REGIONAL SURVEY OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN THE USSR: THE TRANSCAUCASUS (REGION V) 1950-58

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• Publication Date: August 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
? N? 54
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
REGIONAL SURVEY
OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN THE USSR:
THE TRANSCAUCASUS (REGION V)
1950-58
CIA/RR 59-30
August 1959
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
REGIONAL SURVEY OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN TBE USSR: THE TRANSCAUCASUS (REGION V)
1950-58
CIA/BR 59-30
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
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This report on Region V (the Armenian, Azerbaydzhan, and Georgian
SSR's) is the second of a series designed to measure the distribution
of public post and telecommunications facilities and services of the
USSR, by economic region. I
50X1
Special emphasis in these reports is given to the
relationships of the development and distribution of post and telecommuni-
cations facilities and services to the geographical characteristics of50X1
these regions and to the USSR as a whole.
50X1
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary and Conclusions 1
I. Introduction 3
II. Ministry of Communications I.
A. Revenue
B. Manpower
III. Postal
IV. Telephone and Telegraph
4-
9
11
12
A. Telephone 12
B. Telegraph 18
V. Broadcasting
A. Transmission Base
B. Reception Base
20
20
21
VI. Common Telecommunications Facilities 25
VII. Future Trends 27
Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms
Appendix B. Methodology
29
37
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Tables
1. Estimated Total Revenue of the Republic Ministries
of Communications of the Transcaucasus (Region V),
1950 and 1955-58
2. Estimated Revenue of the Republic Ministries of
Communications of the Transcaucasus (Region V),
by Type of Service, 1958
3. Estimated Average Annual Number of Employees of the
Republic Ministries of Communications of the
Transcaucasus (Region V), 1950 and 1955-58
Page
7
10
. Estimated Total Volume of Postal Service in the
Transcaucasus (Region V), 1950 and 1955-58 12
5. Estimated Number of Postal and Telephone and Tele-
graph Enterprises in the Transcaucasus (Region V),
1950 and 1955-58
6. Estimated Number of Telephone Sets Connected to
Exchanges Subordinate to the Republic Ministries
of Communications in the Transcaucasus (Region V),
1950 and 1955-58
7. Estimated Telephone Service in Rural Areas in the
Transcaucasus (Region V), by Type of Agricultural
Unit, 1956
13
15
16
8. Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Calls Made
in the Transcaucasus (Region V), 1950 and
1955-58 17
9. Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent in the Trans-
caucasus (Region V), 1950 and 1955-58 19
10. Estimated Number of Wired Loudspeakers in the
Transcaucasus (Region V), 1950 and 1955-58 23
11. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers in the
Transcaucasus (Region V), 1950 and 1955-58 - 24
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Following Page
Illustrations
Figure 1. LPSSR, Economic Region Vi7. Population
Density in the Transcaucasus (Map) ? 1.
Figure 2. LPSSR, Economic Region V17Economic Map Inside
of the Transcaucasus (Map) ..... . . Back Cover
Figure 3. LTSSR, Economic Region. VITCaucasus:
Hypsometry (Map)
Figure 4. Comparison of the Rates of-Growth of
Communications Revenue in the USSR and in
Economic Region V, 1950-58 -- Ministry
of Communications (Chart)
Figure 5. Comparison of the Percentage Distribution of
Communications Revenue in the USSR and in
Economic Region V, by Type of Service,
1958 -- Ministry of Communications (Chart) . .
Figure 6. USSR, Economic Region V: Domestic and Inter-
national Radio and Television Broadcasting
Stations, 1958 -- Ministry of Communications
(Map)
Figure 7. USSR, Economic Region V: Main Domestic and
International Telecommunications Wirelines,
1958 -- Ministry of Communications (Map) . .
Figure 8. USSR, Economic Region V: Microwave Radio
Relay Lines, 1958 -- Ministry of
Communications (Map)
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Inside
Back Cover
Following Page
6
Page
6
Following Page
20
26
26
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REGIONAL SURVEY OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN TI:W USSR: THE TRANSCAUCASUS (Region V)*
1950-58
Summary and Conclusions
The public** post and telecommunications system in Region V, operated
by and under the control of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR and
the various republic ministries of communications,*** has attained a level
of development comparable to that of the country as a whole. As in the
case of the USSR, services provided in Region V are inadequate to meet
expanding economic needs. This inadequacy has been aggravated by demands
for lateral services consequent to the economic reorganization of the
country in 1957.
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best judg-
ment of this Office as of 15 June 1959. Technical terms are defined in
Appendix A, Glossary of Technical Terms.
The term region in this report refers to the economic regions defined
and numbered on map 27052, 7-58, USSR: Political-Administrative Divisions
and Economic Regions, March 1958. The insert above shows the location of
Region V.
** The term public in this report refers to the facilities and services
under the control of and operated by the Ministry of Communications of the
USSR and the various republic ministries of communications. It does not
refer to functional systems such as those serving the Ministry of Defense
and the Ministry of Railroads.
*** The republic ministries of communications are those in the Armenian
SSR, Azerbaydzhan SSR, and the Georgian SSR, the three republics which
compose Region V.
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The average annual rate of growth of revenue for 1951-58 and the
per capita use of post and telecommunications services in 1958 in the
USSR and in Region V are summarized in the accompanying chart. Region
V compares favorably with the USSR as a whole in most of the measure-
ments shown here. The average annual rate of growth of revenue in the
region exceeds that of the USSR as a whole. The per capita number of
AVERAGE ANNUAL RATE OF
GROWTH OF REVENUE 1951-58
7.5% 791 7.6% 7.6x'02%
INTERURBAN CALLS
Per 100 Persons
78
80
72 69 ,
I-1. :
,...
*'.:,::.
PIECES OF MAIL TELEPHONE SETS
Per Capita Per 1,000 Persons
81
68
11
74
USSR
El REGION V j Azerbaydzhan,SSR
[E] Armenlan,SSR j Georglan,SSR
11
TELEGRAMS
Per 100 Persons
129
101
BROADCAST
RECEPTION POINTS
Per 100 Persons
19
telephone sets indicates a slightly higher level of development of
telephone service in Region V. The low level of development of the
rural radiobroadcasting network in Region V accounts for the low per
capita number of broadcast reception points compared with that of the
country as a whole. The Georgian SSR has attained a higher level of
development of post and telecommunications than that of the other
republics of the region. The level of interurban telephone and tele-
graph services in the Georgian SSR is even higher than that in the
entire country.
The major weakness in post and telecommunications in Region V is
the shortage of interurban circuit capacity. This weakness is aggra-
vated by the inability of local communications units to obtain adequate
amounts of equipment and technical assistance from the Ministry of
Communications of the USSR. For example, telephone and telegraph ex-
change facilities both automatic and semiautomatic, are in short supply.
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Under the Seven Year Plan (1959-65) the major effort to expand post
and telecommunications services in Region V will be placed on improving
existing facilities. Planned improvements include the installation of
automatic and semiautomatic telephone exchange equipment and the more
extensive use of channel multiplexing apparatus. Some expansion of
facilities, such as the completion of the microwave radio relay network
interconnecting the capitals of each of the republics of Region V and
the installation of frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting stations, is
also planned.
The successful completion of these targets of the Seven Year Plan,
which appear to be attainable, will greatly improve the post and tele-
communications resources of Region V. In addition, these regional
improvements will contribute to the over-all effectiveness and effi-
ciency of post and telecommunications services in the USSR.
I. Introduction*
Post and telecommunications facilities provide an economic service
in response to demands from all sectors of an economy. The quantities
and types of post and telecommunications services as well as the quality
of service provided are influenced by geographical characteristics.
Some of these include the size of the area served, the distribution of
the population, and topographical features.
Region V, the Transcaucasus, is composed of three republics, the
Armenian, Azerbaydzhan, and Georgian SSR's. The region is bounded by
the Greater Caucasus Mountains on the north and by Turkey and Iran on
the south. The Black Sea and the Caspian Sea form the western and
eastern boundaries of the region, respectively, so that the region
forms an isthmus between these two important seas. The total area of
Region V is 71,853 square miles, less than 1 percent of the total area
of the USSR. Azerbaydzhan SSR is the largest of the three republics,
with 33,436 square miles; the Georgian SSR is next, with 26,911 square
miles; and the Armenian SSR is the smallest, with 11,506 square miles.
In total economic activity, Region V contributed 3 percent of the in-
dustrial output and 1 percent of the agricultural output of the USSR
in 1956.
About 10 million people live in the Transcaucasus -- about 4.2 mil-
lion in the Georgian SSR, 3.8 million in Azerbaydzhan SSR, and 1.9 mil-
lion in the Armenian SSR. Population density, shown in Figure 1,**
ranges from areas with more than 260 persons per square mile around 50X1
industrial centers (see Figure 2***) to virtually uninhabited areas in
** Following p. 4.
xxx Inside back cover.
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the Armenian hiellands and in the Caucasus Mountains. The physical
geography of Region V, which in the main is responsible for this dis-
tribution of population, is highly varied. It includes humid sub-
tropical lowlands, high arid plateau lands, and rugged mountains and
foothills (see Figure 3*).
II. Ministry of Communications
The Ministry of Communications (Mlnisterstvo Svyazi) of the USSR
is organized as a union-republic ministry,** and it is charged with
the responsibility of providing all domestic and international public
post and telecommunications facilities and services for the USSR. To
carry out this responsibility, the Ministry of Communications exer-
cises direct control over post and telecommunications activities
having national significance and, theoretically, it has delegated to
the various republic ministries of communications the responsibility
for the control of post and telecommunications activities having local
significance. Interurban telephone service is an example of an
activity of national significance, and local telephone service is an
example of an activity of local significance. In practice, however,
it iz believed that republic ministries retain little control over
local post and telecommunications activities and instead serve pri-
marily as focal points for liaison and coordination of activities
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR.
Evidence exists that the Ministry of Communications is attempting
to delegate more authority to republic communications organizations
for controlling local activities. For example, authority for plan-
ning, acquiring, and expending investment funds in order to meet
local needs for increased telecommunications services recently has
been delegated to the republic ministries.
Although further delegation of authority for local post and tele-
communications activities is expected, the necessity for centralized
control of a national service such as post and telecommunications
precludes any substantial changes in the present organization of the
Ministry of Communications of the USSR. II/
A. Revenue
Revenue from public post and telecommunications services of
Region V, as shown in Table 1, XX X has. grown from approximately
* Inside back cover.
** A union-republic ministry directs its affairs through correspond-
ing or counterpart ministries organized on republic levels.
*** Table 1 follows on p. 5.
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40
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412
44 46
hal
SUKHUMI
ORDZHONIKIDZE
DENSITY OF POPULATION PER SQ. KM.
V z
Above 100
50-100
25-50
10-25
MAKHACHKALA
1-10
Less than 1
42 ?-?
BATUMI
CASPIAN
SEA
BMW
100
URBAN POPULATION
?
?
?
Above 500 thousand
200-500 thousand
100-200 thousand
50-100 thousand
10-50 thousand
0
. I
YEREVAN
40
/,?
NAKHICHEVAN'''
LENKORAN
27623 4-59
10 200 Km.
4
46 SOURCE: EKONOMICHESKAYA
GEOGRAFIYA SSSR, Moscow 1957.
48 Wa 50
POPULATION DENSITY IN THE TRANSCAUCASUS
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Table 1
Estimated Total Revenue of the Republic Ministries
of Communications of the Transcaucasus (Region V) 2/
1950 and 1955-58
Million 1955 Rubles
1950
1955
1956
1957
1958
Region V
250.8
380.6
401.0
427.8
460.6
Armenian SSR
40.3
58.5
62.4
66.1
71.9
Azerbaydzhan SSR
81.7
123.3
129.1
136.9
146.1
Georgian SSR
128.9
198.8
209.5
224.8
242.5
a. Revenue was computed by multiplying post and telecommuni-
cations service volumes by their estimated average unit revenue
and by estimating other sources of revenue that are not re-
flected by service volumes. Detailed revenue figures for each
of the years shown are available in the files of this Office.
A breakdown of total revenue for 1958, by type of service, is
shown in Table 2 (p. 7, below). All data are rounded to the
nearest hundred thousand. Totals are derived from unrounded
data and may not agree with the sum of their rounded compo-
nents.
250 million rubles* in 1950 to more than 46o million in 1958, at an
average annual rate of growth of about 8 percent.** This rate is com-
parable to the rate of growth in post and telecommunications revenue
for the USSR as a whole (see Figure 4xxx). The rate of growth in
Region V is lower than that of the European USSR but higher than that
of the Asian USSR.
The telephone and postal networks contributed 71 percent of
the total post and telecommunications revenue of Region V in 1958,
and the telegraph and broadcasting networks contributed the remaining
29 percent. Total revenue from post and telecommunications services
in Region V in 1958, by type of service and by republic, is shown in
Table 2.xxxx
* Except where otherwise indicated, ruble values in this report
are expressed in 1955 rubles and may be converted to US dollars at
the official rate of exchange of 4 rubles to US $1. This rate of
exchange does not necessarily reflect the true dollar value.
** All average annual rates of growth expressed in this report
were computed on a compound interest basis.
*** Following p. 6.
xxxx Table 2 follows on p. 7.
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Telephone service in Region V has attained a higher level of
development and is a more important source of post and telecommuni-
cations revenue for the region than is telephone service for the
country as a whole. In 1958, for example, telephone service in
Region V contributed 36 percent of the total post and telecommuni-
cations revenue of the region, whereas telephone service in the en-
tire country contributed only 25 percent of the total post and tele-
communications revenue for the. USSR. POstal service was the con-
verse, supplying only 35 percent of total post and telecommunications
revenue for Region V but 42 percent for the USSR. Other comparisons
of the percentage distribution of revenue, by type of service, for
Region V and for the USSR as a whole are shown in the accompanying
chart, Figure 5.
COMPARISON OF THE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
OF COMMUNICATIONS REVENUE IN THE USSR AND IN ECONOMIC REGION V
BY.TYPE OF SERVICE, 1958?MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
POSTAL
4296
35%
TELEGRAPH
13%
1696
TELEPHONE
2596
3696
BROADCASTING
2096
13%
27828 7.59
USSR
Region
Figure 5
In view of the plans for a considerable increase in public
post and telecommunications facilities and services contained in the
Seven Year Plan, revenue in Region V can be expected to. increase
substantially during the next 7 years.
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Million /955 Rubles
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Figure 4
COMPARISON OF THE RATES
OF GROWTH OF COMMUNICATIONS REVENUE IN THE USSR
AND IN ECONOMIC REGION V, 1950-58
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
800
600
400
200
100
80
60
40
20
8.1%
6.5%
6.6%
8.7% _
_ - - - -
6.8%
9.1%
? ?
8.6% _
USSR
REGION V
Georgian, SSR
5.8% Azerbaydzhan, SSR
7.8%
7 1%
--------
_
Interpolations.
10
1950
27827 7-59
Armenian, SSR
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
Percentages represent the average annual rote of growth for the period shown.
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Table 2
Estimated Revenue of the Republic Ministries of Communications
of the Transcaucasus (Region V), by Type of Service 2/
1958
Million 1955 Rubles
Telephone
Postal 12/
Urban and
Rural 2/
Interurban 1-/
Total
Telegraph e
Broadcasting
Total
Revenue
Region V
159.7
110.2
56.8
167.0
75.1
58.8
460.6
A?menian SSR
26.0
13.4
10.4
23.8
10.1
12.1
71.9
Azerbaydzhan SSR
57.4
24.7
19.2
43.9
22.6
22.3
146.1
Georgian SSR
76.4
72.1
27.2
99.3
42.5
24.4
242.5
All data have been 50X1
rounded to the nearest hundred thousand. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may not agree with
the sum of their rounded components.
b. Postal revenue was derived by multiplying the estimated average unit revenue received for letters,
money orders, packages, and periodical publications by their volumes. Total postal volume is shown in
Table 4 (p. 12, below).
c. Computed by multiplying the annual business and home subscription fee by the midyear number of
urban business and home telephones. The annual number of new urban home and business subscribers was
multiplied by the installation fee for new telephones, and allowances were made for miscellaneous
sources of revenue such as public telephone booths and fees for special service and for rural tele-
phone revenue. The total number of urban and rural telephone sets is shown in Table 6 (p. 15, below).
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Table 2
Estimated Revenue of the Republic Ministries of Communications
of the Transcaucasus (Region V), by Type of Service 2/
1958
(Continued)
d. Computed by multiplying the number of interurban telephone calls by the estimated revenue per call.
An allowance was made for revenue derived from the lease of interurban telephone circuits. The total
number of interurban telephone calls is shown in Table 8 (p. 17, below).
e. The number of telegrams sent was multiplied by the estimated average revenue per telegram. An
allowance was made for revenue derived from the lease of telegraph circuits. The total number of
telegrams sent is shown in Table 9 (p. 19, below).
f. Computed by multiplying the midyear number of urban and rural wired loudspeakers and the midyear
number of radiobroadcast receivers by their respective license fees. The number of wired loudspeakers
added was multiplied by an installation fee. Revenue received from television and other sources vat
estimated to be a portion of total broadcasting revenue.
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B. Manpower
A labor force with a wide variety of skills is necessary
for the growth of a modern public post and telecommunications system
and for attaining a high level of labor productivity in that system.
As shown in Table 3,* the post and telecommunications labor force of
Region V numbered 23,800 in 1958. This amount is about 4 percent of
the total labor force of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR.
The average annual rate of growth of the labor force in
Region V from the base year 1950 to 1958 was somewhat higher than
that for the USSR as a whole, as shown in the following tabulation:
Percent
USSR
2.2
Region V
3.1
Armenian SSR
3.9
Azerbaydzhan SSR
3.7
Georgian SSR
2.4
The higher rate of growth for the Armenian SSR and probably for
Azerbaydzhan SSR compared with the Georgian SSR reflects the recent
emphasis on the development of public post and telecommunications
facilities and services in these republics.
The success of the development of a modern post and telecom-
munications system is heavily influenced by the amount of training
given its personnel. Communications institutes and technical schools
are maintained in most major cities of the USSR for this purpose.
Technical schools are believed to be located in the capitals of each
of the three republics of Region V to provide training for post and
telecommunications personnel of these republics.
The rate of growth of labor productivity of post and tele-
communications employees of Region V from the base year 1950 to 1958,
which averaged 4.7 percent annually,** is slightly less than the aver-
age annual rate of growth of labor productivity of all public post and
telecommunications employees in the USSR. With the introduction of
* Table 3 follows on p. 10.
** Computed on the basis of the average annual rate of growth in
revenue per employee derived from Table 1, p. 6 above, and Table 3,
.p. 10, below.
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Table 3
Estimated Average Annual Number of Employees of the Republic Ministries of Communications
of the Transcaucasus (Region V) 2/
1950 and 1955-58
Persons
Region V
Armenian SSR
Azerbaydzhan
Georgian SSR
SSR
1950
1955
1956
1957
1958
18,700
21,900
22,600
23,200
23,800
3,10o12/
6,800 1/
8,800 f/
3,800 12/
8,200 2/
9,900 g/
3,900 2/
8,500 1/
10,100 2/
4,loo 2/
8,800 f/
10,300 2/
4,200 2/
9,100 f/
10,60o 2/
a. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred. Data include rural mailmen. Totals are de-
rived from unrounded data and may not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
b. y
c. Extrapolated by applying the average annual absolute growth from 1950 to 1955 to each of
these years.
d. Computed by applying the average ratio of employees to population in Armenia and Georgia
to Azerbaydzhan for each of these years.
e. Interpolated by graphic analysis.
f. Extrapolated by applying the average annual absolute growth from 1950 to 1956 to each of
these years.
g. 1/
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modern post and telecommunications facilities called for in the
Seven Year Plan, it is expected that labor productivity will con-
tinue to increase.
III. Postal
Postal services in Region V, consisting of letters, packages,
periodical publications, and money orders, must be improved if ex-
panding economic needs are to be met. The number of pieces of mail
per capita* in 1958 in Region V, as shown in the following tabula-
tion, is less than that in the USSR as a whole.
Pieces of Nail
Per Capita
(1958)
USSR
81
Region V
68
Armenian SSR
57
Azerbaydzhan SSR
66
Georgian SSR
74
This low use of postal service may be attributed to the poor trans-
portation system in Region V and the limited demand for postal ser-
vice by the various minority ethnic groups of this region.
Total postal volume in Region V is shown in Table 4.** Periodical
publications made up 70 percent of this postal volume, letters 28 per-
cent, and packages and money orders the remaining 2 percent in 1958.
The number of postal, telephone, and telegraph enterprises is shown
in Table 5.***
In view of increasing needs of the government and of the general
public for postal service in Region V, expansion of this service is
necessary. Before any substantial expansion can be achieved, however,
several steps must be taken to modernize the postal system. These
include more mechanized mail-handling equipment, increased use of
motor vehicles and airplanes for transportation of mail, better build-
ings for postal enterprises, and more full-time employees.
* All per capita relationships presented in this report are based
on projections through 1958 of announced population statistics for
1950 and 1956, using the average annual rate of growth for these years.
** Table 4 follows on p. 12.
xxx Table 5 follows on p. 13.
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Table 4
Estimated Total Volume of Postal Service
in the Transcaucasus (Region V) 2/
1950 and 1955-58'
Million Units
1950
1955
1956
1957
1958
Region V
302.0
533.0
578.7
624.8
670.9
Armenian SSR
47.4
12/
78.612/
91.7
12/
99.1
2/
106.5
2/
Azerbaydzhan SSR
109.2
21/
200.5 d/
216.3
21/
234.1
2/
251.9 2/
Georgian SSR
145.4
12/
253.9 12/
270.7
12/
291.6
2/
312.5 si
a. Total volume of postal service is composed of letters, packages,
periodical publications, and money orders. A breakdown of the
volume of postal service by these categories is available in the
files of this Office. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred
thousand.
c. Extrapolated by applying the average anniu0 absolute growth
shown from 1950 to 1956 to each of these years.
d. Figures for periodical publications for Azerbaydzhan SSR were
computed by applying the same average ratio of periodical publica-
tions to population as in the Armenian and Georgian SSRis. 52/
Inasmuch as K. Ya. Sergeychuk, Deputy Minister of Communications
of the USSR, has stated that one of the main tasks of the Seven Year
Plan is to shorten the delivery time of postal correspondence, many
of the problems retarding the expansion of postal service probably
will be solved during the next 7 years. Postal service in Region V
therefore is expected to attain a level by 1965 adequate to meet
fully the needs of all sectors of the economy.
IV. Telephone and Telegraph
A. Telephone
Telephone service in Region V is provided by urban, rural,
and interurban telephone networks. The important industrial centers
of Baku, Tbilisi, and Yerevan are the hubs of these networks, each
maintaining telephone communications with all populated points in
its respective republic and, through other republic capitals, with
most cities of the USSR. Because of its central location, Tbilisi
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Table 5
Estimated Number of Pbstal and Telephone and Telegraph Enterprises
in the Transcaucasus (Region v)/
1950
1950 and 1955-58
Units
1950 1955 1956 1957 1958
Urban 2/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban Y Rural Total Urban12/ Rural Total
Region V
397
1,130
1,530
472
1,220
1,690
500
1,240
1,740
528
1,270
1,800
556
1,290
1,850
Armenian SSR
62
200
262
72
210
282
78
212
290
84
214
2/
298
2/
90
216
2/
306
2/
Azerbaydzhan SSR
181
383
564
186
412
598
202
415
617
218
418
2/
636
2/
234
421
2/
655
2/
Georgian SSR
154
551
705
214
597
811
220
616
836
226
635
2/
861
2/
232
654
2/
886
2/
g7 All totals are rounded to three significant digits. Totals are derived from unrounded 50X1
data and may not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
b. Total minus rural.
c. Extrapolated by applying the absolute growth from 1955 to 1956 to each of these years.
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acts as the center of the telephone network in Region V. Yerevan
maintains facilities for international telephone connections with
cities of the Sino-Soviet Bloc and with France, Belgium, the UK,
and the US. Expansion and improvement of interurban, urban, and
rural telephone facilities will have to be emphasized in order to
meet the expanding needs of the economy for telephone service.
These needs were heightened by the economic reorganization of the
USSR in 1957 which created demands for more lateral, as well as
mainline, services.
The need for telephone service in Region V is heavily in-
fluenced by economic factors in the region. Densely populated in-
dustrial areas create heavy demands for extensive telephone ser-
vice, but in the more mountainous areas and in the relatively un-
inhabited rural areas, the demand for telephone service is much
less. Although transportation facilities are poor and the terrain
of Region V is highly irregular, these factors present no serious
barriers to the provision of telephone service in the region.
The quantity of urban and rural telephone service available
in Region V is limited, in spite of the fact that there are more
telephone sets per 1,000 persons in Region V than in the USSR as a
whole -- there were 13 telephone sets per 1,000 persons in Region V
in 1958 compared with only 11 telephone sets per 1,000 persons in
the whole country. The very low level of telephone service in much
of the USSR accounts for this difference rather than a high level
of development of telephone service in Region V. The total number
of telephone sets in Region V is shown in Table 6.* The number of
agricultural units, by type of unit, having telephone service with
their rayon centers in Region V in 1956 is shown in Table 7.**
The efficiency of telephone service in Region V as well as
in the USSR as a whole may be judged by the small percentage of
telephone exchange capacity that is serviced by automatic telephone
exchanges. Only 54 percent of telephone exchange capacity in Region V
was serviced by automatic exchanges in 1958, and in the USSR as a
whole, 52 percent of telephone exchange capacity was so serviced.
The low level of automatic exchange capacity in Region V and in the
entire USSR is highlighted by a comparison with the US, where 94 per-
cent of all telephones are serviced by automatic exchanges. L1/
The quantity of interurban telephone service also is limited.
About 7 million interurban telephone calls were made in Region V in
1958 (see Table 8***), or only 72 interurban calls per 100 persons****
Table 6 follows on p. 15.
Table 7 follows on p. 16.
Table 8 follows on p. 17.
Text continued on p. 17.
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Table 6
Estimated Number of Telephone Sets Connected to Exchanges Subordinate
to the Republic Ministries of Communications
in the Transcaucasus (Region V) 2/
1950 and 1955-58
Thousand Units
1950 1955 1956 1957 1958
Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Region V
Armenian SSR
Azerbaydzhan SSR
Georgian SSR
69.0
7.8
76.8
93.0
11.9
104.9
101.0
12.6
113.6
109.0
12/
12/
12/
13.5
2/
12/
12/
122.5
117.0
12/
-12/
12/
14.4
2/
12/
12/
131.4
14.0
26.0
29.0
1.9
2.3
3.6
15.9
28.3
32.6
19.0
37.0
37.0.
2.8
3.7
5.4
21.8
40.7
42.4
21.0
40.0
40.0
2.8
3.9
5.9
23.8
43.9
45.9
23.0
43.0
43.0
3.0
4.1
6.4
26.0
47.1
49.4
25.0
46.0
46.o
3.2
4.3
6.9
28.2
50.3
52.9
a. All data are rounded to the nearest hundred.
b. Extrapolated by applying the rounded absolute growth shown from 1955 to 1956 to each of these years.
c. Extrapolated by applying the average annual absolute growth shown from 1950 to 1956 to each of these years.
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Table 7
Estimated Telephone Service in Rural Areas in the Transcaucasus (Region V)
by Type of Agricultural Unit 2/
1956
Machine Tractor
Village Soviets Sovkhozes Stations Kolkhozes
Units 12/
Percent 2/
Units12/
Percent 2/
Units 12/
Percent 2/
Units12/
Percent
Region V
2,281
98.8
204
95.3
246
96.6
3,060
66.5
Armenian SSR
450
99.8
57
98.3
52
98.1
886
98.5
Azerbaydzhan SSR
896
97.8
54
100.0
99
93.0
735
49.o
Georgian SSR
935
99.5
93
91.2
95
98.0
1,439
65.4
a. Including only those agricultural units which have telephone service with their rayon centers.
b. 14/
c. 12
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Table 8
Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Calls Made
in the Transcaucasus (Region V) 2/
1950 and 1955-58
Million Units
1950
1955
1956
1957
1958
Region V
3.9
5.5
6.0
6.6
7.1
Armenian SSR
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.2 bJ
1.3 y
Azerbaydzhan SSR
1.3
1.8
2.0
2.2/
2.4 2/
Georgian SSR
1.7
2.5
2.8
3.1/
3.4 2/
All data are rounded to the nearest hundred
thousand. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may
not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
b. Extrapolated by applying the average annual absolute
growth shown from 1950 to 1956 to each of these years.
c. Extrapolated by applying the'absolute growth shown
from 1955 to 1956 to each of these years
in the region compared with 78 interurban calls per 100 persons in
the USSR as a whole. The reason for this low level of development
of the interurban telephone network in Region V is the lack of in-
terurban circuit capacity and of interurban exchange equipment.
In addition to the public telephone service provided in
Region V, many industrial enterprises have in the past maintained
their own functional telephone networks. The total exchange
capacity of these functional telephone networks in 1955, along with
that of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR, is shown in the
following tabulation:
Telephone Subscribers
Region V
Ministry of
Functional Communications
5o,11-oo
111,900
Armenian SSR
8,600
25,100
Azerbaydzhan SSR
22,300
45,100
Georgian SSR
19,50o
41,700
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The present status of these functional telephone networks is
unknown. In the economic reorganization of the USSR in 1957, many
industrial enterprises were to turn over control of their telephone
facilities to the Ministry of Communications of the USSR. It is be-
lieved that up to the present time no substantial turnover of these
facilities has taken place.
The over-all expansion of telephone service in Region V is
not keeping pace with needs of the economy of the region. Many
telephone stations are in unsatisfactory technical condition and do
not provide 24-hour service. In addition, available telephone cir-
cuits are overburdened, and the installation of semiautomatic ex-
change equipment is proceeding slowly.
The interurban, urban, and rural telephone networks in
Region V will be expanded during the next 7 years. Efforts to ex-
pand the interurban network will include the construction of
microwave radio relay lines for increased circuit capacity, the
installation of semiautomatic telephone exchange equipment, and the
installation of multichannel high-frequency apparatus on existing
open wirelines and cable facilities. Expansion of urban and rural
telephone service will be accomplished primarily by the installation
of 10-number automatic telephone exchanges and by the development of
a simple channel-multiplying apparatus for use on low-capacity wire-
lines. The over-all expansion of urban telephone service in Region V
probably will parallel the expansion planned for the Georgian SSR.
It has been announced that the capacity of the Tbilisi city telephone
network will increase 3.5 times and the capacity of remaining city
networks in the republic 3 times during the next 7 years.
B. Telegraph
Regular telegraph service in Region V, although in need of
expansion and improvement, comes closer to satisfying the require-
ments for rapid electrical communications than other telecommuni-
cations services. All republic, oblast, and rayon centers, as well
as most populated points, act as telegraph centers and maintain
telegraph service with each postal and telegraph enterprise in the
region. The Georgian SSR, through its capital city of Tbilisi, acts
as the center for telegraph service in Region V.
Expansion of telegraph service in Region V has been slow.
Approximately 9.7 million telegrams were sent in Region V in 1958,
only 0.7 million more than were sent in 1955 (see Table 9*). This
slow expansion may be explained by the fact that, up to the present
* Table 9 follows on p. 19.
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Table 9
Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent
in the Transcaucasus (Region V) al
1950 and 1955-58
Million Units
1950
1955
1956
1957
1958
Region V
6.60
9.00
8.90
9.28
9.66
Armenian SSR
0.90
1.20
1.20
1.25 12/
1.30 12/
Azerbaydzhan SSR
2.10
2.90
2.70
2.80 12/
2.90 12/
Georgian SSR
3.60
4.90
5.00
5.23 12/
5.46 y
b. Extrapolated by applying the average annual absolute growth
shown from 1950 to 1956 to each of these years.
time, the low efficiency of the existing network has discouraged in-
tensive use of the system. The main reason for the low efficiency of
the network is the radial nature of the telegraph system. In many
cases, telegrams are relayed through two or more centers before being
delivered, making for slow and unreliable service.
In order to improve telegraph service in Region V, the republic
ministries of communications are striving to increase the number of
direct telegraph circuits between rayon and oblast centers. The need
for this type of lateral telegraph service has been heightened by the
economic reorganization of the USSR in 1957, which created a demand for
direct uninterrupted telecommunications among sovnarkhozes (councils
of national economy) and between sovnarkhozes and their, rayon centers.
The more modern telegraph services, phototelegraph and sub-
scriber telegraph, are available to a limited degree in Region V.
Phototelegrams may be transmitted from Baku, Tbilisi, and Yerevan to
Moscow and probably to other major cities of the USSR. Although the
extent of availability of subscriber telegraph service in Region V is
not known, it is almost certain that this service is used by the more
important industrial enterprises of the region.
It is believed that telegraph service in Region V will expand
in the next 7 years at a somewhat more rapid rate than in the past.
This expansion probably will be accomplished by expanding both sub-
scriber telegraph and phototelegraph services, by replacing manual
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telegraph equipment with automatic facilities, and by reorganizing
existing telegraph circuits so as better to fill the need for direct
telegraph circuits. 1..?,/
V. Broadcasting
Broadcasting service in Region V is provided by radiobroadcasting,
wire-diffusion, and television networks.* By providing a medium for
the dissemination of propaganda for the government and entertainment
for the general public, these networks perform an important politico-
social function. Amplitude modulation (AM) radiobroadcasting trans-
mission and reception facilities in urban areas are considered to be
adequate by Soviet standards to meet present needs, but facilities in
rural areas remain inadequate. Television, frequency modulation (FM)
radiobroadcasting, and wire-diffusion networks are also inadequate.
A. Transmission Base
Radiobroadcasting stations, wire-diffusion centers, and tele-
vision broadcasting stations make up the transmission base of the
broadcasting system in Region V. The locations of radio and tele-
vision broadcasting stations are shown in Figure 6.** Wire-diffusion
centers are located throughout the region, each servicing an average
of about 500 wired loudspeakers. Radiobroadcasting transmission
facilities provide an adequate quantity of radiobroadcasting coverage
in Region V. Television broadcasting has expanded rapidly since its
relatively late start in 1956, but main centers still are found only
in the capitals of the republics of the region.
Domestic AM radiobroadcasting stations in Region V broadcast
national programs originating from Moscow and regional programs origi-
nating from Baku, Tbilisi, Yerevan, and Sukhumi. These broadcasts can
be received in all populated points of the region. One important
development in the radiobroadcasting system in Region V has been the
introduction of FM broadcasting stations. Such stations have been
constructed in Baku, Tbilisi, and Yerevan and provide dependable high-
quality broadcasts to these areas. Plans call for FM broadcasting
stations to be constructed in most major cities of Region V during
the next 7 years. Other plans for improving the transmission base of
* The republic ministries of communications of Region V are re-
sponsible for the operation and maintenance of the broadcasting
facilities in their respective areas. The responsibility for program
content and over-all supervision of the broadcasting system is vested
in the state committee for radiobroadcasting and television of each
republic. Each committee in turn is responsible to its republic
council of ministers.
** Following p. 20.
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FIGURE 6
.0
q--......---
/ i
r"...-
,--......
?Suktiumi
oli
BLACK
)
f.,_/--/-4 'N...
'\???.
?ion ?
GE .)RGIAN
R E
.
S.S.R.
_ Staliniri
G I ( ` N I V
?,,,,0 ---
.,....-.........,

t
\,..
-7.-
.
- - -
CASPIA N
12
Gori S E A
S E A
ilk
?
or n
.
4,
---? .1-Th
- .. .
... \---_.
E Y
TBILISI Cli d 41:). (
? ? p Gignaktu
? -,,, - Kuba
---- ? .....-
-, ,-- `,.. ?.- \ . 69 --"L" ? -/-
Nukha
'tO C2'
Shamkhor
) ZER'A DZHA
.--- 68
A NI I-9 2 Kirovabad
S
orA N.
'
0 She haRN
ma
doL 81W
0
--
USSR, ECONOMIC REGION V
? Akhtp N _ 0C110-1
N - - ,..
ZE .
ERE AN. Os 45. "OL" s . .- R- .
SEVAN'
0?
DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL
-
-
00*
RADIO AND TELEVISION
BROADCASTING STATIONS, 1958
Ministry of Communications
DOMESTIC
Om High frequency AM station
cr Medium frequency AM station
d- Low frequency AM station
0 FM station
1:1 TV station
CI TV relay station
12 TV relay station (planned)
INTERNATIONAL
? AM station
0 m
f.-.
D
.--- ,- -
WI
. . . Stepanakert
\._..-1
i ' III ?-,Zs) .-)
,-- --/
'i .(-,
Nakhichevan' ?-.)
Lk. 12 ....)
\
t )
.
FN._/----
...-----
C t.-
I R A N
"")
- ...-saryany
..... _
h
- ?
-
.
1.
7..... - Neftechala
.* r
-
..
Lenkoran'
.
38
_s0
1= --"F--
r- ?i
Stat. Md.
( leir
__,
.-.-i, i 1
50
27824 7.59
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the radiobroadcasting system include increasing the program output of
existing facilities and using common telecommunications facilities
fort the transmission of radiobroadcasting programs over long distances.
International radiobroadcasting programs are transmitted from
stations located in Baku and Yerevan to Europe and the Middle East.
These international stations were established in Region V because of
the favorable location of the region in relation to target areas.
The transmitting base of the wire-diffusion network in Region V
is to be improved during the next 7 years. Present equipment of the
network allows only one program to be broadcast at a time from the
wired radio center to each wired loudspeaker. The Seven Year Plan
calls for the introduction of equipment which will enable up to three
programs to be broadcast at a time. This improvement will not destroy
the "captive audience" advantages of the wire-diffusion network but
will afford listeners an increased choice of programs. Other plans
for improving the network include the retransmission of FM broadcasts
by wired radio centers and the remote control of wired radio centers.
Main television stations were in operation in Baku, Tbilisi, and
Yerevan at the end of 1958. These stations are equipped with mobile
pickup stations which enable programs to be originated from various
parts of the cities. To extend the area of coverage of main tele-
vision stations, low-powered relay stations are being constructed.
These relay stations enable residents normally beyond the zone of de-
pendable reception (approximately 100 kilometers) to receive tele-
vision programs.
Television broadcasting is expected to expand rapidly in
Region V during the next 7 years. One of the most important steps
being taken to aid this expansion is the construction of microwave
radio relay lines. Such lines are under construction among the re-
public capitals of Baku, Tbilisi, and Yerevan and will enable the
exchange of television programs among these cities. Plans call for
the exchange of television broadcasts between major cities in Region V
and cities located in the European portion of the USSR, Central Asia,
and Siberia by the end of 1965. Plans to improve television broad-
casting in Region V also include modernizing existing television
stations, increasing the number of broadcasting and relay stations,
and introducing color television in the republic capitals. 12/
B. Reception Base
There were approximately 1.2 million reception points (radio-
broadcast receivers, wired loudspeakers, and television receivers) in
Region V in 1958. Radiobroadcast receivers made up approximately
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37 percent of these reception points, wired loudspeakers 59 percent,
and television broadcast receivers about 4 percent. The proportion
of radiobroadcast receivers to total reception points in Region Vis
higher than that in the USSR as a whole. Whereas radiobroadcast re-
ceivers were 37 percent of the total in Region V, they were only
about 24 percent of the total in the entire country. This diversity
is explained by the low number of wired loudspeakers in Region V --
only 72 per thousand persons in 1958. In the entire USSR, there were
131 loudspeakers per thousand persons in 1958. See Table 10* for the
total number of wired loudspeakers in Region V, by republic.
There are a number of limitations that must be overcome if
the broadcasting effort in Region V is to be improved. One of the
most important of these limitations is the existence of the many
linguistic minorities living in the region. The dispersion of these
minorities makes broadcasting target areas difficult to define, and,
as a consequence, many programs are not received by the people for
whom they are intended. The problem is compounded by the fact that
each radiobroadcasting station engaged in providing programs for
minority groups must devote a part of its broadcast time to national
and regional programs in the Russian language.
The distribution of radiobroadcast receivers per 1,000
persons in urban and rural areas of Region V and of the USSR in 1958
is shown in the following tabulation:
Radiobroadcast Receivers per 1,000 Persons
Urban
Rural
Total
USSR
78
20
46
Region V
87
14
45
The higher number of radiobroadcast receivers per 1,000 persons
in urban areas of Region V compared with urban areas of the USSR as a
whole and the converse situation in rural areas suggest that emphasis
during the next 7 years will be primarily on expanding radiobroadcast-
ing facilities in rural areas. The total number of radiobroadcast re-
ceivers in Region V, by republic, is shown in Table 11.*
* Table 10 follows on p. 23.
** Table 11 follows on p. 24.
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Table 10
Estimated Number of Wired Loudspeakers
in the Transcaucasus (Region V) a/
1950 and 1955-58
Thousand Units
1950
1955 1956 1957 1958
Urban b/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total
Region V
16466
230
259
213
472
280
283
563
308
325
633
338
378
716
Armenian SSR
30
22
52
49
44
93
52
56
108
55
63 2/
120 2/
58
74 d/
132 1/
Azerbaydzhan SSR
63
14
77
97
70
167
103
101
204
117
116 2/
233 1/
132
130 E/
262 g/
Georgian SSR
71
30
101
113
99
212
125
126
251
136
144 2/
280 2/
148
174 2/
322 2/
a. All data are rounded to the nearest thousand.
b. Total minus rural.
d. Extrapolated by applying the absolute growth shown from 1956 to 1957.
e. Extrapolated by applying the average annual absolute growth shown from 1950 to 1956.
f. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, between 1956 and 1958.
g.
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Table 11
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers
in the Transcaucasus (Region V) 2/
1950 and 1955-58
Thousand Units
1950 1955 1956 1957 1958
Urban b/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total Urban 12/ Rural Total
Region V
91
9
100
254
43
297
298
55
353
334
67
401369
79
448
Armenian SSR
11
3
14
46
17
63
59
22
81
73
27 2/
100 21/
87
32 2/
119 2/
Azerbaydzhan SSR
52
4
56
121
17
138
134
21
155
137
25 2/
162
139
29 2/
168 e
Georgian SSR
28
2
30
87
9
96
105
12
117
124
15 2/
.TI
139 1/
143
18 2/
161 2/
al All data are rounded to the nearest thousand.
b. Total minus rural.
c. Extrapolated by applying the absolute growth shown from 1955 to 1956 to each of these years.
d. 21t/
e. Extrapolated by applying the. absolute growth shown from 1956 to 1957 to each of these years.
Interpolated, using ? arithmetic progression, between 1956 and 1958.
g.
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During the next 7 years it is planned to improve the technical
quality of transmissions over the wire-diffusion network and to expand
the number of wired loudspeakers in rural areas. Some of the problems
to be overcome in carrying out this improvement and expansion include
the present limitation of the wire-diffusion network to single-program
broadcasting and the necessity for substantial capital and material
expenditures per receiving installation in thinly populated areas.
There were only 50,000 television broadcast receivers in
Region V in 1958, a negligible part of the total number of broadcast
reception points in Region V. This small number of receivers is be-
lieved to reflect only a temporary lag in supply and distribution of
television receivers, which soon will be overcome.
VI. Common Telecommunications Facilities
Common telecommunications facilities used for the transmission of
telephone, telegraph, and broadcasting information in Region V consist
of open-wireline, multiconductor cable, and point-to-point radio
facilities. No microwave radio relay lines are currently in operation
in the region. The wireline, cable, and point-to-point radio facilities
are divided into mainline (interrepublic and interoblast) and secondary
(intraoblast and intrarayon) facilities according to use. Common
telecommunications facilities in Region V are considered to be of
limited capacity and of marginal quality. Within Region V, topographical
features do not present any formidable barriers to the construction and
operations of common telecommunications facilities. The Greater Caucasus
Mountains, however, present an extremely difficult barrier to the con-
struction of facilities connecting Region V with the European USSR.
Moreover, such facilities, where provided, are extremely vulnerable to
the destructive action of weather.
Mainline telecommunications service in Region V is provided chiefly
by open wirelines, with some use being made of multiconductor cable and
point-to-point radio. As shown in Figure 7,* open wirelines equipped
with channel multiplexing apparatus connect cities of Region V with
Moscow and other cities of the USSR. Open wirelines also interconnect
most of the important cities within Region V. Multiconductor cable
usage is limited to a line between Tbilisi and Baku. This line even-
tually will be extended to Moscow. Point-to-point radio circuits,
providing both regular telegraph and phototelegraph service, are main-
tained between each of the republic capitals of Region V and Moscow.
It is believed that other point-to-point radio circuits connect cities
of Region V with cities of other areas of the USSR. These circuits
probably are used for emergency and reserve telecommunications.
* Following p. 26.
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Secondary telecommunications service in Region V is provided by
low-quality, open-wireline facilities. In thinly populated areas
where construction of open wirelines is not economically feasible, it
is believed that point-to-point radio facilities are used.
Mainline and secondary common telecommunications facilities in
Region V must undergo considerable increase in circuit capacity and
improvement in quality of service if the expanding needs of the
economy and the population of the region are to be met. It is ap-
parent that increased circuit capacity will be achieved by the use
of microwave radio relay lines (see Figure 8*). This modern common
telecommunications medium affords the advantages of increased cir-
cuit capacity and reduced investment and operating costs per channel
of information compared with the construction of wirelines or cables.
Thus far the construction of a microwave radio relay network in
Region V has not been completed. Problems encountered in developing
such a network include the inability to procure equipment and tech-
nical assistance, the neglect of republic ministries by the Ministry
of Communications of the USSR, and poor organization and planning of
the construction work. In 1957, Voronin, Deputy Minister of the
Ministry of Communications of Azerbaydzhan SSR, stated that the Min-
istry of Communications of the USSR had not assisted his republic in
obtaining equipment and technical assistance, although more than
15 million rubles were allocated for building radio relay lines.
Similar complaints were expressed concerning the lack of direction
in organizing the construction of microwave radio relay lines and the
neglect of local organizations by central organizations in Moscow.
The complaints were obviously valid because the important radio relay
line between Baku and Tbilisi, planned for construction in 1956, was
begun only in the last half of 1958. Current plans call for its
completion by 1960.
During the next 7 years, the quantity and quality of mainline and
secondary telecommunications facilities are expected to improve in
Region V. Planned completion of the radio relay network not only
will provide increased circuit capacity for telephone, telegraph, and
broadcasting services but also will enable the exchange of television'
broadcasts among republics of Region V and between Region V and other
areas of the USSR. The installation of additional point-to-point
radio circuits and the modernization of existing circuits will improve
the common telecommunications system by providing facilities for areas
where wirelines and cables are not adequately provided. ..//
* Following p. 26.
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FIGURE 7
Ochi
/ e
."\.,
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FIGURE 8 50X1
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VII. Future Trends
Rapid expansion of post and telecommunications facilities and
services in Region V is called for under the Seven Year Plan (1959-65).
This expansion will be directed toward the improvement of existing
facilities as well as toward the installation of new and original
facilities.
Major trends in the development of post and telecommunications
facilities and services in Region V during 1959-65 probably will in-
clude the following:
1. Rapid expansion of circuit capacity of common telecommuni-
cations facilities through the construction of microwave radio relay
lines.
2. Rapid expansion of interurban, urban, and rural telephone
exchange capacity, primarily through the installation of automatic
telephone exchange equipment.
3. Rapid expansion of subscriber telegraph service and photo-
telegraph service.
4. Rapid expansion of the television reception base.
5. Expansion of television broadcasting facilities and in-
stallation of network television service.
6. Expansion of radiobroadcasting facilities in outlying areas.
7. Expansion of postal facilities and services in rural areas
and increased use of mechanized postal equipment in large urban areas.
8. Increased responsibility with regard to investment dele-
gated by the Ministry of Communications to republic and local post and
telecommunications organs.
9. Probable integration of some functional telecommunications
facilities in Region V with those of the republic ministries of communi-
cations of the region.
It is believed that these objectives can be accomplished during the
next 7 years. In this event, post and telecommunications facilities
and services should be adequate to satisfy most of the demands of
Region V.
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APPENDIX A -
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude (amplitude) by other frequencies
that contain the information to be transmitted in telecommunica-
tions. (See Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies
used in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process in-
volved in producing telecommunications service Which does not re-
quire direct, immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits. The magnitude of this
range is a limiting factor on the amount of information that can
be transmitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies
of the radio spectrum as a whole, the International Telecommunica-
tion Union has for convenience divided the whole radio spectrum
into eight major bands, as follows:
Frequency Bands
Range
30 kc** and below
30 to 300 kc
300 to 3,000 kc
3,000 to 30,000 kc
30,000 kc to
300 mc***
300 to 3,000 mc
3,000 to 30,000 mc
30,000 to 300,000 mc
Type
Very low frequencies (VLF)
Low frequencies (LF)
Medium frequencies (MF)
High frequencies (I1F)
Very high frequencies (VHF)
Ultra high frequencies (UHF)
Super high frequencies (SHF)
Extremely high frequencies
(W)
Corresponding Wave*
Band
Myriametric waves
Kilometric waves
Hectometric waves
Decametric waves
Metric waves
Decimetric waves****
Centimetric waves****
Millimetric waves****
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance
in the air, which is an elastic medium, and an electric wave is a dis-
turbance in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the
frequency of a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is
considered to be constant, the length of a given wave is in inverse re-
lation to its frequency: the longer the gootnotes continued on p. 327
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Cable: A bundle of sheathed; insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes,
used as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to
as "multiconductor cable."
Carrier (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for di-
viding a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or channel into portions
which can be used independently of and simultaneously with all
other portions. Different frequencies or different pulses are
selected for each portion to "carry" the information to be trans-
mitted, after alteration by the information frequencies. The car-
rier itself need not be transmitted.
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit
information independently of and simultaneously with all other por-
tions. A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry in-
formation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications con-
nection between distant points. By the application of appropriate
techniques, a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations
to meet the need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunica-
tions service. In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single
telecommunications units in sequence. In its most complex form it
may by apportionment carry simultaneously thousands of telephone
channels and telegraph subchannels; a number of television programs;
and other specialized kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broad-
cast programs, radar signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often ar-
ranged into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 tele-
vision program or 600 telephone channels. In turn, these 600 tele-
phone channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone
channels each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12
telephone channels each. One or more telephone channels may be
further subdivided into three to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype
subchannels. Other specialized kinds of service may be accommodated
by combining two or more telephone channels.
wave length, the lower the frequency, and the shorter the wave length;
the higher the frequency. Wave length is usually measured in linear
units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
*** Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
**** It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies) in
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecom-
munications cable medium technique using one or more tubes (some-
times called "pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire
supported concentrically by insulators. The space in the tube
usually contains nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial
cable is used for the transmission of information in complex form,
such as radar, computer data, or television signals and/or for the
transmission of telephone chsnnels and telegraph subchannels. A
single tube usually carries information in only one direction at a
time. The capacity of a tube depends in part upon the distance be-
tween repeater stations. In the standard facility, which may have
from 2 to 8 tubes in the cable, a single tube carries a lane of
600 telephone channels or 1 television lane, for which the repeater
station spacing is about 7 statute miles. In a new developmental
coaxial cable facility, a single tube may carry 3 lanes of a total
of 1,800 telephone channels or 3 television lanes, for which the
repeater station spacing is expected to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of elec-
trical science and technology that treats of the behavior of elec-
trons in vacuums, gases, or solids. Today, telecommunications
makes extensive use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical
energy required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommnnica-
tions (telegraph) service in which photographs, drawings, hand-
writing, and printed matter are transmitted for graphically re-
corded reception. In one method (Type A), imsges are built up of
lines or dots of constant intensity. In another method (Type B),
images are built up of lines or dots of varying intensity, some-
timea referred to as "telephoto" and "photoradio."
Feeder (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications
facilities of relatively low capacity which join facilities of
relatively high capacity. (See Main.)
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric cur-
rent, voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or direc-
tion. (See Band.)
Frequency modulation (M): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain
the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See
Amplitude modulation.)
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Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities managed
and operated by a single agency, organization, company, department,
committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to the facilities
of a basic system.
Group: A number of channels (usually 12) or subchannels combined
?(multiplexed) electrically in building up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about
30 statute miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches
(exosphere) of the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes
possible long-distance transmission of radio signals. The layers,
however, are responsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and
differences between daytime and nighttime radio reception. They
are also used as a scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-
transmission techniques to transmit to distances of about 1,000 to
1,500 statute miles.
Joint facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies, organizations, companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.
Lane: A 1-way portion, electrical or physical, of a 2-way telecom-
munications circuit which can be used independently of and simul-
taneously with all other portions. The largest lane today can
handle 600 telephone channels or 1 television program. In some ap-
plications the direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation
by a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term used to delineate a telecommunications circuit
facility (wire, cable, or radio).
Main (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications fa-
cilities at and between principal cities and centers which have
relatively high capacity compared with feeder facilities. (See
Feeder.)
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used practically to trans-
mit a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing tele-
communications service.
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Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio fre-
quencies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally af-
ford practical direct transmission to great distances, principally
because they do not bend well around the earth's surface and because
they do not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are, however,
capable of reliable transmission from horizon to horizon (line-of-
sight) by the use of special antennas which concentrate the radio
energy and give it desired direction. Great distances can, in
consequence, be reached by this technique by the interposition of
relay stations along the route of the line with a spacing interval
of from 25 to 40 statute miles, depending upon terrain conditions.
This technique can be employed practically to carry from a small
number of telephone channels and telegraph subchannels to thousands
of such channels and subchannels through 2 or more lanes and to
carry 1 or more television and other specialized lanes and channels.
(See Band.)
Mobile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which is intended to be operational while in motion or dur-
ing halts at unspecified points. (See Portable.)
Modulation: The process of altering a carrier frequency or carrier
pulses by other frequencies or pulses representing the information
being transmitted.
Multiplex (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the combining of
information signals, modulated or unmodulated, of two or more lanes,
supergroups, groups, channels, or subchannels for transmission over
the same circuit.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to
telecommunications service between fixed points, using the radio
medium.
Portable (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which can be readily moved from place to place but is not
normally operational while in motion. (See Mobile.)
Private (as an adjective): Belonging to or concerning an individual
person, organization, institution, or activity; not public or common.
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Pulse: A spurt of electrical energy of extremely short duration
?(usually measured in millionths of a second), yet capable of being
used in telecommunications to transmit information.
Quad: In a multiconductor telecommunications cable, the physical
association of a group of 4 conductors in any one of various ar-
rangements for the purpose of providing 2-way multichannel operation.
Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications
ties employed in providing a broadcast service.
Route: The geographical path followed by a wire,
line.
receiving facili-
cable, or radio
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by which energy in radio frequen-
cies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other of
two reflecting portions of the atmosphere (troposphere and iono-
sphere) at a predetermined angle such that a usable portion of the
energy arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique
is especially applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and
Antarctic) where facilities of other media suffer from the rigors
of weather and terrain and where the conventional long-distance
radio media of the lower frequency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are sub-
ject to serious disruptive propagational anomalies. (See Band.)
Subchannel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunica-
tions channel which can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. An appreciable number of telephone chan-
nels can usually be subchanneled to carry from three to twenty 60-
word-per-minute teletype subchannels on each telephone channel so
employed.
Subscriber: Any customer who directly operates telecommunications
apparatus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often five) combined (multiplexed)
electrically in building up the total capacity of a_telecommunica-
tions circuit or lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single
agency, organization, company, department, committee, ministry,
or other entity in rendering either functional or basic telecom-
munications service.
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Telecommunications': Transmission, reception, or exchange of infor-
mation between distant points by electrical energy over a wire,
cable, or radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph,
facsimile, broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
effecting telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to
a typewriter in which information is transmitted by keyboard and
received by type printer on a roll of paper or a roll of tape, or
by perforations on a roll of tape, or by both. (Sometimes called
a "teleprinter" or "teletypewriter.")
Transmission base: The aggregate telecommunications transmitting
facilities employed in providing broadcast service.
Transistor: A modern device which is capable of performing in a
solid (germanium or silicon) many of the functions performed by
the conventional electronic tube in a gas or vacuum.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles. This
layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric scatter
transmission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500 statute
miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions medium, now under development in several countries, which
may be capable of transmitting extremely large amounts of conven-
tional and complex information. It consists of a circular or rec-
tangular hollow metallic tube in which electrical energy travels in
the form of waves, much as do sound waves in a speaking tube.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or
cable medium to wired loudspeakers.
Wired loudspeaker: A telecommunications loudspeaker which receives
from a distribution point one or more broadcast programs by a wire
or cable medium.
Wireline: A general term used to identify a line consisting of
either an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or an underground
cable, used as a telecommunications medium.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
The Statistical data on post and telecommunications services in
Region V were developed in large part from information in statistical
publications of the republics of Region V covering the years 1950 and
1955-56. Population data were used to derive per capita relation-
ships between the USSR and Region V and among individual republics
of the region. Specific methodologies used in the determination of
each statistical series
are contained in the table footnotes. /references 50X1
used in the preparation of these tables are available for inspection
in the producing Office.
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ECONOMIC MAP OF THE TRANS CAUCASUS
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