POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN HUNGARY 1949-58

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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 62
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 5, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: May 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 6
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POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN HUNGARY
1949 58
CIA/RR 59-14
May 1959
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
50X1
SECRET
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0
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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S -E-C -R-E-T
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN HUNGARY
1949758
CIA/RR 59-11+
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
S-E C-R-E-T
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FOREWORD
This report is concerned with those public post and telecommuni-
cations facilities and services in Hungary operated and controlled by
the Postal Division of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs.
This Ministry and others operate functional post and telecommunications
systems such as those serving the armed forces, aviation, and transpor-
tation. These functional post and telecommunications systems are not
covered in this report. It must be pointed out, however, that although
the facilities and services covered here are confined to those under
the jurisdiction of the Postal Division of the Ministry of Transportation
and Postal Affairs, their use is not so restricted. The armed forces
make use of this system, as do all other ministries.
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CONTENTS
Summary and Conclusions
I. .Introduction
II. Unification of Post and Telecommunications Systems
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
III. Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
Page
1
4
4
5
A.
Organization
5
B.
Revenue
6
C.
Investment
7
D.
Manpower
9
1. Labor Force
10
2. FArnings
10
3. Training
11
4. Productivity
11
E.
Equipment
11
1. Production
13
2. Imports
13
3. Exports
14
4. Technology
14
IV.
Postal Service
15
V.
Telephone and Telegraph Services
17
A.
Telephone
17
B.
Telegraph
20
.1. Regular Telegraph
20
2. Subscriber Telegraph (TELEX)
20
3. Facsimile
? 22
C.
Common Telecommunications Facilities
23
1. Wirelines
23
2. Microwave
24
3. Point-to-Point Radio
26
-v -
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Page
VI. Broadcasting Services 27
A. Radiobroadcasting
B. Wire Diffusion
C. Television
27
32
32
? VII. Future Trends 33
Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms
35
Tables
1. Estimated Revenue from Post and Telecommunications
Services Provided by the Postal Division of the.
Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of
Hungary, 1949-58
2. Estimated Investment in Post and Telecommunications
by the Postal Division of the Ministry of Transpor-
tation and Postal Affairs of Hungary, 1949-58 . . . .
3. Estimated Average Number of Employees, Total Wage Bill,
Average Annual Earnings, and Productivity of Post and
Telecommynications Employees in the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
of Hungary, 1949-58
8
9
12
4. Estimated Volume of Postal Service of the Postal
Division of the Ministry of Transportation and
Postal Affairs of Hungary, 1949-58 ? 16
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Page
5. Estimated Number of Main Telephone Exchange Subscriber
Lines and Number of Telephone Calls over Facilities
of the Postal Division of the Ministry Of Transpor-
tation and Postal Affairs of Hungary, 1949-58 . . . . . 18
6. Estimated Number of Telegrams Transmitted over Facil-
ities of the Postal Division of the Ministry of
Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary,
1949-58
7. Estimated Number of Exchanges and Subscribers in the
Subscriber Telegraph Network of the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
of Hungary, 1952-58
8. Estimated Length of Telephone and Telegraph Wirelines
of the Postal Division of the Ministry of Transpor-
tation and Postal Affairs of Hungary, 1949-58 . . .
.21
22
25
9. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers, Wired
Loudspeakers, and.Television Receivers in Use in
Hungary, 1949-58 29
10. Estimated Total Weekly Output of Hungarian Inter-
national Radiobroadcasting Service to Foreign
Audiences, 1950-57 30
Illustrations
Following Page
Figure 1. Hungary: Organization of the Postal
Division of the Ministry of Transpor-
tation and Postal Affairs, 1958 (Chart) ? ? 6
Figure 2. Hungary: Estimated Revenue and Investment
for Public Post and Telecommunications,
1949-58 --'Postal Division of the Ministry
of Transportation and Postal Affairs
(Chart)
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Figure 3. Hungary: Estimated Total Economic Invest-
ment in Hungary and Investment in Public Post
and Telecommunications by the Postal Divi-
sion of the Ministry of Transportation and
Postal Affairs, .1911.9-58 (Chart) ..... .
Figure 4. Hungary: Estimated Average Earnings and
Labor Productivity of Post and Telecommuni-
cations Employees, 1949-58 -- Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal
Affairs (Chart)
Figure 5. Hungary: Domestic Subscriber Telegraph (TELEX)
Network, 1958 -- Postal Division of the Min-
istry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
(MaP)
Figure 6. Hungary: International Subscriber Telegraph
(TELEX) Network, 1958 -- Postal Division of the
Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
(Map)
Figure 7. Hungary: Main Telecommunications Wirelines,
1958 -- Postal Division of the Ministry of
Transportation and Postal Affairs (Map) . .
Figure 8. Hungary: Microwave Radio Relay Network, 1958
Postal Division of the Ministry of Transpor-
tation and Postal Affairs (Map)
Figure 9. Hungary: International Radiotelegraph Cir-
cuits, 1958 -- Postal Division of the Min-
istry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
(Nap)
Figure 10. Hungary: Radiobroadcasting and Television,
Stations, 1958 -- Postal Division of the
Ministry of Transportation and Postal
Affairs (Map) . . . . . . ........
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8
12
20
22
24
26
28
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POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN HUNGARY*
1949-56
Summary and Conclusions
Public post and telecommunications facilities and services** in
Hungary are operated and controlled by the Ministry of Transportation
and Postal Affairs (Kozlekedesi es Postaugyi Miniszterium). A summary
of the present status and recent developments in the public post and
telecommunications sector of the Hungarian economy follows:
Postal Volume'Radiobroadcast
(Ml
and
1950fl
Reception Points
lion Rodiobroodcoo Receivers
Wired Loudspeakers in Use)
6
Television
1950
Receivers
Thousand UniIs)
0.1
(Million Lands)
s
1950
)54
1957
1.005
1
1957
ji.e
1957
1956
????
11,064
1958
'
12.0
1958
1
U
ban Telephone
(Million Units)
InterurbanTelephone
(Mu n ails)
? -- ?
Telegrams
(Million Un is)
1950
217
1950
13.9
1950
3.9
1957
418
1957
24.7
1957
6.2
1958
43
1958
25.2
1958
6.1
iii= ?
(Million Forints"? 9
=MED
(Million Forints 5..)
Employees
(Thousand)
1950
-1854
1950
217
1950
32.2
1957
8
1957
143
1957
11,420
1958
11306
1958
84
1956
/44
* The estimates and conclusions in this report represent the best
judgment of this Office as of 1 March 1959. Technical terms are de- '
fined in Appendix A) Glossary of Technical Terms.
** The term public in this report refers to the facilities and ser-
vices under the control of and operated by the Postal Division of the
Ministry of Transportation,and Postal Affairs. It does not refer to
functional systems such as those serving the armed forces, avihtion,
or other divisions of the Ministry of Transportation and Postai Affairs.
*-** Excluding incoming foreign letters and parcels.
xxxx Except where otherwise indicated, forint values in this report are
expressed in terms of 1956 forints and may be converted to US dollars at
the official rate of exchange of 11.4 forints to US $1. This rate of
exchange, however) does not necessarily reflect the true dollar value.
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With the exception of broadcasting, growths in service volumes have
been relatively proportionate. The unusually large growth in broad-
casting primarily reflects the small base that existed in 1950 for
radiobroadcasting and wire diffusion and in 1954 for television.
Total post and telecommunications revenue from 1950 to 1958 increased
at an average annual rate of about 7 percent.* During the same period,
employment increased at an average annual rate of about 3 percent,
yielding an average annual rate of increase An labor productivity of
about 4 percent.
In volumes of service rendered, as shown below, Hungary in 1957
ranked on a par with Poland, was far behind East Germany and Czecho-
slovakia, and was far ahead of the USSR. The equivalence of service
Letters per Capita
107
-77
11!
111
73
42
20
13.
Interurban Telephone
Calls per Capita
Telephone Subscribers
06 per Capita
Telegrams per Capita
1.0
Radiobroadcast Receivers
per Capita
32
c:3 CZECHOSLOVAKIA
EAST GERMANY
Television Receiiers
per Capita
013
010
007
.001 .001 .00t
ME frl F71
POLAND USSR
HUNGARY ri RUMANIA
* All average annual rates of growth expressed in this report were
computed on a compound interest basis.
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volumes per capita between countries does not necessarily prove the
equivalence of facilities, efficiency, or quality of service. For
example, the volume of telephone and telegraph service per capita
handled by interurban facilities in Hungary corresponds with that of
most other Soviet Bloc countries, even though its wireline system
lacks adequate capacity in many areas.
Investment performance has been the most unstable aspect of the
post and telecommunications sector of the Hungarian economy. From
1949 through 1953 the average level of investment was high, but it
fluctuated violently from year to year. In 1954, general economic
retrenchment reduced this investment approximately 60 percent. In
contrast, aggregate state investment for the economy as a whole
declined about 30 percent. Post and telecommunications investment
remained at a low and relatively stable level during 1954-57. A
move initiated by the USSR in 1958 to integrate and improve. the
post and telecommunications systems of all Sino-Soviet Bloc coun-
tries influenced Hungary to revise its investment policies. The
revised policy, which gave post and telecommunications a higher
priority than previously, substantially increased allocations to
this sector in 1958. It is expected that this higher priority,
attended by increasing amounts of investment, will continue in the
sector for some years to come.
The Hungarian uprising in 1956 apparently had no serious, long-
run effect on the public post and telecommunications system. Service
disruptions were restricted to relatively short periods, and damage
to facilities was not severe. Some loss in personnel occurred through
defection, but it was not sufficient to impair the long-run develop-
ment of post and telecommunications in Hungary.
If implemented, plans for further development of the post and
telecommunications sector of the Hungarian economy will eliminate
many, serious shortcomings. The establishment of a national and an
international microwave radio relay network and the automation of
interurban telephone exchanges will be major improvements. The new
impetus given to post and telecommunications development in Hungary
by the intentipn of all the Sino-Soviet Bloc contries to improve
Bloc facilities should effect sufficient priorities to meet plan
goals.
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I. Introduction.
The purpose ofthis report is to discuss the status, operation)
and deVelopment of public post and telecommunications facilities
and services provided by the Ministry of Transportation and Postal
Affairs of Hungary. Quantitative data are limited generally to the
.period 1949-58, but some qualitative references to historical aspects
of the subjeat are included.
The public post and telecommunications system in Hungary is used
more to serve the needs of the government, governmental enterprises,
and the armed forces than to serve private consumers. Private con-
sumer usage varies among services. There is relatively more consumer
use of postal and broadcasting services than of telephone and tele-
graph services. The absolute share of service consumed by each of the
various users is not known, and no distribution of usage is reflected
in the statistical data presented in this report.
II. Unification of Post and Telecommunications Systems of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc.
The public post and telecommunications system of Hungary is subject
to external as well as domestic considerations. Foremost among the ex-
ternal considerations is a recent move on the part of all Sino-Soviet
Bloc countries, initiated by the USSR) to overcome the lack of a uni-
fied post and telecommunications system within the Bloc.
Eleven Sino-Soviet Bloc conferences on post and telecommunica-
tions held since 1956 demonstrate the desire of the USSR to overcome
this lack of unification. A new body known as the Organization for
Cooperation Among the Socialist Countries in the Fields of Post and
Communications (OSS) has been formed. This new mechanism is appar-
ently associated with but is probably not a part of the Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)) because it includes Communist
China, North Koreal'and North Vietnam as full members.
Under a specific plan prepared by the new organization at the March
1958 CEMA conference in Moscow, all Sino-Soviet Bloc countries are to
make their telecommunications networks partly automatic by 1965 and
fully so by 1975. All participating countries were required to make
available immediately the required funds for this program and to report
their requirements for telecommunications and their production capacity
for telecommunications equipment to the proper committee of CEMA by
June 1958. Telegraphic traffic between countries i?o be accelerated,
and relay stations for an eastern television network (OIR-Vision) are
to be established in 1965.
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The priority of this program may be indicated by the fact that the
Hungarian economic plan for 1958 was altered to provide funds for the,
fulfillment of the country's obligations under OSS. It therefore ap-
pears that. each? country is expected to finance its Share of the program
without aid from the USSR.
' A major buildup of main line telecommunications structures within
and between Sino-Soviet Bloc countries will increase Soviet control
in these areas markedly. The prOgram will also strengthen Bloc mili-
tary potential, because these facilities are used jointly by the armed
forces in peacetime, and in wartime they could be wholly commandeered
to meet the requirements:of.military traffic.
The ultimate status of OSS is not yet clear. East Germany, Com-
munist China, and North Vietnam have pressed for its establishment as
a Sino-SovietBloc counterpart of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and
the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) -- both specialized
agencies of the Economic and Social Council Of the UN -- because they
have consistently been denied membership in those two organizations. .
Other Bloc countries, including Hungary, are opposed, however, for
fear of jeopardizing their standing in the UPU and the ITU.
III. Ministry of .Transportation and Postal Affairs.
A. Organization.
Public post and telecommunications services in Hungary are
provided by the Postal Division of the Ministry of Transportation and
PostalAffairs. The present Minister is Istvan Kossa, and the Chief
Deputy Minister is Gryorgy Csanadi. Within the Postal Division,
postal, telephone, and telegraph services are provided by the Postal
Department, and radiobroadcasting, television, and wire-diffusion
services are provided by the Radio and Television Stations Department.
The organizational structure of that portion of the Ministry of .Trans-
portation and Postal Affairs concerned with public post and telecommuni-
cations activity is shown in the accompanying chart, Figure 1.* 1/**
Postal, telephone, and telegraph services are made available
through a nationwide network of post offices. As the chart dhows,
authority flows from Postal Department headquarters in Budapest
through regional and district postal.units to local pot offices. In
contrast, broadcasting services are provided by radiobroadcasting,
* Following p. 6.
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television) and wire-diffusion stations which are controlled directly
by the Radio and Television Stations Department in Budapest.
A division of authority in broadcasting activity in Hungary ex-
ists between the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs and the
Ministry of the Arts. The former is responsible for the technical oper-
ation of broadcasting facilities) whereas the latter is responsible for
the programming and the scheduling of broadcasts as well as for the
operation of studios. g/
In a manner similar to the division of authority in broad-
casting activity, the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
and the Ministry of the Interior are believed to share res onsibilit
in ammin activities.
. Revenue.
Revenue from public post and telecommunications services in
Hungary, shown in Table 1,* has increased steadily since 1950 at an
average annual rate of about 7 percent, but there has been a decline
in this trend since 1955. The change in trend that occurred in 1955
is related to the change in investment that occurred in 1954. This
relationship between revenue and investment, allowing a lag of 1 year
for changes in investment to influence revenue, can be seen from a
comparison of the growth curves presented in Figure 2.**
Except for broadcasting services, the shift in trend in the
growth of total post and telecommunications revenue is reflected in
corresponding shifts in trends in the growth of revenues from indi-
vidual post and telecommunications services. The lack of change in
broadcasting revenue corresponding to changes in total revenue is ex-
plained by the nature of broadcasting revenue. Broadcasting revenue
Table 1 follows on p. 8.
** Following p. 6.
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Hungary: Organization of the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs, 1958
27565 4-59
Figure 1
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION
AND POSTAL AFFAIRS
MINISTRY
OF THE ARTS*
Postal Division
'
Postal Department
Admini trative
Radio and Television
(Postal, Telephone, and
Department
Stations Department
Telegraph Activities)
II
Radio and Television
Public Loudspeakers
Regional Postal
Administrative Staffs
Stations Section
Section
Directorates
Budapest P?
Li
Technical Staffs
Radio Stations
Wire Diffusion
Centers
Debrecen Sopron
Miskolc Szeged
District Post Offices
Local Post Offices
Telephone Section
Postal Section
Telegraph Section
?-1Television Station
*The Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs provides the facilities, equipment,
and technical personnel (or the operation of radiobroadcasting. television, and wire-
diffusion stations. The Ministry of the Arts furnishes the programs and schedules
For all radio television and wire-diffusion broadcasts and operates the studios.
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' .2000
'boo
BOO
600
400
_
t I 1
300
_Th_111ELEPEIONE
---Ht
11-4.11?.?-1-
? Figure 250X1
Hungary: Estimated Revenue and Investment
for Public Post and Telecommunications, 1949-58
Postal Division of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
?Tr
REV/BNO-L-
T.OTAL.
ti=
-SEE
1
I I-
m 1 4' 4-4+,
-
I
In I
WS
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,
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? 60
40
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10
?
?:111
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UN
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- _
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I
I Ii
_
Tit
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hit
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-4-
= =
_
i
ill
.-r
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_L
Occhang
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4-J --I 1,
-lit--
11'
It'll I
I I I
_!..LL I
f.14.
1949 95O 1951 1952 1953
. .
27566 4-59
1954
The slope of the lines of the graph, when related to this scale, gives an
.
approximation of the percentage change from one year to another.
1955
t LLSI
Ii " I ! 1 1 1 1
iT
1956 195 7 1958
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is derived from subscription fees charged for the use of radiobroad-
cast receivers, wired loudspeakers, and television receivers. As
the production of receivers and loudspeakers is not dependent upon
investment funds from the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Af-
fairs, increases in broadcasting revenue are not related directly to
post and telecommunications investment.
The relative shares of total revenue generated by various
post and telecommunications services have remained relatively con-
stant since 1949. This situation is expected to change in the future,
when services such as television) now in the initial stages of devel-
opment, are expanded. Changes in national income can also be expected:
to change the relative shares of revenue derived from the various post
and telecommunications services. As income rises, the relative share
of revenue derived from telephone service should increase while that
from postal service declines.
.C. Investment.
The amount of investment allocated for the development of
public post and telecommunications in Hungary has varied consider- ,
ably since 1949, as shown in Table 2.* It has experienced two
distinct but opposite changes in trend. During 1949-53) investment
in public post and telecommunications, although fluctuating from
year to year, remained at a relatively high level. In 1954, invest-.
ment declined to about half of its former amount and remained at this
low level through 1957. In 1958, however, such investment increased.
to a level comparable to that in 1949-53.
The change in the trend of post and telecommunicatiOns in-
vestment that occurred in 1954, shown in Figure 3,** coincided with
the change in the trend of aggregate state investment in? the Hun-
garian economy. The "new course" adopted in Hungary in 1954 resulted
in a decline of about 30 percent in aggregate state investment for
the economy; Post and telecommunications investment, however, declined
by about 60 percent in 1954, indicating a relatively greater deemphasis
on the development of post and telecommunications compared with the
development of most other sectors of the economy. This condition pre- -
vailed through 1957. 2/
The reemphasis on public post and telecommunications invest-
ment in 1958 is indicative of the Hungarian response to a new Sino-
Soviet Bloc decision to expand and integrate the post and telecommuni-
cations systems of all Bloc countries. Under the leadership and
* Table 2 follows on p. 9.
** Following p. 8.
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Table 1
Estimated Revenue from Post and Telecommunications Services ?
Provided by the Postal Division of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary a../
1949-58
Million 1956 Forints
Services
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1221_
1958
Postal
357
416
450
505
556
603
599
547
559
598
-Telephone
188
233
274
34-6
317
404
429
447
442
449
Telegraph
20
22
24
28
30
33
33
38
38
39
Broadcasting hi
62
69
78
92
109
129
148
169
192
219
Other 2/
96
114
127
149
156
180
186
185
189
201
Total
723
854
1,120
_ 1,168
1,349
1,395 2/
1,386
1,420
1,506
a.
All data are rounded to
below.
b. The figures given here are the total revenue received from radio and television receiver subscriptions
before this revenue is divided equally between the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs and the
Ministry of the Arts. 7/
c. These figures represent an allowance for items not reflected in services listed above. The following
are examples of sources of income that have not been reflected in the above data, because of insufficient in-
formation on quantities and prices: insurance charges for mail; auxiliary telephone equipment; fines for
late payment of bills; moving of telephones from one room or house to another; listing of names, addresses,
and the like in telephone books; original subscription fees when applying for radio or television receiver
license; and leasing of facilities. Estimated revenue was 13.3 percent less than actual revenue in 1955,
which difference appears to be reasonable for these and other unaccounted-for sources of revenue. Total
revenue was derived by assuming that the 13.3 percent was applicable to all years.
d. 8J
the nearest million forints. Revenue was derived by applying price data
to service volume data taken from Tables 4,)5, 6, and 9, pp. 16, 18, 21, and 29, respectively,
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MILLION
CURRENT
FORINTS
- 500
400
300
200
100
90
80
70
,60
?
50
1949
' Figuit 3 50X1
Hungary: Estimated Total EcOnomic Investment in Hungury,
and Investment in Public Post and Telecommunicationi by the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs, 1949-58
BILUON
CURRENT
FORINTS
50
??
MEI
EIS1
ERIE ea ES m
.
lri9TM af tsil
T LECOMMONILATIIONS- _
- lAVESYMENT-1-H
? ?
A
is MOM m
11111119 il
II 111111 lin 1111 I P TI
11111 11111111111 ill
ONE ?-WM ...... V 1111-11111211- ?I
V
Ingi -MagermgmgmzogmATMEMINEN
aggggELMEN1111161111111min
?E EtEMPIEMIEN 101-UNIIINEEMME -71
ERNIENIENEIMINEMEMEIENEENglig MEP'
Ea MITIMETREggragdEggIggEgngig_Eg Inggaggs = ggliggEN -
1111NEEMEEMIIIMMUNNIIIMEEIMINTERIMINgighEillgEEEI Mir
EIMEIEMEINEWrEIREFillgiligillrggIrOgglEINEffilikiligEgIENNE
.igIggggggglgggggEggggggggggggggggggsiggg-ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg E
sigigiElliiir giggiggri gab lealigilliggggIgl aggIggiEElliggi ggigi
INE ilig lig Mill_ Est I- ' El sis" IiiiiiE par
-IPereene
I.
II
ill I 1 II 11111 mi!
nn EMEIE11
11111111/111112
ECONOMIC" ippli
INVESTMENT inim
mum
trm ? II MI NM
50
-25
10%
-10a
25%
50
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
27567 4-59,
40
30 ?
20
7
5
1958
The slope of the lines Of the graph, when related
to this scale, gives an approximation of the
percentage change from one year to another. .
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guidance of OSS, the Hungarian Council of Ministers is reported to have
adopted a new attitude toward the priority of post and telecommunications
development in Hungary. As a result, investment plans for the economy as
a whole were revised in 1958 so that additional funds could be made avail-
able for investment in public post and telecommunications. 9/
Table 2
Estimated Investment in Post and Telecommunications
by the Postal Division of the Ministry of Transportation
and Postal Affairs of Hungary a/
1949-58 ?
Million Current Forints
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
Total
invest-
ment
115 b/
217
130
199
202
82
84
81
84 12/
184 s/
b. Post and telecommunications investment during 1950-55 averaged about
9.6 percent of. total investment of the Ministry of Transportation and
Postal Affairs. The 9.6 percent was applied to 1949 and 1957 data to de-
rive the estimated investment for these years. 11/
c.. It is estimated that in 1958 investment expenditures increased approx-
imately 100 zillion forints above the level of investment expenditures in
1957 as a result of a Sino-Soviet Bloc program to expand and integrate
telecommunications facilities. 12/
D. Manpower.
. The labor force employed in public post and telecommunications
in Hungary appears to be adequate. in both numbers and skill to meet
current service demand. Shortages of higher level technical personnel
may, if advanced training is not emphasized, present problems for the
future. Earnings of post and telecommunications employees are below
the level of the average wage paid to employees in the Ministry of Trans-
portation and Postal Affairs, reflecting the relatively large proportion
of unskilled employees engaged in postal activities. labor productivity
has increased substantially since 1949. It is expected to.continue to
increase as additional modern facilities are added to the post and tele-
communications resource base.
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. Labor Force.
The number of public post and telecommunications employees
in Hungary increased during 1950-58 at an average annual rate of about
3 percent. Little growth has occurred, however, since 1952 (see Table
3*). It is believed, therefore, that the level of the labor force
equates with the level of current service demand. Future increases in
number of employees will probably be small because future increases in
service volumes should be achieved primarily through the introduction
of modern, labor-saving equipment.
Defection of employees during the Hungarian uprising ex-
plains the slightly below-average growth that occurred in the number of
employee6 in 1956, and was the major cause for absence of growth in 1957.
It is estimated that the growth in 1958 approximated the trend in growth
established between 1952 ahd 1956..
The following tabulation indicates the composition of public
postal employees, by type of activity:
Percent
Traffic employees
65
Laborers
21
Technical employees
7
Administrative employees
7
Total 100
This percentage distribution has probably remained relatively constant
over the past 5 years. Mail carriers are classified as traffic employees,
thus accounting for the large percentage in this category. Except for
an expected growth in technical employees at the expense of other cate-
gories, these percentages should not change substantially in the future.
2. Earnings.
Average earnings of public post and telecommunications em-
ployees in Hungary in 1958 were about 10 percent lower than average earn-
ings of all employees in the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs.
This lower level of earnings primarily reflects the large number of rel-
atively unskilled postal workers, whose earnings are commensurate with
technical ability.
* Table 3 follows on p. 12.
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As an indirect result of the Hungarian uprising, earnings
of workers in all sectors of the Hungarian economy were appreciably
increased in 1957.. For post and telecommunications employees, this
increase amounted to about 30 percent. Wages .for this group increased
little in 1958, and no significant increase is expected during the
next few years (see Table 3*).
Since 1949, earnings of post and telecommunications em-
ployees have increased at a more rapid rate than has labor produc-
tivity, as shown in Figure 4.** It is expected that future increases
in earnihgs, however, will more nearly reflect productivity gains.
3. Training.
Practical training in post and telecommunications in
Hungary is acquired through apprenticeship or through attendance at
technical high schools, supplemented by one-the-job training during
and after normal work hours. The. Institute of Technology provides
higher academic training in the post and telecommunications field,
including day and night courses offered in 5-year undergraduate and
4-year postgraduate programs. Similar degrees can probably be obtained'
from the University of Budapest and other large universities.
There is apparently a need for a greater number of people
in public post and telecommunications'who possess higher academic de-
grees: in 1956, only 150 employees out of a total labor force of
40,500 engaged in this activity held graduate engineering degrees.
It can be expected, therefore, that greater emphasis will be placed
in the future on higher academic training.
4. Productivity.
Labor productivity of employees engaged' in post and tele-
communications in the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of
Hungary increased about 37 percent from 1950 through 1958 at an aver-
age annual rate of increase of about 4 percent, as shown in Table. 3*
This increase has not been steady, however, as shown in Figure 4,** as
absolute decreases in productivity were experienced in-1951 and 1956.
With the introduction of more modern equipment and facilities planned
for the future, labor productivity should continue to rise.
E. Equipment.
Hungary has an electronics equipment industry that ranks behind
those of the USSR and East Germany and is generally on a par with that
* Table 3 follows on p.12.
** Following p. 12.
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-Table 3
Estimated Average Number of Employees, Total Wage Bill, Average Annual Earnings,
and Productivity of Post and Telecommunications Employees in the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary 91
1949-58
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
Number of employees
(thousand) 30.8 32.2 36.1 38.4 38.6 39.3 40.0 40.5 40.5 41.4 12/
Total wage bill
(million current forints) 2/ 234 240 276 385 396 434 505 504 592 642
Average annual earnings
(current forints) 21/ 7,600 7,450 7,660 10,000 10,200 11,000 12,600 12,500 14,600 15,500 2./
Average revenue per employee
(current forints) Li 23,500 26,500 26,400 29,200 30,300 34,300 34,900 34,200 35,100 36,400 50X1
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b. Derived by using the average number of employees during the first half of 195g
and by assuming the same average annual rate of increase-during the last half of 1958 as was shown
to 1955.
c. Derived by multiplying the unrounded average annual earnings by the estimated annual number
d. Derived by multiplying the average monthly earnings from source 12/ by 12, unless otherwise
e. Derived by multiplying the average monthly earnings for the first half of the year
f. Derived by dividing the total revenue from Table 1, p. 8, above, by total number of employees.
as a base 50X1
from 1953
of employees.
indicated.
by 12. 50X1'
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50
40
30
20
10
5
MEM MMM
-t-1-4-
SE-
Hungary: Estimated Average Earnings and Labor Productivity
of Post and Telecommunications Employees, 1949-58
Postal Division of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
-414
M MaMt
.,.,_,t.,.,_,tWM
:cm? =
rms".41==
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Figure 4
?
limnII
II NMI
_Pt S
OEM=R
gt?
=----4==== ---a_d= S5S-rzas=----4---- =P---- =
1%-gaartss-'=E4g-Tmal
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agLn.SE-720=1AWag ic.:tr=a-rEgn."."2:S=E52=EWP.E55====ir- -tErnilEr===- g
-Mr ....,...... _ r........._
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trcas
chonstokE
25%
i-F
1949
27568 4-59
1950
1951
1952 ' 1953
50%
1954 .1955 ? 1956 1957 1958
?The slope of the lines of the graph, when related
to this scale, gives an,approximation of the
percentage change from one year to another.
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of Czechoslovakia. This industry produces telephone, telegraph, radio,
and television equipment for domestic use and for export.
1. Production.
Before World War II, Hungary had a well-developed telecom-
munications equipment industry. Factories producing such equipment
were usually subsidiaries of large Western European firms. These fac-
tories were nationalized following World War II and formed the basis
for the existing telecommunications equipment industry.
Four large enterprises, the Beloiannisz Telecommunications
Plant, the United Incandescent T.qmp Plant, the Telephone Plant, and the
Orion Radio and Electrical Appliance Plant, account for about 80 percent
of all telecommunications equipment manufactured in Hungary. They produce
telephone instruments, telephone and telegraph multiplex equipment, mic-
rowave radio relay apparatus, automatic and manual telephone and telegraph
switching devices, high-powered radio transmitters, radio and television
broadcast receiving sets, and vacuum tubes. Smaller enterprises produce
telecommunications wire and cable and small electronic components, in-
cluding resistors and capacitors. '
Although the industry is capable of -producing sufficient
quantities of equipment to meet most domestic needs, heavy, export aom-.
mitments, together with raw Material shortages, have limited the quan-
tities of equipment available for domestic use. To meet domestic needs
without curtailing exports, efforts are being made to expand the pro-
duction base and to specialize in the production of selected telecommuni-
cations products in coordination with other Soviet Bloc countries. With
the recent impetus being given to these two programs, it is possible that
domestic needs for telecommunications equipment will be met' withinthe
next few years. 17/
2. Imports. ?
Hungarian imports of finished telecommunications equipment
include mainly test instruments, models for prototyping, and television
equipment. Electronic components and raw materials needed for domestic
manufacture of finished telecommunications equipment are also imported. .
Raw materials in short supply in Hungary include steel, copper, bronze,
plastics, and moisture-absorbing material. These materials are imported
from both Bloc and non-Bloc countries through the state trading companies
known as Metalimpex and Chemolimex.
Electronic components, such as capacitors and resistors, are
imported through the state trading company, known as Elektroimpex. Major
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suppliers include West Germany, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, and East
Germany. Only a small quantity of electronic components are imported
from the USSR, because of high prices and unreliable delivery dates.
3. Exports.
Hungarian exports of telecommunications equipment include
telephone apparatus, AM radiobroadcasting transmitters, radiobroadcast
receivers, and microwave radio relay equipment. Telecommunications
equipment is exported through both Elektroimpex and an export company
associated with the Beloiannisz Telecommunications Plant known as
Budavox.
The greater part of Hungarian telecommunications exports
are sent to other Sino-Soviet Bloc countries. Of these, Communist
China and the USSR receive the largest shares. Although exports ?to
non-Bloc countries are not as large in amount as those to the rest
of the Bloc, often goods are sent to non-Bloc countries in preference
to the Bloc in order to acquire badly needed foreign exchange or ?to
further economic penetration of underdeveloped countries. Major
non-Bloc recipients of Hungarian telecommunications exports include
Argentina, Syria, Egypt, and India. When exported to non-Bloc coun-
tries, this equipment must compete with that of other producers, and
it is sometimes sold at prices which are estimated to be less than
production costs.
Lack of raw materials, machinery, and power needed for
production has frustrated many export commitments. Concerted efforts
are being made by various parts of the government to overcome this
problem, but Hungary still does not have a reputation for meeting ex-
port obligations. 18/
4. Technology.
Research and development in support of the operational
activities of public post and telecommunications in Hungary are con-
ducted by the Post Office Research Institute of the Ministry of
Transportation and Postal Affairs. Both the electronics and tele-
communications equipment manufacturing industry and the military
maintain their own research and development facilities. The Tele-
communications Research Institute, subordinate to the Ministry of
Metallurgy and Machine Industry, has the responsibility for coordi-
nating all research and development in the electronics and tele-
communications field in Hungary.
Besides the effort spent on original research and develop-
ment work, a considerable amount of research and development effort
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is spent on adapting Western telecommunications equipment for pro-
duction in Hungary. Important work has been in progress on microwave
radio relay and multichannel carrier frequency telephone equipment.
This equipment, capable of handling up to 600 telephone channels) is
to be ready for series production in 1959.
In consequence of the uprising in 1956, the telecommuni-
cations research and development program in Hungary has been hampered
by the loss of qualified engineering and technical personnel. Other
factors retarding progress have been the lack of adequate test equip-
ment and the shortage of quality. electronic components. There are no
indications that these problems will be solved in the immediate future. 12/
IV. Postal Service..
Public postal service in Hungary is provided by a nationwide network
of main post offices and branch post offices. The postal system appears
to be adequate to meet domestic and inter-Bloc service demands. Service
to non-Bloc countries, however, is restricted intentionally. The postal
system also provides postal savings service and collets radiobroadcasting,
wire-diffusion, and television subscription fees.
Growth in the number of post offices in Hungary from 1949'through 1955,
including both main and branch offices, is shown in the following tabu-
lation:
Year
Post Offices Year
Post Offices
1949
2,828
1953
3,102
1950
2,897
1954
3,095
1951
3,053
1955
3,090
1952
3,094
The decline in the total number that occurred in 1954 and 1955 resulted
from consolidations of branch post offices with main post offices, in the
interest of better service. The number of post offices in existence at
the end of 1955 is believed to have been sufficient to meet the postal
requirements of the country. It is estimated that no significant expan-
sion in the number of post offices has occurred since 1955. 20/
Total postal volume in Hungary, as shown in Table 4,* is composed of
letters, registered mail) express mail (delivered by express coach),
* Table 4 follows on p. 16.
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Table 4-
? Estimated Volume of Postal Service of the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary
1949-58
aJ
Million Units
Domestic letters
- 1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
292
353
349
420
11.148
477
442
405
Registered mail
12.8
14..9
17.1
22.6
26.3
29.6
28.5
24.8
Express mail
2.7
3.9
5.0
6.1
9.4
9.1
8.1
6.1
International letters
(outgoing)
17.1
14.6
10.2
7.8
7.2
10.3
15.0
13.8
International letters
(incoming)
25.4
26.9
24.9
11.9
7.8
7.5
12.0
11.0
Domestic parcels
10.1
11.9
12.7
11.3
10.2
10.3
10.4
8.1 2/
International parcels
(outgoing)
0.09
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04 2/
International parcels
(incoming)
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.11
0.06
0.16
0.30
0.30 2/
Newspapers mailed
133 E/
131
323
347
417
484
521
517
Money orders mailed
9.0
13.1
12.0
23.3
23.1
24.5
24.7
23.2
1957
391 ?I
24.1 II/
5.9 2/
17.1 1/
12.3 (IV
8.9 2/
0.06 2/
1958
425 l2/
26.2 bJ
6.4 2/
2t2/
13.8 1/
10.3 2/
0.07 2/
0.98 2/ 0.71 2/
5g3.W11/ 52.51 12/50X1
a. All data are rounded to
three significant digits or less.
50X1
b. This total was divided be- 50X1
tween the two groups in the same proportion that existed in 1956. The total for 1958 was derived by multi-
plying the average monthly volume for the first half of the year by 13 to allow for Christmas mail.
c. Assuming the same percentage rate of either increase or decrease that was shown for domestic letter
volume.
d. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of increase from 1953-56.
e. 23/. The totals for 1958 were derived by multiplying the average monthly volume for the first half of the
year by 13 to allow for Christmas mail.
f. Including newspapers mailed abroad.
g. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of increase from 1954 to 1956.
h. Assuming no change ?
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newspapers, parcels, and money orders. Newspapers have accounted for
the largest share of postal volume since 1953. This increase is con-
sistent with the emphasis given in recent years to the dissemination
of propaganda.
The decline in volume of domestic letters during 1955-57 is con-
sidered to be temporary. Causes for the decline in 1955 are not known,
but the Hungarian uprising-undoubtedly caused the decline in 1956 and
1957. Letter volume is expected to increase in the future until the
1954 ration of letters mailed to total population has been reestablished,
possibly by 1960.
Little is known of over-all plans for future development of the
postal system of Hungary. Nevertheless, modernization of postal facil-
ities should occur, and some emphasis is expected to be directed toward
expansion of service in rural areas and toward improvement of speed of
service throughout the country.
V. Telephone and Telegraph Services.
Public telephone and telegraph service is available in all parts of
Hungary. An extensive wireline and cable network provides the basis for
this service. Microwave radio relay facilities, a modern development,
are now being introduced. Point-to-point radio facilities are used mainly
to give international telecommunications service.
A. Telephone.
Public telephone service in Hungary, which is provided primarily
through automatic telephone exchange equipment, is unevenly distributed
over the country. The greater part of the total exchange capacity and
the number of main subscriber lines in use in Hungary (as shown in
Table 5*) are concentrated in the Budapest area.. Although telephone
facilities have-been distributed somewhat more evenly in recent years,
more than 50 percent of capacity and lines in use probably arestill
located in the Budapest area.
The Budapest area has reached a critical point in telephone ex-
change utilization. Telephone officials in Hungary have established
80 percent as the maximum for safe use of telephone exchange capacity.
Usage of capacity in Budapest had reached 85 percent in 1956, and ap-
parently the proportion has not changed substantially since that time.
One of the critical aspects of this problem is the large amount of tele-
phone traffic generated through many small subexchanges located in enter.-
prises and government agencies. This overuse of available capacity in
* Table 5 follows on p. 18.
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Table 5
Estimated Number of Main Telephone Exchange Subscriber Lines
and Number of Telephone Calls over Facilities of the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary a/
1949-58
Year
Main Telephone Exchange
Subscriber Liges
(Thousand) 12/
Number of Telephone Calls
(Million)
Total Capacity
In Use
Urban Interurban
1949
163
91.1
177
10.4
1950
183
110
217
13.9
1951
196
132
247
17.6
1952
207
153
297
21.7
1953
220
159
358
24.0
1954
232
169
395
24.1
1955
245
183
417
25.2
1956
258
193
438
24.9
1957
273
204
418
24.7
1958
290
216
434
25.5 s/
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b.
1956 and 1957 is
more than 5 percent in 1956 and about 6 percent in 1957.
centages were used to compute the total capacity and the
for growth in 1956 and 1957. Growth in 1958 was assumed
same rate as in 1957.
c.
growth for the succeeding quarters
quarterly growths for 1957
Growth in Budapest during
slightly
These per-
total in use
to be at the
50X1
WA1
50X1
50X1
The rate of 50X1
was assumed to be the same as the
Budapest recently forced a resort to party-line connections as a means
of accommodating additional subscribers. Increased use of party-line
connections, however, has not been sufficient to meet demand, so that
a considerable backlog of orders persists. To overcome this backlog,
substantial increases in exchange capacity must be made.
Plans provide for an increase in telephone exchange capacity
in Budapest of 34 percent during 1956-60. Their fulfillment will re-
quire an annual growth of 15,500 lines. This is a modest growth
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compared with the performance.in 1956 and 1957, which suggests that
the plans can be met. Even with the planned increase in capacity,
the demand for service will not be completely satisfied: Hence tele-
phone exchange utilization will continue to be a problem in Budapest
in 1960. g2/
The volume of urban telephone calls increased steadily from
1949 through 1956) as shown in Table 5.* The decline in volume of
urban telephone calls of about 5 percent in 1957 from the level of
1956 probably resulted from the Hungarian uprising. Some recovery
undoubtedly occurred in 1958, but it was not sufficient to bring
volume up. to the former high level reached in 1956. As urban ex-.
change capacity is increased in the future, the volume of urban tele-
phone calls should also increase.
The number of interurban telephone calls decreased during
1956 and 1957 as a result of the uprising. It is estimated, as
shown in Table 5,* that the total number of interurban calls in 1958 .
will exceed slightly the volume reached in 1955. The rate of growth
in the number of such calls in the future should approximate the rate
of growth experienced between the base year 1949 and 1955.
With the exception of semiautomatic (operator-to-operator
dialing) interurban telephone service between Budapest and Vac and
between Budapest and Szekesfehervar, interurban telephone calls in
Hungary are handled through manually operated switchboards. These
-switchboards are located in the same buildings as are the urban tele-
phone exchange facilities. Most international telephone calls are
handled through one large manually operated telephone exchange located
in Budapest.
Plans call for the expansion of semiautomatic, interurban
telephone service between Budapest and each -of the provinces in Hun-
gary within the next few years. Automatic (subscriber-to-subscriber
dialing) interurban telephone service is to be available throughout
the country by 1975. This automatic service is to be provided by
70 interurban telephone exchanges. The automatization program is
part of a 15-year plan to integrate the telecommunications networks .
of all Sino-Soviet Bloc countries.
If both urban and interurban telephone service is to be im-
proved, modern automatic equipment in large quantities will be required.
Much of the existing urban telephone-switching equipment is 20 or more
years old. Replacement of a good portion of this equipment and addi-
tions of automatic switching equipment for interurban service will be
* P. 18, above.
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needed. By November 1957, no decision had been reached on the type
of automatic equipment to be installed.
Expansion and modernization of urban and interurban telephone
exchange facilities in Hungary will require considerable investment.
The revision of over-all investment plans in Hungary in 1958 in order
to make more funds available for development of the public post and
telecommunications sector of the economy suggests that adequate funds
will be forthcoming for that purpose.
B. Telegraph.
The public telegraph network in Hungary supplies regular tele-
graph, subscriber telegraph (TELEX), and facsimile services. Telegraph
service is given over the same interurban telecommunications facilities
as those used to give telephone service. Regular telegraph service is
the only post and telecommunications service in Hungary that has not
increased in volume in recent years. A shift in usage from regular to
TELEX service rather,than a decline in telegraph usage on the whole
accounts for this situation.
1. Regular Telegraph.
Regular telegraph service is available in all parts of
Hungary. Telegraph offices are usually located in post offices in
combination with telephone offices. The volume of telegrams sent,
as shown in Table 6)* grew steadily from 1949 through 1956, but
volume declined after 1956. This decline resulted from a shift in
service, mainly by enterprises, from regular telegraph service to
TELEX service. Other than equipment modernization and attempts to
improve delivery time of telegrams, no substantial change is expected
in regular telegraph service in the future.
2. Subscriber Telegraph (TELEX).
The TELEX netwerk in Hungary offers domestic and inter-
national teletypewriter service. This network, using a combination of
manual and semiautomatic switching equipment, was begun in 1952. The
present TELEX network in Hungary is shown in Figure 5,** and growth
in the number of exchanges and subscribers is shown in Table 7.*** 22/
* Table 6-follows on p. 21.
** Following p. 20.
*** Table 7 follows on p. 22.
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50X1
Figure 5
ECHO
U.S.S
rR.
.
J
Putnak
Kazincbarcika
..) owl
a Be
1.
Salgota an ?
alassavatmat Miskolc
a tiyirtogclany
Tisza%
Nyirephiza
m %fiend
Tatabanya
Grine
la berirry
PEST
Debrecen
Ballnka
RUMANIA
ekesfehervar
Furtogya ep
Zalaszentmthe
Bflescsaba
? ?
11
HUNGARY
DOMESTIC SUBSCRIBER TELEGRAPH
(TELEX) NETWORK, 1958
Postals Division
Ministry of Traasportation and Postal ARON
Kaposvir
Czp:A
Hadme2ovSs4rtely
Szeged
St
? Main center
0 Secondary center
? Sub-center
Noir Ewe' roofing &cttnttsis not known
.?,--
UGtOSL
VIA
Bowdon woly ht
ortsc?zed Iry the US 6...var...
ID
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Table 6
Estimated Number of Telegram
Transmitted over Facilities of the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary
1949-58
aJ
Thousand Units
Year ?
Domestic 12/
International
Total
1949
3,198
542 2/
3,740
1950
3,392
575
3,967
1951
3,758
572
4,330
1952
4,376
570
4,946
1953
4,667
595
5,262
1954
5,163
647
5,810
1955
5,032
713
5,745
1956
5,113
1,130
6,243.
1957
5,210
975
6,185
1958
5,166
967 2/
6,133 g
b. Difference between total and international telegrams.
c. It is assumed that the ratio of international telegrams to
total telegrams was the same in 1949 as in 1950 and was the same
In 1958 as in 1957.
The Hungarian TELEX network is connected through Buda-
pest with the international TELEX system. Service is available
between Hungary and 28 foreign countries, as shown in Figure 6.*
Complete automatization of the TELEX network is planned,
and initial steps toward this end were taken in 1958. When completed,
Hungarian TELEX subscribers will be able to dial foreign TELEX sub-
scribers directly, and the reverse. Automatization of the system not
only will Speed up international service but also will improve speed
and efficiency of domestic service.
* Following p. 22.
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3, Facsimile.
There is no information available indicating the extent of
domestic facsimile service in Hungary. Because ordinary wirelines may
be used for facsimile, this service is probably available between Buda-
pest and most major cities in the country. International facsimile
service, started in 1957, is available between Hungary and Austria,
Belgium, East Germany, Finland, France, West Germany, Italy) the Nether-
lands, Poland, the USSR, Sweden) Switzerland, the UK) and Yugoslavia. SI
Table 7
Estimated Number of Exchanges and Subscribers
in the Subscriber Telegraph Network of the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary
1952-58
Units
Year
? Primary and
Secondary Exchanges Subscribers
1952
1953
1954
? 1 2../
7 12/
8 1/
84 lit/
141 2/
198J.
1955
8J
206g/
1956
8J
213 12/
1957
?8 1/
2751/
1958
8J
337W
a.
b. Li
c. Interpolated, using arithmetic Progression, between 1952 and
1954.
d.'371
e.
f. Assuming no change between 1954 and 1956
g. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, between 1954 and
1956.
i.h. ei
_2/
j. Assuming no change since 1957.
k. Assuming the same absolute growth for 1957-58 as that shown
for 1956-57.
3
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PAGI'l IG? 11
Figure 650X1-
UNITED
STATES
CANADA
A. -AUSTRIA
U. -BELGIUM
E.G -EAST GERMANY
WO zrurksim9ARNG"'
N. -NETHERLANDS
OIOLIANO
ALGERIA
A ROE
UNION OF
SOUTH AFRICA
174
HUNGARY
INTERNATIONAL SUBSCRIBER TELEGRAPH
(TELEX) NETWORK, 1958
Postal Division
of the
Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
(Exact routing of circuits is unknown)
Base Azimuthal Equidistant Projection centered on Prague
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C. Common Telecommunications Facilities.
1. Wirelines.
The public wireline network in Hungary, which is composed
of both open-wire and cable lines, gives adequate geographic coverage
of the country, as shown in Figure 7.* The major strength of this
wireline network lies in the limited but reportedly excellent network
of multiconductor table lines that connect all major economic areas of
the country. Weaknesses in the system include low capacity of secondary
and lateral open wirelines, lack of standardization of equipment, and
inadequate maintenance and repair activity.
There is only one coaxial cable line in Hungary, which
connects Budapest with Livov, USSR, and also with Vienna) Austria)
and Bratislava) Czechoslovakia. No significant additions of coaxial
cable are planned. Instead) the need for high-capacity telecommuni-
cations will be met in the future by the establishment of microwave
radio relay lines.
The well-developed multicoriductor cable network in Hungary
is composed chiefly of underground cable lines. They provide main
arteries of relatively high capacity emanating from Budapest to all
major economic areas of the country. NUlticonductor cable lines pro-
vide international connections with Austria, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia)
and the USSR. The over-all cable network in Hungary is reported to be
excellent.
Most open-wireline facilities in Hungary follow existing
railroad routes. Although the pole lines carry wirelines used mainly
for public telecommunications purposes, they also accommodate wire-
lines used for railroad communications and for other economic activ-
ities. In addition) some military wirelines are strung on these same
pole lines.. The armed forces control and operate independent pole
lines for their own exclusive use.
A major weakness in the open-wireline network in Hungary
is the sparse use of carrier equipment on secondary and lateral lines.
Even though capacities of existing lines can be increased somewhat by
the introduction of carrier equipment, the extent of such increases
is small. la/
Lack of standardized equipment is another major weakness
in the public wireline network of Hungary. The equipment presently
* Following p. 24.
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employed was acquired from the US, East Germany) Italy, and Switzer-
land as well as from domestic sources. The variety of this equipment
causes severe maintenance problems and reduces the efficiency of the
wireline network. Modern equipment will be used to provide additional
facilities and not as replacement for old equipment which is still
serviceable. The lack of standardized equipment, therefore, will'con-
tinue as a major weakness of the Hungarian wireline network. 112/
Telephone and telegraph service ?is given over the same
wireline network in Hungary. Most wirelines are used exclusively for
telephone service, as shown in Table 8)* but wirelines are also used
for telegraph service. In addition, wireline facilities are used to
relay radiobroadcast programs. No television programs are currently
being carried over the wireline network in Hungary, but the coaxial
cable line could be used for this purpose.
Hungarian military forces lease public wirelines to sup-
plement their own facilities. They also pass traffic over the public
wireline network. Although Soviet forces in Hungary operate their
own wireline network, it is believed that they utilize the public
system as well.
Some damage to the wireline network in Hungary occurred
during the uprising in 1956. Both urban and interurban services were
disrupted. Urban service, particularly in Budapest, was usually re-
stored in a matter of hours, whereas interurban service was inter-
rupted for much longer periods of time. Most of the damage to inter-
urban facilities involved the cutting of open wirelines and the
destroying of insulators rather than the destruction of poles and
terminal facilities. No known damage was inflicted on cable lines.
Such damage as was incurred probably did not significantly retard the
growth or effectiveness of the wireline network in Hungary. li51
2. Microwave.
In the use of microwave radio relay for interurban tele-
communications purposes, Hungary lags behind most of the European
Satellites. Only one public circuit is known to be in operation,
connecting Budapest and Miskolc. This .circuit has a capacity of only
24 voice-frequency) carrier) telephone channels; is about 100 kilo-
meters (km) in length; and consists of 2 terminal stations and 2 re-
lay stations. It is now carrying telephone and telegraph service.
The circuit is not capable of relaying television programs or other
types of broad-band signals. The original work on this circuit was
started in 1951, but it was not working acceptably until 1956.
* Table 8 follows on p. 25.
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' Table 8
?Estimated Length of Telephone and Telegraph Wirelines of the Postal Division
of the Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs of Hungary a/
Telephone wirelines
Open wirelines
Cable
Urban and nontrunk
cables
Trunk cables
Telegraph wirelines g/
Open wirelines
Cables ?
1949-58
Thousand Kilometers
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
28.1
23.8
4.3
3.2
1.1
7.1
7.0
0.1
29.4
24.9
4.4
3.3
1.1
6.4
6.3
0.1
30.8
25.9
4.9
3.3
1.6
6.3
6.2
0.1
31.9
26.5
5.4
3.6
1.8
6.3
6.2
0.1
33.9
27.9
6.1
4.0
2.1
6.0
5.9
0.1
37.3
29.1
8.2
5.8
2.4
5.9
5.8
0.1
39.1
30.2
8.9
6.8
2.1
5.9
5.8
0.1
39.5
30.1
9.4
7.3
2.1
5.9
5.8
0.1 1/
41.5 y
30.9 2/
10.6 y
8.2 y
2.4 fi
5-8 11./
5.7 11/
0.1 1/
43.6 12/
31.7 2/
11.9 y
9.2 2/
2.7 1.1
5.7 12/
5.6 y
o.1 1/
a.
meters.
b. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of growth of 5.0 percent between 1949 and 1956.
c. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of decrease of 1.8 percent of the percentage distribution
of open wirelines to total telephone wirelines between 1950 and 1956.
d. Total telephone wirelines minus open wirelines.
e. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of growth of 12.5 percent between 1949 and 1956.
f. Total cable lines minus urban and nontrunk cables.
g. As telephone and telegraph service is usually carried over the same wireline facility, the major portion of
telegraph wirelines are probably included in the total telephone wirelines shown above.
h. Extrapolated by applying the average annual absolute decrease of 0.08 between 1950 and 1956.
i. Total telegraph wirelines minus open wirelines.
All data
are rounded to the nearest 100 kilo-
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Hungary has laid plans for a rather extensive microwave
radio relay network. It will be multipurpose: to relay television
programs over the country, to connect the planned television network
of Hungary with television networks of other Sino-Soviet Bloc and
non-Bloc countries) and to build up ?the capacity of the interurban
telecommunications system of the country. This network, shown in
Figure 8,* will extend to all major cities in Hungary. It will also
provide international microwave radio relay connections with Austria)
Czechoslovakia) the USSR) Rumania) and Yugoslavia. Connections be-
tween Budapest and other major cities in Hungary and between Budapest
and Austria, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR are to be completed by 1960.
An increase in capacity of the present Budapest-Miskolc circuit to
600 channels is also planned. Although not announced) it is assumed
that the first few additional lines will be low capacity) possibly
24 channel) but that eventually at least the major trunks of the net-
work will be high capacity, possibly 600 channel. IS
The advantages of a national and international microwave
radio relay network for Hungary are particularly attractive. The
present cable network lacks adequate capacity. It cannot carry tele-
vision signals or meet future military needs for advanced electronics
services. Microwave radio relay can accommodate all these needs
simultaneously, but the installation of this network will probably not
be completed until after 1965.
Although the equipment in the Budapest-Miskolc circuit
was supplied by Brown-Boveri of Switzerland, the telecommunications
equipment industry in Hungary should be capable of supplying the
equipment for the planned microwave radio relay network. Equipment
produced domestically is limited at present to 24-channel capacity)
but research is currently under way on equipment of 600-channel
capacity. Unless export orders receive priority over domestic orders,
the planned microwave network probably will be equipped with domestic
products.
3. Point-to-Point Radio.
Hungary, having a reasonably well-developed wireline
system, has little need for domestic point-to-point radio facilities
for public telecommunications. Nevertheless, point-to-point radio
stations are located in all major cities in the country. Although
not actively engaged in passing public telecommunications traffic,
these facilities can be used to furnish emergency service when re-
quired.
* Following p. 26.
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Figure 8
16
.......
.0
CZECHOSLOV
AK IA c1
'......... -....-?.. .e".
?
\ V ;, \
\) 11 ' \ \
\
LIN... 1
..."-*.j. I \
M
; Tr a S? S. R.

k xt
? ..,
\
AUSTRIA
,
To Breit.,
? ili
MISKOLC
TOK Al
i ..,
2?1
i?-?--/-...t-?,..,r?t r,
it ? c
r
..--
IK.fittl\c-i
1 ...".. I ? ? sts
..1 ?????
KEKES
TIgyhegyhozo
.?C. .-f-
? '
7
er-% i ...es. 'II:
?? ?C. 6 .e4rC71. '''.1
?.-.., Sopron
L.
l'?
ttest;
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(:, tiontothsc . -. .......................
t.
..
?
fil GYQr
....)
....
N. I-
?
........... Debogeli
Gran.
viten... ............
. .... ..
--..
a
t
%
il
r
if
t
APBUDAPEST
i p
i
-..-----, ) (
N.N.N......iki ,
Szolnok
.
I
Debrecengi
?
?
, st /
VS
t.
" 'I
.- - %
-'1 4
? ?
r? A
r.
RUMANIA
,
1
li ?
'.---- 2,------___C

.1 I CIL. . -
Donopentele ...... It
. -/ .......
_ .
1
7' fa:ry......?7"---
ei ?
k gianoott. . ,,
/ ---/Sie ' ....I.--;
\ ..1 *it .. .
...
? re, - . -.....
N. l 1 ,, ,
N, ir
. \ _
/
0 Ketskem61 %
k a %
? ? Vs
1ht
t
....? Tomos %
ft . % %
__ ?
-- J
--r- s
?????
.?
: .
..-1
.-..
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')
Soloirsa0100..-.... ?
Igb ...-irrr--
' HUNGARY
MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY
NETWORK, 1958
Postal Division
of do
Minktry of Transportation autd Postal Affaln
tion
IPnl
- -- Nogykonizio
i\-----;&.--"1---`?-,- >-
d?
-
? .0".

t ?et
t
t...s
noeAdV''
i k
I \
.--?
I
I
i
- nn aotipneerda
MICROWAVE STATIONS
TERMINAL RELAY
? In operation 0 .
--
46
P. \
1 ?
? Planned 0
r??...
.?----,..,...
\d
UG :0SL A VIA
a
?
-,...._ ,
/ Nib-,-.. , --1--
.S.-:
(--1
To Belgrade N
[
The the of a relay statira ((gratified in italic type
I Basra] Is a mountain or other elevated point
l'o xi ..i,
'
44f
50X1
0k...43.n in re. ftnetnei, A ma
mray.rai 6, tito U.S Gan...wt.
?
PI
s.
--I6 17
ra
23
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For international telecommunications) point-to-point radio
facilities are used to provide telegraph service between Hungary and
Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, South America, and the Far East,
as shown on Figure 9.* The principal transmitting station is near
Szekesfehervar, and the principal receiving station is near Tarnok.
These stations are connected by wirelines with the main telegraph of-
fice in Budapest. Wireline facilities are used to provide inter-
national telephone service. Overseas telephone service is relayed
through the principal telecommunications centers in Europe, such as
Bern, Switzerland.
VI. Broadcasting Services.
The Hungarian broadcasting system offers radiobroadcasting, wire-
diffusion, and television services. Domestic amplitude modulated (AM) ?
radiobroadcast transmitting facilities are fairly well developed, but
further.development of'the reception base is needed, particularly in
rural areas. Frequency modulated (FM) and television broadcasting are
in initial stages of development. Hungarian international radiobroad-
casting facilities are outdated, and service is inefficient. The wire-
diffusion system, which grew rapidly during 1950-53, has not expanded.
substantially since that time. It is expected that future emphasis
will continue to be given to the expansion of FM and television trans-
mission and reception bases.
A. Radiobroadcasting.
Because of the damage incurred during World War II, only five
domestic AM radiobroadcasting stations were in operation in Hungary
in 1948. These stations had a combined power of 60:9 kilowatts (kw).
By June 1958 the number domestic AM stations. had increased to 11, and
their combined power had increased to 416.2 kw. In the absence of
any indications to the contrary, it is assumed that present transmitting
facilities are considered to be adequate.
FM radiobroadcasting was initiated in Hungary in 1957, with
the establishment of stations at Budapest and at Pecs. Originally
experimental, both these stations now operate on regular schedules.
Five more FM stations are planned. This is a reflection of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc policy to expand facilities, such as FM -- a policy
which more or less assures a "captive" audience by virtue of line-of-
sight radio transmission paths.
* Following p. 28.
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The domestic radiobroadcasting network in Hungary offers two
national programs, both originating at stations in Budapest. One,
Radio Petofi, is relayed by nine stations located around the country,
and the other, Radio Kossuth, makes a single transmission from its
Budapest station. Of the 9 relay stations, 4 only rebroadcast Radio
Petofi programs, and 5 originate regional programs as well.
Programming stresses doctrinal and cultural material. With
the exception of German and Serbo-Croat language periods on the Pecs
station, all domestic programs are rendered in the Hungarian language
(Magyar). Locations, power, frequency, and type of service of radio-
broadcasting stations in Hungary are shown in Figure 10.*
In 1958, as shown in Table 9,** there were 1,720,000 radio-
broadcast receivers in use in Hungary. The majority of these were
AM receivers, many of themftold and of poor quality. FM receivers
will likely account for most of the future growth in receivers in
use.
International radiobroadcast programs are transmitted by 1
medium-frequency and 3 high-frequency transmitters, all used exclu-
sively for international service. Programs are broadcast to the
Americas and to Europe in nine different languages, as shown in
Table 1O. XXX The decline in program hours per week in 1956 was
caused by the Hungarian uprising.
The Hungarian effort in the international radiobroadcasting
field has not been effective or efficient. In spite of its reputa-
tion as one of the foremost producers of high-frequency radiobroad-
casting transmitters in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, Hungary employs obsolete
equipment for its own radiobroadcasting service. Frequency changes,
normally made several times a day by other countries broadcasting
internationally, are made only twice a year by Hungary. Program sche-
dules are inefficient, and the frequencies selected are often unsuit-
able. If Hungary is to operate efficiently and effectively in the
international radiobroadcasting field, major modernization, both in
equipment and in its utilization, is indicated.
Effects of the Hungarian uprising on radiobroadcasting were
mixed. Although some damage to facilities and loss of personnel oc-
curred, effects on programming appear to have been beneficial. Asxxxx
Following p. 28.
** Table 9 follows on p. 29.
XXX Table 10 follows on p. 30.
Text continued on p. 32.
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P A ci I I C \ / C
Figure 150X1
HUNGARY
? INTERNATIONAL RADIOTELEGRAPH CIRCUITS, 1958
Postal Division
of the
Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
Teletype
Morse
7393 2-59
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60 \O \
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ito 11910-6195
. HUNGARY
RADIOBROADCASTING AND TELEVISION STAVONS
Postal Division
IR.
Ministry of Transportation and Postal Affairs
FREQUENCY MODULATION STATIONS-FM
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Table 9
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers, Wired Loudspeakers,
and Television Receivers in Use in Hungary Li
1949-58
Thousand Units
Year
Radiobroadcast
Receivers in Use
Wired
Loudspeakers in Use
Television
Receivers in Use
1949
1950
539
618
0
1.6
0
0
1951
667
34
0
1952
766
121
0
1953
858
? 222
0
1954
1,020
235
0.1 12/
1955
1,170
241
0.29]
1956
1,340 dJ
250 s/
0.8 Ej
1957
1,520
258 12/
5 1/
1958
1,720
266 12/
114k]
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits or less.
c. 4'9/
b.
f.
g. Derived by subtracting the estimated number of wire-diffusion
loudspeaker subscribers from the number of subscribers for all
radio receivers 50X1
h. Assuming the same average annual rate of increase (3.1 percent)
from 1956 to 1958 as was shown from 1954 to 1956.
j. Extrapolated by applying the average annual rate of increase
from 1955 to 1957.
k. There are estimated to have been 8)000 television receivers
in use in June 1958, an increase of 3,000 above the level of 1957.
This increase is expected to have been doubled in the second half
of 1958 'because of the increase in television transmitters. 22/
50X1
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Table 10
Estimated Total Weekly Output
of Hungarian International Radiobroadcasting Service to Foreign Audiences 2../*
1950-57
Total Program Hours per Week
Area and Language
To North America
English
Hungarian
To North America and Europe
1950 12/ 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
7:00
7:00
Hungarian 0
To South America
Hungarian
Spanish
To Europe
English 5:20
Finnish 145
French 2:40
German 0
To Austria
To Germany
Greek
2:20
2:20
4:40
Footnotes for Table 10 follow on p. 31.
7:00
10:30
7:00
7:00
7:00
3:30
10:30
7:00
7:00
7:00
7:00
7:00
3:30
7:00
0
0
0
0
10:30
3:30
7:30
0
0
0
0
0
0
3:30
2:55
2:55
3:30
3:30
3:30
3:30
3:30
6:10
7:30
? 7:15
8:20
8:30
7:00
7:00
2:20
2:20
2:20
10:30
7:00
3:30
7:00
7:20
7:30
3:30
3:50
7:30
3:30
7:00
0
0
0
0
0
0
7:00
2:20
2:20
2:20
14:00
7:00
3:30
0
3:30
7:00
7:00
7:20
7:30
3:30
7:00
7:35
7:35
14:00
7:00
3:30
7:00
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Table 10
Estimated Total Weekly Output
of Hungarian International Radiobroadcasting Service to Foreign Audiences
1950-57 '
(Continued)
aJ
Total Program Hours per Week
Area and Language
1950 12./
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
To Europe (Continued)
Italian
0
440
4:40
4:40
7:20
7:30.
3:30
7:00
Russian
3:30
2:20
4:05
4:05
1:00
0
0
D
Serbo-Croat
11:35
11:00
13:25
9:15
3:30
0
0
0
Slovene
5:30
7:00
6:05
4:50
2:20
0
0
0
Spanish
0
2:55
2:55
3:30
3:50
7:30
3:30
7:00
Turkish
0
2:20
2:20
2:20
7:00
7:00
3:30
7:00
To South East Asia a/
English
0
0
0
0
0
.0
0
7:00
Total language transmissions
53:40
75:50
88:10
76:10
100:30
94:30
49:00
95:00
Concert Transmissions
To North America
0
0
0
0
0
1:45
0
2:00
To South America
0
0
0
0
1:45
1:45
0
0:30
To Europe
25:15
4:35
0:45
3:30
0:40
8:00
0
10:30
*Total concert transmissions
25:15
4:35
0:45
3:30
2:25
11:30
0
13:00
Grand total
78:55
80:25
88:55
79:40
102:55
106:00
49:00
108:00
a. 2.1
b. Program schedule for September.
c. Discontinued in August 1958.
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examples of the latter, the uprising permitted the elimination of spe-
cial Hungarian language programs prepared by Radio Moscow for Hungarian
domestic broadcasting and the elimination of Hungarian relaying of Radio
Moscow programs in the Hungarian international service.
B. Wire Diffusion.
As in other modern industrialized countries of the Soviet Bloc,
wire diffusion as a mass medium of broadcasting in Hungary was a post-
World War II development. Before that time the Hungarian people had
grown accustomed to the use of the popular) conventional radiobroadcast
receiver. In 1950) when Communist control of the country was complete,
the government commenced the development of a wire-diffusion network.
The network grew rapidly) and, by the end of 1953, there were about
222,000 wired loudspeakers in service in the country. Thereafter the
rate of growth fell sharply) so that by the end of 1958 only 44,000 ad-
ditional wired loudspeakers were in service. The total figure of
266,000 wired loudspeakers falls far short of the implied objectives
(see Table 9*).
The rapid initial rise and the subsequent sharp fall in the
rate of development of wire-diffusion service is explainable. In
1950, radiobroadcast receivers and wired loudspeakers were in short
supply in the whole Sino-Soviet Bloc. Taking advantage of this
circumstance, the Communist government) partial to the "captive audi-
ence" advantages of wire diffusion for propaganda and education,
favored development of wire diffusion as against the production of
radiobroadcast receivers, which the people preferred. Faced with a
choice between wire-diffusion service and no service at all, some
people chose to subscribe to wire diffusion. But in 1953) after this
service had been in use for 3 years) it was meeting growing resistance.
Coincidentally, the supply of radiobroadcast receivers has increased,
and FM and television broadcasting services were in prospect. The
over-all effect of these circumstances was that between 1953 and the
end of 1958 the number of wired loudspeakers increased by less than
50)000 units while) over the same period, the number of radiobroad-
cast receivers in use increased by almost 900,000 sets. It is ex-
pected that wire-diffusion service will continue to grow at this
relatively low rate.
C. Televibion.
Television in Hungary is in the initial stages of develop-
ment. Officially started in Budapest in 1955 on an experimental basis,
* P. 29, above.
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regularly scheduled telecasts were not inaugurated until 1958. An
experimental station is now in operation in Nyiregyhazal and additional
stations are being constructed in Pecs and in Miskolc. By the end of
1962, at least 10 stations located in major industrial centers are to
be in operation. The reception base for television, shown in Table 9,*
is expected to expand as transmission facilities increase.
In the international field, Hungary is planning to participate
in a Sino-Soviet Bloc television network, 0Th-Vision, currently in the
formative stages. This network may include such non-Bloc countries as
Yugoslavia, Finland, and the United Arab Republic. Live programs are
to be exchanged between Hungary and the USSR, East Germany, Czechoslo-
vakia, and Poland by 1962. In addition, Hungary plans to participate in
the Western European television network, Eurovision, by 1960. Programs
may be exchanged between Hungary and Western European countries before
1960, using temporary relay facilities but permanent relay facilities
are not expected to be ready before 1960. Exchange of programa between
Hungary and other countries will probably be done by microwave radio
relay facilities.
VII. Future Trends.
The major factor which will influence the future development of
the public post and telecommunications system in Hungary is the new ?
plan to expand and integrate the post and telecommunications systems
of all Sino-Soviet Bloc countries. The impetus behind this plan comes
from the USSR and is being expressed through the recently formed organ-
ization, OSS.
The OSS organization has formulated long-term objectives, some of
which have already been reflected in Hungarian plans for development.
The most important of these are the establishment of a domestic and
international microwave radio relay network and the complete automati-
zation of interurban telephone facilities. The microwave radio relay
network is to be completed by 1965 and telephone automatization by
1975.
. Completion of these plans will improve not only interurban tele-
communications in Hungary but also international telecommunications,
particularly those with other Communist countries. The exchange of
television programs among all Bloc countries has been given great
publicity, but it is believed that expansion of Sino-Soviet Bloc mili-
tary communications -- particularly the air-defense telecommunications
system -- is a fundamental objective of OSS. When Hungary completes
P. 29, above.
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its microwave network and telephone automatization, it will be able to
participate more fully in this integrated Bloc telecommunications system.
At the same time) domestic telecommunications will have been given an im-
proved interurban network that should satisfy both military and civil needs.
Plans also mention continued development of other telecommunications
facilities and services) including the following:
1. An increase in the number of telephone subscribers.
2. An expansion of FM and television broadcast trans-
mission and reception facilities.
3. The establishment of a fully automatic TELEX network.
Development of still other parts of the post and telecommunications
system, including general improvement of service and more efficient
operation of facilities, has also been targeted by the Ministry of Trans-
portation and Postal Affairs. The need for over-all improvement in these?
aspedts of the system is clearly indicated if the economy is to be more
fully served.
The recent revision of total national investment plans in Hungary
had for its purpose the allocation of more investment funds for greater
expansion of the post and telecommunication 6 sector of the economy.
This rather unusual action strongly suggests that higher priorities
for this sector will be sustained for some years at least. If, between
now and 1975) post and telecommunications investment requires curtail-
ment for any reason, such curtailment probably will not disturb plans
for the development of interurban and international facilities to meet
OSS requirements.
The Over-all effect of this integrated buildup in Hungary and
similar buildups indicated for all other Sino-Soviet Bloc countries
will' be to aid in the further coordination of Bloc activities -- mili-
tary, economic, and social -- principally for the benefit of the USSR.
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude (amplitude) by other frequencies
that contain the information to be transmitted. in telecommunications.
. (See Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and.other assemblies
used in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process in-
volved in producing telecommunications service Which does not re-
quire direct, immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits.. The magnitude of this range.
is a limiting faotor on the amount of information that can be trans-
mitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies of the
radio spectrum as a whole, the International Telecommunication Union
has for convenience divided the whole radio spectrum into eight major
bands, as follows:
Frequency Bands
Range
30 kc** and below
30 to 300 kc
300 to 3,000 kc
3,000 to 30,000 kc
30,000 kc to
300 mc***
300 to 3,000 mc
3,000 to 30,000 Mc
30,000 to 300,000 mc
Type
Very low frequencies (VLF)
Low frequencies (LF)
Medium frequencies (MF)
High frequencies (HF) .
Very high frequencies (VHF)
Ultra high frequencies (UHF)
Super high frequencies (SHF)
Extremely high frequencies
(EBF)
Corresponding Wave*
Band
Myriametric.waves
Kilometric waves
Hectometric waves
Decametric waves
Metric waves
Decimetric waves****
Centimetric wavesxxxx
Millimetric wavesx.xxx
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance
in the air, which is an elastic medium, and an electric wave is a dis-
turbance in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the
frequency of a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is
considered to be constant, the length of a given wave is in inverse re-
lation to its frequency: the longer the wave length, the lower the fre-
quency, and the shorter the wave length, [footnotes continued on P..1.01
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Cable: A bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes,
used as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to
as "multiconductor cable."
Carrier (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
dividing a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or channel into por-
tions which can be used independently of and simultaneously with
all other portions. Different frequencies or different pulses are
selected for each portion to "carry" the information to be trans-
mitted, after alteration by the information frequencies. The car-
rier itself heed not be transmitted.
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit
information independently of and simultaneously with all other
portions. A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry in-
formation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications con-
nection between distant points. By the application of appropriate
techniques, a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations
to meet the need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunica-
tions service. In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single
telecommunications units in sequence. In its most complex form it
may by apportionment carry simultaneously thousands of telephone
channels and telegraph subchannels; a number of television programs;
and other specialized kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broad-
cast programs, radar signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often ar-
ranged into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 tele-
vision program or 600 telephone channels. In turn, these 600 tele-
phone channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone
channels each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12
telephone channels each One or more telephone channels may be fur-
ther subdivided into three to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype sub-
channels. Other specialized kinds of service may be accommodated by
combining two or more telephone channels.
the higher the frequency. Wave length is usually measured in linear
units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
*** Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
**** It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies') in
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecom-
munications cable'medium technique using one or more tubes (some-
times called "pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire
supported concentrically by insulators. The space in the tube.
usually contains nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial '
cable is used for the transmission of information in complex form,
such as radar, computer data, or television signals, and/or for the
transmission of telephone channels and telegraph subchannels. A
single tube usually carries information in only one direction at a
time. The capacity of a tube depends in part upon the distance be-
tween repeater stations. In the standard facility, which may have
from 2 to 8 tubes in the cable, 'a single tube carries a lane of
600 telephone channels or 1 television lane, for which the repeater
station spacing is about 7 statute miles. In a new developmental
coaxial cable facility, a single tube may carry 3 lanes of a total
of 1,800 telephone channels or 3 television lanes, for which the
repeater station spacing is expected to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of elec-
trical science and technology that treats of the behavior of elec-
trons in vacuums, gases, or solids. Today, telecommunications makes
extensive use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical
energy required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a teleconmiunica-
tions service in which photographs, drawings, hand-
writing, and printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded
reception. In one method (Type A), images are built up of lines or
dots of constant intensity. In another method (Type B), images are
built up of lines or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred
to as "telephoto" and "photoradio."
Feeder (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to- telecommunications
. facilities of relatively low capacity which join facilities Of rela-
tively high capacity. (See Main.)
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric cur-
rent, voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or
direction. (See Band.)
Frequency modulation (FM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain
the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See .
AmPlitude modulation.)
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Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities
managed and operated by a single agency, organization, company,
department, committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to
the facilities of a basic system.
Group: A number of channels (usually 12) or subchannels combined
-(multiplexed) electrically in building up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about
30 statute miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches
(exosphere) of the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers takes
possible lohg-distance transmission of radio signals. The layers,
however, are responsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and
differences between daytime and nighttime radio reception. They
are also used as a scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-
transmission techniques to transmit to distances of about 1,000 to
1,500 statute miles.
Joint facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies, organizations, companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.
Lane: A 1-way portion, electrical or physical, of a 2-way tele-
communications circuit which can be used independently, of and simul-
taneously with all other portions. The largest lane today can handle
600 telephone channels or 1 television program. In some applications
the direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation
by a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term used to delineate a telecommunications circuit
facility (wire, cable, or radio).
Main (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications facili-
ties at and between principal cities and centers which have relatively
high capacity compared with feeder facilities. (See Feeder.)
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used practically to trans-
mit a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing tele-
communications service.
Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio
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frequendies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally
afford practical direct transmission to great distances, princi-
pally because they do not bend well around the earth's surface and
because they do not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are,
however, capable of reliable transmission from horizon to horizon
(line-of-sight) by the use of special antennas which concentrate
the radio energy and give it desired direction. Great distances
can) in consequence, be reached by this technique by the inter-
position of relay stations along the route of the line with a
spacing interval of from 25 to 40 statute miles, depending upon
terrain conditions. This technique can be eMployed practically
to carry from a small number of telephone channels and telegraph
subchannels to thousands of such channels and subchannels through
2 or more lanes and to carry 1 ot more television and other special-
ized lanes and channels. (See Band.)
Mobile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
.facility which is intended to be operational while in motion Or
during halts at unspecified points. (See Portable.)
Modulation: The process of altering a carrier frequency or carrier
pulses by other frequencies or pulses representing the information
being transmitted.
Multiplex (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the combining of
information signals, modulated or Unmodulated, of two or more lanes,
supergroups, groups, channels, or subchannels for transmission over
the same circuit.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to tele-
communications service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
Portable (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which- can be readily moved from place to place but is not
normally operational while in motion. (See Mobile.)
Private (as an adjective): Belonging to or concerning an individual
person, organization, institution, or activity; not public or &Ammon.
Pulse: A spurt of electrical energy of extremely short duration
(usually measured in millionths of a second), yet capable of being
used in telecommunications to transmit information.
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Quad: In a multiconductor telecommunications cable, the physical asso-
ciation of a group of 4 conductors in any one of various arrangements
for the purpose of providing 2-way multichannel operation.
Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications receiving facilities
employed in providing a broadcast service.
Mute: The geographical path followed by a wire, cable, or radio line.
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining tO a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by which energy in radio fre-
quencies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other
of two reflecting portions of the atMosphere (troposphere and iono-
sphere) at a predetermined angle such that a- usableportion of the
energy arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique
is especially applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and
Antarctic) where facilities of other media suffer from the rigors of
Weather and terrain and where the conventional long-distance radio
media of the lower frequency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are subject to
serious disruptive propagational anomalies. (See Band.)
Subchannel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunica-
tions channel which can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. An appreciable number of telephone channels
can usually be subchanneled to carry from three to twenty 60-word-
per-minute teletype subchannels on each telephone channel so employed.
Subscriber: Any-customer who directly operates telecommunications
apparatus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often five) combined (multiplexed)
electrically in building up the total capacity of a telecommunications
circuit or. lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other
entity in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications
service.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of informa-
tion between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable,
or radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
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Telety-pe (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
effecting telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to
a typewriter in which information is transmitted by keyboard and
received by type printer on a roll of paper or a roll of tape, or
by perforations on a roll of tape, or by both. (Sometimes called a
"teleprinter" or "teletypewriter.'")
Transmission base: The aggregate telecomMunications transmitting
facilities employed in providing broadcast service.
Transistor: A modern device which is capable of performing in a
solid (germanium or silicon) many of the functions performed by
the conventional electronic tube in a gas or vacuum.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles.
This layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric
scatter transmission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500 ?
statute miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions medium, now under development in several countries, which
may be capable of transmitting extremely large amounts of conven-
tional and complex information. It consists of a circular or Tee-
tangular hollow metallic tube in which electrical energy travels in
the form of waves, much as do sound waves in a speaking tube.
) Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a' wire or
cable medium to wired loudspeakers.
\? Wired loudspeaker: A telecommunications loudspeaker which receives
.from a distribution point one or mare broadcast programs by a wire
or cable.medium.
Wireline: A general ternused to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or an underground cable, used
as a telecommunications medium.
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