POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN THE USSR 1950-57

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• Publication Date: July 21, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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-SECRET_
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN THE USSR
1950-57
CIA/RR 138
21 July 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contain i information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
POST AND 1ELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN THE USSR
1950-57
CIA/RR 138
(ORR Project 46.1056)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
, Office of 'Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report is concerned with those post and telecommunications
facilities and services in the USSR operated and controlled by the
Ministry of Communications. Other ministries operate functional post
and telecommunications systems such as those serving the armed forces,,
shipping, railroads, and industry. These independent post and tele-
communications systems are not covered in this report. It must be
pointed out, however, that although the facilities and services
covered here are confined to those under the jurisdiction of the
Ministry of Communications, their use is not so restricted. The
armed forces make abundant use of this system, as. do all the minis-
tries.
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CONTENTS
Summary and Conclusions
OOOOO ' s ? ? ? ? OO OO ? eeee
I. Introduction
II. Ministry of Communications
A. Organization
Page
1
3
6
6
1. Ministerial 7
2. Administrative 7
3. Operational 8
B. Revenue
C. Investment
D. Manpower
11
19
21
1. Labor Force
21
2. Wages
23
3. Training
25
4. Productivity
26
E. Equipment
28
1. Production
29
2. Imports
30
3. Exports
30
4. Technology
30
III.
Postal System
31
IV.
Telephone and Telegraph Systems
36
A. Telephone
36
1. Urban and Rural
36
2. Interurban ..... . .
45
B. Telegraph
46
?
1. Regular
48
2. Subscriber
51
3. Facsimile . . . - .
'
54
7 v -
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C. Common Telephone and Telegraph Facilities
54
1. Wireline
55
2. Microwave Radio Relay
57
3. Point-to-Point Radio
62
V. Broadcasting System
67
A. Radiobroadcasting
68
B. Wire Diffusion
75
C. Television
86
VI. Future Trends
89
Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms
93
Appendix B. Rate Schedules for Post and Telecommunications
Services in the USSR (Statistical Tables) . .
99
Tables
1. Estimated Revenue of the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR, 1946-57.
2. Estimated Revenue from Postal .Service in the USSR',
1946-57
Estimated Revenue from Telegraph and Interurban
Telephone Service in the USSR, 1946-57
4. Estimated Revenue from Urban and Rural Telephone
Service in the USSR, 1946-57
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13
14
15
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'Estimated- Revenue from Radiobroadcasting Service
in the USSR,. 1946-57
6. Estimated Revenue from the Wire-Diffusion Service
in the USSR, 1946-57
Page
7. Estimated Revenue from Television Service in the USSR,
1950-57 ? 18
8. Estimated Investment in the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR, 1923,-37 and 1946-57
Estimated Average Annual Number of Full-Time Employees
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR,
1913, 1922-40, and 1945-57
20
22
10.
Estimated Number of Employees of the Ministry of
Communications of the USSR, by Type of Operation,
1957
11.
Estimated Average Annual Wage of Employees of the
Ministry of Communications of the USSR, 192340 and
1945-57
12.
Estimated Average Annual Wage of Employees of the
Ministry of Communications of the USSR, by Type
of Operation, 1957
25
13.
Index of Labor Productivity in the Ministry of Com-
munications of the USSR, 1950-57
14.
Estimated Volume of Postal Service in the USSR,
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
33
15
Estimated Lengthof Postal Routes in the USSR,
1913,.1928-40, and 1946-57
34.
16.
.Estimated Number of Postal and Telephone and Telegraph
Enterprises in the USSR, by Location and Type of
35
Service, 1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
,r1
17.
Estimated Number of Telephone Exchanges Operated by the
Ministry of Communications of the USSR, 1913, 1928-40,
and 1946-57 .
37
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18. Estimated Capacity of Telephone Exchanges Operated
by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR,
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57 _38
19. Estimated Growth of Telephone Service in Rural Areas
of the USSR, by Type of Agricultural Enterprise,
Selected Years, 193756 . ........ . 41
20. Estimated Number of Telephone Sets Connected to
Exchanges Operated by the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR, 1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57 .. .. . 42
21. Estimated-Number of Interurban Telephone Call Offices,
in.the USSR, 1913, 1928-40i? and:1946-57 46
22. Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Calls in the
USSR, 1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57 47
23: Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent in the USSR,
1913, 1924-40, and 1946-57 49
24. Estimated Number of Telegraph Apparatus in Use by the
Ministry of Communications of the USSR, 1913, 1928-40,
and 1946-57 50
25. Estimated Total Telegraph Turnover in the USSR,
1950-57
26. Estimated Average Productivity of Telegraph Operators
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR,
1950-57
27. Estimated Number of Subscriber Telegraph Exchanges
in the USSR, 1953-57 53
28. Estimated Number of Subscribers to the Subscriber
Telegraph Network in the USSR, 1953757 53
29. Estimated Number of Cities Having Facsimile Service
in the USSR, 1929-41 and 1946-57 55
30. Estimated Number of Facsimile Telegrams Sent in the
USSR, 1932-40 and 1946-57 56
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31. Estimated Length of Wire and Cable Lines Operated
by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR,
1913,. 1925-41, and 1945-57 58
32. Estimated Number of Point-to-Point Radio Transmitters
Under the Ministry of Communications of the USSR,
1913, 1917-40, and 1945-57
63
33. Estimated Number of Broadcast Reception Points
in the USSR, 1928-40 and 1946-57 68
34. EstimatedoNumber of Radio and Television BrOadcasting
Transmitters in the USSR, 1922-40 and 1945-57 69
35. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers in the USSR,
1928-40 and 1946-57 73 -
36. Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign
Audiences, Selected Months, 1955-57 76
37. Estimated Number of Wire-Diffusion Centers in the USSR,
1928-40 and 1946-57 84
38. Estimated Number of Wired Loudspeakers in the USSR,
1928-40 and 1946-57 85
39. Estimated Number of Television Receivers in the USSR,
1940 and 1950-57 88
4o. Postal Rates in the USSR, 1957 loo
41. Rates for Postal Money Orders in the USSR, 1957 ? ? loo
42., Rates for Interurban Telephone Calls in the USSR,
1957 101
43. Rates for Sending Telegrams in the USSR, 1956 101
44. Rates for Transmitting Messages over the Subscriber
Telegraph Network in the USSR, 1956 102
45. Rates for Telegraphic Money Orders in the USSR, 1957 . 102
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46. Rates for Sending Facsimile Telegrams in the
USSR, 1955
47 Rates for Annual Subscriptions to RadiobroadcaSt
Receivers in the USSR, 1957
48. Rates for Wire-Diffusion Loudspeakers in the
USSR, 1957
49. Rates for Annual Subscriptions to Television
Receivers in the USSR, 1957
Illustrations
Figure 1. USSR: Estimated Rates of Growth of
Selected Communications Services, "
1946-57 (Chart)
Figure 2. USSR; Administrative Structure of
the Ministry of Communications, 1957
(Chart)
Figure 3. USSR: Operational Structure of the
Ministry of Communications, 1957
.(Chart)
Figure Ii.. USSR: Estimated Rate of Growth Of Rev-
enue of the Ministry of Communications,
1946-57 (Chart)
Figure 5. USSR: Estimated Percentage Distribution
of Employees in the Ministry of Com-
munications by Type of Operation,
1957 (Chart)
Figure 6. USSR: Number of Connections Made in
the Subscriber Telegraph Network,
1952-55 (Chart)
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103
103
104
104
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Figure
7.
USSR: Main Telecommunications Wirelines,
1957 -- Ministry of Communications
Inside
(Map) .....
Back Cover
Figure
USSR: Microwave Radio Relay Lines,
1957 -- Ministry of Communications
(Map)
58
Figure
9.
USSR: Main Domestic Radiotelegraph
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure
Figure
Circuits., 1957 -- Ministry of Com-
munications (Map)
USSR: Locations of Radio Stations in
the Environs of Moscow (Radius
100 Kilometers), 1957 (Map)
USSR: Locations. of Radio Stations in
Moscow, 1957 (Map)
12. USSR: Main International Radiotelephone
and Radiotelegraph Circuits, 1957 --
Ministry of Communications (Map) . .
13. USSR: Service Areas of Domestic Low-
Frequency Radiobroadcasting Trans-
mitters', 1957 -- Ministry of Communica-
tions (Map)
Figure 14.
Figure
USSR: Service Areas of Domestic Medium-
Frequency Radiobroadcasting Transmitters,
1957 -- Ministry of Communications
(Map)
15. USSR: Service Areas of Domestic High-
Frequency Radiobroadcasting Transmitters,
1957 -- Ministry of Communications
(Map)
Figure 16.
USSR: Service Areas of Domestic Regional
Radiobroadcasting Transmitters, 1957 --
Ministry of Communications (Map) . . .
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74
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Figure 17. USSR: Domestic Frequency-Modulated
(FM) Radiobroadcasting Stations,
1957 -- Ministry of Communications,
(Map)
Figure 18. USSR: Service Areas and Program Hours
of International Radiobroadcasting,
1957. -- Ministry of Communications
(Map)
Figure 19. USSR: Domestic Television Broadcast-
ing Stations, 1957 Ministry of
Communications (Map) . . . .....
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'CIA/RR 138 .S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 46.1056)
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN THE USSR*
1950-57
Summary and ConclUsions
The post and telecommunications sector of the Soviet economy,
Managed by the Ministry of Communications, serves the needs of the
government rather than the needs of the private consumer. The Minis-
try employed 633,000 persons and yielded more than 11 billion rubles
in revenue in 1957 by providing postal, telegraph, telephone, and
broadcasting services. Its real contribution (aaceleration and co-
ordination) to the rapidly growing econoty as a whole, however,
greatly exceeds its revenue contribution.
This sector of the economy does not provide all the post and
telecommunications service performed in the country.. Other minis-
tries conduct such services for themselves or in collaboration with
the Ministry of Communications. Of these other ministries, the
Ministry of Defense conducts the greatest amount of service for it-
self. Furthermore, the Ministry of Defense exerts direct influenee
on the Ministry of Communications under normal conditions and has
full control under emergency or war conditions.
The geographic distribution of facilities and capacities of the
post and telecommunications sector generally conforms to the location
and level of economic activities served. West of the Urals and along
the Trans-Siberian Railroad, facilities and capacities are relatively
dense and reasonably reliable; elsewhere they are sparse and unreliable.
The amounts of service rendered by this sector are shown by its
performance in 1957. Postal service, the primary medium for the pri-
vate consumer, handled about 16 billion pieces of mail. Telecommuni-
cations services, which are provided by an integrated network of wire-
line and radio, comprise the telegraph, telephone, and broadcasting
services. Telegraph service, the primary rapid medium, handled 209
million telegrams. Telephone service, the secondary rapid medium,
handled 151 million interurban calls over the 2.2 million telephone
sets. Broadcasting service, a one-way medium for propaganda and
entertainment, reached about 37.5 million reception points. Of these
reception points, wire-diffusion broadcasting** accounted for more
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORB as of 15 April 1958.
** See Appendix A, Glossary of Technical Terms.
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than 25 million points; radiobroadcasting for almost 10 million; and
television broadcasting, a relatively new medium in the USSR, for
only 2.5 million. In terms of revenue, the postal service contributed
4.7 billion rubles, the telegraph service 1.5 billion, the telephone
service 2.7 billion, and the broadcasting services 2.2 billion.
Since World War II the growth in service volumes, shown in
Figure 1,* has been impressive. The principal factors contributing
to this growth have been increased rates of investment for more and
better equipment, the application of modern techniques and procedures,
and improved effectiveness of employees. In spite of this impressive
growth, service has consistently lagged behind demand. Although the
growth of investment in post and telecommunications since World War II
led to growth in volume of service, the level of investment, con-
stricted by persistently low priority, has been too low to remove the
lag
Insufficient progress in overcoming the lag has been recognized
in recent Soviet planning. The. original plan for 1956-60, which was
used as a guide until it Was discarded in late 1957, was the most
ambitious of all previous plans for post and telecommunications. The
original plan was directed toward modern, standardized, high-capacity
telecommunications and implied higher rates of investment and priority
for the post and telecommunications sector. Major objectives were the
interconnectioh of all principal cities with modern facilities capable
of yielding high service capacities, such as microwave radio relay,
coaxial cable, or multioonductor cable lines; the provision of auto-
matic dial telephony for local and interurban service; and the intro-
duction of a nationwide television network. Progress was made in
'meeting these objectives under the discarded plan. It is expected
that this progress will continue and that many of the objectives
stated in the original plan for 1956-60 will be included in the pro-
posed plan for 1959-65.
Two other developments of major consequence appear imminent. The
scatter radio technique for point-to-point telecommunications probably
will be introduced, principally in the Arctic areas, where wireline
facilities are difficult to construct and maintain and where normal
point-to-point radio is highly undependable. The provision of ade-
quate lateral facilities for intra- and inter-regional use will cer-
tainly be undertaken to meet the new needs implied by the economic
reorganization of 1957.
It is concluded that existing telecommunications resources meet
the bare minimal needs of the economy today but are still inadequate
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Figure `LIA I
Millions
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
USSR: ESTIMATED RATES OF GROWTH OF SELECTED COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
1946-57
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1946 1947 .1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955
24783 6-58
Number of
Letters Sent
Number of
Telegrams Sent
Number of
Interurban
Telephone Calls
Number of
Broadcast
Reception Points
1956 - 1957
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to meet current demand. This condition applies not only to the re-
quirements of the Ministry of Communications but also to those of
'other ministries which operate telecommunications facilities, especially
the Ministry of Defense.
The success of future efforts toward closing the gap between the
USSR and the US in development of telecommunications will hinge largely
on the level and priority of investment. Given sufficient funds and high
priority, the post and telecommunications sector in the USSR maybe more
adequately developed in about 5 years. Without such funds and priority,
about 10 years will be required.
I. Introduction.
The real contribution which rapid, electric communications -- that
is, telecommunications -- services make to the operation of an economy
is acceleration. Telecommunications constitute the time factor in
economic management (in the broadest sense) of the various activities
of the economy which need to bemanaged and tied together. These
activities are a complex interplay of coordination and control of
men, money, material, machinery, and management in time and space
Telecommunications services are employed to reduce the time-space
factor, bridging space electrically much faster than any known physical
transport media.
The real price of time increases with the industrial growth of an
economy. In any modern industrial economy the wheels of industry grow
larger, turn faster; and become multiplied and increasingly inter-
related (even apart from any intention to accelerate industrial growth
at a forced rate such as in the USSR). The result of this process is
mass production -- the producing of more products per unit of time.
The value of the contribution of telecommunications is influenced
by-numerous factors, as follows: (1) the size and complexity of the
industrial establishment (that is, total output and the degree of
specialization or subdivision of the production and distribution
process); (2) the size of the land mass in which the economy operates
(that is, the spatial limitation which must be overcome); (3) the
associated communication media (that is, the transportation facili-
ties', upon which control would rest in the absence of telecommunica-
tions service); and (4) the kind of economic control mechanism
(whether state-controlled or free enterprise) which would determine
the polarity and the frequency of communications requirements.
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The telecommunications resources inherited by the Communists in
1917 were feeble even by the standards of that time. These resources
were not widely distributed, and their capacity was sufficient to
meet only emergency governmental needs, as they consisted of a patch-
work of the low-capacity wireline and relatively short-range radio of
the period -- mostly telegraph and a little telephone service.
A discovery at this time which was Of great significance to the
Communist regime was high-frequency long-range radio. The USSR
could now at low cost and with great speed (because the construction
of lengthy wirelines was unnecessary) provide rapid, long-distance
communications to help achieve and maintain political control of the
country and to help start a modern, industrialized economy. Thousands
of radio circuits were set up for point-to-point broadcasting and for
other services.
In spite of this great innovation, the first five of the Five Year
Plans called for the provision of multiconductor underground cables
to interconnect all important cities of the country by telephone and
telegraph services. The purpose was to extend coverage, increase
capacity, improve security, and enhance reliability of service. Al-
though some cable and some overhead wireline facilities have been
provided, it is believed that a modern underground cable network has
not yet been installed across the country but is only now under way.
'The cable which has been installed is largely in the European USSR.
Thus the telecommunications resources of the USSR have not yet reached
the level of development of those in other modern countries.*
The role of telecommunications in the USSR has consistently been
service for the State rather than for the people. The users of ser-
vice have been chiefly the Communist Party, the armed forces, the
police, the economic ministries, and other organs of the government.
The urban and interurban telecommunications facilities which were
provided were essentially intended to meet only the minimum needs of
these users. Some of the facilities provided have been used jointly
and some separately by the government and private consumers. During
the 4o years' tenure of the Soviet regime, such consumer service as
* The provision of new paralleling facilities using relatively high-
capacity wireline or microwave media will not render obsolete or use-
less, either for financial or operational purposes, the large number
of high-powered long-distance, point-to-point radiobroadcasting trans-
mitters currently in use, even though the new facilities are able to
carry all the service required. It is expected that these radio-
broadcasting facilities will continue, at least in nominal "exercise"
service, in order to insure their immediate availability for opera-
tion under emergency or war conditions and for operation as reserve
resources or even as electromagnetic warfare jammers.
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has been available has been chiefly in times of slack in existing
facilities -- for example, this slack has occurred mainly during
nonworking hours for telephone and telegraph service.
The needs of the government and of private consumers coincide
in a unique way in wire-diffusion broadcasting, in which centers
distribute programs (chiefly propaganda) over wires to loudspeakers
located in civilian homes and other places. This is "captive :
audience" mass communication. Although the USSR has only about
2.2 million telephones, mainly for government and business use,
it.hasrabout 25 million wire-diffusion loudspeaker subscribers,
served by about 37,000 wire-diffusion centers. Unlike the nation-
wide telephone and telegraph system, the wire-diffusion centers
are not normally interconnected. Although private consumers de-
rive some satisfaction from this service, it is believed that the
basic motivation of the government in providing it is control of
the masses through propaganda and ideological education.
The following estimate of Soviet capability in the field of
telecommunications is based on known Soviet objectives: political
and ideological consolidation of the people; national defense
("security of the home base"); growth of the economy, not at nor-
mal but at accelerated rates, to catch up with the West,, especially
the US; and the realization of international political and terri-
torial ambitions backed by strong military force. It is estimated
that the USSR has not fully exploited the potential of telecom-
munications to achieve these objectives, much less to satisfy pri-
vate consumers. Soviet telecommunications resources lack stand-
ardization, .security, flexibility, adequate capacity, modernity,
and reasonably good nationwide distribution. One reason for the
failure of the USSR to exploit fully its telecommunications re-
sources is that sufficient priority has not been assigned that
sector of the economy.
During the early postwar period the telecommunications resources
of the USSR were in poor condition because Of war destruction, obso-
lete equipment and facilities, dislocations, loss of some trained
manpower, and lack of capacity for manufacturing equipment. The
character of the reconstruction was influenced by the urgency of the
need and the availability of equipment rather than by a long-range
decision to build a high-capacity, modern, standardized, well-
distributed resource. As time passed, more and-more modern techniques
(many developed by other countries and copied by the USSR) were ap-
plied to existing facilities. The increased capacities and other ad-
vantages gained, however, although achieved at low investment cost
relative to the initial cost of the basic facility, were not of a
nature to provide capacities and other desirable long-range advantages.
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It is believed. that 1955 marked the end of the period of. low pri-
orities for the long-range development of the basic telecommunica-
tions resources of the USSR. The Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60),
which was scrapped in late 1957 for a proposed new plan (1959-65),
contained evidences of higher priorities for the development of
these resources. It is believed that the new plan may give even
higher priority to telecommunications.
The purpose of this report is to present information on the
status, operation, and development of the basic public Post and
telecommunications sector of the Soviet economy. Primary emphasis
has been placed on the presentation of this information in tabular
and cartographic form. The data presented cover'varying time
periods from 1913 through 1957 and are limited to activities of
the Ministry of Communications (Ministerstvo Svyazi).* Discussion
of the functional telecommunication's systems of other ministries is
limited to passing references.
The public post and telecommunications sector of the Soviet
economy, operated and maintained by the Ministry of Communications,
provides postal, telephone and telegraph, and broadcasting services.
In providing these services the Ministry places primary emphasis on
meeting the requirements of the government, and the needs of the
private consumer are. secondary. Accurate measures of the distribu-
tion of services between the government and private consumers are
not available.
II. Ministry of Communications.
A. .Organization.
The primary responsibilities of the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR are. to provide domestic and international telephone and
telegraph service through an integrated wireline and radio network;
a domestic and international broadcasting network utilizing radio,
television, and wire; and a domestic and international postal service.
In addition, the Ministry has the responsibility for technical con-
trol** over radiobroadcasting networks and over independent point-to-
point radio and wireline networks operated by other ministries.
* Unless otherwise indicated, the term Ministry of Communications
includes both the Ministry of Communications of the USSR and the minis-
tries of communications of the various republics of the USSR.
** This control involves monitoring, frequency allocation, and time
scheduling.
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The present Ministry of Communications stems from the original
Peoples Commissariat of Post and Telegraph established by the Com-
munist regime in 1918. In 1924 the Peoples Commissariat of Post and
Telegraph was reorganized under the title of the All-Union Peoples
Commissariat of Post and Telegraph. In 1932 it was renamed the
Peoples Commissariat of Communications, retaining its All-Union
status; in March 1946 the designation was changed to the Ministry
of Communications; and in December 1954 it was given the status of
a union-republic ministry. 2/
No major changes in the functional responsibilities of the
Ministry of Communications have occurred since 1918. Such organiza-
tional changes as the change of the ministry from All-Union to union-
republic status 2/ have apparently had little effect on the functional
responsibilities of the Ministry of Communications.
1. Ministerial.
The Minister of Communications of the USSR is Nikolay
Demyanovich Psurtsev. Before assuming this position he was in charge
of Soviet military communications and held the rank of colonel general
in the Soviet Army. In charge of the over-all direction of the Minis-
try of Communications, he receives his orders directly from the
Council of Ministers and is a member of that body. The Ministry of
Communications is organized on a dual basis, administrative and opera-
tional. It/ Its operational functions are carried out by operational
chief directorates which manage all the production activities of the
separate post and telecommunications fields. The chief directorates
are supplemented by staff departments and directorates for administra-
tive matters. The Minister is aided by two staffs: the Office of
the Minister for administrative matters and the Collegium for opera-
tional and management matters. The Office of the Minister is a per-
manent secretariat. The Collegium is composed of the deputy ministers
of communications, the heads of each of the operational chief direc-
torates, and the heads of certain support staffs. The authority of
the Collegium is purely advisory, and the final decision on any major
policy question lies with the Minister. 2/ In addition to the Minis-
ter, there are six deputy ministers of communications. The deputy
ministers are partly responsible for coordinating the over-all activi-
ties of the Ministry, but each deputy minister is believed to be
fully responsible for a specific Activity. ..6./
2. Administrative.
The administrative structure of the Ministry of Communica-
tions, shown in Figure 2,* parallels the political-administrative
* Following p. 8.
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structure of the USSR. There are ministries of communications at the
republic level, directorates of communications at the kray and oblast
levels, and communications offices at the okrug, city, and rayon
levels. The ministry of communications at the republic level is be-
lieved to exercise minor control over the operational field enter-
prises within the republic. The principal duties of the republic
ministries seem to consist of (a) liaison between the Ministry of
Communications of the USSR and subordinate administrative elements
within the republic and (b) the initiation and coordination of plans
for communications in the republic. In this latter function the
republic ministry of communications speaks with some degree of author-
ity in allocating and utilizing local resources to meet plan goals. 2/
The basic regional administrative organizational units
below the level of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR are
the directorates of communications, which are found at kray and at
oblast levels in the RSFSR and at the oblast levels in the other
republics. The kray and oblast directorates of communications are
believed to be responsible to the staff departments and directorates
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR for the administrative
aspects of post and telecommunications activities within their ter-
ritory. All directorates in turn manage their territories through
okrug, city, and rayon offices of communications. At the same time,
however, the various operational field enterprises are directly re-
sponsible to their operational chief directorates in Moscow in all
operational matters. This separate responsibility of operational
field units often deprives the heads of the kray or oblast direc-
torates of communications of the authority necessary to meet their
responsibilities.
3. Operational.
The functional operations of the Ministry of Communica-
tions of the USSR are controlled by the Operational chief direc-
torates located in Moscow. These chief directorates are the most
important operational elements in the Ministry of Communications.
They manage all of the production, installation, and technical
activities of the separate fields of communications. They are also
responsible for all matters relating to the direct management of
subordinate operational field enterprises, including production,
control of quality, research and development, planning, and material
allocation. lei The operational organization of the Ministry of
Communications of the USSR is shown in Figure 3.*
* Following p. 8.
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Figure 2
USSR: ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
Ministry of
Communications
of the SSR*
1957
Ministry of Communications
of the USSR
MIM
Kray or Oblast
Directorate of
Communications
Okrug
Office of
Communications
2 4788 6-58
City
Office of
Communications
9
Rayon
Office of
Communications
Direct control
?Some administrative control and coordinating powers
*These ministries are found in each of the 15 SSR's. Before January /955
the Ministry of Communications of the USSR was represented at the SSR
level by the Authorized Agent of the Ministry of Communications.
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USSR: OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
1957
Operational Chief Directorate
(Ministry of Communications
of the USSR)
Specialized
Communications
Enterpiises*
24789 6-58
Consolidated
Communications
Enterprises**
Branch
Communications
Office***
Branch
Communications
Office***
Communications
Agency ****
Communications
Agency****
1
Communications
Agency****
* These enterprises are responsible for one type of service, such as telephone service, in o given
area. They ore found in the larger cities of the USSR.
** These enterprises are responsible for all tyoes of post and telecommunications service in a
given area. They are found in the smaller cities and the heavily populated rayons of the USSR.
*** These offices ore responsible for one or more types of service in a given area. They ore usually
found in the rural royons and the larger village soviets of the USSR.
**** These agencies ore responsible for one or more types of service in a given area. They are found
in the small rural village soviets c;f the USSR.
Branch
Communications
Office***
Figure 3 50X1
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The basic operational unit below the level of the chief
directorates in Moscow is the field communications enterprise. These
enterprises are divided into consolidated and specialized types.
Consolidated enterprises carry out operations in all fields of com-
munications service -- postal, telephone and telegraph, and broad-
casting. Specialized enterprises are limited to operations con-
nected with one specific communications service. The specialized
enterprises are found primarily in large cities, whereas consoli-
dated communications enterprises predominate in smaller cities and
in rural areas. The consolidated enterprise usually has subordi-
nate units which are designated as branch communications offices and
communications agencies.
Both specialized and consolidated communications enter-
prises are classified according to yearly income. Branch communica-
tions offices of consolidated communications enterprises are also
classified according to yearly income, as shown in the following
tabulation:
Yearly Income
Class (Thousand Rubles*).
I 370 or more
II 180 through 369
III 90 through 179
IV ,1i3 through 89
V 22 through 42
VI 12 through 21
VII 4 through 11
Organizations having a yearly income of less than 4,00o rubles are
designated communications agencies and are not further classified
by income. 21/
The dominant feature of the organizational structure of
the Ministry of Communications of the USSR has been the high degree
of operational and administrative control centered in Moscow. Such
strongly centralized control is to be expected in'a ministry whose
services and facilities are nationwide.
* Ruble values in this report are expressed in current rubles and
may be converted to US dollars at the official rate of exchange of
,4 rubles to US $1.. This exchange rate, however, does not neces-
sarily reflect the true dollar value.
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The high degree of 'centralization of control of the Minis-
try of Communications possesses certain defects which have become in-
creasingly apparent in recent years. The major defect has been the
reluctance of regional officials to make decisions on their own initia-
tive. In many instances this reluctance has caused inefficient alloca-
tions of post and telecommunications resources, prolonged delays in
service, and increased costs. In addition, centralized control has
led to a radial configuration in the Soviet telecommunications system,
with Moscow as the focal point for about 30 major telecommunications
centers. Such a system is cumbersome to operate and is extremely
vulnerable to natural distUrbances and military attack.
The radial system of telecommunications is not well suited
to the economic reorganization now under way in the USSR. A member
of the Collegium of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR re-
ported in the summer of 1957 that the present radial configuration of
telecommunications from Moscow and other major centers would have to
be replaced by a point-to-point system if the economic reorganiza-
tion is to function properly. 1.92/ This need for point-to-point tele-
communications is a result of increasing demands for direct tele-
communications facilities and service both within and among the newly
created economic regions. As an indication of the steps being taken
to meet this need for direct telecommunications, the Deputy Minister
of Communications of the Ukrainian SSR reported in September 1957
that direct telecommunications between economic regions in the Ukraine
had been expanded sharply and that by the end of 1957, 100 new intra-
oblast circuits would be in operation. 21/ Another effect of the
increased demand for direct telecommunications has been a proposal
to consolidate under the Ministry of Communications all the functional
telephone and telegraph systems which are now being operated by many
other ministries. 12/
The present reorganization has not yet effected major
changes in the organizational structure of the Ministry of Communi-
cations. One proposal, not yet adopted, would require that the
various communications enterprises within the new economic regions
be consolidated and that there be increased local authority in ad-
ministrative matters. 1.3./ This would represent a continuation of
the trend that was being followed before the economic reorganization.
A probable result of these projected moves would be an increase in
the authority and responsibilities of the various republic ministries.
It is too early to forecast how the USSR will actually
solve these pressing problems. Solutions may be worked into a pro-
posed new Plan (1959-65).
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B. Revenue.
The revenue received by the Ministry of Communications of the
USSR for its services has grown from about 5.6 billion rubles in 1946
to 11.1 billion rubles in 1957, an increase of about 96 percent.
Table 1* shows the estimated total revenue for 1946-57. Tables 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, and 7** give a detailed breakdown of the sources of revenue
by individual service. Appendix B shows the rate schedules for the
various services: postal, telephone and telegraph, and broadcasting.
The rate of growth in total revenue, shown in Figure 1-i-, XXX
was relatively stable during 1946-50. A moderate upsurge in 1951 and
1952 was followed by a slight decrease in 1953. The decrease in
growth of revenue in 1953 is wholly attributable to a reduction in
subscription fees for wired loudspeakers in that year. Following
the decrease in 1953 the rate of growth of revenue again turned up-
ward. For 1954-57 the rate of growth of revenue was relatively con-
stant, being slightly greater than the rate of growth for 1946-50.
Of the individual services, postal service consistently pro-
vided the largest single portion of total revenue received by the
Ministry of Communications during 1946-57. Contributions by the
postal service to total revenue have ranged from 42 percent to 45
percent. In 1957 the service contributed approximately 43 percent
of total revenue. Revenues from telegraph and interurban telephone
seTvices have fluctuated from 29 percent to 32 percent. In 1957,
telegraph and interurban telephone services contributed about 29 per-
cent of total revenue. Urban and rural telephone services have con-
tributed a relatively constant percentage to total revenue and in
1957 contributed approximately 9 percent. Broadcasting service has
shown the greatest fluctuation in terms of its percentage contribu-
tion to total revenue, which has ranged from 15 percent in 1954 to
about 20 percent in 1957.
The Ministry of Communications is expected to continue ex-
panding its volume of service in response to present and anticipated
demands. Reduction in growth of revenue over the long run, there-
fore, is not anticipated. Rates for post and telecommunications ser-
vices have historically registered only slight downward changes over
any extended period of time. The effect on revenue of any future
reductions in rates should be more than offset by revenues from in-
creased volume of service. Growth of revenue in the Ministry of
Communications should continue at a rate comparable to that in 1946-57
if not slightly higher.****
* Table 1 follows on p. 12.
** Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 follow on pp. 13, 14, 15 16, 17,
and 18, respectively, below.
*** Following p. 12.
**** Continued on p. 19.
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Table 1
Estimated Revenue of the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR 2/
1946-57
Million Current Rubles
Source of Revenue
Year
Postal
Telegraph and
Interurban Telephone
Urban and Rural
Telephone
Broadcasting
Total
1946
2,429
1,811
532
871
5,643
1947
2,559
1,910
554
973
5,996
1948
2,702
2,011
589
1,029
6,331
1949
2,866
2,118
618
1,075
6,677
1950
3,069
2,245
650
1,158
7,139
1951
3,315
2,412
694
1,441
7,886
1952
3,550
2,586
739
1,558
8,454
1953
3,691
2,665
786
1,275
8,442
1954
4,059
2,742
854
1,335
9,016
1955
4,397
2,818
908 ,
1,592
9,743
1956
4,580
2,983
959
1,902
10,454
1957
4,707
3,163-
1,011
2,174
11,055
a. Revenue data for all categories for 1950-56 were announced. 12 The sum of the
announced revenue data from the various categories accounts for 99 percent of the
total revenue. A breakdown of revenue data for all categories as presented in
Tables 2 through 7 (pp. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, respectively, below) does not
in all cases agree with the totals shown. These variations, however, are negli-
gible.
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Millions of
Current Rubles
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
9
8
7
5
4
USSR: ESTIMATED RATE OF GROWTH OF REVENUE
OF THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
1946-57
3
? 2
II
nn
MI
INIIIM
MIN
====
SEEMENI
?;
M111111??????==?MINI
NOM
IN=
maw mmm
MEM
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?
1
1946 - 1947
24784 8-58
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Figure 4 50X1
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Table 2
Estimated Revenue from Postal Service in the USSR 2/
1946-57
Million Current Rubles
Year
Source of Revenue
Total 12/
Letters 2/
Money Orders
Packages
Periodicals
and Newspapers
1946
954
924
512
39
2,429
1947
1,003
968
544
44
2,559
1948
1,044
1,018
592
48
2,702-
1949
1,102
1-,072
64o
52
2,866
1950
1,173
1,128
704
59
3,069 2/
1951
1,299
1,199
816
-67
3,315 2/
1952
1,424
1,270
880
74
3,550 2/
1953
1,474
1,336
944
79
3,691 2/
1954
1,544 ,
1,402
1,040
- 88
4,059 2/
191.5
1,705
1,408
1,216
93
4,397 2/
1956
1,753
1,441
1,216
.105
4,580 2/
1957
1,800
1,512
1,280
115
4,707
a. Postal revenue was derived by multiplying the estimated average
unit revenue received for letters, money orders, packages, and peri-
odicals and newspapers bY their volumes. For letters, however, it '
was assumed that only 90 percent of their total volume was paid.
See Table 14 (p. 33, below) for the volume of postal service. The
average revenue received per postal,unit is estimated, on the basis
of the Soviet rate schedules shown in Appendix A, to be as follows:
Postal Unit
Rubles
Letters
0.50
Money orders
5.50
Packages
16.00
Newspapers, periodicals,
and the like
0.01
b. Total revenue for 1946-49 and 1957 is the sum of estimated
revenue from letters, money orders, packages, and periodicals and
newspapers. For 1950-56, total revenue was derived from announced
data and varies, slightly from the estimated sum of revenue received
from the four postal categories,
c. 12/
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Table 3
Estimated Revenue from Telegraph and Interurban Telephone Service
in the USSR
1946-57
Million Current Rubles
Source of Revenue
Year
Telegraph
Interurban Telephone
Total Telegraph
and Interurban
Telephone Revenue 2/
Paid Telegrams
Sent a/
Lease of
Telegraph ,
Circuits 1.11/
Total
Interurban
Calls 2./
Lease of Interurban
Telephone Circuits cl/
Total
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954.
1955
1956
1957
769
812 .
856
906
962
1,044
1,131
1,219
1,256
1,269
1,288
1,306
85
90
95
101
107
116
126
135
140
141
143
145
854
902
951
1,007
1,069
1,160
1,257
1,354
1,396
1,410
1,431
1,451
718
756
795
833
876
918
978
1,012
1,071
1,148
1,216
1,284
239
252
265
278
292
306
326
337
357
383
405
428
957
1,008
1,060
1,111
1,168
1,224
1,304
1,349
1,428
1,531
1,621
1,712
1,811
1,910
2,011
2,118
2,245 f/
2,412 1/
2,586 f/
2,665 L/
2,742 Ei
2,818 li
2,983 ly
3,163
a. The number of paid telegrams sent is estimated to be 84.5 percent of the total number of telegrans
sent (see Table 23, footnote a, p. 49, below). The estimated number of paid telegrams sent was multi-
plied by the estimated average revenue per telegram, 7.4 rubles. This estimate is based on known rate
schedules for telegram in the USSR (see Table 43, p: 101, below) and on analogy with US practice.
b. Estimated to be 10 Percent of total telegraph revenue. -
c. Computed by multiplying the number of interurban telephone calls (see Table 22, p. 47, below) by the
estimated average revenue per call, 8.5 rubles. This estimate is based on known rate schedules for
interurban telephone calls in the USSR (see -Table 42, p. 101, below) and on analogy with US practice,
d. Estimated to be 25 percent of total interurban telephone revenue.
e. Total revenue for 1946-49 and 1957 is the sum of estimated telegraph and interurban telephone revenue.
Total revenue for 1950-56 was derived from announced data and varies slightly from the sum of estimated
telegraph and interurban telephone revenue.
f. 2.-../
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Table 4
Estimated Revenue from Urban and Rural Telephone Service
in the USSR 2/
1946-57
Million Current Rubles
Source of Revenue
Year
Urban Telephone
Total
Rural Telephone
Total .
Urban and Rural
Telephone Revenue
Home Telephone,
Subscription Fees 2/
Business Telephone,
Subscription Fees cli
Other 12/
Total
Installation Fees 2/ .Miscellaneous 12/
1946
.1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
53
59
66
73
81
89
99
log
121.
133
147
161
388
400
420
439
457
479
502
523
547
574
601
628
5
6
7
.5
7
8
8
7
lo
lo
lo
10
66
69
74.
78
81
84
90
96
99
105
112
118
513
534
567
595
626
660
699
735
777
822
870
917
19 81
2081
22 81
23 E/
24 y
34 y
40 y
51 y
77 Li
86 y
89 y
94 1/
532
554
589
618 .
650 1/
694 1/
739 1/
786 1/
854 1/
908 1/
959 1/
1,011
a. Totals are derived from unrounded data and may not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
b. About 15 percent of total urban telephone revenue is estimated to be derived from sources other than subscription fees.
c. Computed by multiplying the annual home telephone subscription fee of 300 rubles by the midyear number of urban home telephones
(see Table 20, p. 42, below).
d. Computed by multiplying the annual business telephone subscription fee of 500 rubles by the midyear number of urban business
telephones (see Table 20). 1.8/
e. Computed by multiplying the annual number of new subscribers (urban home and business) by the installation fee of 100 rubles
(see Table 20). 12/
f. Revenue from miscellaneous sources includes revenue from public telephone booths and from fees for such items as the following:
an annual 50-ruble charge per kilometer for subscribers who are located more than 3 kilometers (km) from the central or substation
telephone exchange, annual subscription fees for additional telephone receivers, changes in the telephone numbers of subscribers,
and fees for subscribers who have internal telephone networks connecting to the network of the Ministry of Communications. 22/
g. Assuming the same percentage relationship of rural'telephone revenue to urban telephone revenue as in 1950.
h. Derived by subtracting urban telephone revenue from total telephone revenue.
1* 21/
j. Assuming the same percentage relationship of rural telephone revenue to urban telephone revenue as in 1956.
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Table 5
Estimated Revenue from Radiobroadcasting Service in the USSR
1946-57
Million Current Rubles
Year
Source of Revenue 2/
Total Revenue
Category I Receivers
Category II Receivers
Category III Receivers
1946
29
7
lo
46
1947
33
8
12
53
1948
35
9
12
56
1949
38
10
13
61
1950
44
11
15
70
1951
56
14
19
89
1952
73
18
25
116
1953
91
23
, 32
146
1954
114
29
4o
183
1955
146
37
51
234
1956
194
36
51
281
1957
248
47
65
360
a. Category I receivers are for individual use; Category II receivers are for use in village reading
rooms, "red corners," and radio auditoriums; and Category III receivers include all others.
The methodology for these figures follows. The midyear figures for receivers in use were computed
by dividing the difference between consecutive end-of-year figures (see Table 35, p. 73, below) and
adding the result to the previous end-of-year figure. The percentage distribution of receivers in each
category was estimated to be as follows:
Percent
Category
Years
I
II
III
1946-55
.......
75
12.5
12.5
1956-57
8o
lo
lo
The midyear figure for receivers was multiplied by the percentage for each category to obtain the number
of receivers in each category in each year. The number of receivers in each category then was multi-
plied by the annual subscription fee per receiver. Average annual subscription fees are as follows:
Category I, 36 rubles; Category II, 54 rubles; and Category III, 75 rubles. Li
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Table 6
Estimated Revenue from the Wire-Diffusion Service
in the USSR
1946-57
Million Current Rubles
Source of Revenue
Year
License Fees 2/
Installation Fees 12/
Other 2/
Total ,
Revenue 2../
Urban
Rural
Total
Urban
Rural
Total
1946
552
205
757
22
5
27
41
825
1947
.627
221
848
22
5
27
45
920
1948
676
237
913
7
5
12
48
973
1949
698
254
952
7
5
. 12
50
1,014
1950
797
270
1,067
51
5
56
58
1,181
1951
911
308
- 1,219
16
17 -
33
65
1,317
1952
963
376
1,339
14
22
36
71
- 1,446
1953
652
341
993
32
43
75
56
1,124
1954
578
264
842
33
57
90
48
980
1955
634
357
991
31
77
108
57
1,156
1956
684
455
1,139
27
66
93
64
1,296
1957
722
560
1,282
18
88
106
73
1,461
a. Computed by multiplying the number of urban and rural loudspeakers in use at midyear by the yearly urban and rural license fees.
The midyear figures for Urban and rural loudspeakers in use were computed by dividing the difference between consecutive end-of-year
figures (see Table 38, p. 85, below) and adding the result to the previous end-of-year figure. The average annual license fee for
urban loudspeakers in use was 120 rubles for 1946-52, 75 rubles (adjusted rate) for 1953, and 60 rubles for 1954-57. The average
annual license fee for rural loudspeakers in use was 120 rubles for 1946-52, 84 rubles (adjusted rate) for 1953, and 48 rubles for
1954-57. 251
b. Computed by multiplying the estimated net annual increase in the number of loudspeakers by 35 rubles, the installation fee for
a single loudspeaker.212/ Because of the durability of such loudspeakers, no allowance was made for depreciation or replacement of
loudspeakers in computing revenues from installation fees.
c. Assumed to be about 5 percent of total revenue.
d. Computed from license and installation fees, on the assumption that license and installation fees would be about 95 percent of
total revenue and that the remaining 5 percent would be derived from "other sources-" Totals were derived from unrounded data and
may not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
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Table 7
Estimated Revenue from Television Service
in the USSR
1950-57
Million Current Rubles
Year
Source of Revenue 2/
Total Revenue
Category I Receivers
Category II Receivers
Category III Receivers
1950
1
1
2
4
1951
2
3
4
9
1952
5
8
11
24
1953
15
8
11
34
1954
30
16
21
67
1955
57
31
40
128
1956
97
52
68
217
1957
184
73
96
353
a. Category I receivers are for individual use; Category II receivers are for use in village reading
rooms, "red corners," and radio auditoriums; and Category III receivers include all others.
The methodology for these figures follows. The midyear figures for receivers in use were calculated
by dividing the difference between consecutive end-of-year figures (see Table 39, p. 88, below) and
adding the result to the previous end-of-year figure. The percentage distribution of receivers in each
category was estimated as follows:
Percent
Years
Category
1950-52
50
25
25
1953-56
75
12.5
12.5
1957
8o
lo
lo
The midyear figure for receivers was multiplied by the percentage for each category to obtain the number
of receivers in each category in each year. The number of receivers in each category then was multi-
plied by the annual subscription fee per receiver. Average annual subscription fees are as follows:
Category I, 120 rubles; Category II, 384 rubles; ..and Category III, 504 rubles. 22/
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C. Investment.
The term investment is defined in the USSR as "the process
of creating or adding to a new fixed asset in the economy, whether
it be in the form of construction, installation of equipment, scien-
tific research, or capital repair." 2J.,/ The estimated investment
in post and telecommunications for 1923-37 and 1946-57 is shown in
Table 8.* The level of investment, measured in current rubles, in-
creased substantially during 1923-37, but the growth was sporadic.
From 1946 through 1957 the growth in investment, measured in 1955
rubles, more than tripled, from about 305 million rubles in 1946
to about 954 million rubles in 1957. Each year of the 1946-57
period has shown an increase, with the exception of 1952. The 1952
decrease is thought to reflect the general decrease in investment
that took place during that year throughout the Soviet economy.
The total amount of investment in the post and telecommunica-
tions sector of the Soviet economy is unknown; but it is necessarily
greater than the centralized investment** made by the Ministry of
Communications. Besides centralized investments made by the Ministry,
decentralized investments*** are made by its communications enter-
prises.. Agricultural enterprises also make investments in post and
telecommunications facilities, primarily for the development of wire- .
diffusion and telephone facilities. For facilities that are used
jointly by the armed forces and the Ministry of Communications, the
Ministry of Defense is believed to supply substantial portions of
the investment funds. Other ministries operate functional telecom-
munications systems for which investment funds are supplied largely
if not entirely by the respective ministries.
Investments by the Ministry of Communications and by sub-
ordinate enterprises are expected to increase substantially in the
immediate future for the following reasons:
1. the eco-
nomic reorganization currently under way will increase the require-
ment for direct telecommunications. This requirement will have to
* Table 8 follows on p. 20.?
** Centralized investment is planned by he highest echelons of
the government and is primarily composed of investments in produc-
tive facilities which contribute to an increase in the output of
service.
*** Decentralized investments are planned by communications enter-
prises and local government bodies and are primarily composed of
investments in social and cultural facilities which contribute to
the needs of the workers and the community.
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Table 8
Estimated Investment in the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR
1923-37 and 1946-57
Million Rubles
Year
Investment Year
Investment 12/
1 October 1923 through 1928
136 2/
1947
331
1929
70 2/
1948
365
1930
123 2/
1949
481
1931
184 2?/
1950
589
1932
186 2/
1951
606
1933
184 2/
1952
550
1934
278 2/
1953
619
1935
287'a/
1954
632
1936
310 2/
1955
662
1937
241 a/
1956
924
1957
954
1946
305 12/
a. These figures are in current rubles and represent the sum of cen-
tralized and decentralized investments (see footnotes, p. 19, above)
,
for these years. 21/
b. These figures are in 1955 rubles and represent centralized invest-
ments only for these years. 2?./ The figures are derived from a series
giving combined investment figures for the Ministry of Transportation
and the Ministry of Communications together. The assumption was made
that investment for the Ministry of Communications was 4.3 percent of
the combined investment figures, on the basis of information for 1954
which gave this relationship between the investments of the two Minis-
tries. 2
be met largely by the aadition of new facilities. As a result of the
economic reorganization, the functional telecommunications systems will
probably be consolidated with those of the Ministry of Communications,
a step which has been advocated for a long time by the Ministry and
which will also require additional investment funds. These funds were
formerly supplied by other ministries.
2. The continued growth of the economy should create in-
creased demands for post and telecommunications service. In order to
meet these demands, substantial quantities of new facilities will be
required.
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3. The status of the public telecommunications system is
a matter of major importance to the armed forces because the system
is subject to military use in time of emergency or war. Thus the
joint investments by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Com-
munications can be expected to increase in order to improve the speed
and reliability of service, to reduce the vulnerability of the telecom-
munications system, and to increase capacity and flexibility.
The USSR now has in prospect the provision of modern coaxial
cable and microwave radio relay systems which, if realized within
the next 5 years, will greatly increase investment rates. These
systems are capable of yielding very high circuit capacity for main-
line application. Initial investment for such systems runs very high,
but the cost per circuit is attractively low.
D. Manpower.
Employees* of the Ministry of Communications comprise one of
the most heterogeneous labor forces in the USSR. The diversified
activities of the Ministry, ranging from the delivery of mail on foot
and by animal-drawn vehicle to the installation, operation, and repair
of highly complex electronic equipment, largely account fpr this con-
dition, and the variety of skills required to perform these duties
necessitates specialization of labor. Specialization introduces prob-
lems of establishing equitable wage rates, of providing necessary
training, and of allocating personnel among the various enterprises
of the Ministry.
1. Labor Force.
The Ministry of Communications employed 633,000 persons
at the end of 1957. Figures on the labor force, as shown in
Table 9,** cover full-time employees only and do not include part-
time or seasonal employees engaged by the Ministry or employees
hired by agricultural enterprises to operate rural post and tele-
communications facilities maintained by the Ministry.
The distribution of employees by type of operation is
shown in Table 10*** and illustrated graphically in Figure 5.****
It is estimated that approximately half of the total full-time
employees of the Ministry of Communications are women.
* The term employees is used collectively in this report to mean
both, workers and employees.
** Table 9 follows on p. 22.
*** Table 10 follows on p. 23.
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Table 9
Estimated Average Annual Number of Full-Time Employees
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1922-40, and 1945-57
Units
Year
Employees Year
Employees
1913
1922
1923
1924-
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
72,000 2/
92,000 2/
87,000 2/ 12/
82,400 2/ 12/
94,200 2/ 12/
95,2002/ 12/
95,000 12/ s/
95,000 12/ 2/
119,900 2/
153,400 2/
191,200 2/
224,000 LI/
257,900 2/
295?000 2/
334,000 2/.
343,000 2/
375,000 LI/
1938
1939
1940
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
414,000 2/
446,000 2/
478,000 2/
426,000 1/
461,000 I/
486,000 I/
507,000 1/
525,000 1/
542,000 sy
557,000 I/
571,000 1/
585,000 1/
598,000 1/
611,000 2/
622,000 B/
633,000 1/
a. 21/
b. Data for 1923-28 do not include village postmen;
data for the remaining years do.
c. 12/
d. 11/
e. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression, between
1938 and 1940.
f. Estimated, on the basis of graphic analysis.
The number of full-time employees engaged in post and tele-
communications activity has increased substantially since 1913. The
greatest period of expansion occurred during 1928-40. Since 1946 the
number of new employees added to the labor force each year has been
decreasing. This decreasing trend is not indicative of diminishing
emphasis on post and telecommunications, however, but is indicative
of increased labor productivity brought about by training and the
introduction of modern practices and equipment. This trend is ex-
pected to continue.
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4
USSR: ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES
IN THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS, BY TYPE OF OPERATION
24785 6-58
Trainees and
Miscellaneous
105
1957
Telephone and Telegraph
38%
Postal
42%
Broadcasting
10%
Figure 5 50X1
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Table 10
Estimated Number of Employees
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
by Type of Operation 2/
1957
Units
Type of Operation
Employees
Postal
266,000
Telephone and telegraph
241,000
Broadcasting
63,000
Trainees and miscellaneous
63,000
Total
633,000
12/
a. Based on fragmentary information 50X1
and on analogy with US prac- 50X1
tice.
b. See Table 9, p. 22, above.
2. Wages.
In general, employees of the Ministry of Communication's
receive an average annual wage considerably in excess of the minimum
wage established in 1956 for urban workers in the USSR. In 1956,
for example, the estimated average annual wage of full-time employees
of the Ministry was about 7,140 rubles, whereas the minimum wage of
urban workers was only 3,600 rubles. The estimated average annual
wage of employees of the Ministry of Communications since 1923 is
shown in Table 11.*
The average annual wage, however, does not reflect the,
wage differentials that exist between the various functions performed
by employees of the Ministry of Communications. Table 12** shows that
there are substantial differentials in the wages paid to postal, tele-
phone and telegraph, and broadcasting employees. Broadcasting em-
ployees, as a functional group, receive the highest wages, and tele-
phone and telegraph employees are next. Trainees and postal employees
receive the lowest wage of all employees.
* Table 11 follows on p. 24.
** Table 12 follows on p, 25.
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Table 11
Estimated Average Annual Wage of Employees
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1923-40 and .T.945-57
Current Rubles
Year
Average
Annual Wage Year
Average
Annual Wage b/
1923
372 2/
1939
2,800
1924
502 2/
1940
3,000
1925
615 2/
1926
712 2/
1945
5,700
1927
747 2/
1946
5,820
1928
779 2/
1947
5,91.0
1929
721 2/
1948
6,320
1930
727 2/
1949
6,47o
1931
1,062 2/
1950
6,560
1932
1,334 2/
1951
6,64o
1933
1,453 2/
1952
6,730
1934
1,559 2/
1953
6,800
1935
1,862 2/
1954
6,860
1936
1,956 2/
1955
7,000
1937
2,356 2/
1956
7,140
1938
2,580 12/
1957
7,280
a. Computed by dividing the estimated total annual wage
fund by the estimated number of employees in the Ministry
of Communications. 35/
b. Extrapolated, using graphic analysis and known in-
formation on over-all wage increases in the USSR.
Wage differentials have also been established for shift
work and for certain geographical areas. In addition, there are wage
differentials within the same categorY of work according to longevity,
as shown in the following tabulation 16/;
Years of Service
Pay Increase
(Percent of Base Pay)
3 through 4
10
5 through 6
15
7 through 9
20
10 through 14
30
15 or more
40
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p-E-c-R-g-T
The average annual wage of employees of the Ministry of
Communications is believed to include, in addition to the base wage,
work incentive bonuses or prizes and payments for social security
benefits.
Table 12
Estimated Average Annual Wage of Employees
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
by Type of Operation
1957
Current Rubles
Average Ahnual
Type of Operation Wage 21
Postal
6,900
Telephone and telegraph
'7,400
Broadcasting
9,100
Trainees and miscellaneous
5,500
Average of all employees
7,280
a. On the basis of fragmentary information
on the wage differential for technical skills,
by specific type of operation, it is estimated
that the average annual wage in each type of
operation varied from the average annual wage
of all employees of the Ministry of Communica-
tions as follows: postal, minus 5 percent;
telephone and telegraph, plus 2 percent;
broadcasting, plus 25 percent; and trainees
and miscellaneous, minus 25 percent.
3. Training.
Many of the functions of the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR require employees with a high degree of skill'and tech-
nical competence. Furthermore, with the introduction of more modern
and more complex equipment, the requirement for greater skill and
technical competence of employees increases. To satisfy this require-
ment, the Ministry of Communicatiohs pursues an extensive training
program.
The Ministry currently operates about 40 schools provid-
ing full-time training in post and telecommunications subjects. E/
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These schools are located throughout the USSR and include the Academy
of Communications in Leningrad, electrotechnical institutes, and tech-
nical and trade schools. Supplementing these institutions are several
schools operated by the Ministry of Culture and several universities
which offer courses in post and telecommunications. 2.Y
Part-time courses in post and telecommunications are avail-
able. through the All-Union Correspondence Technical School in Moscow.
This School has well-distributed branch offices to facilitate its
training activities.
The reported enrollment in the electrotechnical insti-
tutes in 1956 was about 9,000 full-time students. 12/ The tech-
nical and trade schools had an enrollment of about 17,000 full-time
students in 1956.IV Enrollment in correspondence schools was
about 10,000 in 195 and by the end of 1955 had increased to more
than 17,000.111/ In 1956, about 9,000 employees were reported to
be taking correspondence courses from electrotechnical institutes,
and about 15,000 students were taking courses from the Correspondence
Technical School.122/ During 1946-56 the electrotechnical insti-
tutes reportedly graduated 10,442 engineers and the technical and
trade schools 34,105 technicians. Ill/
The Ministry of Communications conducts an intensive on-
the-job training program. In 1956 alone, 125,000 employees of the
.Ministry are reported to have improved their qualifications through
this program. Lilij
It is estimnted that the continued modernization and
sophistication of post and telecommunications equipment and tech-
niques will necessitate a continued high level of training activity.
Greater emphasis can be expected to be given to increasing the size
and number of technical schools operated by the Ministry itself.
4. Productivity.
The Ministry of Communications of the USSR has devoted
a great deal of attention to the problem of increasing the produc-
tivity of its employees. To aid communications enterprises in their
planning and control activities, an index for measuring the produc-
tivity of labor was introduced by the Ministry in 1953. 11-jj The
revenue of an enterprise was divided by the total number of its em-
ployees, and on this basis an index was constructed. By using the
same procedure, an index reflecting the aggregate growth in the pro-
ductivity of labor for the Ministry of Communications has been de-
rived and is shown in Table 13.*
* Table 13 follows on p. 27.
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Table 13
Index Of Labor Productivity in the Ministry of Communications
of the USSR
1950-57
Year
Average Revenue
per Employee 2/
(Current Rubles
Index of Growth'
of Labor
Productivity b/
(1950 = 100)
Percentage Growth
in Labor ,
Productivity 1.11
1950
13,200
100
1951
14,200
107
8
1952
14,800
112
4
1953
14,400
110,
195)4.
1954
15,100
114
5
1955
15,900
121
5
1956
16,800
128
6
1957
17,700
134
5
a. Computed by dividing the total revenue shown in Table 1
(p. 12, above) by the total number of employees, shown in
Table 9 (p. 22, above).
b. Computed from unrounded data.
The validity of these calculations is borne out by isolated
announcements of the Ministry on the subject of productivity gains.
For example, it was announced that the total increase in productivity
for the Ministry during 1949-55 was 35 percent itg and that the in-
crease in productivity for the Moscow Central Telegraph Office during
1950-55 was 21 percent./21/ Table 13 shows that the yearly percent-
age growth in labor productivity, with the exception of 1953, has
been relatively stable. In 1953, total revenue decreased as a result
of the reduction in the fees for wired loudspeaker subscriptions,
causing a decline in the index for that year. Total revenue regained
its former rate of growth in 1954. The index from that year onward
is again a useful reflection of gains in labor productivity because
no other significant price changes for post and telecommunications
services have occurred.
The Ministry of Communications has stressed several con-
ditions which have impeded growth in labor productivity. These in-
clude inefficient educational work of enterprises and unions, bureau-
cratic methods of direction employed by administrative staffs,
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inadequacies in the supply of new equipment, and inequalities in wages
resulting from the numerous differentials.)1:8/ To remedy these con-
ditions, the Ministry has advocated the following:
a. Combining or consolidating, whenever possible,
offices or enterprises performing related functions, ?such as wire-
diffusion centers and telecommunications offices. )12/
b. Spreading new ideas and techniques throu
frequent meetings and discussions among enterprises
unit. 21/
more
c. Using model offices as examples for less efficient
d. Employing monetary incentives to stimulate
greater individual contributions.
e. Expanding training, especially at the lower
levels. Li
To aid enterprises in achieving increases in productivity,
the Ministry has established a Central Bureau of Technical Informa-
tion .2).1/ whose function is to circulate information about technologi-
cal advancements made either at home or abroad to communications
offices throughout the country. In addition, the Ministry has, created
the position of Engineer in Charge of Inventive and Rationalization
Work. One such engineer has been assigned to each enterprise employ-
ing more than 750 people. 22/
Programs designed to increase labor productivity by over-
coming organizational, procedural, and training barriers will continue
to be helpful. The major factor governing future gains, however, will
be the part played by the increased use of labor-saving equipment.
? E. Equipment.
The Ministry of Communications of the USSR currently obtains
most of its telecommunications equipment from domestic production.
Before World War II the development of an adequate domestic industry
for manufacturing electronics equipment in the USSR was neglected,
and a major portion of the electronics equipment used for telecom-
munications had to be imported. After the war the curtailment of
foreign sources of supply, together with the desire for self-
sufficiency, made the establishment of a domestic production capa-
bility in this field mandatory..
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1. Production.
Several years elapsed after World War II before a sub-
stantial electronics industry was established in the USSR. .By 1950
the production of electronics equipment began to increase. Between
_=7/
1950 and 1955, production expanded 440 percent, 56 and in 1955 it
reached a level 20 times greater than in 1940. 57 These figures
are officially announced growth statistics and, although not neces-
sarily exact, are believed to be of the correct order of magnitude.
As of 1958 the electronics equipment industry in the
USSR is believed to consist of about, 200'plants. Z../ These plants
are controlled by several state committees* and the Ministry of
Communications, and approximately 50 percent of total production of
electronics is carried out in plants of the State Committee for
Radioelectronics. The Ministry of Communications, in conjunction
with the State Committee for Radioelectronics, produces the majority
of telephone and telegraph equipment.
Even with the rapid growth that has occurred, the elec-
tronics industry is still not capable of producing sufficient vane-
ties and quantities of advanced electronics equipment to meet all
the requirements of the Ministry of Communications. This deficiency
is attributable in part to the priority of military needs. Further
expansion in the electronics industry appears to be necessary if
planned growth in public telecommunications is to be fulfilled. It
is reported that the production of this industry by 1960 is to be
250 percent greater than in 1955. 22/ ?
In the future the Soviet electronics industry, in conjunc-
tion with those of Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia, may be
more specialized in its production. In early 1956 the desire of the
USSR to standardize the manufacture of telecommunications equipment
led to an agreement between the USSR and some of its European Satel-
lites. Hungary was to specialize in telecommunications carrier
equipment (probably telephone equipment for multiplying circuit
capacity), East Germany was to specialize in radio transmitters and
receivers, Czechoslovakia was to specialize in television trans-
mitters and receivers, and the USSR was to specialize in telephone
equipment. L./ There has been no subsequent indication that this
program for standardization and specialization has been implemented.
* The State Committee for Aviation Technology, the State Committee
for Defense Technology, the 'State Committee for Radioelectronics,
and the State Committee for Shipbuilding.
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2. Imports.
To supplement the domestic production of telecommunica-
tions equipment, the USSR imports equipment from other Soviet Bloc
countries. Large quantities of microwave radio relay equipment were
imported from East Germany during 1950-57. In 1956, equipment for
microwave radio relay was also imported from Hungary. _61/ The use
of both equipment for microwave radio relay and telecommunications
wire and cable (including coaxial cable) are included in plans for
the expansion of the public telecommunications system of the USSR. .2./
Imports of substantial quantities of telecommunications material
from outside the Soviet Bloc are severely limited by COCOM restric-
tions, but some equipment for research and prototyping purposes is
obtained on a single-item basis, in addition to large quantities of
copper wire.
3. Exports.
The USSR has been an exporter of telecommunications .
equipment and material, more for political reasons than for reasons
of surplus. It has exported radiobroadcasting transmifters and
receivers to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Far East, and
Communist China; television receivers to the European Satellites
and Finland; and telephone equipment to Argentina, India, and
Afghanistan. _Q/ In the future, exports of telecommunications
equipment will Probably rise, primarily in consequence of increas-
ing productive capability and of increasing aggressiveness in the
use of trade with certain non-Soviet-Bloc countries as a medium of
economic penetration.
4. Technolog7.
The USSR is well informed on modern telecommunications
technology. Given the necessary priority, scientists and engineers
can develop and the manufacturing industry can produce the kinds
and quantities of equipment needed for the development of a modern
telecommunications system.
The USSR is not believed to produce or use telephone
equipment for multiplying circuit capacity which are capable of
providing for more than 24 telephone channels. Telephone equipment
for multiplying circuit capacity (types R-60 and R-240) which are
capable of handling from 60 to 600 telephone Channels are in the ,
final stage of development for use on microwave radio relay equip-
ment (which is known as Vesna). Similar telephone equipment to be
used with coaxial cable also are being developed to provide up to
1,800 telephone channels. ?11/ All of the telephone equipment
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mentioned is interchangeable, with minor modifications, and may be
used on either microwave radio relay or coaxial cable facilities.
, Developmental work is being carried out on scatter and
wave guide transmission techniques. LV The use of scatter, both
tropospheric and ionospheric, would help provide dependable and
reasonably secure communications, especially in the Arctic and
eastern areas of the USSR. The use of wave guide techniques would
make possible the simultaneous transmission of thousands of tele-
phone channels and a number of television channels between major
cities in the USSR.
III. Postal System.
The postal system plays a vital role in the communications .
structure of the USSR. The system provides substantial quantities
of service for the government; and it is the predominant means of
communication available to the private consumer. Postal service
is available throughout the USSR.
The volume of mail handled by the postal system in the USSR is
composed of letters, packages, newspapers and periodicals, and money
orders. In terms of quantity, the volume of newspapers and periodi-
cals sent is almost three times as great as the total volume of all
other types of mail Combined. Letters account for most of the re-
maining volume. Relatively few packages and money orders are sent
by mail. The propaganda and educational value of newspapers and
periodicals probably accounts for their predominance over all other
types of mail handled. The total volume of mail handled, as shown
in Table 14,* has grown at a relatively constant rate over the past
30 years. Since 1950 the growth in total volume of mail sent has
averaged about 1 billion pieces per year. This growth in volume of
service has been accompanied by growth in the length of postal routes
and in the number of postal enterprises.
The growth in the total length of postal routes, as shown in
Table 15,** has been quite constant, but substantial shifts have
been made in the types of transportation employed. The most sig-
nificant change has been the growth in the length of airmail and
motor routes. In 1928, airmail and motor routes each accounted
for only about 2 percent of the length of all postal routes. By
1957, about 23 percent of all postal routes employed air transport,
and 16 percent employed motor transport. This increased percentage
* Table 14 follows on p. 33.
** Table 15 follows on p. 34.
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of air and motor routes has been accompanied by decreases in the
percentage of foot and animal routes. No significant change has
occurred in the percentage of routes employing water and rail trans-
port. The percentage distribution of postal routes'by type of
transport, however, does not reflect the relative volumes of mail
carried. The railroad system of the USSR traditionally has been
the basic means employed in long-distahce postal conveyance and
carries the largest volume of interurban mail. 66/
One of the most important aspects of the growth of postal enter-
prises in the USSR, as shown in Table 16,* has been the trend since
1946 toward consolidation of postal enterprises with telephone and
telegraph enterprises. In 1940, about 50 percent of the total num-
ber of enterprises operated by the Ministry of Communications of-
fered postal service exclusively. This relationship began to change
after World War II. In 1957, of the total number of enterprises,
only about 2 percent were exclusively postal. The urban-rural dis-
tribution of enterprises offering postal or postal and telephone
and telegraph services has remained relatiVely constant since 1928,
with only a slight increase in the percentage of enterprises located
in urban areas.
It can be expected that in the future postal volume will grow at
a rate comparable to that of 1946-57. Future growth will require
greater capacity for handling mail and an increase in the speed of
service. It is anticipated that capacity for handling mail will be
improved through expansion in the number of small post offices and
through use of mobile post offices. LY The gradual introduction
of automatic services for handling mail in the larger postal centers,
in conjunction with the increased mechanization of postal routes,
should result in improved speed of service. .2/ One unconfirmed re-
port on Improvements in the speed of service of mail avers that the
USSR has installed what may be called a rather fantastic facility
between Moscow and Irkutsk in which mail is moved by a pneumatic
tube system. L9i
A list of postal rates in the USSR in 1957 is given in Table 40,**
and a list of postal money order rates in Table 41.***
Table 16 follows on p. 35.
P. 100, below.
P. 100, below. (Text continued on p. 36.)
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Table 14
Estimated Volume of Postal Service in the USSR
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
Million Units
Year
Letters
Money Orders
Packages
Periodicals
and Newspapers
Total
1913
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
615 2/
522 2/
66o12./
780 12j
870 12/
981 2/
1,000 12/
1,080 -2/
1,120 12/
1,200 12/
1,277 2/
1,650 12/
2,080 12/
2,609 2/
2,120 12/
2,230 12/
2,320 12/
2,450 I2/
2,607 2/
2,886 2/
3,164 2/
3,275
3,432 2/
3,788 2/
3,896 2/
4,000 12/
35 2/
37 2/
37 2/
379.j
' 38 2/
38 _../
38 2/
47 2/
53 21
65 12/
77 22/
82 12/
88 12/
96 2/
168 12/
176 12/
185 12/
195 12/
205 2/
218 2/
231 a/
243 2/
255 21,
256 2/
262 2/
275 11
lo 2/
14 2/
18 2/
23 2/
30 2/
34
34 12/
33 2/
32 2/
31 12/
31 2/
33 12/
37 2/
46 2/
32 12/
31i. 12/
37 2/
40 12j
44 2/
51 2/
55 2/
59 2/
65 2/
76 2/
76 2/
80 2/
358 2/
1,320 2/
2,35o 2/
3,210 2/
5,000 2/
4,695 2../
4,800 I,/
:-./,
4,975 2/
5,199 2/
5,500 12./
5,731 2/
6,050 12/
6,350 12/
6,708 2/
3,900 12/
4,430 12/
4,82o 12/
5,250 12/
5,877,2/
6,701 2/
7,435 2/
7,894 2j
8,782 2/
9,349 2/
10,461 2/
11,500 2/
1,018
1,893
3,065
4,050
5,938
5,748,
5,872
6,135
6,404
6,796
7,116
7,815
8,555
9,459
6,220
6,870
7,362
7,935
8,733
9,856
10,885
11,471
12,534
13,469
14,695
15,855
a./
b. Interpolated and extrapolated, using graphic analysis. .
c. 11/
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Table 15
Estimated Length of Postal Routes in the USSR
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
Thousand Kilometers
Year
Motor Vehicle
Railroad
Water
1913
59 12/
322/
1928
11
12/
81 b/
110
12/
1929
15
2/
83 2/
110
2/
1930
21
2/
89 2/
114
2/
1931
23
2/
95. 2/
126
2/
1932
2 4
12/
100 b/
125
12/
1933
32
2/
105 iv
135
2/
1934
50
2/
105 2/
- 150
2/
1935
75
2/
108 2/
178 2/
1936
150
2/
109 2/
202 e/
1937
170
12/
110 1.2/
. 209 15/
1938
163
ej
140 2/
208
2/
1939
150
2/
180 2/
206
2/
1940
130
72/
24o 121
202
12/
1946
96
2/
240 2/
137
2/
1947
102
2/
250 2/
142
2/
1948
107
2/
260 2/
145
2/
1949
113
2/
270 2/
148
2/
1950
120
12/
280 12/
152
,
12/
1951
130
12/
290 12/
154
12/
1952
140
12/
310 12/
' 159 12/
1953
160
12/
34o 12/
166 b/
,-/
1954
200
12/
390 12/
161
12/
1955
240
12/
410 12/
173
12/
1956
270
12/
43o 12/
176
12/
1957
296
2/
45o 2/
180
2/
Air
11 b/
18 1/
29 1/
30 cie
35 J
48 2/
60 2/
75 2/
95 2/
125 12/
145 2/
162 2/
178 12/
200 2/
255 2/
310 2/
360 2/
417 W,
444 12/
437 12/
439 12/
426 b/
_:..
428 12/
418 12/
420 2/
Other 9.1
Total
2612/
350
563 12/
424
65o 2/
507
760 2/
606,
880 2/
718
1,002 b/
74o
1,060 "LJ./
735
1,100 2/
704
1,,140 2/
604
1,160 2/
570
1,184 12/
594
1,250 2/
622
1$320 2/
668
1,418 12/
677
1,350 2/
631
1,380 2/
618
1,440 2/
589
1,480 2/
572
1
1,54 12/
554
1,572 12/
542
1,588 12/
522
1,627 12/
507
1,684 I2/
486
1,737 12/
465
1,759 12/
454
1,800 2/
a. Other routes are animal and foot routes. The figures were
obtained by subtracting the length of motor vehicle, railroad,
water, and air routes from the total length of routes.
b. /W
c. 7
d. Interpolated and extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
e. Extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
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Table 16
Estimated Number
of Postal and Telephone and Telegraph Enterprises in the USSR
.by Location and Type of Service 2/
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
Thousand Units
Year
Location
Total
Enterprises
Type of Service
Postal Only
Both Postal
and Telephone and
Telegraph
Rural
Urban
1913
7/
1.h/
8/
1928
192914
13u
12/
2J
2 2/
15 2/
16 fu
82/
10 2/ -
73/
63/
1930
2112/
3 W
24 1/
18 2/
63/
1931
36u
33,!
39u
33i/
63/
1932
41 2../
4 2/
45 2/
40 2/
53/
1933
40 h/
4 E/
44 1/
36 2/
83/ .
1934
41 h/
4 E/
45 1/?
34 h/
113/
1935
4o hi
5 fi
45 1/
31 2/
11+3/
1936
38u
5
43 E/
26/
173/
1937
36 2/
5 h./
41 2/
20 2/
213/
1938
3712/
6 E/
43 1/
21 gi
22/
1939
40 h/
7 e
47 E/
22 E/
253/
1940
44 2/
7 h/
51u
23u/
283/
1946
41 h/
6 h/
47 u22
2/
25/
1947
1948
42 12/
42 12/
6 h/
73/
48 k/
49 1/
20 2/
i8/
283,! ?
3l/
1949
43 h/
7 h/
50 1/
16 2/
31+/
1950
1951
43.1/
43 4/
8 h/
8 hi
51 4/ .
51 2/
14 2/
11 e/
373/
4o 2/
1952
1#33/
93/
523/
83/
1+43/
1953
43 2/
10 h./
53 1/
8 f/
1453/
1954
4-4 2/
103/
5143/
53/
1+93/
1955
45 2/
11 h/
56 2/ ?
5 e/
513/
1956
1+63/
113/
573/
3
51+3/.
1957
1+63/
123/
583/
1 2/
57 2/
a. An enterprise consists of one or more subordinate communications offices and agencies which
are located within a given administrative area.
b. Total minus urban..
c. Extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
e. Total minus the figure for both .postal and telephone and telegraph.
f. /7.1
g. Interpolated, using graphic analysis.
h. Total minus rural.
i.i/.
j. Total minus postal only.
1. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression.
m. Total for 1956 plus planned absolute increase for 1957. lop/
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TV. Telephone and Telegraph Systems.
Rapid public telecommunications -service in the USSR is provided
by the telephone and telegraph systems operated by the Ministry of
Communications. This service is utilized primarily by the govern-
ment, with usage by private consumers being generally restricted to
slack periods. Telephone service does not meet private consumer
needs either in geographical coverage or in readiness to serve. LV
Service is provided through the integrated use of wireline and
point-to-point radio facilities.
A. Telephone.
Telephone service, although much less extensive in coverage
than is telegraph service, is available in all major population
centers in the USSR. The telephone system is divided into three
basic networks, as follows: urban, interurban, and intrarayon (or
rural). The urban telephone networks are interconnected through
the interurban telephone network. Rural telephone networks are
interconnected through rayon centers, which are part of the urban
telephone network.
Interurban telephone call rates in the USSR in 1957 are
given in Table 42.*
1. Urban and Rural.
The growth in the number and capacity of urban and rural
telephone exchanges gives one measure of the ability of a telephone
system to meet service demands. From 1928 to 1940 the average annual
rate of growth of total telephone exchange capacity in the USSR was
14.3 percent, with the growth from 1936 to 1940 averaging about 9.9
percent. Total telephone exchange capacity has been growing at an
average annual rate of about 6.7 percent since 1949. The number of
telephone exchanges and the capacity of these exchanges reached
pre-World War II levels in 1949.
The installation of automatic telephone exchange equip-
ment has become significant during the postwar years. This equip-
ment has been installed in increasing amounts in urban areas and
to a lesser extent in rural areas. The shift to automation in tele-
phone exchange equipment becomes significant when viewed in connec-
tion with data on exchange capacity. Table 17** shows the estimated
total number of telephone exchanges, and Table 18*** shows the capac-
ity of these exchanges.****
P. 101, below,
Table 17 follows on p. 37.
Table 18 follows on p4 38.
Other ministries operate many private telephone exchanges as
of their functional systems,
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Table 17
Estimated Number of Telephone Exchanges
Operated by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913,
1928-40, 'and 1946-57
Units
Year
Urban
Rural
Total Urban and Rural
Manual
Automatic
Total
Manual
Automatic
Total
Manual
Automatic
Total
1913
1,242 a/
0
1,242 a/
N.A.
0
N.A.
N.A.
0
N.A.
1928
1,566 2/
o
1,566 2/
900 2/
o
900 2/
2,466
o
2,466
1929 .
1,698 2/
2 1/
1,700 2/
1,600 2/
0
1,600 2/
3,298
2
3,300
1930
1,846 2/
4 1/
1,850-2/
2,400 2/
o
2,400 2/
4,246
4
4,250
1931
2,041 2/
98/
2,0508/
3,300 2/
o
3,300 2/
5,341
9
5,350
1932
2,276 2/
13 2/
2,2898/
4,062 12/
0
4,062 8/
6,338
13
6,351
1933
2,11.968/
24 2/
2,5208/
5,000 b/
0
5,0002/
7,496
24
7,520
1934
2,745 2/
35 2/
2,780.2/
5,900 2/
o
5,90021
8,645
35
8,680
1935
3,0332/
47 2/
3,080 2/
6,800 2/
o
. 6,800 2/
9,833
47 .
9,880
1936
3,300 2/
6o 2/
3,360 2/
7,800 2/
o
7,800 s/
11,100
60
11,160
1937
3,567 2/
73 2/
3,640 2/
8,809 2/
o
8,809 2/
12,376
73
12,449
1938
3,863 2/
87 2/
3,950 2/
10,000 2/
o
10,000 2/
13,863
87
13,950
1939
4,148 2/
102 2/
4,250 2/
11,200 8/0
11,200 2/
15,348
102
15,450
1940
4,412 2/
120 21
4,532 21
12,763 12/
0
12,763 ,2/
17,175
120
17,295
1946
4,295 2/
105 2/
4,400 2/
11,500 2/
o
11,500 2/
15,795
105
15,900
1947
4,515 c/
135 2/
4,65o 2/
11,750 2/
o
11,750 2/
16,265
135
16,400
1948
4,657 2/
163 2/
4,820 2/
12,080 2/
o
12,080 2/
16,737
163
16,900
1949
4,778 2/
192 2/
4,970 2/
12,430 2/
o
12,430 2/
17,208
192
17,400
1950
4,887 2/
218 2/
5,105 2/
12,746 2/
31 2/
12,777 2/
17,633
, 249
17,882
1951
4,888 2/
236 2/
5,124 2/
13,145 2/
112 a/
13,257 2/
18,033
348
18,381
1952
4,905 a/
262 a/
5,167 2/-
13,431.a/
199 a/
13,630 a/
18,336
461
18,797
1953
- 4,855 2,./
280 2/
5,135 2/
13,7768/
343 2/
14,49 2/
18,631
623
19,254
1954
4,855 a/
324 21
.5,179 2/
14,473 2/
489 2/
14,962 2/
19,328
813
20,141
1955
1956
4,852 2/
4,725 a/
349 2/
405 a/
5,201 a/
5,130 8/
14,904 a/
15,543 8/
616 a/
753 2/
15,520 a/
16,296 2/
19,756
20,268
965
1,158
20,721
21,426
1957
4,598 2/
461 2/
5,059
16,182 2/
890 2/
17,072 2/
20,780
1,351
22,131
a. EV
b. Assumed to equal the total number of rural exchanges.
c. Interpolated and extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
d. Computed by using an average of 5,500 telephone numbers per automatic exchange, based on data for .1932. Data showing tele-
phone numbers per urban automatic exchange are given in Table 18, p. 38, below.
e. Assuming the same absolute increase or decrease in 1956,57 as in 1955-56.
37
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Table 18
Estimated Capacity of Telephone Exchanges
Operated by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
Thousand Telephone Numbers
Urban Rural Total Urban and Rural
Manual
Year Manual , Automatic Total Manual Automatic
Automatic Total Total
1913 230.0 2/ 0 T30.0 2/ N.A. 0 N.A. N.A. 0' N.A.
1928 290.0 2/ 0 290.0 2/, N.A. o N.A. N.A. 0 N.A.
1929 316.0 b/ 6.3 12/ 322.39/ N.A. 0 N.A. N.A. 6.3 N.A.
1930 353.5 IV 21.3 12/ 374.8 b/
N.A. 0 N.A. N.A. 21.3 N.A.
1931 387.0 12/ 47.3 12/ 434.3 12/ N.A. 0 N.A. N.A. 47.3 N.A.
1932 419.0 2/ 71.0 2/ 1190.09/ 53.4 2/ 0 53.4 2/ 472.4 71.0 543.4
1933 11146.69/ 133.89/ 580.149/ 70.09/
88.o 2/ o 70.09/ 516.6 133.8 650.4
4 4
19376.6 s/ 164.2 s/ 640.8 s/ o 88.o 2/ 564.6 164.2 728.8
1935 522.0 s/ 220.5 s/ 742.5 s/
861.2 2/ 106.0 2/ o 106.0 2/ 628.0 220.5 848.5
1936 615.1 8/ 246.1 s/ 123.0 2/ o 123.0 2/ 138.1 246.1 984.2
1937 591.7 0/ 271.8 2/ 863.5 s/ 140.6 2/ o 140.6 2/
180.0 2/ 732.3 271.8 1,004.1
1938 635.9 _/ 299.2 I/ 935.1 2/
1,006.8 di 180.0 2/ o 815.9 299.2
a:70 1,1.15.1
1939 675:1 2/ 331.7 di .,,
1,169.0 2/ 223.0 2/ o 223.0 2/ 898.1
1,012.9
1940 745.0 2/ 424.0 i/ 267.9 2/ o 267.9 a/ 1,229.8
1,436.9
1946 609.09/ 341.0 2/ 950.0 9/ 180.09/ o 180.09/ 789.0 341.o
1947 655.0 ti./ 392.0 2/ 1,047.0 2/ 191.0 2/ o
2904:00 1.// 846.0 392.0 1,130.0
.1948 700.0 9/
74o.o d/ 445.o 2/ 1,145.0 2/
1,241.0 2/ 204.o 2/ o 904.0 445.0 1,238.0
1,349.0
1949 501.09/ o 218.09/ 958.0 501.0 1,459.0
1,341.0 2/ 218.0 2/
1950 778.0 2/ 563.0 2/ 233.2 2/ 0.39/ 233.59/ 1,011.2 563.3 1,574.5
1951 811.0 2/ 617,0 a/ 1,428.0 a/ 253.3 2/ 1,8 2/ 255.1 2/ 1,064.3 618.8
1,117.2
1952 844.o 2/ 689.09/ 1,533.09/ 273.29/ 3.69/ 276.89/ 692.6 1,683.1
1953 854.o/ 735.0 2/ 1,589.0 2/ 296.2 2/ 6.7 2/ 302.9 2/
741.7 1,809.8
1,891.9
1954 893.09/ 823.09/ 1,716.09/ 331.79/ 9.69/ 341.3 2/ 1,150.2
832.6 2,057.3
1955 927.0 2/ 890.0 Lti, 1,817.0 a/ 354.9 2/ 12.2 2/ 367.1 2/ 1:T1:7 9
902.2
1956 944.0 2/ 960.0 2/ 1,904.0 2/ 395.2 2/ 16.1 2/ 411.3 2/ 1,339.2 976.1 2,184.1
2,315.3
1957 961.0 fe 1,030.0 9/ 1,991.0 9/ 435.5 9/ 20.0 9/ 455.5 9/ 1,396.5 1,050.0 2,446.5
a.
b.
C.
d.
e.
f.
g.
8
8
Interpolated and extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
P.?./
Based on a statement that, in 1938, 32 percent of total capacity was automatic. L/
Assuming the same absolute growth in 1956-57. as in 1955-56.
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A comparison of the percentage of total exchanges equipped
for automatic operation with the percentage of total exchange capacity
provided by this equipment shows the progress being made to provide
more efficient telephone service. The following tabulation shows
this relationship for selected years:
Percent of Total
Year
Automatic Exchanges -
Automatic Exchange Capacity
1929
Negligible
2
1932
0.2
13
1937
0.5
27
1940
0.6
30
1946
0.6
30
1950
1.0
36
1955
46
41
1957
6.3
43
The installation of automatic telephone exchange equip-
ment has been concentrated largely in urban areas. It is estimated
that in 1957, 9 percent of the urban exchanges were automatic. These
exchanges account for 52 percent of the total urban exchange capacity.
Urban automatic exchange capacity in 1957 averaged 2,191 subscriber
lines* per exchange. As late at 1955, many of the automatic exchanges
in Moscow could accommodate no more than 2,000 subscriber lines. 2/
Automatic telephone exchange equipment was introduced in
rural areas in 1950. Exchange capacity is still small, however,
averaging 22 subscriber lines and accounting for only 4 percent of
the total available rural capacity in 1957. The remaining telephone
exchange capacity is provided by manual telephone exchanges.
Rural telephone service is available to agricultural
enterprises, such as village soviets, kolkhozes, machine tractor
* Two or more telephone sets can be attached to a single subscriber
line.
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stations (ATS's), and sovkhozes. Table 19* shows the number of agri-
cultural enterprises and the percentage of these enterprises having
telephone service with their rayon centers.
Telephone service in the rural areas of the USSR does
not provide very extensive geographical coverage. More than 200,000
populated localities in rural areas have.no telephone service, and
the lack of telephone facilities has forced many agricultural enter-
prises to rely on inefficient and costly messenger service and
limited low-powered point-to-point radio service. L3.2/ Internal
telephone service is available in about 2,000 kolkhozes and in some
MTS's. Continued improvement in rural telephone service can be ,
expected, but unless it is given far greater emphasis, it will
probably take about 10 years to provide standard network telephone
service in rural areas. This emphasis may very likely come from
acute needs resulting from the economic reorganization of 1957.
Utilization of urban and rural exchange capacity pro-
vides an indication of the amount of telephone service being pro-
vided. A measure of this utilization is provided by data on the
number of telephone sets connected to exchanges operated by the
Ministry of Communications. These data are shown in Table 20.**
Data in Table 20 taken with data in Table 18xxx show that only
90 percent of the total telephone exchange capacity was utilized
in 1957. Usage of urban exchange capacity was 94 percent, and
usage of rural exchange capacity was 72 percent. The number of
telephone sets connected to rural exchanges has never exceeded
available exchange capacity.
This situation has not existed, however, in the urban
areas. Usage of available urban exchange capacity was 103 percent
in 1946, and from 1928 through 1932 the number of telephone sets
connected to exchanges exceeded the available subscriber line capac-
ity by from 6 to 15 percent.xxxx In 1957, however, an excess urban
exchange capacity of 6 percent existed. This small excess could bet
* Table 19 follows on p. 41.
** Table 20 follows on p. 42.
*** ' P. 38, above.
In making these computations, it was assumed that each avail-
able telephone exchange subscriber line was used to accommodate one
telephone set. This is not the only determinant of exchange capac-
ity. Each exchange line could. be used to provide service for two
or more telephone sets depending on the amount of time each line is
used, the availability of necessary exchange terminating equipment,
and other factors.
? t Continued on p. 45.
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Table 19
Estimated Growth of Telephone Service in Rural Areas of the USSR'
by Typo of Agricultural Enterprise 2/
Selected Years, 1937-56
Village Soviets
Number Having
Telephone
Communications
Year (Units)
Percent
of Total
Village
Soviets
Kolkhozes
Number Having
Telephone
Communication's-
(Units)
Percent
of Total
Kolkhozes
Machine Tractor Stations
Number Having
Telephone
Communications
(Units)
Percent
of Total
Machine
Tractor
Stations
SoVkhozes
Number Having
Telephone
Communications
(Units)
Percent
of Total '
Sovkhozes
1937
47,40o
69.5
19,967
8.2
4,939
84.9
2,691
67.4
1940
49,024
70.0
21,795
9.2
6,355
89.9
3,173
76.3
1950
65,056
86.9
26,595
21.5
8,153
96.9 -
3,866
77.5
1955
48,445
95.9
51,712
59.1
8,880
99.0
? 4,631
90.2
1956
48,405
96.3
56,646
66.8
8,637
98.8
4,773
93.6
a. 22/. Those agricultural enterprises having telephone service with their rayon centers.
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Table 20
Estimated Number of Telephone Sets Connected to Exchanges
Operated by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1928-40,
and 1946-57
Thousand Units
Year
Urban al*
Rural
Total Urban
and Rural
Home
Business
Booths
Total
1913
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933,
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
0
3 2/
3 2/
3 2/
4 2/
4 12/
5 2/
5 2/
5 2/
6 21
6 12/
8 y
9 12
11 12/
259 12/
325 1/
370 4/
4204/
470 4/
519 12/
560 d/
610 I/
660 4/
710 4/
769 12/
830 4/
910 4/
1,044 12/
N.A.
12 1/
19 2/
28 f/
36 f/
14.14. 12/
59 E/
77 2/
84 2/
92 f/
103 12/
118 4/
136 1/
181 12/
N.A.
337
389
448
506
563
619
687
714.14.
802
872
944.8
1,046
1,225
* Footnotes for Table 20 follow on p. 43.
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Table 20
Estimated Number of Telephone Sets Connected to Exchanges
Operated by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
(Continued)
Thousand Units
Year
Urban 2/
Rural
Total Urban
and Rural
Home
_
Business
Booths
Total
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
186
207
232
255
283
314
348
381
423
466
513
563
784
818
862
893
936
980
1,028
1;065
1,123
1,175
1,230
1,281
10 1/
10 1/
11 1/
12 1/
12 12/
13 12/
16 12/
18 12/
20 12/
22 12/
27 12/
33 1/
980 2/
1,035 1/
1,105 2/
1,160.1/
1,231 12/
1,307 I2/
1,392 12/
1,464 12/
1,566 12/
1,663 12/
1,770 12/
1,877 1/
132 1/
142 sy
154 2/
166 2./
179 12/
193 12/
206 12/
222 12/
250 12/
269 12/
297 12/
328 1/
. 1,112
1,177
1,259
1,326
1,410
1,500
1,598
1,686
1,816
1,932
2,067
2,205
a. The estimated numbers of business and home telephone subscribers are based on
announcements that the numberof home telephone subscribers accounted for 28 per-
cent of the total number of telephone subscribers in 1955 and 30 percent in 1957.
It was assumed, because no other valid Method of analysis was available, that home
telephone subscribers grew at the rate of 1 percent a year during 1946-57. Busi-
ness subscribers made up the difference between total telephone subscribers and home
telephone subscribers and booths. 22./
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Table 20
Estimated Number of Telephone Sets Connected to Exchanges
Qperated?by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1928-40; and 1946.-57
(Continued)
b. 212/
c. Computed from the ratio of booths to total urban telephone sets in use in
1932 and 1937.
d. Interpolated and extrapolated using graphic analysis of known data from
footnote c, above.
e.
f. Interpolated.
h. Computed from the ratio of booths to total urban telephone sets in use in 1940.
I. Computed from the ratio of booths to total urban telephone sets in use in 1950.
Assuming the same rate of growth in 1956-57 as was computed for 1955-56.
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expected because the installation of subscriber sets would neces-
sarily follow the expansion of exchange capacity or the provision
. of new exchanges. Since 2-party, 22/ and possibly 4-party, tele-
phone lines are used, additional excess exchange capacity probably
is available.
4
Continued emphasis will be placed on the improvement of
urban and rural telephone service. The installation of automatic
telephone exchanges with greater line capacity can be expected, par-
ticularly in urban areas. The telephone service in rural areas also
will be improved by the use of automatic exchange equipment.
2. Interurban.
As shown in Tables 21 and 22,* interurban telephone ser-
vice in 1957 was available in approximately 41,000 interurban tele-
phone call offices throughout the USSR, in which it is estimsted
that 151 million interurban calls were handled. Since 1950 the num-
ber of interurban telephone call offices has been increasing at an
average annual rate of 10 percent and the number of interurban calls
at a rate of 5 percent.
In spite of these growths, interurban telephone service
is still severely limited in terms of coverage, capacity, and hours
of service. In almost all instances it is still necessary to pre-
arrange interurban calls. In 1957, only 64 percent of the oblast,
kray, and republic centers had day and night telephone service with
Moscow, and the remaining 36 percent had contact with Moscow for
3 hours or less per 24-hour day. In addition, only 50 percent of
the rayon centers had day and night telephone service with their
respective oblast centers. .2g By 1960, all republic, kray, and
oblast centers and other important points are to have 24-hour tele-
phone service with Moscow, and not less' than 70 percent of the rayon
centers are to have 24-hour telephone service with their respective
oblast centers. E/
? Interurban telephone service is limited primarily by the
shortage of interurban telephone channels and the complete lack of
fully automatic interurban exchange facilities as well as the limited
use of semiautomatic interurban exchange facilities, The Minister of
Communications reported in October 1957 that there were 3.6 million km
of interurban telephone channels, including 2.6 million km in main
lines, based on the application of techniques for multiplying circuit
capacity. He also reported that by the and of 1960 the length of
interurban telephone channels would increase by 85 percent. IV
'* Table 21 and 22 follow on pp. 46 and 471 reapectively, below.
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Table 21
Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Call Offices
in the USSR
1913, 1928-40, and 19)16-57
Thousand Units
Year
Offices Year
Offices
1913
0.3 2/
1940
16.8 21
1928
6.2 Ri
1946
16.0 Li
1929
7.0 hi
1947
17.0 Li
1930
7.7 h/
1948
18.0 Li
1931
8.2 h/
1949
19.2 Li
1932
8.6 2/
1950
20.8 2/
1933
8.9 h/
1951
23.2 2/
1934
9.2 h/
1952
25.3 2/
1935
9.5 12/
1953
26.4 2/
1936
9.7 12/
1954
2.4 2/
1937
9.9 2/
1955
31.7 2/
1938
12.8 h/
1956
36.2 2/
?
1939
14.0 h/
1957
40.7 .2/
a. 212/
b. Interpolated and extrapolated, using graphic
analysis Of known data from footnote a, above.
c. Assuming the same absolute growth in 1956-57 as
in 1955-56.
Once the shortcomings of the interurban telephone network are substan-
tially overcome, the number of interurban calls should grow at an ac-
celerated rate. In addition, substantial expansion of the interurban
telephone network should bring about a substantial Increase in the
availability of service to the private consumer.
B. Telegraph.
The integrated wireline and radio telegraph system of the
USSR is extensive both in geographic coverage and in' volume of ser-
vice. Regular telegraph service is available in every republic,
kray, Oblast, and rayon center in the country. More advanced tele-
graphic techniques -- facsimile (phototelegraph) and subscriber
telegraph -- are available in most of the major cities of the country.
The availability of telegraph service to the public is greater than
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Table 22
Estimated Number of Interurban Telephone Calls
in the USSR
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
Million Units
Year
Calls Year
Calls
1913
0.3 2/
1940
93.0 2/
1928
15.0 2/
1946
84.5 I/
1929
17.412/
1947
89.0 1/
1930
23.9 12/
1948
93.5 Ifj
1931
27.9 12/
1949
98.0 li
1932
26.0 .2/
1950
103.0 2/
1933
27.9 I/
1951
108.0 sj
1934
26.5 12/
1952
115.0 2/
1935
33.4 101
1953
119.0 2/
1936
la . 7 fi
1954
126.0 2/
1937
50.0 .2/
1955
135.0 2/
1938
64.3 2/
1956
143.0 sj
1939
78.6 pj
1957
151.0 Ei
a. 2E/
b: 101/
c. 102/
d. 103/
e. Interpolated.
f, Extrapolated, Using graphic analysis of
known data from footnote a, above,
g. Assuming the same absolute growth for
1956-57 as in 1955-56,.
that of telephone service, but service is slowed down during the work-
ing day by priorities given to government traffic. 104/ Rates for
sending telegrams in the USSR in 1956 are given in Table 43* and rates
for transmitting messages over the subscriber telegraph network in
1956 in Table 44.** Rates for telegraphic money orders in 1957 are
given in Table 45*** and rates for sending facsimile telegrams in
1955
in Table
46.xxxx
P.
101,
below.
**
P.
102,
below.
***
P.
102,
below.
P.
103,
below.
XXX*
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1. Regular.
The Ministry of Communications of the USSR has always
held that the development of an extensive telegraph system is of
paramount importance. During the early years of development the
telecommunications sector of the economy was very heavily based on
regular telegraph service, and in large areas of the country tele-
graph service was the only mode of telecommunications.
Dependence on regular telegraph service has diminished
somewhat since World War II in consequence of expansion of the in-
terurban telephone network. In absolute terms, however, the regular
telegraph network has continued to grow both in facilities and in
service volume, and it is now the most important mode of telecom-
munications in the country, handling more telegrams per year than
any other country in the world.
Tables 23 and 24* show that the regular telegraph net-
work has made substantial advances since the 1920's, both in tele-
graph volume and in number of telegraph apparatus. Nevertheless,
this growth has brought many problems associated with nationwide
system standardization and rapid, automatic traffic relay.
Before World War II, telegraph facilities in the USSR
comprised a conglomerate of apparatus made in many other countries
as well as in the USSR. It was impossible, therefore, to establish
a standard nationwide regular telegraph network. Because lack of
standardization made the relaying of telegraph traffic time con-
suming and costly, the Ministry of Communications since 1946 has
placed great emphasis on the development of a standardized, high-
speed telegraph system, including equipment for the semiautomatic
(ultimately fully automatic) relay of traffic.
To implement this program of standardization, slow-speed
telegraph apparatus (principally that known as Baudot**) has been
gradually replaced by more modern high-speed teletype equipment
(principally ST-35***). By the end of 1957 the program of standard-
izing telegraph apparatus was approaching successful completion. 105/
It is estimated that high-speed teletype apparatus handles 90 per-
cent of all main-line telegraph traffic in the USSR.
* Tables 23 and 24 follow on pp. 49 and 50, respectively, below.
** Baudot telegraph equipment is manually operated at a speed of
33-1/3 words per minute.
*** ST-35 is the Model number assigned to the 60-word-per-minute
teletypewriter commonly used in the USSR.
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Table 23
Estimated Number of Telegrams Sent
in the USSR 2/
1913, 1924-40, and 1946-57
Million Units
Year
Telegrams Year
Telegrams
1913
3612/
1938
115 1/
1939
128 sli
1924
20
1940
141 12/
1925
25j
1926
28 12/
1946
123 1/
1927
28 1/
1947
130 1/
1928
28 si
1948
137 1/
1929
43 1/
1949
145 1/
1930
59 ..q./
1950
154 12/
1931'
75 1/
1951
167 12/
1932
91 12/
1952
18112/
1933
93 I/
1953
19512/
1934
95 1/
1954
201 12/
1935
98 sli
1955
203 12/
1936
100 1/
1956
206 12/
1937
10312/
1957
209 2/
a. Included in the number of telegrams sent are
phototelegrams and probably paid and unpaid tele-
grams. For 1913, 1924-26, 1928, and 1932, paid
telegrams averaged 84.5 percent of total telegrams
sent. 106
b. 107
c. 12_/
d. Interpolated and extrapolated, using graphic
analysis of reported data from footnote b, above.
e. Assuming the same absolute growth in 1956-57
as in 1955-56.
The semiautomatic relay portion of the program has not
fared so well. Since 1946 the use of perforated teletype tapes at
relay points has made possible the introduction of semiautomatic
handling of relay traffic, 109/ but development has proceeded rather
slowly, and standardized equipment has not yet become available. In
the meantime, in the interests of labor productivity and of speed of
service, central telegraph offices of the principal cities have been
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Table 24
Estimated Number of Telegraph Apparatus in Use
by the Ministry of Communications
, of the USSR
1913, 1928-40, and 1946-57
Units
Year
Telegraph Apparatus Year
Telegraph Apparatus
1913
8,000 _El/
1940
21,000 2/
1928
7,000 2/
191.4.6
20,000 12/
1929
8,000 12/
1947
22,000 12/
1930
10,000 II/
1948
23,000 12/
1931
11,000 12/
1949
25,000 12/
1932
12,000 2/
1950
26,00021
1933
13,000 12/
1951
28,000 s/.
1934
14,000 12/
1952
29,000 s/
1935
16,000 12/
1953
30,000 s/
1936
17,000 12/
1954
32,000 s/
1937
18,000 s/
1955
33,000 s/
1938
19,000 12/
1956
35,000 s/
1939
20,000 12/
1957
37,000 1/
a. 110/
b. Interpolated and extrapolated, using graphic analysis of
known data from footnote c, below.
c. 111/
d. Assuming the same absolute growth for 1956-57 as in
1955-56.
urged to design and install, locally, suitable equipment for this pur-
pose. The magnitude of this problem is shown in Table 25,* which
gives the estimated total telegraph turnover.** In 1956 it was re-
ported that about 30 major telegraph centers were able to relay
,traffic with semiautomatic equipment. These Centers were reported
in 1957 to handle about 36 percent of.the volume of Soviet telegraph
traffic in this fashion. 112/
A drive for standardization and automation of the regular
telegraph network since 1946 has resulted in improved speed, accuracy,
and reliability of service. Increases in labor productivity, as shown
* Table 25 follows on p. 51.
** Total telegraph turnover is the number of telegrams originated,
relayed, and terminated.
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Table 25
Estimated Total Telegraph Turnover
in the USSR
1950-57
Million Units
Year
Telegrams Transmitted
Telegrama.,
Terminated 2/
Total
Telegraph,
Turnover 2/
Originated W
Relayed 12/
1950
154
462
154
770
1951
167
501
167
835
1952
181
543
181
905
1953
195
585
195
975
1954
201
603
201
1,005
1955
203
609
203
1,015
1956
206
618
206
1,030
1957
209
627
209
1,045
a. Figures are from Table 23, p. 49, above.
b. It is estimated that each telegram would require an average
of three relays.
c. Total number of telegrams transmitted (relayed and originated)
plus the number of telegrams terminated.
in Table 26,* have also resulted from standardization and automation.
It is expected that the volume of telegraph traffic will continue to
increase rather slowly. Emphasis can be expected to continue on
modernization of existing facilities in the interest of more rapid,
reliable, and efficient service.
2. Subscriber.
The subscriber telegraph network is a relatively new tele-
communications service in the USSR.** The network wasdeveloped
after World War II it response to the need for rapid, direct, two-!way
telegraphic service Which could not be satisfied by regular telegraph
* Table 26 follows on p. 52.
** Subscriber telegraph network service is a two-way service in
which a sdbsoriber is provided with a teletype machine connected to
a switchboard of a local subscriber telegraph exchange. Subscribers
are connected with one another on request through the switchboards of
one or more exchanges.
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service. Subscriber telegraph service expedites the operational flow
of telegraph traffic between enterprises and between administrative
organs and their subordinate enterprises. 113/
Table 26
Estimated Average Productivity of Telegraph Operators
of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR 2/
1950-57
Year
Words Per Minute
Index
(1950 = 100)
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
4.712/
5.7 12/
7.0 14/
9.9 12/
13.0 2/
16.2 12/
19.4 2/
22.6J
100
121
149
211
277
345
413
481
a. The productivity of telegraph operators is
measured in terms of the number of words transmitted
per minute.
b./
c, Interpolated, using arithmetic progression.
d.. Extrapolated by applying the absolute growth of
the previous year.
The subscriber telegraph network has grown about 100 per-
cent since 1953, both in number of exchanges and in subscribers.
Similarly, as shown in Figure 6,* the number of connections made in
the network grew nearly 100 percent from 1952 to 1955. 112/ As shown
in Tables 27 and 28,** it is estimated that subscriber telegraph
service in 1957 was being provided by 139 exchanges to 1,600 sub-
scribers.
* Following p. 52.
** Tables 27 and 28 follow on p. 53.
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Index Numbers
200
175
150
125
100
75
USSR: NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS MADE
IN THE SUBSCRIBER TELEGRAPH NETWORK
1952-55
(1952 = 100)
Figure 6
1951
24786 6-58
1952
1953
1954
1955
50X1
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Table 27
Estimated Number of Subscriber Telegraph Exchanges
in the USSR
1953-57
Units
Year
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Exchanges
61W
74 12/
84 2/.
104 1/
139 21/
-a. 116/
b. Derived from 1955 data. 117/
c. 118/ -
d. Computed from the relationship between the
average number of subscriber telegraph exchanges
and the average number of subscribers for 1954-55.
Table 28
Estimated Number of Subscribers
to the Subscriber Telegraph Network
in the USSR
1953-57
Units
Year
Sub scribers
1953 702 12/
.1954 820W
1955 1,000 sl/ '
1956 1,200 2/
1957 1,600.2/
a. Subscribers are primarily industrial enter-
prises.
b. Computed from the relationship between the
average number of subscriber telegraph exchanges
and the average number of subscribers for 1954-55.
c. Derived from 1955 data. 119/
d. 120/
e. Assuming an increase of 200 subscribers in
1956 and 400 subscribers in 1957.
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The subscriber telegraph network can be expected to ex-
pand rapidly in the future. 121/ The requirements of the government
and the enterprises for rapid, direct, two-way telegraphic service
have not yet been satisfied: It is anticipated that demands for such
service will rise sharply in consequence of the economic reorganiza-
tion in 1957.
3. Facsimile.
Facsimile (phototelegraph) service was inaugurated in
the USSR in 1929. It was introduced primarily to enable ministries
and enterprises to transmit photographs, drawings, and diagrams.
Tables 29 and 30* show that the number of cities offering
this service and the volume of facsimile telegrams transmitted have
grown rather gradually. In 1957, 31 cities provided facsimile ser-
vice and handled about 6 million telegrams per year.
Facsimile service is available in the major cities of the
USSR. Its widespread use throughout the country awaits the introduc-
tion of a high-speed, more Compact apparatus. Developmental work on
suitable apparatus is now in progress, and production was reportedly
planned for 1957. 122/ Until such equipment is available in larger
quantities, however, expansion of facsimile service will probably con-
tinue at its present slow rate.
C. Common Telephone and Telegraph Facilities.
Common telephone and telegraph facilities of the Ministry of
Communications of the USSR consist of an integrated wireline; point-
to-point radio; and, more recently, microwave radio relay networks.
At present, wirelines and point-to-point radio are the principal means
of handling domestic and international telephone and telegraph traffic.
The wireline network of the USSR is most intensive in the
heavily populated areas west of the Urals. Point-to-point radio is
principally used between Moscow and the larger cities east of the
Urals and in the sparsely populated areas of the northern, central,
and eastern USSR. Microwave radio relay lines (of very low capacity)
at present are found primarily in the western, Caucasus, and South-
Central Asian areas of the country.
* Table 29 and 30 follow on pp. 55 and 56 respectively, below.
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Table 29
Estimated Number of Cities Having Facsimile Service
in the USSR
1929-41 and 1946-57
Units
Year
Cities Year
Cities
1929
2W
1946
20
1930
3 12j
1947
.:.a./
20W
1931
3 12/
1948
20 2/
1932
4 Eli
1949
20W
1933
6W
1950
20 f/
1934
8W
1951
20 1/
1935
10 12/
1952
24 Li
1936
12 12/
1953
27 2/
1937
14 12/
1954
28 12/
1938
16W
1955
29/
1939
18 12/
1956
30 B/
1940
20 12/
1957
3l/
1941
22 2/
a. 123/
b. Interpolated.
c. Assuming no change.
d. 124/
e. Li/
g. Assuming the same absolute growth as in 1954-55.
1. Wireline.
The wireline network of the USSR consists of open, wire
and multiconductor (overhead and underground) cable lines. Copper,
copperclad, bronze, steel, and iron wire are used in the open wire-
line system. Copper and copperclad wire are employed primarily on
interurban telephone and telegraph lines. Apart from city lines,
most of the wireline system, including almost all of the multi-
conductor cable, is located in the European USSR. Plans call for
the installation by the end of 1960 of 19,000 km of cable, includ-
ing 2,700 km of coaxial cable. One important underground cable
facility involving 2 separate cables in 1 trench was to have been
made operational between Moscow and Novosibirsk by the end of 1957
and is planned eventually to terminate at Vladivostok. 127/ Although
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Table 30
Estimated Number of Facsimile Telegrams Sent
in the USSR
1932-40 and 1946-57
Thousand Units
Year
Telegrams Year
Telegrams
1932
6.4 2/
1947
1,609.0 2/
1933
?26.2 12/
1948
1,829.0 2/
1934
46.o 12/
1949
2,049.0 2/
1935
65.8 12/
1950
2,268.0 2/
1936
85.6 12/
1951
2,488.0 2/
1937
105.4 2/
1952
2,708.0 2/
1938
696.8 2/
1953
3,513.0 2/
1939
1,0)43.0 2/
1954
4,168.0 1/
1940
1,389.2 2/
1955
4,822.0 2/
1956
5,477.0 2/
1946
1,389.0 a/
1957
6,131.0 2/
a. 128/
b. Interpolated.
c. 129/
d. Extrapolated, assuming the same absolute
growth as in 1938-39.
e. Computed, using the arithmetic mean
of two alternative methodologies. 130/
f. 131/
planning calls for the use of much coaxial cable in the country, the
only known coaxial cable exists between Moscow and Leningrad.. The
map, Figure 7,* shows the principal known wireline routes in the
USSR. Table 31** shows the estimated length of wire and cable lines
operated by the Ministry of Communications.
The amount of circuit capacity provided by the wireline
system is unknown. It is known, however, that techniques for mul-
tiplying circuit capacity are employed. Equipment providing 3 car-
rier-frequency telephone channels and 1 voice-frequency channel on
a pair of wires was first introduced in 1929. 132/ Since World
War II, equipment providing 12 carrier-frequency telephone channels
has been installed on important interurban wireline routes. 133/
* Inside back cover.
** Table 31 follows on p. 58.
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Similar multiplying techniques are used to provide additional tele-
graph circuit capacity.*
The widespread introduction of carrier equipment took
place during 1946-55. By using this technique, the Ministry Of
Communications was able to expand greatly its circuit capacity on
existing wirelines without adding substantial quantities of new
wirelines. By the end of 1955 the economic feasibility of expand-
ing circuit capacity through continued introduction of carrier equip-
ment on existing wirelines, without major expenditures on wireline
improvement, had been largely exhausted. As a consequence, the
Ministry of Communications now appears to be placing its major emphasis
on the construction of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable lines
of a type having a relatively low but expandable capapity.1322/ Most
of the future open wireline construction will probably be restricted
to rural areas where requirements for circuit capacity are relatively
low.
2. Microwave Radio Relay.
Microwave radio relay lines can be utilized to transmit
telephone, telegraph, television, and other broadband signaling.
Such facilities may be used either instead of or in conjunction with
interurban wirelines.
Experimental work on radio relay lines was conducted in
the USSR before World War II. 135./ The first operational** micro-
wave radio relay line employing equipment of modern, basic Soviet
design was put into regular service in 1956 between Moscow and
Ryazan'. The Moscow-Ryazan' line has facilities capable of handling
24 telephone channels (known ae Strela M) and 1 television channel
(known as Strela T). This' circuit was installed primarily for the
use of the Ministry of Transportation, but soie circuit capacity is
allocated to the Ministry of Communications. 11?/ Plans call for the
establishment of 10,000 km of microwave radio relay lines by the end
of 1960. 1E/ Lines completed, under construction, and planned are
shown on the map, Figure 8.4**
The microwave facilities shown on Figure 8 are designed
primarily to augment the existing capacity of the interurban wireline
network in the western, Caucausus, and Central Asian areas of****
* up to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype circuits can be derived
from 1 telephone talk circuit.
** A low-capacity circuit was put. into experimental service between
Moscow and Gortkiy in 1948.
*** Following p. 58.
**** Continued on p. 62.
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Table 31
Estimated Length of Wire and Cable Lines
Operated by the Ministry of Communications Of the USSR 2/*
1913 1925-41, and 1945-57
Thousand Kilometers
Year
Length of Wirelines
Total Length
of Cable Lines
Composition of-Wirelines
Trunk and ,
Secondary Lines
Intrarayon
Lines
Total
Bronze and
Bimetallic
Copper
Steel and Iron
1913
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A-
N.A.
N.A.
754.4
931.0
1,126.8
1,172.4
1,260.4
10375.0
1,500.0
1,480.0
1,518.0
1,655.4
1,792.7
1/
2/
12/
12/
12/
2/
11
2/
2/
8/
1/
N.A.
' N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
317.0 12/
391.4 2/
382.5 11/
460.5E./
593.o 12/
648.2 2/
753.0 2/
789.2 E/
822.0 E./
904.5 8/
927.0 1/
502.5 12/
616.3 12/
710.2 2/
845.8 2/
890.1 12/
955.0 2/
1,071.4 2/
1,322.4 2/
1,509.3 12/
1,632.9 12/
1,855.0W
2,024.9 2/
21253.0 2/
2,269.2 2/
2,400.0 12/
2,559.8 g/
2,719.7 A/
N.A.'
N.A.
N.A.
. N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
,N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
21.3 2/
34.8 2/
36.2 12/
42.0 2/
54.5 2/
64.7 2/
64.2 12/
75.2191
80.0W
85.5 2/
99.9 g/
114.4 2/
137.7 8/
161.0 8/
184.3 2/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
224.0 k
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1,444.8 2/
1,580.6 2/
1,794.4 2/
1,924.6 2/
N.A-
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
* Footnotes for Table 31 follow on p. 6o.
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Figure 850X1
70
60 70
100 110 120 130 140 150 60 170 80
170
70
30
0
a ?
o
Arkhangelsk
Baranovichl
To Bud.
Sevastopol._
Yakutsk00
?-??
Chemigov Pode
? OOZY
Kinn Bryans evjda 14 ostroma
07
OM p?i, 8r*, 0/4, ad=
Kir ograt Stalinogo h r6b N VY.1,%
Kooket' aa on
v-...... r
4, ettava
?
sa
? Y ets ? k,
.4 Somih,,, Sasovo ?
.61036 ha rigor ? 41ichurinsk ?
ittIP he tielinka
poroah 'ye zton all ?
\ tgi
aambov ?
?
t
\ 43/ ? i
6 ' '41'hsd 4tri" :be. ' s throe ?
a no Ok, ..44. Loga4 ? Marto&
Gukovo ?
It hrra
rk,asnyy.Skulin Se rata ?
I
Beta; oe
Kra
?
S erdl
BOA Ich
Akmolinsk
k\
Ama o8k4
Pay loda
?
is?-?
novosibirsNix.
I ??
a tr ti a at
?,
(.201Y,
a ragande "Rubtsovsk '
'palatinsk
oleninogorsk
Ust, Kamenogorsk
?
AyagOz
Kranoyarsk
Karla. rovo -----_ .....0?,
LeeniLsk.Kuanetskiy
io
Sta I insk
Khabarovsk
Glomkent Cohambul
Tata
Samarkand 400!
1100211
Stslut4 Wes
200 400 600 800 1000
1400111.181S
USSR
MICROWAVE RADIO RELAY LINES, 1957
Ministry of Communications
31 December 1957
In Operation
Under Construction
? Planned?completion by 1960
Planned?completion date unknown
O City mentioned in connection with radio-relay lines
o Important city along routes which probably will be connected by radio-relay lines
NOTE: Exact routing of facilities is not known
110
120 130
50X1
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Table 31
Estimated Length of Wire and Cable Lines
Operated by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR 2/
1913, 1925-41, .and 1945-57
(Continued)
Thousand Kilometers
Year
Length of Wirelines
Total Length
of Cable Lines
Composition of Wirelines
Trunk and
Secondary Lines
Intrarayon
Lines
Total
Bronze and
Bimetallic
Copper
Steel and Iron
1941
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956 -
-1957
1,647.5 2/
1,889,9 J.1
1,910.15,/
1,924.7 51
1,925.7 E/
1,932.8 B./
1,939.9 p/
1,949.9 E/
1,959.9 8/
1,969.9 5/
1,979.9 8/
1,989.9 I/
1,999.9 Iii
2,009.9 _IL/
852.5 2/
332.0 1/
363.0 E/
439.0 12/
470.0 z/
501.0 B/
532.0 E/
592.0
652.0 5/
712.0
772.0 .5,/
832.0 12/
892.0 17/
952.0 17/
2,500.0 2/
2,221.9 11/
2,273.1 1/
2,363.7 1/
2,395.7 IV
2,433.8 1/
2,471.9 1/
2,541.9 1/
2,611.9 1/
2,681.9 4/
2,751.9 1/
2,821.9 1/
2,891.9 1/
2,961.9 1/
N.A.
1.7 Ei
4.0 2/
6.3 2/
8.o a/
9.6 2/
11.3 2/
13.8 E/
16.2 E/
18.7 /1/
21.8 2/
24.9 2/
28.6 W
32.4 x/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
269.8 12/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
284.0 hi
304.2 12/
318.8 12/
319.9 12/
327.0:E/
334.011/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A..
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
- 59 -
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S-E-C-B-E-T
Table 31
Estimated Length of Wire and Cable Lines
Operated by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR El
1913, 1925-41, and 1945-57
. (Continued)
a. Totals were derived from unrounded data and may not agree with the sum of their rounded components.
ID,. 22/
c. 139/ .
a.? Computed by subtracting intrarayon wirelines from total wirelines.
e. Computed by using the same proportion of the total length-of wirelines to the trunk and secondary and
intrarayon lines as in the previous year. -
f. .Computed by subtracting trunk and secondary wirelines from total wirelines.
g. Interpolated, using graphic analysis.
h. 140/
i. 141/
j. Computed by adding intrarayon and trunk and secondary wirelines.
k. 142
m.
P. 145/
o. Computed by dividing the total for 1946-47 equally between 1946 and 1947. )_46/
P. 147/
q. Computed by subtracting the computed totals for 1946 and 1947 (see o, above) from the given total for
1946-50 and dividing the result equally among the years 1948-50. 148/
r. Plan results for the first 3 years of the Fifth Five Year Plan stated that the length of cable
increased 65.6 percent, giving an addition of 7,409 km. This increase was distributed equally among the
years 1951-53. 149/
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. to
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 31
. Estimated Length of Wire and Cable Lines
Operated by the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1925-41, and 1945-57
(Continued)
s. The length of cable is reported to have increased to 2.2 tithes its previous length during the course
of the Fifth Five Year Plan, giving an increase of 13,553 km for 1951-55. From the increase of 13,553 km,
the increase for 1951-53 was subtracted (see r, above) and the difference distributed equally between 1954
and 1955. 150/
t. Assuming the same growth rate for 1951-55 as for 1946-50 -- 50,000 km.
u. Estimated, on the basis of the planned increase of 300,000 km of intrarayon wireline for 1951-55. 151/
v. Assuming a growth of 10,000 km per year for 1956-57 on the basis of previous growth rates.
w. Assuming a growth of 60,000 km per year for 1956-57 on the basis of previous growth rates.
x. Estimated, on the basis of a plan statement to increase the length of cable lines by 3,800 km. 152/
Y. Assuming the same absolute growth for 1956-57 as that planned for 1955-56.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
the USSR. An important line is to connect Moscow with the Soviet Far
East. Plans call for the eventual connectionof the microwave network
of the USSR with similar networks of the European Satellites and Com-
munist China. 153/
Equipment presently used on microwave radio relay lines
is capable of providing up to 24 telephone channels. New equipment,
capable of providing 600 and possibly up to 1,800 telephone channels,
is under development. 1212/
One of the principal problems confronting the Ministry
of Communications has been the lack of sufficient interurban tele-
communications capacity. The microwave radio relay medium with high-
capacity relay and terminal equipment provides the most effective
and economical* means of overcbming this deficiency. It can be expected
that these new facilities will play an important role in providing
capacity for the improvement of all telecommunications services in
the country and with other Sino-Soviet Bloc and non-Bloc countries.
3. Point-to-Point Radio.
?The domestic point-to-point radio network in the USSR is
integrated with the wireline and microwave radio relay networks. 155/
The point-to-point radio network is the primary means of telecom-
munications in those areas east of the Ural Mountains and the remote
areas of the Soviet Arctic. The main domestic radiotelegraph cir-
cuits are shown on the map, Figure 9.** The point-to-point radio
network centers on Moscow, and Alma-Ata, Anadyr, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk,
Magadan, Novosibirsk, Tashkent, Petropavlovsk (Kamchatka), and
Vladivostok are the major regional communications centers.
There are more than 150 radio stations within a 100-km
radius of Moscow. Although these stations are not all utilized by
the Ministry of Communications, their existence illustrates the sig-
nificance of the Soviet capital as a radio center and as the tele-
communications center of the country. The locations of these radio
stations are shown on the maps, Figures 10 and 11.**
Point-to-point radio stations are also used to provide
international telecommunications. circuits providing international
telephone and telegraph service are shown on the map, Figure 12.**
Table 32*** shows the estimated number of point-to-point radio trans-
mitters under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Communications.****
* The coaxial cable medium, according to Soviet literature, is less
economical but is more practical under special conditions.
** Following p. 62.
*** Table 32 follows on p. 63.
**** Continued on p. 67.
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?
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50X1
grt
NORTH
SEA
60
20
? It
4
-80 120
160
180
?
Mir
-0
Tic OCE
Mys Shmi
fovideniytoo
Pevek
/01trov
rkhon/g/el'sk
Murmansk
Kiev
MOSCOW
zhginskiy
.40
N
0
?
Amder a oci
gol'n
t..
Dudinka
garka
Khatanga
Olenek
?
Tiksi
Bering ?
sland
*lb
Sanga
Tura
Yakutsk 0
Tbilis
hob d
0
Tashkent
Staljnaba
4/VV? Boundaries are not necessarily those
recognized by the U.S. Government.
60
?
siss.111111
S.
Alma-At
80
Teletype
Teletype and Facsimile
Morse
Circuits observed during 1953-1957
100
12:6-7
ero-
rit's
2
4
SAKHALIN E
le,kl?androvsk-,, A
bkhalinskiy
zhno-Sagilinsk
Vladivostok
I I I 11114
o
?
5? OlAri
04'14
?
abarov
50X
26392 4-58
USSR: Main Domestic Radiotelegraph Circuits, 1957?Ministry of 'Communications
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USSR: Location's of Radio Stations in the Environs of Moscow, 1957
(Radius of 100 Kilometers)
YAROSLAVSKAYA
OBLAST
Taldom
Konakovo
KA INSK
OBLAST'
Turginovo
Sh?
Novo.
Zavidovskiy
Konstantinovoo
? Known station
o Probable station
Restricted area to
U. S. personnel
Railroad
Main road
O Rayon center
Rayon boundary
Ii
Rogache
10 1,5 20
Miles
lip is 29 2,5
50X1
leksandrov
50X1
mitrov
Strunino
Vysokovsk
Fryanovoo
Kirzhach
AS T'
olokolams
Stro
Pokrov
Mytishchi
?gins
Krasnogorsk
Orekhovoluy
Zvenigo
Jloskua
hukovski
Ra
Kubinka
orokhov
enskoye
6
Othitsy
vsko e
Mozha
Bronnits
/MosS?
Naro-Fominsk
or'yevsk
oskresensk
ikhnevo
0Malino
olomna
Maloyaroslave
ukhovitsy
OB AST'
NOTE: The two inner circles indicate the approximate
rings formed by the Moscow surface-to-air Guided Mis-
sile Defense system. There are an estimated 24 com-
plexes around the inner ring and 36 around the outer
ring, more or fess evenly spaced around the rings.
Although they are not shown it is possible that a radio
station is associated with each complex.
?erpukhov
26398 5.58
Tarusa
TUL'S YA
Zaokskoye
OBLAST
Zaraysk
Ivanova
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USSR: Locations of Radio Stations in Moscow,
1957
0
50X1
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Buenos Aires
Montevideo
/ I,
. a-.7-- , , ,)
..,-- ?,.... ., -;',./-. ,..:
-
.... ew York \Is-?, .,o. c;
s. .... - . ,? ....e.c.::? ..."--?
''..
C'.. '',
-:...\,.A..N .k ,......./ ..., ..--
\ ...\\;,..,,,,,,,,,,,-,-"
. :i_.?;e:\'-
i
-, ..\-.......,,,,
7\-?
T..
50X1
o- ,?\
Oslo .s.'<
, Vorberg.:.?
?
Pari.s. :
...???Beigrode.? :st.
??
Tangier
Rome??. ????
!.Rarentsburg
'ilico'cle Janeiro
?
? ? ? ? ? Tiraneise;o:Sbofuiiir
'
\ USSR
Main International Radiotelephone and
Radiotelegraph Circuits, 1957
Ministry of Communications
?-?
ee,
\./ '? Tokyo
"
.Nfladivostok
..\
*P'yOngyang
? ?
**** ''' Shanghai
frkutsk
? .
mos Cow
...Urumchi
.Alma-Ata
ashk.eni????
?.
..4 -..
".. . ?I .I Jeirut Teheran '..,. New Delhi
JIto Damascus N'''''....,,,...
Cairo'' Tel?Aviv Karachi .\:?;:,..s.
, .
Bombay .)?*... ?.'
. P0000 \..\\,,..
\ ' s ..e.;:t it..rn liodb.?
r 7.'
\
'Djakarta
Melbourne
CIRCUITS OBSERVED, 1953 to 1957
Morse
Teletype
Telephone
- F - Facsimile
Unidentified
1000 2000
3000
MILES
opo 2000, 3000
KILOMETERS
Scale true from Moscow only.
26393 4-58
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S7E-C-R-E-T
Table 32
Estimated Number of Point-to-Point Radio Transmitters
Under the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1917-40, and 1945-57
Year
Long-Range Radio
Telephone-Telegraph
Transmitters
Intraoblast Radio
Telephone-Telegraph
Transmitters 21*
Intrarayon Radio Telephone-
Telegraph Transmitters 12/
(Units)
Units
Power
(Kilowatts)
Units
Power
(Kilowatts)
Medium Power
Transmitters
Urozhay (Har/vest)
Sets 2./
1913
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
14 /
10 2./
6 1/
6 1/
7 1/
22 1/
35 1/
41
42 1/
48 21
47 1/
1+621
49 2/
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. N.A.
328.3 f/ 16 54/
32 follow on p. 65.
- 63
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3.7 e
-
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Footnotes for Table
S-E-C-R-E-T
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 32
Estimated Number of Point-to-Point Radio Transmitters
Under the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1917-40, and 1945-57
(Continued)
Year
Long-Range Radio
Telephone-Telegraph
Transmitters
Intraoblast Radio
.Telephone-Telegraph
Transmitters 2/
Intrarayon Radio Telephone-
Telegraph Transmitters b/
(Units)
Units
Power
(Kilowatts)
Units
Power
(Kilowatts 1
Medium Power
Transmitters
Urozhay (Harvest)
Sets 2!
1929
53 e
433.2 !I/
32 e
5.5 5/
N.A.
N.A.
1930
63 Ei
641.4 1/
97 5/
13.2 Ef
N.A.
N.A.
1931
67 2/
822.0 2/
236 51
24.1 Ei
N.A.
N.A.
1932
73 2/
933.0 2/
354 E/
35.0 of
N.A.
N.A.
1933
110 11/
1,006.0-Y
415 1/
37.5 1/
N.A.
N.A.
1934
125 11/
1,131.0 12/
4702.1./
40.2 1/
N.A.
N.A.
1935
140 li
N.A.
520 12/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1936
154 1/
N.A.
631 1/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1937
169 1/
1,036.4 2/
742 1/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1938
224 1/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1939
278 li
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1940
333021/
1,681.6 I/
712 ,1/
92.0 I./
2,000 h/
N.A.
1945
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3,260 1/
N.A.
1946
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
4,750 2/
2,800
12/
S-E-C-R-E-T
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 32
Estimated Number of Point-to-Point Radio Transmitters
Under the Ministry of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1917-40, and 1945-57
(Continued)
Long-Range Radio
Telephone-Telegraph
Transmitters
Intraoblast Radio
Telephone-Telegrajph
Transmitters a/
Intrarayon Radio Telephone-
Telegraph Transmitters b/
(Units)
Power
Power
,
Medium Power
Urozhay (H4rvest)
Year
Units
(Kilowatts)
Units
(Kilowatts)
Transmitters
Sets 2/
1947
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
6,700 1/
6,000 1/
1948
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
7;900 1/
14,500 1/
1949
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
9,700 1/
17,800 1/
1950
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
11,600 1/
25,000 2/
1951
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
13,600 1/
27,900 1/
1952
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
15,750 1/
31,000 1/
1953
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
18,000 1/
35,000 12/
1954
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
20,300 1/
70,000 1/
1955
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
22,600 1/
90,000 2/
1956
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
25,000 LI
100,000 2/
1957
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
27,700 I/
106,000 I/
a. Vnutri-Oblastinaya Svyaz' (Intraoblast Cortuaunications).
b. Vnutri-Rayonnaya Svyaz' (Intrarayon Communications).
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Table 32
Estimated Number of Point-to-Point Radio Transmitters
Under the Ministry Of Communications of the USSR
1913, 1917-40, and 1945-57
(Continued)
C.
equipment in the fields. These types
They are amplitude modulated (AM) and
d. LW
e. 157/
f' 252V
g. 159/
h. 160/
i. Interpolated, using graphic analysis.
j.
k. 162/
1. Computed by subtracting the number of transmitters added in 1946 from the number of trans-
mitters in operation at the end of 1946. 1631
m. 164/
n. Computed by subtracting the number of sets added during 1947-53 from the number of sets in
operation at the end of 1953. 165/
o. Computed by subtracting the number of sets added during 1951-55 from the number of sets in
use at the end of 1955. 166/
p. 1671
q. 16513/
r. 162/
s. 170/
t. Extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
Radio transceivers used at machine tractor stations for the dispatching of agricultural -
of receivers have a 24-mile range and an output of 1 watt,
operate in the frequency range of 2.14 to 3 megacycles.
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?
S-E-C-R-E-T
Point-to-point radio circuits will continue to play an important role,
even though wireline and microwave radio relay networks may ultimately
be capable of providing needed domestic telecommunications capacity.
Radio will almost certainly continue to be used for backup for wire-
line and microwave radio relay networks, for jamming, and for use in
emergency or war.
V. Broadcasting System.
The domestic broadcasting system of the USSR serves a twofold
purpose, that of providing a medium of propaganda for the government
and entertainment for the private consumer. International broadcast-
ing is used almost exclusively for purposes of propaganda. Many
domestic and international broadcast transmissions reach some foreign
areas through the accidents of propagation rather than through intent.
The Ministry of Communications is primarily responsible for the in-
stallation, operation, and maintenance of these facilities. The
Ministry of Culture is primarily responsible for the preparation of
the programs, both domestic and international. The State Committee
for Radiobroadcasting and Television, which is directly responsible
to the Council of Ministers of the USSR, has over-all responsibility
for supervision of the broadcasting system.
The broadcasting system, composed of radiobroadcasting (amplitude
modulated -- AM -- and frequency modulated -- FM), wire-diffusion,
and television networks, covers the entire country. There are sub-
stantial differences in the extent of the geographic coverage of each
type of service. The wire-diffusion network is the most extensive,
with wired loudspeakers located throughout the country. Wired loud-
speakers represent 67 percent of the total number of broadcast recep-
tion points. Radiobroadcasting transmissions also cover the entire
country, but the reception base is much smaller than that of the wire-?
diffusion network. Radiobroadcast receivers represent only 26 percent
of the total number of reception points in the USSR. Television is
the most limited type of broadcasting service in the USSR and is con-
centrated mainly in the European portions of the country. Television
receivers account for only 7 percent of the total number of reception
points. The total number of broadcast reception points in the USSR
is shown in Table 33.*
Radiobroadcast receiver rates in the USSR in 1957 are given in
Table 47.**
* Table 33 follows on p. 68.
** P. 103, below.
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Table 33
Estimated Nilmber of Broadcast Reception Points
in the USSR
1928-40 and 19I6_57
Thousand Units
Year
Reception Points Year
Reception Points
1928
92
1946
7,880
1929
179
1947
8,702
1930
653'
1948
9,121
1931
1,134
1949
9,600
1932
1,458
1950
11,467
1933
1,606
1951
13,077
1934
1,661
1952
14,812
1935
2,024
1953
17,802
1936
2,441
1954
21,618
1937
3,744
1955
26,464
1938
4,931
1956
30,895
1939
6,140
1957
37,551
1940
6,976
a. The totals contained in this table are the sum
of the estimates (see Tables 35, 38, and 39, pp. 73,
85, and 88,-respectively, below) on radiobroadcast
receivers, wired loudspeakers, and television re-
ceivers.
A. Radiobroadcasting.
Domestic radiobroadcasting was inaugurated in the USSR on
17 September 1922, when the first major radio program was trans-
mitted with a power of 12 kilowatts (kw) from Moscow., 171/
Tables 34 and 35* show that a network of 23 radiobroadcasting trans-
mitters was in operation by 1928, providing service to approximately
70,000 radiobroadcast receivers. The majority of these receivers
were located in urban areas. Radiobroadcasting at that time was
virtually unknown in rural areas. From 1928 to 1940 the domestic
radiobrdadcasting network grew rapidly. By 1940 the USSR had 90
transmitters broadcasting to a domestic reception base of slightly
more than 1 million receivers. Although the majority of these**
Tables 34 and 35 follow on pp. 69 and 73, respectively, below.
** Continued on p. 74.
-68-
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Table 34
Estimated Number of Radio and Television Broadcasting Transmitters
in the USSR
1922-40 and 1945-57
AM (Amplitude Modulated)
Radiobroadcas ting
Units
Year
, Transmitters 2/*
(Domestic and International) FM (Frequency
Television Total Radio and
Television Relay and Local Television
Broadcasting Broadcasting Broadcasting
Transmitters Transmitters Transmitters 12/
Units
Modulated)
Total Power Radiobroadcas ting
(Kilowatts) Transmitters
1922
1923
1924
1925
1 2/
1 2/
2 2/
5 1/
12 2/
122/
N.A.
40 2/
1
1
2
5
1926
9/
N.A.
9
1927
16 2/
N.A.
16
1928
23 .2/
126 2/
23
1929
41 Li
218 g/
41
1930
52 12
381 g/
52
1931
53 E/
395 5/
53
1932
57 f/
901 Bi
57
1933
57 f/
1,503 e
57
1934
67 2/
1,592 El,
67
* Footnotes for Table 34 follow on p.
71.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 34
Estimated Number of Radio and Television Broadcasting Transmitters
in the USSR
1922-40 and 1945-57
(Continued)
.AM (Amplitude Modulated)
Radiobroadcasting
Transmitters 2/
(Domestic and International)
Year Units
Power
(Kilowatts)
Units
FM (Frequency
Modulated)
Radiobroadcasting
Transmitters
Television
Broadcasting
Transmitters
Television
Relay and Local
Broadcasting
Transmitters
Total Radio and
Television
Broadcasting
Transmitters 1/
1935
73 g/
1,752 E/?
0
73
1936
82 g/
2,007
0
82
1937
84 1/
N.A.
'0
84
1938
86 1/
N.A.
2 IV
88
1939
88 1/
N.A.
2J
90
1914.0
go 2/
4,000 2/
2/
92
1945
82 h/
2,700 1/
,2 1/
N.A.
N.A.
1946
85 2/
3,200 2/
1/
2.1/
N.A.
N.A.
1947
loo 2/
4,000 2/
2/
2/
N.A.
N.A.
1948
116 1/
N.A.
2j
2J
N.A.
N.A.
1949
132 2/
N.A.
2 ,1/
2J
N.A.
N.A.
1950
160 2/
5,000 s/
2 j/
2j
N.A.
N.A.
1951
161
N.A.
2
2J
N.A.
N.A.
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S-E7C-R-E-T
.Table 34
Estimated Number of Radio and Television Broadcasting Transmitters
in the USSR
1922-40 and 1945-57
(Continued)
AM (Amplitude Modulated)
Radiobroadcasting -
Transmitters aJ
(Domestic and International)
Year Units
Power
(Kilowatts)
Units
FM (Frequency
Modulated)
Radiobroadcas ting
Transmittei-s
Television
Broadcasting
Transmitters
Television
Relay and Local
Broadcasting
Transmitters
Total Radio and
? Television
Broadcasting
Transmitters 2/
1952
164 1/
N.A.
3J
3 111/
N.A.
N.A.
1953
167 2j
5,785 2j
3
3 Li
N.A.
N.A.
1954
175 1/
N.A.
3
3 2/
N.A.
N.A.
1955
185 11
N.A.
5 12/
N.A.
N.A.
1956
196 E/
7,000 E/
24 2/
22
N.A.
N.A.
1957
206 II/
N.A.
50 yj
45 E./
57 Is/
358
a. Data during 1945-53 are as of 1 October of
year
b. Computed by adding the preceding columns.
c. 112/
d. Interpolated, using graphic analysis.
e. 173/
f. 174/
g. 175/
each year;
all other data
are as of 31
December of each
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 34
Estimated Number of Radio and Television Broadcasting Transmitters
in the USSR
1922-40 and 1945-57
(Continued)
E7-177
i. Interpolated. ?
j. Assuming no increase.
k. Interpolated between 1944 (not shown) and 1946. 177/
-1. Interpolated between 1944 (not shown) and 1946. 178/
m. 1
n. Assuming that an FM transmitter was installed together with the television station in Kiev.
P. 181/
cl? 4./
r. 1 3/. As of 1 April 1957.
s. 184/
t. 185/
u. Extrapolated, using graphic analysis.
v. Calculated by adding the planned number of FM transmitters in 1957 to the end-of-1956 number. 186/
w. There was a minimum of 39 major television center transmitters in the USSR at the end of 1957.
Several centers are known to have more than one transmitter. The total estimated figure for 1957 is
therefore believed to be about 11.5 television transmitters.
x. 187/. there are 50 transmitters to local centers and to television relay 50X1
stations. Additional information indicates that seven cities receive television service from unknown
types of facilities.
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S7E-C-R-E-T
Table 35
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers
in the USSR
1928-40 and 1946-57
. Thousand Units
Year
Urban
Rural
Total
1928
48 2/
22 2/
70b]
1929
52 11
25 2/
772I
1930
57 2/
27/
84 2/
1931
62/
- .29 2/
91I
1932
66 y
31 12/
97 12/
1933
77:/
33 21/
110 2/
1934
94 1/
36 1/
130 2/
1935
141 1/
49
190 2/
1936
183 1/
57 2/
240-2/
1937
251 12/
70b]
321 y
1938
415 2/
135 2/
550 2/
1939
582 2/
218 2/
800,2/
1940
785 12/
338 12/
1,123 y
1946
961 f/
239 f/
1,200 51
1947
1,009 f/
251 El
1,260 2/
1948
1,081 f/
269 f/
1,350 2/
1949
1,202 f/
298 f/
1,500 2/
1950
1,415 12/
352 y
1,767 12/
1951
1,801 12/
580 y
2,381 12/
1952
2,260 12/
760 y
3,020 12/
1953
2,823 12/
913 y
3,736 12/
1954
3,597 12/
1,132 y
4,729 12/
1955
4,576 y
1,521 y
6,097 12/
1956
5,525 12/
1,855 12/-
7,380 12/
1957
7,385 .12/
2,475 12/
9,860 1/
a. Derived by assuming that the percentages of rural and urban 'to total were the
same in 1928-31 as in 1932.
b. 188/
C. Interpolated, using a graphic analysis of known data from b, above.
d. Computed by applying the percentage change of rural, urban, and total receivers
to each year between 1932 and 1937 on a constant basis.
e. Computed by applying the percentage change of rural, urban, and total receivers
to each year between 1937 and 1940 on a constant basis.
f. Computed by
total receivers
g. 189/
h. Computed by
total receivers
i. 190/
applying the same percentage relationship of rural and urban to
as in 1950.
applying the same percentage relationship of rural and urban to
as in 1956.
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receivers were still located in urban areas, about 338,000 receivers
found their way into rural areas. Moscow remained the center of all
radiobroadcasting activity in the country.
World War II seriously disrupted the domestic radiobroadcast-
ing effort of the USSR. Transmitters were moved eastward to avoid
the German invasion and their power outputs increased to enable pro-
grams to be received in the distant occupied areas of the country.
By the end of 1946 the operational transmission base of the domestic
radiobroadcasting network had decreased to 85 transmitters, whereas
the reception base had increased to approximately 1.2 million re-
ceivers.
Before 1946, all transmitters and receivers in the domestic
radiobroadcasting network were AM. In 1946 the first FM radiobroad-
casting transmitter was put into operation in Moscow. Since that
time the number of AM and FM radiobroadcasting transmitters has
steadily increased. It is estimated that at the end of 1957 there were
206 AM and 50 FM transmitters in operation, broadcasting to approxi-
mately 9.9 million radiobroadcast receivers. The majority of the
independent receivers are AM sets. Television receivers are equipped
to receive FM radiobroadcasts, and a large portion of the FM reception
base derives from that source.
Since 1946 there has been no substantial shift in the distribu-
tion of radiobroadcast receivers between rural and urban areas of
the country. Of the total number of radiobroadcast receivers in use'
at the end of 1957, approximately 7.6 million were in urban areas
and 2.2 million in rural areas.
The domestic radiobroadcasting service is divided into two
categories: the national radiobroadcasting Service, Which transmits
programs on high frequencies from Moscow, and the regional radio-
broadcasting service, which transmits programs from republic, oblast,
and other regional centers on low, medium, and high frequencies. The
maps, Figures 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17,* show the locations and areas
of radiobroadcasting coverage of the national and regional domestic
radiobroadcasting services.
The first Soviet international radiobroadcast was made from
the USSR to Germany in 1933. 191/ Since that time the USSR has
steadily increased its international radiobroadcasting service. In
1957 there were at least 57 transmitters broadcasting programs to
foreign audiences. Most of the international radiobroadcasts of the
USSR originate in Moscow, but it is believed that at least 20 other
* Following p. 74.
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1
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10 15 110 120 130 140 ISO ItO 170 ItO 175 170 165
adio oa
kations
50X1
mifter
422
Vkhangel
L NO ENET
144
Ne?rf)--..
Kra no
Y o-
Sok nsk
Ashkhabo
UVUI1KAYAIA0
I *
Irkut
THEORETICAL AVERAGE COVERAGE OF TRANSMITTERS
? low-frequency transmitter (number indicated if more than one)
??????? Union re '
Autonomous republic (ASSIO ????,
Oblast or kroy
I 0-Mo
54' ?
TRANSMITTER POWER
"Vladivostok -
- ----- 1-5 kw
10-20 kw
35-100 kw
150-500 kw
goundories ore net neceseadv thole
recognized by the U.S. Government.
/????-/
o.re,
guba
11.1
Ott
astral
0881
tra, gull. el.,
igancl
'sland 2047
Ground-wove coveroge
(day-time)
Stry-vravo coverage
(night-titne)
Source: Foreign Broadcast Information Service (data to June 1957)
Kdometert
50X1
13297 t7-54 (First revision 2?58)
50X1
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50X1
,
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 1.0 50 160 125 110 a 5
? 7,41 ca 41 I I I t olkip r I 7' .
- . WI I I i 4 Ref
....$?:".........ier _ Ai
, ___________.?----'''' . 1;4". /
e ..% ' r a of
'
R'.
i
i
,
I
tie c Vlitiu - (itienc, Ra iobroadcasting, r nsmift ' ' 957
Iiiisr y of tom ? tion /? 0
\ o ?'?2("/ 4
SP
4/.
41111111%01P'
? .Nib.-?+- \ ci?
\
? `Nt,,,fs' . ?
ii
??1'
%
4.
,
SI 4 i
? NI.. + ?,- ,
/
N \I- ?k.` ,
uz,,?.,od
,,
\si. ., ?:..k ?
' V? .'
I_ ,...?-
?P
--, '','Z't4 i ?
-,,,\A,1",
.
.40.0
1 et
Is
,t-,--?,,,,,,, t s
?
0 , %,
..????
.? ',-?
oo,pi?
..f?
"G'1 *kW.
,
the'q''"\
4- 4
4
0 1. C:),
0 / V
YC1 (/? /' i?
/ e2
I. OK mlOp?. X
f p
S . A2?
, ? ..p -
of` , ? s, L? \ 0.e
...,--- ? , ., "I. ? ' Lee' I(?) 'Lls: '' .-
. L''' , ' Ayr 1 ? (^9 * i).. 4
V bAY ?
p I / N"?-.--
I, A
% ????. p . ,, .2.J. ? 2 orOz
' 'I sN.4.;
vl,', , -,.. ,
"I ? ? ....
0
. ., ..1.? 11 '14
. ?-?..
1 o . ,i
,
? ...- - ,,
,..,... ........ 4,
r ,,.............1.,,,,0
.
Y..
C?0 t,
,k--ENE '
4j FA' Tr
- ?
....$ CI
641 . ? ., $ o -a.
of f,
(
Ki hid' ? '.1,
4
-?._ ? el rov* )
' ferop --...,
I ?
. ? ",),1
A ?
- .41/4,
? ' 'ti '44 ...f.A.t ..
ansk '
'it les/ .r, . oto,..)
, ?
r
__ ?????
sk-
*)
\
i
.__- -
1
\
4-
i4
tk 0
or,
.,,,..i,?1,
i's
i 0 , ?
2
Y. 1!1
- . - .
/
1 '.
eva''''' \ P....
....,4----11 * a
44,?..
f
0 I SKIY
?
?IRSY."* .../ 0 1
,... .,_. 7
CO A '''?
''???
?. i'.
k c. ? ? a
?'?
fr ...,,
9,\,. trcip'bill i ? el,
? ne,.''
:
: :
7.,,,\//,,,?? 4 ? olya,,
'by
\ c3
/o
10.0r .... ..
1....-n.....
I ? z
sitakk ? 'AO\ 0 ?
Ir.
? Ctel\ / i.,4-.94". s.,,?...
? '? . ?????-?
:
. ? --, CO.
\
, / canryi - 5 tl
,'"-? -.4` ., ' ? y ?
'1 ?,:t
ft, ` 4 rl ,, licigto h qy ,
A, t \ ,.c') i..? .,., \ - ? .7./ ?..,:,;
i?
? ''?,,t,, ,,, .,-,f-nj,,,,,,,ksfp,,,,,,i7riz ? \ ' 'rt.
.. .
11111111, of-?-?..
se
.
?N NO- , Ns
f. ii , .?.,. Ow

co
-

/ . ?
1 k-
..? d',,,,,
/
/
1 1 K 1 y an
\
Mau ,.
Karagc:ncla k R ?--
:SS? '
1
"I ?
NOte11,
?........_ ....,.,
'rx11(
If .'" ?;:Z1: . 1G
' G "4.. ''''../tf?A w
.( . , 'go, j ,. IcT,AYSICAYA
s'1,??
0
...,,, & .-...-.
I 4'4- ?
.0 105 115
'. '''''''
,..., ,,
0. k
$ 4- i 4'49'4'0
-t,...,s 4-f s: ..,,.
4.1, ,,,, 4, s: ? ? ?,,,
44,?, R. 1 '0'. ?-_
. ? 4,..".. ? frru'Re
10
. i
;:?)?k41 ?
??????? Union republic (S.S.R.) ''s "tn. ''''Ne? '-)/;-'.
v
?
at' 'SI
an o'n"-e')''
THEORETICAL AVERAGE COVERAGE OF TRANSMITTERS
? Mediurn./requency transmitter (number ink dicatedN' i? fti :It e: fl h'
TRANSMITTER POWER
--"" ? ? --- 10-20 kw Ground ove coverage
4
, -2.,'??'''',
..!..vi?di,7?00i,
,-,:iv-',;.Z,,-:-.
4t- ?
. x
0
cn
-????? ???- Autonomous republic (ASSR) .N,
Oblast or hray ., 7. '',/57;'l
--------.. 35-100 kw Northne)
"-------'",? 150-500 kw 5/Twelve coverage
.z. ?00?
e'lSy
.otv,Va
4/
R.
44. ,) *:'
Autonomous oblast (AO) Z .-", 4aP.N's,:i'?' GLOSSARY
- Rational eine% MO/ S. / k evw .1. evv. vnwn
iSland
Beenderres ere nor neer...4v there / * 6; R. ,,.,
islands..
. et4;,..,,, ,. the'' e U.'S' Gaye' renal n r.: '4'"'"'"''''''
.0
(night-nmo)
Source: Foreign Broadcast Information Service (data to June 1957)
200N ocof , oco
0
4,
)111K 2
asubor re to
',..,
t\o,
.. , opo
,
...?,., .,..,
94
1 41 50X1
74
60 ? ' 70
5 0
13290 7.54 (First revision 2.58)
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110 120
1,10
50
50X1
170 i80
175
170
165
??????? Union republic ISS.fli
Autonomous republk lASSIfi
Oblast or May
Autonomous oldest (A0)
National drug ((tot
Boundathn me not necessortly those
20 recognised by the U.S. Government.
Area served by a "local"
high-frequency transmitter
Area not served by a "local"
high-frequency transmitter
105 110 115
?
7850-20
/dr Domestic high-frequency
programs from Moscow
=?-.7. Limit of transmitter target-area
15.5
750-2
380-20
7212.50
7150-50
6115-5
594
5
5
427
High-frequency transmitter
Frequency and power of transmitter
The first figure denotes frequency (kc) used; the second
shows the estimated power (kw) of the transmitter
usually operating on that frequency.
(The number of frequencies listed does not neces-
sarily indicate the number of transmitters.)
Moscow frequencies and powers are not listed due
to the large number of transmitters in use.
All of the U.S.S.R. is covered by the Soviet Home Service broadcasts.
Source: Foreign Broadcast Information Service(data to May 1957)
290 490 690 890
Statute Miles
200 400 600
Kilometers
900-
13341 7-54 (First revision 2.58/
50X1
50X1
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60 70 80 90
100 110 120 ISO
140 150 000 170
50X1
170
Ion
EVENKIY
, rose yoralt
K R
UYINSKAYA AO
????? ? ? Union republic (S.S.11,)
Autonomous 'public ((SSR)
Oblast or (ray
Autonomous oblast (AO)
Natbnal okra' (NO)
Boundarire on nor necessarily those
recognized by th. U.S. Gotarrnmenc
Primary target.area of a transmitter
Secondary target-area of a transmitter located
in a neighboring area shown In the Same color
Area served only by its republic transmitter
Area with a studio using transmitters of two
neighboring oblasts
Perninivrini44 renter with na known
? SKoso.eitil
regional rediohroadcasting facilities.
mere an ohlast or kray Is not named on the mho It has the same name
as I. administrative center.
Rayons irectly
subor nate to
she radohlk 0.0..
DOMESTIC REGIONAL STATIONS
? Transmitter and studio with large service area which
includes one or more other stations
* Transmitter and studio
* Transmitter and studio not confirmed by monitoring
?? Studio using transmitter in neighboring oblast
0... Transmitter used entirety for relaying programs from
a studio at a different location,
NOTE: Throws,, portrayed represents no announced taw, areas.
Pared on the Sod, ponticatadministnnire oryanleation mew than
on are technical capabilities of the equipment used
Source:
Foreign Broadcast Information Service (data to March 1958)
13296 7.54 (First revision 4.581
800 Statute es
800 Kilometers
1 50X1
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60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Modu ate/d ( 7 M) Radiobroadcasting Stations, 1957
/ .1 ..
Minipry of Commumconons
, 4
50 60
50X1
170 180
170
'yandi
Vil'n viis
0 Mi.nsk
ley ? NO MOSCOW
Kharkov
----------------
0 Stalin?
Gt Sverdlovsk
? Pyatigorsk
4Yer van
0 Tashkent
IN OPERATION ? PLANNED?
0 STATION
TRANSMITTER
Statute Mites
0 290 400 600 800 000
26395 5-58
(e) In operef:on al 01 30 00205er 1031
(5) To be in operation br the end of '990.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
cities in the USSR either originate international radiobroadcasts or
retransmit international radiobroadcasts from Moscow.
The international radiobroadcasting coverage of the USSR,
shown on the map, Figure 18,* extends to the major strategic areas
of the world. Programs are transmitted to the Americas, Europe,
the Middle East and North Africa, and the Far East. In addition,
programs are transmitted to the European Satellites, Communist China,
and North Korea. 192/ In April 1957, for eXample, the USSR trans-
mitted about 860 hours a week to foreign audiences. The distribution
of these hours, by country and by language, is shown in Table 36.**
The domestic and international radiobroadcasting network has
shown a fairly rapid development in the years Since its inception.
At present, the domestic network extends to all parts of the USSR,
and the international network extends to all parts of the world.
Future emphasis in domestic radiobroadcasting will be mainly on the
expansion of FM radiobroadcasting transmission and reception facili-
ties. In AM radiobroadcasting the expansion will be restricted pri-
marily to increasing the power output of existing transmitters and
increasing the number of radiobroadcast receivers. 121/
B. Wire Diffusion.
The wire-diffusion network (a "captive" audience medium) is
the most extensive broadcasting medium in the USSR -- in fact, in the
world. In terms of reception points, the number of wired loudspeakers
in 1957 was approximately 2-1/2 times the number of radiobroadcast re-
ceivers. The network of wire-diffusion broadcasting facilities in
the USSR is composed of wire-diffusion centers and wired loudspeakers.
The wire-diffusion centers function as relay points for the trans-
mission by wire of national, regional, or local radiobroadcasts to
wired loudspeakers and as originating points of local broadcasts.
Wire-diffusion broadcasting began in Moscow in 1925. In the
following year, wire-diffusion service was established in Leningrad
and several other large cities. 194/ Before World War II the develop-
ment of the wire-diffusion network was concentrated primarily in urban
areas. The major reason for this was the cost of constructing wire-
diffusion centers in sparsely populated rural areas. ,As shown in
Tables 37 and 38,*** there has been a substantial growth in the num-
ber of rural wired loudspeakers and centers in the postwar period.
Rural wire-diffusion centers, owned primarily by agriculturalxxIx
Following p. 84.
Table 36 follows on p. 76.
Tables 37 and 38 follow on pp. 84 and 85, respectively, below.
Continued on p. 86,
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Table 36
Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign Audiences a
Selected Months, 1955-57
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1926
April 1957
To North and South America
87.50
136.50
164.50
English
56.00
98.00
112.00
To North America
49.00
N.A.
N.A.
To western North America from Khabarovsk
7.00
49.00
63.00
To eastern North America
N.A.
49.00
49.00
Spanish
14.00
21.00
28.00
To South America
N.A.
N.A.
21.00
To Mexico and Central America
N.A.
N.A.
7.00
To Latin America
14.00
21.00
N.A.
Portuguese to Brazil
7.00
7.00
7.00
Ukrainian to North America from Kiev
7.00
7.00
14.0o
Lithuanian abroad from Vil'nyus
3.50
3.50
3.50
195/
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Table 36
Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign Audiences
Selected Months, 1955-57
(Continued)
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1956
April 1957
, To Western Europe
195.00
203.00
216.75
English to the UK
31.50
31.50
38.50
French
21.00
24.50
24.50
- Italian
21.00
21.00
21.00
Spanish (including Catalan)
14.00
14.00
14.00
Ukrainian to Europe from Kiev
7.00
7.00
8.00
Dutch
7.00
7.00
7.00
POrtuguese to Portugal and Colonies
3.50
7.00
7.00
Armenian to Europe from Yerevan
N.A.
N.A.
0.50
German
42;00
42.00
45.50
To Germany
31.50
29.75
33.25
To Austria
10.50
12.25 .
12.25
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Table 36
Total Soviet RadiobroadcastingOutput to Foreign Audiences
Selected Months, 1955-57 ,
(Continued)
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1956
April 1957
To Western Europe (Continued)
Finnish
21.00
21.00
21.00
From Moscow
14.00
14.00
14.00
From Tallin
7.00
7.00
7.00
Norwegian
10-.00
10:50
10.50
Danish
7.00
7.00
10.50
Swedish
10.00
10.50
8.75
To Yugoslavia
28.00
28.00
27.00
Serbo-Croatian
14.00
14.00
13.50
Slovene
700
7.00
?7.00
Macedonian
7.00
7.00
6.50
To the European Satellites
66.00
42.17
74.50
Hungarian
7..00
3.67
21.00
Directly from Moscow
3.50
N.A.
21.00
On Hungarian Home Service only
3.50
3.67
N.A.
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Table 36
Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign Audiences
Selected Months, 1955-57
(Continued)
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1956
April 1957
To the European Satellites (Continued)
Albanian
17.50
17.50
17.50
Directly from Moscow
14.50
10.50
10.50
On Albanian Home Service only
3.00
7.00
7.00
Rumanian
17.50
7.00
10.50
Directly from. Moscow
14.00
3.50
7.00
On Rumanian Home Service only
3.50
3.50
3.50
Polish
7.00
3.50
11.00
- Directly from Moscow
3.50
7.00
On Polish Home Service only
3.50
3.50
4.00
Czech
10.00
7.00
7.50
Directly from Moscow
N.A.
N.A.
3.50
On Czechoslovak Home Service only
10.00
7.00
3.00
On Czechoslovak wire networks only
N.A.
N.A.
1.00
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Table 36
Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign Audiences
Selected Months, 1955-57
(Continued)
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1956
April 1957
To the European Satellites (Continued)
Bulgarian ,
7.00
3.50
, 7.00
Directly from Moscow
3.50
N.A.
3.50
On Bulgarian Home Servide only
3.50
3.50
3.50
To the Middle East
111.42
114.92
145,25
Persian
32.67
32.67
49.00
From Moscow
13.42
13-.42
15.75
From Baku
12.25
12.25
12.25
From Tashkent
7.00
7.00
7.00
From Stalinabad
N.A.
N.A.
14.00
Turkish
26.25
26.25
26.25
From Moscow
14.00
14.00
14.00
From Baku
12.25
12.25
12.25
Arabic
14.00
17.50
24.50
English from Yerevan,
14.00
14.00
14.00
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Table 36
Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign Audiences
Selected Months, 1955-57
(Continued)
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1956
April 1957
To the Middle East (Continued)
Greek
14.0o
14.00
14.00
Tadzhik from Stalinabad
7.00
7.00
14.00
Azerbaydzhani from Baku
3.50
3.50
3.50
To the Far East
140.00
147.00
161.00
Chinese
. 43.75
43.75
36.75
Mandarin
31.50
31.50
24.50
Directly from Moscow
21.00
21.00
14.00
On Chinese Home Service only
7.00
7.00
7.00
From Khabarovsk announcing as Moscow
3.50
3.50
3.50
Uighur from Tashkent
7.00
7.00
7.00
Cantonese
5.25
5.25
5.25
81
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Table 36
Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign Audiences
Selected Months, 1955-57
(Continued)
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1956
Apra 1957
To the Far East (Continued)
Japanese
21.00
21.00
24.50
'Directly from Moscow
8.75
8.75
12.25
From Khabarovsk announcing as Moscow
12.25
12.25
12.25
Korean.
17.50
17.50
17.50
,-Directly from Moscow
7.00
7.00
7.00
From Khabarovsk announcing as Moscow
10.50
10.50
10.50
Indonesian
7.00
10.50
12.25
Mongolian
8.75
8.75
8.75
Vietnamese
7.00
8.75
8.75
English to Southeast Asia
14.00
15.75
17.50
From Moscow
7.00
8.75
10.50
From Tashkent
7.00
7.00
7.00
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Table 36
Total Soviet Radiobroadcasting Output to Foreign Audiences
Selected Months, 1955-57
(Continued)
Hours Per Week
Area, Language, and Direction
April 1955
April 1956
April 1257
To the Far East (Continued)
Urdu
7.00
7.00
12.25
From Moscow
7.00
7.00
7.00
From Tashkent
N.A.
N.A.
5.25
Bengali
8.75
8.75
8.75
Hindi
5.25
5.25
8.75
Pushtu
N.A.
N.A.
5.25
Primarily to European Countries
Concert transmissions
63.00
73.50
72.75
Grand total
690.92
745.09
861.75
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 37
Estimated Number of Wire-Diffusion Centers.
. in the USSR: _
1928-40 and 1946-57
Units
Year
Owned by the Ministry
of Communications
Owned
by Agricultural
Enterprises
Owned by Kolkhozes
Total
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
27 2/
227 y
884 II/
2,151 y
2,962 2/
2,970 y
3,180 y
3,293 12/
3,395 12/
3,599 2/
3,700 12/
3,800 y
4,007 2/
5,061 e
5,428 e
6,810 e
8,192 g/
9,567 a/
9,319 2/
9,223 2/
9,410 2/
9,620 2/
9,746 2/
9,991 2/
. 10,464 Is/
152 2/
403 12/
996 12/
1,760 12/
1,846 2..j
1,856 12/
2,820 12/
3,567 12/
4,600 12/
5,633 2/
5,916 12/
6,200 12/
7,171 2/
2,651 8/
2,843 d
3,566 d
4,290 e
5,022 2/
6,248 a./
7,720 2/
8;316 2./ ,
9,096 2/
9,515 2,/
9,859 2/
10,354 1.1/
2,290 e
2,456 e
3,082 e.
3,707 e
4,330 2/
6,404 2/
8,409 2/
10,388 aj
12,320 2/
14,248' 2/
15,393 2/
16,159.h/
179
630
S. 1,880
3,911
4,808
4,826
6,000
S. 6,860
7,995
S. 9,232
9,616
10,000
.11,178
10,002
.10,727
13,458
-16,189
18,919
21,971
25,352-
, 28,114
, .31,036
33,509
35,243
36,977
a./
2/
21
aJ
21
c_112121
a' 12Y
b. Interpolated; using a graphic analysis of known data.,
c. 1
d. 1
e. Computed by adding the centers owned by the Ministry of Communications and the
centers owned by Agricultural Enterprises.
f.
i2.
g. Computed by applying the percentage relationship of the various types of
centers to the total number of centers in 1950.
?a/
i' gal
j. Interpolated.
k. Computed by applying the percentage relationship of the Varibus types of
centers to the total number of centers in. 1956.-
1. Assuming the same absolute increase between 1956 and,1957 as was shown
between 1955 and 1956.
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USSR: Service Areas and Program Hours of
International Radiobroadcasting, 1957
Ministry of Communications
?
?
Figure 18
r
? ?
?
-or
Western.'
? Eui?ope...
?7"
European,
Saellites'
0
'Middle East /--v
(?
_
ft?
The width of lines is proportional to the number
of hours per week Radio Moscow beamed broad-
casts to the indicated area during April 1957.
German
(45.50)
English
(38.50)
French
(24.50)
Italian
(21.00)
Finnish
(21.00)
Spanis'h
(14.00)
EUR
OPE
Serbo-
Croatian
(13.50)
Norwegian
(10.50)
Danish
(10.50)
Swedish
(8.75)
Ukrainian
(8.00)
Dutch
(7.00)
Portuguese
(7.00)
Slovenian
0
(7.00)
Macedonian b
(8.50)
Armenian
(.50)
Hungarian
(27.00)
Albanian
(17.5)
Polish
(11.00)
Rumanian
(70.50)
Czech-Slovak
(7.50)
Bulgarian
(7.00)
FAR EAST'
Japanese
(24.50)
English
(17.50)
Indonesian
.(12.25)
Urdu
(12.25)
Bengali
(8.75)
Hindi
(8.75)
Korean
(8.75)
Uighur
(7.00)
Mandarin
(24.50)
Mongolian
(8.75)
0
0
0
0
Vietnamese
(8.75)
Korean
(8.75)
Cantonese
(5.25)
SATELLITES
0
MIDDLE EAST
Persian
(49.00)
Turkish
(26.25)
Arabic
(24.50)
ANGLO-AMERICA
English
112.00
Armenian
(14.00)
Greek
(14.00)
Tadzhik
(14.00)
Azerbaidzha
(3.50)'
Ukrainian
(14.00)
ANALUSA
SRanish
(28.00)
Portuguese?
(7.00)
EUROPE & AMERICA
Lithuanian 0
(3.50)
The figures in parentheses show the number of
hours per week Radio Moscow beamed programs
in the indicated language during April 1957.
26631
50X1
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Table 38
Estimated Number of Wired Loudspeakers
in the USSR
1928-40 and 1946-57
Thousand Units
Year
Urban
Rural
Total
1928
17
5 12/
22 2/
1929
37 aj
65 1/
102 e/
1930
1931
1932
429 21
808 a2
1,015 2/
11.1.0 2./
235 sy
346 2/
569 E/
1,043 2/
1,361 d/
1933
1,133 1/
363 q./
1,496 c_11
1934
1,159 1/
372 1/
1,531 2/
1935
1,388 di
446 1/
1,834 eJ
1936
1,666 s_i/
535 1./
2,201 f/
-27
1937
- 2,636 2/
787 2/
3,423
1938
3,404 di
977 1/
4,381 21
1939
4,149 sy
1,191 1/
5,311.0 5./
1940
4,589 2/
1,264 2/
5,853 2/
1946
1947
19)1.8
1948
4,911+ If
5,536/
5,725cli
1,766 1/
1,906 1/
2,046 1/
6,680 11/
7,442 j_./
7,771 1/
1949
5,914 1/
2,186
8,100
1950
7,367 9/
2,3.1.8 2/
9,685 21
1951
7,824 2/
2,816 2/
10,640 2/
1952
8,234 2/
3,444 2/
11,678 2/
1953
9,160 2/
4,681 2/
13,841 2/
1954
10,116 2/
6,323 2/
16,439 2/
1955
11,007 2/
8,537 2/
19,544 2/
1956
11,780 2/
10,411 2/
22,191 2/
1957
12,280 2../
12,911 h/
25,191 1/
a.
b.
c.
d.
Total minus rural.
202/
203/
Interpolated, using graphic analysis.
e.
204/
f.
227.61
h.
207/
i.
208/
j?
209/
k.
210/
1.
211/
?
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enterprises and kolkhozes, accounted for about 27,000 of the nearly
37,000 centers in 1957. In 1957, there were about 12.9 million loud-
speakers in rural areas and 12.3 million in urban areas.
The wire-diffusion network will probably grow at a slower
rate in the future than it has in the Immediate past. Some factors
which will influence this anticipated slower rate of growth are as
follows:
1. The approaching saturation of the country with
wired loudspeakers, especially in urban areas.
An expected increase in the availability of
preferred radiobroadcast receivers.
3. An expansion of preferred FM and television
networks.
Future growth will depend primarily on rural development.. Besides
expansion, improvement in, operational efficiency in rural areas will
also be a main target. In the past, numerous breakdowns in equip-
ment have inactivated many wire-diffusion centers for long periods
of time. Much of this inactivation was attributable to the low level
of training of operating personnel. 212/ Consolidation of the com-
munications facilities of the rural wire-diffusion network serving
the same area, 213/ as decreed by a resolution of the Twentieth Party
Congress, is another means by which efficiency may be increased.
This resolution implies that wire-diffusion centers will be joined
with postal and telephone and telegraph enterprises for consolidated
operation. Further, future plans call for an introduction of auto-
matic, unattended, wire-diffusion centers. The first such center
has been in experimental operation since October 1956 in a rural
area of Moscow Oblast. 214/
Wire-diffusion loudspeaker rates in the USSR in 1957 are
given in Table 48.*
C. Television.
The first major television center in the USSR, the Moscow
Television Center, began operations in 1938. Operation of this
center was interrupted during World War II and was resumed in May
1945.** The second major television center in the USSR was opened
P. 104, below.
** The center originally transmitted a? picture with 343 lines, but
in 1948 the transmission characteristics were changed to the present
625 lines, 25 frames per second. 215/
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S-E-C-R-E-T
in Leningrad in 1951 and was followed by a third major center in
Kiev in 1952. No further expansion in television transmitting facili-
ties occurred until 1955. During 1955, 9 additional transmitters
were put into operation, and 10 more transmitters began operation
in 1956. By the end of 1957, there were 39 major television centers
in operation in the USSR, estimated to be utilizing 45 transmitters.
The increase in the number of television transmitters in use is shown
in Table 34.*
In addition to the major television centers, 34 television
relay stations, which extend the service coverage area of a major
center, had been established by the end of 1957. These relay sta-
tions are usually located within 100 to 120 km of a mnjor television
center.
To supplement the network of major television centers and
their associated relay stations, local television centers have also
been established. These local centers, numbering 16 at the end of
1957, are constructed by amateurs or by ministries other than the
Ministry of Communications for the benefit of local audiences.
Local television centers are usually located in areas not served by
major centers or their relay stations. Relay stations and local .
centers utilized 50 transmitters in 1957. In addition to the known
television centers and stations in the USSR, there are seven cities
which receive television service from undetermined types of facilities.
By the end of 1957 the television network of the USSR, as shown
on the map, Figure 19,** covered all republic capitals and almost all
major cities in the country. Plans for the further development of
the television transmission base call for a total of no less than
75 and possibly (according to the report) 105 major television cen-
ters and 300 television relay stations to be in operation by the end
of 1960. 216/
Expansion of the television transmission base has been ac-
companied by an expansion in reception facilities. In 1950, as
shown in Table 39,xxx there were only 15,000 television receivers
in use in the USSR, but by the end of 1957 the number had increased
to 2.5 million. Plans call for the further increase in the total
number to more than 8 million by the end of 1960.
* P. 69, above.
** Following p. 88.
*** Table 39 follows on p. 88.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 39
Estimated Number of Television Receivers
in the USSR
1940 and 1950-57
Thousand Units
Year.
Urban
Rural
Total
1940
N.A.
N.A.
o,4 2/
1950
N.A.
N.A.
15 2/
1951
54 2/
2W
56W
1952
- 109/
5W
114 W
1953
213 2/
12 2/
225 2/
1954
420 2/
30 2/
450 2/
1955
763 2/
60 1/
823 2/
1956
1,226 2/
98 2/
1,324 2/
1957
2,000 12/
500 c/
2,500 d/
a. 217/
b. Extrapolated on the basis of graphic
analysis.
c. Derived by subtracting urban sets
from the total number of receivers in
use.
d. Interpolated, using 1956 and planned
1960 figures (8 million television re-
ceivers) and assuming an increasing
annual rate of growth.
The growth in television, especially since 1955, reflects an
awareness on the part of the USSR of the propaganda and entertainment
value of this, the most effective medium of mass communication.
Plans for the expansion of this medium show that even greater emphasis
is to be placed on its development. Of major importance is the inten-
tion to provide network television service through the interconnection
of television centers by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay lines.
Television receiver rates in the USSR in 1957 are given in
Table 49.*
* P. 104, below.
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USSR: -D
0 40 50 60 70
80 90 100 110 120 130 140
\\\\
tic Television/Broadcasting Sta\tio
iry
Minst of Con ic
4nunations
/ .
ISO
60
170
50X1
1130
170
?i.iyer1aya ..c44.% .
ea IC
Klaipedas Kuldiga
1>
Kgfiningrad PYataut9
Shyaulays a ig, 0 yi,2,,,, Tal r s,
Oill yAds ThrtuVAStfokfiltd-irva
rrhansk
Daugavpils
Virnyus
Baranovichi
III Minsk
BobruyskEg
Arkhangel'sk
debsk
sha
gilev ? Smolensk
Cabin
? Vol kola
Zaporozh'ye
Sevastopo
1,1 Sochi
Kiev Iflermgov Kahl
Ser.?
pte
Orel
Cherkassy Tu? Vladimir
Suma n'
leksandriya KurskMI
y Rog82Prl8xa Belgoral
111?K?harkov
nepropetrov oTambov
SaranM
ron Kamenki-A
0 Penn
OgOIS
Ellkhta
Nonrsk
? Slavyansl
Kramatorsk
iv
Stalin?. 61Lisinansk
hdanov Lugan'n
Rostov/
Shalnly
Krasnodar
rmavir
Stavropol'
,herkessk
KislovadskE012Mi""1."8"?d9
U P k
a
O N
o Ordzhonikidze
OGn001yll
Tbilisi
Gorkiy
Cheboksary
Kazan
Saratov
yanoesk
zheysil Votkins
maul
Kuybyshev
Stall ra
Krasnotur'insk
Perm'
(Molotov) /
seiddy Tagil
Sverdlovsl Artemovskiy
? Ufa
sKamyshlov
5i3latoust NKamensk.Ural'skiy
^"'fil El Chelyabinsk
ainitogorsk
rakhan
Aklyubinsk
osibirs
Nakhiche
Baker
Bar nitrl-
? Rubtsovsk
Semipalatinsk
Dieninogors
Usr- amenogorsk
?ffil
Tomsk
ke111
pg Leninsk.Kulnets
51Prokop'yevsk
tliStalinsk
Kamsomorsk
asnoyarsk
no-Sakhalinsk
Cheremkhovo
Irk dr
Samarkancts
Yangi-Y
Al
Beg
Taldy-Kurgan.
Frunze e.roshilovskoye .
MI Alma-Ata
IN OPERATION,,
?
- TYPE OF STATION
MAJOR-
LOCAL
(iaduding amateur)
UNKNOWN
RELAY
? PLANNED,"
?
Statute
400
66ornelers
(a) In operation al of I January IPSO.
(6) To. irer in operation lay the ord of 1960.
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VI. Future Trends.*
The current status of plans related to the post and telecommuni-
cations sector of the USSR is uncertain. Recent Soviet announcements
state that the original Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) has been al-
tered and that new plans, possibly running for 7 years (1959-65),
may be prepared. In consequence, the status of previously announced
plans for this sector of the economy is somewhat in doubt with re-
spect to priorities and dates of fulfillment.
Estimates of future trends are based on qualitative and quanti-
tative analysis of recent trends and various announced objectives.
It is believed, therefore, to the qualified degree given, that future
courses of action of the Ministry of Communications will be as fol-
lows:
1. It is certain that there will be an expansion
of the television transmission and reception
base.
2. It is certain that there will be an expansion.
of the FM radiobroadcasting transmission and
reception base.
3. It is certain that there will be an expansion
of the AM radiobroadcast reception base.'
4. It is certain that there will be an accelera-
tion in the installation of urban and rural
automatic telephone exchange facilities and
in the use of semiautomatic interurban exchange
facilities.
It is certain that there will be an introduction
of fully automatic interurban telephone dialing.
* The Statistical tables and figures contained in this report could
not be projected accurately into the future for two principal reasons.
First, it is expected that the 1957 economic reorganization (decen-
tralization) will cause significant alterations in the mode, quan-
tity, and pattern of flow of post and teledommunications traffic.
This alteration will require the addition and reorientation of facili-
ties, and the nature and magnitude of these alterations are as yet
undiscernible. Second, the proposed new economic plan (1959-65),
reportedly to supersede the 1956-60 Plan which terminated prematurely
in 1957, may conceivably alter markedly past and present plans and
intentions in direction, specific objectives, priorities, and rates
of growth.
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6. It is certain that there will be a standard-
ization of equipment, facilities, and pro-
cedures in the interest of economy, flexi-
bility, and quality of service.
7. It is certain that there will be a search for
physical and ,communications security of tele-
communications facilities.
8. It is certain that there will be an emphasis
on the development of a technically qualified
manpower base.
It is almost certain that there will be an ac-
celeration in the provision of greatly increased
interurban telecommunications circuit capacity
through the construction of microwave radio
relay and coaxial and multiconductor cable lines
and the use of carrier frequency telephone tech-
niques.
10. It is almost certain that there will be an ac-
celeration in the availability and use of tele-
communications service throughout the country,
especially in remote areas not now equipped or
inadequately equipped, as a result of the in-
creased availability of interurban circuit
capacity.
11. It is almost certain that there will be an ac-
celeration in the provision of telecommunica-
tions service within and between newly created
economic regions.
12. It is almost certain that there will be a rapid
increase in subscriber telegraph service re-
sulting from the increased availability of in-
terurban facilities and from the increased
needs generated by the economic reorganization.
13. It is almost certain that there will be a reten-
tion of point-to-point radio facilities for
backups, emergency, and jamming purposes.
14 It is almost certain that there will be an ac-
celeration in research and development on
modern telecommunications techniques.
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15. It is almost certain that there will be an increase
in labor productivity resulting from better train-
ing of employees and greater use of modern tech-
nology.
16. It is almost certain that there will be an increase
in the annual rate-of investment to provide a
broad base of readily expandable telecommunica-
tions facilities capable of meeting future needs.
17. It is probable that there will be an Improvement
in the speed of handling of mail, especially in
rural and remote areas of the country, and the
extension of mail routes and facilities into
newly developed areas.
18. It is probable that there will be a further de-
velopment and expansion of television network
service.
19. It is probable that there will be an introduction
of scatter radio communications facilities,
especially in the Arctic regions, where wireline
facilities are less practical and normal radio
propagation is unreliable.
20. It is probable that there will be an integration
of telecommunications facilities of other minis-
tries with those of the Ministry of Communications.
21. It is probable that there will be a leveling off
in the expansion of the wire-diffusion network as
saturation is approached and as more radiobroadcast
and television receivers become available.
No specific date can be estimated for the completion of the above
actions. The prime determinate is priority. It is believed that the
economy of the USSR has the capability to accomplish these actions.
,Given a high order of priority, these actions could be completed in
about 5 years; with a lower priority, in about 10 years. Future
announcements diauld give some indication of the priority to be given
many of these courses of action.
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF lECHNICAL TERMS
Amplitude modulation (AM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in magnitude (amplitude) by other frequencies that
contain the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See
Frequency modulation.)
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies used
in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process involved
in producing telecommunications service which does not require direct,
immediate human assistance.
Basic system: That telecommunications system in a country which has
the greatest geographic coverage and the highest capacity. It is
usually available for service to private consumers.
Cable: A bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial' tubes, used
as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to as "multi
conductor cable."
Carrier (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for dividing
a circuit, lane, supergroup, group, or Channel into portions which can
be used independently of and simultaneously with all other portions.
Different frequencies or different pulses are selected for each portion
to "carry" the information to be transmitted, after alteration by the
information frequencies. The carrier itself need not be transmitted.
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit in-
formation independently of and simultaneously with all other portions.
A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, or radio medium facility used to carry infor-
I mation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications connection
between distant points. By the application of appropriate techniques,
a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations to meet the
need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunications service.
In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single telecommunications
units in sequence. In its most complex form it may by apportionment
carry simultaneously thousands of telephone channels and telegraph
subchannels; a number of television programs; and other specialized
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kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broadcast programs, radar
signals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often arranged
into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 television
program or 600 telephone channels. In turn, these 600 telephone
channels are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone chan-
nels each. Each supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12 tele-
phone channels each. One or more telephone channels may be further
subdivided into three to twenty 60-word-per-minute teletype sub-
channels. Other specialized kinds of service may be accommodated
by combining two or more telephone channels.
CoaXial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecommuni-
cations cable medium technique using one or more tubes (sometimes
called "pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire sup-
ported concentrically by insulators. The space in the tube usually
contains nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial cable is
used for the transmission of information in complex form, such as
radar, computer data,'or television signals, and/or for the trans-
mission of telephone channels and telegraph subchannels. A single
tube usually carries information in only one direction at a time.
The capacity of a tube depends in part upon the distance between
repeater stations. In the standard facility, which may have from
2 to 8 tubes in the cable, a single tube carries a lane of 600 tele-
phone channels or 1 television lane, for which the repeater station
spacing is about 7' statute miles. In a new developmental coaxial
cable facility, a single tube may-carry 3 lanes of a total of 1,800
telephone channels or 3 television lanes, for which the repeater
station spacing is expected to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of electrical
science and technology that treats of the behavior of electrons in
vacuums, gases, or solids. Today, telecommunications makes extensive
use of electronic technology.
Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical energy
required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
(telegraph) service in which photographs, dramings, handwriting, and
printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded reception. In
one method (Type A), images are built up of lines of dots of constant
intensity. In another method (Type B), images are built up of lines
or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred to as "telephoto" and
"photoradio."
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Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric current,
voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or direction.
Frequenay modulation (FM): The process by which a selected carrier
frequency is varied in frequency by other frequencies that contain
the information to be transmitted in telecommunications. (See Am-
plitude modulation.)
Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities managed
and operated by a single agency, organization, company,. department,
committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to the facilities
of a basic system. (See Basic system.)
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about 30 statute
mile i above the earth's surface to the outer reaches (exosphere) of
the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes possible long-
distance transmission of radio signals. The layers, however, are re-
sponsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and differences be-
tween daytime and nighttime radio reception. They are also used as
a scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-transmission techniques
to transmit to distances of about 1,000 to 1,500 statute miles.
Joint facility: A telecommunications facility owned, controlled, or
operated by two or more agencies, organizations, companies, depart-
ments, committees, ministries, or other entities.
Lane: A 1-way portion, electrical or physical, of a 2-way tele-
communications circuit Which can be used independently of and simul-
taneously with all other portions. The largest lane today can handle
600 telephone channels or 1 television program. In some applications
the direction of a lane may be reversed.
Leased (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to the direct operation
by a user of a telecommunications facility owned by another agency.
Line: A general term Used to delineate a telecommunications circuit
facility (wire, cable, or radio).
Main (as an adjective):. Of or pertaining to telecommunications facili-
ties at and between principal cities and centers which have relatively
high capacity compared with feeder facilities.
Medium: Any substance or space that can be used practically to trans-
mit a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing telecom-
munications service.
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Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio fre-
quencies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally afford
practical direct transmission to great distances, principally because
they do not bend well around the earth's surface and because they do
not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are, however, capable of
reliable transmission from horizon to horizon (line-of-sight) by the
use of special antennas which concentrate the radio energy and give
it desired direction. Great distances can, in consequence, be reached
by this technique by the interposition of relay stations along the
route of the line with a spacing interval of from 25 to 40 statute
miles, depending upon terrain conditions. This technique can be em-
ployed practically to carry from a small number of telephone channels
and telegraph subchannels to thousands of such channels and subchannels
through 2 or more lanes and to carry 1 or more television and other
specialized lanes and channels.
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to tele-
communications service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
???
Reception base: The aggregate telecommunications receiving facilities
employed in providing a broadcast service.
Scatter (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio medium tech-
nique in modern telecommunications by which energy in radio frequen-
cies above 30 mc is deliberately scattered into one or the other of
two reflecting portions of the atmosphere (troposphere and ionosphere)
at a predetermined angle such that a usable portion of the energy
arrives at the desired receiving location. This technique is especially
applicable to regions in high latitudes (Arctic and Antarctic) where
facilities of other media suffer from the rigors of weather and terrain
and where the- conventional long-distance radio media of the lower fre-
quency bands (200 kc to 30 mc) are subject to serious disruptive propa-
gational anomalies.
Subscriber: Any customer who directly operates telecommunications ap-
paratus in obtaining telecommunications service.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other entity
in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications service.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of information
between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable, or
radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
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Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for effecting
telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to a typewriter in
which information is transmitted by keyboard and received by type printer
on a roll of paper, on a roll of tape, or by perforations on a roll of
tape, or both. (Sometimes called a "teleprinter" or "teletypewriter.")
Transmission base: The aggregate telecommunications transmitting facil-
ities employed in providing broadcast service.
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles. This
layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric scatter
transmission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500 statute
miles.
Wave guide (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a telecommunications
medium, now under development in several countries, which may be cap?
-
able of transmitting extremely large amounts of conventional and com-
plex information. It consists of a circular or rectangular hollow
metallic tube in which electrical energy travels in the form of waves,
much as do sound waves in a speaking tube.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or cable
medium to wired loudspeakers.
Wired loudspeakers: A telecommunications loudspeaker which receives
from a distribution point one or more broadcast programs by a wire or
cable medium.
Wireline: A general term used to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or underground cable, used as
a telecommunications medium.
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APPENDIX B
a
RATE SCHEDULES FOR POST AND IELECOMMUNICATIONS SLEVICES
IN THE USSR
(STATISTICAL TABLES)
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Table 110
Postal Rates in the USSR
1957
Rubles
Ordinary, Mail Air Mail
Type of Mail
Regular
Registered
Regular
Registered
Letters
Local and out-of-town, up
to 20 grams
0.40
1.00
1.00
2.00
Each additional 20 grams
or part thereof
0.20
0.20
0.45
0.45
Third-class matter (such as
packages and periodicals)
Up to 20 grams
1.00
2.00
Each additional 20 grams
or part thereof
0.45
0.45
Local and out-of-town, up
to 50 grams
0.30
1.00
Each additional 50 grams
or part thereof
0.15
0.15
a. 218/
Table 41
Rates for Postal Money Orders in the USSR
1957
Rubles
Amount Sent Rate
Less than 30
30 through 49
50 through 100 12/
0.60
1.00
2.00
a. 219/
b. For each ruble exceeding :100 rubles,
there is a charge of 0.02 ruble.
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Table 42
Rates for Interurban Telephone Calls in the USSR 2/
1957
I
Rates
(Rubles)
Distance
(Kilometers)
For 1 Minute
For 3 Minutes
Less than 25
0.20
0.60
25 through 49
0.50
1.50
50 through 199
1.20
3.60
200 through 599
1.50
4.50
600 through 1,199
2.50
7.50
1,200 through 2,000 12/
2.80
8.40
a. The rates do not reflect a 50-percent reduction
which is allowed on calls made between the hours of
2400 and 0700. Interurban telephone rates have re-
mained constant since World War II. 220/
b. For calls made over a distance of more than
2,000 km, the rate is an additional 0.1 ruble per
minute for each additional 200 km or part thereof.
Table 43
Rates for Sending Telegrams in the USSR 2/
1956
Rubles
Type of Telegram Rate per Word 12/
Ordinary 0.30
Urgent 1.00
Lightning 1.50
a. Rates do not vary, with the distance.
b. Rate per word includes the address. There is a
basic charge Of 1 ruble per telegram in addition to the
rate per word. If a telegram is requested over the
telephone, an additional 0.50 ruble is charged. 221/
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Table 44
Rates for Transmitting Messages
over the Subscriber Telegraph Network in the USSR
1956
Distance
(Kilometers)
Minutes
0 Through 599
600 Through 1,199
1,200 Through 2,000
- Rate 12/
(Rubles)
Rate 2/
(Rubles)
Rate 2/
(Rubles)
5
lo
25
28
10
20
36
45
15
30
A7
60
20
40
58
74
25
50
68
89
30
60
78
104
45
90
108
149
60:
120
138
194
a. The rate schedule for computing the cost of a subscriber telegraph
connection is based on the duration of the call and the distance of the
connection.
b. The rate schedule for the 0- througb. 599-km connection was computed
at the rate of 2 rubles per minute. This rate was obtained from infor-
mation describing a computing device that operated at a fixed rate of
2 rubles per minute within an unspecified area; It was assumed that
this area referred to the 0- through 599-km area. 222/
c. 223/
Table 45
Rates for Telegraphic Money Orders in the USSR 21
1957
Rubles
Amount Sent
Rates
Regular Telegrams Urgent Telegrams
Less than 100
6.00
12.00
100 through 299
10.00
20.00
300 through 499
15.00
30.00 .
500 or more
220.00
4o.00
With a message, per word
0.30
1.00
a. 224/
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Table 46
Rates for Sending Facsimile Telegrams in the USSR 21
1955
Rates by Contents
(Rubles)
Size of Telegram Blanks b
(Inches)
Photographs and
Imprints
Written and
Combined Imprint-
Written Messages
8.6 by 1.5
3
6
8.6 by 2.0
5
10
8.6 by 3.0
7
20
8.6 by 3.9
10
25
?
8.6 by 5.9
15
50
8.6 by 8.9
20
75.
8.6 by 11.8
30
100
a. Rates do not vary with the distance sent 225/
'b. Blank sizes were converted from Millimeters to inches and
rounded to the nearest tenth.
Table 47
Rates for Annual Subscriptions to Radiobroadcast Receivers
in the USSR a/
1957
Rubles
Radiobroadcast receivers
Category of Receiver 12/
36 54 75
a. 226/
b. Category I receivers are for individual use; Cate-
gory II receivers are for use in village reading rooms,
"red corners)" and radio auditoriums; and Category III
receivers include all others.
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Table 48
Rates for Wire-Diffusion Loudspeakers
in the USSR
1957
Rubles
Type Annual
of Loudspeaker Subscription Fee .../ Installation Fee 121
*.tjirban 60 35
Rural 48 35
a. 227/
b. 228/
Table 49
Rates for Annual Subscriptions
to Television Receivers in the USSR 2/
1957
Rubles
Category of Receiver b/
Television receivers 120 384 504
a. 229/
b. category 'I receivers are for individual use; Cate-
gory II receivers are for use in "red corners" and
reading rooms; and Category III receivers include all
others.
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