PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC 1945-60

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• Publication Date: July 31, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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ThTeRE-T,
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS
IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
1945-60
CIA/RR 75
31 July 1956
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT -
.PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC'
19/1-5-60
CIA/RR 75
(ORE Project 25.676)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE' AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
S-E-C-R-E-T
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FOREWORD
The major purpose of this report is to derive current estimates and
projections of production of the various petroleum components in the
countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. The data on which the estimates and
projections are based are fragmentary, and as additional information
becomes available, it will serve either to confirm or to alter the esti-
mates and projections. To facilitate the application of new information,
the methodology applied to the data now available is,developed-in the
text of the report. ?
The scope of this report is limited to the production of petroleum
components in the countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc -- extracting those
petroleum components from the earth and making them available for use
in .the oil or gas fields or for transportation to points of consumption
or processing. To place the estimates and forecasts in perspective,
the report includes a brief discussion of the history, administrative
structure, and technology of the production phase of the petroleum in-
dustry in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
.S-E-O-R-E7T
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
Page
1
5
A. General
-5
B. Definition of Terms
6-
C. Historical Background . . . . . 4 o e
?
8
D. Administration
11
E. Technology
14
II.
Production
17
A. Country Contributions to Total Production
17
B. Methodology
17
1. General . . . ........ . . .? . . .
17
2. Weaknesses of the Methodology
17
3. Alma in the Application of the Methodology . . .
.
20
4. Assumptions Made in the Application of the Method-
ology
20
5. Specifics
23
C. European Satellites ...
24
1. Soviet Zone of Austria ? ? ? ?? ? ? . . . .
.
24
a. Albania
28
- 3. Bulgaria
36
4, Czechoslovakia
36
5. East Germany
43
6. Hungary
45
7. Poland
58
8. Rumania
70
D. USSR
87
E. Communist China
98
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Page
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions 105
A. Capabilities
B. Vulnerabilities
C. Intentions
105
106
106
Tables
1. Summary of Estimates and Projections of Production of Petroleum
Components, by Countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1945-60 .
2. Estimated and Projected Country Contributions to Production
of Total liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc, Selected Years, 1945-60 18
3. Estimated and Projected Country Contributions to Production
of Natural Gas in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, Selected Years,
_ 1945-60 . . . . . . .... . .. ? ? ? . . ? ? ? ? ? ? 19
4. Estimated Production of Petroleum Components in the Soviet
Zone of Austria) 1945-55 24
5. Estimated and Projected Production of Petroleum Components
in Albania, 1945-60 28
6. Estimated and Projected Production of Petroleum Components
in,Czechoslovakia, 1945-60 37
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Page
7. Estimated and Projected Production of Petroleum Components
in East Germany, 1952-60 44
8. Estimated and Projected Production of Petroleum Components
in Hungary, 1945-60 46
. Estimated and Projected Production of Petroleum Components
in Poland, 1945-60 59
10. Estimated and Projected Production of Petroleum Components
in Rumania, 1945-60 71
U. Estimated and Projected Production of Petroleum Components
in the USSR, 1945-60 88
12. Estimated and Projected Production of Natural and Synthetic
Crude Oil in Communist China, 1945-60 99 .
Chart
Following Page
USSR: Organization of the Petroleum Industry, 1954 ? ? 12 ?
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CIA/RR 75 , S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 25.676)
PRODUCTION OF Pr2HOLEUM COMPONENTS IN THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
1945-60* ?
Summary
In 1955 the countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc produced 88 million
metric tons** of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons,*** about one-ninth
of the total produced in the world in that year. Sino-Soviet Bloc produc-
tion of these petroleum components 7- crude oil and natural gas liquids --
in 1955 conStituted an increase of 250 percent over Bloc production in
1945 and 95 percent over that in 1950. In 1955 the countries of the Bloc
produced 11 million tons (iii. billion cubic meters) of natural gas) an
increase of 160 percent over Bloc production in 1945 and 62 percent
over that in 1950. Of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons produced in
the Bloc in 1955 the USSR contributed 80 percent, and Rumania contributed
12 percent. Of total 1955 production of natural gas in the Bloc, the.
USSR produced 51 percent and Rumania 41 percent.
The pattern of contributions by the individual countries of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc to total Bloc production of petroleum components has
not changed significantly since 1945. Throughout the period the USSR
and Rumania have been the major contributors. A .summary of estimates
and projections of production of petroleum components by countries of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1945-60 is shown in Table
Although production of petroleum components in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
as a whole has fulfilled planned goals through 1955, some of the coun-
tries of the Bloc have failed to meet annual plan goals. The 1950
Soviet goal of 8.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas, set in the
Fourth Five Year Plan (1946750), was not met even in 1955. Production
* The estimates and Conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 15 April 1956. .
** Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
*** Definitions of the terms production and total liquid petroleum
hydrocarbons and of other terms used in this report are given on
p. 6, below.
**** Table 1 follows-on p. 3, .
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of Crude oil in Rumania in 1955, about 10.6 million tons, exceeded
the goal origiiisa,lly set but fell short of the revised goal of 11
million tons for that year. .It is probable that production of all
petroleum components in Poland fell short of 1955 plan goals.
Production of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc is expected to reach 160 million tons in 1960, an inCrease
of 80-percent over that of 1955. Production of natural gas in the Bloc
is expected to reach 36 million tons (46 billion cubic meters), an in-
crease, of 230 percent over 1955 production. With two exceptions the
relative magnitude of the contributions of each country of the Bloc
to tdtal Bloc production should remain the same. The percentage con-
tribution of the USSR to Bloc production of natural gas should in-
crease substantially, assuming that in 1960, Soviet production of '
natural gas will reach the announced goal of 4.8 times the 1955 procluc-
tion. The percentage contribution of Communist China to Bloc produc-
tion of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons should increase signifi-
cantly, even though the Chinese Communist 1957 goal of 2,012,000 tons
of natural and synthetic crude Oil probably is too high by at least
600,000 tons.
Although the Sino-Soviet Bloc petroleum industry as a whole has a
number of economic weaknesses -- key suppliers, transportation bottle-
necks, critical.dependence on imports, and lack of skilled labor --
there are no apparent economic vulnerabilities in the production phase
of the petroleum industry of the Bloc.
The status of present or future production of petroleum components
in. the Sino-Soviet Bloc is not a significant indication of Bloc inten-
tions. .
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,Table 1
Summary of Estimates and Projections of Production of Petroleum Components by Countries of the Sino -Soviet Bloc
1945-60 a/* 12/
Million Metric Tons
Soviet Total
Zone of Czecho- European ? Total Communist Total Sino-'
Year Category of Petroleum Components Austria 2/ Albania 21/ slovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Rumania Satellites USSR Soviet Bloc China Soviet Bloc
A B C D E. F G H I J K L
1945
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.45
.050
.014
0
Natural gas
.04
o
..00lo
o ,
1946
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.85
.12
.029
0
Natural gas
o
.0020
0
. .
..047
1947
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.99
.12
.035
o
Natural gas
.065
o -
.001,9
o -
1948
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.84
.11
.030
0
Natural gas
.085
o
.0.080
o,
1949
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.90
.13
.060
o
Natural gas
.11
o
.012
o
1950
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
1.2
.17
.063
0
Natural gas
.12
o
.020
o
.
1951
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
2.2
.16.074
o
Natural gas
.15
o
.038
o
1952
Total liquid Petroleum hydrocarbons
2.8
.20
.11
2/
Natural gas
.17
o
.055x063

,
1953
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
3.2
?.28
.12
2/
Natural gas
.27
0
.061
.0063
1954
Total liquid petroleum 1.hydrocarbons
3.5
.33
.12
(1?10::35-4
Natural gas
.29
o
.070
.
1955
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
3.7
.40
.13
.
Natural gas
.32
o
.080
x063
1956
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.b3
.14
.00lo
Natural gas
0
.090
.043
* Foanotes for Table 1 follow on p.'14.
.68
.11
4.8
6.1
.059
- .11
,
- 1.5
1.7
.73
.12
'4.4
6.2
.075
.12
1.6
1.9
.63
.13
4.0
5.9
.092
.12
1.7
2.0
.53
.14
4.3
5.9
,11
.12
1.9
2.2
.56
.15
4.7
6.5
.13
.11
2.2
2.6
.55
.16
5.2.
7.3
.14
.14
2.5
3.0
.54
.18
6.4
9.6
.16
.22
3.0
3.6
.61
.20
8.2
12.2
.18
.24
3.4
4.1
88:
.19
9.4
14.0
.20
.25
3.8
4.6
,
1.3
.19
10
15
.21
.28
4:1
5.0
1.7
.19
11
17
.23
.31
4.4
5.3
'
1.0
.20
12
15
.24
.32
5.4
6.1
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19.3 25.5
.2.42 4.1
1:7 2734
51
25.9 31.8
3.06 5.1
29.3 35.2
3.37 5.6
.
33.5 40.0
3.47 6.0
37.9 45.2
3.71 6.7
42.2 ., 51.8
4.01 7.6
47.3 59.5
4.09 8.2
52.8 66.8
4.20 8.8
59.3 75
-4.58 9.6
70.8 88
10.8
5.49
8o 95
9.6 15.7
.066
25.6
N.A.
4.1
.070
28.0
N.A.
4.4
.051
31.8
N.A.
5.1
.073
35.3
N.A.
5.6
.080
40.1
N.A.
,
6.0
.11
45.4
N.A.
6.7
.
.16
51.9
N.A.
7.6
.21
59.7
N.A.
8.2
-.32
67.1
N.A.
8.8
.45
75
N.A.
9.6
.53
88
N.A.
10.8
.64
95
N.A.
15.7
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:Table 1
Summary of Estimates and Projectims of Production of Petroleum Components by Countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
1945-80
.(Continued)
Million Metric Tons
Year Category of Petroleum Components
Soviet
Zone of
Austria 2/ Albania 2/
Czecho-
slovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Total
European
Satellites
USSR
Total
Soviet Bloc
Communist
China
Total Sino-
Soviet Bloc
A B,
c
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
1957 Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.46
.114
.0010
1.9
.20
12
15
100
110
.83
120
Natural gas
0
.10
.043
.25
.32
6.4
7.1
114
,21
N.A.
21
1958 Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.49
.15
.0010
1.9
.21
13
16 '
110
130
1.1
130
Natural gas
o
.1.3.
.043
.27
.33
7.4
8.1
18
26
N.A.
26
1959 Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.52
.16
.0010
2.0
.21
13
16
120
140
1.4
140
Natural gas
0 -
.12
.043
.29
.34
8.4
9.2
22
31
N.A.
31
1960 Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons
.56
.16
.0010
2.0
.22
14
17
140
160
1.7
160
Natural gas
0
.12
.043
.30
.35
9.3
10
26
36
N.A.
36
a. Although production of petroleum in Bulgaria (since 195)4) and in the Mongolian People's Republic (since 1952) has been reported, available information does not permit
estimates of the magnitude of such production. Estimates and projections of the, production of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons in this table do not include any
production of synthetic crude oil within the Sino-Soviet Bloc or any production of natural gas liquids in the Soviet Zone of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the USSR, and
Communist China.
b. The data presented in this table are taken from Tables 4 through 12, below. Those figures for the USSR for 1945-55 are expressed in these significant digits;' all
other data are expressed in two significant digits with the exception of data in the aggregative columns, H, J; and L. Data in columns H, J, and L are derived from un-
rounded figures and while they do not necessarily agree arithmetically with the data. shown, they have been stated in the maximum number of significant digits which
addition of the data shown woad allow.
c.From 1945 through August 1955 the USSR controlled production of petroleum in the Soviet Zone of Austria, and that production is considered a part of the production dthe Sino-Soviet Bloc.
d. Figures include production of natural asphalt.
e. Less than 500 tons.
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I. Introduction.
A. General.
A competent Free World source 2/* has estimated that 1955 world
production of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons was 785 million tons.
If that estimate is correct, it may be inferred that in 1955, Sino-Soviet
Bloc production of 88 million tons** of total liquid petroleum hydro-
carbons was only 11 percent of total world production.
Estimates of total production of natural gas, exclusive of
Soviet production, through 1952 in million cubic meters are available
in a UN Validation. 3.1 These estimates can be converted to metric tons
by applying a factor _V of 790 metric tons per million cubic meters.
By adding the estimates Of Soviet production of natural gas during the
corresponding years,** estimates of world production of natural gas for
1945-52 are obtained. These estimates indicate that world production of
natural gas increased at an annual rate of 10.8 percentlfrOm 1945 to
1952. By extrapolation, using the rate of increase of 10.8 percent, an
estimate of 290 million tons for total world production of natural gas
in 1955 is obtained. Production of natural gas in the.SinoSoviet BloC,
Which is estimated at 11 milHon tons,** was 3.7 percent of total world
production of 290 million tons of natural gas in 19554
. Knowledge of the fuel and energy available in any Area is essen-
tial in making a reliable estimate of the capabilities, Vulnerabilities,
and intentions of the area. This report presents information, estimates,
and projections which are essential to, any analysis of past, present, or
future availability of fuel and energy in any country of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc or in the Bloc as a Whole, In presenting estimates and projections
in this report, special emphasis has been placed on indicating the avail.,
ability of information pertinent to each 'aspect of the subject and on
the methodology:by which the estimates and projections were made. The
manner of presenting the methodology should facilitate future revision
of those estimates and projections when new information becomes avail-
able.
This report presentsa study of the capacity of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc countries to extract petroleum Components from the earth and make
** See. Table 1, p. 32 above.
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them available for use in the oil or gas fields or for transportation to
points of ultimate consumption or of processing into petroleum products.
Information on Bloc production of petroleum before 1945 has been included
only where it has been pertinent to production for 1945-60.* The only
information included in this report concerning exploration for petroleum
deposits or transportation, refining, consumption, or trade of the petro-
leum components produced is that which was needed to support estimates ?
or to furnish estimates of the existence or volume of production of
petroleum components. Attention is restricted to the quantity of the
petroleum components produced, and no effort is made to analyze either
the quality or value of production.
B. Definition of Terms.
' Production as used in this report, refers to the process of
removing petroleum components from the earth, separating these com-
ponents, and making them available for transportation to a point of
consumption or further processing. The term production also refers
to the quantity of petroleum components made available for consumption
or further processing. Neither the natural gas returned to the strata
in a producing field nor the natural gas flared or otherwise wasted in
the field has intentionally been included in references to the quantity
of natural gas produced in that field.
,Petroleum is "a material occurring naturally in the earth which
is predominantly composed of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon
and hydrogen with or without other nonmetallic elements such as' sulfur,
oxygen, nitrogen, etc. Petroleum may contain, or be composed of, such
compounds in the gaseous, liquid, and/or solid state, depending on the
nature of these compounds and the existent conditions of temperature
and pressure." The term 2etroleum component refers to any of the
following: -natural crude oil; asphalt; natural gas liquids proper or
natural gasoline, liquified petroleum gases, finishel gasoline, or the
subcategory "other products" under the natural gas liquids category;
wet natural gas; and methane, or dry natural gas.
Total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons refers to the aggregate
'composed of natural crude oil, asphalt, and natural gas liquids.
,
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Natural crude oil refers to "that liquid component of) petroleum
separated at or near the well and stabilized at atmospheric pressure and
temperature." 2/
Natural asphalt refers to a naturally occurring mixture in which
bitumen is associated with'a substantial proportion of inert mineral ?
matter. Bitumen is "a non-crystalline solid or viscous material
having adhesive properties, derived from petroleum ... by natural ...
processes and which is substantially soluble in carbon disulphide." 7/
Natural as liquids refers to "those hydrocarbon liquids which
are gaseous or in solution with crude oil in the reservoir and which
are recoverable as liquids by the processes of condensation; absorption,
or adsorption which take place in field separators, scrubbers, gasoline
plants, or cycling plants." ?./ In the US, production of natural gas
liquids is reported under four subcomponents: natural gasoline, lique-
fied petroleum gases, finished gasoline, and other products. 2/
Natural gasoline refers to,"a product produced from natural gas
by: 1; compressing the natural gas.; or, 2, an absorption process whereby
,the natural' gas is bubbled through an absorption oil which picks up from
the gas the desired natural gasoline; or, 3, by adsorption 'on a solid
adsorbent."./
Liquified petroleum gases refers to "hydrocarbon fractions
lighter than gasoline, such as butane, propane, etc., which are kept
under pressure in a liquid state and marketed for various industrial
and domestic gas uses." 11/
Natural gas refers to. "that component of petroleum which is
stabilized in gaseous form for pipeline transportation from the oil
or gas field or petroleum-producing area." 12/ In referring to'pro-
duction of natural gas, such natural gas is "dry," or "pipeline," gas
-- that is, natural gas after the removal of any natural-gas liquids.
Wet natural gas refers to "natural gas carrying recoverable
quantities of natural gas liquids before processing for the recovery
of this latter component," 13./
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Dry natural gas and methane are synonymous and refer to natural
gas which does not carry recoverable quantities of natural gas liquids
and is, therefore, not processed for the recovery of natural gas Iiquids.
The term primary sources refers to reports originating within
the Sino-Soviet Bloc and issued through themedia of the press or radio.
C. Historical Background.
. USSR.
Crude oil was produced in the USSR before 1850. 1LY The
recovery of natural gasoline from natural gas began in 1927. 12/
Production of natural gas from oilfields was instituted in the early
1920's, lg but large-scale production of natural gas from gas fields
proper began during World War II. 17/ Soviet production of petroleum
components has spread from its original center in the Baku area, so
that the only regions in the USSR today which have no confirmed produc-
tion of petroleum components are Economic Regions* Ia, II, IX, and
XI. 1./.2i From a level of 12 million tons, which gave it first place in
world production in 1901, Soviet production of crude oil dropbed
suddenly following nationalization of the industry ih 1918, sloped
to 3.8 million tons in 1920-21, and gradually climbed to 31 million
tons in 1940. 12/ Damages to oil and gas fields sustained in World
War II offset the effects of the wartime development of a new petro-
leum base, the Second Baku, and resulted in Soviet production of
only 19 million tons** of crude oil in 1945. Eli A natural gas
trunkline was built in 1940-41 from Dashava to LIvov, and was followed -
by the completion of natural gas pipelines from Burguruslan to Kuyby-
shev in 1943 and from Saratav to Moscow in 1947. 21/ Production of
natural gas, which was only 470 million cubie meters in 1930, was not
developed until World War II. gg/
2. Albania.
Exploratory work conducted from 1926 to 1928 led to the
development of the Devoli and.Pahtosa oilfields in Albania. .2?3./ Ex-
ploitation of asphalt deposits at SeIenitsa has gone on for over a
century.
** See Table 1, p. 3, above.
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3. Soviet Zone of Austria.
Production of about 100 tons in the Zistersdorf area in
1932 marked the beginning of commercial production of crude oil in
Austria. Following the Anschluss, production rose from 33,000 tons
in 1937 to 1.2 million tons in 1944. Part of this production in the
later years came from the Muehlberg oilfield, which was developed by
the Germans after 1941. The USSR seized the oilfields in 1945 and
controlled productionof petroleum in Austria until August 1955:
4.- Bulgaria.
Drilling for oil in the Provadiya district of Bulgaria
started before World War II and continued after the war with the help
of Soviet specialists.212/ Commercial production of crude oil in
Bulgaria began with the filling of the first tank car with crude oil
from an unidentified field on 9 September 1954. g.51
5. Communist China.
Natural gas of the Szechuan Basin has been known and used
in the salt industry of China for almost 2,000 years. Production of
crude oil in China was less than 500 tons per year until production
was initiated in Sinkiang Province in 1938. Production from existing
fields did not exceed 10,000 tons per year until 1941, when production
of ci-ude oil in China rose to 11,000 tons with the development of pro-
duction in Kansu Province. By 1945, Kansu Province had become the
major area of the crude oil production industry in China. gY
6. Czechoslovakia.
Petroleum was found by drilling near Egbell in 1914, but
annual production of crude oil in Czechoslovakia was only 14,000
tons* in 1945, and production of natural gas in the same year was
only about 1,000 tons.*
7. East Germany.
East Germany has produced a negligible amount of natural
gas for years. Production in 1955 was estimated at less than 10,000
See Table 6, p. 371 be1ow7
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tons,* and production of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons in 1955
was estimated at lese than 1,000 tons.* 21/
,
8. Hungary.
Commercial production of petroleum began in Hungary. in
Zala County with the discovery of the Lispe, or Budafapuszta, oilfield
in 1937. In 1940 a second field was discovered at nearby Lovaszi. In
1941 about 700 tons of oil were produced at a field near the village
of Ujfalu, a field which was depleted by 1944, and in 1942, crude oil
was produced from tile Hahot field north of the Budafapuszta, or Lispe,
field. Virtually all production of petroleum components in Hungary
came from these fields at the time of the arrival of the Red Army in
March 1945. About 200 tons, less than 1 percent of total production
of total liquid petroleum hydrocarbons in Hungary in 1945, came from
the Bukkstek oilfield in the northern part of the Great Hungarian
Basin.
9. Mongolian People's Republic.
There is one unconfirmed report of production of petro-
leum components in the Mongolian People's Republic) and the report
only indicates that the industry existed as of May 1953. g.8./
? 10. Poland.
Production of petroleum in Poland began in the 19th century,
reached its peak in 1909, and was more than half a million tons in 1938.
The oilfields of East Galicia, which contributed about three-fourths of
total Polish production of crude oil in