THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY OF POLAND 1955-60

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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 77
50X1
THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY OF POLAND
1955-60
CIA/RR ER 60-7
March 1960
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. '793 and '794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY OF POLAND
1955-60
CIA/RR ER 60-7
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office- of Research and Reports
SECRET
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FOREWORD
The purpose of this report is to evaluate the status of production
of electronics in Poland and the present and future role of this in-
dustry in the Polish economy and in production of electronics for the
Sino-Soviet Bloc. Although Poland is among the lesser producers of
electronics in the Bloc, the potential for expansion of the electronics
industry exhibited in the last few years and the planned future pro-
duction of electronics in Poland indicate a role of increasing im-
portance in production of electronics in the Bloc.
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary and Conclusions
I. Organization 3
A. General 3
B. Present Administrative Organization 4
C. Plants and Construction 4
D. Labor Force 5
Production Trends, 1956-60 5
A. Consumer Entertainment Equipment 7
B. Military Electronics 11
C. Civil Communications Equipment 15
D. Industrial Electronics 17
E. Components 19
III. Foreign Trade 23
A. Imports
B. Exports
Appendix A. Methodology
Appendixes
26
27
Tables
1. Estimated Production of Electronics in Poland, 1955-60 .
2. Estimated Production of Consumer Entertainment Equipment
in Poland, 1955-60
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3. Estimated Production of Military Radar Equip-
ment in Poland, 1955-60
4. Estimated Production of Electron Tubes and Semi-
conductor Devices in Poland, 1955-60
5. Estimated Imports of Electronics by Poland,
1955-58
Page
13
20
24
6. Estimated Production of Radio and Television
Receivers in Poland, 1955-60 30
Following Page
Figure 1. Poland: Estimated Production of Elec-
tronics, by Major Class of, Equipment,
1955-60 2
Charts
Figure 2. Poland: Estimated Production of Military
Electronics, 1955-60 12
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THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY OF POLAND*
1955-60
Summary and Conclusions
Before World War II the electronics industry of Poland consisted
of a small number of assembly plants either owned outright or operating
under license by foreign electronics firms. In. the postwar years this
industry has been expanded substantially and now comprises a group of
approximately 20 nationalized enterprises capable of producing a rela-
tively wide range of electronic components, subassemblies, and finished
equipment. In spite of rapid growth, however, the electronics industry
is far from being comprehensively developed, and Poland is still de-
pendent on outside sources of supply for many types of finished elec-
tronic equipment and also for materials and components to support
domestic producers of electronics.
Growth in production of electronics in Poland, as shown for each
major class of equipment in Figure 1,** has been particularly rapid
during the current Five Year Plan (1956-60). It is estimated that
the value of production of electronics in 1960 will be approximately
five times that in 1955. Annual increases in production have ranged
from 16 percent in 1956 to a high of 67 percent in 1958. Estimated
rates of increase in 1959 and 1960, however, will be considerably be-
low the rate of increase achieved in 1958. In relative terms, these
annual increases in production of electronics have been impressive
and have exceeded by far annual increases of from 9 to 10 percent in
the total industrial production in Poland. In absolute terms, however,
the estimated value of production of electronics in 1959 of 2.8 billion
zlotys*** (US $60 million) represents less than 1 percent of the total
industrial production and about 4 percent of the total production by
the machinery and metalworking industries in Poland.
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of I March 1960.
** Following p. 2.
*** Unless otherwise indicated, zloty values throughout this report
are based on estimated factory prices and are given in 1956 zlotys.
Dollar values are given in current US dollars. Zlotys may be con-
verted to US dollars at an estimated rate of exchange for the elec-
tronics industry of 47 zlotys to US $1. For methodology, see Appen-
dix A.
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Production of consumer entertainment equipment has been predomi-
nant in production of electronics in Poland since 1955, and estimates
of the future production indicate that consumer entertainment equip-
ment will represent an even larger percentage of total electronics
by 1960. Poland produces a wide range of consumer radio receivers
and leads the other European Satellites in the number of radio re-
ceivers produced annually. Poland produced about 2,000 television
receivers in 1956, increased this production to 57,000 in 1958, and
produced 117,000 receivers in 1959. This rapid increase in production
of television receivers, which have a relatively high unit value, has
contributed very significantly to the rapid growth in the value of the
total production of electronics in Poland.
In terms of value, production of military electronics ranks second
to that of consumer entertainment equipment. Radar equipment makes
up the greater part of the military electronics produced in Poland.
The rapid increase in volume of production of radar sets also has been
a highly important factor in the rapid growth in production of elec-
tronics in Poland. At the initiative of the USSR, and with at least
formal if not genuine approval by the other member countries of the
Warsaw Pact, Poland has been assigned responsibility for producing
much of the military radar equipment to be used throughout the Euro-
pean Satellites. Production of radar equipment in Poland includes a
fire control (FC) radar set designed in the USSR and a Polish radar
set used for early warning (EW) and ground-controlled intercept (GCI).
In addition to these military radar sets, Poland has initiated pro-
duction of marine navigational radar equipment. At present, the
greatest strength of Poland in production of radar equipment lies in
the capacity that has been built up for the assembly of radar sets.
This capacity exceeds that of any other European Satellite even though
components for production of radar equipment must still be imported
and Polish capabilities in research and development of radar lag
behind those of East Germany, Hungary, and possibly Czechoslovakia.
In the other sectors of the Polish electronics industry, increases
in production have been smaller. The civil communications equipment
produced in Poland, besides being entirely inadequate in volume, is
technologically obsolescent in comparison with the latest equipment
produced in the USSR and other European countries. Similarly, pro-
duction of industrial electronics, which includes electronic test and
measuring instruments and electronic computers, is inadequate to
satisfy domestic needs and, in terms of operational characteristics,
is not as satisfactory as similar equipment produced in East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, or several of the countries outside the Soviet Bloc.
The outlook for improvements in production of civil communications
equipment in the near future is not good. Additions to plant capacity
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Minion /956 Zlotys
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
POLAND
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF ELECTRONICS
BY MAJOR CLASS OF EQUIPMENT, 1955-60
Total Electronics
Consumer Entertainment Equipment
Military Electronics
Civil Communications Equipment
? Industrial Electronics
Figure 1 50X1
1955
28629 3-60
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
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for production of this equipment will be relatively insignificant
through 1960. In the area of industrial electronics, however, it is
estimated that future growth will be somewhat more rapid than that for
civil communications equipment. Poland has initiated development of
electronic digital and analog computers, and current plans provide for
production of such computers during the period 1960-65. Although the
high unit value of electronic computers will contribute to rapid growth
in the monetary value of Polish industrial electronics, production of
electronic devices for industrial use in Poland will continue to be
impeded by inferior technology and limited domestic production of
necessary components.
The inadequacies characterizing the Polish electronics industry
are most clearly reflected in the continuing necessity for Poland to
import a wide range of electronic equipment and components not only
from Soviet Bloc but also from non-Bloc countries. Imports of equip-
ment for transmission of radio, television, and wire communications
have been and still are necessary for the extension of the Polish
communications network for civil and military use. Imports of special
electron tubes, transistors, and other electronic components are neces-
sary for the continued production of radar and military communications
equipment. Input and output devices must be imported for use in develop-
ment and production of electronic computers in Poland. In addition,
germanium and silicon must be imported for producing semiconductor de-
vices. Although the dependence on imports of electronics in Poland is
being reduced gradually, it is estimated that no appreciable change in
status will be obvious until after 1960.
I. Organization
A. General
Before World War II the electronics industry of Poland consisted
of assembly plants either owned outright or operating under license by
foreign electronic firms such as Phillips of the Netherlands and Ericsson
of Sweden. The plants of the electronics industry, particularly those
in western Poland, suffered considerable damage during the war. Post-
war development of the Polish electronics industry was slow during the
years through 1949, and the pace increased only slightly during the
Six Year Plan (1950-55). Assistance in the development of the industry
during this postwar period was supplied primarily by the USSR. During
the Five Year Plan (1956-60), however, increasing assistance frbm other
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Soviet Bloc and non-Bloc countries has permitted an accelerated develop-
ment of the technological capabilities and productive capacity of the
Polish electronics industry.
B. Present Administrative Organization
The electronics industry of Poland presently is under the
broad jurisdiction of the Ministry of Heavy Industry and is controlled
directly through several branch associations (Zjednoczenie Przemyslu --
ZP). Most of the plants producing electronics are controlled by
either the Association of Teletechnical Industry (ZP Teletechnicznego)
or the Association of Electronic Industry (ZP Elektronicznego). A few
plants producing components are under the Association of Electric
Machines and Apparatuses (ZP Maszyn i Aparatow Elektrycznych). These
branch associations were organized to conform to the policy aimed at
decentralization of control instituted in the USSR in 1957-58. As
yet, however, Poland has not abolished the industrial ministry level
of control as was done in the USSR and in East Germany in 1958, and
there is no evidence of any significant change in production of elec-
tronics in Poland as the result of the reorganization within the Min-
istry of Heavy Industry.
C. Plants and Construction
Approximately 20 plants produce most of the electronics in
Poland. There is a concentration of plants in the Warsaw area, but
important facilities also are located at Dzierzoniow (Reichenbach),
Bydgoszcz (Bromberg), Lodz, Wroclaw (Breslau), Gdynia, and Danzig.
The plants in the Warsaw area employ approximately 60 percent of the
labor force in the electronics industry and contribute a very high
proportion of the total production of consumer entertainment equip-
ment, radar, communications equipment, and components in Poland.
New and proposed construction of plants to produce electronics
during the current Five Year Plan includes a plant for production of
cathode ray tubes at Stara Iwiczna, the T-1 Radio Plant (Zaklady
Radiowe) in the Grochowe suburb of Warsaw for production of radar, a
plant to produce television receivers and kinescope equipment in
Danzig, and an industrial complex for producing electronic instruments
and computers in Wroclaw. Additional plant capacity has been con-
structed at the T-3 Radio Plant imienia Marcina Kasprzak (Zaklady
Radiowe imienia Marcina Kasprzak) in Warsaw and the A-4 Electric
Light Manufacturing Plant imienia Roza Luksemburg (Zaklady Wytworcze
Lamp Elektrycznych imienia Roza Luksemburg) in Warsaw, the leading
producer of electron tubes in Poland.
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D. Labor Force
The labor force employed in production of electronics in Poland
was estimated at about 30,000 in 1959* compared with 25,000 in 1955.
Although the Five Year Plan called for a 100-percent increase in the
labor force by 1960, delays in the construction and equipping of new
production facilities have made the achievement of this goal most un-
likely. The labor force includes a large percentage of women, as is
true in the electronics industries of other countries. Although
official Polish sources chronically complain of a shortage of engineers
and trained technicians in the electronics industry, contacts between
US and Polish specialists in electronics indicate that the leading
technical institutes in Poland are graduating many electronics engi-
neers well trained in several disciplines, including radar. There has
been no serious problem in Poland, as there has been in East Germany
and Hungary, over the loss of technically competent persons by defec-
tions to the West.
The distribution of the labor force among the subsectors of
the electronics industry according to estimates for 1958 is as follows:
Class of Equipment
Percentage of
Total Labor
Percentage of Total
Gross Production
Consumer entertainment equipment
40
60
Military electronics
18
17
Civil communications equipment
10
9
Industrial electronics
4
2
Components
28
12
The value of production per worker in these subsectors varies con-
siderably depending on the age of the production machinery, the degree
of standardization and automation, and the degree to which quality
control is an important factor. Workers producing consumer enter-
tainment equipment have the highest annual value of output per worker,
whereas those producing military electronics, industrial electronics,
and components have a relatively low annual output per worker.
II. Production Trends, 1956-60
During the present Five Year Plan (1956-60) the Polish electronics
industry has concentrated on developing new capacity for production
* This estimate is based on the sum of reported labor forces among
the majority of the 20 primary producers of electronics in Poland.
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of radar equipment for both military and civil maritime use, production
of radio and television receivers for consumer entertainment, and pro-
duction of electronic components. Capacity for producing civil com-
munications equipment has remained fairly constant, and although the
importance of producing electronic instruments and computers for in-
dustrial use has been recognized in Poland, the tendency has been for
Polish authorities to rely on imports from countries more advanced
in electronics as long as these imports continue to be made available.
Production of electronics in Poland has increased substantially
during each year of the current Five Year Plan. The large annual
increases shown for production of electronics in Table 1* are a re-
flection primarily of the relatively low rate of production prevail-
ing in the industry in 1955 and of the introduction into series pro-
duction of electronic equipment such as television receivers and radar
sets having high unit values. Series production of television re-
ceivers was started in 1956. Production in 1957 was about 7 times
that in 1956, in 1958 more than 3 times that in 1957, and in 1959
more than 2 times that in 1958. Radar equipment was developed and
series production initiated in 1955 with substantial increases being
made in production during 1956 and 1957.
The annual increases in production by the electronics industry of
Poland have been consistently larger than corresponding annual increases
in the total industrial production or in production by the machinery and
metalworking industries. In 1956, for example, the gross industrial
production increased 8.9 percent, whereas production of electronics in-
creased 16 percent. In 1957 the gross production by the machinery and
metalworking industries that include electronics increased 14.8 percent,
whereas production of electronics increased 48 percent. Similarly, in 1958
the gross production by the machinery and metalworking industries in-
creased 14.3 percent, whereas production of electronics increased 67 per-
cent. In 1959, gross industrial production increased 9 percent, whereas
production of electronics increased 22 percent. XX
The annual percentage increases in production of electronics in
Poland are not the most significant measures of the development of
the electronics industry. The capacity of the electronics industry
to satisfy domestic requirements for its products or to produce an
exportable commodity is a more realistic measure of the gains made
in the electronics industry. In this respect, gains in Poland have
* Table 1 follows on p. 7.
** Although estimates of annual increases in industrial production
and in production by the machinery and metalworking industries were
based on gross values, whereas increases in production of electronics
were based on net values, the comparisons are believed to be valid.
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Electronics in Poland 2/
1955-60
Class of Equipment
1955
1956
1957
1958 1959
1960
Million 1956 Zlotys b/
Consumer entertainment
equipment
520
570
860
1,600
2,000
2,800
Military electronics
80
14o
260
440
480
600
Civil communications
equipment
170
190
210
230
250
280
Industrial electronics
36
43
53
65
93
130
Total 1/
810
940
1,400
2,300
2,800
3,800
1955 = loo
Index of total
100
116
172
286
348
470
a. Based on estimated factory prices.
b. Values have been rounded to two significant digits.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may not agree with
the sums of their rounded components.
been less spectacular. Facilities for the assembly of radio and tele-
vision receivers for consumer entertainment, for example, probably have
become adequate to supply domestic requirements for the receivers and
to provide small quantities for export. In 1959, however, Poland
still was dependent on imports of components, picture tubes, receiving
tubes, and transistors to maintain high levels of production of re-
ceivers for consumer entertainment. Similarly, the development of
capacity for assembly of radar sets has not been accompanied by a
corresponding development of capacity for producing radar components.
Increases in production of electronic instruments, although impressive,
have not narrowed significantly the gap between the capacity of Poland
to produce this equipment and the increasing requirements for it.
A. Consumer Entertainment Equipment
Consumer entertainment evipment, which includes radio and
television receivers and wired loudspeakers, constitutes the largest
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volume of electronics produced in Poland. In 1959, 70 percent of the
total value of production of electronics was represented by consumer
entertainment equipment. By 1960, as the result of continuing in-
creases in production of radio and television receivers, the value
of consumer entertainment equipment is expected to reach 73 percent
of the total. The annual production of consumer entertainment equip-
ment, as shown in Table 2,* has increased rapidly since 1956, when
Poland initiated series production of television receivers. These
increases probably will continue but at a more moderate rate until
1961-62, when, it is estimated, production of television receivers
will reach a peak. During this same period, production of radio re-
ceivers will be increased moderately to satisfy demands created by
the electrification of rural areas now served primarily by wired loud-
speakers.
Poland was the largest producer of radio receivers in the Euro-
pean Satellites in 1958, producing 790,000 radio receivers. East
Germany ranked second with 609,000, and Hungary and Czechoslovakia
followed in that order, producing 458,000 and 300,000 radio receivers,
respectively. Production of radio receivers in Poland is still far
below Soviet production, which was reported to be 3.9 million in 1958. 1/**
In terms of quality, Poland probably ranks behind East Germany, Czecho-
slovakia, and Hungary in the radio receivers produced. It is believed
that the relatively poor quality of Polish radio receivers results
primarily from the use of inferior receiving tubes, for designs of
radio receivers usually are copies of good foreign equipment. For ex-
port, Poland produces a superior quality of radio receiver using im-
ported receiving tubes and other components.
Two plants produce almost all Polish radio receivers. These
plants are the T-6 Lower Silesian Radio Plant (Dolnoslaskie Zaklady
Wytworcze Urzadzen Radiowych DZWUR) in Dzierzoniow and the T-3
Radio Plant imienia Marcina Kasprzak in Warsaw. In addition to these
plants, a relatively small number of radio receivers are produced at
the T-18 Danzig Radio Plant (Gdanskie Zaklady Radiowe). A modest num-
ber of tadio receivers for use in automobiles are produced in the T-12
Radio Equipment Manufacturing Plant (Zaklady Wytworcze Urzadzen Elektro-
nowych) in Warsaw, and portable transistor radio receivers were sched-
uled to go into series production in 1959 at the Bydgoszcz Electro-
technical Plant (Bydgoskie Zaklady Wyrobow Elektrotechnicznydh --
ELTROS). Ei
It is estimated that the T-6 Lower Silesian Radio Plant pro-
duced in 1958 about 57 percent of all Polish radio receivers and 65 per-
cent of the total value of production of radio receivers. The T-3
* Table 2 follows on p. 9.
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Table 2
Estimated Production of Consumer Entertainment Equipment in Poland
1955-60
1955 1956
Thou- Million
sand 1956
Equipment Units Zlotys
Thou-
sand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys
Radio
receivers 461 516 499 558
Television
receivers 0 0 2.2 8.8
Total 516 567
1957
Thou-
sand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys
646 779
16 85
864
1958
Thou-
sand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys
790 1,154
57 411
1,565
1959
1960
Thou- Million Thou- Million
sand1956 -sand 1956
Units Zlotys Units Zlotys
750 1,094 800 1,167
117 879 200 1,600
1,973 2,767
a. For methodology, see Table 6, Appendix A, p. 30, below.
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Radio Plant imienia Marcina Kasprzak produced about 39 percent of the
units produced and 32 percent of the value of all radio receivers.
Production of radio receivers at other plants may be increased slightly
in the near future but will not alter appreciably the predominance
in this field held by the T-6 plant and the T-3 plant. In addition
to civilian production, both of these two plants devote some of their
capacity to production of radio equipment for military use.
There are from 15 to 20 different brands of radio receivers
being produced at one time in Poland. Many are slight variations of
previous models, carrying a different brand name. Basically, Polish
radio receivers can be classified into three classes. Class I com-
prises high-priced receivers having amplitude and frequency modulation,
eight electron tubes, and six receiving bands. The receivers are
produced under the names Podhale and Slask, the latter being a
Podhale receiver combined with a phonograph pickup, and the retail
prices for these receivers are 3,200 zlotys and 3,500 zlotys, re-
spectively. Class II comprises medium-priced receivers generally
having four or five electron tubes and three receiving bands. In
comparison with Class I, Class II covers a wider range of models and
characteristics, including radio-phonograph combinations. The retail
prices range from 1,325 to 2,200 zlotys. Predominating in this class
of receivers are the models Stolica and Mazur. Class III comprises
low-priced receivers having three or four electron tubes. Class III
includes battery-operated and portable receivers, and the retail
prices for receivers in this class range from 810 to 1,000 zlotys.
Poland began series production of television receivers in
1956 and has increased this production rapidly each year. It was
announced that production in 1959 was 117,000 receivers. This pro-
duction, compared with the total production of 57,000 in 1958, gives
some measure of the extent to which the capacity to produce television
receivers has been increased. Poland ranked behind East Germany and
Czechoslovakia in production of television receivers but produced more
receivers than Hungary in 1958. In that year, production of 57,000
television receivers in Poland is to be compared with 168,000 in East
Germany and about 1 million in the USSR.
Increases in production of television receivers thus far
have been limited by the need to import components, particularly
cathode ray tubes. Present investment in new facilities for produc-
tion of cathode ray tubes and the expansion of facilities for assem-
bling television receivers should permit a continued rapid expansion
of production of these receivers after 1960. The planned goals for
1965 call for production of 440,000 television receivers. 3/
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The first television receivers produced in Poland were copies
of the Russian Avangard. This set, named the Wisla, was phased out
of production in 1957 and was replaced by the Belweder, which was of
Polish design. There are at least two versions of the Belweder,
with two sizes of picture tubes corresponding to US 14-inch and
17-inch tubes. Television receivers are produced primarily at the
T-16 Warsaw Television Plant (Warszawskie Zaklady Telewizyjne) in
Targowek, near Warsaw. A smaller volume of production has been re-
ported at the T-18 Danzig Radio Plant at Danzig.
Retail prices of Polish television receivers are from 7,000
to 9,000 zlotys depending on the size of the picture tube. The old
Wisla receiver sold for about 4,000 zlotys. Purchases on a deferred
payment plan are now possible. This plan, along with the extension
of the Polish television network from the Warsaw area to other major
cities, has created a domestic market adequate to consume planned
increases in annual production. There are no indications that Poland
exports television receivers, and imports, which have been appreciable
in the past few years, should decrease in coming years.
B. Military Electronics
Production of electronics for military use has reached signifi-
cant proportions in Poland in the past few years. Electronics for
military use in 1959 accounted for 17 percent of all production of
electronics. Military electronics includes radar, radio and wire
communications equipment, and instrumentation for naval vessels and
military aircraft. Of these types of electronics, radar equipment is
by far the most significant item because of its high unit value. ,
Production of radar equipment accounts for more than 70 percent of
miljrtary electronics produced in Poland, as shown in Figure 2.* In
the field of communications equipment, production for the military
consists primarily of radio transmitters and receivers for use by
ground, air, and naval forces. There is no evidence that Poland pro-
duces electronics for use in missiles.
Since 1957, Poland has become an important producer of mili-
tary radar equipment for the Soviet Bloc. Although production meas-
ured in units is not large compared with that of the USSR, Poland
has the capacity to produce both EW-GCI radar equipment and FC radar
equipment for use by the armed forces of the European Satellites and
for export to underdeveloped countries. The question of whether or
not Poland will produce communications equipment for tactical use
by the armed forces of the European Satellites is still to be resolved.
* Following p. 12.
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A requirement has been levied on Poland by the USSR, however, to pro-
duce some of the new Soviet type of R-series communications equip-
ment. 4/ There has been no appreciable buildup in the capacity of
Poland for producing this equipment, although there has been for pro-
duction of radar. The maintenance of a high rate of production of
military electronics in Poland is dependent on guaranteed Bloc markets
for this equipment and on the availability of necessary components
having high reliability characteristics.
Poland has developed during the past 5 years an industrial
lpse for production of radar equipment, and this base must be
evaluated now as significant in terms of the military potential of
the Soviet Bloc. In terms of value, the estimated production of radar
equipment in 1959 represented about 13 percent of the total production
of electronics. Currently, Poland produces a limited range of types
of radar equipment, primarily for military use. These include the
Nysa-B and Nysa-C height finder (HF) and EW-GCI sets that operate as
a unit in the 10-centimeter (cm) band and the SON-9A, an advanced FC
radar also operating in the 10-cm band. The estimated production of
this military radar in Poland for the years 1955-60 is shown in
Table 3.* Poland probably has initiated, in addition to military
radar, series production of radar equipment for air traffic control
and a marine navigational radar set named Baltyk, which can be used
on commercial as well as military vessels. The Baltyk, operating in
the 3-cm band, reportedly was tested on a Polish vessel in 1958. 2/
Some measure of the increased status of Poland as a producer
of radar equipment in the Soviet Bloc is indicated by the announcement
made in Moscow in December 1957 that assigned to Poland responsibility
for producing much of the military radar equipment for Warsaw Pact
nations. / In addition, Poland has produced radar for export to the
United Arab Republic and to Indonesia and has negotiated for exports
of radar equipment to other underdeveloped countries. In spite of
Its advance into export markets, however, Poland has not produced and
delivered sufficient radar equipment to satisfy domestic requirements
for either military or civil navigational radar. The Nysa type of
radar has been seen in use by Polish air defense forces only since
1958, // and Poland has found it expedient to import from Western
countries navigational radar for installation on ships constructed
In Polish shipyards. !_3./
The capacity of Poland to produce radar equipment still is
limited by the unavailability of certain components that are not pro-
duced domestically. For these components, particularly the ultrahigh
frequency (UHF) high-power electron tubes, Poland is dependent on
* Table 3 follows on p. 13.
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POLAND
50X1
Figure 2
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF MILITARY ELECTRONICS
Ki
1955 N
1956
28630 3-60
1955-60
Communications Equipment
Radar Equipment
1957
1958
1959
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
50X1
Million /956 Zlotys
1960
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Table 3
Estimated Production of Military Radar Equipment in Poland
1955-60
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960
Million Million Million Million Million Miliion
1956 1956 1956 1956 1956 1956
Equipment Units Zlotys 2/ Units zlotys 2/ Units Zlotys a/ Units Zlotys a/ Units Zlotys a/ Units Zlotys a/
SON-4 or
SON-
9A12/
4
16
lo
4o
15
60
30
120
4o
160
60
24o
Nysa-B and
Nysa-C
0
0
2
16
12 .
96
25
200
25
200
30
240
Total
16
56
156
320
360
48o
a. Based on estimated factory prices. For methodology, see Appendix A.
b. Production was shifted in 1957 from the SON-4 to the SON-9A radar equipment:
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imports from the USSR, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia. The display
at the 1959 Poznan Trade Fair of a magnetron that was made in Poland
and that operates in the L-band frequencies does indicate, however,
that some progress is being made in developing Polish capacity to pro-
duce the more complex components required for radar equipment. 191/
These components will become increasingly available from domestic
sources during 1961-65.
The T-1 Warsaw Radio Plant (Warszawskie Zaklady Radiowe) in
the GrOchowe suburb of Warsaw is the principal facility producing radar
equipment in Poland. In conjunction with the adjoining Industrial
Institute for Telecommunications (Przemyslowy Instytut Telekommuni-
kacji -- PIT) and a branch of the institute located at Danzig, the T-1
plant is devoted entirely to work on radar.
Development work on radar in Poland was initiated in 1952 in
a section (Technika Lokaciji TL) of the T-3 Radio Plant imienia
Marcina Kasprzak in Warsaw. Production of radar equipment was
initiated at the newly constructed T-1 plant in 1955, and the re-
search and development work of the TL section was transferred to the
newly established plant. The first radar sets produced were the
SON-4 sets, which were designed in the USSR. In 1956, however, the
T-1 plant began production of Nysa radar sets that were designed in
Poland. In 1957, production of SON-4 radar sets was phased out and
was replaced by production of an improved version designated SON-9A.
The Poles have been expanding production facilities at the
T-1 Warsaw Radio Plant. Production has fluctuated, however, depend-
ing on the erratic supply of components and on foreign orders for
Polish radar. At times the plant has been operating on a basis of
two and three shifts, but this high degree of activity has not con-
tinued over a sustained period. For the most part the plant does
not operate at full capacity. 12/
Although facilities for production of radar in Poland are
presently larger than those in East Germany or Czechoslovakia, Po-
land still lags behind these countries in the field of research and
development of radar. The rate of progress in research and develop-
ment of radar in Poland, however, has been stepped up in recent years,
and production of radar equipmnt increasingly includes more equip-
ment incorporating original Polish design, whereas early production
consisted entirely of sets of Soviet design. The Warsaw Polytechnical
Institute carries radar as a discipline and now annually graduates
many electronics engineers specializing in radar research.
For several years, Poland has produced under Soviet license
military radio equipment for use in the Polish armed forces. It has
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been reported but not confirmed that Poland now has been assigned
responsibility for producing certain Soviet radio transmitters to be
used by all of the European Satellites. 11/ Since 1957, Poland has.
produced the Soviet types of radio -- RBM, RSI, RAF, and RT-10. Pro-
duction of these military transmitters and transceivers probably has
been sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Polish armed forces.
Two plants produce most Polish military radio equipment: the
Radio Plant imienia Marcina Kasprzak in Warsaw and Lower
Silesian Radio Plant at Dzierzoniow. Production for the military at
the plant reportedly reached a value of 53 million zlotys in
1957. 12/ The plant produces RT-10 radios for armored vehicles;
radio transceivers for aircraft; and electronic instruments for air-
craft, including radio direction finding equipment for fighter air-
craft. The plant produces radio equipment estimated to amount
to about 50 million zlotys per year.*
In addition to the military production at the
plant, the Teletechnical Apparatus Plant (Zaklady Wytworcze
Teletechnicznij) in Radom and the Paris Commune Telephone Equip-
ment Plant (Zaklady Wytworcze Urzadzen Telefoniczwych imienia Komuny
Paryskiej) in Warsaw produce field telephone equipment for military
use. The value of this field telephone communications equipment is
not measurable but is estimated to be comparatively insignificant.
C. Civil Communications Equipment
Poland produces a small amount of civil communications equip-
ment that is not adequate to fulfill domestic needs. The estimated
value of civil communications equipment produced in 1959 was 250 mil-
lion zlotys and represented only 9 percent of production of all
electronics. Poland produces telephone and telegraph equipment for
industrial and civil communications and a limited number of radio
transmitters. In addition to being inadequate in volume of production,
the telecommunications equipment produced in Poland does not incor-
porate the latest developments, because little or no original research
and development work is conducted in this field. Modern equipment
that is to be introduced into production in Poland is copied from
equipment produced by the leading communications firms in other coun-
tries of the West and the Soviet Bloc.
At present, Poland produces telephone and telegraph communi-
cations equipment in four installations. The T-2 Paris Commune Tele-
phone Equipment Plant in Warsaw is the only Polish plant producing
* For the derivation of this estimate, see the methodology, Appen-
dix A.
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50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
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automatic telephone exchange equipment. The T-2 plant, employing
approximately 1,000, is also the largest of the Polish plants pro-
ducing telephone equipment. The laboratories of the State Tele-
communications Plant (Panstwowe Zaklady Telekomunikacyjne) in Warsaw
develop equipment and produce such telephone components as amplifiers
and audio ringing tone generators. The T-9 Teletechnical Apparatus
Plant in Radom produces various components for use in telephone com-
munications systems. The Railroad Communications Plant (Kolejowe
Zaklady Lacznosci) in Bydgoszcz produces intercom sets, small tele-
phone and telegraph switchboards, and spare parts for teleprinters.
The Five Year Plan (1956-60) required an increase in produc-
tion of telephone equipment ranging from 25 to 30 percent during the
5-year period except for automatic exchange equipment for municipal
exchanges, which was to be increased 130 percent. 11/ The planned
increases of 25 to 30 percent probably will be realized by the end
of 1960. It is apparent, however, that the substantial increase
planned for production of municipal exchanges was based on the planned
construction of a new plant in Warsaw that would triple the capacity
of Poland for producing municipal exchange equipment. 14/ This in-
stallation was still in the planning stage in 1958. Thus the delay in
fulfilling the construction plan will. deprive Poland of the antici-
pated new capacity for production of exchange equipment until the next
plan period. 15/
Plans for the future call for production of telecommunications
equipment that is more advanced than that currently produced in Poland.
A 24-channe1 microwave carrier unit is to be copied from items pro-
duced by Beloiannisz of Hungary, Siemens and Halske of West Germany,
and Ericsson of Sweden. This equipment probably will go into produc-
tion in 1961. 16/ In production of automatic telephone exchanges,
plans have been made to start producing exchange equipment based on
the more modern crossbar switching principle instead of the conven-
tional Strowger or step-by-step principle presently used. The cross-
bar exchange is to be copied from equipment produced by Ericsson. 17/
The eventual production of more modern telecommunications equipment
will reduce the heavy dependence of Poland on imported equipment for
the extension of its domestic telecommunications systems.
Poland produces only small quantities of conventional low-
power and medium-power, short-range radio communications equipment
for civil use. The most important producer of radio equipment is an
installation known as the Marine Radio Ship Service (Morska Obsluga
Radiowa Statkow) in Gdynia, which, as the name implies, produces for
marine use radio equipment including sonic depth finders, emergency
radio receivers, low-power radio transmitters, radiotelephones, and
direction-finding goniometers. With a labor force of only 200, part
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of which is engaged in repair work on marine radio equipment, the Marine
Radio Ship Service is incapable of anything more than small-scale pro-
duction. Similarly, the T-12 Radio Equipment Manufacturing Plant in
Warsaw, with a labor force of 300, manufacturing electronics other than
radio transmitters, produces only small numbers of medium-power trans-
mitters and transmitters for radiotelephones.
The low rate of production of radio transmitters has made
Poland almost completely dependent an imports for transmitting equip-
ment. The extent of this dependence is evident from the equipment in
use in the radio stations of the Warsaw area. Of the total of 20
transmitters in the 5 radio stations in Warsaw in 1957, 4 transmitters
came from Tesla of Czechoslovakia, 2 from the USSR, 2 from Marconi of
England, 7 from Sweden, and only 5 from plants in Poland. 18/ A 300-
kilowatt (kw) transmitter made by Tesla of Czechoslovakia was installed
recently in the Warsaw Central Radio Station, increasing the power of
that station to a total of 500 kw. Poland does not produce any tele-
vision transmitters and must import these transmitters and related
equipment from Soviet Bloc and non-Bloc countries.
According to the Five Year Plan, production of radio trans-
mitting equipment in Poland was to be increased 230 percent during
1956-60. This increase probably includes transmitters for military
use, for which a considerable increase in production was scheduled.
Available evidence indicates, however, that no new productive capacity
for radio transmitting equipment has been installed since 1956, making
it highly unlikely that the planned increase for this sector of pro-
duction will be achieved. In addition to the lack of facilities for
production, and probably an equally significant deterrent to increases
in production of radio transmitters in Poland, has been the unavaila-
bility of special electron transmitting tubes and components produced
in Poland. Although Poland produces a small number of transmitting
tubes, the tubes required for generating high power and high frequency
radio transmissions generally must be imported from countries of the
Soviet Bloc. These electron tubes are not always available to Poland,
however, because East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary use their
own electron tubes in the domestic production of transmitting equip-
ment. Under regulations of COCOM (Coordinating Committee), imports of
special transmitting tubes from non-Bloc countries are restricted by
embargo to replacements for tubes in non-Bloc transmitting equipment
that is being operated in Poland.
D. Industrial Electronics
The smallest subsector of the Polish electronics industry is
that which produces equipment classified as industrial electronics.
This category of production includes primarily test and measuring
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instruments, electronic computers, and electronic control equipment
for automation of industrial operations. In 1959 the value of in-
dustrial electronics contributed only about 3 percent to the total
value of production of electronics.
Poland is still in the early stages cf developing the produc-
tive capacity and technical competence necessary for producing in-
dustrial electronic equipment on a scale adequate to meet domestic
requirements. Polish economic planning has permitted very little
investment for increasing the capacity to produce this equipment.
The lack of trained technicians and the unavailability of the neces-
sary components have been further factors keeping production of in-
dustrial electronics at a low level.
The availability of industrial electronic equipment from
other countries, however, has removed much of the urgency from the
need to develop this industry in Poland. Before 1957, Poland im-
ported from East Germany and the USSR the majority of the instru-
ments needed for quality control in industrial production. Since
1957, however, many of these instruments have been imported also from
countries outside the Soviet Bloc. The continued availability of in-
struments from both Soviet Bloc and non-Bloc countries may inhibit
somewhat the future growth of the domestic production of instruments.
It has become evident, nevertheless, that Poland now desires
to promote production of industrial electronics. The long-range
plan (1960-75) for the Polish telecommunications industry has taken
into account the importance of the availability of suitable test and
measuring instruments and has recognized the need for a considerable
additional investment for facilities to produce this type of elec-
tronic equipment. 19/
Plant capacity for producing electronic instruments in Poland
is very limited, but additional capacity is now under construction.
A few plants have produced most of the Polish electronic instruments.
The T-14 Plant for Manufacturing Electronic Measuring Instruments
(Zaklady Wytworcze Elektronowych Przyrzadow Pomiernych) in Warsaw
produces oscillographs, voltmeters, and instruments for testing elec-
tron tubes. The Plant for Development and Production of Scientific
Apparatus (Zaklady Opracowania i Produkcji Aparatury Naukowej Zopan)
in Warsaw produced microvoltmeters. The A-4 Installation Equipment
Manufacturing Plant (Zaklady Wytworcze Sprzetu Instalacyjnego) in
Bydgoszcz produces dosimeters for testing radioactivity. In addition
to these plants, several electronic equipment plants assemble test
and measuring equipment for use within their own plant. In 1958,
construction was started on the Wroclaw Electronic Plant (Wroclawskie
Zaklady Elektroniczne) designed to produce instruments, computers,
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and industrial control equipment. 22/ The completion of the Wroclaw
plant will increase greatly the productive capacity of Poland in this
field.
Poland has started recently the development of electronic com-
puters on a very small scale. The recognition of the importance of
this field today is best illustrated by the expansion of the Institute
for Mathematical Devices (Zaklad Aparatury Matematyczniej) of the
Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk) in Warsaw from 25
persons in 1956 to about 200 in 1958. This institute has been assigned
the responsibility for developing computers, establishing production
lines, and maintaining quality control over production. 21/ As yet,
however, production has been limited to prototypes and has been carried
out at the institute.
Seven analog computers and one digital computer had been com-
pleted by the end of 1958. The first general-purpose digital computer
was called the "XYZ" and reportedly was a failure. 22/ Further develop-
ments incorporating copies of components from the US and the UK were
expected to result in the construction of a second digital computer by
the end of 1959. This second computer is being designed primarily for
regulating processes in the chemical or metallurgical industries. Addi-
tional computers incorporating further modifications are planned for
installation at the University of Warsaw, the University of Krakow,
and the Polish Atomic Energy Agency. Construction of these planned
machines probably will not be completed until 1960-61.
Transistors and magnetic components for computers are produced
in Poland but also are imported from the West. Because of failure to
meet required standards of reliability, only a small portion of the
transistors produced in Poland is acceptable for use in computers.
Accessory equipment for computer input and output, such as card-punch
machines, magnetic tapes, and page printers, also will be purchased
by Poland from the West to the extent that they are made available. 21/
E. Components
Poland produces electron tubes, semiconductor devices, and
other electronic components but not in quantities sufficient to satisfy
the requirements of domestic producers and users of electronic equip-
ment. Estimated levels of production of electron tubes and semi-
conductor devices during 1955-60 are shown in Table 4.* The failure
of the electronics industry to produce the needed quantities of elec-
tronic components of dependably high quality is one of the primary
factors limiting the expansion of production of electronics in Poland.
* Table 4 follows on p. 20.
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Table Ii-
Estimated Production of Electron Tubes and Semiconductor Devices
in Poland
1955-60
Thousand Units
Equipment
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Electron tubes
Receiving tubes 2/
2,600
3,500
4,500
5,900
7,100
8,50012/
Transmitting tubes
a
3.3
4.6
4.7 Li
4.91:2i
5.1
5.5 b
Cathode ray tubes
a
0
0
0
16
108
200 b
Semiconductor devices
Diodes si
Transistors 2/
Negligible 500 70012/ 1,200 1,800 3,500
0 0 0 Negligible 50 80 Li
a. E21/
b. Estimated from available information on production and from plan data.
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Steps presently being taken to remedy this deficiency probably will
not yield significant results until later in the period 1961-65.
The status of Poland in the Soviet Bloc as a producer of
electron receiving tubes has increased substantially since 1953. Pro-
duction at the present time embraces a relatively diverse range of
types of electron tubes, including miniature and possibly subminiature
tubes. In spite of this progress, production is not sufficient yet
both to satisfy the current requirements of producers of consumer en-
tertainment equipment and to provide an adequate supply of electron
tubes for replacement needs. It is estimated that Poland produced
7.2 million electron tubes in 1959, of which about 98 percent fwere
receiving tubes. Production of receiving tubes has more than
doubled since 1955. The planned production for 1960 was scheduled at
a level of almost 10 million receiving tubes, which, if achieved, would
represent a 69-percent increase above production in 1958. Production
in 1959, however, was to be increased only 20 percent above 1958.
It is doubtful, therefore, that the required increase of approximately
41 percent can in fact be achieved in 1960, and the plan probably will
not be fulfilled.
The only plant in Poland that produces electron receiving
tubes is the L-4 Electric Light Manufacturing Plant imienia Roza
Luksemburg in Warsaw. This plant produces other electron tubes, be-
sides receiving tubes, as well as incandescent electric light bulbs.
The rapid increase in production of receiving tubes called for by
1960 is to be achieved not through the construction of new facilities
for production but through increases in efficiency of production at
the L-4 plant and through a reduction in the number of types of elec-
tron tubes in production. The possiide transfer of production of
cathode ray tubes to a new plant, however, will contribute to the ex-
pansion of production of receiving tubes at the L-4 plant.
Poland started producing cathode ray tubes for use in tele-
vision receivers and oscilloscopes in 1957. Statistics on production
of television picture tubes during 1958 indicated a production of
16,000 units. 28/ Planned production for 1959 called for an output of
108,000 television picture tubes. 22/ It is apparent that this rapid
increase has been based on the anticipated transfer of production from
the L-4 Electric Light Manufacturing Plant imienia Roza Luksemburg to
a new plant, the L-12 Oscilloscope Lamp Plant (Zaklady Lamp Oscylo-
skowych) in Stara Iwiczna, near Warsaw. When completed, this plant
not only will assemble the picture tubes but also will produce the
glass envelopes and other components for the picture tubes.
With 1959 production of television sets in Poland of about
117,000 units, it is estimated that the domestic production of tele-
vision picture tubes in 1959 has not satisfied the requirements of
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producers of television receivers. If the new L-12 Oscilloscope Lamp
Plant. reached. planned capacity of 250,000 tubes in 1960, 29../ however,
the domestic production of television picture tubes will be more than
adequate to satisfy requirements for the projected production of
200,000 television sets in that year.
Poland produces only a small number of transmitting and special
electron tubes. Production in 1959 is estimated at approximately
5,000 electron tubes compared with a reported level of 3,300 units in
1955. 31/ Generally, transmitting tubes for the maintenance of im-
ported radio and television transmitters are imported. Similarly,
high-power, high-frequency electron tubes for use in production of
radar equipment are imported. At the 1959 Poznan Trade Fair, however,
the Poles exhibited and offered for sale a domestically produced
magnetron, designated LM-4, having a power output of 800 kw and an
operating frequency range between 1,300 and 1,350 megacycles per
second (mcs), suitable for use in L-band radar or navigation equipment.
The magnetron had been produced at the Union of Industrial Electronics
(Zjednoczenie Przemyslu Elektroniczego) in Warsaw. 32/ Although it is
traditional for countries of the Soviet Bloc to display items at trade
fairs that they are not capable of producing in quantity, the appear-
ance of this magnetron at the Poznan Fair indicates that Poland has
made some progress in developing the technology required to produce
the more sophisticated type of special electron tubes. At present,
Poland does not produce klystrons, thyratrons, or traveling-wave tubes
in series quantities, although such electron tubes may be under develop-
ment in the research institutes.
Poland has in series production a small number of semiconductor
devices. Primarily, production of these devices consists of germanium
diodes manufactured from supplies of germanium imported from countries
outside the Soviet Bloc. In 1958, Poland produced 1.2 million germanium
diodes, and production in 1959 was scheduled to include 1.8 million
germanium diodes and an initial series of about 50,000 germanium tran-
sistors. Current Polish plans provide that production of semiconductor
devices by 1965 will reach 9 million units to be equally distributed
between transistors and diodes. 231
Although production of semiconductor devices in Poland has
reached fairly significant. proportions in relation to production in
other European Satellites, transistors continue to be imported from
the West in large numbers. For example, during the 2-month period
June-July 1959, Poland imported 29,000 transistors from the Nether-
lands alone. 34/ Some of these transistors probably are for use in
production of transistor radios that Poland initiated in 1959. Polish
plans called for an initial production run of 20,000 five-transistor
radios in 1959. 35/ Because this production would require quantities
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of transistors far in excess of the planned domestic production in
1959, it seems evident that many of the imported transistors will be
allocated to production of transistor radios. In contrast to the
inadequate volume of production of transistors in Poland, production
of semiconductor diodes probably is in excess of domestic requirements,
permitting a balance for exports.
Poland produces capacitors, resistors, selenium rectifiers,
and other standard components for use in electronic equipment but not
in sufficient varieties to satisfy all domestic requirements. Polish
production is consumed, for the most part, by producers of consumer
entertainment and civil communications equipment. High-performance
capacitors and precision resistors are imported from East Germany
and the USSR and from some Western countries.
The T-7 Radio Parts Plant (Fabryka Podzespoloki Telekomhni-
kacyjnych) in Krakow produces most of the Polish resistors, capacitors,
and rectifiers. This plant is equipped with modern Czechoslovak
machine tools, and quality control is maintained by inspections during
production processes as well as periodic spot checking by the plant
laboratory. Components are produced to conform to specifications of
the Soviet GOST (Gosudarstvennyy Obshchesoyuznyy Standart All-Union
Standard) and apparently have satisfactory operating characteristics.
A relatively small volume of ceramic capacitors are produced at the
L-5 Radio Ceramics Plant (Zaklady Ceramiki Radiowej) in Warsaw. The
quality of these ceramic capacitors, however, is not up to the stand-
ards of ceramic capacitors produced in East Germany or the USSR. A
new plant for production of capacitors for radio and television re-
ceivers was reported to be under construction in Kutno near Lodz, late
in 1957. .3./ No further information has been reported on this plant.
If completed, however, it should double the capacity of Poland for
producing capacitors.
III. Foreign Trade
Trade in electronics has been particularly significant to Poland.
Imports have played an important role in the expansion of the Polish
telecommunications net and have provided a supply of electronic com-
ponents not available from domestic production. Imports of elec-
tronics also have provided the basis for the design of most of the
electronic equipment developed for production in Poland. Export mar-
kets have absorbed some of the Polish production of radio receivers,
although there is little doubt that the domestic market could have
taken all of this production if it had been made available. In the
field of electronics for military use, however, exports have created
an economic basis for expansion of production of radar and of mili-
tary radio communications equipment.
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A. Imports
Poland imports transmitting and receiving equipment for radio
and television, wire communications equipment, electron tubes, tran-
sistors, test and measuring apparatus, and electronic computers from
both Soviet Bloc and non-Bloc countries. The value of these imports
of electronic equipment increased moderately from 1955 to 1956, more
than doubled in value in 1957, and then increased moderately again in
1958, as shown in Table 5. Information available thus far on imports
of electronics by Poland during 1959 indicates that the value of im-
ports from non-Bloc countries probably will be about the same as in
1958. It is estimated that imports of consumer entertainment equip-
ment from Bloc countries were smaller during 1959 and that total
imports of electronics from Bloc countries did not increase appre-
ciably during that year.
Table 5
Estimated Imports of Electronics by Poland 2/
1955-58
Million 1956 Zlotys
Soviet Bloc countries
1955
1956
1957
1958
' Consumer entertainment equipment
11.6
14.0
16.3
28.4
Civil communications equipment
5.6
5.7
22.3
38.9
Subtotal
17.2
19.7
38.6
67.3
Non-Bloc countries
Consumer entertainment equipment
0.1
0.6
2.8
2.2
Civil communications equipment
2.2
3.0
8.5
4.0
Test and measuring apparatus
0.7
1.5
3.8
3.7
Components
0.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
Subtotal
3.3
6.6
16.5
11.3
Total
20.5
26.3
55.1
78.6
a. For methodology, see Appendix A. Totals are derived from un-
rounded data and may not agree with the sums of their rounded
components.
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The large relative increa'se in value of imports of electronics
in 1957 was the result of political as well as economic factors. After
the internal disturbances of late 1956, the government of Poland took
politically expedient steps to provide increased goods and services
for consumer entertainment. In 1957 the number of radio transmitters
in operation in Poland was increased from 21 to 33, and radiobroad-
casting stations were increased in number from 18 to 22. Two tele-
vision broadcasting stations were put into operation, thus doubling
the operating television stations. Ei These increases in facilities
for radio and television broadcasting required imports of communica-
tions equipment in 1957 that were significantly larger than such imports
In preceding years. In addition to importing the transmitting evip-
ment, Poland increased imports of radio and television sets in 1957
both from countries inside the Soviet Bloc and from countries outside
the Bloc.
Another factor influencing the large increase in imports of
electronics in 1957 was the relaxation of embargo restrictions on
shipments of certain electronic items to Poland from countries out-
side the Soviet Bloc. Imports of electronics from non-Bloc countries
were increased about 150 percent in 1957 above 1956.* Significant
increases were made in Polish imports from non-Bloc countries of civil
communications equipment, consumer entertainment equipment, and test
and measuring apparatus, whereas imports of electron tubes and elec-
tronic components declined slightly from the 1956 level.
There is no doubt that imports of electronics have been eco-
nomically beneficial to the electronics industry of Poland and have
made important contributions to other sectors of the Polish economy.
By importing test and measuring apparatus and some components, Poland
has been able to improve the technological status of its establish-
ments for teaching and research and development, although the capa-
bilities of Poland in research and development in electronics continue
to lag behind those of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and probably
Hungary. Imports of electron tubes have permitted Poland to produce
electronic end equipment with improved operating characteristics.
Imported machinery for making electron tubes has led, in addition,
to substantial qualitative improvement in the electron tubes produced
by Poland itself. Electronic marine navigational equipment is im-
ported from countries outside the Soviet Bloc for installation on
* The high percentage increase in imports in 1957 might be a slightly
inflated figure because of the nature of the statistics available on
this trade. The estimate for 1957, based on trade reported by non-Bloc
countries, may include contracts for sales of electronics that would not
be delivered until 1958 or subsequent years. These contracts would make
the above estimate for 1957 artificially high compared with 1958, al-
though the increase above 1956 was appreciably large.
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ships under construction in Polish shipyards. Imported radio communi-
cations equipment installed in Polish mines has contributed to in-
creased efficiency of the extractive industries. It also is estimated
that the greatly increased communications services of the country,
made possible by imported equipment, have had a somewhat less tangible
but nonetheless favorable effect on the economy of the country as a .
whole.
Although the capacity to produce much of the electronics cur-
rently imported by Poland could be developed domestically, the availa-
bility of imports of this equipment has mitigated the necessity of
making large expenditures in this direction. Poland uses imports of
electronics from countries outside the Soviet Bloc as models for
establishing series production of certain items. This practice in
the ever-changing field of electronics has meant that equipment pro-
duced in Poland, based on copied developments, lags behind new equip-
ment being produced and marketed by countries doing their own research
and development. Because Poland exports only small quantities of a
very few types of electronic equipment, however, the inability of
domestic producers to compete in foreign markets has not been signifi-
cant thus far. The practice of copying developments of more advanced
countries in communications equipment and consumer entertainment equip-
ment has permitted Poland to concentrate the limited funds and per-
sonnel available on the development and production of radar equipment.
B. Exports
As mentioned above, Poland exports only small quantities of
electronics. Exports are primarily to underdeveloped countries in-
cluding the United Arab Republic, Turkey, Lebanon, Iran, and Indonesia
and to Yugoslavia and East Germany. Radar sets are exported only in
small numbers, but the high unit value of each set makes this export
the most significant in terms of value. Although a precise estimate
cannot be made, exports of radar sets to Syria, Egypt, and Indonesia
valued at between 5 and 10 million zlotys probably were made dur-
ing the years 1957-58. There is no indication of any projected in-
crease in this rate of export for the immediate future. Radio receivers
produced for export have been exported in small numbers to Yugoslavia,
East Germany, Turkey, Lebanon, and Iran. These radio receivers are
produced according to specifications designed to make the sets compare
competitively with similar equipment produced in countries outside the
Soviet Bloc. The only other exports of note have been telephone hand
sets, and these exports have been on a.minor scale.
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APPENDIX A
METHODOLOGY
1. Estimated Value of Production of Electronics
The official statistical
yearbooks for Poland and the annual announcements on plan fulfillment
contain quantitative data on production of electron tubes, television
receivers, and radio receivers. The Polish Five Year Plan (1956-60),
as reported in several Polish periodicals, contained output goals in
terms of percentage increases for the 5-year period for some items of
telephone and radio communications equipment and for electronic meas-
uring apparatus. 2,./ Inadequate definitions and inconsistent uses of
terms describing the classes of electronic equipment or the aggregates,
along with gaps in information on some classes of equipment, have made
it necessary to make certain assumptions and interpolations based on
information from clandestine sources. The series showing estimated
value of production of the subsectors of the electronics industry were
derived in the following manner.
The price information used below to derive the value series in
Table 1, which are the bases for zloty values expressed throughout
this report, came from a variety of open-source documents
In none of these sources, with the exception of the
Polish statistical yearbooks, was the price basis for zloty values in-
dicated in any detail. Data on 1956 industrial production in the 1957
Polish statistical yearbook was given in 1956 comparative prices and
in selling prices. Comparative prices are equivalent to factory prices,
including profits at an undisclosed rate, but excluding the turnover
tax on consumer goods. Price information on radio receivers for con-
sumer entertainment, reported in the Polish statistical yearbooks for
the years 1955-58, indicates that there have been no changes in the
prices established in 1956, at least for this class of electronic
equipment. In the absence of any indications of price changes for
other electronic equipment, the zloty prices used herein are considered
to be based on 1956 zlotys and are estimated factory prices.
* P. 7, above.
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a. Consumer Entertainment Equipment
Open source literature reports the annual production of radio and
television broadcast receivers by the total number of units in Poland
for the years 1955-59 and the planned production for 1960 and 1965.
These published figures are totals and do not reflect the product mix.
There is sufficient information, however,
to estimate the relative rates of production of the three classes of
radio receivers for the years 1955-58. The trend has been in favor
of an increased share for medium-priced and high-priced radio receivers
in the total production, the models produced in
1958 indicate that about 49 percent of all radio receivers were Class III,
41 percent Class II, and 10 percent Class I. In contrast, the estimated"
relationship among these three classes of radio receivers in 1955 was
as follows: 80 percent were Class III, 15 percent Class II, and 5 per-
cent Class I. It is estimated that the 1955 percentages remained con-
stant during 1956 but that production of Class I and II radio receivers
in 1957 increased at a more rapid rate than production of Class III
radio receivers. The percentage relationships among the three classes
of receivers in 1959 and 1960 were estimated to be the same as in 1958.
Retail selling prices for both radio and television receivers
have been reported in many sources. Weighted average retail prices
were derived for each class of radio receivers on the basis of these
reported retail prices and the levels of production reported for most
of the models of radio receivers produced in Poland in 1958. The
1957 Polish statistical yearbook indicates an average turnover tax
of 3.3 percent on radio receivers in 1956. Subsequent Polish year-
books indicate that retail sales prices of radio receivers have re-
mained constant through 1958. Therefore, to arrive at a total value
of production in factory prices, the average retail price for each
class of radio receivers was deflated by the amount of the turnover
tax.
Retail prices and quantities produced were available in various
reports for each of the three models of Polish television receivers.
According to the 1957 Polish statistical yearbook, retail prices for
television receivers did not carry any turnover tax in 1956 but, on
the contrary, were about 60 percent below the factory prices ("com-
parative price"). It is assumed that the retail price, which was
established at the time that production was initiated and apparently
has remained constant, reflected future factory costs of production
that would become lower because of economies resulting from mass pro-
duction. For estimating the value of production of television re-
ceivers, therefore, the retail prices were used, and no adjustment was
made for a turnover tax, which, if included in the retail price, would
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be very small. The value of production of the three classes of radio
receivers in 1956 comparative or factory prices and the three models
Of television receivers in retail selling prices is shown in Table 6.*
The unit value of loudspeakers for wired radio service is so
low that the value of production of loudspeakers does not alter
appreciably the estimated Values of the annual production for con-
sumer entertainment equipment.
b. Military Electronics
The estimated value of the annual production of electronics
in Poland for military use is the sum of the value of the annual
production of radar and communications equipment for military use as
shown below (in million zlotys):
Equipment
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Radar
16
56
156
320
360
480
Communications
64
80
100
125
125
125
Total
80
136
256
445
485
605
* Table 6 follows on p. 30.
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Table 6
Estimated Production of Radio and Television Receivers in Poland
1955-60
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960
Equipment
Thousand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys 2../
Thousand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys 21
Thousand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys a/
Thousand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys 2/
Thousand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys 2,./
Thousand
Units
Million
1956
Zlotys 2/
Radio receivers
Class I I)/
23
75
25
81
44
143
79
256
75
244
80
259
Class II c/
70
121
75
130
130
225
324
561
307
530
328
567
Class III/
368
320
399
347
472
411
387
337
368
320
392
341
Subtotal
461
516
499
558
-646
779
790
1 154
750
1,094
8001,167
Television receivers
Wisla I
0
2.2
8.8
9
36
0
o
o
o
o
o
Belweder
o
o
o
7
49
57
411
117
879
200
1,600
Subtotal
0
-2.2
8.8
16
85
57
411
117
879
200
1,600
Total
_
516
567
864
1,565
1,973
2,767
a. Based on estimated factory prices.
b. Class I comprises high-priced Polish radio receivers having amplitude and frequency modulation, eight electron tubes, and six receiving bands.
c. Class II comprises medium-priced Polish radio receivers generally having four or five electron tubes and three receiving bands.
d. Class III comprises low-priced Polish radio receivers having three or four electron tubes.
e. The Belweder produced in 1957 was sold at a retail price of 7,000 zlotys. Subsequent models of the Belweder having larger picture screens
were priced at 9,000 zlotys. The estimated ratios of production between the smaller set and the larger set varied as follows: 1958, 51 to 6;
1959, 3 to 1; 1960, 1 to 1.
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The value series for the annual production of radio equipment
for military use was based on (1) the construction of an estimate of
the value of this production for the year 1957 amounting to 100 mil-
lion zlotys and (2) construction of an index from a variety of reports
indicating the general trend in production of military radios during
other years relative to 1957. The figure of 100 million zlotys for
1957 was derived by aggregating the estimated production by the two
plants that produce most of the military radio equipment in Poland,
50X1
There is no specific information on which to base an index of
production of radio equipment for military use. There are sufficient
data, however, to develop the trends of this production during the
years 1956-60. On the basis of what is known about the types of
radio equipment produced and on the basis of the actual and planned
initiation of production of Soviet types of military radio equipment,
it is estimated that Polish production of radio equipment for mili-
tary use increased about 25 percent annually in 1956-58, when Poland
was producing several Soviet types of military radio equipment and
reportedly was initiating quantity production of the R-118 mobile
military radio transmitter. For 1959-60, however, it is estimated
that the annual increases in production of military radio equipment
will be small or nonexistent. This assumption is supported by a re-
port that the T-3 Radio Plant imienia Marcina Kasprzak was making a
gradual conversion from military to civilian production. 44/ It is
further supported, although negatively, by the absence of information
indicating any increases in the facilities for producing this equip-
ment in Poland. The resulting index shown below is merely a rough
approximation of the achievements in production of military radio
equipment during the 5-year period:
Type of Measurement
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Index (1955 = 100)
100
125
156
195
195
195
Value (million zlotys)
64
80
100
125
125
125
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c. Civil Communications Equipment
There is relatively little information available with which
to derive a value series for production of civil communications equip-
ment in Poland. The Five Year Plan (1956-60) indicates the planned
increases for the period for certain types of communications equipment,
including telephone hand sets, automatic and manual telephone ex-
change equipment, and radio transmitting equipment. 45/ From the re-
ported indexes on these various types of equipment a weighted average
increase for the entire sector of civil communications equipment was
derived,. The estimating of appropriate *eights was based on a general
analysis of the reported volume of production of each type of equip-
ment involved and an estimate of the possibility of reaching planned
goals. For example, production of radio transmitting equipment for
the civil communications system was given a low relative weight be-
cause, except for military radio equipment, the value of production
of radio transmitters in Poland has remained relatively small. In
addition, reports of progress achieved thus far in the plan period do
not indicate that an appreciable increase in production of radio trans-
mitters for civil use can be accomplished by 1960. Similarly, plans
for the increasing production of automatic municipal exchanges have
not been fulfilled, because of continuing difficulties in obtaining
components and delays in construction of new productive facilities. L?./
On the basis of the weights selected, the total growth in
production of electronics for use in civil communications during
1956-60 was computed at 60 percent, as shown in the following tabu-
lation:
Planned
Percentage Increase 47/
Equipment
1956-60
Estimated Weight
Telephone hand sets
22
3
Automatic municipal exchanges
130
2
Automatic subscriber exchanges
30
3
Other telephone apparatus
25
3
Radio transmitting equipment
230
1
Weighted average increase 60
From this figure of 60 percent, representing the total increase in pro-
duction of civil communications equipment, a rounded figure of 10 percent
was derived as representing average annual increases for this subsector
during this 5-year period.
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Available information suggested only one method by means of
which it would be possible to construct a base-year estimate for the
total value of production of civil communications equipment: the
multiplication of a reasonable estimate of the labor force for this
subsector by a reasonable estimate of the value of output per worker
per year. For the year 1957 it was possible to establish that approxi-
mately 4,000 persons worked in Polish plants producing civil commun-
cations equipment. In 1957 the value of output per worker on mili-
tary electronics at the T-6 plant was approximately 53,000 zlotys.*
Although productivity usually is lower in production of military com-
munications equipment than in production of other electronics, there
is enough comparability with productivity in civil communications
equipment to warrant the use of the known value of production per
worker in the absence of other information. As a rough check on the
correctness of the magnitude of the above value, official Polish
statistics indicate that the average output per worker in the machin-
ery and metalworking industries, which generally is higher than that
for output in the communications industry, was 75,000 zlotys in 1957.
In addition, it was reported that output per worker at the T-3 Radio
Plant imienia Marcina Kasprzak in production of consumer radio re-
ceivers was 130,000 zlotys in 1957. 48/ Productivity per worker in
consumer radio receivers is the highest of all electronics. The pro-
duct of 4,000 workers and an output per worker of 53,000 zlotys yield
a total value for production of civil communications equipment of
approximately 210 million zlotys in 1957.
The derived index and value series for production of civil
communications equipment in Poland follow:
Type of Measurement
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Index (1955 = 160)
100
110
121
133
146
161
Value (million zlotys)
174
191
210
231
254
280
d. Industrial Electronics
The value estimated for production of industrial electronics
in Poland is based on an estimated value of production in 1957 and an
index that was based on the total planned increase for electronic
measuring apparatus as announced in the Five Year Plan. 49/ The esti-
mated value of production in 1957 was derived by the same methodology
* This estimate is based on military production valued at 53 mil-
lion zlotys and a labor force of approximately 1,000.
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as used for civil communications equipment.* The estimated labor
force of 1,000 and output per worker of 53,000 zlotys yield a value
of production of industrial electronics of 53 million zlotys.
The average annual planned increase, based on the reported
5-year planned increase for production of measuring apparatus of
500 percent, would be about 43 percent. Although this large increase
would be possible in the early years of the plan period because of
the low volume of production in 1955, it is estimated that early
increments were much smaller than this increase and that, only after
increases were made in plant capacity and production of analog com-
puters was initiated, an average annual increment of 43 percent
would be reached. The index reflects, therefore, a rate of growth
during the years 1956-58 of about one-half of that during the last
2 years of the plan period. The resultant estimated index and
values of production of industrial electronics follow:
Type of Measurement 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960
Index (1955 = 100)
100
122
149
182
262
377
Value (million zlotys)
36
43
53
65
93
134
e. Electron Tubes
A value series for the annual production of electron tubes
in Poland was derived by multiplying the figures on physical volume
of production of receiving tubes, transmitting tubes, and television
picture tubes, as shown in Table 4,** by an estimated average unit
price for each class of electron tube. ?Average unit prices of 1956
for receiving and transmitting tubes of 52 zlotys and 240 zlotys,
respectively, were computed from data reported in the 1957 Polish
statistical yearbook. The average unit price of television picture
tubes was assumed to be the same as that for transmitting tubes.
Although not entirely satisfactory, this assumption is more valid
for Poland than it would be for East Germany, the USSR, or the US be-
cause transmitting tubes produced in Poland are generally of a low
level of sophistication, as indicated by the relatively low average
zloty prices. The value of production estimated for the three general
types of electron tubes produced in Poland in the years 1955-60 is
shown below (in million zlotys):
* See c, p. 32, above.
** P. 20, above.
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Type of
Electron Tube
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Receiving
135
182
234
307
369
442
Transmitting
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
Cathode ray
0
0
0
3.8
26
48
2. Zloty-Dollar Ratio
There is scant price information on comparable Polish and US elec-
tronic items from which to construct a zloty-dollar ratio. It is
obvious, however, that the official rate of foreign exchange of 4 to 1
is far below the prevailing ratio for electronics. Computable zloty-
dollar ratios for limited pieces of consumer entertainment equipment,
military communications equipment, and electron receiving tubes range
from 33 to 1 to as high as 67 to 1. In the absence of significant
quantities of price data, an unweighted average zloty-dollar ratio for
the electronics industry, based on the following zloty-dollar relation-
ships, has been computed at 47 to 1:
Equipment
Price
Zloty-Dollar
Ratio
Zlotys
Dollars
Electron receiving tubes
(average)
57
0.75
76 to 1
Transistor radio receivers
980
30.00
33 to 1
Radio receivers (6 tubes)
1,950
53.00
37 to 1
Television receivers
(medium picture tube)
7,000
155.00
45 to 1
RT-10 military radio
transceivers
50,000
1,180.00 .
42 to 1
This derived ratio for the industry should be treated merely as a
tentative ratio and has been computed here only to provide a dollar
estimate .of the value of Polish electronics production that would be
closer to the general order of magnitude than could be obtained from
using official foreign exchange rates.
3. Estimated Imports of Electronics, 1955-58
Polish imports of communications equipment and television and radio
receivers from countries of the Soviet Bloc in 1955-56 were reported
in the periodical Handel zagraniczny (Foreign Trade). 50/ Similar data
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on Polish imports in 1957 from both Bloc and non-Bloc countries were
available in open sources. 51/ Data on Polish imports of electronics
from Bloc countries in 1958, however, included only radio and tele-
vision receivers with accessories. 52/ It was estimated that imports
of communications equipment in 1958 were increased in comparison with
imports in 1957 in the same proportion as the known increase in im-
ports of consumer entertainment equipment. The reason for this esti-
mate was that a degree of correlation exists in Poland between the
installation of communications equipment for extension of entertain-
ment nets and the availability of consumer entertainment equipment.
Estimates of imports of electronics from countries outside the
Soviet Bloc for 1955-58 were based on data from the US Department
of Commerce Country-Commodity Series on trade with countries of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc. These data included Polish imports of radio re-
ceiving equipment and accessories, electroacoustic apparatus and
devices, electron tubes, and apparatus for telegraphy and telephony.
In addition to the basic sources cited, the estimates of Polish
imports of electronics reflect data on trade between Poland and
countries of the West in electronic items on the COCOM embargo list.
Summaries of the value of this trade for the last 4 months of 1958
and the first half of 1959 were used to estimate a trend for 1958-60.
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