POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN COMMUNIST CHINA 1950-57

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A001100050001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 72
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 5, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 13, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
N9
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
IN COMMUNIST CHINA
1950 - 57
CIA/RR 135
13 June 1958
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
955cDo
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLTGENCE REPORT
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN COMMUNIST CHINA
1950-57
CIA/RR 135
(ORE Project 46.1578)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
This report is concerned with those post and telecommunications
facilities and services in Communist China which are operated and con-
trolled by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Other mini-
stries operate functional post and telecommunications systems such as
those serving the armed forces, shipping, railroads, and the state
'police. These independent post and telecommunications systems are
not covered in this report. It must be pointed out, however, that,
although the facilities and services covered here are confined to
those under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Posts and Telecom-
munications, their use is not so restricted. The armed forces make
abundant use of this system, as do all the ministries.
This report is one of a series on post and telecommunications
services of the various countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
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CONTENTS
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . .. ......
I. Introduction
II. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications ?
? ?
?
Page
1
3
3
A. Organization
3
B. Offices
5
C. Revenue
7
D. Investment
7
E. Manpower
10
1. Labor Force
10
2. Trade Union
lo
3. Wages
12
4. Training
14
5. Labor Productivity
15
F. Efficiency
16
III.
Postal System
16
IV.
Telephone and Telegraph System
21
A. Wireline
?
?
21
B. Point-to-Point Radio
23
C. Microwave
23
D. Telephone
25
E. Telegraph
26
V.
Broadcasting System
31
A. Radidbroadcasting . . . . . .........
36
B. Monitoring Points
37
C. Wire Diffusion
37
D. *Television
37
VI.
Supply of Equipment
41
VII.
Future Trends
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Appendixes
Appendix A. Glossary of Technical Terms.
Appendix B. Methodology
Page
43
If 9
Tables
1. Types of Post and Telecommunications Offices and
Associated Personnel in Communist China, 1956 .
2. Estimated Revenue from Post and Telecommunications
in Communist China, 1950-57
3. Estimated Investment in Post and Telecommunica-
tions in Communist China, 1950-57 .?? OOOO
4. Estimated Number of Employees in the Ministry of
Posts and Telecommunications in Communist China,
1950-57 . . . . . . . . , ........... . .
5. Estimated Average Annual Wage and Total Annual
Wage Bill for EmploYees of the Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications in Communist China,
1950-57
6
8
11
13
6. EStimated Average Annual Revenue Per Employee of
the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in
Communist China, 1950-57 15
7. Estimated Total Length of Postal Routes in Commu-
nist China, 1950-57 17
8. Estimated Volume of Mail by Type, in Communist
China, 1950-57 19
9. Estimated Number of Post Offices in Communist
China, 1950-57 20
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Page
10. Estimated Length of Telephone and Telegraph Wire-
lines in Communist China, 1950-57 22
11. Estimated Number of Domestic and International
Long-Distance Telephone Calls Made in Communist
China, 1950-57 ........ . . . .....
27
12. Estimated Number of Telephone Subscribers in Com-
munist China, 1950-57 28
13. Estimated Number of Domestic and International
Telegrams Sent in Communist China, 1950-57 . 29
14. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcasting Transmitters
in Communist China, 1950-57 . . . . .......
15. Estimated Power Output of Radiobroadcasting Trans-
mitters in Communist China, 1950-57 . . . . . .
32
33 .
3.4. Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers in
Communist China, 1950-57 34
17. Estimated Total Weekly Output of Peking Inter-
national Radiobroadcasting Service in Communist
China, Selected Months, 15,50756 and 1958 . . .
35
18. Estimated Number of Radio Monitoring Points in
Communist China, 1950-57 38
19. Estimated Number of Wire Diffusion Centers in Com-
munist China, 1950-57
20. Estimated Number of Wired Loudspeakers in Commu-
nist China, 1950-57
Maps
39
Following Page
Figure 1. Communist China: Major Post and Telecommu-
nications Training Facilities, 1957 . . . 14
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Following Page
Figure 2. Communist China: Main Telecommunications
Wirelines, 1957 -- Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications 22
Figure 3. Communist China: Main Domestic Morse
Radiotelegraph, Radioteletype, and Radio-
telephone Circuits, 1957 -- Ministry of
Posts and Telecommunications 24
Figure 4, Communist China: Main International Morse
Radiotelegraph Circuits from Peking,
1957 -- Ministry of Posts and Telecommuni-
cations
Figure 5. Communist China: Main International Morse
Radiotelegraph Circuits from Shanghai,
1957 -- Ministry of Posts and Telecommu-
nications
Figure 6. Communist China: Main International Radio-
telephone and Radioteletype Circuits from
Peking and Shanghai, 1957 -- Ministry of
Posts and Telecommunications
Figure 7. Communist China: Planned Microwave Radio.
Relay Network, 1957 -- Ministry of Posts .
and Telecommunications
Figure 8. Communist China: Domestic and International
Facsimile Network, 1957 -- Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications
Figure 9. Communist China: Service Areas of Domestic
Radiobroadcasting Transmitters, Regional
(Provincial) and Local, 1957 -- Ministry of
Posts and Telecommunications
Figure 10. Communist China: Service Areas of Domestic
Radiobroadcasting Transmitters, Inter-
regional, 1957 -- Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications
Figure 11. Communist China: Service Areas of Inter-
national Radiobroadcasting Transmitters
Using the Chinese Language, 1957 7- Ministry
of Posts and Telecommunications
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24
26
30
36
36
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Following Page
Figure 12. Communist China: Service Areas of Inter-
national Radiobroadcasting Transmitters
Using the English Language, 1957 -- Min-
istry of Posts and Telecommunications . . 36
Figure 13. Communist China: Service Areas of Inter-
national Radiobroadcasting Transmitters
Using Languages Other Than English and
Chinese, 1957 -- Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications 36
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CIA/RR 135 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 46.1578)
POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES IN COMMUNIST CHINA*
1950-57
Summary and Conclusions
Communist China has made significant progress in developing the
public** post and telecommunications sector of the economy since late
1949. Although rates of growth varied among components of the sector,.
substantial absolute growth occurred in all components. A summary of
this progress is as follows:
Postal
Volume***
Interurban Telephone-
Telegraph Volume
Radiobroadcast SECRET
Reception Points****
1950
12.8
1950
1950
11.1
___127.0
1957
15.2
1957
12.9
1957
191.2
(Billion pieces)
(Millon units)
(Million points)
Gbze
Offices
Telephone
Telegraph
Radiobroadcast
Transmitting
1950
Power
300
1950
153.8
1950
1350
1957
1107.4
1957
1794
1957
12600
(Thousand offices)
(Thousand
pole kms.)
(Kilowatts
Total
.
Employment
1950
1140
1950
40
i1950
1140
1957
392
1957
78
1957
1245
(Million yuan)
1
(Million yuan)
(Thousand
employees)
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 15 March 1958.
** The term public in this report refers to the facilities and serv-
ices under the control of and operated by the Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications. It does not refer to functional systems such as
those serving the armed forces, the state police, or the Ministries
of Commerce and of Railroads.
XXX Letters, packages, and the like.
XXXX Receivers, loudspeakers, and monitoring points.
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In 1949 the public post and telecommunications sector of the economy
was poorly equipped to fulfill the announced goals of the Communist
regime. Service was mainly available in Manchuria, the coastal areas,
and the major cities of the interior. Facilities were either old and
in need of repair or badly damaged by the civil war. Capacity was
extremely limited, and service was slow and unreliable.
Development of public post and telecommunications resources, which
required a strong effort, was assigned to the Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications at the end of the civil war in 1949. Its tasks
included extension of service coverage, expansion and improvement of
service, modernization of facilities, and training of desperately
needed technicians and skilled workers.
In spite of the indicated progress, which depended on technical
and material assistance from the Soviet Bloc, present service capac-
ities are hardly adequate to meet current needs of government activ-
ities. Little capacity exists for private use.
It is expected that demand for service from this sector of the
economy will continue to grow, probably at an accelerating rate. The
growing demand will come not only from the government and the mili-
tary but also from the private consumers to the extent that their
standard of living is raised. Acceleration in the growth of the
whole economy will clearly impose a need for acceleration in the
growth of the post and telecommunications sector.
Planning by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications reflects
both an awareness of growing demand for service and an intention to
meet it. Plans call for extending the use of underground cable and
carrier telephone equipment, establishing a microwave network, ex-
panding the use of automatic and semiautomatic telephone-telegraph
exchange facilities in key telecommunications centers, enlarging the
capacity of intracity telephone facilities, and increasing the number
of point-to-point radio facilities.*
Based on past performance, it is estimated that Communist China
has the intention and the capability to effectuate these plans, given
continued material and technological support from the USSR and other
Bloc countries, thus going a long way toward the provision of an
adequate, mature post and telecommunications resource.
* See Appendix Al Glossary of Technical Terms.
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I. Introduction.
The purpose of this report is to present in a consolidated form all
economic information available on public post and telecommunications
services and facilities in Communist China. The primary emphasis is
placed on the presentation of data in tabular, graphic, and map form,
with a minimum of textual discussion consistent with clarity of pres-
entation. Data presented are evaluated and interpreted to yield their
intelligence significance.
The scope of this report is limited to information on the public
post and telecommunications sector of the economy, which is under the
operation and control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.
Other ministries operate independent, functional post and telecommuni-
cations systems which are not covered here.
Three basic types of post and telecommunications services and fa-
cilities are treated in this report: postal, telephone and telegraph,
and broadcasting. Wherever possible, each of these is treated sep-
arately; otherwise, aggregates for all post and telecommunications
services and facilities are presented.
II. Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.
The public post and telecommunications sector of the economy of
Communist China is operated and maintained by the Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications, which provides postal, telephone and tele-
graph, and broadcasting service. The telecommunications portion of this
sector of the economy is used primarily by the government, government
enterprises, and the armed forces, with private consumer use restricted
primarily to postal service. Measurement of the proportional usage of
the post and telecommunications sector by each of these consumers is
not possible at this time. For this reason, the data presented in this
report are composed of aggregates for the entire sector regardless of use.
A. Organization.
The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications was established
in Communist China in October 1949. Patterned after the general
administrative organization of the Central Peoples (Communist) Govern-
ment, the line of authority passed from Ministry headquarters through
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national, regional,* and provincial bureaus to the lowest organizational
unit, the local bureaus. 2
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The national bureaus in Peking, comprising the administrative
and operational structure of the Ministry, are organized as follows
Secretariat
Personnel Bureau
Planning Bureau
Supply Bureau
Labor Material Bureau
International Relations Bureau
Electrical Commodities Technical Laboratory
Postal Service Bureau
Wireless Bureau
Long-Distance Telegraph Bureau
City Telephone Bureau
Radio Engineering Bureau
Regional, provincial, and hsien (county) and shih (municipality)
bureaus perform functions similar to those of the national bureaus.
The lower the unit, however, the greater the tendency to combine the
functions of several national bureaus into one unit. For example, a
hsien or shih bureau might have the following sections ?./:
Financial Planning
Labor Plans and Provisions
Postal Service
Long-Distance Telecommunications
Radio Telecommunications
Local Telephone Service
* Regional bureaus were originally located in North China, East China,
Central-South China, Northeast China, Southwest China, and Northwest
China.
Since l9 1l9 the North China and Central-South China regions have been
combined and are now called Middle-South China. 2/
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Within the described organizational framework, post and telecommunica-
tions offices are divided into classes on the basis of volume of busi-
ness handled. 2/ The classification of offices in 1956, by volume of
business handled, is shown in the following tabulation 12/:
Class
Annual Revenue
(Million Yuan)
Special 6 and above
1st 3 to 6
2d 1.5 to 3
3d Below 1.5
Table 1* shows a further breakdown of specific types of offices
and the average number of employees in each office.
B. Offices.
The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in Communist China
operates two types of offices: offices that provide telephone and
telegraph service and offices that provide postal service. It was
announced that in 1955 there were 12,780 offices in Communist China
which provided telephone and telegraph service 12/ and that by the
end of 1956 this number was to have increased to 21,000. 12/ Orig-
inal plans called for only 13,700 offices providing telephone and
telegraph service by the end of 1957. 1.1/ The 21,000 offices sub-
sequently planned to be in existence at the end of 1956 therefore
represent a considerable increase over the original plans for the
expansion of this type of office.
Data are available for the number of telephone and telegraph
offices in Anhwei,111-/ Heilungkiang, 15/ Hunan, 1W Kwangsi, 1// and
Shansi 1?/ Provinces in 1956 and for the increases in the number of
offices in 1956 above the level of 1955 in Anhwei, 122/ Fukien, 22/
Heilungkiang, 21/ Hopeh, 22/ and Hunan g.3./ Provinces and in the Inner
Mongolian Autonomous Region. LI These data show that there were in
1956 about 38 telephone and telegraph offices for each million people
in these areas. If those areas were representative of the entire
country, there would have been about 23,000 telephone and telegraph
offices throughout Communist China in 1956. Furthermore, the in-
creases in the number of telephone and telegraph offices in those
areas in 1956 above the level of 1955 indicate that for the country
as a whole there would have been about 14,000 such offices in 1955.
* Table 1 follows on p. 6.
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Table 1
Types. of Post and Telecommunications Offices and Associated Personnel.
in Communist China 2/
1956
Type of Office
Average Personnel
Classification .Complement
Post office 1st 31
2d 25
3d 18.
Municipal telephone office 1st 24
2d 20
3d 16
Long-distance telephone office 1st 20
2d 17
3d 14
Telegraph office 1st 25
2d 21
3d 17
Telecommunications office 21
Post and telecommunications bureaus 1st 25
2d 19
3d 14
4th 8
,5th 4 to 5
6th 3 to 4
7th 2 to 3
Municipal branch telephone office 3
Branch offices and agencies 1st 3
2d .2
3d 1
4th 1
5th 1
6th 1
a. 2.52
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Consequently, the data on those areas tend to validate the announced
figures of 12,780 and 21,000 telephone and telegraph offices in Com-
munist China in 1955 and 1956, respectively.
The total number of offices operated by the Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications in Communist China is the sum of its offices
providing telephone and telegraph service and its offices providing
postal service. Almost all telephone and telegraph offices provide
postal service, but the majority of post offices, mainly those in
rural areas, do not provide telephone and telegraph service. It
would not, be acceptable, therefore, to add the number of telephone
and telegraph offices to the number of post Offices to arrive at
the total number of post and telecommunications offices. in Communist
China. The total number of post offices in the country should rep-
resent, however, the minimum total number of post and telecommUnica-
tions offices-in the country. The addition of the number of tele-
phone and telegraph offices to the number of post offices should
represent the maximum number of post and telecommunications offices.
The following tabulation gives these summations:
Post and Tele-
communications Offices
Minimum number
Maximum number
C. Revenue.
1955 1956
91,800 104,600
97,900 118,900
?
Little information is available on revenue performance of the
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in Communist China. Con-
siderable price data are available, but it is not possible at this
time to refine the-estimates of service volumes sufficiently to per-
mit calculation of revenue totals by the application of price data
to service volumes. There are, however, some data available on
total revenue for the Ministry: These data have been used to de-
rive estimated total revenues for 1950-57) as shown in Table 2.*
D. Investment.
Investment in post and telecommunications in: Communist China
has shown a steady growth from an amount estimated to have been
40 million yuan in 1950 to 92 million yuan in 1956. There was never-
theless a decline in investment in 1957 to 78 million yuan, a decrease
* Table 2 follol-,ts on p. 8.
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Table 2
Estimated Revenue from Post and Telecommunications
in Communist China 2/
1950-57
Million Current Yuan 12/
Total
revenue
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
145 2/
189 s/'
212 2/
264 2/
288 1/
?328 2/
388 f/
392 a./
a. All data, are rounded to three significant digits.
b. Yuan values reflect, the 1955 revaluation.
c. .2.W. Computed by applying the 1954-56 ratio of revenue to total ex-
penditures to the data on expenditures for 1950-53.
d. .2
e.
f? E2/
of 15 percent from the 1956 level. Table 3* shows estimated investment
during 1950-57.
The cutback in investment in 1957 was in line with the general
curtailment of investment throughout the economy. It is believed that
this cutback in the post and telecommunications sector of the economy
is temporary and that the future growth in the level of investment will
be similar to that of 1950-56. This assumption is based on the follow-
ing factors:
1. The estimates of existing post and telecommuni-
cations facilities indicate that present facilities are
barely adequate to meet minimum current economic needs.
If general economic activity is to expand to any signif-
icant degree in the future, expansion of post and tele-
communications resources will be inevitable. Although
the rate of expansion cannot be predicted, it appears
reasonable to assume that the future rate of growth will
parallel that of 1950-56.
* Table 3 follows on p. 9.
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Table 3
Estimated Investment in Post and Telecommunications
in Communist China gi
1950-57
^ Million Current Yuan 12/
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Total investment 4o 2/ 48 2/ 53 2/ 62 1/ 77 1/, Bo 1/ 92 2/ 78 2/
a. All data are rounded to two significant digits.
b. Yuan values reflect the 1955 revaluation.
c. 21. expenditures for 1950-52. Invest- 50X1
ment was assumed to be 25 percent of total expenditures during this pe-
riod, based on the relationship in 1955 and 1956.
d. 2/. Computed by applying the percentages of fulfillment of the
First Five Year Plan (1953-57) for 1953-55 to the aggregate planned goals
for 1953-57.
e.
2. The public post and telecommunications sector
of the economy serves military as well as private con-
sumers. It is expected that the increasing demands by
the military for more secure, reliable, high-speed
telecommunications services will be reflected in ex-
pansions in public telecommunications resources.
3. The achievement of the goals of the Second Five
Year Plan (1958-62) for post and telecommunications, in-
cluding the introduction of microwave radio relay and
television, will require a continuing increase in the
level of investment.
Allocation of investment in the post and telecommunications
sector to specific facilities cannot now be reconstructed, but it
is believed that the major portion of past investment went into tele-
phone and telegraph and broadcasting facilities and that only a small
portion of past investment went into postal facilities. This appor-
tionment of investment should continue.
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E. Manpower.
There has been a continuing expansion in the size and quality
of the labor force for public post and telecommunications in Communist
China since 1950.
1. Labor Force.
Information on the number of employees* of the Ministry of
Posts and Telecommunications in Communist China is scanty and suffers
from two serious limitations: first, announced figures of employment
do not indicate whether postal, radiobroadcasting, and wire diffusion
personnel in agricultural cooperatives are included; and, second, the
time periods involved in announcements are often either conflicting or
ambiguous. The estimated number of employees of the Ministry is shown
in Table 4.**
A comparison of the estimated number of employees in post
and telecommunications service activity with total population and with
the geographical expanse of Communist China highlights more than any
other single fact the limited scope of this activity in the country.
This conclusion is_made even more impressive when related to the large
number of unskilled and illiterate employees included in the public
post and telecommunications labor force.
2. Trade Union.
The China Federation of Posts and Telecommunications Trade
Union was formally organized in Communist China on 17 March 1950. The
Union had reached a membership of about 123,000 in 1952, and this total
had reached 196,364 members by September 1956. The 1956 figure rep-
resents about 86 percent of the estimated total number of public post
and telecommunications employees in the country. 321/
This Union is primarily an organization for propagandizing
and controlling the post and telecommunications labor force and for in-
creasing the efficiency and effectiveness of these employees. The fol-
lowing objectives of the Union were announced at its Third Congress
held in Peking in March 1957
* The term employee in this report is used to designate those people
employed by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications on a full--
time basis.
** Table 4 follows on p. 11.
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Table 4
Estimated Number of Employees in the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
in Communist China 2/
1950-57
Thousand Employees
Types of Service 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Postal
54.6 12/
65.4
2/
76.2 2/
87.1
2/
97.9
2/
109 2/
120 1/
130
Telephone and telegraph f/
50.4
50.8
51.3
51.7
52.1
52.5
52.9
53.
Subtotal
125..E1
116 12/
12811/
139 1111
150 Ei
161 1/
173 1/
184 1/
Radiobroadcasting
34.6 1/
38.4
1/
42.7 is/
45.8
1/
49.5
1/
53.2
1/
56.9
1/
60.7 1/
Total
140
155
112
185
200
214
229
2L2.
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits. Totals were derived from unrounded data and may not
agree with the sum of the rounded components shown.
b.
c. Interpolated; using arithmetic progression between 1950 and 1956.
e. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1950 and 1956.
f. Derived by subtracting the number of postal employees from the total post and telecommunications labor
force excluding radiobroadcasting employees.
g.
h. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1950 and 1954.
i. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1950 and 1954.
j. Derived by applying the 1952 percentage of radiobroadcasting personnel (33 percent) to the subtotal
above.
k.
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a. "To thoroughly implement the Party policy
for production increase and economy, and to pene-
tratively develop socialist emulation and advanced
worker's drive."
b. "To strengthen political and ideological
work, and continuously to raise the level of the
worker's awakening and organizational power."
c. "To enhance supervision by the broad
masses Of people and to strengthen democratic
management within the enterprises."
d. "To properly and regularly improve work-
ing conditions as well as the worker's material
wellbeing and cultural life."
the Union also participates in international negotiations relating to
post and telecommunications employees. It has established relation-
ships with other post and telecommunications traie unions in 28 coun-
tries.212/
3. Wages.
The average annual wage paid to public post and telecommuni-
cations employees in Communist China is higher than that paid to other
employees in the country. This differential existed at the start of
the First Five Year Plan (1953-57) and still prevailed in August 1956.)11/
Table 5* shows the estimated average annual wage and the total wage bill
for full-time employees of the Ministry.
Considerable variation exists in wages paid to post and
telecommunications employees. There are five different regional
level's of wages, and within each region, wages vary according to the
size of the enterprise and the type of work performed. For the nation
as a whole; there are 270 different wage rates for post and telecommuni-
cations employees./121
To overcome some of the existing inequalities induced by
variations in wages, the following principles for wage reform were
adopted by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in 1956112.
* Table 5 follows on p. 13.
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Table 5
Estimated Average Annual Wage and Total Annual Wage Bill for Employees
of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
in Communist China 2/
1950-57
1955 Yuan
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Average annual wage
(units) 661 12/ 702 12/ 743 12/ 784 12/ 823 12/ 874 2/ 977 2/ 1,030 1/
Total annual wage bill p./
(million. units)
92 109 126 145 164 187 224 252
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b./. percentage figures for 1950 and 1954 showing an average rate of
growth of 6.2 percent per year. Assuming the rate of growth in 1955 to be the same, the fig-
ures for 1951-54 are interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1950 and 1955.
c.
d. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression of 50 yuan per year used between
1950 and 1956.
e. Derived by multiplying the average annual wage by the total labor force.
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a. Establishment of technical standards for job clas-
sification.
b. A more equitable adjustment of wage scales so as to
"eliminate ridiculous differences," taking into
account the age and experience of employees.
c. Appropriation of wage funds in accordancewith the
following principles:
(1) The ,ratio of the prevailing wage level to
fund allocated for wage increases.
(2) Adjustment for high and low wage areas.
(3) Provision of subsidies for special or
remote areas.
(y) Adjustment of wages to technical levels
of operation
The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications is participating
in the general wage reform movement espoused by the State Council in Com-
munist China. It is believed that the aforementioned principles are
intended to overcome inequalities of wage rates between areas and types
of work for post and telecommunications employees.
4. Training.
The Ministry of Posts and, Telecommunications in Communist
China has an energetic training program which is conducted in univer-
sities and special post and telecommunications schools. In-service and
on-the-job programs have also been instituted. In addition, radio-
broadcasting facilities in Peking are being used to provide technical
training lectures to more than,3,500 post and telecommunications em-
ployees.
Three universities offer courses on post and telecommuni-
cations subjects. These are Tsinghua University in Peking, the South
China English Institute in Canton, and Tientsin University in Tien-
tsin. In addition to these universities, there are nine major post
and telecommunications schools.' They are located at Wu-han, Mukden,
Nanking, Shanghai, Peking, Sian, Chungking, Chfang-chiun, and Shih-men
and are shown on the map, Figure 1.* These schools had a total
enrollment estimated to have been about 5,000 students in 1956, 112/ of'
which about 1,500 were graduated during the year. 22/ Neither the num-
ber of students enrolled in 1955 nor the planned enrollment for 1957 is
known. Nevertheless, there are indications that he 1956 enrollment
exceeded that of 1955 and that the 1957 enrollment exceeded that of
1956. 21/
* Following p. 14.
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Figure 1
36
COMMUNIST CHINA
MAJOR POST
AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TRAINING FACILITIES, 1957
72
96
108
120
132
96
48
? Major Post and Tele-
communications School
'? University offering Post and
Telecommunications courses
O loo 290 490 690 Miles
0 100 200 400 600 Kilometers
\IVIE
LAOS 47.
6;THAILAND)
, ONG KONG
m,?6c)
(PoTo
C INA SEA
SOUTH
Boundorre: and names ore nor necessorily
those recoonined by the U. S. Government.
108 120
36
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Formal, full-time training is being supplemented by in-service
training at 20 provincial post and telecommunications schools. 22/ The
following accomplishments reveal the extent of the in-service training
program: By 1956, about 1,100 section chiefs or employees of higher
rank had received in-service training. LV During 1950-55, about 5,000
employees were given elementary training, and 10,000 radio monitoring
point operators were trained. 2).:1/ By 1954, about 13,795 illiterate em-
ployees were taught to read, and in 1954, about 10,290 more were receiving
such training. 22/ By the end of 1955, more than 40,000 cadre members
had received some in-service training. In spite of this large
training effort, however, technically qualified public post and tele-
communications employees are in short supply. 21/ For this reason,
it appears that many years will elapse before the demand for technical
personnel can be satisfied.
5. Labor Productivity.
The productivity of the public post and telecommunications
labor force in Communist China) measured in terms of average annual
revenue per worker, is estimated to have increased 54 percent during
1950-57. Table 6 shows the estimated average annual revenue per em-
ployee of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications during 1950-57.
Table 6
Estimated Average Annual Revenue Per Employee
of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
in Communist China 21
1950-57.
Current Yuan
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Average annual
revenue
1,036
1,219
1,247
1,427
1,440
1,533 ?
1,694
1,600
a. Figures were derived by dividing total revenuey shown in Table 2
(p. 8, above), by total labor force, shown in Table 4 (p._ 11 above). .
The growth in the productivity of the post and telecommuni-
cations labor force has been accompanied by a growth in average annual
wages per employee of 56 percent during 1950-57, as shown in Table 5.*
* P. 13, above.
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It appears from a comparison
that a fairly stable portion
the form of wage increases.
F. Efficiency.
S-E-C-R-E-T
of productivity increases and wage increases
of productivity gains has been paid out in
This trend is expected to continue.
Constant effort has been made by the Ministry of Posts and Tele-
communications of Communist China since its establishment in 1949 to
increase the level of efficiency of the public post and telecommunications
sector of the economy. By the end of 1956, 90 percent of all bureaus
had joined an interbureau "emulation campaign" to improve service and
Output. 2.8.i Efforts to increase efficiency were to take the following
forms:
1. Attempts to maintain a more stable labor force in
each office. 22i
2. Attempts to establish standardized regulations to
govern telecomMunications work and to institute technical control
standards.
practices,
and repair
3.
such as dialing wrong telephone numbers, could be reduced. Li
Education of private consumers so that inefficient
4. Institution of more efficient methods of maintenance
to facilities to eliminate service stoppages. Li
5. Increased effort to train personnel. La/
Although some gains have been made in raising the level of
efficiency since the "emulation campaign" was instituted, there is still
ample room for further efficiency gains in the future.
III. Postal System.
The postal system in Communist China is an essential part of the
communications structure, for there are serious limitations to the
availability of telecommunications services in that country. In 1954,
approximately 165,000 out of the 220,000 hsiangs (townships) had postal
service. Postal service had increased to cover 170,500 hsiangs in
1955. Li Although the number of hsiangs was reduced to 120,000 in
August 1956, so that only 96,000 hsiangs had postal service, LY the
coverage had increased from 77.5 percent in 1955 to 80 percent in 1956.
By the end of 1957, postal service is expected to be available in
117,600 hsiangs, or 98 percent of all hsiangs in the country.
Table 7* shows the length of postal routes in Communist China.
* Table 7 follows on p. 17.
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Table 7
Estimated Total Length of Postal Routes in Communist China a
1950-57
Thousand Kilometers
Type
1950
1951
, 1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Courier
715
943 12/
1,170
1,370
1,430
1,500 2/
1,670 2/
1,8601/
Water
77.5
78.2 I.)/
79.0
83.0
87.0
? 91.3 2/
102
106 a/
Railroad
23.0
23.1
24.2
24.8
25.6
26.6
29.42/
30.6 1/
Motor
47.5
50.1 12/
52.7
61.6
64.7
68.2
76.6 2/
82.8 .qj
Air
8.3
10.5 1/
12.7
15.0
10.2
16.9 f/
17.7 f/
19.6 E/
Total
.E171.
1,110 12/
1,340
1,560
1,630
1,700
1,900 s/
2,100 h/
a. Al data are rounded to three significant digits. Totals were derived from unrounded
data and May not agree with the sum of the rounded components shown.
Substantiating evidence
is as follows:
This
percentage
applied to
This percentage applied to
1950:
1952:
1953:
1954:
899,431 km ..9/
1,349,000 km /0/
1,558,000 km yl/
1,557,675 km
1,628,000 km D/
total postal routes in 1954 were 104 percent
the 1953 figure from source /2/ gives a 1954
total postal routes in 1954 were 105 percent
the 1953 figure gives a 1954
1955: 1,727,000 km A31/
1,797,000 km
1,707,727 km ie
50X1
50X1
of the 1953 figure. 50X1
total of 1,622,400 km-
of the 1953 figure. 50X1
total of 1,639,560 IbLUcl
the 1955 increase in total routes was 80,000 km. This figure
app led to the 1954 total gives a 1955 total of 1,707,000 km.
b. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1950 and 1952.
c. Estimates for courier routes in 1955-56 are based on the change in the ratio between
courier and total postal routes in 1953 and 1954.
U. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1950 and 1956.
e. Assuming that the railroads' percentage of total routes in 1956 decreased from that
in 1955 by the same amount that the railroads' percentage in 1955 decreased from that in
1954.
f. Assuming that the air routes' percentage of total routes in 1956 decreased from that
in 1955 and their percentage of total routes in 1955 decreased from that in 1954 by the
same amount that their percentage in 1954 decreased from that in 1953.
g. Li2/
Ii. Summation of extrapolations of individual types df routes.
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To assist in the delivery of the expanding volume of mail, the Min-
istry of Posts and Telecommunications organized a large number of "vol-
unteer" postmen in the agricultural cooperatives of the country. In
May 1956 there were 50,000 such postmen, and by the end of 1956 this
number was to have increased to 120,000. .81/ The volume of mail handled
is shown in Table 8* and the number of post offices is shown in Table 9.**
The postal system in Communist China has made progress in increasing
efficiency since 1950. Much of this progress is attributable to other
sectors of the economy, particularly the transportation system. For
example, in the early 1950's a letter required 60 days to reach Tibet
from Peking, but by 1956 the time had been reduded to only 20 days. L./
Mail from Peking to Shanghai required 7 or 8 days in the early 1950's,
but by 1954 the time had been reduced to 3 or 4 days. 32>_/ Mail from
Shanghai to Urumchi required 22 days in 1950 but only 13 days in 1954;
to Foochow, 6 days in 1950 but only 3 days in 1954; to Kfun-ming,
30 days in 1950 but only 8 days in 1954; and to Chungking, 15 days in
1950 but only 7 days in 1954. L3.61 Thus as transportation facilities
have improved, the postal system has become more efficient in the
delivery, of mail.
The movement of mail over the railroad system was facilitated in
1956 when 27 new railroad mail cars were put into operation. These
cars carry mail on the Peking-Shanghai, Peking-Harbin, Peking-Hankow,
Peking - Lan-choul and Wu-chtang - Canton lines. ?//
Substantial room for improvement in postal service still remains.
The following tabulation gives some indication of the inefficiencies
and wastes prevalent in the postal service during January-April 1957 21../:
Type of Error in Service Number of Occurrences. Per Month
Minimum
Maximum
Mail bags wrongly dispatched
249
447
Pieces of mail wrongly dispatched
22,150
26,101
Failures to get mail on 'scheduled
transport facilities
596
1,028
Mailbags carried beyond
destination
151
311
* Table 8 follows on p. 19.
** Table 9 follows on p. 20.
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Table 8
Estimated Volume of Mail, by Type,
1950-57
Type of Mail
1950
1951
Letters
60812
562 2/ _
Parcels
3.8 b
8.6
Newspapers
1,420 f
1,510 c
Periodical's
128 1/
166 if
Books .
615 1/
701 1/
Money orders
14.2 1/
22.5 2/
Total 1/
2,788
2,974
1952
516.aj
13.3 d
1,610
204 g/
786 g/
3o.a
3,159
in Communist China 2/
Million Units
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
613 p../
710 2/
8o6 2/ .
903 2/
1,000 1./
14.7
16.0
17.3 L/
18.7 2./
20.0 1/
1,800 h
1,900 h
2,100 1/
2,300 1/
2,500 e
242 2/
280 2/
318W
356W
394 e
871 2/
956 2/
1,040 2/
1,130 2/
1,210 e
58.7 1/
59.6 y../
60.6 h/
61.5 L/
62.5 1/
3,599
3,922
4,344 4,766 5,185
a. All data are rounded to three
significant digits.
Totals
were derived
from unrounded data and may not
agree with the sum of the rounded components shown.
b. 8
c. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1950 and 1952.
e. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1952 and 1957.
f. 1
h.
i. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1954 and 1957.
j. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1952 and 1957.
k. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1953 and 1957.
1. sum of individual types of mail.
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Table 9
Estimated Number of Post Offices in Communist China 21
1950-57
Thousand Units
Type of Post Office
1950
1951
1952
1953
. 1954
1955
1956
1957
- Rural
50.1 12/
57.1 2/
66.1 1/
71.3
2/
76.5 2/
81.7 1/
86.8 z/
93.8
12/
Major (urban)
3.66 1/
4.25 1/
4.83 1/
5.42
1/
7.14 hi
9.14 1/
11.1 E./
13.6
11/
Total LI/
53.8
61.4
70.9
76.5
83.6
90.8
97.9
107.4,
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits. Totals were derived from unrounded data and
may not agree with the sum of the rounded components shown.
b. 4
c. 22/
d.
e. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1952 and 1955.
f.
g. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1953 and 1955.
h. Extrapolated, based on graphic analysis.
i. Interpolated) using arithmetic progressionbetween 1950 and 1952.
j. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1950 and 1952.
k. 8
m. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1954 and 1955.
n. Sum of rural and major (urban) post offices.
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Postal authorities are aware of the many deficiencies that still exist
in postal service, and continued efforts to improve efficiency can be
expected.
IV. Telephone and Telegraph System.
The public telephone and telegraph system in Communist China is
composed of wirelines and point-to-point radio facilities. The majority
of the domestic telephone and telegraph traffic passes over the wire-
line network. The point-to-point radio network is used for telecommuni-
cations to remote areas, as a backup for the domestic wireline network,
and as the principal means for handling international telephone and
telegraph telecommunications. Although each of these media is discussed
separately, they comprise an integrated telecommunications system in
China.
A. Wireline.
The wireline network in Communist China is limited in extent
and capacity. About 718,000 pole-kilometers (km) of wireline existed
in the country at the end of 1956. This total includes both urban tele-
:phone and interurban telephone and telegraph lines. Of this total, only
about 65,000 pole-km can be considered to be major interurban trunklines.
The remainder are local lines, both urban and rural. The length of the
wireline network is shown in Table 10.*
The major portion of the interurban wireline network, about
86 percent, carries a single channel. 100/ Out of the 468,000 pole-km
of interurban wireline at the end of 1956, only about 65,000 pole-km
of multichannel circuits were in use. Approximately 25,000 pole-km of
these multichannel circuits have been identified. In a majority of
cases, 3-channel telephone terminal equipment is probably used. The
highest capacity equipment known to be in operation provides 12 tele-
phone channels. 101/
Most of the wireline network in Communist China (shown on the
map, Figure 2**) is concentrated in the eastern part of the country,
primarily along the coast and in Manchuria. There are only two major
east-west wireline routes crossing the country, one to Urumchi and
the other to Lhasa. The Provinces of Tibet, Sinkiang, Tsinghai, Inner
Mongolia, Kansu, and Szechwan are very thinly covered.. Between the
coast and a north-south line connecting Lan-chou, Chung-tu? and Ktun-ming,
however, the density of the wireline network increases rapidly.
* Table 10 follows on p. 22.
** Following p. 22.
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Table 10
Estimated Length of Telephone and Telegraph Wirelines in Communist China 21
L
1950-57
Thousand Pole-Kilometers
Type of Line
1950
1951
1952
1953
.1954
.1955
1956
1957
City telephone
149 2/
163 2/
177 2/
191 2/
205 li
218 ei
232 2/
246 ei
Telegraph
110 Li
118 Ei
126 Ei
134 Ei
139 12/
154 Li
163 1/
173 1/
Joint telephone and telegraph
91 hi
132 hi
173 hi
215 hi
256 1/
296 Ei
321 hi
373 1/
Total
350 Ei
413 2/
476 2/
5402/
6002/
6692/
718 si
792 2/
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits. Totals were derived from unrounded
data and may not agree-with the Sum of the rounded components shown.
b. 102/
c. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1950 and 1954.
d. Total telephone and telegraph line minus the sum of telegraph line and joint telephone
and telegraph line.
e. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1950 and 1954.
f. 10/
g. 104/
h. 105/
i. 126/
j. Extrapolated, based on graphic analysis.
k. Total telephone and telegraph line minus city telephone line and telegraph line.
1. Li/
m./
o. Sum of telegraph line plus the city telephone and joint telephone and telegraph line.
q. Sum of city telephone line, telegraph line, and joint telephone ,and telegraph line.
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Coaxial cable is not known to be in use in Communist China for
public telephone and telegraph service. Although some multiconductor
cable is reported to be in use in China, the extent of usage is believed
to be limited.
B. Point-to-Point Radio.
The limited wireline network of Communist China necessitates
the use of point-to-point radio networks for the transmission of some do-
mestic and international telephone and telegraph traffic. The majority
of circuits in these networks utilize high-frevency. (HF) transmissions.*
These point-to-point radio networks are comprised of circuits using
different modes of transmission, including manual and automatic Morse,
facsimile, teletype, and voice telephony.
The domestic point-to-point radio network, as shown on the map,
Figure 3,** is composed mainly of manual and automatic Morse circuits.
These Morse circuits have a low traffic-handling capacity. They do
provide, however, an important margin of traffic-handling capacity in
excess of that which the wireline network affords. When communications
over the wireline network are disrupted, point-to-point radio circuits
provide the only telecommunications service available. In isolated
areas, such circuits are often the only means of rapid communication.
The international point-to-point radio network of Communist
China, as shown on the maps, Figures 4, 5, and 6,** utilizes manual
and automatic Morse and teletype transmissions about equally, while
the use of voice telephony is limited. In all, China has interna-
tional point-to-point radio circuits with 47 cities in 34 foreign
countries. Peking and Shanghai are the major international tele-
communications centers of the country. Peking uses automatic and
manual Morse circuits with 23 cities in 21 countries, and Shanghai
has automatic and manual Morse circuits with 43 cities in 34 countries.
Peking and Shanghai together operate teletype circuits with 28 cities
in 18 foreign countries. Only one international voice circuit is known
to be in operation, connecting Peking with Oakland, California.
C. Microwave.
Demand is growing in Communist China for high-capacity tele-
communications facilities. The civil government and the armed forces
are placing heavy demands on the present telephone and telegraph
* The known exceptions to this are three medium-frequency (MF) cir-
cuits operating from Shanghai, Shasi, and Chungking. These cities are
the control stations of these circuits, and the outstations are not
identifiable.
** Following p. 24.
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system of the country, and their demands will continue to increase.
The continued expansion of economic activity is creating demands for
more and more telephone and telegraph traffic-handling capacity. In
addition, plans for the eventual relaying of television throughout
the country will necessitate the provision of a high-capacity tele-
communications network. The present wireline and point-to-point radio
networks do not provide sufficient capacity to meet these increasing
demands. For this reason, it seems clear that China will need to
introduce some type of high-capacity telecommunications facilities if
these increasing service demands are to be met.
There are two alternative types of intercity telecommunications
facilities capable of providing sufficient capacity to meet these in-
creasing demands -- coaxial cable and microwave radio relay. Microwave
radio relay has an economic advantage over coaxial cable. The initial
cost of a thicrowave network may exceed that of coaxial cable, but the
maintenance and repair costs over time are sufficiently lower to offset
any initial differences in cost. In most of the advanced countries of
the world, microwave radio relay networks have been in use since shortly
after World War II, and these networks are continually being expanded.
Communist China, aware of the advantages of microwave radio
relay for some time, has been receiving Such equipment, of a rather
low-Capacity type, from East Germany since 1954. 111/ This equipment,
however, has been used exclusively by the armed forces and has not been
employed in the public telephone and telegraph system. 112/
Plans now call for the establishment of the first public micro-
wave radio relay circuit. This circuit is being set up between Peking
and Sian, Shensi Province. 113/ Its route was originally surveyed by
East German technicians in 1956, 114/ and construction was to have
started in May 1957. 115/ The circuit is planned to be in operation
by the beginning of 1960. 11,W It involves 26 intermediate relay
stations and is about 1,200 km in length. There will be 1 drop-off
station to serve Cheng-chou, Honan Province, and 1 relay station be-
yond Sian. The circuit will have an initial capacity of 60 tele-
phone channels* and, of these, 48 will be used for telephone conver-
sation and 12 for the relaying of radiobroadcast programs. The ca-
pacity of the circuit is to be increased later so that television
programs can also be carried. The Chinese will construct the build-
ings and steel antennas and supply the power-generating equipment.
East Germany will furnish the electrical equipment and will provide
technical assistance. 117/ The total cost of the project is reported
to be 22,427,523 Deutsche Mark East (DME) (US $10,093,000).**
* It is probable that a number of these telephone channels will be
adapted for teletype service.
** Converted at the international exchange rate of 2.22 DME to US $1.
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JCL?Kt I
Figure 3
36
COMMUNIST CHINA
Main Domestic Morse Radiotelegraph,
Radioteletype, and Radiotelephone Circuits, 1957
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
72
84
96
108
120
132
Lc a Lake
Baikal
Urumchi
Lop No,
pooNG..,
U-shu
Ch'ang-tu
1
...., , --,, -/?.--/-1.'?1
. ......., 1 --. -....... ????#,-.) /---`,..... ,.../". ?--. 1 e???...,,,,
t '-? <
,N,..., . " ? : . - ),....-1 1 N 13)..7k....... ,...-.
D .4 ...Ls.. t Y. BHUTAN 1
?%-..
i
PAK. .4'1, ,.. ?
......
1-Nk
84 96
Radiotelegraph, automatic Morse
Radiotelegraph, manual Morse
Radiotelegraph, transmission type unknown
(May be automatic Morse, manual Morse, or teletype.)
Radiotelephone
??????? Radio-telecommunication circuit, trans-
mission type unknown
100 200 490 600 Miles
0 190 260 460 660 Kilometers
".
,..0timnOY
OWN
7"1/4
,??.?
B U rR M A ''.21-4
.??? ?N
0 4'
?V1ET?,NAM
LAOS ? ,1-?27.,.
-"'?????-?i ----
THAILAND
I
Pei- Hsi Chia',
ch'ang
SOUTH CHINA
S g A
GULF OF
TONKIN
108
1.11.Ligu4v-5
HAINAN
Boundaries ore not necessori/y those
recognized by the U.S. Government.
120
48
36
24
50X
26539 3-58
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It is reported that other circuits will be established, after
the Peking-Sian circuit is completed, between Cheng-chou and Shanghai,
between Peking and Chungking (probably an extension of the Peking-Sian
circuit), and eventually between Communist China and North Vietnam. 118/
No dates are known to have been set for the establishment of these cir-
cuits.
It is also reported that Communist China and the USSR will be
connected by a microwave radio relay circuit in 1958. 112/ The estab-
lishment of such a circuit, probably running from Peking to either
Vladivostok or Chita, is not at all Unreasonable, though the report on
it is unconfirmed. Because the Peking-Sian circuit is not to be com-
pleted.until 1960, it seems highly unlikely that any microwave circuit
between China and the USSR will be established before that time. The
accompanying map, Figure 7,* shows the planned microwave network of
China.
The completion of the Peking-Sian microwave radio relay circuit
will add considerably to the telecommunications capacity available be-
tween these cities. The establishment of additional circuits will
further increase the capacity of the telephone and telegraph system
in Communist China, and the completion of a microwave network, even on
the limited scale indicated in current plans, will go a long way toward
supplying the demand for more telecommunications capacity.
D. Telephone.
Telephone service in Communist China is very limited. Its
availability has been expanded considerably in recent years, however,
with particular emphasis placed upon providing service to the rural
areas of the country. For example, in 1952, 9.4 percent of the hsiangs
had telephone service and in 1955, only 19 percenthad telephone ser-
vice; but by the end of 1956, almost 60 percent of the hsiangs had
received some form of telephone service.** 120/ By the end of 1956,
there were to be eight provinces where telephone service would be
extended to every hsiang. By the end of 1958, 7 more provinces are to be
covered in this manner; and by the end of 1961 a total of 18 provinces
are to have telephone service in every hsiang in the province. 121/
The hsien coverage was 88.7 percent in 1954 and had reached 90 percent
at the end of 1955. 122/ These figures on the extent of telephone ser-
vice coverage in the rural areas of Communist China, however, should
not be misconstrued. They show that at least one point in a hsiang or
hsien, usually the administrative center, has telephone service available
Following p. 26.
it is assumed that these figures
reflect the reorganization of hsiangs that occurred in 1956.
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from a central office, but they do not mean that all populated points
within the hsiang or shien have such service.
,Telephone capacity increased 78 percent in Communist China
during 1949-55. At the end of 1956, telephone capacity had been
expanded 100 percent above the level of 1949. 123/ Table 11* shows
the growth that has occurred in the volume of long-distance telephone
calls since 1950.
Expansion of the capacity of the telephone system has been
accompanied by efforts to modernize the system. At the end of 1956
the following cities had dial telephone exchangs: Peking, Miukden,
Wu-han, Harbin, Ch'ang-ch'un, Shih-chia-chuang, Chungking, and Tien-
tsin. 12L/ It is planned in 1957 to expand the automatic facilities
in these cities and to extend automatic dialing facilities to the
following cities: Sian, T'ai-yuan, Lan-chou, Cheng-chou, Ch'ang-sha,
and Urrumchi. 122/ Sixty percent of the exchanges installed in 1954
were automatic. 12W
To intensify the use of the limited number of telephones avail-
able in Communist China, as shown in Table 12,** conference telephone
service was introduced in Peking in February 1956 127/ By March 1956
it was possible to hold telephone conferences between Peking and
27 areas throughout the country. lay
The telephone system in Communist China is, however, still far
from satisfactory. The following list indicates deficiencies that need
to be overcome 129/:
1. Manpower shortages are still serious, and more training
and experience are needed in the telephone labor force.
2. Many Of the telephone lines ao not meet required stand-
ards in transmission and in noise reduction.
3. Maintenance has been neglected in many areas in favor
of the construction of new lines.
E. Telegraph.
The telegraph system in Communist China is operated on a rather
small scale, as indicated by the volume of telegrams shown in Table 13.
The wireline and point-to-point radio networks in the country provide****
-X-X-
?X--)HC-
Table 11 follows on p. 27.
Table 12 follows on p. 28.
Table 13 follows on p. 29.
Continued on p. 30.
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Figure 7
a
t'??
72 Swindon. ond nornes cot not rtecestotile 84
thorn tecoonicod bv the U.S. Government.
?
S/
U. S.
S.
96
R.
120
LAKE
BA IKA
Chita.
MONGOLIA
2-- 0
r 0
N A NG
/GliUR
. A
? \
36
\
/E4,744/14.
ttoo, u?thj
rt,e,.?
\..
.\
A IB41
TON0 mous
REGION k
INNER
(.3
\ KANS 1.).)
\
_??
, r ????
f.
?
I..!em.costso
f.i
sH ANsit.;
TSI
COMMUNIST CHINA ?
PLANNED MICROWAVE
RADIO RELAY NETWORK, 1957
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
Planned line (to be completed by 1960)
---- Proposed line (completion date unknown)
? Terminal station
0 290 490 600 Miles
260 460 660 Kilometers
YUNNAN
viET.AI \ Hgnoi
'4\ LA OS 5
L..,
THAILAND
GULF OF
TONKIN
atm*,
SO H CHINA
UT .
SEA
, ?
A...., and NotionOliSf ?held
Blonds ate not included in the Communist
108 Chino study ore.
12
26545 1.58 SFCIPFT
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Table 11
Estimated Number of Domestic and International Long-Distance Telephone Calls Made in Communist China 2/
1950-57
Thousand Units
Type
of Telephone Call
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
2955
1956
3957
Domestic long
distance
International
long distance
Total h/
14,800 12/
793 g/
15,600
24,100 2/
807 g/
24,900
29,000
821
29,800
2/
1/
37,300 2/
835 g/
38,100
45,700 2/
849 g/
46 600
54,000 f/
863 g/
4,90o
61,000 f/
877 L./
61,900
70,000
890
70,900
2/
2/
a.
not
b.
*c.
d.
e.
f.
All data are rounded to three significant digits. Totals Were derived from unrounded data and may
agree with the sum of the rounded components shown.
la2/
111/
132/
Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1952 and 1955,
1
g. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1952 and 1957, and extrapolated back to 1950, con-
tinuing the arithmetic progression used between 1952 and 1957.
h. Summation of domestic and international long-distance telephone calls.
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Table 12
Estimated Number of Telephone Subscribers in Communist China W
1950-57
Thousand Units
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Number of telephone subscribers 230 12/ 274 2/ 285 1/ 297 E/ 338 f/ 399 g/ 460 .12/ 551 2/
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b. 2....1V
c. 135/
d. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1951 and 1953.
e. 136/
g. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1954 and 1956.
h. 138/
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Table 13
Estimated Number of Domestic and International Telegrams Sent in Communist China 2/
1950-57
Thousand Units
Type of Telegram
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Domestic
10,300 12/
10,600 12/
11,000 s/
12,600 (1/
14,2oo 1/
15,800 1/
17,400 sf
18,800 si
International
1,070 f/
1,130 II/
1,190 g/
1,250 f/
1,310 E/
1,370 fi
1,440 f/
1,500 gi
Total
11,400
11,700
12,200
13,800
15,500
17,200
18,800
20,300
.
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits. Totals were derived
not agree with the sum of the rounded components shown.
b. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1949 139/ and 1952
c. 140/
d. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1952 and 1956.
e. Extrapolated, based on graphic analysis.
f. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1952 and 1957, and
tinuing the arithmetic progression used between 1952 and 1957.
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from unrounded
data
extrapolated back
and may
to 1950, con-
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low circuit capacities. These circuits of low capacity are restricted
in their traffic-handling potential because the majority employ manual
and automatic Morse transmissions. Teletype and facsimile transmissions
are used on a relatively small scale.
The transmission of telegrams in Communist China presents a
unique problem. The nature of the written Chinese language makes the
direct use of alphabetic telegraph-transmitting equipthent impossible.
To overcome this problem, the Chinese have adopted a numerical four-
digit code system to transmit the Chinese language by telegraph equip-
ment. This code, however, is not as efficient as a normal alphabetical
telegraph ,system.
The introduction of facsimile is another attempt to overcome
the language problem in telegraph transmissions. The first facsimile
circuit in Communist China was established between Shanghai and Moscow
on 25 April 1952. 142/ This was followed on 10 September 1952 by the
Peking-Shanghai circuit, on 24 September 1952 by the Peking-Moscow cir-
cuit, and on 23 July 1954 by the Wu-han - Peking and Wu-han - Shanghai
circuits. 143/ In 1955, Shanghai was connected by facsimile circuits
with San Francisco and Bombay; and in 1956, circuits were established
between Canton and Peking and between Canton and Shanghai. Peking ,
also has a facsimile circuit with East Berlin. .1411./ Wu-chang is to be
connected with Peking, Shanghai, and other cities in Communist China
some time after October 1956.,15,1 -Facsimile circuits are shown on the
map, Figure 8.*
In September 1956 a new telegraph building was started in Urumchi,
which is eventually to receive facsimile transmissions from Peking and
Shanghai. 146/ No date has been set for the beginning of this service.
As an alternative to facsimile, the Chinese Communists developed
a Chinese language teletype machine in Shanghai in August 1955. 1/171
This machine was reported to be capable of transmitting 4,096 different
Chinese characters and thus would eliminate the necessity of coding and
decoding Chinese ideographs into numbers for transmission by standard
teletype devices. No further information has been received on the
manufacture or use of this machine.
With respect to more conventional teletype equipment, a new
tape perforating teletype machine, Model 68, is planned for introduction
in Communist China some time in 1957. 148/ This machine can perforate
tape as well as transmit and receive messages on tape. The machine is
designed to work with both the Model T-37 and the Model 55 teletype
machines currently being used in China. The adoption of the Model 68
* Following p. 30.
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Figure 8
36
COMMUNIST CHINA
DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL
FACSIMILE NETWORK, 1957
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
72
96
108
120
132
In operation
Planned
NOTE: The Facsimile Network may use
radio and/or wirelines.
O Igo 290 490 690 miles
0 100 200 400 AM KiInerter
108
Boundanes and names are 00f necessarily
those recogni.red by the U.S. Government.
120
48
36
24
26535 1-58 NNW
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teletype machine will add considerably to the efficiency of the tele-
graph system of China.
V. Broadcasting System.
The broadcasting system of Communist China, which is extensive, is
composed of radiobroadcasting stations and wire diffusion centers trans-
mitting programs to independent radiobroadcast receivers, monitoring
points, and wired loudspeakers. There is as yet no television broad-
casting service. The broadcasting system covers the entire country as
shown in the maps, Figures 9 and 10,* but is not very intensive because
of the limited transmitting and reception facilities available, as shown
in Tables 14, 15, and 16.**
The broadcasting system in Communist China is used primarily as a
propaganda and educational medium and secondarily as an entertainment
medium. The radiobroadcasting stations are regacded as "huge lecture
rooms which can teach tens of thousands, hundreds of, thousands, and
millions of people at the same time." The system is ConsIdered to be
a "modern weapon of great use in consolidating and coordinating the
activities of different levels of government and in straightening of
policies, thwarting of deviations, and greatly increasing work effi-
ciency." 149/
The center of broadcasting activity is the Central Peoples Broad-
casting Station in Peking. Its programs are relayed by other broad-
casting stations throughout the country, by the wire-diffusion net-
work, and by the monitoring network. Some programs are transmitted
overseas, as indicated in Table 17XXX and on the maps, Figures 11, 12,
and 13.*
A new Central Peoples Broadcasting Station is under construction
in the western suburbs of Peking. 150/ Scheduled for completion in
1957, the structure will be the tallest building in Peking, having
11 stories, plus a 50-meter (m) antenna, two 4-story wings, and floor-
space of several thousand square meters. Most of the equipment in
the station will be supplied by the USSR. The building will have ,
broadcast rooms, recording rooms, sound stages, a central control
room, and a music hall large enough for 250 musicians and an audience
of 600 people. This structure will also contain telephone and tele-
graph facilities, including microwave transmitting and receivingxxXX
Following p. 36.
** Tables 14, 15, and 16 follow on pp. 32, 33, and 34, respectively
below.
XXX Table 17 follows on p. 35.
XXXX Continued on p. 36.
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Table 14
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcasting Transmitters in Communist China a/
,1950-57
Transmitters
Type of Service
1959
1951
1952
1953
1954
12/ 1955
1956
12/ 157
Medium-wave regional
95
114
108
102
89
77
75
73
Medium-wave home and international
4
4
5
- 5
7
8
9
10
Short-wave regional
14
20
24
? 15
13
10
10
9
Short-wave home and international
9
12
13
12
13
15
22
30
Long-wave regional
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
Short-wave Taiwan
4
4
5
4
6
8
8
8
Medium-wave Taiwan
1
1
2
1
5
8
8
8
Short-wave China Press Agency
0
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Total
162
164
146
14o
133
140
147
a. 151/. All figures represent midyear totals and, except for 1954 and 1956, are based
on monitoring observations and Chinese Communist publications.
b. Interpolated, using arithmetic progression between 1953 and 1955 and between 1955
and 1957.
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Table 15
Estimated Power Output of Radiobroadcasting Transmitters in Communist China
1950-57
Kilowatts
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Total power output
300
350 al
550 h/
1,600 2,/
1,700 p./
2,000 2./
2,200 .a./
2,650 12/
a. 1 2 . These figures are based on monitoring observations, Chinese Communist publica-
tions, All figures are for the latter part of each year.
b. ,These figures were announced by Radio Peking and represent end-of-year figures. The
announced figure for 1952 probably does not include the total output of Chinese Communist
Press Agency transmitters, which is estimated at approximately 100 kw. The 1957 figure also
may not include these transmitters.
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Table 16
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast Receivers in Communist China a/
1950-57
Million Units
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Number of receivers 1.00 12/ 1.14 2/ 1.28 2/ 1.41 2/ 1.55 2/ 1.69 2/ 1.89 1/ 2.07 a/
?a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b. 153/
e. Extrapolated, based on graphic analysis.
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? Table 17
Estimated Total Weekly Outiput
of Peking International Radiobroadcasting Service
in Communist China a/
Selected Months, 1950-56 and 195
Hours per Week
April
April
December'
July
Oetober
October
September
January
Language Broadcast
1950
3951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1958
Amoy-Swatow
3.50 -
3.50
5:25
5.25
7.00
7.00
10.50
Arabic .
.7.00
7.00
Burmese'
3,50
3.50
. 7".00
7.00
7.00 -
7.00
7.00
7.00
Cambodian
7.00
Cantonese
3.50
3,50
5.25
5.25
7.00
7.00
10.50'
Ch'ao-chou
3.50
3.50
5.25
5.25
.7.00.-
5.25
5.25
7.00
10.50
English
3.50
' 3.50'
10.50
10.50
10.50 .,
10.50
17.50
37.50
Hakka
3.50
3.50
5.25
5.25
'5.25
5.25
-7.00
10.50
Indonesian
3.50
3.50
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
12.25
12.25
Japanese
. 3.5P
3.59
10.50
10.50
10.50
8.75-,
15.75
15.75,
Korean
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
12.25_
Laotian
7.60
Mandarin
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
0
0
17.50
24.50
Persian
7.00
Spanish
7.00
14;.00
T'ai-shan
.
7..00
Thai
3.50 '
3.50 ,
7.00
7.00
? 7,00
7.00
7.00
10.50
Turkish
7.00
Vietnamese
3:50
3.50
7.00
7.00
7.00
'
7.00
7.00
10.59
?
,
Total
38.50
38.50
80.50 -
80.50,
' 80.50
_
78.75
126.00
?28.25
a. 156/. .These estimates, except the 1951 figures, are based on monitoring observations, ChineSe Communist publications,
The figures for 1951 were assumed to be the same as those of 1950.
This table doe's not include Peking recordings in Russian, which are broadcast on the Soviet Home Service, nor does it include the
Peking Service for Taiwan in Mandarin, Amoy-Swatow, and Hakka, . ?
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ouyx I
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apparatus, and will house television in the future. It is often referred
to as the "new telecommunicationsrbuilding" in Peking. 157/ Although the
plans for the building appear impressive, some criticism has already been
levied against the quality of the construction work thus fax completed.
It now appears that the finished structure will not be quite as grandiose
as propaganda would have the Chinese people believe. 152../
Communist China has received considerable assistance from the USSR
in expanding and improving its radiobroadcasting system. In 1954, radio
workers from Peking, Shanghai, Mukden, Canton, Tientsin, and other cities
visited Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev to acquaint themselves with the
Soviet techniques of radiobroadcasting. Many Soviet technicians have
gone to China to assist in training radio operating personnel and tech-
nicians. 1
The intense desire of Communist China to create an extensive broad-
casting system, coupled with material and technical assistance from the
USSR, has resulted in a considerable expansion of the system during the
past 7 years. Goals set for 1962 indicate that expansion Will continue.
The following sections discuss the radiobroadcasting, monitoring, wire
diffusion, and television networks.
A. Radiobroadcasting_.
Radiobroadcasting by the Communists in China dates back to 1944,
when the first Communist radiobroadcast was made-from Shensi Province.'
This first station, originally broadcasting news bulletins in English
to North America and Europe, was soon followed by others'. By the end
of 1948 the Communists claimed to have had 16 radiobroadcast_stations
;on the air.. On 1 October 1949 the main Communist radio station was
renamed the "Central Peoples Broadcasting Station."
Growth of the radiobroadcasting network has been steady since
1950. In early 1950, there were 127 medium. and short-wave transmitters
in operation, with a combined power of 300 kilowatts (kw). During the
next 2 years the number of transmitters had increased to 164. The
number then decreased with the elimination of some of the smaller and
older transmitters, so that by June 1957 there were only 147 radio-
broadcasting transmitters on the air. This decline did not indicate
a decreasing emphasis on radiobroadcasting in Communist China, for the
power of the transmitters in operation was steadily increased through-
out this period. The importation of high-powered radiobroadcasting
transmitters, mainly from Hungary, supplemented by the domestic pro-
duction of higher powered transmitters in China, enabled the expan-
sion in power to reach an aggregate of 2,200 kw by the end of 1956.
The plans for 1957 call for a further increase in power to 2,650 kw.
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Figure 9
120 132
200 3 400 600 Miles
200 400 600 Kilometers
Boundaries and names ore riot' necessarily .
those recognized by the U. S. Government.
COMMUNIST CHINA
Service Areas of Domestic Radiobroadcasting
Transmitters,_Regional (Provincial) and Local, 1957
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
COVERAGE*
Medium frequency
Medium and low frequency
Medium and high frequency
RADIO STATIONS
? Regional (provincial) service
0 Local service
*In each case the coverage shown originates
within the some region (province) and is .
- distinct (rain the Interregional coverage
on map no 26544.
,tartur
'r e vfe;?-??-13
? (.,?/
.? ?
/:44 'alt
s0UTM cH A
E
Hong Kong, Macao, ond Notionalist-held
islands are not included in the Communist
Chino study area.
26543 2.58 CCII"DCT
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Figure 10
72 84
290 490
zia 460 660 Kilometers
Boundaries and nettles ore not necessarily
desse recogniced by the U. S. Government.
41r4.4?.6,
5/
G
R
Auro,vomous
'3 \
-494/No
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600 Miles
U.
othumehi
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108 120
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MAIMEMEMMMEMEMEMMWM4MUTIP,OUTWALk .".....g
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MII//1//LaINIF.IMMINNIV6S. W.
ISNINNF/M/A KAM' ' 5:1,1:ahregn1111111 111111111M,
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null? 0
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1111?111411111ret 1111111111411?11111111....T. II
.1:13Itiii111111111I
11111M1111111111111
mugarimtertimmg, a** r
l
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? I !NU mak
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Hsi-&n
G H A
COMMUNISTS CHINA
Service Areas of Domestic Radiobroadcasting
Transmitters, Interregional (Interprovincial), 1957
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
Area of high-frequency coverage
A
Area of high and medium-frequency coverage
Area within which is located a medium or high-
powered transmitter broadcasting Home Service
programs on medium frequencies
96
if
- _
A
;;;;;;;I
MONT:1151n
NO mmmmm nassinisisemailapnishmeiliwigitimemS
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it
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IN111110=11
INIMINIMINSIIIIIMISIMINIONIIIIMMINWIMAMMINFJ mmmm IS MMMM !MEW:1=P'
15Mt111261.211ISMAIIIIIILIIIIMINIIIIII MMMMM 149.1MEMENEMI
MEN41EM '. imrANNIP:641MMES7
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IIIIIIIIiiiIIIIIIN__AIIIIIIIPMF! gilliillegrffingsre
.,....
--..........??....1
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111:11111r1111111Mux,
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G111.
TOP.
OF
I. IN
108
Wou
k
SOUTH CHINA
s E A
Hon Kong, Macao, and Nationolist-held
islonds ore not included in (o Communist
China study oteo.
IWO
I2
2
26544 2.56 CCeDICT
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The expansion of the radiobroadcasting system in Communist China
has been directed toward increasing the size of both domestic and, over-
'seas audiences. The current effort in overseas broadcasting by China.
has now placed it among the top 10 countries in the world in this field.
B. Monitoring Points.
In terms of population, the number of radiobroadcast receivers
in Communist China is very low. To increase the number of people that
can be reached by radiobroadcasts, monitoring points have been estab-
lished in the rural areas of China. A monitoring point consists of one
person who listens to a radiobroadcast receiver and then relays the
content of the program to local inhabitants. This is done either by
circulating a written summary of the program or by putting a summary
of the program on a blackboard. Group listening is also organized
around the monitoring point receiver.
The monitoring point network has steadily grown since 1950) as
shown in Table 18,* and now provides a large radiobroadcast audience in
supplement of that supplied by the wire diffusion network.
C. Wire Diffusion.
The wire diffusion network, which relays radiobroadcast programs
through wire diffusion centers to wired loudspeakers, was initiated in
Communist China in 1950. 160/ This network, supplementing the coverage
of the radiobroadcasting system, has been given considerable emphasis
during the past 7 years, as shown in Tables 19 and 20.** It has followed
the pattern of development set in the USSR. Expansion Of the wire dif-
fusion network is expected to continue in the future. This is shown by
announced plans to have 8.5 million wired loudspeakers operating in con-
junction with 8,000 wire diffusion centers by the end of 1962. 161/
D. Television.
Television service has not yet been established in Communist
China. The first television station will be built in Peking and is
expected to become operational some time late in 1958. The station
will be located in the telecommunications building now under construc-
tion.*-* LE/ The station will occupy the top floors of the building
and will have a steel and concrete tower 400 m high topped by a 100-m
antenna. 16 The tower is being designed by the Moscbw Steelxxx*
Table 18 follows on p. 38.
*7* Tables 19 and 20 follow on pp. 39 and i-0, respectively.
See V, p. 31, above.
Continued on p. 41.
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Table 18
Estimated Number of Radio Monitoring Points in Communist China 2/-
1950-57
Thousand Units
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Number of monitoring points 4.80 2/ 8.60 12/ 12.4 12/ 16.1 12/ 19.9 2/ 29.8 1/ 43.6 11 68.9 s/
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b. 164/
c. 165/
d. 166/
e. 161/
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Table 19
Estimated Number of Wire Diffusion Centers in Communist China
1950-57
Units
Type of Wire
Diffusion Center
1950 2/
195112/
1952 12/
1953 2/
1954 2/
1955 2/
1956 1/
1957
Rural
244
418.
592
766
940
1,114
1,294
1,497 1/
Urban
36
62 .
88
114
140
166
196
221
Total
280
480
680
880
1,080
1,280
1,490
1,700 2/
a. Extrapolated, continuing the arithmetic progression used between 1951 and 1955.
b. The total was extrapolated using arithmetic progression between 1951 and 1955J
50X1
The dis- 50X1
tribution between rural and urban was assumed to be the same as that given for 1956.
c.. Assuming that the total growth for 1955-56 was the same as the total growth for
1956-57 and that the rural-urban distribution was the same as that given for 1956.
- d. 169/
e, Derived by assuming that the rural-urban distribution for 1957 was the sanit as that
given for 1956.
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Table 20
Estimated Number of Wired Loudspeakers in Communist China Lai
1950-57
Units
Type of Wired
Loudspeaker
1950 2/
1951 2/
1952 2/
195 2/
1954 2/
1955 12/
1956 2/
1957
Rural
77,300 '
132,000
188,000
243,000
298,000
353,000
410,000
64o,000 1/
Urban
18,400
31,600
44,900
58,100
71,400
84,700
100,000
160,000 1/
Total
95)700
164,000
233,000
01,000
369,000
438,000
510,000
800 000 al
a. All data are rounded to three significant digits.
b. Derived by applying the ratio in 1956 of loudspeakers to wire--diffusion
the number of centers shown on the preceding table.
c. 112/
d. Derived by using the rural-urban distribution of the total in 1956.
S-E-C-R-E-T
centers' to
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Structure Designing Institute. 171/ The station will telecast on
3 channels, 2 in black and white and .lin color. 172/
Communist China has been interested in television equipment .
since early in 1956. At that time, negotiations were undertaken with
East Germany for the procurement of television equipment. 173/ Announce-
ments in August 1957 reveal that China now plans to manufacture the
equipment domestically:. 174/ Although it is not known whether some or
all of the equipment is to be made in China, it appears that the first
television station in the country will go into operation late in 1958.
There are no known plans for other, stations.
The planned Peking-Sian microwave circuit, expected to become
fully operational in 1960, is to carry television some time after that
date. 1/2/ It appears, therefore, that at least 2 years will elapse
before any area outside of greater Peking will enjoy television in
Communist China.
VI. Supply of Equipment.
Communist China produces relatively little telecommunications equip-
ment. Importation of equipment has been necessary to satisfy the demands
incident to the maintenance and expanSion of the public post and tele-
communications sector of the economy. Primary suppliers of such equip-
ment have been the USSR, East Germany, and Hungary. Some equipment has
been purchased by China from countries outside the Soviet Bloc, but these
purchases have been small, primarily because Free World countries invoked
embargo sanctions.
Some progress is being made in blinding up domestic production. A
new complex for manufacturing eleCtronics equipment is under construc-
tion in Peking. This complex will produce a wide variety of telecom-
munications equipment as well as other types of electronic items; how-
ever, it will probably not be able to satisfy for several years the full
quantity and variety of telecommunications equipment required to meet
the needs of Communist China. In the meantime, it will be necessary to
continue imports Of equipment frbm abroad.
Some Free World countries have recently reduced the number of tele-
communibations items under embargo to Communist China. These reductions
will enable the purchase of such equipment from markets previously in-
accessible. The extent to which China will take advantage of these new
markets, instead of building up domestic production, is uncertain.
VII. Future Trends.
The primary purpose of this report is to assess the current status
of the public post and telecommunications sector of the economy of
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Communist China and to show the growth that has occurredin this sector
since 1950. Although no estimate of future growth has been attempted,
it seems appropriate to indicate those aspects of the post and tele-
communications sector which are expected. to receive special emphasis
in the future.
?
The goals set for the Second Five Year Plan (1958-62) in Communist
China for public post and telecommunications call for the following 11W:
1. Laying underground cables along the principal long-distance
telecommunications routes and the use of multichannel telephone equip-
ment.
2. Establishing microwave radio relay systems.
3. Establishing automatic and semiautomatic telephone-tele-
graph exchange facilities in key telecommunications centers.
4. Increasing the capacity of intracity telephone facilities.
5. Increasing the number of radio facilities for point-to-
point telecommunications.
In addition to these goals, television is soon to be introduced,
probably in 1958, and the radiobroadcast and wire diffusion networks
are to be substantially increased. Ey/ All of these facets of growth
in telecommunications can be expected to receive continuing attention
for some years.
The status of the Second Five Year Plan is not known. Intimations
are that plan goals may be either revised in substance or extended in
time. Regardless of such changes, the goals listed above are considered
to be sufficiently important to economic growth and national security
to be included in any plans for at least the next 5 years. This con-
clusion is based upon an evaluation of the current status of the public
post and telecommunications sector of the economy relative to over-all
economic and military needs. The demands created by the expanding civil
sector of the economy as well as by military requirements dictate a
considerable expansion and modernization of the existing public post
and telecommunications sector of the economy for some years to come.
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Apparatus: Instruments, machines, appliances, and other assemblies used
in providing a telecommunications facility.
Automatic (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to any process involved
in producing telecommunications service which does not require direct,
immediate human assistance.
Band (of frequencies): The entire range of frequencies between two
numerically specified frequency limits. The magnitude of this range
is a limiting factor on the amount of information that can be trans-
mitted in telecommunications. With respect to frequencies of the
radio spectrum as a whole, the International Telecommunication Union
has for convenience divided the whole radio spectrum into eight major
bands, as follows:
Frequency Bands
Range
30 kc** and below
30 to 300 kc
300 to 3,000 kc.
3,000 to 30,000 kc
30,000 kc to 300 mcxxx
300 to 3,000 mc
3,000 to 30,000 mc
30,000 to 300,000 mc
Ty-pe
Very low frequencies (VLF)
Low frequencies (LF)
Medium frequencies (MF)
High frequencies (HF)
Very high frequencies (VHF)
Ultra high frequencies (UHF)
Super high frequencies (SHF)
Extremely high frequencies (EBF)
Corresponding
Wave* Band
Myriametric waves
Kilometric waves
Hectrometric waves
Decametric waves
Metric waves
Decimetric wavesxxxx
Centimetric wavesxxx
Millimetric waves
* Waves are undulating disturbances: a sound wave is a disturbance in
the air, which is an elastic medium, and an electric wave is a disturbance
in any medium whatever. The number of waves per second is the frequency
of a given wave. Because the speed of wave propagation is considered to
be constant, the length of a given wave is in inverse relation to its
frequency: the longer the wave length, the lower the frequency, and the
shorter the wave length, the higher the frequency. Wave length is us-
ually measured in linear units of the metric system.
** Kilocycles per second, or 1,000 cycles per second.
xxx Megacycles per second, or 1 million cycles per second.
XXX* It is becoming common usage to refer to waves (frequencies) in
these three bands as "microwaves."
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Cable: A bundle of sheathed, insulated wires and/or coaxial tubes, used
as a telecommunications medium. It is sometimes referred to as "multi-
conductor cable."
Channel: A portion, electrical or physical, of a telecommunications
circuit, lane, supergroup, or group which can be used to transmit in-
formation independently of and simultaneously with all other portions.
A channel may be used to provide two or more subchannels.
Circuit: A telecommunications connection between two or more distant
points by a wire, cable, Or radio medium facility used to carry infor-
mation. The circuit is the fundamental telecommunications connection
between distant points. By the application of appropriate techniques,
a circuit may be arranged in many different combinations to meet the
need for various kinds and quantities of telecommunications service.
In its simplest form a circuit may carry only single telecommunications
units in sequence.. In its most complex form it may by apportionment
carry simultaneously thousands of telephone channels and telegraph
subchannels; a number of television programs; and other specialized
kinds of service, such as high-fidelity broadcast programs, radar sig-
nals, and data-processing signals.
For the most complex application, a circuit is often arranged
into lanes, each of which can carry, in 1 direction, 1 television pro-
gram or 600 telephone channels. In turn, these 600 telephone channels
are subdivided into 10 supergroups of 60 telephone channels each. Each
supergroup is subdivided into 5 groups of 12 telephone channels each.
One or more telephone channels may be further subdivided into three to
twenty 60-word-per minute teletype subchannels. Other specialized
kinds of service may be accommodated by combining two or more telephone
channels.
Coaxial (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a modern telecommunica-
tions cable medium technique using one or more tubes (sometimes called
"pipes"). Each metal tube surrounds a conducting wire supported con-
centrically by insulators. The space in the tube usually contains
nitrogen gas under pressure. Generally, coaxial cable is used for
the transmission of information in complex form, such as radar, com-
puter data, or television signals, and/or for the transmission of
telephone channels and telegraph subchannels. A single tube usually.
carries information in only one direction at a time. The capacity of
a tube depends in part upon the distance between repeater stations.
In the standard facility, which may have from 2 to 8 tubes in the
cable, a single tube carries a lane of 600 telephone channels or
1 television lane, for which the repeater statidn spacing is about
7 statute miles. In a new developmental coaxial cable facility, a
single tube may carry 3 lanes of a total of 1,800 telephone channels.
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or 3 television lanes, for which the repeater station spacing is expected
to be about 3 statute miles.
Electronics: A general term used to identify that branch of electrical
science and technology that treats of the behavior of electrons in
vacuums, gases, or solids. Today telecommunications makes extensive
use of electronic technology.
1 Facility: An association of apparatus, material, and electrical energy
required to furnish telecommunications service.
Facsimile (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to telecommunications
(telegraph) service in which photographs, drawings, handwriting, and
printed matter are transmitted for graphically recorded reception. .
In one method (Type A), images are built up of lines or dots of con-
stant intensity. In another method (Type B), images are built up of
lines or dots of varying intensity, sometimes referred to as "tele-
photo" and "photoradio."
Frequency: The rate in cycles per second at which an electric current,
voltage, wave, or field alternates in amplitude and/or direction.
(See Band.)
Functional (as an adjective): Of, pertaining to, or connected with
special, unique, or particular telecommunications facilities managed
and operated by a single agency, organization, company, department,
committee, ministry, or other entity, in contrast to the facilities
of a basic system. (See Basic system.)
Group: A number of channels (usually 12) or subchannels combined
?(multiplexed) electrically in building up the total capacity of a
telecommunications circuit, lane, or supergroup.
Ionosphere: Those layers of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
about 210 statute miles in thickness extending from about 30 statute
miles above the earth's surface to the outer reaches (exosphere) of
the atmosphere. Reflection from these layers makes possible long-
distance transmission of radio signals. The layers, however, are
responsible for fading of signals, skip distance, and differences
between daytime and nighttime radio reception. They are also used
as a scattering reflector for ionosphere scatter-transmission tech-
niques to transmit to distances of about 1,000 to 1,500 statute
miles.
Line: A general term used to delineate a telecommunications Circuit
facility (wire,-cable, or radio):.
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Medium: .Any substance or space that can be used practically to transmit
a form of electrical energy for the purpose of providing telecommunica-
tions service.
Microwave radio relay (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a radio
medium technique in modern telecommunications employing radio fre-
quencies higher than 300 mc. These frequencies do not normally afford
practical direct transmission to great distances, principally because
they do not bend well around the earth's surface and because they do
not reflect well from the ionosphere. They are, however, capable of
reliable transmission from horizon to horizon (line-of-sight) by the
use of special antennas which concentrate the radio energy and give
it desired direction. Great distances can, in consequence, be reached
by this technique by the interposition of relay stations along the
route of the line with a spacing interval of from 25 to 40 statute
miles, depending upon terrain conditions. This technique can be em-
ployed practically to carry from a small number of telephone channels
and telegraph subchannels to thousands of such channels and subchannels
through 2 or more lanes and to carry 1 or more television and other
specialized lanes and channels. (See Band.)
Network: An interconnection, electrical or physical, of two or more
circuits or portions thereof for the purpose of facilitating tele-
communications service.
Point-to-point (as an adjective): Generally, of or pertaining to tele-
communications service between fixed points, using the radio medium.
Route: The geographical path followed by a wire, cable, or radio
line.
Subscriber: Any customer who directly operates telecommunications ap-
paratus in obtaining telecommunications service.
Supergroup: A number of groups (often 5) combined (multiplexed) elec-
trically in building up the total capacity of a telecommunications .
circuit or lane.
System: All of the facilities and networks managed by a single agency,
organization, company, department, committee, ministry, or other entity
in rendering either functional or basic telecommunications service.
Telecommunications: Transmission, reception, or exchange of informa-
tion between distant points by electrical energy over a wire, cable,
or radio medium facility to produce telephone, telegraph, facsimile,
broadcast (aural and visual), and other similar services.
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Teletype (as an adjective): Of or pertaining to a technique for effecting
telegraph service by the use of an apparatus similar to a typewriter in
which information is transmitted by keyboard and received by type printer
on a roll of paper, on a roll of tape, or by perforations on a roll of
tape, or both. (Sometimes called a "teleprinter" or "teletypewriter.")
Troposphere: The layer of the earth's atmosphere occupying the space
from the earth's surface to a height of about 6 statute miles. This
layer is used as a scattering reflector for tropospheric scatter trans-
mission techniques to distances of about 200 to 500 statute miles.
Wire diffusion: Distribution of broadcast programs by a wire or cable
medium to wired loudspeakers.
Wired loudspeakers: A telecommunications loudspeaker which receives
from a distribution point one or more broadcast programs by a wire or
cable medium.
Wireline: A general term used to identify a line consisting of either
an aerial cable (and/or separate wires) or underground cable, used as
a telecommunications medium.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
.)?
Declassified
Some of the statistical tables in this report cite all available
source material and show all the methodologies to be derived from that
material. For most of the tables, however, additional source material
was available, and alternative methodologies were derived from it and
applied as follows:
1. Fragmentary data available on individual provinces were
applied to total population data to develop aggregates for use as
guides in the selection of the most representative data.
2. Complementary statistical data were compared to verify
correlations that are known to exist.
3. Announced increases, usually in percentage terms, were
applied to the selected data 'as a check of conformity.
4. The distribution of facilities and services between rural
and urban was used as a guide in the selection of data.
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