POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN EAST GERMANY 1950-57

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 11, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N? 81
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN EAST GERMANY
1950-57
CIA/RR 139
11 August 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN EAST GERMANY
1950-57
CIA/RR 139
(ORR Project 46.1579)
CENTRAL' INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report is concerned with those post and telecommunications fa-
cilities and services in East Germany operated and controlled by the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. Other ministries operate
functional post and telecommunications systems such as those serving
the armed forces, shipping, railroads, and industry. These inde-
pendent post and telecommunications systems are not covered in this
report. It must be pointed out, however, that although the facilities
and services covered here are confined to those under the jurisdiction
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, their use is not so
restricted. The armed forces make abundant use of this system, as do
all the ministries. The functional microwave radio relay network of
the Communist Party of East Germany (SED) also is covered in this re-
port.
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CONTENTS
?
Summary
I. Introduction
Ministry of. Post and Telecommunications
Page
1
3
3
A. Organization
3
B. Revenue
6
C. Investment
10
D. Manpower
15
1. Labor Force
15
2. Wages
18
3. Training
21
4. Productivity ? ? ? ? OOOOOOOOOO
?
?
?
21
E. Equipment
23
1. Production
23
2. Imports
25
3. Exports
25
4. Technology
26
III.
Postal System
28
IV.
Telephone and Telegraph System
34
A. Telephone
34
1. Local
35
2. Interurban
38
B. Telegraph 4o
1. Regular OOOOOOO . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4o
2. TELEX 4o
C. Common Telephone and Telegraph Facilities . . 43
1. Wireline ? , OOOOOOOOOOO . ? 43
2. Microwave 45
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' a. Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
-Network
45
b. Communist Party Network
46
3. Point-to-Point Radio
47
V.
Broadcasting System
48
A.
Radiobroadcasting
48
B.
Wire Diffusion
50
C.
Television
51
VI.
Future Trends,
53
Appendixes
Appendix A. ,Gloshary of Technical Terms ,
55
Tables
1. Estimated Total Revenue of the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications in East Germany, 1950-57 . . ? ?
2. Indexes of Gross Revenue of the National Economy and
the Post and Telecommunications Sector in East Germany,
1950-57
8
3. Estimated Investment of the Ministry Of Post and
Telecommunications in East Germany, 1950-57 11'
4. *Estimated Investment in Telecommunications of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East
Germany, by District,, 1954-55 and 1957
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5. Estimated Average Annual Number of Employees of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East
Germany, by Sex and by Type, 1950-57
Estimated Average Number of Employees of the Ministry
of Post and Telecommunications in East Germany,
by District, 1952-56
7. Estimated Total Annual Wage Bill an Average Annual
Wages of Employees of the Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications in East Germany, 1950-57
8. Estimated Productivity of Employees of the Ministry
of Post and Telecommunications in East Germany,
1950-57
9. Estimated Number of Post Offices of the Ministry of
Post and Telecommunications in East Germany, 1950-57
10. Estimated Postal Volume of the Ministry of Post. and
Telecommunications in East Germany, 1950-57
11. Estimated Postal Checking and Postal Savings Activity
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in
East Germany, 1950-57
Pase
17
18
19
22
31
12. International Postal-Rates of the Ministry of Post
and Telecommunications in East Germany, 1956 32
13. Estimated Telephone Exchange Capacity and Number
of Main Subscriber Lines of the Ministry of Post
and Telecommunications in East Germany, 1950-57 . ? ?
111.. Estimated Number of Local Telephone Exchanges of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East
Ge/many, 1950-57
15.
Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Exchanges,
Switchboard Positions, and Telephone Calls of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East
Germany, 1950-57
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35
36
39
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16. Estimated,Number of Telegrams Transmitted over
Facilities Operated by the Ministry of Post
and Telecommunications in East Germany,
1950-57
17. Estimated Number of Exchanges and Subscribers
in the _Subscriber Telegraph Network of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in
East Germany, 195257 . ? . ... . , ?
18. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcasting.Stations
and Radiobroadcast Receivers in East Germany,
1950-57
19. Estimated Number of Television Stations and
Television Receivers in East Germany,
1952-57
Illustrations
Figure 1. East Germany: Organization of the Minis-
try of. Post and Telecommunications,
1957 (Chart)
Figure 2. East Germany: Organization of the State
Radio Committee, 1957 (Chart)
Page
42
14-9
51
Following Page
14.
Figure 3. East Germany: Labor Force, Labor Pro-
ductivity, and Total Revenue of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,
1950-57 (Chart) . . . . . . ..... 22
Figure 4. East Germany: Subscriber Telegraph Net-
work, 1957 -- Ministry of Post and Inside
Telecommunications (Map) Back Cover
Figure 5. East Germany: Main Telecommunications
Wirelines, 1957 -- Ministry of Post and Inside
Telecommunications (Map) Back Cover
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Following Page
Figure 6. East Germany. Microwave Radio Relay Inside
Network, 1957 (Map) Back Cover
Figure 7. East Germany: Radiobroadcasting and
Television Stations, 1957 -- Ministry
of Post and Telecommunications Inside
(Map) Back Cover
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(ORB Project 46.1579)
POST AND TET.ECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN EAST GERMANY*
1950-57
Summary
The public** post and telecommunications system in East Gertany,
which provides postal, telephone, telegraph, radiobroadcasting, wire-
diffusion, and television services, is managed by the Ministry of
Post and Telecommunications. The government is the principal user
of telephone and telegraph services in spite of the fact that certain
government ministries, along with the armed forces, operate and con-
trol functional telecommunications facilities to meet specific needs.
Telecommunications services are carried by integrated wireline, micro-
wave radio relay, and point-to-point radio facilities.
The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications employed about
130,000 persons in 1957 and received a total revenue from its opera-
tions of about 900 million East German marks (DME). A anmmgry of the
growth in services, facilities, and revenues during 1950-57 follows.
1950
1957
iIfJ Volume ?
(Billion pieces)
acail
1950
1956
a Interurban
Telephone Galls
1950
1957
Telegrams
(Million units)
(Million units)
12.7
82.8
?
.
92.2
Radiobroadcast
1950
1957
in Use
(Million units)
1954
Television Receivers
in Use
(Thousand units)
02.3
Estimated
1950r
1957
tag glaum
(Million DMO""
1548
15.61957
1125.0
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report repre-
sent the best judgment of ORB as of 1 April 1958.
** The term public in this report refers to the facilities and
services under the control of and operated by the Ministry of Post
and Telecommunications. It does not refer to functional systems
such as those serving the armed forces, the state police, or other
ministries.
*** Such as letters, packages, and money orders.
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With the exception of the telegraph service, growth in volume has
been steady but not rapid. _Telegraph-volute ha been affected by
the expansion of subscriber telegraph service (TELEX*).
In spite of the application of automation techniques to the tele-
communications system, substantial delays are encountered in the place-
ment of telephone calls and in the tranamission of telegrams. These
delays are caused by insufficient local and interurban telephone ex-
change capacity, by inadequate capacity of interurban lines, and by
the low technical level of personnel.
The status of broadcast service, an ideological control mechanism .
of the state in East Germany, is mixed. Amplitude modulated** (JP,M)
radiobroadcasting service is 'considered adequate, but frequency modu-
lated (FM) radidbroadcasting service is limited. Future emphasis
probably will be placed on the provision of additional FM facilities. .
Television broadcasting is confined to nine stations. Additional sta-
tions and increases in transmitting power of existing stations, along
with an expansion ofnetwork television, are means to be used in im-
proving the effectiveness of the.television service.
Before 1953, East Germany was forced to export large quantities
of telecommunications apparatus to the USSR. Since 1953, Soviet
demands have lessened, and East Germany has made some progress in
building, rebuilding, modernizing, and expanding its telecommunica-
tions resources. Manual operation is giving way to automatic opera-
tion in the telephone and telegraph network. Line capacities are
being increased by apparatus for multiplying channels, and new lines
of microwave radio relay facilities are being installed.
Future trends in this sector of the economy hinge largely on
levels of investment and improvements in training. Increased labor
productivity appears to be achievable through greater application
of automation and mechanization along with reductions in labor turn-
over.
Given these opportunities, East Germany should be able to fulfill
its current plans for rounding out the resources Of this sector of the
economy for governmental use: Little increase in availability of ser-
vice for Private consumers can be expected.
*. TELEX is a term applied to a system of subscriber telegraph used
in European countries. As East Germany:has a subscriber telegraph
network interconnected with this,European network, the term TELEX is-
used in this report to describe the East German network.
** See Appendix A, Glossary of Technical Terms.
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I. Introduction.
The purpose of this report is to discuss the status, operation, ,
and development of the public post and telecommunications facilities
and services provided by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
(Ministerium fuer Post- und Fernmeldewesen) in East Germany. Quanti-
tative data are limited generally to the period 1950-57, but some
qualitative references to historical aspects are included in the text.
The only funetional telecommunications system covered extensively in
this report is that operated by the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party
of East Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands SED).
This system has been included because it was established to provide
greater security than was available from the public telecommunications
system and because it can be easily integrated with the public system.
II. Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.
A. Organization.
The primary responsibilities of the Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications in East Germany are to provide domestic and interna-
tional telephone and telegraph services through an integrated wire-
line and radio network, a domestic and international broadcast net-
work utilizing radio and television facilities, and a domestic and
international postal service which also provides domestic postal
checking and savings services. In addition, the Ministry is respon-
sible for establishing technical regulations for post and telecom-
munications networks operated by other government,ministries and
agencies. 1/* All facilities are owned by the state.
The German post and telecommunications organization which
existed before World War II was retained in the Soviet Zone of Ger-
many and was named the Central Post and Telecommunications Adminis-
tration. This administration was a semiautonomous organization with
subdivisions corresponding approximately to the traditional German
states (Laender) of Saxony, Thuringia, Sachsen-Anhalt, Brandenburg,
and Mecklenburg. In February 1948 the Soviet authorities formed a
central East German authority called the German Economic Commission.
Shortly afterward the Central Post and Telecommunications Administra-
tion for Post and Telegraph was designated the Department of Post and
Communications of the new authority. Then, in October 1949, when the
German Democratic Republic (GDR) of East Germany came into being, the
Central Post and Telecommunications Administration was redesignated
the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. One other major change
in the organization of the Ministry occurred in 1952, when the former
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postal states were reorganized into 14 districts (Bezirk4 to con-
form to the new territorial reorganization of the governmental admin-
istration of East Germany. EV About the same time, the Ministry was
given the responsibility for the production of all radio, telecommuni-
cationSI and electronic equipment. This responsibility for production
was poorly executed and in JUne,1953 wad transferred to the Ministry
of Machine Construction. 2/
Also in 1952 the State Radio Committee was established to '
supply programs and schedules for all radio and television broadcast-
ing stations and networks of East Germany. The Committee virtually
occupies the Status of a ministry, as it is directly subordinate to
the Council of Ministers. W
The present organization of the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications is shown in Figure 1.* The headquarters of the Ministry
is located in East Berlin:.
Friedrich Burmeister has been Minister of Post and Telecom-
munications in East Germany since December 1949. Although he is the
nominal head of the Ministry, the actual authority for major decisions
is shared by him with several of the chief administrators. The chief
administrators comprise a top policy group, called the Commission of
the Ministry. 2/ Provision for this kind of arrangement was authorized
by the Council of Ministers in July 1952, but it is believed that, be-
cause the Minister is not himself a member of the Party, the Commission
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications exercises much more
authority than that originally intended by the Council of Ministers. .?./
The Minister, Burmeister, is a high-ranking member of the Christian
Democratic Party of East Germany (CDU). Thus the sharing of minis-
terial authority between the Minister and the Commission of the Minis-
try serves as a control mechanism for the Party to make sure that its
policies are carried out.
The Minister is assisted by several staffs (Central Departments)
and three deputy ministers. The first deputy minister is Richard
Serinek, a Party member, who primarily assists the Minister in admin-
istrative matters. The other two deputy ministers, Kurt Gebhardt and
Gerhard Probst, both Party members, have operational responsibility
for the post and telecommunications and the radio and television
functions of the Ministry, respectively. //
Operations of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
are controlled through four main administrations. Field units of
the Main Administration for Post and Telecommunications and the Main
* Following p. 4.
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SECRET EAST GERMANY
ORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY
OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
1957
MINISTER
FIRST DEPUTY
MINISTER
Figure 1
STATE RADIO
COMMITTEE'
SECOND DEPUTY MINISTER
FOR POST AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
CENTRAL DEPARTMENTS
(Staffs)
THIRD DEPUTY MINISTER
FOR RADIO AND
TELEVISION
Institute for Post and
Main Administration
Main Administration
Main Administration
Main Administration
Telecommunications
for Post and
for
for Radio and Television
for Radio and Television
Techniques
Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Operations
Technology
District Offices
District Offices
Radio Stations
Television,
Microwave, and
Radio Relay Offices
County Offices
County Offices
Television Stations
Post Offices
Telecommunications
Offices
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*The State Radio Committee furnishes the programs and schedules for all radio and television broadcasts and thus works
with several components of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in the transmission and relay of these programs.
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Administration for Telecommunications are generally broken dOwn by
districts and counties corresponding to the political divisions of
the country. There are; however, some functions which are organized
in larger units, such as telecommunications construction, which is
divided into six areas. The field units of the Main Administrations
for Radio and Television Operations and for Radio and Television
Technology consist of stations for radio and television broadcasting
and for television microwave radio relay, respectively.
Research and' development within the Ministry is conducted
in the Institute for Post and Telecommunications and in the Main
Administration for Radio and Television Technology. Before the
establishment of the Main Adminidtration for Radio and Television
Technology in April 1956, all research and development work was cen-
tralized in the Institute for Post and Telecommunications. The
,division of responsibility was brought about in order to improve
work in the field of radio and television technology.
The State Radio Committee in its function as supplier of all
radio and television programs and broadcast schedules works closely
with three of the main administrations of the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications. The Main Administration for Telecommunications
insures that wireline facilities are available for relaying broad-
cast programs from the State Radio Committee headquarters in East
Berlin to the radiobroadcasting stations throughout the country.
The Main Administration for Radio and Television Technology has the
same function with respect to the relay of television programs from
the State Radio Committee headquarters in East Berlin to the tele-
vision broadcasting stations throughout East Germany. Radio and
television station personnel and logistics are provided by the
Main Administration for Radio and Television Operations. The organi-
zation of the State Radio Committee is shown in Figure 2.*
The organization of the Ministry appears to be consistent
with its basic function of providing post and telecommunications
services. In the past, organizational problems have arisen primarily
in broadcasting services because of the dual authority exercised by
the Ministry and the State Radio Committee. Although the relationship
between the Ministry and the State Radio Committee was not changed in
the reorganization of April 1956, all broadcasting functions were
brought together under the authority of a deputy minister, a move
which should provide for better coordination between the two organi-
zations.
* Following p. 6.
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The contemplated reorganization of the economy of East Ger-
many, if carried out, probably will not affect the organization of
the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. The present organiza-
tion is sufficiently flexible to adapt to shifts in telecommunica-
tions service away from a centralized pattern leading toward East
Berlin to a decentralized arrangement between district and indus-
trial centers.
B. Revenue.
The total revenue of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunica-
tions in East Germany is estimated to have risen from 648 million
East German marks (Deutsche Mark East -- DME*) in 1950 to 909 million
DME in 1957, an increase of approximately 4o percent. Table 1**
shows the estimated total annual revenue for 1950-57. Plan infor-
mation for 1954 is available, thus permitting the estimation of reve-
nues from post and telecommunications. 5.1/ The postal share was
411 million DME, and the telecommunications share was 323 million DME.
This information was used to derive the post and telecommunications
revenues shown in Table 1.
Compared with the economy of East Germany as a Whole for
this period of time, the post and telecommunications sector (repre-
sented by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications) was lagging
substantially. Table 2* shows a comparison of the growth of the
entire economy with that of the post and telecommunications sector.
The substantial' difference in growth is probably attributable to
general conditions prevailing in the economy in 1950 compared with
those in the post and telecommunications sector in 1950. The economy
was in a generally depressed condition which left many resources not
fully utilized. In consequence, a large increase in gross national
product could be realized without net new investment by utilizing
these idle resources. 2.2/ The post and telecommunications sector in
1950 was fully utilizing plant and facilities, however, so that any
new increases in total revenue, would have to come about principally
through new investment. Because investment did not reach substantial
proportions before 1952 (see Table 3xxxx), the post and telecommunica-
tions sector could not match the rate of increase of the entire economy
during the first few years after 1950.
* Unless otherwise indicated, all DME values in this report are
given in terms of current DME's, which may be converted to US dollars
at the appropriate official rate of exchange for each year given.
These rates of exchange, however, do not necessarily reflect the true
dollar value.
Table 1 follows on p. 7.
Table 2 follows on p. 8.
P. 11, below.
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Figure 2
EAST GERMANY
ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE RADIO COMMITTEE
1957
CHAIRMAN
AND
COMMITTEE
Administrative
Staffs
I MINISTRY OF POST
AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS*
Technical
Department
Television
Section
Transmission
Section
Programming
Section
The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications provides the facilities
for the transmission and relay of the programs of the State Radio Committee.
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Table 1
Estimated Total Revenue of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1950-57
Million Current DME
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Postal services 2/
363
382
400
44o
411
458
486
509
Telecommunications services 21
285
300
315
345
323
360
381
400
Total
648 12/
682 c/
715 LI/
785 1/
734 e/
818 f/
867 I/
909 fi
a. Derived from the planned shares for 1954: postal services were to be 56 percent of total
revenue, and telecommunications services were to be 44 percent. 11/
b. 1g/
c. Interpolated using arithmetic progression, between 1950 and 1952.
d. Plan. 141/
e. Plan. 1.2
f. li/
g. 1.2
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Table 2
Indexes of Gross Revenue of the National Economy
and the Post and Telecommunications Sector
in East Germany
1950-57
1950
= 100
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
National economy 2/
: 100
114
121
130
142
150
163 b/
N.A.
Post and telecom-
munications sector c
100
105
110
121
113
126
134
140
a. _//
b. 1:8/
c. Index derived from Table 1 P. 7 above.
The average annual rate of increase in revenue for the post and
telecommunications sector of the economy for 1950-57 Was slightly less
than 5 percent. The drop in total revenue in 1954 was caused largely
by a reduction in postal rates on 1 October 1954. 12/
The large increase. in total revenue in 1955, in,spite of the
reductions in 1954, resulted from the inclusion of revenues of East
Berlin with those of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.
Before 1955, East Berlin was under Soviet administration and was not
included in the total revenue of the Ministry. With the transfer in
1955 of the responsibility for post and telecommunications in East
Berlin to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, the total reve-
nue of the Post and telecommunications sector of the economy is repre-
sented by the total revenue of the Ministry. In 1956 the revenue
from post and telecommunications services in East Berlin represented
12,pereent of the total. 22/
A measure of the profitability of the Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications for 1952 and 1953 is shown in the following relatively
complete accounting breakdown 21/:
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Million Current ENE
Production expenditure
1952
1953
Overhead
60
48
Depreciation
53
52
Production wages
169
239
Overhead salaries
117
69
Other costs
79
125
Subtotal
477
533
Net revenue
238
252
Net profit
222
279
Total
715
785
) 4 The relationship between net profit and net revenue cannot be ex-
plained. The differences, however, are believed to involve some
peculiar practice for balancing accounts between the state budget
and the Ministry budget.
For 1955 and 1956, information is available for a breakdown
of'total revenue and expenditures as follows 22/:
Million Current DNE
Average total expenditure
1955
1956
Depreciation
61
65
Material
86
89
Wages and salaries
408
435
Subtotal
555
589
Net revenue
263
278
Total
818
867
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' In addition, there are reports that the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications incurred a deficit of 18 million DME between 1 October
1956 and 31 March 1957. If these reports are true, total expen-
diture is much greater than official East German figures indicate.
New monetary exchange rates for noncommercial transactions,
which were proclaimed in 1957, caused a reduction in revenue from
international post and telecommunications services. Because the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications cannot change its interna-
tional rates without the approval of the Universal Postal Union, the
Ministry of Finance is to compensate the Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications for the loss in revenue on an annual basis. The
establishment of an annual subsidy may indicate that theMinistry of
Post and Telecommunications does not intend for the present to ask
for an increase in international rates.
The trend of revenue for the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications for 1950-57 shows a gradually declining annual rate of
increase. Because post and telecommunications services available
to the government and to industry are generally adequate, there are
likely to be only minor increases in service and thus only minor in-
creases in post and telecommunications revenue. The revenue probably
will continue to increase in the future but at a decreasing rate.
C. Investment.
Investment in the post and telecommunications sector in East
Germany is planned and developed by the Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications and the State Planning Commission. At the beginning
of a plan period a general outline is prepared by the State Planning
Commission, which attempts to set the parameters within which the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications must plan its investments.
The Ministry then formulates a detailed plan for the coming year and
submits it to the State Planning Commission, where contradictory
points are settled between the Ministry and the Commission. The
plans are subject to change, however, in relation to the availability
of materials and the priorities of other segments of the economy. _15/
Investment in the post and telecommunications sector of the
economy for 1950-57 is shown in Table 3.* The Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications invested the entire amount for this sector during
1955-57.
Investment increased substantially from 1950 to 1953. This
trend probably reflected the increasing supply of telecommunications
Table 3 follows on p. 11.
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Table 3
Estimated Investment of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany 2/
1950-57
Million Current DME
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
7-1957
Telecommunications
1612/
2712/
3612/
51 s/
38 Id/
41 2/
72 I/
75 .6/
Post i2/
5
10
14
11
22
16
27
29
Radio 1/
6
9
12
16
15
14
25
26
Total
27J
46 31/
62/
78/
75x/
712/
124 2/
1302/
a. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may not agree with the rounded
data shown. During 1950-54, post and telecommunications investment for East
Berlin was administered by the Postal Directorate of the East Berlin Magis-
tracy and thus does not appear in this table for the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications.
b. Derived, assuming telecommunications investment to be 57.9 percent of
total investment (see footnote o, below).
"
d. 24(e.
f? 2.2/
g? 22/
h. Derived by subtracting telecommunications and radio investment from total
investment.
i. Derived, assuming radio investment to be 20 percent of total invest-
ment. 3.1/
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Table 3
Estimated Investment of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany-2/
1950-57
(Continued)
,k. 33/. Investment in 1951 is reported-to have equaled 168 percent of
investment in 1950.
1. Interpolated between 1951 and 1953, using arithmetic progression.
m. Plan. 34/
n. Plan. 35/
o. Derived from the relationship between total investment for the Ministry
of Post and Telecommunications and the investment for the Main Administra-
tion for Telecommunications in 1953 and 1954. The Main Administration had
65.6 percent of total investment in 1953 and 50.2 percent in 1954. The
average percent for these yeara, 57.9 percent, was used to estimate total in-
vestment for the Ministry in 1955-57.
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*
equipment available for domestic use. Demand for telecommunications
equipment had existed since the end of World War II, but the turmoil
of reorganization in the equipment industry and the huge demands for
exports by the USSR left only small quantities of equipment available
for use by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. Investment
funds of the Ministry for those years inclUded funds for telecom-
munications facilities of the Party, the Ministry of-State Security,
the Soviet Control Commission, and Soviet military forces. 1Y
Investment funds available for the Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications declined in 1954 and 1955, probably as a result of the
general decline of total East' German investment. The percentage re-
duction of total investment, however, was greater than that for the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. Also, in 1954 it became
possible for smaller units within the Ministry to use portions of
their own funds for minor investments which are not reported in the
planned investment of the Ministry.
In 1956 a decision was made during the Third Party Conference
of the Communist Party to replace all manual telephone exchanges with
automatic exchanges by 1960. In order to comply with this decision,
the Main Administration for Telecommunications, which was the component
in the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications affected by this Party
decision, submitted to the State Planning Commission an estimate for
planned investment including the cost of the new project. The Com-
mission then revised the planned investment of the Main Administra-
tion. The two sets of planned figures for telecommunications are as
follows
Million Current DME
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Main Administration for
Telecommunications
68.0
141.5
200.0
227.0
253.5
State Planning Commission
68.0
80.0
79.5
107.4
133.0
A comparison of the planned investment of the State Planning Commis-
sion for 1956 and 1957 with the estimated investment given in
Table 3* shows reasonably close agreement. The difference of a few
million DME between planned investment and estimated investment is
not unusual for investment in the Main Administration for Telecom-
munications. For instance, in 1957 a difference of )4 million DME
existed because the USSR blocked the purchase of carrier7frequency
* P. 11, above.
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telephone cable needed by the Main Administration for Telecommunica-
tions. 2/ The cable was, instead, exported to the USSR on a first-
priority basis. 12/
In addition to investments for East German use, the Ministry
of Post and Telecommunications also makes telecommunications invest-
ments for the military forces of the USSR stationed in East Germany.
Although these investments were much greater before 1953, there is
information indicating that the procedure continued into 1957. 1E/
The amount of investment for facilities of the Soviet army is not
carried as a separate account but probably is prorated between the
district offices in which the investment is made and the appropriate
construction offices of the Ministry of POst and Telecommunications.
The investment in telecommunications facilities by districts
is shown in Table 4* for 1954, 1955, and 1957., The amounts of in-
vestment in individual districts vary considerably, but the composite
trend shows a gradual rise.
On 1 March 1954 the Postal Directorate of East Berlin was
transferred to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of East
Germany. 111/ Before that time, East Berlin was under Soviet adminis-
tration, although its investments were coordinated through the State
Planning Commission of East Germany. Planned investment under the
Soviet -administration for post and telecommunications in East Berlin
was as follows
Million Current DME
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
13
14
15
10
10
For 3_56 and 1957, only telecommunications investment in East Berlin
is available. This information is shown in Table 4 along with district
investments of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.
In the near future the trend of investment in the, post and
telecommunications sector of the economy is expected to rise. The
conversion from manual to automatic telephone exchanges, which is
planned,,will require the largest portion of additions to investment.
The continued development of microwave radio relay, TELEX, and tele-
vision networks also will require substantial amounts of investment
funds.
* Table 4 follows on p. 15.
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Table 4
Estimated Investment in Telecommunications
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany, by District a/
1954-55 and 1957
Million Current DME
District
1954 12/
1955 .9./
1957 ..q./
Rostock
Schwerin
Neubrandenburg
Potsdam
1.6
0.8
1.7
2.7
1.9
1.4
2.6
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.7'
Frankfurt an der Oder
1.6
2.0
2.8
Cottbus
1.3
1.4
3.4
Magdeburg
1.6
1.7
3.0
Halle
2.0
1.0
3.8
Erfurt
1.4
1.0
1.9
Gera
2.0
1.2
3.1
Suhl
2.2
1.2
1.6
Dresden
3.1
1.4
3.3
Leipzig
2.7
4.6
5.7
Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)
2.1
1.1
2.8
a
East Berlin
N.A.
4.4
4.o
Total
26.9
29.1
44.3
a. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may not
agree with the sum of their rounded components.
Figures in this table do not agree with those in
Table 3, because investments for interurban telecom-
munications circuits and other miscellaneous investments
are organized on a! national basis, independent of the
district administrations.
b.
c.
d.
1
D. Manpower.
1. Labor Force.
4
The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East Germany
employed approximately 130,000 persons in 1957. This figure represents
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a 34-percent increase in personnel above the figure of approximately
96,000 employed in 1950. The annual change in personnel since 1950,
shown in Table 5,*.has not been consistent. The years 1951, 1952,
and 1954 showed substantial increases, whereas 1953 showed a decline,
and 1955, 1956, and 1957 showed rather.moderate increases.
Numerous serious attempts were made in 1957 to effect
reduction in the number of employees, ranging from 30 to 5 percent. L4?/
The reaction by employees to these attempts was so violent-, however,
that the effort was postponed indefinitely, and 1957 showed a growth
in personnel in excess of the previous 2 years. It is believed that
this upward trend in employment of the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications will continue and that no additional attempts to reduce
employment will occur in the near future.
As can be observed from the data in Table 5, the percent-
age of women employed in the Ministry has increased from 40 percent
of the total in 1950 to 56 percent of the total in 1957. ?A major
factor contributing to this trend is the decline of employable males
brought about by war losses and by defections to the West of large
segments of the East German population. The resulting decline in
the number of employable males in East Germany has necessitated the
hiring of females. It is believed that the rising percentage of
women in the labor force has not impaired the efficiency or effec-
tiveness of the Ministry, as many of the jobs can be performed equally
well by members of either sex.
The average nuMber of employees of the Ministry in East
Germany, by districts, in 1952-56 is shown in Table 6.** Although
the fluctuations in employment levels within districts cannot readily
be explained, the differences may be caused by continual shifting of
the construction teams among the districts.
The inclusion of East Berlin as a district of the Minis-
try of Post and Telecommunications reflects the integration of the
Soviet Sector of Berlin into the post and telecommunications sector
of the East German economy. In terms of the number of employees,
East Berlin is the largest district in East Germany -- a fact which
reflects its strategic significance. It is reasonable to assume that
the quality of the labor force in East Berlin also is superior to
that of all other districts.
* Table 5 follows on'T. 17.
** Table 6 follows on p. 18.
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Table 5
-
Estimated Average Annual Number of Employees of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany, by Sex and by Type 2/
1950-57
Distribution by Sex
Men
Distribution by Type
Women Regular Employees
Percent '
Number of Total Number
Year (Thousand) Employees (Thousand)
Percent Percent
of Total Number of Total
Employees (Thcusand) Employees
93 c/ 97.1
98 -67 96.7
108 J 96.5
106 2/ 96.5
118 c/ 96.6
119 96.5
121 79./ 96.5
125 96.5 1/
1950
57 12/
60
38W
0.
1951
61W
60
41 12/
4o
1952
57W
51
55W
49
1953
54 12/
49
56W
51
1954
54 12/
45
67W
55
1955
55 12/
- 44
68W
56
1956
56W
44
7o 12/
56
1957
57.
44 2/
72
56 2/
Apprentices
Percent
Number of Total
(Thousand) Employees
3W
3 2_/
4 2/
4 2/
4 2/
4 2/
4 gi
5
2.9
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.5J
Total
Employees
(Thousand)
96/
101 2/
112 I/
110 ..d./
122 1/
123 I/
126 1/
129 5../
a. The data presented in this table represent yearly averages. As the number of employees has increased
each year, the yearly averages would probably approximate midyear figures. Totals are derived from unrounded
data and may not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
b. 47
c.
d. _2/
e. The ratio of men to women in 1957 was assumed to be the same as that in 1956.
f. The ratio of regular employees to apprentices in 1957 was assumed tO be the same as that in 1956.
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Table 6
Estimated Average Number of Employees
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany, by District 2:/
1952-56
- Thousand Units
1
District
195212/
1953 12/
195412/
1955 12/
1956 2./
Rostock
4.6
2.4
4.9
5.1
5.3
Schwerin
4.4
3.3
4.8
4.7
4.8
Neubrandenburg
3.0
2.9
3.9
3.9
4.0
Potsdam
6.1
6.2
7.2
7.3
7.6
Frankfurt an der Oder
3.0
2.9
3.7
3.8
3.8
Cottbus
3.0
3.0
4.1
4.1
4.3
1
Magdeburg
8.6
8.o
10.0
10.2
10.2
Halle
11.0
8.3
11.1
11.0
10.8
Erfurt
9.8
10.2
9.0
8.9
9.4
Gera
4.0
3.4
4.4?
4.3
4.0
1
Suhl
2.2
2.4
2.9
3.0
3.1
Dresden
12.2
14.6
13.4
13.5
14.1
Leipzig
11.5
9.5
13.2
13.5
13.8
Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)
12.0
10.6
13.3
13.2
13.2
East Berlin
16.6
22.5
15.8
16.4
17.2
Total
111.9
110.1
121.7
122.7
125.5
a. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may not agree with the
sum Of their rounded components.
b. 51/
c. 22/
2. Wages.
The average wage level of post and telecommunications em-
ployees in East Germany, as shown in Table 7,* is lower than the aver-
age wage level prevailing in other sectors of the economy. For example,
in 1950 the average wage of employees in the major economic sectors in
East Germany was 3,072 DME per year, whereas the average wage of regu-
lar post and telecommunications employees (excluding apprentices) was
only 2,988 DME per year. 21/ Similarly, in 1955 the general average
wage of these employees ,was 4,248 DME per year, whereas the average
* Table 7 follows on p. 19.
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Table 7
Estimated Total Annual Wage Bill and Average Annual Wages of Employees
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1950-57
1950 2951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Total annual wage bill
(Million current DME)
Average annual wage
(Current DME)
All employees 2/
:Regular employees
Apprentices 1/
280
2,927
2,988
896
2/
1/
304
2,997
3,072
922
2/
1/
336
3,002
3,072
.922
2/
92./
.
341 2/
3,102
3,180 d
954 ?
393
3,229
3,312
994
2,./
1/
408 eti
3,326
3,420 d/
1,026
435
3,464
3,564
1,069
2.1
467
3,607
3,711
1,113
12/
2/
a. 2/
b. 2_5/
c. Derived by dividing total wage bill by total employees.
d.
e. Assuming the same percentage relation between wages of all employees and of regular employees in
1957 as in 1956.
f. The average annual wage of apprentices was assumed to be 30 percent of the average annual wage of
regular employees of the Ministry of Post and Telecommuniaations.
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wage of post and telecommunications employees was 3,420 DME per
year. 21/ Although wages of this group of post and telecommunica-
tions employees have increased since 1950, they have lagged behind
increases in the general wage level. Thus post and telecommunica-
tions wages in 1950 were only 2.7 percent lower than the general
wage level, but.by 1955 they were 19.5 percent lower. This lag
probably reflects the increasing percentage of women employed in
this sector of the economy. Although women are reportedly paid
the same wage as men for performing the same work, they generally
work in jobs requiring less skill and training and hence fall into
lower wage Categories.
There are substantial variations in wage levels for dif-
ferent classifications of employees engaged in the post and telecom-
munications sector. In 1954, for example, monthly wages in a Potsdam
radio relay station were as follows 2.?./:
Job Title
Monthly Wage
(Current DME)
Superintendent
1,500
Deputy superintendent
1,200
Bookkeepers
500 to 600
Engineers.
850
Radio operators
500 to 600
Mechanics
325
Laborers
200
In 1955, clerical employees of the Bureau of Telecommunications Net-
work in East Berlin received monthly wages ranging from 400 to 500 DME,
whereas technical employees' wages ranged from 900 to 1,000 DME.
Engineers' monthly salaried in 1955 ranged from 725 to 810 DME,
whereas radio operators' and technicians' wages ranged from 364 to
710 DME.
Given these rather high salaries for engineers, tech-
nicians, and white-collar employees of various kinds, the main ex-
planation for the rather low average wage for all post and telecom-
munications employees lies in the wages paid to postal employees.
Although actual wage data for postal employees are not currently avail-
able, this group is composed of large numbers of relatively unskilled
employees who receive substantially lower wages than the more skilled
employees of the telecommunications sector.
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3. Training.
The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East Germany
apparently is suffering from a shortage of competent technicians. Accord-
ing to Kurt Gebhardt, Deputy Minister of Post and Telecommunications, the
shortage of skilled manpower is a primary cause of the current inadequacies
of East German telecommunications. LI The shortage, according to Gebhardt,
stems from two conditions -- a lack of qualified instructors in technical
subjects and a tendency on the part of newly trained personnel to accept
more lucrative employment in industry or to defect to the West, where they
are assured of better working conditions in their specialized fields.
The increasing complexity of the equipment used by the Ministry, which in-
cludes microwave radio relay equipment and high-capacity terminal telephone
and telegraph equipment, will continue to aggravate this situation unless
a concerted effort is made to expand the training activities of the Ministry.
The Ministry currently operates technical telecommunications
schools in Berlin, KOenigs Wusterhausen, Dresden, Leipzig, Naumburg, and
other cities. L/ In addition, a number of universities and academies in
the country offer courses in electronics and in telecommunications sub-
jects. 64/ It is planned that universities and academies will graduate
281 students in the field of post and telecommunicatiOns in 1958 and 257
in 1959. 65/
An extensive on-the-job training program is being conducted
in support of the formal, full-time training effort of the Ministry. On-
the-job training activities involving the complexities of electronics and
telecommunications are difficult to teach. Any substantial long-range
improvement in the technical level of employees of the Ministry must hinge
on full-time training activities. The number of students taking such
training and the competence of instructors will be Important determining
factors in the future improvement, efficiency, and expansion Of the post
and telecommunications system in East Germany.
4. Productivity.
Lack Of detailed information on the functionaldistribution
of employees of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East Ger-
many precludes measUrement of labor productivity in physical terms. 'A
measure of labor productivity, however, has been derived by dividing
total revenue of the Ministry (see Table 1*) by total employees (see
Table 6**). The results of these calculations are shown in Table 8***
and are illustrated graphically in Figure 3.****
P. 7, above.
P. 18, above.
Table 8 follows on p. 22.
Following p. 22.
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Table 8
Estimated Productivity of Employees
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
All East Germany
1950-57
Year
Average Revenue
per Employee
(Current. DME
Index
(1950 =
Yearly Growth
in Labor
Productivity
100) (Percent)
1950
6,776
100
1951
6,725
99
-1
1952
6,386
94
-5
1953
7,131
105
+12
1954
6,031
89
)
-15
1955
6,665
98
+11
1956
6,907
102
+4
1957
7,021
104
+2
a. Derived by dividing total revenue (see Table 1, p. 7, above), by
the total number of employees 'of the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications (see-Table 5; p. 17, above).
The data show that labor productivity declined during 1951
and 1952 in the face of increasing total revenue. This decline resulted
from the expansion of the labor force at a rate in excess of revenue
'growth. In 1953, revenue continued to expand while a decrease occurred
in the labor force, thus giving rise to a substantial productivity gain.
Then, in 1954, total revenue declined while the labor force expanded.
The decline in total revenue resulted from substantial decreases that
occurred during the year in prices charged for postal services.
In 1955 an increase in labor productivity of 11 percent oc-
curred. This was followed by increases in 1956 and 1957 of only 4 per-
cent and 2 percent, respectively. This decreasing rate of increase in
productivity was caused by the steadily declining rate of growth in total
revenue and the steadily' rising rate of growth in the labor force during
this 3-year period.
Fluctuations in labor productivity, as reflected annually by
the relationship between total revenue and total labor force, make impre-
cise the projections of future trends. With the exception of the year
1954, total revenue has been expanding at a reasonably Stable rate. The
labor force, on the other hand, has been less stable in its growth rate.
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Thousand workers
130
120
110
100
90
Figure 3
EAST GERMANY
LABOR FORCE, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, AND TOTAL REVENUE
OF THE MINISTRY OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
1950-57
Labor Force
0
1950
? 7,500
7,000
41 6,500
a
Million DME
6,000
?-?
1951
1952
Labor Productivity
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1950
1,000
900
1951
1952
1953 1954
1955
1956 1957
800 ?
700
600
Total Revenue
1950
27000 6-58
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
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If the growth rate in the labor force settles down -- and the 1955-57
period indicates that such a trend may be setting in* -- then future pro-
ductivity gains should become more steady. In addition, future produc-
tivity gains should be greater than those experienced in 1956 and 1957.
In attempting to increase labor productivity, the Ministry of
Post and Telecommunications has embarked on a_.,twofold program which in-
cludes attempts to curtail the size of the administrative staff of the
Ministry and to increase the specialization of labor.---The administrative
staff is to be reduced 10 percent in size by 1960 compared with the level
in 1955. This reduction is to be accomplished primarily through the
introduction of modern office machinery, such as calculators. Increased
specialization of labor is to be achieved by the formation of specialized
brigades of workers to perform specific tasks, such as installing tele-
phone booths, erecting television' antennas, and splicing cables. Li
The primary factor in future gains in 'labor productivity ap-
pears to be the stabilization of the labor force at or near its present
level. The normal turnover in personnel is in itself a serious obstacle
to achieving greater productivity, but an expanding labor force, espe-
cially in such a highly skilled sector of the economy, presents obstacles
of even greater magnitude. The introduction of new techniques and of
automation should assist in the achievement of greater productivity. In
these terms, East Germany is not a backward area, but such gains as might
otherwise accrue from new techniques and equipment could easily be offset
by an unstable labor force. Thus a large part of the future growth in
labor productivity will depend on the level of training and the stability
which the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications is able to achieve for
its labor force.
E. Equipment.
The telecommunications equipment industry in East Germany is the
largest in the European Satellites and is second only to the USSR in the
Sino-Soviet Bloc. Within the East German economy it accounts for nearly
2 percent of gross national product. ZI The Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications obtains almost all of its telecommunications equipment
from the production of the East German industry.
1. Production.
In spite of damage received during World War II the telecom-
munications equipment industry "inherited" by the Soviet occupation
authority in East Germany was one of the finest and best developed
in the world. Early occupation policy reduced the capacity of the
industry by confiscation of the most modern equipment and the best
factories for shipment to the USSR. In addition, the normal pro-
duction capacity of the remaining facilities was lessend by transfer
* As pointed out in D, 1, p. 15, above, evidence indicates that future
growth in the labor force will not be so large as past growth, because of
stabilizing pressures.
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of some of the best technicians and managers to the USSR. The drop
in production resulting from these losses eventually led to a change
in Soviet policy. Under the new policy, production was stressed in
order to provide East German exports to the USSR as reparations pay-
ments. The new policy remained in effect until 1953, at which time
much of the control of industry passed to the East German government.
It is estimated that until this time 80 percent of the production of
telecommunications equipment went to the USSR.
Telecommunications equipment is produced by about 90
factories under the administrative control of the Ministry of General
Machine construction. El/ The diversity of production ranges from
simple electronic components to complex microwave radio relay facili-
ties. Because the USSR exerts strong influence on production schedules,
the trend has been to produce those items which the USSR has not been
able to produce in quantities sufficient for its own current needs or
items which it has not wanted to produce. Thus major items of produc-
tion for 195057 have been microwave. equipment, large radiobroadcasting.
transmitters, electron tubes, television receivers, and coaxial cable.
Because the control of the USSR over the East German economy has
lessened since 1953, this trend also has diminished.
The domestic production of the East German telecommunica-
tions industry Can provide the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
with all of its requirements for equipment. Whether the Ministry is
able to fill'these requirements depends on the aMount of current pro-
duction exported to the USSR, to other Satellites, and to non-Soviet
Bloc countries. Before 1953 the Ministry was unable to obtain much
of the equipment needed for domestic purposes. The bulk of equipment
that was obtained was used to provide or add to telecommunications
service for the Soviet army, the East German border police, the East
German army, and the East German Communist Party. Since 1953 the
needs of the Ministry have been more readily filled. The reduction
in Soviet demands probably contributed to this change.
Within the Soviet Bloc there is a growing movement toward
specialization in the development and production of telecommunications
apparatus by countries. In an agreement reached in 1956, East Germany
was to specialize in radio transmitters and receivers, Hungary in
carrier-frequency equipment, Czechoslovakia in television transmitters
and receivers; and the USSR in telephone apparatus. /1/ Progress in
implementing the agreement has been slow because of political disrup-
tions within the Satellites since the time of the agreement.
Production Plans reveal'substantial'acceleration.. In a
division of the Ministry of General Machine Construction, which pro-
duces most of the telecommunicatidns-eqUipment, an increase in produc-
tion of almost 200 percent is planned from 1955 to 1960. 12/ Planned
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production of television receivers for the same period of time shows
an increase of 900 percent. 11/ There are, however, some indications,
of lower production goals for 1958. IL)/ The reduced goals may be
applied to items such as television receivers and may therefore have
only a slight effect on the development of an expanded East German
telecommunications system.
2. Imports.
The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in East Ger-
many imports no telecommunications equipment from the Soviet Bloc
and little from the West.- Equipment from the West has included radio-
broadcasting transmitters, 75/ radiobroadcast receivers, 2.,/ antennas, 77/
and teletype apparatus 1.?_/ from West Germany and mobile television
equipment from the UK. 121/ Importation of telecommunications equip-
ment has been mainly on a unit basis.
The telecommunications equipment industry imports nearly
all of its raw materials and many of its electronic components.
Within the Soviet Bloc the USSR is the main source of raw materials,
followed by Poland. Outside the Bloc, Sweden has supplied capacitor
paper, tungsten, and molybdenum; Switzerland, fine precision wire;
Austria, tungsten; and the Netherlands,. electronic components.. 182/
Future imports of raw materials and electronic components probably
will increase from both Bloc and non-Bloc countries in order to ful-
fill plans to continue expansion of the telecommunications industry.
3. Exports.
The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications itself in
East Germany neither produces nor exports telecommunications equip-
ment. The Ministry does, however, send representatives to partici-
pate in trade negotiations, with other countries and may act as agent
for an importing country. In recent negotiations between Poland and
East Germany, for example, Poland requested that representatives of
the Ministry inspect equipment before shipment to Poland.
The telecommunications industry of East Germany exports
mainly to the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Exports include a wide variety of
items, ranging from electron tubes to equipment for complete tele-
communications networks. All Bloc countries, but principally the
USSR, have imported telecommunications equipment from East Germany.
Although the USSR no longer-demands 80 percent of the output as it
did before 1953, it still is the dominant purchaser of such equip-
ment as telecommunications cable and microwave radio relay equipment.
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Countries outside the Sino-Soviet Bloc have imported tele-
communications equipment from East Germany in recent years. Some of
these countries are Finland, Greece, Indonesia, the Netherlands, Sweden,
Turkey, West Germany, and Yemen. .?1,11/ The equipment imported by these
countries included radiobroadcasting transmitters, telephone facili-
ties, and telecommunications wire and cable.
Exports to Sino-Soviet Bloc countries probably will con-
tinue to grow as East German capacity improves. Future exports to
non-Bloc countries probably will increase in consonance with the
Soviet policy of penetration into non-Bloc markets.
4. Technology.
Research and development for the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications in East Germany is conducted by the Institute
for Post and Telecommunications Techniques and the Main Adminis-
tration for Radio and Television Technology. The Institute for
Post and Telecommunications Techniques is responsible for conduct-
ing technical experiments and developing improved equipment for
post and telecommunications services. The Main Administration for
Radio and Television Technology is responsible for research and
development in the field of broadcasting.
In addition to the above organization, each main admin-
istration of the Ministry contains a scientific-technical council.
Although little information is available as to the function of these
councils, they probably operate as groups for planning and coordinating
research for the many components of the main administrations.
Besides the research and development programs initiated
by and for the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, there are
also imposed research programs for projects involving more than one
'ministry. In these cases, direction and control of the project ,
usually is received by the Central Office for Research and Technology
through working groups. L3E/ These working groups are composed of
specialists representing the various fields of technology involved
in the project. In the field of telecommunications, one such work- .
ing group-had responsibility for "commercial telecommunications tech-
niques for frequencies over 100 megacycles." .?.3./ ,A report on a meet-
ing of this working group indicated that the meeting was attended by
representatives from the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,
from the Ministry of General Machine Construction, and from the In-
stitute for Nuclear Physics in Dresden. The procedure of the work-
ing group apparently was to assigna project to a scientist or tech-
nician who, after appropriate study, submitted a preliminary survey
report. On-the basis of this report the entire working group then
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decided which course
research organizatio
project.
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to follow in carrying out the project and which
ns were to undertake the various phases of the
A few of
the Second Five Year
a.
g?
the many projects proposed for development under
.Plan (1956-60) are the following:
Carrier-frequency equipment for use with tele-
communications cables, the project to be com-
pleted by 1957. 20.j
Coaxial cable equipment for-use with micro-
wave radio relay circuits.
Equipment and instruments for television
studios. ,L3W
Television facilities for industrial applica-
tions, the project to be completed by
1957. L32/
Color television transmitting facilities, the
project to be completed by 1960. Lqgl
Remote monitoring and emergency switchover
facilities for microwave radio relay cir-
cuits. .?2/
Very high frequency (VHF) point-to-point
radio equipment for the East German rail-
road system. 22/
h. Telephone terminal equipment with a capacity
of 120 channels fOr microwave radio relay
circuits. 21/
This list of projects for research and development is extensive. De-
fection of scientists and engineers and shortages of materials and
equipment have heretofore retarded the initiation or completion of the
projects. Furthermore, Soviet policy generally does not encourage
the development of scientific competence in East Germany. 2,2/ These
factors can be expected to continue to influence adversely the pro-
gress of future research and development.
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III. Postal System.
Postal service is available throughout East Germany. Every com-
munity is served either by a post office or by a postal station. In
1953, for example, there were 9,782 communities in East Germany ser-
viced by 9,835 postal installations. Di A complete breakdown of
post offices for 1950-57 is shown in Table 9.*
The volume of postal service in East Germany, shown in Table 104H(-
has increased steadily since 1950. Letter volume has increased little,
but more substantial growths have occurred in money order, package,
and periodical and newspaper volumes. With the decrease in popula-
tion in East Germany since 1950,, postal volumes per person have in-
creased more than the data in the table indicate.
Organizational control of the postal system in East Germany rests
with the Main Administration for Post and Telecommunications within
the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. .9J.:1/ Established in
1949, this administration has the following departments and offices:
Legal Department
Postal Service Department
Foreign Postal Service Department
Postal Newspaper Department
Postal Checking Office
Postal Savings Office
Postal Newspaper Office
In addition to the functions implied by the titles of the above
offices, the Main Adminidtration for Post and Telecommunications
has charge of personnel, planning, parcel post, and railroad and
motor vehicle transportation of postal material.
The postal administration in East Germany also provides postal
money order, checking, and savings services for the economy. The
volumes of activity in postal checking and postal savings are shown
in Table 11.xxx
On 1 October 1956 a new and reduced schedule of international
postal rates was put into effect. The new rates, shown in Table 12,xxxx
represent a substantial reduction in the prices charged for inter-
national postal service. The largest reductions were in airmail and
parcel post rates, which were reduced about 33 percent.t 95/
Table 9 follows on p. 29.
-X-X? Table 10 follows on p. 30.
*** Table 11 follows on p..31.
**** Table 12 follows on.p. 32.
Continued on p. 34.
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Table 9
Estimated Number of Post Offices of the, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1950-57
Units
Main post offices
Post offices ,
Branch post offices
Postal stations, Class I
Postal stations, Class II
Auxiliary postal stations
Total
1950
1951 2/
1952 2/
1953 2/
1954 2/
1955 2/
1956 2/
1957 12/
122 2/
100 2/
1,655 2/
1,960 2/
3,380 E/
1600 .2/
8,817 2/
126
- 214
1,561
1,910
3,644
1,533
8,988
129
503
1,288
1,891
4,235
1,384
9,)430
129
- 727
1,064
1,911
4,946
1,058
9,835
129
561
1,251
1,936
5,968
745
10,590
129
552
1,231
1,990
6,570
637
11,109
129
595
1,203
1,990
6,819
557
11,293
129
638
1,175.
1,990
7,068
477
11,)477
a. 11,/
b. Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase or decrease shown between 1955 and 1956.
C. Extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
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Table 10
Estimated Postal Volume of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany 2/
1950-57
Million Units
1950
1951
1952
1953
195.4
1955
1956
1957
Letters
1,142 12/
1,12812/
1,124 12/
1,17612/
1,256 12/
1,28212/
1,281 12/
1,280
Money orders (regular money
orders and post card money
orders)
27b/
2712/
28 b/
3012/
31..i2/
33 12/
36 12/
38 c/
Packages,
31 12/
28 12/
29 12/
30 12/
34 12/
34 12/
36 12/
37/2/
Newspapers and periodicals
1,46412/
1,456 12/
1,651 12/
1,728 12/
1,877 12/
1,974 12/
2,08912/
2,205 s/
Total
2,66k
2,60
2,833
2,963
3,198
3,322
3,42
3,561
a. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
b 22/
c, Extrapolated'by applying the absolute increase or decrease shown between 1955 and 1956.
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Table 11
Estimated Postal Checking and Postai 'Savings Activity of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1950-57
Unit
1950 2/
1951 2/
1952 2/
1953 2/ 1954 2/
1955 2/
1956 2/
1957 12/
Postal checking accounts
Total accounts
Thousand.
347 -.
235 *
221
203. 198
194
.189
184
Yearly average balance
Million current DME
565
408
' 322
289 ' 275
251
.202:
152
,
Deposits
Million
36
33 -
. 31
29. 29
29
30
32
Million current DME
15,500
13,800
14,300
15,400 16,300
11,100
8,600
6,100
Withdrawals
Million
26
21
19
i6, 17
18
. 18
-18
Million current DME
15,600
13,900
14,200
15,400', 16,300
11,200
8,600
6,000
Postal sayings accounts'
Total accounts
Thousand
323
413
545
611.6' 778
934
1,078
- 1,223
Yearly average balance
Million current DME
35
46 .
76.
89., 123
152
202
253
Deposits
Thousand 406
,.532
780
804 1,116
1,313
1,613
1,914
Thousand current DME 45,200
61,100
108,300:
108,300 157,500
206,200
266,400
326,600
Withdrawals
Thousand
625
940--
1,386,.
1,569 1,941
2,223
2,341
2,459
Thousand current. EME 35,700
49,600 .
78,400
95,500 ,123,700
177,300
215,700
254,100
a. L./
b. Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase or decrease shown between 1955 and 1956.
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Table 12
International Postal Rates
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany 2../
1956
Rate
(Pfennigs)
Letters up to 20 grams
?5
Each additional 20 grams or part thereof
15
Postcards
15
With prepaid rply card
30
Commercial papers up to 50 grams
10
Each additional 50 grams or part thereof
5
Printed matter up to 50 grams
10
Each additional 50 grams or part thereof
5
Printed matter at a reduced rate per 50 grams
, 5
Samples up to 50 grams
10
Each additional 50 grams or part thereof
5
Mixed mail up to 50 grams
10
Each additional 50 grams or part thereof
5
Minimum rate for mail also containing
commercial paper
25
Small parcels per 50 grams
10
Minimum
50
Registration
50
a. Effective as of 1 Octpber 1956. 22/
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Table. 12
International Postal Rates
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1956
(Continued)
Rate
(Pfennigs)
Insured letters
Registration rate 50
Insurance rate per 300 gold francs
of declared value 4o
Insured parcels per 50 grams or part thereof 20
Minimum
Registration
Insured packages
100
50
Handling charges 4o
Insurance rate per 200 gold francs
of declared value 4o
Rates for payment of duty
Letters
Packages
Special delivery rates
Letters
Packages
Rates for Withdrawal and changes of address
of letters and packages.
Application rate
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30
60
50
60
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Table 12
International Postal Rates:
of the Ministry Of Post and Telecommunications:
in East Germany
1956'
(Continued)
Inquiries and information calls
Letter's and packages
Return receipts
When demanded later:
Packing. Costs for packages
Notice of inability to deliver
Rate
(Pfennigs)
4o
30
No important changes in the East German postal service are ex-
pected to occur in the coming years. This service ProbablYmill-con-
tinue to grow and to meet the needs of the East German'
IV. Telephone and Telegraph System.
The Minister of-Post and Telecommunications is charged with the
over-all responsibility for providing public telephone and telegraph
services in East Germany. The Main Administration for Telecommunica-
tions performs the planning, installation, operation, and maintenance
functibns for the Ministry. Telephone and telegralth service's arepro-
vided by an extensive wireline and cable network. Point-to-point
radio facilities are, in the main, utilized to provide international
communications. The system as currently constituted: meetsthe heeds
of the government, but service available to private consumers is not
extensive.
A. Telephone.
Telephone service is the principal domestic telecommunica-
tions service used in East Germany. This service is available in
all parts of the country. A high proportion of the telephone
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exchanges in use in urban areas are autOmatic, whereas those in rural -
areas are mainly manual. Interurban facilities are for the most part
manually operated.:.
1. Local.
Table 13 and Table 14* show the total number of local
telephone exchanges, the total capacity of these exchanges, and the
total number of telephone subscriber lines and thus give some indi-
cation of the amount of available telephone service in East Germany.
Table 13
-Estimated Telephone Exchange-Capacity
ar4liumber,of Main Subscriber Lines
of the ..Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in :East Germany;
1950-57
:Thousand Units
Year
Telephone Exchange Capacity
(Lines)
Main Subscriber Lines
in- Use
Automatic
Manual
Total_
1950
1951
1952
1951.
1954
1955. '
1956
1957 -.
414 2/
417 2/
--448-2/.,
--482 2/.
_505-2/.
H:520 2/-
J.-532:W -
559 12/
66 2/
69 2/
71 a/.
70.2/
.64 a/
58 2/
55 I/
49.s/
48o
486
.519
'552
'569.
.578 -
587. c/
. 608 2/.
357 2/
378 a/
-.401-2/.?
.457.11.-
481 .2./:
5.06/..
-531.2/
a. 100/
b. Manual telephone :exchange capacity subtracted-from-
total telephone exchange capacity.
C. 101/
(1, 102/ ?
e. Assuming:.the same growth as-in 1955756.
* Table 14 follows on p. 36.
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Table 14
Estimated Number of Local Telephone Exchanges
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1950-57
Units
Year
Local Telephone Exchanges
Automatic
Manual
Total
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1,017 2/
1,027 2/
1,030 2/
1,053 a/
1,097 2/
1,156 2/
1,194 a/
1,232 2/
524 pi
52112/
52312/
504 b/
463 Ei
403 pi
37212/
341 2/
1,541 12/
1,548 12/
1,55312/
1,557 12/
1,560 12/
1,559 12/
1,566 b/
1,573 s/
a. Total telephone exchanges minus manual
telephone exchanges.
b. 103/
c. Extrapolated by applying the absolute in-
crease or decrease shown between 1955 and 1956.
Automatic telephone exchanges are used to provide most
of the urban telephone servide in East Germany. In 1950, 66 per-
cent of the exchanges and 86 percent of the total subscriber line
capacity available were provided by automatic equipment. In 1957,
78 percent of the total telephone exchanges and more than 92 per-
-cent of the total subscriber line capacity available were provided
by automatic equipment. At the same time, use of manual telephone
exchange equipment has been declining. Plans indicate, a continua-
tion in the automation of.urban and rural telephone exchanges. 104/
The total number of main telephone subscriber lines*
increased 49 percent during 1950-57. The growth of main telephone
subscriber lines has not kept pace with East German plans. For
example, a total of 157,000 main subscriber lines was to be added
during 1950-55, but Only 122,000lines were provided. 105/ This
deficit of 35,000 lines was not made up until some time in 1957.
* Figures in this report do not give the number of subscribers or
the number of telephone instruments in use. The number of multiple-
party lines in use also is not known.
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A comparison of the total number of main subscriber lines
with the total telephone exchange capacity (total number of line posi-
tions) gives some indication of telephone exchange utilization. Tele-
phone exchange capacity was used no less than 74 percent in 1950.
This usage increased to a minimum of 87 percent in 1957. The percent-
age of use of telephone exchange capacity in 1957 thus shows improve-
ment over that in 1950, and further improvement appears to be forth-
coming in the light of the East German plan target of 93 percent by
the end of 1960. 106/ Some excess capacity in telephone exchanges
is necessary to take care of emergency requirements and to permit
rapid reestablishment of service after equipment failures.
Delays in placing telephone calls occur in spite of the
existence of excess capacity. The lack of adequate capability for
local exchange switching appears to be a primary reason for delays
experienced in the placement of local telephone calls. Unreliable
or Obsolete switching equipment, possible overloading of main sub-
scriber lines, and the lack of adequately trained manpower also could
be responsible for the poor performance of the local telephone system.
The average waiting time involved in completing local telephone calls
is shown as follows 107/:
Average Waiting Time
Year (Minutes)
1950 30.0
1953 25.5
1954 22.7
1955 18.3
Delay in placing local telephone calls was reduced by about 4o per-
cent between 1950 and 1955, but even the 1955 figure of 18.3 minutes
is inordinately high for the amount of automatic telephone equipment
in use.
The number of local telephone calls completed during
1950-56 is shown as follows 108/:
Year
Local Telephone Calls
(Million)
1950
644.2
1951
658.5
1952
714.3
1953
718.4
1954
771.0
1955
770.2
1956
772.9
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The number of local telephone calls completed in 1956 was 20 percent
_greater:than the. number completed in.1950., During the sathe period,
total telephone exchange capacity increased 22 percent.. Growth in
number of local telephonecalls,:therefore,:seem8Hto..be closely re-
lated to growth inthe capacity, of local telephone exchanges
Private consumer use of telephone service is extremely
limited. In 1956, only 5 percent of the telephone subscriber lines,
of East Germany were connected to private residences. 109/ Even
with the inclusion of 18,000 telephone booths the total figure shows
a low level of availability of telephone service to the public. 110/
By the end of 1960, only 18 percent of the total number of telephone
subscriber 'lines are to be available for private use, and only a 23-
percent increase in the number of telephone booths is planned. 111/
The planned growth, therefore, does not provide for much improvement
in telephone service for private consumers.
2. Interurban.
Interurban telephone calls are predominantly handled
through manually operated exchanges located in the principal cities
of East Germany. At the beginning of 1957, only 2 perceht of inter-
urban service was provided by automatic equipment. 112/ Table 15*
shows the number of interurban telephone exchanges; the number of
operator switchboard positions available, and the total number of
telephone calls handled through interurban exchanges.
The number of interurban telephone exchanges decreased
4 percent during 1950-57, but the' number of switchboard positions
increased 33 percent, and the number of interurban telephone calls
increased by about 40 percent. In spite of the growth in switchboard
positions, delays are still encountered in placing interurban tele-
phone calls. The extent of this delay is shown as follows 113/:
Average Waiting Time
Year (Minutes)
1950
62.6
1953
58.2
1954
51.4
1955
45.3
The use of manual interurban,switchboards and the lack of adequate
direct interurban lines are largely responsible. for this poor per-
formance. 114/
* Table 15 follows on p. 39.
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Table 15 ,
Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Exchanges,
Switchboard Positions, and Telephone Calls
of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
-1950-57
Interurban Telephone Exchanges
Interurban Telephone
Switchboard Calls
Year Units Positions (Million)
1950 175 2/ 1,921 2/
1951 12/ 173 2,-007
195212/ '171 - 2,093-
1953 b/ 170 2,202
1954 12/ 169 2,299
1955 12/ 169 2,405
195612/ 168 2,477
1957 : i68/ 2,5#9 '
88.6 12/
95.0
98.5
101.0
110.3
115.4
119.3
123.2 2/
a. Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase or de-
crease shown between 1952 and. 1951 to 1951-50.
b. 115/
c, Assuming no change from 1956 to 1957. -
d. Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase or de-
crease shown between 1955 and 1956.
Plans are being developed for the introduction of auto-
matic interurban switching equipment. 116/ The use of this equip-
ment should improve speed of service without any appreciable increase
in the number of interurban switchboard positions now installed.
Quantity use of automatic interurban switching equipment is not ex-
pected until after 1960.
In 1955, only 10 percent of the available interurban
telephone channels provided immediate direct connections. 117/
Additional interurban facilities .are necessary if waiting time
caused by this deficiency is to be overcome.
The Ministry of Post and Telecommunications appears to
recognize the need for improved interurban telephone services.
Plans include the expanded Use of coaxial and multiconductor cable
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as well as microwave radio relay apparatus. Equipment for multiply-
ing circuit capacity, of 60- and 120-channel capacity, is to be used
more widely after 1958. 118/
_
B. Telegraph.
The telegraph system in East Germany uses the same wireline
network that is employed for telephone service. The two main types
of telegraph services are regular telegraph and TELEX. These ser-
vices are available throughout East Germany. Facsimile service is
not Widely used domestically but is to be available between Berlin
and the districts of East Germany during the period of the Second
Five Year Plan. 119/
1. Regular.
Regular telegraph service plays a role subordinate to
telephone service in East Germany. The telegraph network uses
modern teletype apparatus, but the switching of traffic is done
manually. Telegraph offices generally are located in the same
buildings as telephone exchanges.
An average of 8 million telegrams per year was handled
during 1950-57 (see Table 16*). The absence of significant growth
in telegraph service probably is attributable to the predominating
role of telephone service and to the expanding use of TELEX service.
No evidence is available to suggest the intention to
expand and to improve regular telegraph service in the immediate
future. East German plans do, however, provide for the conversion
of the present manually operated switching system to a system of
full automatic operation some time after 1959. With the introduc-
tion of automatic switching equipment the transit time for telegrams
between cities is to be reduced to 10 minutes by 1960. ES/ Not
much improvement in the efficiency of the East German telegraph ser-
vice can be expected until automatic switching equipment is installed.
Improvement in speed of service may encourage greater use of tele-
graph service.
2. TELEX.
A subscriber telegraph network with manual switching was
in operation in Germany before World War II. 121/ The portion of
this network located in East Germany was rehabilitated for use dur-
ing the period following the end of the war. Beginning in 1955,
* Table 16 follows on p: 41.
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Table 16
Estimated Number of Telegrams Transmitted over Facilities.
Operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1950-57
Million Units
Year Telegrams
1950 ,9.8 a/
1951 7.8 a/
1952 7.3 2/
1953 7.6 2/
1954 7?5W
1955 7.6 a/
1956 8.0
1957 8.4 13/
a. 122/
b. Extrapolated by applying the absolute increase or de-
crease shown between 1955 and 1956.
the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications began to install a fully
automatic subscriber network known as TELEX. 123/ This automatic
network is centered on both Berlin and Leipzig as the primary auto-
matic relay stations. The map, Figure 4,* shows the primary relay
stations, the secondary relay stations, and the installed and
planned substations of the TELEX network.
Table 17** shows the number of TELEX exchanges and the
number of subscribers connected to these exchanges. The number of
subscribers is estimated to have grown more than 160 percent during
1952-57. According to the Second Five Year Plan, the number of sub-
scribers is to be 275 percent higher in 1960 than in 1955. 124/
This increase, based upon estimates of the number of current sub-
scribers, would amount to more than 4,500 subscribers by 1960. Other
information (which is questionable) puts the figure at 8,000 sub-
scribers by 1960. 125/ In either case, considerable eXpansion of
the preSent system is planned.
* Inside back cover.
** Table 17 follows on p. 42.
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Table 17
?:Estimated Number ofExchanges And SUbscriber6
? in the Subscriber Telegraph Network
of the 'Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
in East Germany
1952-57
Units
Year
Exchanges
Subscribers
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
10
12
15
15
18
24
12/
651
792
955-
1,217
1,284
1,704 c/
a. 126/
b. 127/
,c.. Computed, using the same ratio of sub-
scribers to exchanges (71 to l'Yas'that esti-
mated for 1956.
The TELEX network affords much greater speed and efficiency
than was possible with the manual system The manual system required
about 20 minutes to-complete a connection-between Schwerin and Leipzig,
whereas the new automatic equipment requires less than 1 minute for.
the same connection. 128/ The time saved increases traffic-capacity,
the net effect of which is to increase revenue and to reduce operating
costs.
Impetus for the establishment of the TELEX system was given
by the machine tractor stations. The system eventually? will include ? a
facility at each machine tractor station. 129/ Decentralization of
East German industry undoubtedly will enlarge the need for this service.
The TELEX system provides a rapid direct telegraph service,
for use by government and industry,-between subscriberAwho require
rapid record service.* It is expected, therefore, that continued em-
phasis will be placed on the expansion and improvement of this important
service. The system is interconnected with the international TELEX
network.
* The term record service denotes those telecommunications services
which result in a written copy of the information transmitted.
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C. Common Telephone and Telegraph Facilities.
The telephone and telegraph services of the Ministry of Post
and Telecommunications in East Germany are provided largely by com-
mon facilities consisting of Wireline, microwave radio relay, and
point-to-point radio networks. :The wireline network, backed up by
the microwave radio relay network, is'the-backboneof the East German
telecommunications system. The wireline network is used primarily
for domestic and international telephone anditelegraphtraffic. The
microwave radio relay,network is used forinterurban relay of tele-
vision programs and other telecommunications services. The point-
to-point radio network is used primarily for the conduct of inter-
national- telecommunications service.
1. Wireline.
.
The Post and Telecommunications, through the
Main Administration for Telecommunications, operates the major wire-
line network of East.Germany. Other government agencies and.the
groups of Soviet Forces in Germany operate their own wireline net-
works in addition:to-leasing Ministry, facilities. .130/ The Minis-
try wireline network is used for the transmission of telephone and
telegraph traffic and is capable of meeting the minimum domestic
and international requirements of East Germany. The routes of the
network generally parallel major highways, except the Autobahns,
and Consist of open wirelines and aerial and underground tulticon-
ductOr and coaxial cables. These line facilities extend throughout
the country, with some international connections to adjacent coun-
tries. 131/ Copper, copper alloy, aluminum, and iron wire are used
for open wirelines, whereas copper and aluminum conduCtOrS are used
for muiticonductor and coaxial' cable lines. 132/
The long-distance, high-capacity portion Of the network'
utilizes underground multiconductor and coaxial cables, which pro-
vide telephone and telegraph Services to all major cities and towns.: -
There are estimated to have been 7,990 kilometers (Km) of operational
long-distance multiconductor and coaxial cable line in 1951. 133/
Since this date, there has been no appreciable addition to these long-
distance lines..
The short-distance, low-capacity portion of the network
uses feeder lines consisting mostly of open wire, which connect with -
the main long-distance lines. 134/ The map, Figure 5,* shows the
principal wirelines of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications-
*.Inside back cover;
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_Circuits of varying capacity are used in the wireline
network. Underground multiconductor cable lines contain from 60 to
more than 400 pairs of wire. The majority of these lines, however,
contain less than 150 pairs. Major underground multiconductor cable
lines with more than 400 pairs of wire exist between Potsdam and
Magdeburg and between Berlin and Leipzig. 135/ Multiplex apparatus
providing 8, 12, 15, or 24 telephone channels is used to increase the
capacity of open wireline and multiconductor cable lines. 136/
During World II the wireline facilities of East Ger-
many were seriously damaged. Immediately following the war the Soviet
occupation forces dismantled and shipped to the USSR a substantial
part of the then existing telephone and telegraph facilities. The
remaining facilities were rehabilitated and were employed to meet
Soviet needs as well as those of the newly established East German
government. 137/
Beginning with the First Five Year Plan. (1951-55), the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications undertook the systematic ex-
pansion of wireline network capacity. This expansion was achieved,
through the rehabilitation and more efficient utilization of existing
wireline facilities. During this period, there was a minimum of new
wireline construction. 138/
The Second Five Year Plan calls for further expansion
and modernization of wireline facilities. Fulfillment of the plan.
in 1960 should effect an increase in telephone and telegraph circuit
capacity. 139/ Increased circuit capacity will be achieved by im-
provement of and additions to existing wirelines, use of coaxial
cable, and the introduction of 14- and 17-pair high-capacity carrier-
frequency cable.* Full utilization of the capacity of this kind of
cable will be made possible by the introduction of 607 and 120-channel
carrier-frequency telephone equipment. Some time after 1960, 240-
channel equipment will be introduced. 140/ Both coaxial and multi-
cOnductor cable ,are used in the "Ring Around Berlin" network. This
network provides telephone service and is used., to bypass West Berlin
and to Isolate it from the surrounding Soviet,Zone. Laying of cable
for this network began in early 1955 and was completed late that
year. 141/
Expansion of the wireline network, as proposed in the
Second Five Year Plan, is to be achieved without an increase in the
labor force. This plan by itself appears to be unrealistic in the
face of known shortages of skilled telecommunications personnel. The
shortages have already given rise to difficulties in the operation of
the 'present network. 142/
* The East German carrier-frequency cable consists of a number of
pairs of wire plus one coaxial tube. Two cables are laid in parallel
to provide a two-way circuit.
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East German export commitments appear to be draining off
certain types of equipment necessary for the realization of some plan
goals. For example, it is reported that the Kabelwerk Oberspree plant
located in Berlin/Oberschoeneweide has been instructed to ship to -
Rumania its entire output of certain types of carrier-frequency tele-
phone cable which had been earmarked for use in the expansion program
for 1957. In consequence of this diversion, the Ministry canceled all
1957 plans for expanding the use of this type of cable. 143/
Shortages of .competent personnel, equipment, and materials
will probably prevent complete fulfillment of the goals of the Second
r Five Year Plan for expanding the wireline network.
2. Microwave.
Since 1951, East Germany has used microvave radio relay
networks to supplement the existing wireline network. 144/ Presently.
there are two fixed microwave radio relay networks in the country. -
One is controlled and operated by the Ministry of Post and Telecom-
munications, and the other is controlled and operated by the Party
Central Committee for joint use with the Garrisoned Peoples Police
(KVP). 145/ ?
a. Ministry of Post and Telecommunications Network.
The microwave radio relay network of the Ministry of
Post and Telecommunications in East Germany was started in 1951 with
the construction of a 28-km line, used exclusively for telephone ser-
vice, between Nauen and Berlin. 146/ About 1 year later a 13-km line,
used exclusively for connecting the television studio in Berlin/
Adlershof with the television transmitter located at the Stadthaus
in East Berlin, was completed. 147/ By 1956 the network consisted
of 1,060 km of line. In addition, 370 km were planned for completion
during 1957. 148/ Further plans call for the completion, by the end
of 1958, of microwave radio relay lines between Berlin and principal
cities in all districts. 149/ The map, Figure 6,* shows lines com-
pleted, under construction, and planned through 1957.
Before 1956 the microwave radio relay network of the
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications used equipment which provided
up to 8 and possibly 16 telephone channels. Alternatively, each
telephone channel was capable of handling three simultaneous tele-
type channels by the introduction of carrier apparatus. New equip-
ment having a capacity of 24 telephone channels is under development
for use on the expanded network in 1958. 150/
* Inside back cover.
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The lack of progress made in the expansion and moderni-
zation of the microwave radio relay network of the Ministry of Post
and Telecommunications as well as of the entire telecommunications
system has been subject to frequent criticism. 151/ The major causes
of the lack of progress seem to be the use of low-capacity, obsolete
equipment and the lack of qualified telecommunications personnel. 152/
It is doubtful that the expansion and modernization of the microwave
network will be accomplished as planned unless these problems are
overcome. 153/
* Inside back cover.
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3. Point-to-Point Radio.
The extensive wireline and microwave radio relay networks
of East Germany make it unnecessary for the Ministry of Post and Tele-
communications to use domestic point-to-point radio facilities.
International point-to-point radio facilities are located
near Berlin, with the transmitting station at Koenigs Wusterhausen
and the receiving station at Beelitz. International point-to-point
radiotelegraph circuits exist to all Soviet Bloc countries. Direct
circuits are planned to Buenos Aires, Santiago (Chile), Rio de Janeiro,
New York, Ottawa, Djakarta, Bangkok, Manila, and Beirut. International
telegraph service to the Middle East is now routed through Switzerland,
and service to other parts of the world is available through Amsterdam
and Paris. 164/
Additional plans call for direct international radiotele-
phone service. 165/ There are indications that the radio station
being rebuilt at Nauen will provide this service. 166/
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V. Broadcasting System.,
The East German broadcasting system is composed of radio, wire-
diffusion, and television broadcasting networks. Of these, the
domestic radiobroadcasting network, which includes both AM and FM
stations, is the most extensive. AM radiobroadcasting coverage ex-
tends to all areas of the country and is considered adequate. FM
radiobroadcasting coverage is more limited, however, and further ex-
pansion of FM facilities is planned. International radiobroadcasting
coverage, aimed primarily at West Germany, is provided by a small net-
work of AM radiobroadcasting stations. This network is supplemented
by powerful domestic radiobroadcasting stations which reach beyond
the borders of East Germany.
The wire-diffusion network of East Germany is of little signifi-
cance and is restricted primarily to industrial plants. No signifi-
cant expansion of this network is expected in the near future,
? The East German television network is less extensive than the
radiobroadcasting network. The television network, however, is
rapidly' being expanded for both domestic coverage and for coverage
of West German areas bordering on East Germany.
A. ,Radiobroadcasting.
East Germany has one of the most progressive domestic radio-
broadcasting networks in Europe. The network, centered on East
Berlin, provides either AM or FM radiobroadcast coverage for all
areas of the country. Each major city, as shown on the map, Figure 7,*
has either an AM or an FM radiobroadcasting station, and most cities
have both types of stations.
In 1957, there were 21 domestic AM radiobroadcasting stations
a
in operation in East Germany, 167/ as Shown in Table 18.** Of these,
19 used medium-frequency transmissions ranging from 520 to 1,322 kilo-
cycles (kc), and 2 used low-frequency transmissions of 185 and 263 kc.
No high-frequency transmissions are utilized in the domestic radio-
broadcasting effort. The power output of transmitters employed ranges
from 5 kilowatts (kw) at-the Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz) station to
500 kw*** at the Berlin (Gruenau/Koepenick) station, with the majority
of stations using transmitters with a power output of 20 kw.
Inside back cover.
** Table 18 follows on p., 49.
*** Using transmitters with outputs connected in tandem.
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Table 18
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcasting Stations
and Radiobroadcast Receivers
in East Germany 2../
1950-57
Units
Year
AM Stations
FM Stations
Receivers
(Million)
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1212/
17 12/
17
17 12/
21W
21/
2112/
2112/
1 2/
2J
3 1/
5 51
9W
11 1/
13 1/
14 12/
3.49 El/
3.81 1/
4.21 El/
4.51 EV
4.78 El/
5.01 51/
5.22 LI/
5.61 1/
a. All data are rounded to three significant
digits.
b. 168/
c. 169/
d. 170/
e. 171/
f. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression.
g. 172/
h. 173/
i. 174/
j. The 1957 production of radiobroadcast re-
ceivers was planned to be 600,000, of which
210,000 were to be exported. 212/ Adding the
remainder, assumed to be for domestic use, to
the 1956 figure gives the 1957 figure.
FM radiobroadcasting stations, numbering 14 in 1957, trans-
mit on frequencies ranging from 89.2 megacycles (mc) to 97.6 mc.
The power output of these stations, because of line-of-sight charac-
teristics of transmission is low in comparison with AM stations,
ranging from 3 to 10 kw. 176/
Modern equipment is employed in both AM and FM radiobroad-
casting stations, and maintenance of the equipment is considered'
adequate. Almost all of the equipment used is manufactured domes-
tically and is considered to be of high quality.
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.1
Programs for domestic radiobroadcasting originate both at the
central studios in East Berlin and at the studios of local stations. 177/
Programs produced in East Berlin are transmitted over wirelines to local
stations for rebroadcasting. There are three national programs origi- r
nating in East Berlin: Program I, "Radio DER"; Program II, "Berliner
Rundfunk"; and Program III, "Deutschlandsender." In addition, special
programs are produced in East Berlin studios and relayed throughout
the country. Local programs, including news, economic and agricul-
tural information, and cultural subjects, are prepared locally, but
they must be reviewed by central authorities in East Berlin before
use. All programs transmitted over the domestic radiobroadcasting
network are in German.
The 5.61 million radiobroadcast receivers which are estimated
to have been in East Germany in 1957, as shown in Table 18,* provide
sufficient reception potential for the entire population. The ma-
jority of these receivers are confined to the reception of AM radio-
broadcasts. Although the present number of FM receivers is believed
to be smaY1, the expansion of FM transmission .facilities indicates
that future increases in radiobroadcast receivers will be heavily
oriented toward FM receivers. East Germany has the largest number
of radiobroadcast receivers per person in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. .
The international radiobroadcasting effort of East Germany
is divided among the four high-frequency radiobroadcasting stations
designed specificaliy for this service and those domestic radio-
broadcasting stations which have sufficient power to. transmit pro-
grams beyond the East German border. Three of the 4 international
high-frequency stations are located in East Berlin, and 1 is located
at Leipzig. The primary target of the international radiobroadcast-
ing effort of East Germany is directed toward West Germany. As pro-
grams from most of the more powerful domestic stations can be re-
ceived in West Germany, the four international stations are con-
sidered to be adequate.
B. Wire Diffusion.
The wire-diffusion network in East Germany is believed to
be confined primarily to loudspeaker systems in industrial plants.
Some attempts have been made since 1954 to expand this-broadcast-
ing medium to other areas of the economy, particularly to rural
areas, but little progress has been evident to date. 178/ The Second
Five Year Plan indicates an intention to place some emphasis on the
construction of a wire-diffusion network. 179/ Construction priority
for the network is unknown, but it is believed that this priority will
not be high for the following two reasons:
* P. 49, above.
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(1) East Germany has an extensive AM radiobroad-
casting network and is .expanding FM broad-
casting facilities...
(2) Television has been receiving considerable
emphasis, and this emphasis is expected. to
continue;
'The possibility of establishing an extensive wire-diffusion network,'
therefore, appears remote, 'in spite of East German plans.
C. Television.
The first East German television station began operation in
December 1952 from East Berlin. 180/ As shown in Table 19, the tele-
vision network by the end of 1957had been expanded to include nine
stations. These stations, shown on the map, Figure 7,* served
125,000 television receivers.
- Table 19
Estimnted Number of Television Stations and Television Receivers
in East Germany
1952-57
Units
Year
Television
Stations
Television
Receivers 2/
1952
112/
N.A.
1953.
2J
N.A.
1954 -
2,310!!'
1955
81/
13,600!!'
1956
9/
70,600 2/
1957
9h/
125,000 1/
a. All, data are rounded to three significant digits.
b. 181
c. 1 2/
d. 183/
e. 184/
f. 185
g. 1 /
h. 187/
i. 188/
* Inside back cover.
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All television stations are interconnected with the main
studios in East Berlin -by means of microwave radio relay facili-
ties. 189/ It is believed that the majority of the programs origi-
nate from studios in East Berlin and that individual stations have
only limited facilities for local programming. 122/
In early 1957 the East German television network began the
conversion of transmission standards from Soviet Bloc standards to
Western European standards.* 121/ This conversion of transmission
standards enabled West German viewers to receive East German pro-
grams with no modification of receivers. East German receivers,
however, required a slight modification in order to receive trans-
missions based on the Western European standard. In addition to
the conversion, East Germany increased the power of the television
transmitter in East Berlin and of the transmitters located near the
borders of West Germany at Schwerin, Inselsberg, and Brocken. 122/
The primary purpose of the change in East German television trans-
mission standards and of the increases in the power of transmitters
located near the West German border appears to be propaganda pene-
tration. Television penetration, however, is not restricted to West
Germany, because East German viewers near the border can in turn re-
ceive West German programs.
Since 1 May 1957, there have been periodic exchanges of "live"
television programs between Czechoslovakia /and East Germany. These
program exchanges are the first in the over-all plan for the inter-
connection of the television networks of the USSR and the European
Satellites. 193/
Future telev,ision developments in East Germany most likely
will be directed toward increasing the coverage of the country through
the establishment of television relay stations. Long-range plans re-
portedly call for a total of 40 television towers for the transmission
band relay of programs. 194/ Color television development appears to
be in the initial stages, but hope has been expressed that a color
television station will be in operation by 1960. 195/ Emphasis in
the future can also be expected to be directed toward increasing
the effectiveness of television penetration of West Germany through
increases in the number and power of transmitters and through improve-
ments in program content to attract larger audiences.
* In order to change from Soviet Bloc to Western European standards,
it is only necessary to decrease the frequency spacing between the
audio and video carriers from 6.5 mc to 5.5 mc.
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VI. Future Trends.
Future trends in the development and growth of the public post
and telecommunications sector of the, East German economy defy ac-
curate prediction. Past performance shows an appreciable negative
spread between intentions as revealed in plans and plan fulfillment
as revealed in performance. Perhaps the major factor in the per-
sistence of this spread has been the Soviet policy of suppression.
Soviet influence on the direction of the East German economy, some-
times suddenly and arbitrarily exercised, has disrupted in unpredict-
able ways the implementation of East German plans and intentions.
This factor has directly affected the interests of the Ministry of
Post and Telecommunications and may be weighed against admitted and
deduced deficiencies in facilities, operations, and services of the
Ministry to yield some rational, though speculative, estimates of
future trends.
Estimates of future trends, therefore, are based on qualitative
and quantitative analysis of recent trends, on announced plans and
objectives, on admitted deficiencies, and on performance. It is
believed that future courses of action of the Ministry of Post and
Telecommunications will be as follows:
1. It is certain that there will be an increased
number of television receivers in use.
2. It is certain that there will be an increased
number of radiobroadcast receivers in use
capable of receiving FM broadcasts.
3. It is certain that there will be a continued
enlargement of the capacity of interurban
telephone and telegraph facilities.
4. It is certain that there will be a continued
application of automation and mechanization
to post and telecommunications processes.
It is certain that there will be a continued
growth in TELEX service, both in use of ser- -
vice and in number of subscribers.
6. It is certain that there will be improved train-
ing of workers.
It is almost certain that there will be improved
service area coverage of television transmission.
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8. It is almost certain that there will be an ex-
pansion of the FM radiobroadcasting trans-
mission base.
9. It is almost certain that there will be a con-
tinued. effort to reduce labor turnover.
10. It is probable that there will be a continued
very slow rate of growth in the number of
private' telephone subscribers:
U. It is Probable that there will be a continued'
effort to reduce the number of employees through
elimination or absorption of jobs..
12. It is possible that there will be an increased
investment in telecommunications resources if
a greater portion of domestic production can
be used.
13. It is possible that there will be development of
the wire-diffusion broadcasting service.
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS'
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude (amplitude) by other frequencies
that contain the information to be transmitted in telecommunication.
(See Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies
used in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process in-
volved in producing telecommunications service which does not re-
quire direct, immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits. The magnitude of this range
is a limiting factor on the amount of information that can be trans-
mitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies of the
radio spectrum as a whole, the International Telecommunication Union
has for convenience divided the whole radio spectrum into eight major
bands, as follows:
Range
Frequency Bands
Correspontiing Wave*
' Type Band
30 kc** and below Very low frequencies (VLF) Myriametric waves
30 to 300 kc Low frequencies (LF) Kilometric waves
300 to 3,000 kc Medium frequencies (4F) Hectometric waves
3,000 to 30,000 kc Hiel frequencies (HF) Decametric waves
30,000 kc to
300 mc*** Very high frequencies (VHF) Metric waves
300 to 3,000 mc Ultra hie, frequencies ?(UHF) Decimetric waves****
3,000 to 30,000 mc Super high frequencies (SHF) Centimetric waves****
30,000 to 300,000 mc Extremely high frequencies
(ETF) Millimetric waves****
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance
In the air, which is an elastic medium, and an electric wave is a dis-
turbance in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the
frequency'of'a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is
considered to be constant, the length of a given wave is in inverse re-
lation to its frequency: the longer the wave length, the lower the fre-
quency, and the shorter the wave length, footnote continued on p. 5.617
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,Cable: A bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes,
used as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to
as "multiconductor cable."
Carrier (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
dividing a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or channel into por-
tions which can be used independently of and simultaneously with
all other portions. Different frequencies or different pulses are
selected for each portion to "carry" the information to be trans-
mitted, after alteration by the information frequencies. The car-
rier itself need not be transmitted.
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit
information independently of and simultaneously with all other
portions. A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry in-
formation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications con-
nection between distant points. By the application of appropriate
techniques, a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations
to meet the need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunica-
tions service. In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single
telecommunications units in sequence. In its most complex form it
may by apportionment carry simultaneously thousands of telephone
channels and telegraph subchannels; a number of television programs;
and other specialized kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broad-
cast programs, radar signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often ar-
ranged into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 tele-
vision program or 600 telephone channels. In turn, these 600 tele-
phone channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone
channels each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12
telephone channels each. One or more telephone channels may be fur-
ther subdivided into three to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype sub-
channels. Other specialized kinds of service may be accommodated by
combining two or more telephone channels.
the higher the frequency. Wave length is usually measured in linear
units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
*** Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
**** It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies) in
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecom-
munications cable medium technique using one or more tubes (some-
times called "pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire
supported concentrically by insulators. The space in the tube
usually contains nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial
cable is used for the transmission of information in complex form,
such as radar, computer data, or television signals, and/or for the
transmission of telephone channels and telegraph subchannels. A
single tube usually carries information in only one direction at a
time. The capacity of a tube depends in part upon the distance be-
tweeri repeater stations. In the standard facility, which may have
from 2 to 8 tubes in the cable, a single tube carries a lane of
600 telephone channels or 1 television lane, for which the repeater
station spacing is about 7 statute miles. In a new developmental
coaxial cable facility, a single tube may carry 3 lanes of a total
of 1,800 telephone channels or 3 television lanes, for which the
repeater station spacing is expected to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of elec-
trical saience and technology that treats of the behavior of elec-
trons in vacuums, gases, or solids. Today telecommunications makes
extensive use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical
energy required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions (telegraph) service in which photographs, drawings, hand-
writing, and printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded
reception. In one method (Type A), images are built up of lines or
dots of constant, intensity. In another method (Type B), images are
built up of lines or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred
to as "telephoto" and "photoradio."
Feeder (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications
facilities Of relatively low capacity which join facilities of rela-
tively high capacity. (See Main.)
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric cur-
rent, voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or
direction. (See Band.)
Frequency modulation (FM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain
the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See
Amplitude modulation.)
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Functional .(as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities
managed and operated by a single agency, organization, company,
department, committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to
the facilities of a basic system. (See Basic. system.)
Group: A number of channels (usually 12) or subchannels combined
?(multiplexed) electrically in building up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the:
space about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about
30 statute miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches
(exosphere) of the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes
possible long-distance transmission of radio signals. The layers,
however, are responsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and
differences between daytime,and nighttime radio reception. They
are also used as a scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-
transmission techniques to transmit. to distances of about 1,000 to
1,500. statute miles. .
Joint facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies, organizations, companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.,
Lane: A I-way portion, electrical or physical, of a 2-way tele-
communications circuit which can be used independently of and simul-
taneously with all other portions. The largest lane today can handle
600 telephone channels or 1 television program. In some applications
the direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation
by a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term used to .delineate a telecommunications circuit.
facility (wire, cable, or radio),
Main (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications facili-
ties at and between principal cities and centers which have relatively
high capacity compared with feeder facilities, (Se Feeder.)
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used praetically to trans-
mit a form of electrical energy.for the purpose of providing tele-
communications service.
Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio
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frequencies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally
afford practical direct transmission to great distances, princi-
pally because they do not bend well around the ,earth's surface and
because they do not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are,
however, capable of reliable transmission from horizon to horizon
(line-of-sight) by the use of special antennas which concentrate
the radio energy and give it desired direction. Great distances
can, in consequence, be reached by this technique by the inter-
position of relay stations along the route of the line with a
spacing interval of from 25 to 40 statute miles, depending upon
terrain conditions. This technique can be employed practically
to carry from a small number of telephone channels and telegraph
sub channels to thousands of such channels and sub channels through
2 or more lanes and to carry 1 or more television and other special-
ized lanes and channels. (See Band.)
Mobile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to 4 telecommunications
facility which is intended to be operational while in motion or
during halts at unspecified points. (See Portable.)
Modulation: The process of altering a carrier frequency or carrier
pulses by other frequencies or pulses representing the information
being transmitted.
Multiplex (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the combining of
information signals, modulated or unmodulated, of two or more lanes,
supergroups, groups, channels, or subchannels for transmission over
the same circuit.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
-communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to tele-
communications service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
Portable (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
facility which can be readifY moved from place to place but is not
normally operational while in motion. (See Mobile.)
Private (as an adjective): Belonging to or concerning an individual
person, organization, institution, or activity; not. public or common.
Pulse: A spurt of electrical energy of extremely short duration
?(7a7lally measured in millionths of a second), yet capable of being
used in telecommunications to transmit information.
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Quad: In a multiconductor telecommunications cable, the physical asso-
ciation of a group of 4 conductors in any one of various arrangements
for the Purpose of providing2-way multichannel operation
Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications receiving facilities
employed in providing a broadcast service.
Route: The geographical path followed by a wire, cable, or radio line.
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by which energy in radio fre-
quencies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other
of two reflecting portions of the atmosphere (troposphere and iono-
sphere) ata. predetermined angle such that a usable portion of the
energy arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique
is especially applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and
Antarctic) Where facilities of other media suffer from the rigors of
weather and terrain and where the conventional long-distance radio
media of the lower frequency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are subject to
serious disruptive propagational anomalies. (See.Band.)
Subchannel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunica-
tions channel which can be used independently of and simultaneously
with all other portions. An appreciable number of telephone channels
can usually be subchanneled to carry from three to twenty 60-word-
per-minute teletype subchannels on each telephone channel so employed.
Subscriber: Any customer who directly operates telecommunications
apparatus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often five) combined (multiplexed)
electrically in building up the total capacity of a telecommunications
circuit or lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other
entity in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications
service.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of informa-
tion between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable,
or radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
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Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for
effecting telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to
a typewriter in which information is transmitted by keyboard and
received by type printer on a roll of paper, on a. roll of tape, or
by perforations on a roll of tape, or both. (Sometimes called a
"teleprinter" or "teletypewriter.")
Transmission base: The'aggregate telecommunications transmitting
facilities employed in providing broadcast service.
Transistor: A modern device which is capable of performing in a
solid (germanium or silicon) many of the functions performed by
the conventional electronic tube in a gas or vacuum.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the
space from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles.
This layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric
scatter transmission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500
statute miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunica-
tions medium, now under development in several countries, which
may be capable of transmitting extremely large amounts of conven-
tional and complex information. It consists of a circular or rec-
tangular hollow metallic tube in which electrical energy travels in
the form of waves, much as do sound waves in a speaking tube.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or
cable medium to wired loudspeakers.
Wired loudspeakers: A telecommunications loudspeaker which receives
from a distribution point one or more broadcast programs by a wire
or cable medium.
Wireline: A general term used to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or underground cable, used as
a telecommunications medium.
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bELKt I
Figure 4
55
54
53
52
51
10 1
EAST GERMANY
12 13 14 15
SUBSCRIBER TELEGRAPH NETWORK
1957
MINISTRY OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
IN OPERATION
0 Primary relay station
Secondary relay station
Substation
PLANNED
SasSrILtZ
- ?
International boundary --- Interzonal boundary
Bezirk boundary
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Miles
10 20 30 40 50
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14 15
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II 12 13
10.
EAST GERMANY
MAIN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
WIRELINES - 1957
MINISTRY OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Open wire Coaxial cable
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Figure 5
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Zwickau
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uerbach
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um., ? TO COBURG
TO kADAN
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Klingen
thal
orf
10 11 12 13 14 15
26766 5-58
SECRET
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/06/04: CIA-RDP79R01141A001100090001-8
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/06/04: CIA-RDP79R01141A001100090001-8
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Figure 6
10
11
12
3
14
15
55
EAST GERMANY
MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY NETWORK
. 1957
The network of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications is shown in blue.
The network of the Socialist Unity Party is shown in red. .
TERMINAL
LINES
In operation
Planned
STATIONS
55
RELAY
In operation
Planned
Bezirk boundary
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Miles
10 20 30 40 50
Kilometers
54
54
NEUPORSTORF
'HAMBURG
?
CHWERIN
SCEIV RIN
USEDOM
peers
Anklarn __.41.777:1 P
.GOstrow *) SPilsisigl? ""$,T6TTMAR,
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t.
3 1
eN) .-
._??' NEUBi' t I' D-ENBURG
):
I
( NEUBRANDENBURG Pasewalk k i
.