individual *ports of machinery from the USSR under the
First Five Year Plan, China received large quantities of machine tools,
approximately 10,000 agricultural machines, about 100 million yuan worth
of scientific apparatus, and large amounts of other equipment. .41/ The
commodity composition of Chinese imports of individual items of machin-
ery from the USSR during 1955-58 is shown in Table 17.* The most im-
portant items, in terms of value, during 1955-57 were oil well drilling
equipment valued at US $45 million, automotive equipment valued at
US $44 million, tractors and farm machinery valued at US $22 million,
and power generating equipment valued at US $19 million. Other impor-
tant imports of machinery included electrotechnical equipment, metal-
working machine tools, excavators and road building equipment, and
pump-compressor equipment, in that order.
Automotive equipment, including automotive spare parts, was
the most outstanding item imported in 1958. Imports in this category
alone amounted to US $62 million, or about US $57 million more than in
1957. More than 20,000 trucks were imported in 1958 compared with 284
in 1957. Compared with 1957, deliveries of machine tools more than
doubled in 1958, and imports of railroad rolling stock increased about
16 times. Imports qf power generating equipment increased 148 percent
and of tractors and farm machinery more than 330 percent.
According to the trade agreement concluded in 1959 between
Communist China and the USSR, the USSR will deliver to China, in ad-
dition to larger quantities of complete installations, greater quanti-
ties of power generating equipment, specifically turbine generator
sets, diesel generators, mobile power stations, and small hydropower
stations for use in rural areas. 22/
* Appendix A, p. 53, below.
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C. European Satellites
1. East Germany
The outstanding feature of the commodity composition of
machinery and transportation equipment exported by East Germany to
Communist China is the increase in number of complete installations.
Beginning in 1956, the proportion has increased considerably. Of
the machinery and transportation equipment imported from East Ger-
many, complete installations accounted for 31 percent in 1956 and
approximately 65 percent in 1958, as shown in Table 6.* Reportedly,
East Germany has contracted to deliver more than 50 complete instal-
lations to China. E/ Among these are cement plants, glass plants,
16 powerplants, an electric cable shop, a plant to produce thermo-
meters and temperature control devices, a large plant for making abra-
sives, two plants for producing synthetic fibers, a plant for radio
communications equipment, sugar refineries, cotton spinning mills, and
others. Li By the end of the First Five Year Plan, nine of these in-
stallations had been completed, and the remainder were scheduled for
completion under the Second Five Year Plan. Contracts for the de-
livery of additional complete installations to China were concluded in
1958 and 1959. These agreements provide for the export to China during
1959-62 of four nitrogen fertilizer plants, four 50,000 kilowatt turbo-
generator sets for a powerplant in Mukden, eight similar sets of equip-
ment for a plant north of Mukden, forty-two 3,000 to 5,000 kw turbo-
generator sets for other unspecified plants, and for the delivery of
four more cement plants during 1959-61. 2/
The available information on the commodity composition of
individual types of machinery and transportation equipment exported
to Communist China by East Germany is shown in Table 7.** The value
of transportation equipment, of which refrigerator cars represent a
leading item, increased six times between 1952 and 1956. .33/ China
purchased from East Germany 200 refrigerator cars in 1955 and 10 in
1956. 1/1/ Other important East German exports to China include pre-
cision and optical instruments, various types of electrotechnical
equipment, and machine tools. China reportedly is East Germany's
largest market for precision and optical instruments. 32/ According
to the trade agreement concluded in 1959 between China and East Ger-
many, East Germany will export to China complete installations, ma-
chine tools, forging and pressing equipment, rolling stock, electrical
equipment, and precision and optical instruments. .3.6./
* Table 6 follows on p. 23.
** Table 7 follows on p. 24.
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Table 6
Communist China
Imports of Complete Installations from East Germany
1956-58
Total Imports
of Machinery
and Transportation
Equipment
Year (Million US $)
Imports
of Complete
Installations
(Million US $)
Percent of Total
Imports of Machinery
and Transportation
Equipment
1956
85.4
26.6 2/
31.1
1957
95.2
44.4 12/
46.6
1958
120.0 2/
78.0 2/
65.0
50X1
Estimated.
2. Czechoslovakia
Complete installations also have been the leading commodity
group exported by Czechoslovakia to Communist China in recent years.
As shown in Table 8,* imports in this category, as a percent of total
imports of machinery, rose from about 32 percent in 1955 to 55 percent
in 1957.
Most of the complete installations imported from Czecho-
slovakia consist of completely equipped power plants, 22/ including
some small mobile electric powerplants for use in regions not yet
electrified or as a source of power for construction work. /i2/ Czecho-
slovakia reportedly delivered 42 of these small powerplants to China
during 1956-58, 22 of which were in operation by 1958.111/ Other types
of powerplants also have been imported from Czechoslovakia. Czecho-
slovakia exported five hydroelectric powerplants to China in 1959, and
during 1961-62 Czechoslovakia will deliver four hydroelectric power-
plants, each with a capacity of 42 megawatts. /1E/ Other complete in-
dustrial units supplied by Czechoslovakia include sugar refineries,
cement plants, film 3aboratories, and chemical plants./12/ Projects
completed by Czechoslovakia in China in 1958 include a large sugar
cane mill with a daily capacity of 2,000 tons** of cane and a modern
film laboratory capable of processing 60 million meters of film
* Table 8 follows on p. 25.
** Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
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annually./ An announcement in 1959 stated that Czechoslovakia
would supply China with five oxygen plants, each having a capacity of
3,000 cubic meters of oxygen an hour. 112/
Table 7
Communist China: Commodity Composition
of Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from East Germany
1956 and 1958
Million US $
Commodity
1956
2/ 1958 12/
Total imports of machinery and trans-
portation equipment
85.4
120.0 2/
Of which:
Complete installations
26.6
78.0 2/
Metalworking machine tools
3.8
4.7
Equipment for the chemical industry
2.8
1.1
Transportation equipment
30.4
11.0
Equipment for light industry
1.9
N.A.
Electrotechnical equipment
5.7
2.8
Precision and optical instruments
N.A.
5.3
Power generating equipment
N.A.
0.7
Hoisting and transporting equipment
N.A.
3.3
Antifriction bearings
N.A.
0.2
Equipment for printing industry
N.A.
2.2
All other machinery and equipment
14.2
0.3
50X1
C. Estimated.
Although detailed information on China's imports of indi-
vidual items of machinery and transportation equipment from Czechoslo-
vakia is not available, the most important items are machine tools,
vehicles, tractors and agricultural equipment, diesel engines, and
measuring instruments. In 1958, about 10,000 Czechoslovak buses and
trucks were reportedly in use in China.1??1 Imports of tractors and
farm machinery appear to be increasing. China has imported more than
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5,000 Czechoslovak "Zetor" tractors 50X1
Imports of farm machinery in 1958 numbered 50X1
about 11,000 units. 22/
Table 8
Communist China:
Imports of Complete Installations from
1955-57
Czechoslovakia
Total Imports
of Machinery
and Transportation
Equipment
Year (Million US $)
Imports
of Complete
Installations
(Million US $)/
Percent of Total
Imports of Machinery
and Transportation
Equipment
1955
37.4
11.8
31.6
1956
55.0
28.3
51.4
1957
73.9
40.5
54.8
a. 521
According to a trade agreement signed in 1959 between
China and Czechoslovakia covering 1960-62, China will import from
Czechoslovakia powerplants and complete installations for the chemi-
cal and metallurgical industries as well as heavy lathes, electric
motors, and locomotives. 2/
3. Poland
As in the case of East Germany and Czechoslovakia, com-
plete installations of machinery constitute an important and growing
share of imports of machinery and transportation equipment from Po-
land by Communist China. By 1957, China had signed contracts with
Poland for the delivery during 1956-62 of complete installations
valued at about US $55 million (see Table 9*). 21i/
China signed an additional contract in 1958 for the de-
livery of complete installations valued at more than US $57 million.
* Table 9 follows on p. 27.
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This amount is assumed tentatively to cover the cost of the 17 com-
plete installations mentioned in the long-term trade agreement con-
cluded between China and Poland for 1959-62. The composition of
these 17 installations was reported as follows: six coal washing in-
stallations, three nitrate fertilizer plants, four wallboard plants,
a complete set of coal mining equipment, a cement plant, a plant for
extracting resin, and a plant for building freight cars. 21/ Thee
17 installations originally were scheduled to be delivered to China
by 1962. According to Ta Kung Pao, 24 July 1959, however, Poland is
now scheduled to supply China with 16 complete installations, and
these are to be delivered through 1965. 2?_/
The available information on China's imports of individual
units of machinery and transportation equipment from Poland is sum-
marized in Table 18.* During 1955-57 the most important machinery im-
ported from Poland in terms of value was ships. Imports in this cate-
gory amounted to about US $25 million. Under the long-term trade
agreement, 1959-62, Poland will supply China with five ships of
10,000 tons displacement each and two ships of 18,000 tons displace-
ment each. 22/ Other imports of machinery from Poland include ma-
chine tools, automotive transportation equipment, tractors, and farm
machinery. By 1959, more than 1,400 Polish "Ursus" tractors, 1,500
threshing machines, 3,500 sheaf binding machines, 4,000 mowers, 6,700
plow tractors, 3,000 chaff cutters, 2,000 harrow discs, and 3,000 potato
digging machines reportedly were in use in China. Lq/
4. Hungary
As shown in Table 16,** machinery and transportation equip-
ment have constituted the largest proportion of Hungarian exports to
Communist China, but complete information on the commodity composition
of these exports is not available. The available data for 1956 and
1958-59 are shown in Table 10.*** It is clear from the data in
Table 10 and from other sources that Hungarian exports of machinery
and transportation equipment to China consisted mainly of transporta-
tion equipment, various types of electrical equipment, agricultural
equipment, machine tools, and instruments. In terms of value, motor
vehicles reportedly accounted for about 25 percent of total Chinese
imports from Hungary under the First Five Year Plan. LI It is also
reported that during 1953-58 China imported from Hungary a total of
2,000 machine tools, 2,000 buses, 6,000 trucks, 4,000 tractors, and
more than 700 harvester-threshers. In the same period, China imported
from Hungary transmission engineering equipment valued at US $12.5 mil-
lion and instruments valued at about US $9.0 million. 2/
* Appendix A, p. 55, below.
** Appendix A, p. 51, below.
*** Table 10 follows on p. 28.
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Table 9
Communist China:
Imports of Complete Installations from Poland 2/
Type of Installation
Number
Cost
(Million US $)
Delivery Date
Sugar refining
1
11.3
1959 12/
Coal washing
1
12.0
1956-62y
Wood distillation
1
2.0
1958 c
Battery manufacturing
1
1.3
1957-58 2/
Coal mining
1
1.3
N.A.
Other
N.A.
27.4
Announced total
N.A.
55.3
a.
50X1
The installations included are 50X1
believed to be those for which contracts were signed during
1956-57.
b. g?/
c. Plan.
Hungarian exports to China of complete installations have
gained in importance since 1956. Several thermal electric powerplants
have been exported to China as well as complete mine installations,
oxygen plants, cooling plants, and radio transmitting stations. L/
During 1957 an agreement was signed between China and Hungary for
the planning, construction, and equipping by Hungarian specialists
of a tube rolling mill in China. L/
It is estimated that Chinese imports of machinery and
transportation equipment as a part of total imports from Hungary will
continue to increase, at least through 1962. According to the long-
term trade agreement between China and Hungary, approximately 95 per-
cent of exports by Hungary to China will consist of products of the
engineering and precision instrument industries. L./ Hungarian ex-
ports to China will include equipment for electric plants, refrig-
erators, diesel engines, railroad cars, lathes, and communications
equipment. In particular, Hungary is to deliver to China by 1962
25 turbines for electric powerplants. 23_/
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Table 10
Communist China: Commodity Composition
of Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment from Hungary
1956 and 1958-59
Commodity
1956
1958
1959
Units
Value
(Million US $)
Units
Value
(Million US $)
Units
Value
(Million US $)
Total imports of machinery
and transportation equipment
Of which:
Mining equipment
Tractors and agricultural
equipment
Carrier equipment
Transportation equipment
Power equipment
Radio equipment
Machine tools
Instruments
Broadcasting stations
Electrotechnical
equipment
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1,006 2/
37 2/
567 2/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
22.9
3.7 2/
5.3 2/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
860 12/
N.A.
2,025 12/
N.A.
N.A.
385 12/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
52.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1.0 12/
2.2 12/
N.A.
2.6 12/
1.5 12/
9.0 12/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
5.0 2/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1.7 1/
N.A.
N.A.
a.
C. Plan. /1/
d. Plan.
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5. Rumania
On the basis of present information a detailed analysis of
the commodity composition of machinery and transportation equipment
imported by Communist China from Rumania is not possible. According
to the terms of the several trade agreements concluded between China
and Rumania and to other scattered bits of information, China's im-
ports of machinery and transportation equipment from Rumania under the
First Five Year Plan apparently were limited to a few items, chiefly
oil well drilling equipment, oil tank cars, powerplant equipment,
tractors, cement plant equipment, and blast furnace blowers. 23/ Ru-
mania also will export these items to China under the long-term trade
agreement for 1958-62 concluded by these two countries.III/ The
paucity of imports of machinery from Rumania is due in large measure
to the fact that Rumania's machine building industry is quite limited
in scope.
6. Bulgaria
Communist China's imports of machinery and transportation
equipment from Bulgaria were almost negligible before 1953 and even
throughout the First Five Year Plan amounted to only about US $2.3 mil-
lion. The available information on the commodity composition of Chi-
nese imports of machinery and transportation equipment from Bulgaria
is summarized in Table 11.* China's imports of machinery from Bulgaria
were restricted to a few products, chiefly lathes, electric motors, and
agricultural equipment. An announcement stated that Bulgaria was to
have delivered 12 diesel locomotives to Communist China in 1959. /2/
In addition to the annual trade protocols concluded between
China and Bulgaria, an agreement was signed in October 1956 calling for
the delivery to China of equipment for two flotation plants for concen-
trating lead and zinc ores. /...61 Reportedly, about 1,200 tons of equip-
ment were to have been delivered for the two plants, which were sched-
uled to begin operation in 1959. I7/
China and Bulgaria also have concluded a long-term trade
agreement which covers 1958-62. The items of machinery and transpor-
tation equipment which China plans to import from Bulgaria during this
period are listed in Table 12.*
* Table 11 follows on p. 30.
** Table 12 follows on p. 32.
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Table 11
Communist China:
Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment from Bulgaria 2/
1953-57
1953
1954 1955 1956 1957
Value Value Value Value Value
Commodity Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $)
Lathes 174 0.7 26 0.1 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Electric motors 3,799 0.5 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Tractor drawn
plows N.A. N.A. 43 0.2 292 0.1 553 0.2 N.A.
Tractor drawn
seeders N.A. N.A. 20 Negligible 200 0.1 700 0.4 N.A.
Sewing machines L/ N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 200 N.A. 700 N.A. N.A.
Combines N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 68 L/
Total 1/
N.A. 1.2 N.A. 0.3 N.A. 0.2 N.A. 0.6 N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
a.
b. /2/
c. 2,(2
d. Minimum total based on available information.
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D. Free World
Unlike the commodity composition of imports of machinery and
transportation equipment from the Soviet Bloc, such imports by Com-
munist China from the Free World contained no complete installations
but instead were restricted to individual items of machinery. As
shown in Table 19,* machinery (other than electrical) was the most
important broad category of imports from the Free World during 1953-58
and, in terms of value, the most important types were conveying,
hoisting, excavating, road construction, and mining machinery followed
by antifriction bearings, textile machinery, metalworking machinery,
power generating machinery, and tractors. Electrical machinery ranked
second in importance of the machinery imported, followed closely by
transportation equipment. Imports of transportation equipment from
both the Free World and the USSR declined in 1957.
The three most important types of machinery and transportation
equipment exported to China by the ten leading countries of the Free
World during 1955-57 were conveying, hoisting, excavating, road con-
struction, and mining machinery valued at about US $32 million; trans-
portation equipment valued at about US $21 million; and electrical
equipment valued at more than US $18 million. Imports in these three
categories accounted for approximately 60 percent of such imports by
China during that period (see Table 20**).
Almost all of China's imports from Sweden, the leading sup-
plier in the Free World outside the Soviet Bloc of machinery to China,
in terms of value, consisted of various types of conveying, hoisting,
excavating, and mining machinery. The most important imports of ma-
chinery from other countries outside the Soviet Bloc were as follows:
textile machinery from Japan; electrical machinery, especially electri-
cal measuring instruments, and transportation equipment from West Ger-
many; transportation equipment and conveying, hoisting, excavating,
and mining machinery from France; paper and pulp mill machinery and
oceangoing ships from Finland; various kinds of electrical machinery
from the UK, Switzerland, and Belgium-Luxembourg; transportation
equipment from Hong Kong; and metalworking machinery and transportation
equipment from Austria.
The list of items embargoed in trade with Communist China was
revised in August 1958, and no detailed discussion of that list will
be undertaken in this report. Statistical data are not yet available
for an authoritative statement on the effect of this revision that re-
duced the list of goods subject to complete embargo and discontinued
Appendix A, p. 56, below.
** Appendix A, p. 58, below.
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Table 12
Communist China:
Planned Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from Bulgaria 2/
1958-62
Machinery
Electric powerplants
Flotation plants
Electric motors
Diesel motors
Transformers
Unit
Kilovolt amperes
Million US $
Kilowatts
Units
Kilovolt amperes
Volume
46,800
3.8
100,000
400
150,000
a./
quantitative controls on the export of strategic goods. The goods
freed for export to China include most types of machine tools, certain
types of ships, aircraft and aircraft engines, some scientific equip-
ment, all vehicles other than those built to military specifications,
oil well drilling equipment, petrochemical plants, electric generators
and motors, turbines, and most types of antifriction bearings. Except
for antifriction bearings, it seems clear to date that this revision
did not result in greatly increased purchases of machinery from the
West.
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IV. The Drive of Communist China for Economic Self-Sufficiency*
A. Achievements and Goals
The attainment of a high degree of economic self-sufficiency
is a clearly stated goal of the Chinese Communists. Although, as
noted above, China depended heavily on imports of machinery and trans-
portation equipment under the First Five Year Plan-(1953-57), the
nation made considerable progress toward achieving economic self-
sufficiency. By the end of 1957, the domestic machine building in-
dustry was able to satisfy 55 percent of national requirements for
machinery and transportation equipment, including about 42 percent
of the equipment for the 156 Soviet aid projects. .22/ The First
Five Year Plan had called on the machine building industry to supply
about 30 to 50 percent of the equipment needed for the 156 Soviet aid
projects. Li.V The proportion of total requirements supplied by
domestic production in 1957 for selected types of machinery and trans-
portation equipment is shown in Table 13.** More than 75 percent of
the nation's requirements for machine tools, iron smelting equipment,
transformers, and forging equipment reportedly could be supplied
domestically by 1957, whereas 90 percent of the nation's requirements
for equipment for steel smelting and light industry were being supplied
by domestic industry in 1957.
As the First Five Year Plan (1953-57) drew to a close, more
ambitious goals for self-sufficiency were set forth. The 78 projects
called for in the most recent Sino-Soviet aid agreement are to be 45
to 50 percent equipped by China. ?1.11 The Chinese Communists originally
claimed that, under the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62), they would
attain 70 to 8o percent self-sufficiency in the supply of machinery
and transportation equipment.p/ A recent Chinese announcement states
that, during 1958, China met 7 percent of its requirements for ma-
chinery. L/ The demand for heavy machinery is to be satisfied to
about 95 percent of requirements by domestic production during 1958-62.
* It should be noted that the discussion of self-sufficiency in this
report refers to self-sufficiency only in terms of an underdeveloped
country. That is, the demands for machinery and transportation equip-
ment that can be effectively absorbed by the Chinese are still limited,
and it is within this limited concept that the Chinese claim self-
sufficiency for various types of machinery and transportation equipment.
Advances in production, however, generate increased demands, thereby
causing an accelerating effect that can destroy or impede progress
toward self-sufficiency. Partly for this reason the major machinery
importing countries also are the major producers of machinery. See
also the footnote on p. 39, below.
** Table 13 follows on p. 34.
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Table 13
Communist China:
Degree of Self-Sufficiency in Producing Selected Types
of Machinery and Transportation Equipment 2/
1957
Item
Percent
Medium trucks
Machine tools
Metallurgical equipment
Iron smelting equipment
Steel smelting equipment
Steel rolling equipment
14 2/
76 2/
20 2/
77 1/
90 1/
3 S/
Electrical equipment
18 E/
Heavy electrical equipment
10 2/
Steam turbines
20
Electric generators
20 E/
Electric motors
10 E/
Transformers
85 2/
Machinery for light industry
90 2/
Oil drilling and exploratory equipment
20 2/
Antifriction bearings
50 1/
a. Official claims unless otherwise indicated.
b. ?1/
c. Reported for 1956. LW
e. Reported for 1953-57. 22/
f. Reported for 1953-57. 21/
g. Data given for the major category only. Degrees of
self-sufficiency for selected subcategories are esti-
mated.
h. 22/
i. Reported for 1958. 23/
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Some of the heavy machinery that the Chinese plan to produce include
the following: blast furnaces with a capacity of 1,513 cubic meters,
open-hearth furnaces with a capacity of 250 to 500 metric tons, type
1150 preliminary rolling mills with a capacity to produce annually
3 million to 3.5 million metric tons, complete sets of equipment to
produce nitrogen fertilizer with a capacity to produce 50,000 metric
tons of synthetic ammonia annually, 50,000-kilowatt and 100,000-
kilowatt turbogenerator sets, complete sets of equipment for mobile
electric power stations, boilers of large capacity, 13,000-horsepower
marine steam turbines, 6,000-metric-ton hydraulic presses, 5-metric-
ton die-forging hammers, complete sets of equipment for processing
coal into coke and refining petroleum, winches with a diameter of
5 meters, a large overhead cable hoist with a capacity of 20 metric
tons, equipment of large capacity for making cement, cranes for
handling hot metal with a capacity of 350 metric tons, casting ladles
with a capacity of 150 metric tons, and other types of heavy equip-
ment.
Several statements have been made on the goals set for self-
sufficiency for other types of machinery and transportation equipment.
The Chinese Communists will attempt to provide equipment for about
45 percent of thermal powerplants and 27 percent of hydroelectric
powerplants under the plan. 21/ By 1960 or 1961, China plans to be
self-sufficient in the production of all types of textile equip-
ment. 2.?./ By 1962, China expects domestic production to meet 90 to
95 percent of the requirements for all machine tools, 86 percent for
casting equipment, 80 percent for forging equipment, 95 percent for
gauges and bits, 95 percent for grinders, and 100 percent for abra-
sives. 21/ Within the period of the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62),
China intends to become self-sufficient in the production of all
types of instruments. 2.q/ Moreover, official reports by the Chinese
press in 1957 claimed that when the complex in Peking manufacturing
telecommunications equipment enters capacity production, China's
dependence on imported tubes and components will be eliminated, and
its present requirements for civilian telecommunications equipment
will be met. China's requirements for military electronic equipment
will be partly met. 22/
It should be emphasized, however, that these claims of self-
sufficiency are all official claims by the Chinese Communists and are
overly ambitious. Although the Chinese claim that the demand for
heavy machinery is to be 95 percent satisfied by domestic production
during 1958-62 and set forth an ambitious array of the heavy machinery
items to be produced, it is not clear whether these items are to enter
serial production or are to consist merely of prototype production.
Some of the other Chinese claims also are ambiguous. For example, al-
though domestic production is expected to meet 90 to 95 percent of the
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requirements for all machine tools under the Second Five Year Plan
(1958-62), it is not clear whether the Chinese mean all types of ma-
chine tools or merely general purpose machine tools. An independent
evaluation of the capability of Communist China to satisfy its demands
for machinery and transportation equipment during 1958-62 follows in
Section V.
B. Restrictions on Imports of Capital Equipment from Foreign
Countries
Evidence indicates that Communist China intends to substitute
domestic machinery for that which formerly was imported. The Chinese
Communists consider dependence on imports of capital goods a funda-
mental weakness in the structure of the economy which must be cor-
rected as quickly as possible. The Chinese have stated that one of
the important problems that has to be solved in the economic construc-
tion of China is the use of more machinery made in China. The Chi-
nese have commented on this problem as follows:
In the past few years, the following contradictions
existed in the economic construction of China. About
. 40 percent of the machinery equipment needed for na-
tional construction had to be imported, using large sums
of foreign exchange; and at the same time much equipment
and many workers of our Chinese machinery industry were
idle. Because large quantities of foreign equipment
were purchased, the investment funds for national con-
struction were reduced. Due to the limited sale of
China-made equipment, the development of our nation's
machinery industry was also limited. 100/
As a solution to this problem, Chinese engineers will be expected to
adjust their technical standards and specifications to Chinese pro-
duction capabilities and to take account of the pressing need to uti-
lize abundant manpower. That the Chinese intend to implement such a
policy is clearly indicated in a rather lengthy article which dis-
cusses the shortage of low-voltage electrical equipment in 1959. No
mention is made of satisfying the increased demand for this equipment
by Imports. Rather, the following steps are advocated: (1) low-
voltage witch manufacturing bases should be established everywhere,
(2) old plants will be renovated by utilizing new designs and es-
tablishing production lines, and (3) testing and research centers
should be established to insure quality. 101/
* P. 39, below.
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Of course, in addition to complete sets of equipment, the Chi-
nese probably will continue to import certain specialized or intricate
types of equipment rather than to produce these under poor production
conditions. However, it does seem certain that China will avoid any
imports which do not prove entirely superior to products which can be
manufactured domestically.* 103/ The Chinese intend to make the com-
position of imports of machinery and transportation equipment less
diversified. .104/ Imports of simple machine tools, light electrical
equipment, machinery for light industry, and other individual types of
equipment will be curtailed.
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V. Future Requirements*
Communist China's future requirements for machinery and transpor-
tation equipment will, of course, be determined by the regime in plan-
ning basic economic development. It appears that the development of
industries providing materials, fuels, power, and transportation equip-
ment will receive priority consideration under the Second Five Year
Plan. Special attention is to be given to the production of iron,
steel, coal, timber, cement, and raw materials for the chemical in-
dustry. The 1959 economic plan gave some idea of the emphasis to
be placed on the various sectors of industry. The original economic
plan for 1959 sets forth the following targets: steel, 18 million
tons; coal, 380 million tons; electricity, 40 billion kilowatt-hours
(kwh); and cement, 12.5 million tons. The targets for steel and coal
were later cut to 12 million tons and 335 million tons, respec-
tively. 105/ Even with these reduced targets, however, Chinese plans
were still ambitious. In order to implement tnese basic development
plans, large quantites of machinery will be required, especially for
metallurgy, mining, generation of electric power, and production of
chemicals and cement. Substantial amounts of transportation equip-
ment also will be necessary to carry out these plans.
Although, as noted above, the Chinese Communists made considerable
progress toward achieving economic self-sufficiency in the production
of some types of machinery and transportation equipment under the First
Five Year Plan, a number of important gaps still remain in China's ma-
chine building industry -- particularly significant in the production
of heavy and precision machinery. Production of heavy machinery is
* The term requirements as used in this report has the following mean-
ing: given planned economic objectives, the term requirements denotes
a quantity of goods which must be obtained either by domestic produc-
tion and/or importation in any given year or period in order to satisfy
the planned economic objectives. Requirements in this sense must be
determined with the following operating factors in mind: (1) the goods
which the planners feel will be necessary to carry out their planned
economic objectives, (2) the amount of these goods which the planners
estimate can be produced domestically, (3) the amount of these goods
which is available for imports, and (4) the ability of the country to
finance imports. Inherent in each of these operating factors is, of
course, the possibility of dynamic change which could influence the
formulation of requirements. Illustrations of dynamic changes would
be a foreign exchange shortage which could affect the ability of the
country to finance imports or changes in the Free World's embargo
policy which could influence the amount and type of goods available
for import. Import requirements as used in this report are the dif-
ference between the goods which the planners feel will be needed minus
the amount of these goods which the planners estimate can be domes-
tically produced.
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seriously hampered by deficient capacity for producing large-scale
castings and forgings as well as by insufficient machinery for pro-
cessing heavy equipment. 106/ Weaknesses are to be found in the
production of forge-press machinery, steel rolling equipment, chemi-
cal equipment (including equipment for the production of nitrogen
fertilizers), cement equipment, electric locomotives, precision lathes,
measuring instruments, scientific instruments, and the production of
complete sets of equipment, particularly electrical. 107/
As the Chinese Communists attempt to carry out their plans for
industrialization, as outlined above, the requirements for these
types of machinery and transportation equipment undoubtedly will
grow. Manufacturing ability may well accelerate in the course of
economic development, yet the domestic machine building industry prob-
ably will not be capable of meeting the entire demand under the Second
Five Year Plan (1958-62). Although it is impossible to draw up a spe-
cific list of requirements for import, a general outline of the major
types of machinery and transportation equipment that will have to be
imported is presented below.
A. Mining and Metallurgical Equipment
It seems certain that Communist China must import part of the
requirements for mining and metallurgical equipment, at least under
the early years of the Second Five Year Plan. The Ministry of Metal-
lurgical Industry has made plans for building four large integrated
iron and steel plants, which will require large amounts of metallurgical
equipment. Although China made considerable progress in the manufac-
ture of metallurgical equipment during 1958 and 1959, it still depends
on imports for complex rolling mills, selected components for blast
furnaces, and various other types of metallurgical equipment.* Late in
1958, Chao Erh-lu, Minister of the First Ministry of Machine Building,
remarked that the question of supplying mining and steel rolling equip-
ment requires immediate attention because the capacity of the country
to supply these types of equipment is, as yet, inadequate to meet the
needs. 108/ During 1958-60 the completion of capital construction proj-
ects at Fu-la-erh-chi, Shao-kuan, T'ai-yuan, and Lo-yang will add greatly
to productive capacity in metallurgical and mining equipment.** Never-
theless, it will probably be several years before this capacity can be
exploited fully. Imports of metallurgical and mining equipment will
come from both the Soviet Bloc and the Free Worldi
// Moreover, there
are indications that China has been attempting to import metallurgical
* See Table 13, p. 34, above.
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and mining equipment from the markets of the Free World. Inquiries
have been made for such items as sintering
plants for low-grade ferrite ores, blast furnaces, seamless tube mills,
Bessemer converters, and various types of mining machinery. 111/
B. Transportation Equipment
Under the Second Five Year Plan, Communist China should be
able to satisfy a large part of its requirements for transportation
equipment by domestic production. Estimated production of trucks plus
imports of trucks from the USSR during 1955-58 amounted to approxi-
mately 53,000 units. The estimated production capacity of the Chiang-
ch'un Automobile Plant No. 1 is about 60,000 units annually. Conse-
quently, with this plant operating at full capacity along with some
production of trucks at other smaller plants, China's requirements
for trucks with a capacity of 4-1/2 to 5 tons should be fairly well
satisfied domestically. Full capacity production, however, will de-
pend to a great extent on an adequate supply of raw materials. Short-
ages of iron and steel, for example, could result in underutilization
of domestic production capacity, thereby forcing the Chinese to rely
on imports. Such a condition seems -be) exist at the present time. It
was reported in February 1959 that production of motor vehicles in
1959 would be reduced because of changes in "steel material relation-
ships" and that preparations for importing vehicles were being
made. 112/ The Chinese are mass-producing only one model and size of
truck -- the Liberation truck, with a capacity of 4-1/2 to 5 tons.
The Chinese economy will require a greater variety of vehicles under
the Second Five Year Plan, and probably these other types will have to
be imported.
Communist China will produce most of the steam locomotives re-
quired under the Second Five Year Plan. In 1958, however, China did
import some main-line steam passenger locomotives -- purchases dictated
by the pressing demands of the "leap forward" program. 113/ China will
require approximately 1,400 shunting locomotives by 1962, and, al-
though the nation will attempt to cover a large part of this requirement
by domestic production, it will also rely on imports. 114/ A large
number of the locomotives imported by China under the Second Five Year
Plan probably will consist of diesel and electric locomotives. In
1958, Peking purchased from France 25 electric locomotives valued at
US $10.5 million. These locomotives are to be delivered at intervals
before October 1960. 115/ Imports of diesel locomotives probably will
depend largely on the ability of China to provide adequate fuel for
them. In addition to imports of diesel and electric locomotives, China
also will produce domestically a small number of these locomotives
during the remaining years of the Second Five Year Plan.
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C. Electrical Equipment
The largest part of electrical equipment imported by Communist
China under the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62) will be power gene-
rating equipment for the electric power industry. The growth of the
electric power industry in China, although substantial, has lagged
behind the expansion of power-consuming industries. China has become
acutely aware of the retarding effects of shortages of electric power
on industrial development and has responded by mounting a rather am-
bitious program for overcoming this obstacle. Under the Second Five
Year Plan, China will put into operation electric powerplants with
an estimated capacity of 10.0 million kilowatts. 116/ In addition,
construction of electric powerplants, which will enter into operation
after 1962, will be undertaken during 1958-62. Consequently, sub-
stantial amounts of power generating equipment will be needed in China
under the Second Five Year Plan.
In spite of considerable development under the First Five Year
Plan in the industry producing power generating equipment for the
electric power industry, China could meet only about 20 percent of its
requirements for steam turbines and electric generators in 1957.* In
an effort to overcome the shortage of this equipment, the Chinese have
made production of ,power generating equipment a matter of top priority.
Plans of the First Ministry of Machine Building for 1959 state that
priority in allocations for capital construction was to be given to
producing generating equipment for the electric power industry. The
only other item of machinery receiving such top consideration was
metallurgical equipment. Generating equipment for the electric power
industry was to be turned out in 1959 at a rate "not only unprecedented
in the history of the industry," but above that for any other indus-
try. 117/ The output of generating equipment in 1959 reportedly was
2.15 million kilowatts (kw), 118/ but, apparently, the Chinese Commu-
nists encountered difficulty in producing such equipment in 1959. Pro-
duction of generators for hydroelectric powerplants during the first
quarter of 1959 disclosed many problems arising from lack of experience.
Of all the plants producing this type of generator, only one plant had
had previous experience in the manufacture of these generators. 119/
Shortages of raw materials also have impeded production. 120/
Not until 1959 was China able to manufacture domestically
large-size generating equipment of 50,000 and 72,500 kw. Production of
100,000-kw generating units will not be undertaken until later in the
course of the Second Five Year Plan. Analysis indicated that the siz-
able part, a little less than one-half, of the power generating equip-
ment needed to meet the requirements of China to produce electric power
* See Table 13, p. 34, above.
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during 1958-62 must be imported. As previously noted, the USSR, East
Germany, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary will be ex-
porting electric power generating equipment to China under the Second
Five Year Plan (1958-62).
Communist China will be in a somewhat better position to meet
its requirements for other types of electrical equipment under the
Second Five Year Plan. Imports of transformers probably will be
limited to those of more than 100,000 kilovolt amperes (kva). China
will be able to meet its demand for small electric motors, but medium-
size and large electric motors will continue to be imported at least
until the Chinese are able to make full use of the existing capacity
for producing electric motors. Imports of electric motors from the
USSR in 1958 increased above that in 1957. However, only 52 percent
of the designed capacity of the shops producing medium-size and large
electric motors at the Harbin Electrical Equipment Plant was being
utilized in 1958. 121/
High priorities given to the construction of plants producing
electronic equipment have permitted the Chinese to reduce drastically
their dependence on outside sources of supply. Production achieved
under the Second Five Year Plan should enable China to supply most of
its domestic requirements for receiving tubes, electronic components
(except some specialized primary components and materials), radio-
broadcast receivers, telephones, manual switchboards, and wire-
diffusion equipment.
D. Chemical Equipment
Under the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62) the chemical indus-
try of Communist China is scheduled for rapid expansion, particularly
in chemical fertilizers. Fulfillment of the goals of this plan in the
chemical industry will depend on the supply of chemical equipment.
Requirements for such equipment under the Second Five Year Plan will
be about five times those of the First Five Year Plan. Although China
had to import most of the chemical equipment needed during 1953-57,
official announcements now claim that 90 percent of the chemical
equipment required by the nation under the Second Five Year Plan will
be supplied by domestic production. 122/ Yet the capability of Commu-
nist China to manufacture chemical equipment of the latest technology
is extremely limited and probably will remain limited under the Second
Five Year Plan. Manufacture of the principal types of machines and
equipment to produce chemical fertilizer -- never before attempted by
China -- requires a high level of technique especially for the high-
pressure reflex cylinder and the high-pressure air compressor and
represents a formidable engineering task for the relatively inexperi-
enced machine building industry.
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In spite of the ambitious claims of the Chinese Communists,
China probably will not be able to supply 90 percent of its require-
ments by domestic production and will be forced to import a fairly
sizable quantity of equipment for the chemical industry if plans for
expansion of the industry are to be fulfilled. Agreements already
have been signed with some of the countries of the Soviet Bloc for
delivery of chemical plants. During 1959-62, China will import four
nitrogen fertilizer plants from East Germany, five oxygen plants from
Czechoslovakia, and three nitrate fertilizer plants from Poland. In
view of the general shortage of chemical equipment in the Soviet Bloc
and the current plans for expansion of the chemical industries of the
various countries of the Bloc, China probably will attempt to purchase
some chemical equipment from the Free World. Indications are that the
Chinese are attempting to obtain from France equipment to produce
ammonia. 123/
E. Petroleum Equipment
Under the First Five Year Plan (1953-57), China relied heavily
on imports to meet its demands for petroleum equipment. During 1953-56,
China imported more than 1,400 mining drills, most of which came from
the USSR and Rumania. 124/ Between 1955 and 1957, China imported from
the USSR alone oil well drilling equipment worth more than US $45 mil-
lion. As shown in Table 13,* China supplied only 20 percent of its
requirements for drilling and exploratory equipment for the oil indus-
try by the end of the First Five Year Plan.
The magnitude of the oil exploration effort will be increased
considerably under the Second Five Year Plan. In 1958, the first year
of the Second Five Year Plan, China imported oil well drilling equip-
ment valued at about US $11 million from the USSR. Plants scheduled
for completion in 1959 will increase greatly China's present limited
capability for producing drilling and refining equipment for the oil
industry. Because of the magnitude of the oil exploration effort and
because of inexperience, several years must elapse before the new
capacity is exploited fully, and no significant improvement in this
field is expected until 1960. Therefore, China probably will continue
to import large amounts of petroleum equipment at least through 1960.
F. Metalworking Machinery
Communist China has relied heavily on imports to satisfy its
requirements for metalworking machinery. Under the First Five Year
Plan (1953-57), about 21,000 units of metalcutting machine tools were
imported. 125/ However, the machine tool industry of China has
* P. 34, above.
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developed rapidly, and by 1956, China reportedly could supply about
75 percent of its needs for this type of machinery. 126/
According to Communist claims, China will be able to supply
about 90 to 95 percent of its requirements for machine tools by
1962. 127/ Domestic production of many types of machine tools possibly
will be sufficient to meet China's requirements under the Second Five
Year Plan, but still some types of heavy and precision machine tools
will have to be imported. Among the latter are precision lathes, heavy
duty lathes, and grinders and gear generation machines, especially ma-
chines for hobbing large-size gears and small precision machines for
making watch and instrument gear wheels. 128/ Some boring machines prob-
ably will have to be imported, inasmuch as in 1959 boring operations were
being used increasingly in processing new equipment and the scarcity of
boring machines had become a major problem. 129/ Horizontal boring and
milling machines and turbine gear hobbing machines valued at about US $3
million were to be imported in 1959 from the Asquith Machine Tool Cor-
poration and the David Brown Corporation of the UK. 130/
Because production of metalworking machinery in Communist China
is confined largely to metalcutting machines, the nation under the
Second Five Year Plan (1958-62) probably will have to import many types
of metalforming machinery such as pressing, forging, shearing, bending,
and hammering machines. About 250 units of forging machinery were to be
imported in 1958. 131/
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APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES
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Table 14
Communist China: Estimated Distribution
of Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment, by Value
1950-58
Million US $
Trade with the Soviet
Bloc
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
USSR
41.4 2/*
107.7 12/
156.6 2/
163.6 2/
198.912/
229.6
2/
304.7
2/
271.6
1/
318.0 2/
European Satellites
East Germany !_/
N.A.
N.A.
-N.A,
54.4
89.6
87.7
85.4
95.2
120.0 g/
Czechoslovakia
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
30.4 5/
35.4 g/
37.4
12/
55.0
12/
73.9
121
92.3 1/
Hungary 1/
N.A.
9.0
11.9
24.8
22.3
24.5
22.9
27.2
52.0 g/
Poland
0.6 Lc/
0.8 ly
2.3 W
7.8 1y
15.9 1/
13.9 1/
27.2
1/
27.1
1/
50.3)32/
Rumania
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3.512/
8.5
2/
14.0
1/
N.A.
Bulgaria a/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.6
N.A.
6.2 I/
Subtotal 2/
o.6
9.8
14.2
118.6
163.5
167.2
199.6
237.4
320.8
Total 2/
42.0
117.5
170.8
282.2
362.4
396.8
504.3
509.0
638.8
Trade with the Free
/
World I/
26.3
45.2
12.0
20.9
13.3
15.0
41.6
65.8
69.7
Grand total 2/
68.3
162.7
182.8
303.1
375.7
-
411.A
545.9
574.8
708.5
* Footnotes for Table 14 follow on p. 49.
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Table 14
Communist China: Estimated Distribution
of Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment, by Value
1950-58
(Continued)
a. 132/
b. 1.141/
d.
e.
f.
Chinese imports
g. Estimated.
h. Machinery and
13/
from East
Germany,
Machinery and equipment accounted for "almost 90 percent" of 50X1
presumably as a general average, during 1953-57. 138/
transportation equipment accounted for 65 percent of exports from Czechoslovakia to China in
1955, 85 percent in 1956, and 91 percent in 1957. 139/
I. 140/
50X1
k. 142/
1. 143/
m. 144/
n. Oil drilling equipment and complete equipment for electric powerplants comprised in 1955 more than 50 per-
cent of the entire exports by Rumania to China. 145/
o. In 1956, approximately 50 percent of total exports from Rumania to China consisted of machinery and
transportation equipment. .146/
p. In 1957, machinery and transportation equipment accounted for 93 percent of exports from Rumania to
China. 147/
50X1
r. 149/
s. Minimum total based on available information.
t. 150/
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Table 15
Communist China: Estimated Distribution of Imports
of Machinery and Transportation Equipment, by Percentage
1950-58
Percent
Trade with the Soviet
Bloc
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
USSR
60.6
66.2
85.7
54.0
52.9
55.8
55.8
47.3
44.9
European Satellites
0.9
6.0
7.8
39.1
43.5
40.6
36.6
41.3
45.3
Subtotal
61.5
72.2
93.5
93.1
96.4
96.4
92.4
88.6
90.2
Trade with the Free
World
38.5
27.8
6.5
6.9
3.6
3.6
7.6
11.4
9.8
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
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Table 16
Communist China: Estimated Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment from the European Satellites
1953-58
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Imports of
Machinery and
Transportation
Total Imports Equipment
Country (Million US $) (Million US )
Percent
of
Total
Total Imports
(Million US $)
Imports of
Machinery and
Transportation
Equipment
(Million US )
Percent
of
Total
Total Imports
(Million US
Imports of
Machinery and
Transportation
Equipment
) (Million US $)
Percent
of
Total
Total Imports
(Million US
Imports of
Machinery and
Transportation
Equipment
) (Million US )
Percent
of
Total
Total Imports
(Million US $)
Imports .of
Machinery and
Transportation
Equipment
(Million US )
Percent
of
Total
Imports of Imports of
Machinery and Machinery and
Transportation Transportation Percent
Equipment Equipment of
(Million US $) (Million US $) Total
European Satellites 187.0 118.6
63.4
231.8
163.5
70.5
237.9
167.2
70.3
263.1
199.6
75.9
280.6
237.4
84.6
382.8 320.8 83.8
East Crie:nnany 12/ 60.4 54.4
90.1
99.5
89.6
90.0
97.4
87.7
90.0
94.9
85.4
90.0
105.8
95.2
90.0
133.2 120.0 90.0
Czechoslovakia 2/ 6o.7 30.4
50.1
64.4
35.4
55.0
57.6
37.4
64.9
64.7
55.0
85.0
81.2
73.9
91.0
109.2 sl/ 92.3 84.5
Hungary e 29.6 24.8
83.8
30.9 1/
22.3
72.2
36.5
24.5
67.1
31.0
22.9
73.9
29.8
27.2
91.3
57.4 5/ 52.0 90.6
Poland h 31.0 7.8
25.2
37.0
15.9
43.0
34.8
13.9
39.9
50.3 1/
27.2
54.1
44.8 1/
27.1
60.5
72.011/ 50.3 69.9
Rumania 1/ N.A. N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
7.0
3.5
50.0
17.0 Ey
8.5
50.0
15.0
14.0
93.3
N.A. N.A. N.A.
Bulgaria 2/ 5.3 1.2
22.6
N.A.
0.3
N.A.
4.6
0.2
4.3
5.2
0.6
11.5
N.A.
N.A.
11.0 2/ 6.2 56.4
a. Minimum total based on available information.
k.
160/ 50X1'
b. 151/
g.
15b
1.
Estimated unless otherwise indicated.
m.
161/ E50X1
d. 153/
i.
j.
158/
50X1_50X1
159/
o.
163/
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Table 17
Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports
of Machinery and Transportation Equipment from the USSR W*
1955-58
Million US $
Total imports of machinery and transporta-
tion equipment
1955
1956
1957
1958
229.6
304.7
271.6
318.0
Of which:
Complete installations
141.5
217.0
209.0
166.2
Metalworking machine tools
3.0
4.9
3.5
7.8
Metalcutting machine tools
(2.1)
(4.3)
(2.9)
(7.o)
Metalforming machine tools
(0.9)
(o.6)
(o.6)
(o.8)
Power equipment
8.1
7.2
3.9
9.7
Electrotechnical equipment
5.4
3.1
3.9
3.1
Mining equipment
0.4
0.2
1:2
0.3
Oil well drilling equipment
13.2
19.2
12.8
10.9
Hoisting and conveying equipment
1.9
1.5
2.2
3.5
Equipment for the chemical industry
1.3
0.2
0.7
0.5
Equipment for the building industry
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.5
Excavators and road building equipment
3.4
4.5
3.5
5.0
Footnote for Table 17 follows on p. 54.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 17
Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports
of Machinery and Transportation Equipment from the USSR 2/
1955-58
(Continued)
Million US $
1955
1956
1957
1958
Crushing-grinding and concentrating equipment
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
Equipment for the light and food industries
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
Pump-compressor equipment
2.6
2.8
1.8
1.2
Equipment for the printing industry
Negligible
0.1
0.1
Negligible
Antifriction bearings
2.4
1.3
1.9
1.7
Instruments
1.3
1.5
1.3
0.9
Tractors and farm machinery
10.5
9.1
2.5
10.8
Railroad rolling stock
0.4
1.5
0.3
5.0
Automotive equipment
22.7
16.0
5.2
61.7
Cable and electric wire
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
Metallurgical equipment
2.6
1.6
0.4
0.5
Foundry equipment
Neg3igible
Negligible
0.1
0.3
Gas welding equipment
0.1
0.1
0.5
Negligible
Marine equipment
0.3
2.9
1.6
2.1
a. 164/
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Table 18
Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment from Poland
1955-59
Commodity
Total imports of machinery and transporta-
tion equipment I/
Of which:
1955 31
Value
1956 2/ 1957 12/
1958 2/ 1959 I/ 2/
Value Value Value Value
Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $) Units (Million US $)
N.A. 13.9
N.A. 27.2
N.A. 27.1
N.A. 50.3 2/
N.A. N.A.
Metalworking machine tools 28 0.5 h/ 138 1.711/ 146 1/ 1.6 h./ 598 2.9 N.A. N.A.
Mining equipment N.A. N.A. N.A. o.4 N.A. N.A. N.A. 0.5 N.A. N.A.
Power equipment, except electrical N.A. N.A. N.A. 2.2 326 31 3-3 1/ 2,097 4.o N.A. N.A.
Tractors and farm machinery 1,788 N.A. 5,762 N.A. 527 1/ 3.0 1/ N.A. 12.3 300 N.A.
Equipment and materials for completely
equipped enterprises N.A. 1.7 N.A. 0.9 N.A. 5.4 1/ N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Excavators and roadbuilding equipment N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 89 h/ 2.8 1/ N.A. 0.6 N.A. N.A.
Ships 7 5.6 9 10.3 531 9.531 N.A. 8.3 N.A. N.A.
Locomotives N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 93 1.0 54 N.A.
Cranes N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 60 N.A.
Aqomotive transportation equipment 1,381 N.A. 1,243 N.A. 11 1/ N.A. N.A. 5.6 N.A. N.A.
Electrotechnical equipment N.A. N.A. N.A. 2.3 N.A. N.A. N.A. 1.6 340 N.A.
Oil well drilling equipment N.A. 0.2 N.A. o.4 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
1.
Plan.
168/
169/
170-
171/
172/
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50X1
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Communist China:
Table 19
Commodity Composition of Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from the Free World W*
1953-58
Thousand US $
Commodity and Commodity Group
1953
1254
1955
1956
1957 1958
Machinery, other than electrical
Power generating machinery
Agricultural machinery and implements
Tractors, other than steam
Office machinery
Metalworking machinery
Conveying, hoisting, excavating, road construction,
and mining machinery
Paper mill, pulp mill, and paper processing machinery
Textile machinery and accessories
Sewing machines
Antifriction bearings
Other and unspecified mining, construction, and
industrial machinery
Unspecified nonelectric machinery
Electrical machinery and appliances
Electric generators, alternators, motors, converters,
transformers, and switchgear
12,7)4-7
5,232
6,222
22,222
3,068
381
4,517
661
952
1,939
348
4,704
144
166
5,011
1,029
6,565
)-i-8,669
51,009
1,026
1
2,337
1,303
7,475
0
0
0
6
0
599
7,358
198
0
206
31+
736
46
1,508
0
44
2,404
56
3,l24-
178
o
o
199
62
223
2,883
1,156
160
83
616
662
2,695
1,769
156
1,702
128
4,327
26,247
1,439
3,312
141
2,589
5,771
1,088
9,905
3,239
833
2,973
77
5,924
4,594
1,234
4,468
247
12,472
12,821
2,127
11,871
N.A.
353
238
814
4,526
3,586
* Footnote for Table 19 follows on p. 57.
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Table 19
Communist China: Commodity Composition of Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from the Free World 11
1953-58
(Continued)
Thousand US $
Commodity and Commodity Group
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Electrical machinery and appliances (Continued)
Radio and other apparatus for telegraphy, telephony,
television, and radar
N.A.
0
253
895
1,281
1,170
Insulated cables and wire
N.A.
25
214
134
408
1,163
Other and unspecified electrical machinery
N.A.
2,746
1,990
4,722
3,690
5,952
Transportation equipment
446
4 270
4 815
12,016
7,183
6,818
Railroad vehicles
0
0
61
60
130
150
Road motor vehicles
282
324
343
7,625
4,302
5,440
Road vehicles, other than motor vehicles
164
342
357
2,948
1,387
767
Ships and boats
0
3,600
4,024
1,294
1,294
451
Unspecified transportation equipment
0
4
30
89
70
10
Unspecified machinery and transportation equipment
342
1,303
0
0
Total imports of machinery and transportation
equipment
22422/
..E.13
,112.122
15/035
41/555
69,698
F65-.4.7.51
a. 122/. Instruments and a few other minor items are included in the Soviet and probably the Satellite
definition of machinery and transportation equipment but are classified otherwise for the Free World.
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Table 20
Communist China: Major Imports of Machinery and Transportation Equipment
from Selected Countries and Areas of the Free World 2/
1955-57
Thousand US $
Power generating machinery,
Sweden
Japan
West
Germany
France
Switzerland
Finland
UK
Belgium-
Luxembourg
Hong Kong
Austria
except electrical
1,281
352
399
o
1,807
o
65
o
o
o
Tractors, other than steam
0
0
1,949
2,554
0
0
303
o
o
o
Office machinery
807
489
120
0
152
0
0
0
179
0
Metalworking machinery
0
147
1,394
622
1,348
0
342
0
29
659
Conveying, hoisting, excavating,
road construction, and mining
machinery
23,518
1,191
1,558
4,199
659
0
132
o
84
345
Paper mill, pulp mill, and
paper processing machinery
0
0
130
0
253
3,730
92
o
126
o
Textile machinery and acces-
sories
0
7,401
746
0
156
0
634
333
258
o
Antifriction bearings
0
1,944
o
o
280
o
o
o
o
o
Air conditioning and refrigera-
tion equipment
0
0
0
0
338
0
0
0
81
0
Printing industry machinery
0
296
324
o
377
o
89
o
37
0
Electrical machinery and
appliances
892
3,198
2,502
262
3,256
0
2,142
4,664
712
498
Transportation equipment
0
3,962
2,297
4,504
199
6,581
568
0
1,525
959
All other machinery
1,487
2,851
2,170
170
3,280
1,248
2,672
745
326
274
Total imports of machinery and
transportation equipment
27,985
21,831
13,589
12,311
12,105
11,559
7,039
5,742
3,357
2,735
a. 174/
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