COPPER IN THE USSR 1955

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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 15, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: December 31, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
COPPER IN THE USSR
1955
CIA/RR 115
31 December 1957
N? 3
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
COPPER IN ME USSR
1955
CIA/RR 115
(ORR Project 24.869)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
Although the USSR has not released any absolute figures on the
production, reserves, imports, exports, consumption, or stocks of
copper for nearly 20 years, sufficient Soviet data are available on
which to base a complete series of estimates on production of refined
copper. Such a series is presented in this report and is accompanied
by a full description of the underlying methodology and the sources
employed. Although the estimates of production of refined copper are
believed to be subject to only a small margin of error, those de-
veloped for other aspects of copper in the Soviet economy are subject
to margins of error that may be of considerable magnitude. Estimates
of Soviet trade in copper, for example, although based on an exhaustive
analysis of a large quantity of fragmentary information, must be con-
sidered incomplete. Estimates of the Soviet stockpile of copper and
of the demand for copper in the USSR were derived entirely from
secondary material and must be considered preliminary. These limita-
tions reflect the prevailing scarcity of primary information, but
the conclusions are believed to be valid.
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary 1
I. Distribution of Resources 3
II. Remaining Reserves 5
III. Production 6
1
A. Metal 6 1
B. Mines and Mining Areas 11
C. Beneficiation 12
D. Smelters 13
E. Electrolytic Refineries 13
IV. Trade
A. East-West
B. Intra-Bloc
16
V. Demand 17
VI. Supply and Demand Balance 21
VII. Stockpile 25
VIII. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions 25
Appendixes
Appendix A. Deposits of Copper and Processing Facilities
in the USSR
Appendix B. Methodology
29
37
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Tables
Page
1.
2.
Estimated Production of Copper in the USSR,
1913, 1937-55, and 1960
Estimated Production of Copper in the USSR, by
Economic Region, 1950-55 and 1960
8
10
3.
Estimated Imports of Copper by the USSR, 1946-55
17
U.
Estimated Demand for Copper in the USSR, 1929-55
19
5.
Supply and Demand Balance of Copper in the USSR,
1929-55
22
6.
Major Deposits of Copper in the USSR, 1955 . . ?
?
30
7.
Copper Smelters in the USSR, 1955
33
8.
Electrolytic Copper Refineries in the USSR, 1955
35
9.
Production of Crude Steel and Consumption of
Refined Copper in the US, 1930-55
39
Illustrations
Following Page
Figure 1. USSR: Production and Imports of Copper,
1913, 1937-55, and 1960 Plan (Chart) . . . 22
Figure 2. USSR: Evolution of the Copper Stockpile,
1937-55 (Chart) 26
Figure 3. USSR: Copper Deposits, Smelters, and Inside
Electrolytic Refineries, 1955 (Map) . Back Cover
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(ORB Project 24.869)
COPPER IN THE USSR*
1955.
Summary
The USSR is the largest producer of refined copper in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, probably accounting for more than 80 percent of the total
production of the Bloc, and also ranks among the leading producers of
the world. It is estimated that in 1955 the USSR produced 377,300
metric tons** of refined copper, or about 10 percent of the world pro-
duction, thus ranking second only to the US, which produced 1,430,000
tons. Soviet production of refined copper in 1960 is scheduled to be
about 604,000 tons.
The high position the USSR has attained as a producer of copper
is made possible fundamentally by the abundant resources of copper
within its borders. Although no data on reserves have been released
since the beginning of 1939, Soviet reserves at that time were among
the largest in the world. Even if no additional resources had been
discovered since 1939, the reserves known to be remaining would be
adequate to sustain production at current levels for about 50 years.
The new discoveries that have been reported from time to time since
1939 undoubtedly have added significantly to Soviet reserves, but no
specific figures have been included in such announcements.
Despite the relatively high domestic production of copper and the
large reserves, the USSR has been a net importer of copper for many
years. Imports reached their highest level during World War II, when
the USSR received nearly 400,000 tons of copper from the US under
Lend-Lease agreements. In 1944, for example, shipments from the US
totaled 233,400 tons, an amount that exceeded Soviet production by
nearly 60 percent.
After World War II the USSR continued to import copper, but until
1953 receipts were fairly small, averaging less than 10,000 tons an-
nually during 1946-52. During 1953-55, imports averaged more than
60,000 tons annually, all of which originated in the Free World.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORB as of 1 October 1957.
** Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report unless other-
wise indicated.
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Following World War II, most of the exports of copper to the USSR
originated in countries which are now members of the Coordinating
Committee on International Export Controls (COCOM).* Such exports were
placed under quantitative control in August 1950 and under embargo in
April 1951. All forms of copper were embargoed until mid-August 1954.
At that time the export control lists were revised, and bare copper
wire 6 millimeters (mm) and less in diameter was placed under surveil-
lance.** Other forms of copper remain embargoed. Until the removal
of the embargo on bare copper wire, most of the copper shipped to the
USSR was in unwrought forms. Since August 1954, however, exports have
consisted principally of bare copper wire.
Although production of copper in the USSR has nearly tripled
since the end of World War II, the demand for copper has nearly quad-
rupled. Most of the demand stems from the requirements of electrical
equipment and machinery and from the manufacture of military end items.
To keep pace with these demands, Soviet production of copper has been
supplemented by substantial imports from the Free World and by with-
drawals from the stockpile of copper, most of which was accumulated
during World War II. It is believed that the stockpile was reduced
from about 700,000 tons at the end of the war to a little less than
600,000 tons in 1955.
In view of the abundance of Soviet resources of copper and the
methods and equipment employed in their exploitation, there is no
natural or technological reason for the failure of the USSR to achieve
self-sufficiency in copper. To explain this failure, it is necessary
to consider the location of Soviet resources of copper and the char-
acteristics of these resources, as well as the supply of needed
machinery and manpower. Most of the Soviet resourcesof 'copper are
located in the eastern part of Region Xaxxx (Kazakhstan) and in Uzbek
SSR in Region )Cb (Central Asia), areas that are remote from centers of
population and the manufacture of copper products. In addition, the
copper ores are relatively low grade, probably averaging about 1 per-
cent copper, and are oxidized. The rapid expansion of production
* The members of cocom are Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Greece,
Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey,
the UK, the US, and West Germany.
** For a discussion of CCCOM controls, see IV, A, p. 14, below.
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of copper metal under such conditions requires not only scientific and
engineering skill but also a huge investment of capital. The process-
ing of oxidized ores requires changing from flotation processes commonly
used with sulfide ores to hydrometallurgical processes for use with oxi-
dized ores. Such a change involves the replacement of considerable quan-
tities of costly equipment. Mining, milling, and beneficiating low-grade
copper ores must be largely a mechanized operation, and the current short-
age of qualified labor in the USSR makes this requirement difficult to
fill. Finally, the problem of assembling adequate supplies of power,
labor, food, water, and the equipment for mining, milling, beneficiating,
and refining is particularly difficult in view of the present facilities
for transportation in the USSR.
Although the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) calls for an increase
of 60 percent in production of copper, the proportion of the invest-
ment in the nonferrous metals industry that will accrue to the copper
industry probably will not be adequate to bring the production abreast
of the growing demand. It is anticipated, therefore, that, in order to
meet other industrial goals of the Plan, the USSR will continue to import
copper from the Free World.
I. Distribution of Resources.*
Most of the resources of copper in the USSR are located in four
economic regions -- Region V (Transcaucasus), mainly in the Armenian
SSR; Region VIII (Urals); Region Xa (Kazakhstan); and Region Xb (Central
Asia), mainly in Uzbek SSR. In 1937 these four regions accounted for
nearly 93 percent of all the Soviet resources of copper. The copper
content of these resources was estimated by the USSR at 17.1 million tons
in 1936, 1/** and 19.5 million tons in 1939. gi Although no official esti-
mates of resources have been published by the USSR since 1939, the amount
of geological prospecting reported suggests that additional resources of
* For further details on the major deposits of copper in the USSR, see
Table 6, Appendix A, p. 30, below. For the location of these deposits,
see the map, Figure 3, inside back cover.
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copper have been discovered since that date. The distribution of the
resources of copper in the USSR in 1937, by economic region) was as
follows
Economic Region
Percent of Total
V (Transcaucasus)
9.20
VIII (Urals)
15.97
Xa (Kazakhstan)
52.34
Xb (Central Asia)
15.04
Others
7.45
Total 100.00
Other resources of copper include the ores from Noril'sk, which contain
a small percentage of copper in addition to nickel, cobalt, and metals
of the platinum group, and the nickel-copper ores of the Kola Peninsula.
Copper is produced in these two areas as a byproduct of the nickel-mining
industry.
The oldest copper-producing region in the country is Region VIII.
During the middle of the 18th Century, it was the leading copper-
producing region of the world. The main copper belt extends southward
along the eastern range of the mountains from Krasnoural'sk in Sverd-
lovskaya Oblast to Zlatoust in Chelyabinskaya Oblast. These deposits
always have been of primary importance in the various attempts of the
USSR to increase production of copper. Although deposits in some of the
older producing areas are approaching exhaustion, additional discoveries
resulting from more intensive exploration may be expected because of the
size of the area.
Copper has also been produced for many years in Region V. In the
1890's the deposits at Zangezur (Kafan) and Shamlug (Alaverdi) were
discovered and production was developed rapidly by foreign capital.
Since that time, other deposits have been discovered, but most of them
contain very low-grade ore. Inasmuch as Region V has been thoroughly
explored geologically, the discovery of large new deposits containing
high-grade ore is improbable.
The largest deposits of copper in the USSR have been found in Re-
gion Xa. These deposits form the basis of the Soviet copper industry
and will become progressively more important. Although these deposits
were discovered many years ago, they have become especially significant
only since World War II. The deposit at Dzhezkazgan, probably the largest
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in the USSR, was discovered in 1771, but mining actually was not under
way until 1906. The deposit at Kounrad was discovered in 1928. A
third deposit, at Boshchekul, the existence of which also has been
known for some time, is expected to be developed under the Sixth Five
Year Plan. The lack of facilities for transportation probably explains
the delay in developing this deposit.
A large deposit of copper, similar in both size and quality to the
deposit at Kounrad, has been located at Almalyk in eastern Uzbek SSR,
about 75 kilometers (km) southeast of Tashkent. The development of this
deposit, interrupted by World War II, was resumed in 1946, V but pro-
duction had not started by 1949. No further mention of progress in
exploiting this deposit was made until March 1956, when Pravda stated
that the first section of the copper mine will begin operations in 1957
and that the first section of a copper smelter will be completed under
the Sixth Five Year Plan. 2/
II. Remaining Reserves.
The Soviet press has provided little concrete information on re-
sults of exploratory work in the field of nonferrous metals in general
and of copper in particular. Numerous statements of a general nature
have been released indicating that exploratory activity has taken place.
The geological organizations of the Ministry of Nonferrous Metallurgy
did considerable work under the Fifth Five Year Plan and succeeded in
expanding the reserves of nonferrous metallic ore. ?,/ To what extent
these efforts apply to reserves of copper, however, is not specified.
That the Soviet press has published few statements on copper
should not be taken as indicating a lack of interest in developing
new resources of copper. Bulganin has stated:
In the Sixth Five Year Plan, serious attention must
be paid to the development of nonferrous metallurgy. A
large quantity of copper, lead, and aluminum will be re-
quired for the new electric power stations and electric
power network, for cable communication lines, accumu-
lators, electrification of railways, and other needs of
the national economy. In order to increase the produc-
tion of nonferrous and rare metals, it is necessary to
develop the ore base, improve the complex utilization
of raw materials, and insure a fuller extraction of
ores. I/
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To accomplish these objectives, investment in the development of
nonferrous metals is to increase sharply. In Region Xa, for ex-
ample, the amount to be spent on expanding the nonferrous metal-
lurgical industry under the Sixth Five Year Plan is more than
10 billion rubles,* or somewhat more than twice the amount spent
under the Fifth Five Year Plan. ?./ Inasmuch as Region Xa is the
leading copper-producing region and has the largest resources of
copper in the USSR, it is probable that a sizable share of this
investment will be spent in exploration and the development of
new reserves of copper.
In view of various uncertainties, an estimate of the exact size
of the total reserves of copper in the USSR is not warranted. It
is possible, however, to estimate the minimum reserves of the USSR,
which at the end of 1955 amounted to at least 16 million tons (re-
serves in 1939 less cumulative production througb 1955). Even on
this basis, which is conservative in the extreme, the reserves of
copper in the USSR at the end of 1955 were exceeded only by those
of the following countries: the Belgian Congo, Chile, Northern
Rhodesia, and the US. It can be stated with assurance, therefore,
that the reserves of copper in the USSR are among the largest in
the world.
III. Production.
A. Metal.
The USSR is the largest producer of refined copper in the
Sino-Soviet Bloc, probably accounting for more than 80 percent of
the total production by the Bloc, and also ranks among the leading
producers of the world. It is estimated that in 1955 the USSR prod-
uced 377,300 tons of refined copper, or about 10 percent of the
world production, 2/ thus ranking second only to the US, which
produced 1,430,000 tons. ly
The USSR has been especially reticent about produc-
tion of copper metal since the beginning of World War II. No
tonnage figure for production of copper in the USSR as a whole
or in any of its producing regions has been released since 1938,
when production was said to have amounted to 103,200 tons, of
which 83,700 tons were from ore. Other statements in the Soviet
press made it possible to arrive at firm figures for production in
* The official rate of exchange, 4 rubles to US $1, is not necessarily
an accurate reflection of the dollar value.
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1939 and 1940. Although annual percentage increases have been pub-
lished for most of the years since World War II, such percentages
must be applied to a base figure. Uncertainty as to this base figure,
usually taken to represent production in 1945, has given rise to
divergent estimates, both here and abroad, of production of copper
in the USSR since the war.
Three facts concerning achievements during the Fifth Five
Year Plan were recently published, as follows 11/:
1. Production of blister copper in Region Xa
in 1955 was 79 percent greater than in 1950.
2. In 1955, Region Xa produced 44 percent of all
the copper produced in the USSR.
3. The total production of copper in the USSR in
1955 was 53 percent greater than in 1950.
These three statements, which are believed to relate to refined copper
produced from both ores and scrap, can be related to other data pub-
lished previously to derive a complete series of figures on production
based entirely on information released by the USSR. The estimated
production of copper in the USSR in 1913, 1937-55, and 1960 is shown
In Table 1.* The estimated production of copper in the USSR, by eco-
nomic region, in 1950-55 and 1960, is shown in Table 2.**
As indicated in Table 2, production of copper reached 377,300
tons in 1955, and Region Xa showed the greatest increase. In 1954,
for the first time, more copper was produced in Region Xa than in
Region VIII. In 1960, Region Xa is scheduled to produce more than
one-half of the national total, with Region VIII contributing a little
less than 30 percent. This trend results directly from the distri-
bution of the resources of copper. Region Xa was reported to possess
more than one-half of the resources of copper in the USSR in 1937. In
view of the large size of Region Xa -- a little more than one-third as
large as the US -- additional exploration may have disclosed new de-
posits of copper since that time. It is conceivable, therefore, that
the reserves of copper in Region Xa are considerably larger than they
were in 1937. In any case, Region Xa is expected to continue as the
largest copper-producing region in the USSR for many years.***
* Table 1 follows on p. 8.
** Table 2 follows on p. 10.
*** Continued on p. 11.
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Copper in the USSR
1913, 1937-55, and 1960
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Region Xa a/
(Kazakhstan)
Total Year
Region Xa a/
(Kazakhstan)
Total
1913
5.1 12/
31.0 2/
1947
57-7 La/
155.7 2/
1948
63.9 2/
186.8 2/
1937
N.A.
97.6 1/
1949
77-9 s/
224.2 LI
1938
N.A.
103.2 2/
1950
92.7 2/
246.6 I/
1939
N.A.
142.5 E/
1951
98.3 g
281.1 m/
1940
35.5 fil
161.0 1-1/
1952
109.4 Ii/
323.3 xJ
1941
41.7 1/
186.8 li
1953
120.6 y/
320.8 !/
1942
43.1 1/
164.0 1/
1954
143.3 12/
336.8 2.-2:i
1943
44.6 li
141.2 1/
1955
166.0 1211
377.3 22/
1944
52.6 1/
147.4 1/
1945
55-0 1/
134.7 ii
1960
315.4 aq/
603.7 22/
1946
55.0 hi
142.8 1/
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b. In 1913, Region Xa produced 5,070 tons of copper. 12/
d. In 1938, 5.7 percent more copper was smelted than in 1937. 2jil
Production in 1938 is known, and production in 1937 was derived.
f. Production of copper in 1939 was 46 percent greater than that
In 1937./
g. In 1911.0, smelting of black Copper in Region Xa was seven times
greater than that in 1913. 11/
h. In 1940, production of copper was
In 1937. 1?/
i. For methodology, see Appendix B.
j. Derived from production in 1946,
than that in 1945. 12/
k. Derived from production in 1947,
than that in 1946. 20/
1. Derived from production in 1947,
than that in 1946. gl/
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65 percent greater than that
which was 6 percent greater
which was 5 percent greater
which was 9 percent greater
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Copper in the USSR
1913, 1937-55, and 1960
(Continued)
in. Derived from production in 1948, which was 10.7 percent greater
than that in 1947. gg/
n. Derived from production in 1948, which was 20 percent greater
than that in 1947. 23/
o. Derived from production in 1949, which was 22 percent greater
than that in 1948. ?LI./
p. Derived from production
than that in-1948. .?.2/
q. Derived from production
than that in 1949. gY
r. Derived from production
than that in 1949. gy./
s. The planned production of copper in Region Xa in 1950 was to be
260 percent of production in 1940, .2?./ or 92,274 tons. The Fourth
Five Year Plan (1946-50) for production of copper in Region Xa was
fulfilled by 100.5 percent. g2/
t. Derived from production in 1955, which was 53 percent greater
than that in 1950. 32/
u. In 1951, production of copper in Region Xa was 6 percent
greater than that in 1950. 21/
v. In 1951, production of copper in the USSR was 14 percent
greater than that in 1950. 12./
w. Interpolated.
x. In 1952, production of copper in the USSR was 15 percent
greater than that in 1951. 22/
y. In 1953, production of copper in Region Xa was 30 percent
greater than that in 1950.3.111/
z. Derived from production in 1954, which was 5 percent greater
than that in 1953. .35j
aa. Derived from production in 1955, which was 12 percent greater
than that in 1954. 2?/
bb. In 1955, production of blister
percent greater than that in 1950.
cc. In 1955, Region Xa produced 44 percent of the copper produced
in the USSR. 2?/ Production of copper in the USSR has been
computed from this fact.
dd. The planned production of blister copper in Region Xa in 1960
is 190 percent of that in 1955. 32/
ee. The planned production of copper in the USSR in 1960 is 160
percent of that in 1955.122/
in 1949, which was 20 percent greater
in 1950, which was 19 percent greater
in 1950, which was 10 percent greater
copper in Region Xa was 79
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Table 2
Estimated Production of Copper in the USSR, by Economic Region a/
1950-55 and 1960
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Region Ia
(Northwest)
Region V
(Transcaucasus)
Region VII
(Central)
Region VIII b/
(Urals)
Region Xa 2/
(Kazakhstan)
Region XI
(East Siberia)
Total 2/
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1960
6.o a/
7.0
8.0 a/
8.0
8.0
8.0
15.0
13.0
14.0
16.0
17.0
19.0
20.0 e
25.0
50.0 2/
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
6o.o
82.9
108.8
135.9
120.2
110.5
126.3
178.3
92.7
98.3
109.4
120.6
143.3
166.0
315.4 12/
2.0 II/
3.0
4.o f/
5.0
6.o
7.0
10.0
246.6
281.1
323.3
320.8
336.8
377.3
603.7 12/
b. Difference between the total
regions.
c. Figures
d. 141/
e. 2
f. 3
production in the USSR and the
are taken from Table 1, p. 8, above.
g. /
h. Plan figure.
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Under the Sixth Five Year Plan, production of copper in the
USSR is scheduled to increase 6o percent over that in 1955. Attain-
ment of this goal will result in production in 1960 of a little
more than 600,000 tons, an increase of 226,000 tons over that in
1955. Two-thirds of the increase is to come from Region Xa, where
production is scheduled to increase from 166,000 tons in 1955 to
slightly more than 315,000 tons in 1960, a gain of nearly 150,000
tons. In 1960 the share of Region Xa in the total production of
copper in the USSR will be more than 50 percent. Reliable data on
the plans for production of copper in other regions are not avail-
able. It is anticipated, however, that the producers of copper in
Region VIII also will be called upon to increase their production.
Except for Region Xa, the estimates of production in 1960 shown in
Table 2 represent an attempt to apportion the planned production of
copper in 1960 among the producing regions on the basis of frag-
mentary qualitative information.
B. Mines and Mining Areas.*
The three principal mining areas in Region V are at Zangezur,
Kadzharan, and'Shamlug. Most of the resources of copper are centered
in the Zangezur district, where lode deposits containing 2 to 5 per-
cent copper have been reported. The ore is chiefly chalcopyrite,
occurring in irregular veins in andesite. At Kadzharan the deposit
is porphyritic, containing about 0.6 percent copper. At Shamlug
the grade of the ores available for exploitation is becoming pro-
gressively lower.
Of the principal copper mines in Region VIII, those at
Degtyarka, Krasnoural'sk, and Blyava are reported to be among the
most important. Copper is mined in the Degtyarka district from a
deposit 5 km long. Three shafts are operating, and all are equipped
i__/
with modern machinery. 45 The ore is reported to contain about
1.4 percent copper. 46 Copper-bearing pyrites, averaging about
2.2 percent copper 477 with small percentages of tin and zinc, are
mined at Krasnoural'sk. At Blyava, all mined ore is chuted to the
main level, where it is transported by a system of electric haulage
to the hoisting shaft and thence to the surface for processing. The
mine has up-to-date equipment, and mechanization has played an im-
portant role in maintaining the level of production. 1??/
* For further details on the major deposits of copper in the USSR,
see Table 6, Appendix A, p.30, below. For the location of these
deposits, see the map, Figure 3, inside back cover.
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The future of the copper industry in the USSR depends on the
exploitation of large, low-grade deposits in Region Xa. The Kounrad
open-pit mine in Region Xa is the largest copper-mining operation in
the USSR1121 and compares favorably in size with some of the open-pit
mines in the US. After about a decade of development, this mine
began operating in 1939. 22/ Production of ore in 1940 amounted to
only 7,500 tons, but the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50) called for
production of 22,500 tons per day in 1950. 51/ It is estimated
that in 1955 the daily production amounted to about 27,000 tons.
The ore, containing about 1.1 percent copper, is mined with power
shovels and transported about 20 km over an electrified railroad to the
concentrator at Balkhash. 52/
The reserves of copper-impregnated sandstone in the deposit at
Dzhezkazgan are spread over a large area. Mining operations are con-
ducted from at least 50 shafts which have been sunk in all parts of
Dzhezkazgan. 22/ There may be some open-pit mining where the ore out-
crops or is near the surface. The mines are located in a semidesert
where the supply of water is dependent on the spring run-off from
melting snow. To eliminate fluctuations in the water supply, a dam to
Impound the seasonal water run-off for use in the Kingir concentrator
during the long, dry summer has been constructed on the Karakingir
River. The planned capacity of the dam is 125 million cubic meters. 211/
C. Beneficiation.
Most of the copper ores in the USSR must be beneficiated
before they can be smelted. At the time when most of the concentrating
plants were built, selective flotation was well advanced in the US, and
much of the technical aid needed by the USSR to establish and operate
such plants was furnished by the US.
Little information has been released by the USSR in the last
20 years regarding the beneficiation of copper ores. Considerable
data have been gleaned, however, from reports describing operations
on the ores from Region VIII during 1935. For example, the copper
content of the ores from this region ranged from 1.73 to 4.07 per-
cent, with an average of 2.57 percent. The copper content of the con-
centrates averaged 12.0 percent, but only 80.1 percent recovery in the
concentrates was achieved. These data indicate that the process of
selective flotation had not been mastered. With a relatively high-
grade ore the concentrate was low-grade, and the recovery of copper in
the concentrator ranged from poor to fair. The Plan for 1941, however,
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indicated some improvement, and a higher recovery in the concen-
trators was expected from a lower grade of ore. 55/ It is also
noteworthy that the average grade of ore in Region VIII had dropped
from 2.57 percent copper in 1935 to 1.95 percent under the Plan for
1941. Inasmuch as substantially greater recoveries are achieved
in the US from similar grades of ore, it is possible that recoveries
have increased measurably in the USSR since that time.
D. Smelters.*
The USSR has at least 12 smelters for smelting ores and
concentrates, and 1 utilizing copper scrap as the primary charge.
The total smelting capacity is believed to range between 477,000 and
481,000 tons, about 30 percent of which is represented by the plant
at Balkhash. Other smelters are situated at Revda (estimated ca-
pacity, 50,000 tons) and Krasnoural'sk (estimated capacity, 40,000
tons) in Region VIII, and the scrap smelter (estimated capacity,
55,000 to 60,000 tons) is located at Moscow. These smelters consti-
tute about 30 percent of the total estimated capacity. Of the re-
maining capacity, about one-half is located in Region VIII. As early
as 1941 a copper-smelting plant with a capacity of about 150,000 tons
had been planned for Almalyk in Uzbek SSR, but little progress was
made because the ores are badly oxidized and difficult to process.
Methods of enrichment used elsewhere in the USSR were not adaptable to
these oxidized ores, and a new technique had to be developed before pro-
duction of copper could be achieved. Inasmuch as the work of preparing
deposits for mining has been resumed at Almalyk, it is probable that
a suitable technique has been developed. US mining journals have
contained enough information on the treatment of oxidized ores to give
the USSR all the technical information needed.
E. Electrolytic Refineries.**
In 1941 there were only three refineries in the USSR for pro-
ducing electrolytic copper, located at Pyshma, Kyshtym, and Moscow.
The refinery at Moscow utilizes scrap as raw material. Since 1941,
* For further details on copper smelters in the USSR, see Table 7,
Appendix A, p. 33, below. For the location of these smelters, see the
map, Figure 3, inside back cover.
** For further details on electrolytic refineries in the USSR, see
Table 8, Appendix A, p.35 , below. For the location of these re-
fineries, .see the map, Figure 3, inside back cover.
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four additional electrolytic refineries have been placed in op-
eration, and the current refining capacity in the USSR is estimated
to range between 430,000 and 470,000 tons, of which the plant at
Balkhash in Region Xa accounts for a little more than 35 percent.
Originally, the plant at Balkhash fire-refined copper, but since
about 1952 the electrolytic process has been installed, making it
one of the largest electrolytic copper refineries in the country
and an important factor in the development of the resources of
copper in Region Xa. Provisions are reported to have been made to
install a second section in the electrolytic plant, increasing the
annual capacity of the plant to about 175,000 tons.
IV. Trade.
A. East-West.
The USSR has been a net importer of copper for many years.
Just before World War II, imports of copper by the USSR are be-
lieved to have been nearly equal to the Soviet domestic production.
Imports of copper by the USSR from the US alone in 1940 amounted to
more than 50,000 tons. 5,Y From m1d-1941 through mid-1945 the USSR
imported about 400,000 tons of electrolytic copper, tubes, sheets,
copper-base alloys, and copper wire and cable from the US under
Lend-Lease agreements. 57/ Before 1939 and after 1945 the USSR
obtained only minor amounts of copper from the US. Information on
Soviet imports of copper from the rest of the world during World
War II is not available.
In 1948, as a result of a decision of the National Security
Council, the US instituted controls over exports of strategic ma-
terials to the Soviet Bloc. 513./ The US also urged other countries
to follow suit, and in the latter half of 1949 a Consultative Group
(CG) was formed, with representation from the US and several Western
European countries. In 1950 the CG established COCOM in Paris as
the working group of the CG.*
In April 1951, copper in the form of ores, concentrates,
scrap and old metal, and in primary forma was placed under interna-
tional control for the first time. LI Semifinished forms such as
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plates, sheets, and bare wire were placed under control in October
1951. All such forms of copper remained embargoed to the Sino-Soviet
Bloc until mid-August 1954, at which time bare copper wire, 6 mm
or leSs in diameter, was removed from the list of items embargoed
(IL-I)* to the Soviet Bloc and placed under surveillance (n-m)
The controls on the other forms of copper remained unchanged through
the end of 1955, and all forms of copper remained embargoed to
Communist China.
The USSR imported only very small quantities of copper
from the Free World in the years immediately following World War
II, but such quantities increased very rapidly after 1950. During
the period from 1951 to 1954, when all exports of copper to the USSR
from the major producers of the Free World were embargoed, a lively
illegal trade in copper developed.
After mid-August 1954, most of the trade in copper con-
sisted of legal shipments of copper wire. Because these shipments
are reported in the official trade statistics of the exporting
countries, the estimate for 1955, which is based on these data, is
believed to be much more accurate than estimates for earlier years.
Estimated imports of copper by the USSR, 1946-55, are shown in
Table 3.**
With the removal of copper wire from IL-I in 1954, imports
of wire by the USSR increased significantly, although total Soviet
imports of copper declined slightly. The relaxation of the em-
bargo on copper wire enabled the USSR to enter the world market and
purchase wire at competitive prices. Thus, copper wire of 6 mm
or less in diameter constituted more than 90 percent of all the
copper imported by the USSR in 1955 except for covered wire and
cable. Slightly more than one-half of this quantity was obtained
from the UK, with most of the balance coming from other members of
COCOM.
* Items which are embargoed to the Soviet Bloc are on International
List I (IL-I); those subject to quantitative control, on International
List II (IL-II); and those subject to surveillance, on International
List III (IL-III). 62/
** Table 3 follows on p. 17./
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B. Intra-Bloc.
The trade in copper between the USSR and the Free World is
difficult to gauge, but the trade between the USSR and the Satel-
lites is less elusive. The available evidence indicates that Soviet
imports of copper from the Satellites are about equal to Soviet exports
of copper to the Satellites.
1 Before 1952, all of the copper produced in Bulgaria was
shipped to the USSR for refining. Since 1952, when a refinery with
1 a capacity of 5,000 tons was installed at Eliseyna in Bulgaria,
only the copper produced in excess of the refining capacity has
been shipped to the USSR. 64/ Estimates of Soviet imports of
copper from Bulgaria during 1950-55 are as follows:
Year
Amount
(Thousand Metric Tons)
1950
2.4
1951
3.0
1952
0
1953
1.8
1954
3.0
1955
5.5
In return the USSR exports refined metal to Bulgaria, probably
in amounts equivalent to imports of ore and concentrates.
Somewhat similar is the arrangement between the USSR and
East Germany. In this case the USSR exports unwrought copper, per-
haps as much as 10,000 tons annually, to East Germany, which fabri-
cates this copper and returns the products to the USSR.
Relatively small amounts of refined copper and copper
alloys, probably not exceeding 5,000 tons in any recent year, are
shipped to Rumania and to Communist China. Whereas most of the
shipments to Rumania are believed to be exported in return for im-
ports of copper ore and perhaps for concentrates as well, those to
Communist China may actually constitute exports in the true sense of
the word.
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Table 3
Estimated Imports of Copper by the USSR
1946-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Amount Year
Amount
1946
0.3 21
1951
21.0 fi
1947
0.1 b/
1952
18.0 1/
1948
4.7 s/
1953
61.o
1949
14.2 di
1954
73.0
1950
6.o -A/
1955
49.2
a. ?5./
c. Including about 4,000 tons of copper and copper
wire 62/ and about 700 tons of covered wire and
cable. 0../
d. Including about 9,000 tons of copper and copper
wire 69/ and about 5,200 tons of covered wire and
cable. 70
e. 71
V. Demand.
The USSR has released no substantive information on the use of
copper for more than 20 years. Soviet statements have consisted
only of general allusions to the importance of the metal in its pro-
gram of expanding.heavy industry. In order to estimate the demand
for copper in the USSR, therefore, an indirect methodology must be
employed. In the US, a direct relationship exists between produc-
tion of crude steel* and consumption of unwrought copper (copper
* For methodology and for data on production of crude steel and
consumption of refined copper in the US, 1930-55, see Table 9, Appen-
dix B, p.39, below.
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metal produced from ores, concentrates, and scrap). The relation-
ship is believed to be causal: the specific properties of copper
make it complementary to steel rather than competitive, as is the
case with aluminum, titanium, and magnesium.
Accurate data on production of crude steel in the USSR are
available for the years 1929-55 except for 2 or 3 years during
World War II, when there are uncertainties as to the dates that pro-
duction ceased at some of the plants overrun by the invading Ger-
mans. Firm data also are available on the production, importation,
and exportation of copper in the years 1929-33. Although the
changes in the level of the stocks of copper are unknown, it is
believed that the annual production plus imports minus exports
(which were zero), averaged for the years 1929-33, will cancel any
changes in stocks that may have occurred and will, therefore, in-
dicate within reasonable limits the level of the demand for copper.
The demand for copper in the years 1934-55 was estimated on the
basis of the increase in production of steel, using the average
annual production of steel in 1929-33 as a base. The estimated
demand for copper in the USSR, 1929-55, is shown in Table 4.* The
demand for copper can be estimated within reasonable limits on the
basis of its relationship to production of steel for past years, and
the same technique probably can be used to forecast its future
growth. The Sixth Five Year Plan calls for an increase of 50 per-
cent in production of steel. Accordingly/the demand for copper
also is expected to increase 50 percent over that in 1955. On this
basis the demand for copper in 1960 can be estimated at about
671,000 tons. Available data are too fragmentary to apportion this
total among the chief consumers, except for electrical machinery,
which is expected to consume about 390,000 tons of copper in 1960. 72/
An exhaustive analysis has been made of the electrical machinery
industry of the USSR. 73/ This analysis concluded that about 240,000
tons of refined copper were consumed in the USSR during 1955 in the
production of motors, generators, power and distribution transformers,
switchgear equipment, electric wire and cable, and communications
equipment.
Information on the quantities of copper for uses other than
electrical machinery in the USSR is very sparse and fragmentary, but
intelligence studies based on interpretations of such data make possible
* Table 4 follows on p. 19.
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Table le.
Estimated Demand for Copper in the USSR
1929-55
Year
Production
of Steel a/
(Million Metric Tons)
Index of
Production
i1929-33 Average =
Estimated
Demand for Copper b/
100) (Thousand Metric Tons)
Year
Production
of Steel ai
(Million Metric Tons
Index of
Production
(1929-33 Average =
Estimated
Demand for Copper bi
100) (Thousand Metric Tons)
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
4.9
5.8
5.6
5.9
6.9
9.7
12.6
16.4
17.7
18.1
17.6
18.3
16.7
6.5
loo
167
217
283
305
312
303
316
288
112
60.9 2/
101.7
132.2
172.3
185.7
190.0
184.5
192.4
237:0 2/
92.2 sti
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
7.5
10.7
12.3
13.3
14.5
18.6
23.3
27.3
31.4
34.5
38.1
41.4
45.3
129
184
212
229
250
321
402
471
541
595
657
714
781
106.2 di
151.5 2/
174.5 di
139.5
152.3
195.5
244.8
286.8
329.5
362.4
376.1 2/
438.7 2/
447.1 2/
a. 1929,i; 1930-140 and 1945-55, /2/; 1941-44, J.
b. The coefficient of correlation between the demand fqr copper and the production of steel in the USSR was assumed to be 1. Although this degree of corre-
lation is known to be too high statistically, it is assumed to be reasonable in the case of the USSR because the emphasis on heavy industry reflects a
different pattern of consumption and creates a higher correlation between the demand for copper and the production of steel than would occur in countries
where production is more evenly balanced between light and heavy industry. For methodology, see Appendix B.
c. It has been assumed that for the years 1929-33 the-supply of copper and the demand for copper were in balance. The average annual, supply of copper during
this period has been estimated at 60,900 tons. (See Table 5, p.22, below).
d. Increased by a factor of 1.35 to reflect the greater consumption of copper per ton of steel resulting from production of ammunition during World War II.
e. Reduced by a factor of 0.06 to adjust for the substitution of copper by aluminum, allowing a 2-year technological lag behind the US.
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some estimates of other specific uses. For example, the shipbuilding
industry of the USSR is estimated to have consumed about 20,000 tons
of copper for all types of vessels, naval and commercial, in 1955.
Similar estimates have been made of consumption of copper (excluding
wire and cable) in the manufacture of automobiles; tractors; locomo-
tives and rolling stock; agricultural machinery, machine tools, and
metal-forming machinery; and aircraft. The difference between the sum
of these uses and the estimated total consumption of copper must be
consigned to other manufacturing uses that cannot be identified sep-
arately and to direct military consumption, including ammunition. The
estimates of consumption of copper in the USSR for these various uses
in 1955 are as follows:
Amount
Use (Thousand Metric Tons)
Electrical machinery 240
Automobiles 20
Ships 20
Tractors 5
Locomotives and rolling stock 4
Agricultural machinery, machine tools,
and metal-forming machinery 4
Aircraft
Direct military and miscellaneous
manufacturing equipment 153
Total
447
The methodology employed in estimating consumption of copper in
the USSR has taken into consideration an intensive programfor pro-
duction of ammunition during World War II. The methodology also
provides for a fairly substantial program for production of ammunition
in peacetime comparable to that of the US and allows for considerable
substitution of aluminum for copper. It is known that the USSR has
significant substitution in the electric wire and cable industry, in
the automotive industry, and to some extent in the transformer indus-
try. 11/ These data suggest that the USSR probably has carried the
substitution of aluminum for copper about as far as has the US.
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VI. Supply and Demand Balance.
The available supply of copper in the USSR, shown in Figure 1,*
is made up essentially of domestic production and importation from
the Free World (net exports being negligible). The supply and demand
balance of copper in the USSR for the years 1929-55 is shown in
Table 5.** The annual differences between supply and demand are shown
as stock changes. The data in this table indicate that during the
1930's the demand for copper increased faster than domestic production.
Only part of the deficit was met by imports and the remainder appar-
ently was met by withdrawals from stocks. A critical shortage of
foreign exchange probably explains the failure to import larger quan-
tities.
Later in the 1930's and throughout World War II the USSR imported
sizable quantities of copper. These imports, added to domestic pro-
duction, gave the USSR a supply of copper in excess of demand each
year during 1937-47. The only exception was the year 1941, when the
nonaggression pact between the USSR and Germany had its maximum
effect on the world copper market, which was controlled mainly by the
Allies.
During 1948-55, withdrawals from stocks of copper are believed to
have been resumed, except in 1953 and 1954, when supply and demand were
very nearly in balance. Although positive information that stocks
of copper were reduced during this period is not available, there
is ample evidence that a shortage of copper has existed in the USSR
since 1950. Three factors are believed to account for this shortage,
as follows: the failure of the copper industry to meet the goal for
production of the Fifth Five Year Plan, the high price of copper on
the world market, and the restrictions on exports of copper im-
posed by.members of COCOM. In any event, it is highly unlikely that
stocks of copper in the USSR were .augmented. during this period.
A comparison of the planned production of copper in the USSR of
604,000 tons in 1960 with the estimated demand for copper of nearly
671,000 tons indicates that there will be a deficit of copper of
approximately 67,000 tons. This deficit is about equal to that of
1955, which was met by imports from the Free World and by with-
drawals from the stockpile. Inasmuch as the Satellites are also
* Following p. 22.
** Table 5 follows on p. 22.
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Table 5
Supply and Demand Balance of Copper in the USSR
1929-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Production 2/
Imports 2/
Total
Supply 2/
Estimated
Demand 2/
Indicated
Changes in Stocks 2/
Minimum Stocks
on Hand if
1929
35.5
25.1
60.6
1930
44.5
20.6
65.1
193144.3
25.1
00.92/
0
68.9W
1930
4m
1.2m
pr:10,
1933
44.3
7.9
52.2
1934
53.3
11.5
64.8
101.7
-36.9
52.0
1935
76.0
29.6
105.6
132.2
-26.6
25.4
1936
100.7
46.2
146.9
172.3
-25.4
0
1937
97.6
103.1
200.7
185.7
15.0
15.0
1938
103.2
125.4
228.6
190.0
38.6
53.6
1939
142.5
72.8
215.3
184.5
30.8
84.4
1940
161.0
84.0
245.0
192.4
52.6
137.0
1941
186.8
11.2
198.0
237.0
-39.0
98.0
1942
164.0
94.7
258.7
92.2
166.5
264.5
1943
141.2
135.0
276.2
106.2
170.0
434.5
194,
147.4
233.4
380.8
151.3
229.3
663.8
1945
134.7
63.0
157.7
174.3
23.2
687.0
1946
142.8
0.3
143.1
139.5
3.6
690.6
1947
155.7
0.1
155.8
152.5
3.5
694.1
1948
186.8
4.7
191.5
195.5
-4.0
690.1
1949
224.2
14.2
238.4
244.8
-6.4
683.7
1950
246.6
6.o
252.6
286.8
-34.2
649.5
1951
281.1
21.0
302.1
329.5
-27.4
622.1
1952
323.3
18.0
341.3
362.4
-21.1
601.0
1953
320.8
61.0
381.8
376.1
5.7
606.7
1954
336.8
73.0
409.8
408.7
1.1
607.8
1955
377.3
49.2
426.5
447.1
-20.6
587.2
a. 1929-35,g; 1936, DV; 1937-55,. from Table 1,1. 8, above.
b. 1929-35, 1936, ?li; 1937-45, LAW; 1946-55, from Table 3,p. 17, above.
c. Sum of production and imports.
d. From Table 4, p. 19, above.
e. Difference between supply and demand.
f. Accumulated stock changes.
g. Average.
h. At least this quantity must have been available because stocks at the close of 1936
could not have been lees than zero.
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USSR
PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS OF COPPER
1913, 1937-55, and 1960 PLAN
Thousand Metric Tons
700
600
500
400
300
700
100
Figure 1
, ,-/
,
: ;
/
, , ,
TOTAL
AVAILABLE
NEW SUPPLY
,
IMPORTS
TOTAL SOVIET
PRODUCTION
--,-
--
'
7'
,
.....----7.
?---
-------
r----.-------
1
I
? ----
1 1 i
1
-- ..---? ----
KAZAKHSTAN,
1 1 1
----
SSR
1
1 1 1
1
1
i
1913
26111 10-57
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1937
1940
1945
1950
0
Plan
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deficient in resources of copper, and in view of the growing domestic
demands, it appears that the USSR will continue to rely on the Free
World for supplies of copper throughout the Sixth Five Year Plan.
Probably the only feasible alternative is for the USSR to engage in
an even more rigorous and stringent program to conserve copper
through the intensive substitution of aluminum and plastics.
Dependence on imports of copper is not believed to have resulted
from any technological deficiency on the part of the USSR. Abundant
evidence is available that indicates that the USSR has an adequate
working knowledge of all phases of copper operations, from explor-
atory drilling to electrolytic refining. The USSR also is capable of
producing equipment for mining, milling, and handling materials
which compares favorably in both size and quality with that of the
US.
There are two main reasons why the copper industry has lagged in
the industrial development of the USSR. One is the remoteness of the
areas in which most of the Soviet resources of copper are located,
and the other is the general Soviet policy of emphasizing immediate
gains in production at the expense of long-range developments.
As previously indicated, more than one-half of the resources of
copper in the USSR are located in the eastern part of Region Xa.
In 1955, nearly one-half of the Soviet production of refined copper
was produced in Region Xa. On the other hand, most of the copper
produced is consumed in other parts of the country.
The principal consumer of copper in the USSR is the electric wire
and cable industry. None of the known plants manufacturing electric
wire and cable is located in Region Xa, and only one -- the Saler
Electric Cable Plant at Tashkent -- is located in Region Xb (Central
Asia). In 1955 the plant at Tashkent accounted for only 6 percent
of the national production of electric wire and cable. On the other
hand, production of electric wire and cable in regions west of the
Urals* accounted for about 68 percent of the total production of elec-
tric wire and cable, whereas these regions accounted for only about
21 percent of the national production of refined copper.
* Economic Regions Ia (Northwest), Ib (North), ha (Baltic), lib
(Belorussia), III (South), IV (Southeast), V (Transcaucasus), and
VII (Central).
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Of perhaps even greater significance, however, is the logistic
burden resulting from the remote location of Soviet resources of
copper with respect to the sources of supply of equipment, materials,
and labor. As the trend toward exploiting leaner ores in open-pit
mines in Region Xa and probably also in Uzbek SSR continues, the
need for more equipment and materials will intensify. The mining and
efficient processing of the lean ore of the type most common in these
regions require large quantities of heavy, power-driven, earthmoving
equipment; large milling and concentrating plants; plentiful supplies
of fuel, power, and water; sizable inventories of spare parts; and
an abundance of skilled labor. The necessity of hauling machinery,
equipment, and other essential supplies over long distances will con-
tinue to place a heavy burden on the transportation system. Although
the USSR has proved capable of manufacturing the required machinery
and equipment and probably has available adequate supplies of power,
water, labor, and food, it is by no means certain that the present
facilities for transportation can bring all these factors together
simultaneously in Region Xa and Uzbek SSR in sufficient quantity to
expand production to the desired levels and meet other planned objec-
tives as well.
The national and the regional press have emphasized repeatedly that
the USSR has not been devoting the necessary attention and funds to
developmental work in various phases of the copper industry. For
example, the lag in developing the ore base is claimed to have re-
tarded the expansion of the copper industry. 4211/ The use by many
plants of outmoded, unimproved machinery and equipment for enriching
ore and for smelting and refining is said to have resulted in extremely
high losses of metal. In mid-1956 it was announced that cumulative
losses of copper throughout the nation amounted to 21 percent of the
metal contained in the ore. ?2/ In comparison with the US, where
losses probably average not more than 10 percent, the losses in the
USSR must be considered excessive. Although one regional newspaper
has pointed out that a good technological method for processing the
complex ores found in Region Xa has not been developed, 1Y other
criticism contends that satisfactory technological processes for ore
concentration have been developed but that they have not been put into
practice. IT/ In view of the fact that US technical journals on
mining and metallurgy have published many articles on all aspects of
copper technology, the failure of the USSR to reduce metal losses and
to install and utilize modern methods and equipment must be attributed
to lack of investment in these phases of the industry rather than to
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lack of knowledge or ineptitude. Such investment presumably was not
made because the results would not have been as immediate as invest-
ment elsewhere, such as in equipment for excavating, hauling, and
handling materials.
VII. Stockpile.
The USSR is known to have been engaged in an extensive stockpiling
r ram for man ears but its exact magnitude is unknown.
it is certain that the
USSR emerged from the war wit a siza e s oc die of copper metal.
On the basis of available data on production, importation, exportation,
and consumption, this reserve is calculated to have amounted to approx-
imately 700,000 tons in 1946.*
Since the war the Soviet demands for copper have expanded more
rapidly than has the domestic production. To meet the increased needs
for copper the USSR has increased the domestic production, but the
rate of increase has not been great enough to keep abreast of the de-
mand. As a result, additional supplies were imported from the Free
World to the extent possible, with the remaining deficit being met
by withdrawals from the stockpile. Although estimates of withdrawals
from stockpiles in any 1 year are necessarily tenuous, there is little
doubt that significant withdrawals from stocks have been made during
the past 6 years. Such withdrawals are estimated to have reduced the
stockpile of copper by a little more than 100,000 tons since World
War II. The evolution of the stockpile of copper in the USSR during
1937-55 is shown in Figure 2.**
VIII. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
Because copper is essential in many phases of Soviet industry,
inadequate supplies of copper have a retarding effect on the over-all
development and expansion of industry generally. Although the USSR
has evaded stating directly whether the goal of the Fourth Year Plan
for production of copper was fulfilled, there is no doubt that the goal
of the Fifth Five Year Plan for production of copper was not. Mean-
while, the demands for copper in the USSR have been rising steadily.
Consequently, the USSR had to supplement production of copper and
* See Table 5, p. 22, above.
** Following p. 26.
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withdraw significant quantities from the stockpile of copper. The
only alternative was to retard the over-all growth of industry
generally by allocating smaller supplies of copper to consumers.
Inasmuch as there are no countries in the Sino-Soviet Bloc which pro-
duce a surplus of copper, the USSR imported supplies from the Free
World. In view of the failure to mine and process sufficient copper
to meet the goals of the Fifth Five Year Plan, the failure to make
adequate investment in the long-range development of the industry, '
and the tremendous logistics problem facing the industry, it is
anticipated that the USSR will have to rely on the Free World for a
significant portion of its new supplies of copper, at least through
1960. Such imports would, of course, be cut off with the outbreak
of hostilities. In this event, unless the USSR had been able to
accumulate, through more sizable imports, a much larger stockpile
than it now has, the country would be in a vulnerable position.
Under the Sixth Five Year Plan the USSR proposes to increase
production of copper by 60 percent) or by about 225,000 tons. This
plan may be compared with the achievements in the course of the
Fifth Five Year Plan, when production increased by 53 percent (the
plan called for 90 percent), or about 131,000 tons. The amount of
capital invested in the entire nonferrous metallurgical industry
under the Sixth Five Year Plan is to be 2.3 times greater than was
invested under the Fifth. fli,V Because of the importance of copper
to the Soviet economy, it is assumed that a considerable share of
this increase will accrue to the copper industry.
If the Sixth Five Year Plan for production of copper is achieved,
production in 1960 will be about 6o4,000 tons. Under the Same plan
the USSR intends to increase production of crude steel by about 50 per-
cent, which will bring production in 1960 to about 68 million tons.
On the basis of the copper-to-steel ratio that is believed to have
prevailed during the latter part of the Fifth Five Year Plan -- that is,
nearly 1 ton of copper consumed for each 100 tons of crude steel con-
sumed -- the demand for copper in 1960 may exceed the domestic pro-
duction by about 67,000 tons if all other conditions remain approx-
imately equal. Even if further steps are taken to substitute other
materials for copper and allocations to consumers are controlled more
rigidly than was the case under the Fifth Five Year Plan, continued
dependence on imported supplies and withdrawals from stocks may be
anticipated.
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USSR
Thousand Metric Tons
860
700
600
5130
400
EVOLUTION OF THE COPPER STOCKPILE, 1937-55
300 - AVAILABLE
NEW SUPPLY
200
100
0
QUANTITY OF COPPER ----6533
IN STOCKPILE
264.3
434.5
637.0
699.1
693.9
682.8
818.4
620.5
r599 8
605.6
606.4
Figure 2
585.9
r 1
ESTIMATED
DEMAND
_53.3
14.7
83.6
136.6
97.6
1937
26110 10.57
1938 1939 1940 1941
1942 1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
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1954
1955
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Although no direct evidence can be cited to support this con-
tention, indirect evidence exists in the magnitude of the imports
of copper from the Free World. During 1953-55, imports ranged from
a low of 49,000 tons to a high of 73,000 tons.* In 1956, imports
amounted to nearly 60,000 tons, suggesting that no significant pro-
gress has been made toward overcoming the deficit between domestic
production and demand. It appears, therefore, that the USSR does
not expect to become self-sufficient in copper by the end of the
Sixth Five Year Plan in 1960. Although investment in the copper
industry probably is much higner than in any previous plan, the
size of the investment required to expand the domestic production
to the point of self-sufficiency may have been considered too
great. Continued reliance on supplies of copper from the Free
World may, therefore, have been judged to be the more prudent course.
* See Table 3, p. 17, above.
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APPENDIX A
DEPOSITS OF COPPER AND PROCESSING FACILITTES IN THE USSR
Available information on the major deposits of copper and pro-
cessing facilities in the USSR is shown in the tables which follow.
Major deposits of copper in the USSR in 1955 are shown in Table 6.*
Copper smelters in the USSR in 1955 are shown in Table 7.**
Electrolytic copper refineries in the USSR in 1955 are shown in
Table 8.xxx
* Table .6 follows on p. 30.
** Table 7 follows on p. 33.
xxx Table 8 follows on p. 35.
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Table 6
Major Deposits of Copper in the USSR
1955
Location
Almtlyk, fashhent Oblast.
Uzbek SSP
laynek, Eashkirelays 5200,
Blyava. Chloeloviday.
Oblast, RCM
Boehchebta Pewloyda-smya
Chlmt, Kazakh SSP
Deg-Veit, Sverdlovskeya
Oblast. 62000
Table 6 follow ch 0.32.
Pc mai
legion el Description of Deposits
Kb A "re" PorPh.V17 deposit with a
thickness of more than DSO ces.
tete and a horizontal area of
nPlermfmately 0.67 squart
'diameters (1m). The average
copper cmtent of the ore le
about 0.9 percent.al Be-
came of Om midi/ nature
of the ores. exploitation was
delayed until suitable treating Process had been de-
veloped. The s true tare of
the deposit As ?Dailar to that
at Kounrad.
RN/ Sulfurous Ores containing both
copper ancl sine occur in
remold" schist.
VII/ Ore bodies comin of lentils
of copper PYrite ranging from
0.5 to 7 Percent eopper. The
emend, grade Is less than 3
percent. .g, The Largest len-
til being marked in 1950 vas
503 octets long along the
strike. Its enrage thick-
ness vas 60 to 65 eaters. 51/
Sn A large Porn)," deposit con-
taining copper, gold, and
mlybdenho. LOW The average
clipper content of the ore is
Mat 0.8 perceit.
"fining and Beneficiating
lkthels
Estimated Production, 1955 V Disposition of
(Patric Tam) Ores and Concentrates
Preparations for Open-Pit
raining were started in
1956. 2/ A concentrating
Plant is. under constnction
to 1956. $1/
Both open-pit and under-
grOund co thois are used.
The ore is beneficiated by
selective flotation.
For moo- years the deposit
was worked by underground
methods ? toes-out mining
wed atarted in 1952. On
1954 the underground oper-
ations were being cur-
tailed. 1.10f
Open-pit mining and con-
eatnating methods will be
similar to Mose at
Ralldiedh. ASV
triTI A narrow deposit approximately Rising is done undergranni?
She 104S. La the central part with three rain levels at
of the deposit, which is about 130 cetera, 190 stets,
120 meters vide, the deposit in and 250 meters.
known to extend to a depth of
130 meters. The rain ore cin-
emas are pyrite, spbaderite,
chalcopyrite, eimenopyrite, and
crmelllta. The average copper
cadent of the ore is shout
It percent. 1CS
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This deposit was not being A copper swelter wee under
wOrted in 1955. construction in 1956.
Production is enticated at
1.5 odIumn. to 2 million tons
of ore containing about 2 Per
rent copper. or 30,000 to
40,003 tons of copper.
Assming the molter at
Yednogorsk wee operating at
or near capacity in 1955, the
production of ore at Blyava
was about 850,C00 tons of ore
containing 20.CCO to 25..,000
Envelopment of thin deposit
naadia3eed a us lac
of transportation. The com-
Platten of the railroad line
between Akeolinsk end
Pavlociar provides access to
the area. Production is to
begin during the course of
the Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-60).
Daily production of are in
1955 yes 8,000 tees. 3.11
On en annual basis, this
rata would mount to Dearly 3
Mlllm tons of ore or ito,000
to 45,000 tone of awe
Ores and concentrates plo-
dded in excess of the
- capacity of this smelter
are shinned to other plants
in ReglOn VIII.
The ore is shipped to the
plant at Padnogorst for
recessing and smelt-
ing-10V
Ores win be treated at
Boshchekul, and the con-
centrates probably will be
shipped to Pailthaeh for
smiting and refining.
The ore is shipped to the
nearby concentrator at
&Tea' Copper concen-
trates ere smelted at
Reeds, and pyrite concen-
trates are shipped to sul-
furic acid plants.
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Estimated Reserve.
(*tide Tone)
This dePait me been know
for ? long time. In 1934,
reserves were estimated at
2.213,000 tans of copper. 4/
to 1931,, reserves were esti-
mated at 352,700 tons of
copper In 16.5 million tans
of ore. Ef It Is believed
that adastioal reserves baye
been developed since then.
/n 1934 reserves were esti-
sited at about 65o,000 toos
of copper in about r
oil-
lion tons of ore. le_gt
In 1935 the reserves were
estimated at 2546,000 -tom
of copper.
In 1955 ? geological dele-
gation from the Free *mid
reported that the reserves
of ore were claire& to be
about Bo million tans.
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Table 6
Major Deposits of Copper in the USSR
1955
(Continued)
tacatIon
Dthethmen. gangenith-
skan Oblast, bath SSP
Adtbren. Arszranskay? SSP
learatash. 19.el11ebte00s3a
Celast. Wit
Iiirorgrad. gardiarebra
ablaut. WWI
gband. Iteremeitmlon
Oblast. Kazakh MP
00comie
beim .SI Description of blethith
IS Ills drab it ecesista of tor
perr-iegnmand ardstom
epread ber ? large ans. 31111
emery= ore Oodles Oecerring
in mattered. Irregothr
lenn? PY 1935. 35 distinct
one tmum tadlety (them-
natl. il_LV ma .eoPPer-beblog
fanatieas are Mat, dipping,
cagierstinlY shelters.
be ore sverape shoat 1.6
Penne eopper? 333/
This parthin deimn? a.?
boom as the Peak dmalt.
S. tisinminations of chalice.
mita, pyrite, sad maybe-
^ in altered tettlary inn-
the rtel, be mange copper
content le 0.6 saremit?
lb albs be at am ?lekat on
of 2,203 meters. aj,/
This debit conflate of 7 on
bollee Concentrated in ? ar-
mee schist north-Gauen belt
12 la thog. the enrage grade
or the or. is about 2.3 percent
COPPth. with MO thoo 1.111?0
in met of the beadles. la/.
VIII This ambit ass Mead we ebl>
as 11313. Copper Otters a
irresalar biles in schist.
50?0 Of the ore bailee in the
Welke gra* ben ? high eh.
content.
Is Ills is a large. len-gnie
ParDbirl dfloett lorsiel about
.0 silts north of lebPbaah.
The &melt in batthathapol
=mists of an Coldieed min
sone Man fl asters thick.
fanned by ? leached um 20
HI 25 meters thick, sod [tally
? mint zoos abut 120 meters
thick, the enrage caPPer
eon-
tact at its desalt is Ithat
It percent. 7/
Mining sal ltetficiating
Petthods
In 1951 there sere 20 umbr-
Vaal Mon and / open-pit
Met an the ans. Mf In
1935, another was-pit sib
table:mkt )
starbi, thick as to beam
the largest In tie arm. laf
/Were:rani methods Ian been
Med exelathaly. The Moth
yin Tear Plan calls ter en.
naive tis? of opm-eit
m?thcds.MW
Thor mien, all intitme-
acted teiergrani, I
Opention. Ore is treated
by mlatin !beetle..
threlegreard ebbed, are
ed with ithlectin
flotation Mimi toed to
Pada. colger sad *lac
emeentraters.
Ma Mee is ? Inge ogee-
pit operatic?, yell
smehlemis. The On is
Debate:I protectios, 1953
Ness.
induction Is atimeted at
3.003 to 10,000 tons or on
per tlay, la) ar 30.003 to
60.000 tom of comer my
ma capacity of tile
triter is 3.033 tam of an
per day. 1121 onsnssish
basis, this 'weld mount to
1,095,003 tons Of on can-
tasting moat 6,501 tom or
capper.
The myal dwelty of the
. breasts le esti-
mated to bare been incremed
to 23,003 tams in 1540. 133/
It the mite tee bra
operating at capacity sines
that time co Mbentrate?
from Itan-bash wed if no ed.
dILIOnal discaverle? bare
ben rade. deposits at rare.
bath my be appraelaing ex-
haustless. Current ban/
prod/tithe a. tattm?tel at
10.030 to 25.033 tare.
Tho anneal enmity Of it.
swelter at glrorgred, Mitch
Procne. mainly local aym.
Is Initthated st moat 53,60)
tomtit Motoemam of Lb?
cencentrator lam 20 to Se
large ball mills It is es-
timated that this eooitt
treated by floe grinding bt coahl means 93,003 to
flotation. 351003 tab of ere
Prebetion Is estLestel.
therefare. ?t 120.003 to .
11.0.030 tom Of Cense per
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Mapfeitico of
One sad Comeatrate?
btheated Penne.
(Mtric Tem)
The high-grab be is in 1937. neer"' an
shipped to ha the continua- ported to be 3.7 ?11110, tons
ter at Iraraskpy. The Of capper. bre name
geode cm is 'blared to ? dIsCenries probably bee bee
concentrator at /Lingle or been sage.
to sauhmh. AU or it.
tamentrates an believed
CO be melted and refined
at blkbah.
Ore Is delivered to ? con-
centrator at Ithiabria
an aerial traths.
Tto cover e?166n1rata5
protecaly ant sent to
Manna for melting.
the onlaor 65'6661-ma..an
malted at immesh, ail
hot it. aim ecocentrata
probably an ?hipped Pa
cheirtmear''
Ore is concentrated ard the
soarer Ore is netted at
dirmonad? tInt memo-
Mates probably are shamed
to amammtna, sal the
pyrites prebthlY art
whipped to enlierie ecid
plants.
Ore Is Oatmeal to talkbah
for both ementrating md.
refining. 133/
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In 1535, resents were esti-
mated at 623,010 tom or
maPara 133/
In 1931, teleran vere esti-
mom at 351,003 tens of
oyster. 0/
to 193k, anent, nee esti-
mated at 571.603 tem of
capper in 33.1. alnico to.,.
of on la
A? at 1 Taus 1936, reserva
arm estimated at2,513,000
tons at mapper. la/
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Table 6
Major Deposits of Copper in the USSR
1955
(Continued)
Location
Krasnourel'sk, Sverdlov-
skaya Oblast, RSFSA
Shamlug, Armyanskaya SSA
Zangezur, Armyanskaya SSA
Economle,
Region I!Description of Deposits
Mining and Heuer iciating
Methods
Estimated Production, 1955 y
(Metric Tons)
VIII The principal ore bodies in
this deposit occur in a. miner-
alized schist zone, which can
be considered a continuation
of that in the Karabash dis-
trict. The two most important
lath" are in copper-bearing
pyrite that occurs in the font
of lenses. The copper content
of the ore averages about 2.2
percent.
Capper ore with an average
metal content of about
3.7 percent occurs in irreg-
ular masses in a rock for-
mation. Formerly there
were several mines operating
in this district, but they
have been abandoned because
of the exhaustion of ore
resources. 136/
Copper occurs in irregular
veins in andesite, some of
which are polymetallic. The
copper ore, chiefly chalco-
pyrite, averages 4 percent
copper. VW/
She ore is mined by under-
ground methods and is
treated in a fine-grinding,
selective flotation plant
where a copper concentrate
and a pyrite concentrate are
produced.
Underground mining methods
are used. The first concen-
trating plant in the dis-
trict is to be built at this
mine under the Sixth Five
Year Plan. 131/
The ore is mined by under-
ground methods and is con-
centrated by fine grinding
and flotation at the
&manor plant.
The capacity of the smelter
at Krasnaural'sk is not less
but may be twice as large.
Production is, therefore,
tohfanco::::::::11:1Y3e4a/r,
probably at least 20,C00 tons
Disposition of Estimated Reserves
Ores and Concentrates (Metric Tens)
The ores are concentrated In 1934, reserves were esti-
and the copper concentrates mated at only 3130600 tons of
are smelted at Krasnour- copper in 14.3 million tons
al'sk. The pyrite coneen- of ore. 135/
trates are shipped to sul-
furic acid plants.
Production exceeds that of Ore probably is shipped to Although large ore bodies are
1950 by approximately 30 per- Zangezur for concentrating reported to have been dis-
cent, 138 amounting to and then on to Alaverdi covered, 139/ reserves pro-
about 80,000 tons of ore for smelting and refining. bably are small compared to
Containing 3,000 tons of those Of ROgiOn Ka.
copper.
This is a small operation,
probably not exceeding 1,000
tons of ore per day, or
14,500 tons of copper per
year.
Concentrates are shipped to In 1935, reserves were esti-
the smelter at Alaverdi. mated at 163,000 tons of
copper. 141/
b. The total production in 1955 was
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Table 7
Copper Smelters in the USSR
1955
Location
Alaveriti. Areaslova SA
Palkhash. aremezeUnstays
Oblast. aelh 93
Parma.
'5-
clubowe. Vostccroo-
asataralays Chia,
Rath 95R
learabesh. Cbely.binlaya
Tanaka. SanaaInael
Cblast, Raab SA
Rtrommed. Sad
lova...
Oblast. MISR
?
or Table T folltra.co P. 34.
tecoadc,
reace
fescriptiam_Of Plant
Source at nor Material Disposition of Pa.:at
V lids le the roll tear salting Copper caentrates non
plant In Rent= V. Sera Varlet Par agerttr ars] Adana
I a Rea testa operated this
eater. Maltla to the 010 Pat
were Ea is 1936, he ..lagithe ji capacity
to 10,030 taper year. g_ty
Ts this is s scetern alter with 3 re- Copper concentrates provided
verberatory thinness sit 3 con-
verters, the largest nonferrous in-
stallation in the Cegg. Order the
girth rive Mar Plan, (1556-60) a
new reverberatory fealfide is to be
.tnta. urell It is Pins" to
antoniz? the control erel checking of
all ihrnliteeh With lonssents en
to result in an firms of
31.b percent in protests of
blister capper by 1960. Lig
Till This is ? nal alter train eon- Local conatrates
centrates marie locally. Ins nee Of
fairly large ranee, omission Of
the swelter es be anticipated.
Is Mao tan se the Irtysh pat. AY Onthentnite? eta local/
altar Ins built by en English a- 'trod each so] copper-
party in the early 1920M. Da lead-Line ars
salter vs renovated in Ins a
was scheduled hie expasion trdth
the Third Fin Tan Pa
(1936-12). 1-1Y
Vill Mils plant tad 3 blast fillerdethe 1 local concentrates
reverberatory terrace, and t con-
verter. In 1918. ).S
by the lora emccatzster
Constriction of this plant se
started In 1913. riS 1939, tweet>
? at t000t 6,000 tea. Capacity
no to reach 16,0W to 9+,0:0 ton.
by 1950. IS
VLLI AM* plant le etaiPPth With re-
verberatory thirsts and cao-
vertes, it least part of the
ISO sed in the triter consisted
of Issiel vial end peat. 12.19/
Bigh-grada Dthethalgan ars
Iciest Concentrate.
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!litter copper is re-
fined at the kcal
electrolytic re-
ter copper is
fined et at the local
electrolytic
flitter copper cinTer "
shipped to Pima ant
ttye for refinlag
by elettroly.i..
Ulster copper Is
shipped to Balthath
for refining.
later capper La
shipped to the elec-
trelytte refinery at
krettn.
Blister nipper t
shipped to raltheth
for refining.
Blister capper is
shipped to Polls for
refining by electroly-
sis.
Estimated 'twatlen
entiaste6 Capacity, 1955 12), of Master Omer, 1955 Si
(Metric Torn) (Metric Tat.)
Caplotion of the carmen- 21.000
atm at RatIsharan a to
have malted In a dealing
of the capacity of this
alter. Arrefors, 1555
capacity tat estated at
Capacity at be 'Waded,e
not only in Smile lost
concentrates of 120,0W to
110.020 tan small/ but
also to @sit diner con-
centrates cede Ilse
Dtherkezsa ars thich sep
amount to 35,0W Us
tho,cco
Therefore, capacity
Tian,
is estimated at 165.0W tCa
5.00012.g
h,CCO
15,cco
15,030
Probably rot sere than
10.030 to 20,0W
25.0:0 tons
S,003
21,030
30.030
25,003
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Table 7
Copper Smelters in the USSR
1955
(Continued)
Location
Krasnoural'ek, Sverdlovskaya
Oblast, RSFSR
fiednogorsk, Chkelovskaya
Oblast, RSYSR
Morchegorsk. leumanskaya
Oblast, R6PPR
Moscow, Moskovskaya Oblast,
RSFSR
Noril'sk, TaYmYreklY
Natsional'nry Okrug,
NSF SB
Heyde, Svendlovskaps Oblast,
RSFSR
Ecpmcdc.
Region 8/
VIII
VIII
La
VII
Description of Plant
Source of Raw Material
This plant is believed to be equipped
with reverberatory furnaces and con-
verters. 122/
At this site is a concentrating plant
with 2 sections, a smelter with 2
blast furnaces and 2 converters, a
copper sulfide plant for smelting
sulfurous copper ore, and a sulfuric
acid plant.
This is primarily a nickel smelter
where a nickel-copper matte is pro-
duced by electric furnaces.
A copper smelter has been operating
at this site at least since 1918.
The plant was dismantled and moved
to Kyshtym in October 1941 and was
back in operation probably before
the end of 1955- 3,5S
XI Construction ben in April 1948 and
the plant was in operation by
mid-1949. Equipment consists of 2
reverberatory furnaces horizontal
converters and 2 anode
furnaces. /612/
VIII This plant was eccpleted in 191.8
and is connected, by rail with the
copper manes at Degtyarka. Equip-
ment consists of coarse and fine
crushing plants, a selective flo-
tation plant, 2 converters, add 2
large reverberatory furnaces. 162/
Concentrates from the plant end
probably some from &weak
Concentrates produced locally
with ores frOm Blyava
Nickel-copper concentrates and
high-grade ores, aleo nickel-
copper matte from the smelter
atPt-change
Copper scrap collected from an
parts of the USSR 12/
Concentrates from local ores
containing nickel, platinum,
and copper 161/
Copper mines at Degtyeadm
and &tweak
Disposition of Product
Blister copper is
shipped to Pyshma for
refining by electro-
lysis.
Blister copper is
shipped to the elec-
trolytic refinery at
Kyshtym.
Capper in the nickel-
copper matte is re-
covered locally by
electrolysis.
Blister copper is re-
fined by electrol-
ysis. 158/
Blister copper is re-
fined locally by
electrolysis,
Blister copper is
shipped to iwyshma
for refining by
electrolysis.
Satiated Capacity, 1955 /iv
(Metric Tons)
D0,00012/
25,000
-Ipansion is reported to
be under way. 158/
7 000 122/
55,000 to 60,000 //22/
7,000
50,000 /9],
Estimated Production
of Blister Copper, 1955 9/
(Metric Tons)
34,030
21,000
7,000
10,000
6,000
40,000 to 50,000
D. The total capacity- in I was
c, The total production in 1955
,000 to 414,0C? tons.
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Table 8
Electrolytic Copper Refineries in the USSR
1955
Location
Aliment", Armyensaa.re 6211
Balkhash, Karagandinskaya
Oblast, Kazakh sea
Kyahtro, Chelyabinskaya
Oblast, REM
moneltegorsk, Ittneanskaya
Oblast, 25752
Moscow, Moslcovskaya
Oblast, RSTSR
Neril'sk, Tvocashiy
Nataioral'en.YOkru,S,
Description
Ibis plant was constructed in 1944-46.
In 1955 the production of refined
copper was reported to have increased
32 percent over that of 1950.
Until 1552, when the tint section of
its electrolytic unit was completed,
this refinery either fire-refined its
blister copper or shipped it to Re-
gion VIII for electrolytic refining.
A second section was scheduled for
operation in 1954. IV/
Source of Estthated Capacity, 1955 12/
Blister Copper (Metric Tons)
Local smelters Inasmuch as this is the only
electrolytic refinery in
Region V, its capacity oust
be roughly equivalent to
the capacity of the smelt-
er, or 25,DCO tons annually.
The smelters
St .11hash,
Oluboknye,
and Karsak-
Pay
Inasmuch as this is the only
electrolytic refinery in
Region X and Region X pro-
duced 166,000 tons of re-
fined copper in 1955, it is
estimated that the capacity
of the refinery must be
about 175,0D) tons annually
to produce this amount of
refined copper.
Catimated Production, 1955 Ei
(metric Tons)
20,000
166,000
VIII The plant is equipped with anode and The smelters Approximately 50,000 tons 35,000 to 45,030
cathode furnaces, casting wheels, and at gsrabash, annually 2?
electrolytic cells Two of the anode ENy=k, and
and two of the cathode furnaces use mednCeorst
fli01 011 fOr smelting./
?reduces copper as a byproduct by Nickel-copper 8,000 Lq2/ 7,000
electrolysis. Pleat was badly dam- matte Prom the
aged during World War I/. a/6 the smelter at
Monchegorsk
No details are available. The second- 55,000 50,000
ary Copper
smelter at
MOScol,
Tootnotn for Table 8 follow on p. 36.
The refinery hes 6 cells. The av-
erage weight of the anodes is 270
kilograms. 110/
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Table 8
Electrolytic Copper Refineries in the USSR
1955
(Continued)
Location
Pyshma, Sverdlovskaya
Oblast, RSFSR
Economic
Region at.
Description
VIII Construction began in 1929 or 1930
along a US design. The five re-
verberatory furnaces are oil
fired. 171/ Fbr many years the
largest electrolytic refinery in the
USSR, this refinery was surpassed in
size by the one at Balkhash in 1954.
Source of
Blister Copper
Estimated Capacity, 1955 12/
(Metric Tons)
The smelters 110,000 to 150,000 172/
at BaYmak,
Kirovgrad,
Krasnoural'sk,
and Revda
Estimated Production, 1955 1/
(Metric Tons)
135,000 to 100,000
b. The total estimated capacity in 1955 was 430,000 to 470,000 tons.
C. The total estimated production in 1955 was 377,300 tons.
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APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
1. Estimates of Production, 1941-44.
a. 1941.
During the first 7 months of 1944, production of copper
in Region Xa was 69.4 percent above that of the corresponding period
of 1940, 26.3 percent above the level of 1941, and 18 percent above
the level of 1943. 173/ On the basis of this statement an index of
production of copper in Region Xa was derived, as follows (1940=100):
Year
Index
1940
100
1941
134.o
1943
143.6
1944
169.4
This index applies only to the first 7 months of each year. New
capacity was being installed at the Balkhash plant in 1940 which re-
sulted in a concentration of an unusually large proportion of pro-
duction during the latter months. It is probable, therefore, that the
monthly production during the last 5 months of 1940 approximated that
during 1941: that is, an increase of 34 percent. The average monthly
production in 1940 was, therefore, as follows:
X = average monthly rate in each of the first 7 months
1.34 X = average monthly rate in each of the last 5 months
7X + 5(1.34)X = 35,490
7X + 6.7X = 35,490
X = 2,590, average during the first 7 months
2,590 x 1.34 = 3,471, average during the last 5 months
Production in Region Xa in 1941 is estimated, therefore, at 3,471 x 12,
or 41,652 tons, which was 22.3 percent of the total production of
copper in the USSR in that yeare6.1.1(1/4 The total production of copper
in 1941 was, therefore, about 1 , 0 tons.
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b. 1942.
Production of copper in 1942 was estimated at 164,000
tons by interpolating between 1941 and 1943.
C. 1943.
Production of about 44,600 tons of copper in Region Xa
was estimated by increasing the average monthly production during the
first 7 months of 1940 (2,590 tons) by the factor 1.436 and multi-
plying this product by 12. The total production of copper in the USSR
in 1943 is estimated at 141,200 tons, inasmuch as production in
Region Xa accounted for 31.6 percent of the total. 175/
d. 1944.
Production of 52,600 tons of copper in Region Xa was esti-
mated by increasing the average monthly production during the first
7 months of 1940 (2,590 tons) by the factor 1.694 and multiplying this
product by 12. The total production in the USSR, 147,400 tons, was
derived from the statement that Region Xa produced 35.7 percent of the
total production of copper in the USSR in 1944. 176/
2. Estimates of Demand.
Production of crude steel* and consumption of refined copper in
the US, 1930-55, are shown in Table 9.** These two series of data were
correlated, and a coefficient of correlation of 0.91 was found to exist
between the two variables. A significantly higher coefficient of
correlation exists if two groups of years are eliminated from the series.
These are the war years, 1941-46, and the last 5 years, 1951-55. In
1941-46 the steel-to-copper ratio. decreased because of the large quan-
tities of copper used in production of ammunition. In 1951-55 the
steel-to-copper ratio increased because aluminum has captured part of
the market traditionally served by copper. If these two groups of
years are eliminated, a coefficient of correlation of 0.98 exists be-
tween consumption of copper and production of crude steel.
* Production of crude steel is virtually equivalent to consumption
of crude steel, inasmuch as crude steel in unfabricated forms normally
is not exported or imported in significant quantities.
** Table 9 follows on p. 39.
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Table 9
Production of Crude Steel
and Consumption of Refined Copper in the US 2/
1930-55
Production
of Crude Steel
Year (Million Short Tons)
Consumption
of Refined Copper
(Thousand Short Tons) Year
Production
of Crude Steel
(Million Short Tons)
Consumption
of Refined Copper
(Thousand Short Tons)
,
1930
1931
1932
45.6
29.1
15.3
632.5
451.0
259.6
1943
1944
1945
88.8
89.6
79.7
1,502.0
1,504.0
1,415.0
1933
1934
26.0
29.2
339.4
322.6
1946
1947
66.6
84.9
1,391.0
1,286.0
1935
38.2
441.4
1948
88.6
1,214.0
1936
53.5
656.1
1949
78.0
1,072.0
1937
56.6
694.9
1950
96.8
1,447.0
1938
31.8
1107.0
1951
105.2
1,304.0
1939
52.8
714.9
1952
93.2
1,360.0
1940
67.0
1,008.8
1953
111.6
1,435.0
1941
82.8
1,641.6
1954
88.3
1,235.0
1942
86.o
1,608.o
1955
117.0
1,412.0
a. 177/
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High positive correlations between production of crude
steel and consumption of copper were found to exist also in
other industrialized countries. For example, the coefficient of
correlation between production of crude steel and consumption of
copper in the years 1934-38 and 1946-55 was 0.88 in the UK and
0.94 in Canada. In Japan the coefficient of correlation between
production of steel and consumption of copper in 1947-55, the only
years for which data were readily available, was 0.93. On the
basis of these relationships, it is concluded that in a large
industrial nation such as the USSR, production of crude steel can
be used as the basis for estimating the demand for copper.
Reliable Soviet data on production of crude steel are
available, although there is less confidence in the figures for
the war years, 1941-45. On the whole, however, data on production
of crude steel in the USSR are considered among the most valid
available on any phase of Soviet industry. Data on consumption of
copper in the USSR, however, are not available for any recent
year. Data on production and importation of copper in 1929-33
have been released by the USSR. Exports of copper in these years
were negligible.
In order to use production of crude steel as a basis for
estimating the demand for copper, it is necessary to start from a
base period during which the absolute demand for copper is known.
As a first approximation, in the absence of any primary data, de-
mand in such a period may be taken to equal production plus imports
less exports. This equation would be correct, in principle, however,
only if copper were freely available to the consuming sectors of
the economy from domestic production and from imports, if there
were no shortage of exchange with which to buy imports of copper on
the world market, and if stocks of copper did not change significantly
during the period. Available information indicates that the first
two conditions were reasonably well satisfied during the period
1929-33, but primary data on changes in the levels of stocks of copper
in the USSR are not available for this or any other period. To
minimize the effect of changes in the levels of stocks of copper, an
initial relationship is established between the average annual pro-
duction of steel and the annual average algebraic sum of the amounts
of copper produced, imported, and exported, which are known for these
years. The demand for copper in succeeding years then is estimated
on the basis of production of steel.
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An examination of the US data on production of crude steel
and consumption of copper* reveals that consumption of copper per
ton of crude steel produced increased by about 35 percent during
World War II. This increase is due principally to production of
ammunition; about 350 pounds of copper are required for each ton of
ammunition produced. 11?/ Inasmuch as the USSR also was engaged in
a heavy program of production of ammunition during this period, the
estimate of consumption of copper derived from production of steel
was increased by 35 percent for the years 1941-45. The US data
also indicate that in 1951-55, consumption of copper did not
keep pace with production of steel because of competition from
aluminum. In the US, consumption of copper increased only 94 per-
cent as fast as production of steel. On the assumption that the
USSR would lag 2 years behind the US in technological development,
the estimates of consumption of copper in the USSR derived from
production of crude steel were corrected by this factor for the
years 1953-55.
There are no reliable data available indicating the
distribution of copper among the consumers in the USSR for any
year since 1933. In that year the percentage of the total
consumption of copper by various industries was as follows 179/:
Consuming Industry
Percent
Nonferrous metalworking
34.1
Electrical engineering
42.0
Chemical industry
2.2
Ferrous metallurgical and
other heavy industry
9.8
Machine building
7.7
Light industry
1.3
Other
2.9
Total
100.0
In view of the many applications of copper, its use pattern is
especially complex. The tabulation given above indicates that copper
was used in nearly every phase of the economy as long ago as 1933.
Furthermore, its use pattern changes constantly as new metals,
alloys, and uses are discovered and as prices of copper, alloying
materials, and competitive metals fluctuate.
* See Table 9, p. 39, above.
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The most detailed and recent estimate of the use pattern of
copper in the US was prepared for the President's
Commission and covered the year 1950. The
1950 is shown by the following percentages
Use
Materials Policy
use pattern in the US in
180/:
Percent
24
7
8
L.
10
12
Electrical equipment
Telephone and telegraph
Light and power
Radio and television
Other rod and wire
Automobiles (radiators)
Building (plumbing, flashing, and
leaders only)
11
Railroads
2
Refrigerators
2
Ships (propellers and the like)
2
Air conditioning
2
Clocks and watches
1
Copper-bearing steel
1
Heating radiators (convectors)
1
Ammunition
6
Other
7
Total
100
These data indicate that in the US about 53 percent of the copper
consumed in 1950 was used in production of "electrical ma-
chinery" -- electrical equipment, telephone and telegraph, light and
power, radio and television, and other rod and wire. Assuming that
the 240,000 tons of copper consuMed in the USSR in 1955 for electri-
cal machinery also made up 53 percent of the total consumption of
copper, the total consumption of copper in the USSR can be calculated
at about 452,800 tons for 1955, whicb compares very favorably with
the 447,100 tons previously estimated,* using an entirely different
methodology.
* See Table 4, p. 19, above.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000900170002-1
USSR: COPPER DEPOSITS, SMELTERS, AND ELECTROLYTIC REFINERIES, 1955
4/4-77c 0 CF:" AS
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0Copper deposit
14 Capper smelter
Electrolytic copper refinery
? sso sco 750 M
250 510 10 Milorntlen
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/15 : CIA-RDP79R01141A000900170002-1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/15 :
CIA-RDP79R01141A000900170002-1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/15 :
CIA-RDP79R01141A000900170002-1