TRENDS IN THE ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC

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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 23, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
TRENDS IN THE ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY
OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 71
23 March 1956
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
ECR
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
TRENDS IN THE ETECTROTECBNICAL INDUSTRY OF TEE SINO-SOVIET BLCC
CIA/RR 71
(CRT Project 36.518)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
S-E-C -R-E -T
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FOREWORD
This report summarizes and brings up to date the intelligence on
small segments of the electrotechnical industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
and develops over-all statistics on the industry and its three main
sectors: the electronic and telecommunications equipment industry, the
electrical machinery industry, and the wire and cable industry. The
production of telecommunications equipment is considered to be a part
of the electronics industry, and the production of steam and hydraulic
turbines used to drive electric generators is considered to be a part
of the electrical machinery industry.
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CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
Page
1
2
A. Definition and Scope of the Problem
2
B. History
3
1. USSR
.3
2. East Germany
4
3. Hungary
5
4. Czechoslovakia
6
5. Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
6
C. Technology
7
1. USSR
7
2. East Germany
8
3. Czechoslovakia
9
4. Hungary
9
5. Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc . ? ? ?
?
10
a. Electron Tube and Electric Lamp Industry
.
10
b. Electrical Machinery Industry
10
c. Wire and Cable Industry
11
II.
Administrative Structure
11
A. USSR
11
1. Electronic and Telecommunications 'Equipment
Industry
11
2. Electrical Machinery Industry
12
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B. East Germany
Page
12
1. Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment
Industry
12
2. Electrical Machinery Industry
13
C. Other European Satellites
13
D. Communist China ..... . - . .. ; ?
?
?
13
III.
Production
14
IV.
Trade
14
A. East-West Trade
14
B. Trade within the Sino-Soviet Bloc .... . . ?
?
?
16
V.
Use Pattern
17
A. Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment
Industry
17
1. General
17
2. USSR
17
3. Sino-Soviet Bloc
18
B. Electrical Machinery Industry .
19
1. General
19
2. USSR
20
3. East Germany
21
4. Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
23
VI.
Inputs
23
VII.
Capabilities and VUlnerabilitiea.
24
VIII.
Conclusions
26
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Appendixes
Appendix A. Inputs and Input Coefficients
Appendix B. Production Tables.
Appendix C. Methodology
? ? ? ? ***
*
Page
27
49
53
Tables
1. Estimated Production of the Electrotechnical Industry
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1938, 1946-56, and 1960. .
2. Estimated Use Pattern of. the Electronic and Tele-
communications- Equipment Industry of the USSR/
1954
3.. Estimated Use Pattern of the Electronic arid. Tele-
communications Equipment Indutry of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, 1954 . .
4. Estimated Electrical Energy Requirements of the USSR,
1951
5. Estimated Use Pattern of Heavy Electrical Machinery
and Transformef''s in the USSR, 1953
6. Estimated Use Pattern of Electrical Machinery
in East Germany, 1953.
7. Estimated Use Pattern of Turbines in East Germany,
1948-54 ...... . . . . . . .. .
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18
20
21
22
22
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Page
8. Estimated Inputs of Manpower and Selected Materials
for the Electrotechnical Industry of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc, 1954 25
9. Input Coefficients of Manpower and Selected Materials
for the Production of the Electrotechnical Industry
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1954 27
10. Input Coefficients for the Production of Receiving
and Allied Electron Tubes in the USSR, 1954 28
11. Input Coefficients for the Production of Subminiature
Tubes in the USSR, 1954 29
12. Input Coefficients for the Production of Large Trans-
mitting Tubes and Special Tubes in the USSR, 1954 . 29
13. Input Coefficients for the Production of Radar
30
14. Input Coefficients for the Production of Transmitting,
Special, and Microwave Tubes in the USSR, 1954 . . ? ? 30
Magnetrons in the USSR, 1954
15. Input Coefficients for the Production of Electric
Lamps in the USSR, 1954
31
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21. Input Coefficients for the Production of Field
Telephone Switchboards in the USSR, 1954
22. Input Coefficients for the Production of TAI-43
Field Telephone Sets in the USSR, 1954
23. Input Coefficients for the Production of ST-35
Teletype Sets in the USSR, 1954
24. Input Coefficients fot the Production of Radio
Communications Equipment in the USSR, 1954
25. Input Coefficients for the Production of Wire
and Cable in the US, 1952
26. Input Coefficients for the Production of Radar-
Grade Coaxial Cable and Field Wire in the USSR,
1954
27. Input Coefficients for the Production of Aircraft
Electrical Equipment in the US, 1954
Page
34
35
36
37
38
38
39
28. Input Coefficients for the Production of the US
PES-50 Portable Electric Power Generating Station,
1954 4o
29. Input Coefficients for the Production of Primary
Batteries in the USSR, 1954 41
30. Input Coefficients for the Production of 80-Ampere-
Hour Storage Batteries in the USSR, 1954 41
31. Input Coefficients for the Production of Heavy
Electrical Machinery in the US and the USSR,
1951-52 42
32. Input Coefficients for the Production of Steam
Turbines in the USSR, 1952 46
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Page
33. Input Coefficients for the Production of Hydraulic
Turbines in the USSR, 1952 47
34. Input Coefficients and Input Requirements for the Pro-
duction of Turbines in the.Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1951 . 48
35. Estimated Production of Selected Items of'Electro -
technical Equipment in the USSR, 1938, 1946-56,
and 1960 I 50
36. Estimated Production of Selected Items of Electro-
technical Equipment in the European Satellites
and Communist China, 1938, 1946-56, and 1960 51
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CIA/RR 71 S-E-C-R-E-T
(CRE Project 36518)
TRENDS IN TBE ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY OF TBE SINO-SOVIET BLOC*
ummary
Total production of the electrotechnical industry** of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc in 1952 was US $3,100 million,** increasing to US $3,800
million in 1953 and to US $4,400 million in 1954. Production is
expected to reach US $10,100 million in 1960. The magnitude of these
figures indicates the economic importance of this industry to the Bloc.
A large portion of the production of the electrotechnical industry
has been devoted to military requirements. In 1954, 32 percent of
the production of the electronic and telecommunications equipment
sector of the industry was for military radar, 22 percent for military
radio, and 10 percent for other military items, totaling 64 percent
for military purposes. The.armed forces also consumed many. products
of the electrical machinery**** and wire and cable sectors of the
electrotechnical industry.
The electrotechnical industry of the USSR was comparatively small
before World War II, but since the war the USSR has been successful
in improving technology and expanding the industry, largely through
the use of equipment removed from East Germany, Hungary, and Czecho-
slovakia; the forced technical assistance of East German specialists;
and the exploitation of advanced Western designs and technology. The
electronic and telecommunications equipment sector of the industry
has shown the greatest production gains, progressing from a poorly
equipped industry with limited capacity to a major producer second
only to the US in total production. Except for isolated cases, there
are no shortages of materials or personnel in the electrotechnical
Industry of the USSR.
* The estimPtes and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORB as of 15 February 1956.
** The electrotechnical industry includes three sectors: the elec-
tronic and telecommunications equipment industry, the electrical
machinery industry, and the wire and cable industry.
*** Unless otherwise noted, all references to US dollars are in terms
of 1951 US prices.
xxxx The electrical machinery sector includes the production of steam
and hydraulic turbines used to drive electric generators.
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After the USSR, East Germany is the next largest producer of elec-
trotechnical equipment in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, followed by Hungary
and Czechoslovakia. The contributions of the other members of the
Bloc are relatively unimportant. Plants in the European Satellites
have been nationalized, and production is planned and controlled by
Soviet-type administrative units of the national government. Stringent
security regulations are in effect in most sectors of the industry.
There is considerable inira-Bloc trade. East Germany, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia ship to the USSR and to other members of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc. Some materials or components are shipped from the USSR
to the other members of the Bloc, but whenever possible the other
Bloc members are required to obtain materials indigenously, from each
other, or from the West. Although the Bloc imports some critical
materials and various end products from the West, its former dependence
on the West is rapidly decreasing. It apparently is the intention of
the USSR to make the electrotechnical industry of the Bloc independent
of Western sources of supply and self-sufficient in every respect.
It also is apparently the intention of the USSR to expand the
electrotechnical industry as rapidly as is necessary to meet future
military requirements. It is expected that the electronic and tele-
communications equipment sector of the industry will continue to
expand more rapidly than the electrical machinery sector.
I. Introduction.
A. Definition and Scope of the Problem.
This report is primarily a study of production and capabilities
for production of electrotechnical equipment in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
The following categories of electrotechnical equipment are discussed:
electrical machinery, including steam and hydraulic turbines used to
drive electric generators, electric generators, electric motors, trans-
formers, switchgear and switchboard apparatus, engine electrical
equipment, and electric welding equipment; electric wire and cable;
other electrical equipment, devices, and supplies, including batteries,
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electric alarm and signal systems, railroad signal equipment, wiring
devices and supplies, electric measuring instruments, industrial
electric Controls, electric furnaces and heating equipment, rectifying
apparatus (excluding electronic), and electric lamps; electronic
equipment and devices, including household radio and television receiv-
ers, commercial radio communications equipment, radio and television
broadcasting equipment, military radio equipment, radar, special mili-
tary devices, electron tubes, electronic components, and industrial
electronic equipment; and wire communications equipment, including
telephone instruments, telephone switchboards, carrier equipment,
and teletypewriters.
The products of the electrotechnical industry fall into two gen-
eral categories: electrical equipment and electronic equipment. Some
products may be assigned to either category, depending on their use.
The electrotechnical industry is an important sector of the
economy of all industrial countries and is essential to military
strength. The USSR became aware of the importance of electronics
during World War II and has made extraordinary efforts to increase
production, particularly of military electronic end items. An ample
supply of electric power also has been a prime objective, and the
USSR has steadily increased its production of electrical machinery.
B. History.
1. USSR.
Before World War II the electrotechnical industry of the
USSR had only a small electronics sector, which consisted largely of
the electron tube and electric lamp industry, established in 1923.
The electronics industry was given impetus during 1935-38, when tech-
nical assistance, manufacturing equipment, and production materials
for making electron tubes were furnished by the Radio Corporation of
America (RCA). 1/* During World War II, much electronic equipment,
Including radar, test equipment, and production machinery, was shipped
to the USSR from the US and the UK. The interest of the USSR in
electronics was stimulated during World War II by the many military
applications of such equipment. Since that time, expansion of produc-
tion has been rapid, mainly because of the efforts of the German special-
ists who were brought to the USSR; the removal of production machinery
from the European Satellites to the USSR, resulting in an expansion of
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facilities in the USSR; the use of imported Western equipment as
prototypes to be copied; and the use of Western technical literature
to avoid the time and expense required for research and development.
With the help of German specialists the USSR has made an intensive
effort to train personnel in electronics.
Before World War II, production of electrical machinery in
the USSR was of minor Significance, and requirements were fulfilled
primarily from imports. Although the productive capacity of the in-
dustry grew rapidly until 1938, 2/ much of this capacity was destroyed
during the war. In the immediate postwar period, electrical machinery
was acquired from East Germany, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, and
West Germany. Since World War II the USSR has made every effort to pro-
duce electrical machinery or to Obtain it from the European Satellites.
The wire and cable industry of the USSR was started before
World War I and expanded during the war. Between World War I and World
War II the industry was expanded slightly by the use of German ma-
chinery. Since World War II, expansion has been rapid, and the indus-
try now is modern, well developed, and well equipped.
2. East Germany.
Before World War II the electronics industry was well de-
veloped in that area of Germany which now is East Germany and produced
much equipment for export. The industry suffered much destruction
during the war and disruption, as a result of the removal of men,
equipment, and materials to the USSR, after the war. In some cases,
facilities were separated from associated plants, suppliers, or cus-
tomers in the West. In addition, the USSR adopted US rather than
German standards for electron tubes, thus reducing the market for
German tubes and end equipment. Conditions are improving, however,
and the East German electronics industry now exports to the USSR and
to other Satellites.
Turbines were among the important products of the German
electrical machinery industry before World War II, but the manufacturers
of large turbines were located in western Germany. Some producers of
small turbines were located in eastern Germany, and the USSR has ex-
ploited the research and development abilities of these plants in an
attempt to establish an East German turbine industry capable of pro-
ducing large machines up to 30,000 kilowatts (kw). 3/ Other electrical
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machinery plants in East Germany produce a complete range of products,
including motors, generator's, transformers, and switchgear. Since
World War II, production has suffered from shortages of manpower and
materials from the removal of production machinery to the USSR. 4/
As in all sectors of the electrotechnical industry,
Germany attained a pre-eminent position in the production of wire and
cable earlier than did any other European country. Prewar facilities
produced a wide range of products in each plant and also processed the
materials used in making wire and cable from unfinished forms. Such
plants could make various types of electric wire and cable, handle
copper in bar form, make wire rods from bar stock, and draw and tin
the various sizes of wire. The wire and cable industryof Germany
was badly damaged during World War II, and much of the heaviest and
best equipment was later removed to the USSR. The East German
industry was further hampered by a fire in one of the major plants
in 1948, but by that time reconstruction and refurbishment of the
facilities was well under way and directed toward the establishment
of a wire and cable industry second only to that of the USSR in
total production and diversification of product. By 1955 this goal
had been attained. 5/
3. Hungary.
The electrotechnical industry of Hungary is located almost
entirely in the metropolitan area of Budapest. Although much of the
industry's equipment was removed to the USSR after World War II, the
industry was quickly re-equipped and soon resumed production: 6/
The electron tube and electric lamp sector of the electro-
technical industry of Hungary is efficient and relatively large. Be-
fore World War II, UILCO "Tungsram" (United Incandescent Lamp Company)
was the third largest European company in its field, led only by
Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV of the Netherlands and Osram GmbH of
Germany. The Hungarian electronics industry-has produced radio
equipment, test equipment, and, more recently, radar equipment. 7/
The electrical machinery industry of Hungary produces
a complete line of electrical machinery, including motors, genera-
tors, transformers, and turbogenerators.
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Historically, both the electronics and the electrical
machinery sectors of the electrotechnical industry of Hungary have
depended upon foreign trade, particularly with Western countries, for
imports of important raw materials as well as for a market for 50 to
90 percent of their production. Since 1949 a major readjustment of
;the trade pattern has occurred. Most of the production in Hungary
now goes to other Sino-Soviet Bloc areas, and exports to the West have
decreased proportionately. ,
The wire and cable industry of Hungary has been an impor-
tant sector of the electrotechnical industry of Hungary. Before World
War II it was controlled by German parent companies which established
and operated the only significant facilities. 8/
4. Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia never has produced large quantities of elec-
tronic equipment. Since World War II, some improvements have been
made in the electron tube industry, and production of a few US tube
types was started in 1949 or 1950.
Czechoslovakia has been a leading producer of electrical
machinery, producing both small and large machines in excess of
domestic requirements. Since 1939, World War II and subsequent dis-
locations have interfered with progress in the Czechoslovak turbine
industry. 2/
The wire and cable industry of Czechoslovakia was moder-
nized, and new facilities were added in the late 1920's or early
1930's. After the wary some new machinery was obtained from West
Germany. 191/
5. Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
The other members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc have not been
significant producers of electrotechnical equipment. Under Soviet
direction, some efforts are being made toward self-sufficiency in
the production of electrical equipment, particularly in Communist
China and Poland.
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C. Technology.
The electrotechnical industry is made up of two main sectors,
which differ widely in production methods and in input requirements.
The electronic and telecommunications equipment sector is known in
Europe as the "weak current" sector of the industry. This sector re-
quires much labor, test equipment, specialized materials, and, in
some cases, specialized production machinery, but little plant floor-
space. In contrast the electrical machinery and the wire and cable
sectors are known in Europe as the "heavy current" sector of the
electrotechnical industry. These sectors require skilled and semi-
skilled labor and specialized production machinery, much of which is
large and difficult to build. The machinery often requires much
floorspace and plants with high ceilings. Cranes and other material-
handling equipment also are required.
1. USSR.
Sightings of advanced types of radar equipment, state-
ments of returned German specialists, and information on the production
of components indicate that the USSR is highly capable in the produc-
tion of electronic and telecommunications' equipment.
The adoption by the USSR of US standards for electron
tubes and the acquisition of large amounts of US_prewar and Lend-
Lease production equipment has compelled the electron tube industry
of the USSR to follow US production practices. During the postwar
period the USSR also has produced tube machinery similar to US designs.
In at least one plant, however, native Soviet equipment is used gen-
erally for the production of large transmitting tubes. At present
there is evidence of excellent tooling, comparable with current US
standards, and the quality of the electron tubes produced in the USSR
is quite acceptable. Tube shrinkage (reject percentage) is reasonable,
although higher than the US average. 11/
The quality of Soviet electrical machinery, including
steam and hydraulic turbines, appears to be good. For the most part,
the USSR follows well-established practices, often similar to those
followed by the US, the UK, or West Germany. Soviet plants use many
complex special-purpose tools, such as copying or profile milling
machines., Native Soviet equipment is heavier, has larger safety
factors, and requires less maintenance than Western equipment. It
is often made with less labor but with more input materials. 12/
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The wire and cable industry of the USSR is based on plant
equipment received from East Germany. Some machines of native Soviet
design and construction, however, are used to produce coaxial cables
and show a high degree of practical ingenuity in design. 13/
2. East Germany.
The East German electronic and telecommunications equip-
ment industry is still suffering from the following three factors:
separation from West Germany, Soviet dismantling, and the removal of
German specialists to the USSR. The industry is relatively less
efficient and less competent technically than other industries em-
ploying East German engineering skill. Furthermore, East German
methods and plant equipment in the electronic and telecommunications
equipment industry are notoriously wasteful of manpower. German
electron tubes, which are made to standards different from those of
the US, the USSR, and most other countries, require much hand labor.
Because the East German electron tube and electric lamp industry is
restricted by a lack of necessary materials and items of new plant
equipment, its productivity has been low even by European standards. 14/
The major products of the electrical machinery industry
of East Germany are produced by methods similar to those used for
equivalent products in the US, the UK, or West Germany. Shortages of
certain materials have prevented a continuous operation of some produc-
tion processes, resulting in reduced production and a waste of man-
power. The industry is not maintaining the precision standards
necessary for quality mass production. The large turbine and generator
industry is new and is not now equipped with the heavy machinery ,
necessary for proper production. Standards have been relaxed for
motors, transformers, switchgear, turbines, generators, and electrical
instruments in order to maintain high rates of production with a
minimum of rejects. East Germany is aware of more advanced production
methods but has not been able to make the necessary capital expendi-
tures to modernize its plants. 15/
Technology in the wire and cable plants of East Germany
is better than in any other Sino-Soviet Bloc country. As a primary
supplier of wire, cable, and cablemaking machinery to other European
countries, the industry is well established. Although the industry
was stripped of much of its machinery by the USSR and is still
limited by shortages enough has remained of the old plant facilities
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and equipment to enable East Germany to piece together a superior wire
and cable industry which seems to be attaining the pre-eminent position
that it had before World War II. 16/
East Germany has lost many of its key research, design,
and management personnel either to the USSR or to the West. The
engineering force of the East German electrotechnical industry is not
being expanded rapidly enough to keep pace with industrial requirements.
3. Czechoslovakia.
The Czechoslovak electronics industry is in a weak position,
although some progress was made during the postwar period. Plant
equipment in the electron tube and electric lamp industry is inefficient
but is slowly being replaced. 17/
Czechoslovakia has the necessary large machine tools, heat-
treating ovens, testing apparatus, and material-handling equipment to
sustain former production levels of electrical machinery and turbines. 18/
Czechoslovak technology in the production of wire and cable
is acceptable. Production machinery, which is of German and Hungarian
origin, is old but serviceable. Most of the production difficulties
are attributable to Sino-Soviet Bloc shortages of inputs, such as copper,
aluminum, and diamond wire-drawing dies. 12/
4. Hungary.
The production efficiency of the Hungarian electronics
industry is high, but limited to some extent by shortages of critical
materials, such as molybdenum, tungsten, mica, and nickel. Although
plant efficiency is hampered by occasional shortages of materials and
labor, there is no evidence of a reduction in technological competence.
The electron tube and electric lamp industry of Hungary has replaced
its prewar plant equipment, using equipment of domestic design based
on the best features of US and German machinery. This industry is the
second largest in the Sino-Soviet Bloc and probably is the most ad-
vanced in industrial technology and production efficiency.
The electrical machinery industry of Hungary, although
smaller than those of the USSR, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia, is
an important producer of a complete line of electrical machinery in-
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eluding steam turbines. Seventy percent of the Ganz Electrical Equip-
ment Factory, Hungary's largest producer, was damaged during World War
II, but it has since been reconstructed and enlarged. Shortages of
ball bearings, iron, copper, and insulating materials prevail, but, in
spite of these limitations, the industry contributes significantly to
the economy of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
The wire and cable industry of Hungary is notable for the
production of wire and cable using aluminum conductors, which are im-
portant because of the scarcity of copper in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
5. Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
a. Electron Tube and Electric Lamp Industry.
Among the other members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc there
is no significant electron Cube industry, and the potential capabili-
ties are not important at this time. In Poland, where the electronics
industry was destroyed almost entirely during World War II, a limited
production of electron tubes was reached by the end of 1950, and
further expansion has been started.
There is some production of electric lamps in Rumania,
but there are no indications of production of electron tubes.
? In Communist China a small electron tube and electric
lamp industry has existed for some time, producing low-grade miniature
and general-service lamps. One electron tube plant is known, to exist,
but its capabilities are extremely limited in scope of product and in
size of production.
b. Electrical Machinery Industry.
Efforts are being made to increase production of
electrical machinery in Poland. One plant produces a nearly complete
line of generators, motors, and transformers. Another plant for
large electrical machinery was brought into production in 1948.
Technical assistance in the development of the electrotechnical in-
dustry of Poland has been obtained from other Sino-Soviet Bloc
countries, particularly from East Germany.
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c. Wire and Cable Industry.
Rumania has 2 plants known to be manufacturing wire
and cable, and Poland has 6. Little is known about these plants, but
they are believed to have a high collective potential as Sino-Soviet
Bloc producers of wire and cable.
II. Administrative Structure.
A. USSR.
1. Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment Industry. 20/
Before 1946 the electronic and telecommunications equip-
ment industry of the USSR was primarily the responsibility of the
People's Commissariat of the Electrical Industry. During the re-
organization of the Soviet government in 1946, the Ministry of
Communications Equipment was formed to supervise most of the facili-
ties and to prepare plans for this industry. In January 1954 the
Ministry of the Radiotechnical Industry was formed to assume most of
the functions of the former Ministry of Communications Equipment.
These functions had been assigned to the Ministry of Electric Power
Stations and Electrical Industry for a short time after Stalin's
death.
Although most of the Soviet facilities in the field of
electronic and telecommunications equipment are subordinate to the
Ministry of the Radiotechnical Industry, a number of important mili-
tary electronic equipment plants are subordinate to the Ministry of
Shipbuilding, the Ministry of the Defense Industry, and the Ministry
of the Aviation Industry. In addition, an increasing number of
civilian radios, television receivers, and phonographs have been
scheduled for production at plants subordinate to republic and local
industries. It is believed, however, that most of the basic com-
ponent parts for the production of electronic and wire communications
equipment in the USSR are engineered and produced in the facilities
of the Ministry of the Radiotechnical Industry.
Detailed plant studies and Soviet press reports have
indicated clearly defined functional boundaries between various
administrative units. It is believed that all electron tubes and
nearly all electronic capacitors and resistors are produced by
enterprises subordinate to main administrations headed by deputy
ministers of the Ministry of the Radiotechnical Industry.
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The major nationwide Soviet organizations concerned with
engineering, research, and development in the field of electronic and
telecommunications equipment are the Scientific Council on Radio
Physics and Radio Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
and the All-Union Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Engineering
and Electric Communications imeni A.S. Popov (VNORiE). In particular,
VNORiE is reported to be a central coordinating organization for re-
search and development in this field and to be charged with the duties
of stimulating development and production, allocating priority, and
instituting specific projects.
2. Electrical Machinery Industry. 21/
In the USSR most of the electrical machinery is produced
in plants subordinate to the Ministry of the Electrotechnical Industry.
Six main administrations are directly responsible for the production
of the various items of electrical machinery, such as large motors and
generators, precision instruments, wire, and cable. Some electrical
equipment, particularly small motors, also is produced under the
supervision of the Ministry of Shipbuilding; the Ministry of the
Aviation Industry; and the Ministry of Automobile, Tractor, and Agri-
cultural Machine Building.
The major Soviet turbine plants are subordinate to the
Ministry of Heavy Machine Building, through the Main Administration
of Boilermaking and Turbine Construction. Some turbine plants also
are under the supervision of the Ministry of Transport Machine Build-
ing, the Ministry of Shipbuilding, and the Ministry of the Electro-
technical Industry.
B. East Germany.
1. Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment Industry. 22/
Almost all of the electronic and telecommunications equip-
ment industry of East Germany is composed of state-owned facilities.
None of the significant plants are privately or locally owned. By
1954, all of the former Soviet corporate enterprises in this field were
returned to East German control.
Industrial administrative reorganizations which took place
between 1946 and mid-1954 resulted in the establishment of the
Ministry for Machine Construction. This Ministry consists of
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4 production areas, to which are subordinated 17 main administrations
(HV). One of these, the Main Administration for Radio and Communica-
tions Technology (HV-RFT), is responsible for the engineering, manu-
facturing, and sales of all electronic and telecommunications equipment.
Under the Ministry for Machine Construction, the HV-RFT is subordinate
to the production area for general machine construction.
2. Electrical Machinery Industry. 23/
In East Germany the manufacture of electrical machinery
and turbines is supervised by the Ministry for Machine Construction.
The Main Administration for Electric Machine Construction and the
Main Administration for Cable and Apparatus are responsible for most
of the production of electric power machinery, cables, and related
equipment, Some items in this categoryi such as small motors, are
produced to a limited extent under the supervision of the Main Admin-
istration.for Radio and TelecommUnications.
C. Other European Satellites. LI-/
In the other European Satellites the larger manufacturing
plants of the electrotechnical industry have been nationalized and
are operated in accordance with plans establimhed or approved by
administrative units of the national government. The administrative
structures are generally similar to those of the USSR and East
Germany.
D. Communist China.
The national state-owned plants of the electrotechnical
industry of Communist China appear to be under the Electrical Equip-
ment Industry Control Bureau which is subordinate to the First Min-
istry of the Machine Industry, although some relatively simple
military communications items may possibly be produced under the Second
Ministry of the Machine Industry. 25/
Local state-owned, joint public and private, and other electro-
technical plants appear to be under the control of the newly formed
Third Ministry of the Machine Industry. 26/
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III. Production.*
The electrotechnical industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc grew rapidly
in the immediate postwar years. Although the rate of growth has not
been as rapid in recent years, it is still rising. The electronic
and telecommunications equipment sector has had a more rapid rate of
growth than the electrotechnical industry in all the postwar years.
An estimate of production of the electrotechnical industry of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc during 1938 and 1946-54 and projections through 1960
are shown in Table 1.** Total production of the electrotechnical
industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc was US $3,100 million in 1952, in-
creasing to US $3,800 million in 1953 and to US $4,400 million in 1954.
Production is expected to reach US $10,100 million in 1960.
The growth of the electrotechnical Imdustry is expected to con-
tinue because of an anticipated increase in electric power consumption
aria because of the large requirements for air defense, guided missiles,
television, and the automation of industry. Because the magnitudes
of these requirements are difficult to estimate, no estimates of
production have been attempted beyond 1960.
IV. Trade.
A. East-West Trade.
Before World War II the Sino-Soviet Bloc depended on imports
for much of its electrotechnical equipment. The Bloc undoubtedly
would import more electrotechnical equipment at the present time if
Western trade restrictions were not in force.
Products from the West desired by the Sino-Soviet Bloc in-
clude heavy electric power generating equipment, power transmission
equipment, large motors, up-to-date radio and wire communications
equipment, and wire and cable. Even more important to the Bloc are
fabricated production materials which are needed to support the
growing electrotechnical industry. Although the Bloc has the basic
raw materials, it lacks such fabricated materials as electrolytically
refined copper, thin capacitor paper, magnetic materials, and various
metallic materials for producing electron tubes. 27/
* See Appendix B.
** Table 1 follows on p. 15.
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Table 1
Estimated Production of the Electrotechnical Industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc a/
1938,
1946-56, and 1960
Million 1951 US $
Item
1938
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1960
USSR
Electrical machinery and
equipment
N.A.
360
520
700
900
1,000
1,300
1,500
1,800
2,100
2,400
2,600
3,900
Electronic and telecommunications
equipment and supplies
80
N.A.
200
230
240
320
460
600
750
900
1,280
1,800
3,800
Total
720
930
1,100
1,300
1,800
2,100
2,600
3,000
3,700
4,400
7,700
Communist China and European
Satellites
Electrical machinery and
equipment
N.A.
200
240
300
380
520
66o
820
ggo
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,700
Electronic and telecommunications
equipment and supplies
130
N.A.
N.A.
52
66
83
120
180
230
320
390
470
700
Total
350
45o
600
780
1,000
1L--- 200
1,1400
1-L--- 600
1,800
2_L-__ 400
-
Sino-Soviet Bloc
Electrical. machinery and
equipment
N.A.
560
760
1,000
1,300
1,500
2,000
2,300
2,800
3,200
3,600
3,900
5,600
Electronic and telecommunications
equipment and supplies
210
N.A.
N.A.
280
330
400
580
780
980
1,200
1,670
2,300
4,500
Total
1,300
1/622
1,900
2,600
3,100
2/802
142.2-122
5,300
L?_22
10,100
a. For documentation, see Appendixes B and C. Totals are rounded.
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It has not been possible to determine accurately the value of
shipments to the Sino-Soviet Bloc, because official statistics are
too vague or general to permit the identification of the various elec-
trotechnical categories. Destinations shown may be transshipment
points. In addition, there are no reliable estimates of the amount of
illicit trade.
The quantity of electrotechnical equipment imported by the
Sino-Soviet Bloc from the' West in 1952 probably represented not more
than 4 percent of the total supply of the Bloc in that year, or
equipment worth about US $120 million. 28/
In 1953, Western exports to the European Satellites exceeded
exports from the Satellites to the West by a ratio of 5 to 1. This
estimate is based on official statistics which do not take illicit
trade into consideration and which usually do not identify the impor-
tant production materials. The largest exporters to the European
Satellites are West Germany, the UK, and Austria. The bulk of these
shipments have been received by Poland and Rumania, but it is suspected
that some shipments are transshipped.
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany are the principal
countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc exporting to the West. Exports to
the West are widely distributed, with Finland, France, the Netherlands,
Brazil, Sweden, and Turkey receiving relatively large amounts.
B. Trade within the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Trade within the Sino-Soviet Bloc is controlled by the USSR.
On a value basis, the USSR probably receives twice as much electro-
technical equipment from the European Satellites as it ships to them.
Exports from the European Satellites to the USSR are believed to con-
sist of twice as much electrical machinery as electronic and tele-
communications equipment. Production materials and components needed
for completing export orders destined for the USSR comprise most of
the exports from the USSR to the European Satellites. The USSR draws
most heavily on the production of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and
Hungary.
The European Satellites other than East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
and Hungary are primarily importers of electrotechnical equipment.
Communist China imports large quantities of electrotechnical equipment
and exports little or no electrotechnical equipment.
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V. Use Pattern.
A. Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment Industry.
1. General,
Products of the electronic and telecommunications equipment
industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc include primarily items of the follow-
ing categories: consumer goods,- such as radio and television receivers;
commercial and industrial products, such as communications stations,
test equipment, and industrial apparatus and controls; telephone and
telegraph equipment for domestic services and military field use; mili-
tary radio communications equipment, sucn as ground, airborne, and
marine transmitters, receivers, and navigational aids; military radar;
and special military devices, such as missile-guidance and control
and infrared devices.
The major effort in the electronic and telecommunications
equipment industry has been devoted to the production of military
equipment. In 1954, 32 percent of the production of this industry in
the Sino-Soviet Bloc was for military radar, 22 percent for military
radio, and 10 percent for other military items, totaling 64 percent
for military purposes. (See Table 3.*) Continued expansion, with
the emphasis on meeting present and future military requirements, is
expected. Production of consumer goods has increased, especially
since 1953, but the civilian share of electronic and telecommunications
equipment will continue to be far less than that of the armed forces.
2. USSR.
An analysis of the indicated product mix and of the
estimated production of specific categories of electron tubes pro-
vides the means of determining the use pattern for the Soviet electron
tube industry. .?.21/ In addition, individual plant studies indicating
employment and type of production activity provide an independent
means of establishing a probable industry use pattern. 32/ As most
items of finished electronic and telecommunications equipment are re-
lated to specific end uses, the estimates of individual commodity
production, although incomplete, provide an approximate confirmation
of the other two methods.**
P. 20, below.
** See Appendix B.
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A summary of results obtained from these three independent
methods and an estimate of the most probable use pattern of the elec-
tronic and telecommunications equipment industry of the USSR in 1954
is shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Estimated Use Pattern
of the Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment Industry
of the USSR 2/
1954
Percent
End Use
Probable Industry
Use Pattern
Consumer goods
17
Domestic radio and industrial electronics
9
Wire communications equipment
Nonmilitary
5
Military
5
Military radar
40
Military radio
18
Special military devices
6
Total
100
a. Data include electronic supplies for maintenance and
replacement.
3. Sino-Soviet Bloc.
In the electronic and telecommunications equipment in-
dustries of the other members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, the product
mix and use pattern have differed from those of the USSR in the follow-
ing respects: production of more complex and highly classified types
of radar has been largely confined to the USSR, with some production
of radar in Hungary and Czechoslovakia and limited activity recently
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in East Germany; the emphasis of the larger producers in Hungary, East
Germqpy, Czechoslovakia, and of the recently expanded industries of
Communist China and Poland, has been directed increasingly toward
the production of commercial and industrial electronic devices, mili-
tary radio, and consumer goods; and the limited production of the
Balkan Satellites has been directed almost exclusively toward the
production of civilian radios. 21/
The value of the total production of electronic and tele-
communications equipment in the European Satellites and Communist
China is estimated to have been US $320 million in 1954. Of this
total, the production of consumer goods was about US $100 million;
domestic radio and industrial electronic products, about US $70
million; military radio, about US $90 million; and wire communica-
tions equipment and radar, about US $60 million. Exports to the
USSR have been high, especially in the categories of military radio
and wire communications equipment, radar, and television receivers.
In meeting aver-all requirements, the electronic and telecommunica-
tions equipment industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc must be considered
to be relatively well integrated.
' An estimate of the use pattern of the electronic and
telecommunications equipment industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc in
1954 is shown in Table 3.*
B. Electrical Machinery Industry.
1. General.
Many products of the electrical machinery industry of
the Sino-Soviet Bloc are of direct military use or are used for mili-
tary-support purposes. Electrical machines constitute the basic com-
ponents of electrical systems in aircraft, tanks, motor vehicles,
guided missiles, and electric power supplies. Very small precision
motors are used as servomotors and remote indicators, and larger
motors are used in power or drive systems, all of which are common
military items. Military and civilian telecommunications systems,
aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, and the electric power industry
require large quantities of wire and cable. Prime-mover types of
steam and gas turbines are used as propulsion units in ships, as
drives in submarines, and as generator or pump drives in guided
missiles. The most Important single military application of batteries
* Table 3 follows on p. 20.
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Table 3
Estimated Use Pattern
of the Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment Industry
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc 9.1 -
1954
Percent
End Use
Probable Industry
Use Pattern
Consumer goods
19
Domestic radio and industrial electronics
12
Wire communications equipment
Nonmilitary
5
Military
5
Military radar
32
Military radio
22
Special military devices
5
Total
100
a. Data include electronic supplies for maintenance and
replacement.
is the power unit of a submarine. Power generation and distribution
networks use substantial quantities of capital goods, such as large
turbines and generators, power distribution transformers, and
switchgear.
2. USSR.
Those products of the electrical machinery industry of the
USSR which are concerned with the generation and distribution of
bulk power -- large turbines, generators, transformers, heavy switch-
gear, and power cable -- may be regarded as being used directly by
the electric power industry. The ultimate use of these products also
may regarded as prorated among the users of electric power and in
some measure related to energy consumption. Other items, such as
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motors and lamps, are used directly by the energy consumer. The
breakdown of the estimated electrical energy requirements of the
USSR in 1951 as shown in Table 4 indicates the use pattern of elec-
trical machinery. 32/
Table 4
Estimated Electrical Energy Requirements of the USSR
1951
Percent of Total Energy Production
Consuming Sector
Percent
Industry
Basic raw materials and construction materials
Ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys
Chemicals
Machinery and equipment
4.8
23.1
11.4
11.0
Light industry
4.8
Military end items
10.3
Transportation
2.9
Household, commercial, and municipal
14.6
Agriculture
1.5
Military installations
0.4
Electric power stations, line loss, and other
15.2
Total
100.0
Although detailed information is not available on the use
of all items produced by the electrical machinery industry, Table
5* shows an estimate of the use pattern of the major items of heavy
electrical machinery and transformers in the USSR in 1953. 33/
3. East Germany.
An estimate of the use pattern of electrical machinery in
East Germany in 1953 is shown in Table 6.* Turbines have been excluded
from this table. 34/
* Tables 5 and 6 follow on p. 22.
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Table 5
Estimated Use Pattern
of Heavy Electrical Machinery and Transformer
in the USSR
1953
Consuming Industry
Motors
Electric power, including atomic energy
23
Naval shipbuilding
5
Railroad transportation
10
Steel
18
Chemicals and petroleum
16
Mining
6
Aviation
7
Other
15
Total
100
a. Included under other categories.
Table 6
Percent
Generators Turbines
80 73
5 22
3 24
7 44
44 44
2/ a/
5 5
100 100
Estimated Use Pattern
of Electrical Machinery in East Germany
1953
Consuming Sector
Percent
Households
8
Industry, agriculture, and services
Investment for productive purposes
13
Direct consumption
25
Exports, including reparations
54
Total
100
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An estimate of the use pattern of turbines in East Germany
during 1948-54 is shown in Table 7. 35/
Table 7
Estimated Use Pattern of Turbines in East Germany
1948=54
End Use Percent
Power-generation equipment
77
Ship propulsion
12
Pump, fan, and miscellaneous drive
11
Total 100
4. Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
If exports to the USSR are excluded, the use pattern of
electrical machinery in the other European Satellites is generally
similar to that in East Germany. Shipments to the USSR may be con-
siderable in the case of Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Little is known of the use pattern of electrical machinery
in Communist China, but the use of this machinery is small in compari-
son with that in the Sino-Soviet Bloc as a whole.
VI. Inputs.*
In addition to floorspace, specialized production machinery, and,
for some products, special handling equipment, the electrotechnical
industry requires inputs of skilled labor and of special conducting,
insulating, and magnetic materials. The material inputs which are
used in significant quantities and which are considered to be in
critical supply in the Sino-Soviet Bloc include copper, steel, alumi-
num, lead, nickel, electrical sheet steel, large forgings, and re-
fractory metal products such as those requiring tungsten and molybdenum.
* See Appendix A.
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Estimates of the inputs of manpower and selected materials for
the electrotechnical industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1954 are
,shown in Table 8.*
VII. Capabilities and Vulnerabilities.
As a result of the emphasis placed on the production of electronic
and telecommunications equipment in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, there has
been a rapid expansion of production since World War II, and this ex-
pansion probably will continue. It is believed that the Bloc is
capable of supplying all the electronic and telecommunications equip-
ment necessary for current needs. The Bloc will have sufficient
capacity in the future to support a general war, to provide for essen-
tial services, and also to provide a small amount of civilian radio-
broadcasting and receiving equipment. The Bloc will not be capable
of meeting all conceivable military needs simultaneously, but its
electrotechnical industry is adequately organized and equipped to
provide electronic and telecommunications equipment for most of the
necessary advanced and complex applications such as fire-control,
airborne intercept radar, navigation systems, and missile guidance.
The only bottlenecks are the supplies of a_few specialized materials
and quality control.
The production of electrical machinery and turbines in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc has been increasing steadily since World War II. The
USSR seems to have no critical requirements for imported input
materials, although shortages of materials do exist in the European
Satellites. In the USSR there are no shortages of manpower or
materials, but there are difficulties in maintaining quality control
and providing engineers with production experience.
East Germany has had a shortage of turbines for prime movers.
Large diesel engines and steam engines have been used where such
substitutions are applicable. Because these substitutions are
limited to engines of about 10,000 horsepower, substitutions have
been possible only in the small- to medium-power sizes.
The electrotechnical industry of the USSR is concentrated mainly
in the western industrial areas, particularly in the Leningrad and
Moscow areas., This concentration of industry is an important
vulnerability.
* Table 8 follows on p. 25.
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Estimated Inputs of Manpower
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Table 8
and Selected Materials for the Electrotechnical Industry
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc a/
1954
Input
Unit
Electrical Machinery
and Equipment
Communist
China and
European
USSR Satellites
Total
Electronic
and Telecommunications
Equipment
Communist
China and
European
USSR Satellites
Total Electrotechnical
Machinery and Equipment
Communist
China and
European
Total USSR Satellites
Total
Manpower
Man-years
46o,000
290,000
750,000
300,000
170,000
470,000
760,000
46o,000
1,200,000
Steel
Metric tons
710,000
370,000
1,100,000
54,000
19,000
73,000
770,000
390,000
1,200,000
Copper
Metric tons
140,000
76,000
220,000
9,000
3,200
12,000
150,000
79,000
230,000
Aluminum
Metric tons
21,000
11,000
32,000
2,200
800
3,000
23,000
12,000
35,000
Iron castings
Metric tons
130,000
67,000
200,000
1,300
1.50
1,700
130,000
68,000
200,000
a. For documentation and methodology, see Appendix C. Totals are rounded.
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VIII. Conclusions.
The USSR has recognized the importance of the electrotechnical
industry to the economy and well-being of the country as a whole and
has been impressed with the military importance of the industry, par-
ticularly of the electronic and telecommunications equipment sector.
Since World War II the electronic and telecommunications equipment
industry of the USSR has grown from a poorly equipped industry having
an extremely limited capacity to an important world producer with
modern plant equipment. A variety of complex types of equipment has
recently appeared. Much of this equipment is of native design, indi-
cating a technological capability greatly superior to that of the
industry before 1950.
The USSR is second only to the US in the production of electronic
and telecommunications equipment. A larger proportion of production
is used for military requirements in the USSR than in the US. There
is a trend in the USSR toward continued expansion of production, with
greater emphasis on military end items than on consumer goods. Be-
cause of the large area covered by the Sino-Soviet Bloc, the require-
ments for electronic and telecommunications equipment in air defense
are very large, involving large quantities of search and fire-control
radar, communications equipment, and, eventually, electrical and
electronic equipment for guided missiles.
The intention of the USSR apparently is to expand its electrotech-
nical industry as rapidly as necessary to meet future military require-
ments and to make the industry self-sufficient in every respect. The
industry is almost self-sufficient now and depends on imports for only
a few critical materials. Substitutions for these imports could be
made if necessary.
The electronic and telecommunications equipment sector of the
electrotechnical industry of the USSR probably will expand more
rapidly than the electrical machinery sector, because of the policy
of emphasizing military electronics and because of the requirements
of the electrical machinery industry for heavy production machinery
and special-handling equipment. Considerable time is required for
the development and manufacture of this production equipment.
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APPENDIX A
INPUTS AND INPUT COEFFICIENTS
A. Input Coefficients.
The principal input coefficients for manpower and for selected ma-
terials for the production of the electrotechnical industry of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1954 are shown in Table 9. In this table the
industry is divided into its two main sectors, electronic and tele-
communications equipment and electrical machinery.
Table 9
Input Coefficients of Manpower and Selected Materials
for the Production of the Electrotechnical Industry
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc 2/
1954
inputs per Million 1951 US $
Category
of Input
Unit
Electronic
and Telecommunications
Equipment
Electrical
Machinery
Manpower
Man-years
330 b/
220
Steel
Metric tons
60 ?
340
Copper
Metric tons
10
69
Aluminum
Metric tons
2.5
10
Iron
castings
Metric tons
1.4
61
a. For documentation and methodology, see Appendix D.
b. The figure is for the USSR only. The figure is 530 for
Communist China and the European Satellites.
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B. Input Coefficients for Selected Items of Electrotechnical
Equipment.
Most of the following' Input data is for US equipment or is based
on US equipment inputs because in most cases US inputs are the same
as those for the Sino-Soviet Bloc. In a few cases the data were db-
tained by an analysis of Soviet equipment.
The input coefficients for the production of all receiving and
allied electron tubes, including metal and glass receiving tubes,
miniature tubes, subminiature tubes, and tubes of the general size
and with characteristics similar to those of receiving tubes in the
USSR in 1954, are shown in Table 10.
Table 10
Input Coefficients
for the Production of Receiving and Allied Electron Tubes
in the USSR a/
1954 ?
Inputs per Thousand Tubes
Category of Input
Unit Quantity
Manpower Man-hours 150 to 2,500
Mica (raw material before punching) Pounds 15.0
Tungsten wire Pounds 0.17
Grid wire (includes nickel, molybdenum,
and iron alloys) Pounds 1.2
Glass
For glass-type tubes Pounds 90.0
For miniature-type tubes Pounds 4o.o
For metal-type tubes Pounds 18.0
Energy
Coal Pounds. 90
Electricity Kilowatt-hours 60
a.
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The input coefficients for the production of subminiature tubes
in the USSR in 1954 are shown in Table 11. Although included in
Table 10, this category is given in detail in Table 11 as an aid in
determining proximity fuse data.
Table 11
Input Coefficients for the Production of Subminiature Tubes
in the USSR a/
1954
Inputs per Thousand Tubes
Category of Input
Mica (raw material, highest quality)
Glass tubing
Dumet sealing wire
Unit Quantity
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
4
15
7
a. 37/
The input coefficients for the production of large transmitting
tubes and special tubes in the USSR in 1954 are shown in Table 12.
Table 12
Input Coefficients for the Production
of Large Transmitting Tubes and Special Tubes
in the USSR a/
1954 ?
Inputs
per Thousand Tubes
Category of Input
Manpower b/
Tungsten rod and heavy wire
Molybdenum rod and sheet
Energy
Coal
Electricity
Unit
Man-hours
Pounds
Pounds
Quantity
4,000 to 25,000
15 to 35
15 to 35
Pounds 1,500
Kilowatt-hours 1,000
a. 38/
b. Manpower inputs include all employees.
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The input coefficients for the production of small, medium, and
large radar magnetrons in the USSR in 1954 are shown in Table 13.
Table 13
Input Coefficients for the Production of Radar Magnetrons
in the USSR a/
1954 ?
Inputs per Thousand Tubes
Category of Input
Copper rods, bars, tubes, and heavy sheet
(oxygen-free, high-conductivity -- OFBC)
Molybdenum
Kovar sealing metal
Quantity (Pounds)
Medium
and Small Large
Magnetrons Magnetrons
72,300
4,600
6,150
a. 39/
The input coefficients for the production of transmitting, special,
and microwave tubes in the USSR in 1954, based on US practice, are
shown in Table 14.
Table 14
Input Coefficients for the Production
of Transmitting, Special, and Microwave Tubes
in the USSR a/
1954
Inputs per Thousand 1950 US $
Category of Input
Copper (OFBC)
Tungsten
Molybdenum
Kovar sealing metal
Nickel
Quantityp
(Pounds)
46.0
0.93
1.08
4.3o
3.75
a. 40/
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Inputs for the production of electric lamps vary widely depending
on the types of production machinery used and the sizes of lamps manu-
factured. The input coefficients for the production of general-service
lamps in the USSR in 1954 are shown in Table 15.
Table 15
Input Coefficients for the Production of Electric Tamps
in the USSR 2/
1954
Inputs per Thousand Lamps
Category of Input Unit Quantity
Manpower b/ Man-hours 25
Tungsten wire (800 to 1,030 meters) Pounds 0.21
Glass bulbs Pounds 88
Glass tubing Pounds 6.5
a. 41i
b. Manpower inputs are based on US practice.
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The input coefficients for the production of Soviet field tele-
phone switchboards in the USSR in 1954, based on analysis of Soviet
equipment, are shown in Table 21.
Table 21
Input Coefficients for the Production
of Field Telephone Switchboards
in the USSR a/*
1954 ?
Inputs per Unit
Quantity
Type
Type
Category of Input
Unit
K-10
PK-10
Manpower
Man-hours
35
45
Steel
Pounds
12.4
3.4
Copper
Pounds
0.3
6.5
Aluminum
Pounds
N.A.
0.5
Iron
Pounds
N.A.
0.9
Footnote for Table 21 follows on p. 35.
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Table 21
Input Coefficients for the Production
of Field Telephone Switchboards
in the USSR p.../
1954
(Continued)
Inputs per Unit
Quantity
Type
Type
Category of Input
Unit
K-10
PK-10
Plastics
Pounds
o.6
1.1
Hard rubber
Pounds
0.3
0.6
Wood
Pounds
N.A.
10.5
Brass
N.A.
N.A.
Energy
Coal
Pounds
21
27
Electricity
Kilowatt-hours
7
, 9
a. 47/
The input coefficients for the production of TAI-43 field tele-
phone sets in the USSR in 1954, based on an analysis of & Soviet
set, are shown in Table 22.
Table 22
Input Coefficients for the Production
of TAI-43 Field Telephone Sets
in the USSR 2/*
1954
Inputs per Set
Category of Input Unit Quantity
Manpower Man-hours 10
Steel Pounds 1.9
Copper Pounds 0.3
Plastics Pounds 4.2
Brass Pounds 1.4
* Footnote for Table 22 follows on p. 36.
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Table 22
Input Coefficients for the Production
of TAI-43 Field Telephone Sets
in the USSR 2/
1954
(Continued)
Inputs per Set
Category of Input
Unit Quantity
Lead Pounds 0.5
Energy
Coal Pounds 6
Electricity Kilowatt-hours 2
Battery (1.5-volt dry cell) Units 1
a. 48/
The input coefficients for the production of ST-35 teletype sets
in the USSR in 1954, based on an an4ysis of a Soviet set, are shown
in Table 23.
Table 23
Input Coefficients for the Production
of ST-35 Teletype Sets
in the USSR 2/
1954
Inputs per Set
Category of Input Unit Quantity
Manpower Man-hours 170.
Steel Pounds 58.8
Wood Pounds 30.3
a. _21-
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The input coefficients for the production of radio communications
equipment in the USSR in 1954 are shown in Table 24.
Table 24
Input Coefficients for the Production of Radio Communications Equipment
in the USSR a/
1954 ?
Inputs per Set
Quantity
Type
Type
Type
Category of Input
Unit
A-7-B
RB
RBM-1 12/
Manpower
Man-hours
110
110
110
Steel
Pounds
10.6
9.0
20.3
Copper
Pounds
2.6
1.8
4.3
Aluminum
Pounds
N.A.
6.0
8.1
Iron
Pounds
N.A.
0.8
0.3
Plastics
Pounds
1.5
2.0
3.5
Foam rubber
Pounds
N.A.
N.A.
0.3
Wood
Pounds
10.6
N.A.
25.0
Brass
Pounds
0.2
0.9
0.5
Canvas
Pounds
N.A.
0.9
3.9
Ceramics
Pounds
0.2
N.A.
0.9
Glass
Pounds
N.A.
N.A.
0.3
Other
\
Electron tubes (receiving)
Units
9
8
8
Batteries
BAS-60 or BAS-80 (primary)
Units
2
2
4
NKN-22 (storage)Units
2
1
2
Energy
Coal
Pounds
66
66
66
Electricity
Kilowatt-hours
22
22
22
a. 50/
b. Inputs for the production of the type RBM-1 include packing, spare
parts, the sending key, and aerial equipment.
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The input coefficients for the production of wire and cable in
the US in 1952 are shown in Table 25.
Table 25
Input Coefficients for the Production of Wire
in the US a/
1952
Pounds per
and Cable
Pound of Copper Conductor
Category of Input
Quantity
Carbon steel
0.23
Alloy steel
0.04
Copper
1.Q0
Aluminum (conductor only)
0.16
Rubber (including synthetic)
0.07
Lead
0.18
Polyethylene
0.03
a. 51/
The input coefficients for the production of radar-grade coaxial
:table and field wire in the USSR in 1954 are shown in Table 26.
Table 26
Input Coefficients for the Production
of Radar-Grade Coaxial Cable and Field Wire
in the USSR 2/
1954
Inputs per Thousand Feet
Category of Input
Unit
Quantity
Field Wire
Radar-Grade
Coaxial Cable
Manpower
Copper
Polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Man-hours
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
N.A.
28
N.A.
N.A.
12
20
23
30
a. 52/
The input coefficients for the production of
craft electrical equipment in the US in 1954 are
* Table 27 follows on p. 39.
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various items of air-
shown in Table 27.*
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Table 27
Input Coefficients for the Production of Aircraft Electrical Equipment in the US a/
1954
Inputs per Unit
Actuator
Starter
Generator
Inverter
Category of Input
Unit
Type D2-14
Type
6BPSR-3
Type G29-8B
Type F46-2
ManPower
Man-hours
go
11.0
80
95
Steel plate
Pounds
35
11
18
17
Steel punchings
Pounds
18
17
52
51
Forgings
Pounds
36
30
55
N.A.
Copper
Pounds
lo
1
23
17
Aluminum castings
Pounds
6
2
11
5
Mica
Pounds
1
10
Negligible
1
Insulation material
Pounds
2
2
2
2
Roller bearings
Units
6
11.
2
2
Energy
Coal
Pounds
55
24
50
55
Electricity
Kilowatt-hours
35
16
30
40
a. 22/
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The input coefficients for the production of the PES-50 portable
electric power generating station in the US in 1954 are shown in
Table 28.
Table 28
Input Coefficients for the Production
of the US PES-50 Portable Electric Power Generating Station ni
1954
Inputs per Unit
Category of Input
Manpower (drive and generator)
Drive and accessories
Unit Quantity
Man-hours 3,840
Cast iron Pounds 6,440
Steel Pounds 640
Babbitt Pounds 7
Bronze, brass, copper, and plastics Pounds 73
Generator and exciter
. Steel plate Pounds 750
Steel punchings Pounds 762
Steel castings Pounds 47
Steel forgings Pounds 94
Copper Pounds 338
Aluminum, miscellaneous material Pounds 3
Energy
Coal Pounds 230
Electricity Kilowatt-hours 155
a. 2._/
The input coefficients for the production of primsry batteries in
the USSR in 1954, based on an analysis of Soviet batteries, are shown
in Table 29.*
* Table 29 follows on p. 41.
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Table 29
Input Coefficients for the Production of Primary Batteries
in the USSR 2/
1954
Inputs per Metric Tons
Category of Input
Manpower
Manganese dioxide
Ammonium chloride
Zinc chloride
Zinc
Starch
Graphite
Miscellaneous chemicals
Unit
Man-hours
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Quantity
1,100
600
264
176
594
198
176
132
a. 55/ ,
The input coefficients for the production of 80-ampere-hour stor-
age batteries in the USSR in 1954, based on an analysis of Soviet
batteries, are shown in Table 30.
Table 30
Input Coefficients for the Production
of 80-Ampere-Hour Storage Batteries
in the USSR 2/
1954-
Inputs per Unit
Category of Input
Manpower
Hard rubber
Sulfuric acid
Lead
Unit
Man-hours
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Quantity
0.5
10
3.5
18
a. 56/
The input coefficients for the production of heavy electrical
machinery in the US and in the USSR during 1951-52, based on both
the US and the Soviet practice, are shown in Table 31.*
* Table 31 follows on p. 42.
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Table 31
Input Coefficients for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery in the US and the USSR 2/*
1951-52
Pounds
Type of Machinery
Total
Steel12/
Steel
Plate I!
Steel /
Punchings b/
Steel
Castilags b/
Steel
Forgings IV
Copper12/
Aluminum12/
Total Weight
Manpower 2/
(Man-hours)
Motors
Induction
373 kw
1,865 kw
US Inputs per KW
1.56
0.86
13.4
12.9
5.42
4.20
4.42 2.36 1.19 1.56
4.76 1.60 2.31 1.23
Inputs per Unit of Sino-Soviet Bloc Sizes 2/
Negligible
Negligible
15.0
14..1
18,000 kw
236,000
86,600
82,600
35,600
31,500
25,200
Negligible
262 ,000
28,000
10,000 kw
131,000
48,100
45,900
19,800
17,500
14,000
Negligible
145,000
15,600
3,000 kw
39,400
14,400
13,800
5,940
5,250
4,200
Negligible
43,600
4,66o
1,000 kw
13,100
4,810
4,590
1,980
1,750
1,400
Negligible
14,500
1,560
Synchronous
US Inputs per Kw d/
149 kw
23.6
10.7
10.9
0.67
1.34
4.83
Negligible
28.4
2.48
2,238 kw
22.5
7.02
10.4
1.74
3.35
1.99
Negligible
24.5
0.59
Inputs per Unit of Sino-Soviet Bloc Sizes 2/
15,000 kw
338,000
105,000
156,000
26,100
50,200
30,000
Negligible
368,000
37,200
10,000 kw
225,000
70,200
104,000
17,400
33,500
20,000
Negligible
245,000
24,800
5,000 kw
113,000
35,100
52,200
8,700
16,800
10,000
Negligible
123,000
12,400
2,500 kw
56,400
17,600
26,100
4,350
8,380
5,000
Negligible
61,400
6,200
750 kw
16,900
5,260
7,820
1,300
2,512
1,500
Negligible
18,400
1,860
* Footnotes for Table 31 follow on p. 45.
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Table 31
Input Coefficients for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery in the US and the USSR a/
1951-52
(Continued)
Pounds
Total ,
Type of Machinery Steel b/
Motors (Continued)
Steel Steel
Plate b/ Punchings 12/
Steel
Castings 12/
Steel
Forgings 12/
Copper 12/
Manpower 2/
Aluminum 12/ ' Total Weight (Man-hours)
Direct current
US Inputs per Kw 1/
550 kw
16.4
10.0
5.09
0.14
1.22
4.27
0.05
20.8
2.91
620 kw
16.6
10.1
5.16
0.24
1.13
5.44
Negligible
22.0
3.23
2,238 kw
22.9
12.1
9.16
0.13
1.56
3.46
0.04
26.4
2.75
Inputs per Unit of Sino-Soviet Bloc Sizes 2/
20,000 kw
458,000
241,000
183,000
2,600
31,200
69,200
800
528,000
55,000
10,000 kw
229,000
121,000
91,600
1,300
15,600
311.,600
400
264,000
27,500
7,500 kw
3,000 kw
172,000
68,700
90,400
36,200
68,700
27,500
975
390
11,700
4,68o
26,000
10,400
300
120
198,000
79,200
20,600
8,250
750 kw
14,000
8,030
4,85o
128
975
3,290
38
17,300
2,220
Generators
Turbogenerators
US Inputs per KW
Air-cooled
6,250 kw
6.57
1.19
4.00
0.68
1.30
0.65
0.02
7.24
2.02
Inputs per Unit of Sino-Soviet Bloc Sizes L/
10,000 kw
65,700
11,900
40?000
800
13,000
6,500
200
72,400
20,200
5,000 kw
32,800
5,950
20,000
400
6,500
3,250
100
36,200
10,100
1,000 kw
6,570
1,190
4,000
80
1,300
650
20
7,240
2,020
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Table 31
Input Coefficients for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery in the US and the USSR 9.1
1951-52
(Continued)
Pounds
Total Steel Steel Steel Steel
TYpe of Machinery Steel b/ Plate b/ Punchings 12/ Castings 12/ Total Weight Forgings 12/ Copper 12/ Aluminum 12/ Manpower c/
(Man-hours)
Generators
(Continued)
Turbogenerators
(Continued)
Hydrogen-cooled US Inputs per Kw 511
70,588 kw
4.32
1.20
100,000 kw
432,000
120,000
60,000 kw
259,000
72,000
40,000 kw
173,000
48,0o0
22,500 kw
97,200
27,000
Water-wheelInput
108,000 kva
22.8
9.87
30,000 kva
16.6
11.9
20,000 kva
33.5
15.8
2.37 0.05 0.70 0.30
Inputs per Unit of Sino-Soviet Bloc Sizes 2/
237,000 5,000
142,000 3,000 70,000
42,000 _(8):(c)g
94,80o 2,000 28,000
53,300 1,120 15,800 12,000
6,750
US Inputs per Kw 1/
9.33 1.85 1.79 1.79
3.54 0.13 1.08 1.27
13.1 1.88 2.81 2.75
Inputs per Unit of Sino-Soviet Bloc Sizes 2/
70,000 kw
1,700,000
875,000
605,000
90,300
132,000
136,000
22,500 kw
547,000
281,000
194,000
29,000
42,500
43,600
10,000 kw
243,000
125,000
86,400
12,900
18,900
19,400
5,000 kw
122,000
62,500
43,200
6,450
9,450
9,700
1,000 kw
24,300
12,500
8,640
1,290
1,890
1,940
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o.84
83,600
50,20o
33,40o
18,800
0.02
4.64
2,000
1,200
800
450
464,000
278,000
186,000
104,000
2.00
0.01
24.6
0.03
17.9
2.00
0.03
36.3
2.00
1,400
1,840,000
140,000
450
591,000
45,000
200
263,000
20,000
loo
131,400
10,000
20
26,300
2,000
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Table 31
Input Coefficients for the 'Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery in the US and the USSR 2./
1951-52
(Continued)
Pounds
Type of Machinery
Total ,
Steel ...1./
Steel ,
Plate 12/
Steel ,
Punchings 12/
Copper 12/
Insulation 12/
Oil Ilil
Miscellaneous .1)/
Total Weight
Manpower 2/
(Man-hours)
Transformers 1/
110,000 kva
165,000
53,700
112,000
37,600
3.3,600
56,700
8,390
282,000
23,000
100,000 kva
194,000
68,000
126,000
28,800
11,800
62,800
7,310
304,000
20,400
62,500 kva
134,000
31,400102,000

19,000
7,900
45,200
5,200
211,000
13,800
50,000 kva
96,800
34,000
62,800
14,400
5,900
31,400
3,660
152,000
11,700
20,000 kva
72,300
21,200
51,100
10,600
4,290
25,000
4,290
116,000
6,300
10,000 kva
41,200
15,600
25,600
5,280
2,140
12,500
2,140
63,200
4,60o .
7,500 kva
27,800
13,000
14,800
3,370
780
14,800
2,280
49,000
4,490
1,500 kva
11,700
2,810
8,880
3,630
750
Negligible
144
16,200
3,200
500 lkva
3,870
1,000
2,870
1,060
331
' Negligible
101
5,360
3,000
b. Input coefficients for materials include only those materials delivered to the assembly departments. Materials used in the production of
other products are not included.
c. Input coefficients for manpower include the labor of only the category of employees in direct production and closely related employees, as
defined in the US Department of Commerce, Census of Manufactures: 1947, 1950. This category includes only employees engaged in assembly
departments.
d. US inputs per kw are computed from late 1951 data for the sizes given,
coefficients for materials have been adjusted in accordance with known differences
coefficients for manpower have not been so adjusted.
e. Figures given under "Inputs per Unit of Sino-Soviet Bloc Sizes" are computed from the
cases where US data are presented for more than one size of unit, the base figure used in
representative -- sometimes a figure for one of the US sizes listed, sometimes an average
f. All figures for transformers are for standard sizes.
in pra
ctices
and materials
Input
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Input
base figures given under 'US Inputs per Kw." In
computing is that figure considered to be the most
of the data for all US sizes listed.
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The input coefficients for the production of steam turbines in
the USSR in 1952, based on US practice, are shown in Table 32. The
10,000-kw size is typical of Soviet turbines.
Table 32
Input Coefficients for the Production of Steam Turbines
in the USSR Ei
1952
Inputs per Kilowatt
Size of Turbine (Kw)
Category of Input
Unit
22.222_
10,000
50,000
100,000
Manpower
Man-hours
8.52
8.35
3.24
3.34
Carbon steel
Bars and shapes
Pounds
0.639
0.606
0.186
0.096
Sheet and strip
Pounds
0.506
0.258
0.136
0.067
Plate
Pounds
8.045
5.27
1.03
0.527
Forgings
Pounds
0.921
0.449
0.918
0.274
Castings
Pounds
0.897
1.06
0.301
0.153
Other carbon
Pounds
0.276
0.498
0.761
0.534
Alloy steel
Stainless
Pounds
0.581
1.05
0.587
0.584
Other alloy
Pounds
0.670
3.02
4.18
2.46
Nonferrous metal
All types
Pounds
0.230
0.296
0.081
0.075
Total weight
Pounds
12.8
12.5
8.18
4.77
Cost
Dollars
30.0
29.7
21.3
17.3
a. 58/. Data are based on US 1952 practice.
The input coefficients for the production of hydraulic turbines
in the USSR in 1952, based on US practice, are shown in Table 33.*
* Table 33 follows on p. 47.
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Table 33
Input Coefficients for the Production of Hydraulic Turbines
in the USSR 2/
1952
Pounds per Kilowatt
Size of Turbine (KW)
Category of Input
3,750
7,500
37,500
75,000
Carbon steel
Bars and shapes
1.34
1.94
2.0
0.8
Sheet and strip
0.67
0.2
0.134
0.1
Plate
6.7
9.38
11.5
8.04
Forgings
1.39
2.55
1.88
1.55
Castings
15.8
15.6
1.69
7.76
Other carbons
0.8
0.134
0.24
0.20
Alloy steel
Stainless
0.08
0.035
0.8
0.34
Other alloy
0.134
0.027
0.03
0.016
Nonferrous metal
All types
0.67
0.462
0.34
0.268
Total
27.6
30.3
18:6
19.1
a. 59/. Data are based on US 1952 practice. The weights
shown do not include the turbine base.
The input coefficients and input requirements for the production
of turbines in the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1951 are shown in Table 34.*
* Table 34 follows on p. 48.
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Table 34
Input Coefficients and Input Requirements for the Production of Turbines
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc a/
1951
Steam Turbines
Hydraulic Turbines 12/
Input
Coefficient ?
Input
Requirement
(Thousand Pounds
Input
Coefficient
Input
Requirement *
(Thousand Pounds
Category of Input
(Pounds per Kw)
per Year)
(Pounds per Kw)
per Year)
Carbon steel
Bars and shapes
0.485
1,830
2.33
1,930
Sheet and strip
0.206
777
0.24
199
Plate
4.22
15,900
11.3
9,330
Forgings
0.361
1,360
3.06
2,530
Castings
0.845
3,190
18.7
15,500
Other carbon
0.399
1,510
0.16
133
Alloy steel
Stainless
0.845
3,190
0.50
414
Other alloy
2.41
9,110
0.03
24.9
Nonferrous metal
All types
0.236
891
0.55
456
Total
10.0
37,800
36.9
30,500
a. 6o/
b. The weight of hydraulic turbines includes the turbine base.
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APPENDIX B
PRODUCTION TABLES
Estimates of the growth trends for specific categories of electro-
technical equipment in the USSR during the postwar years and the
predicted trends for 1955,1956, and 1960 are shown in Table 35.*
Estimates of the growth trends for specific categories of electro-
technical equipment in the European Satellites and Communist China
during the postwar years and the predicted trends for 1955, 1956, and
1960 are shown in Table 36.** The anticipated rate of growth is much
less than for the USSR.
?
* Table 35 follows on p. 50.
** Table 36 follows on p. 51.
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Table 35
Estimated Production of Selected Items of Electrotechnical Equipment in the USSR
1938, 1946-56, and 1960
Item
Unit
1938
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1960
Electrical machinery and equipment
Electrical machinery
Turbines a/
Thousand kw
N.A.
920
1,500
1,800
2,600
2,800
3,300
3,600
5,000
5,700
6,5oo
7,800
16,000
Motors
Thousand kw
2,800
1,600
2,300
3,600
4,800
.5,800
7,500
8,000
9,900
11,000
13,000
14,500
20,500
Generators c/
Thousand kw
600
400
1;300
1,300
1,300
1,300
2,800
3,600
5,100
5,600
6,300
7,100
9,900
Transformers .:/
Thousand kva
3,900
2,200
3,200
5,000
6,700
8,100
10,500
11,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
29,000
Switchgear e/
Million US $ f/
loo
55
80
130
170
200
270
290
350
410
46o
510
730
Electrical wire and cable II/
Thousand MT h/
N.A.
25
29
34
4o
49
62
73
87
, 98
110
130
190
Other electrical equipment
Primary batteries 1/
Thousand MT h/
N.A.
N.A.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
25
Storage batteries 1/
Thousand MT h/
N.A.
N.A.
17
20
25
29
33
36
39
42
44
48
66
Electronic and telecommunications equipment
Radio receivers kJ
Thousand units
272
314
518
856
1,o40
1,210
1,280
1,630
2,870
3,500
4,300
7,700
Television receivers 1/
Thousand units
0.1
1
3
5
10
20
42
95
284
550
930
2,500
Electron tubes 2/
Million US $ f/
N.A.
13
18
22
24
34
50
65
78
92
110
120
190
Electronic components
Resistors LI/
Million US $ I/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3.2
7.1
8.6
N.A.
19
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Capacitors 2A
Million US $ I/
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
7.4
19.5
24.5
N.A.
57
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Electronic test equipment
Million US $ I/
N.A.
N.A.
11
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
26
29
46
Wire communications equipment
Million US $ I/
N.A.
32
32
32
32
32
41
52
62
72
88
96
150
Electric lamps E/
Million US $ I/
N.A.
4.2
4.6
6.0
10
11
13
14
15
15
16
17
27
a. 21/
b. p/
c. 3/
d. tdi/
e.
f. In 1951 values.
g'
h. Metric tons of copper content equivalents.
i. 67/
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?j. 68/
k. E72/
1. 22/
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Table 36
Estimated Production of Selected Items
in the European Satellites
1938, 1946-56,
of Electrotechnical Equipment
and Communist China
and 1960
Item
Unit
1938
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1960
Electrical machinery and equipment
Electrical machinery
Turbines a/
Motors
Generators j/
2/
Transformers /
Switchgear e
Electrical wire and cable g/
Other electrical equipment
Primary batteries 1/
Storage batteries 1/
Electronic and telecommunications equipment
Radio receivers h/
Television receivers 1/
Electron tubes 1/
Electronic components
Resistors n/
Capacitors -2/
Electronic test equipment p/
Wire communications equipment 8/
Electric lamps E/
Thousand kw
Thousand kw
Thousand kw
Thousand kva
Million US $ f/
Thousand MT h/
Thousand MT 11/
Thousand MT h/
Thousand units
Thousand units
Million US $ f/
Million US $ f/
Million US $ f/
Million US $ f/
Million US $ f/
Million US $ f/
460
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
45
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
360
1,100
290
1,400
21
28
3.0
N.A.
210
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
590
1,100
390
1,600
20
4o
3.5
N.A.
310
Negligible
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
740
1,600
530
2,500
30
41
4.0
12
500
Negligible
4.4
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
14
9.3
840
2,100
670
3,400
46
43
4.3
14
620
Negligible
5.5
5.8
5.8
4.2
13
11
990
3,200
820
4,900
66
45
4.9
16
740
Negligible
7.4
7.2
6.6
5.8
14
14
1,300
4,400
1,100
6,000
83
55
5.4
18
980
31
11
8.0
7.8
7.1
15
15
1,500
5,500
1,400
7,600
110
63
6.o
19
1,100
34
16.5
8.7
8.4
8.2
17
16
1,700
6,600
1,900
9,700
130
73
6.5
21
1,400
140
23
9.7
9.1
9.1
18
18
2,000
7,600
2,400
10,500
140
78
6.9
22
1,700
86
33
10
9.2
9.9
19
20
2,300
8,400
20,700
11,500
150
81
7.2
23
1,900
96
40
12
9.7
11
21
22
2,500
9,400
3,000
12,500
160
82
7.8
25
2,100
110
48
14
11
12
23
23
3,800
13,000
4,200
17,000
200
90
9.6
31
2,600
160
59
15
11
14
27
27
a. 77/
b. 2/
c. 79/
d. ti3011/
e.
f. In 1951 values.
g. 711,2/
h. Metric tons of copper content equivalents.
1. L33/
j.
m.P. 44,
n. q? 221
o' r.2?/
-51-
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APPENDIX C
METHODOLOGY
1. Production of Individual Ccomodities.*
The estimated production of the individual commodities shown in
Appendix B was Obtained primarily from the earlier commodity studies
to which the estimates are referenced. Gaps in the time-period
coverage of the earlier studies were filled by interpolation, by
reference to official plan announcements, and by plant studies. The
projections through 1960 were made by extrapolating past trends and
by taking account of the reported availabilities of materials and
of reported plant construction.
50X1
2. Estimates of Aggregate Production.
a. Electrical Machinery and Equipment.
(1) USSR.
The total value of the production of electrical machinery
and equipment in the USSR was estimated by analogy with similar produc-
tion in the US during 1947. After subtraction for double counting**
and adjustments for known differences between US and Soviet product mix,
the total value of the production of the industry in the USSR in 1951
US dollars was related to US production in the same industry. 94/
* See Appendix B.
** The term double counting is used when the production of two indus-
tries, one of which consumes part of the production of the second in
its own production process, is added. For example, in 1951 in the USSR,
about 6 percent of the production of electrical wire and cable (magnet
wire) was used in the production of motors, of generators, and of
transformers. When the production of motors, of generators, and of
transformers is added to the production of wire and cable, to avoid
counting the production of magnet wire twice, it is necessary to deduct
the value of magnet-wire shipments from the value of the production
of motors, of generators, and of transformers.
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This procedure was used because the products grouped in this industry
are complementary in consumption and because the several commodities
have been examined individually.
(2) Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Although the proportions in which electrical machinery and
equipment are produced in Communist China and in the individual Euro-
pean Satellites differ substantially from those in the US and in the
USSR, it is believed that a fair approximation to US proportions can
be obtained by treating China and the European Satellites together.
Accordingly, the total production of electrical machinery and equip-
ment in China and in the European Satellites was estimated by relating
the total value of the production of those commodities for which in-
dividual estimates were available to US production by the same method
used for the Soviet estimate.
b. Electronic and Telecommunications Equipment and Supplies.
(1) USSR.
for trie Ubb.E, where the electronic and telecommunications equipment in-
dustry is defined to include wire communications equipment, this ratio
is close to 9 to 1. With production of tubes in 1954 estimated at 1
billion rubles, 96/ the total production of the electronic and telecom-
munications equipment industry is estimated at 9 billion rubles. The
ratio of 9 rubles to US $1 results when the relationship of tube
production to industry production is determined in rubles. It is
somewhat higher when US dollar values are used. The ruble-dollar ex-
change rates are based on prices of comparable commodities in the
USSR and in the US. For the industry as a whole, an exchange ratio
of 10 rubles to US $1 was used; for the electron tube sector of the
industry, a ratio of 12 rubles to US $1 was used. This latter ratio
changed slightly in the years after 1950 because of product-mix and
price changes. Other techniques for estimating industry production,
based on labor productivity data for the 300,000 industry employees
and on an aggregate of the product value of selected categories of
equipment, although approximate, provide an acceptable check of the
9-billion-ruble figure.
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Current estimates of the production of electron tubes
in the USSR in 1938 and during 1946-56 and a projection for 1960 are
shown in Table 35.* Recent reports by Soviet officials indicate a
fourfold increase in the production of the electronic and telecommun-
ications equipment industry between 1950 and 1955 and a planned
threefold increase between 1955 and 1960. 21/ Total production of
the electronic and telecommunications equipment industry of the USSR
in 1938 and during 1946-56 and a projection for 1960, based on these
official statements and on estimated tube production, are shown in
Table 1.** For 1938, estimates are based on an estimate of produc-
tion of 5 million electron tubes in the USSR.
(2) Hungary.
The estimates of the production of electrotechnical
equipment in Hungary shown in Table 36*** are somewhat lower for
the years after 1953 than in previous reports because of recently
reported industry difficulties resulting mainly from shortages of
materials. Estimates of the production of electron tubes during
1954-56, therefore, are only slightly greater than estimates of
production in 1953. 98/ Over 60 percent of the tubes produced in
Hungary are exported, and the total value of production of the elec-
tronic and telecommunications equipment industry is 3 to 4 times the
value of the production of tubes. The production of the electronic
and telecommunications equipment industry during 1952-54 has been
estimated by totaling reported production of specific categories of
equipment. 99/
(3) East Germany.
Recent reports have provided relatively accurate esti-
mates of the production of electronic and telecommunications equipment
in East Germany during 1953-54. .100/ For other postwar years, the
total production of the industry is assumed to have been proportional
to the production of electron tubes. In 1938, it is believed that
about 25 percent of the entire German electrotechnical industry was
located in East Germany. 101/ Of this, about 30 percent appears to
have been in the electronic and telecommunications equipment sector.
*
P.
50, above.
**
P.
15, above.
***
P.
51, above.
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(4) Czechoslovakia.
Estimates of the production of electronic and telecommuni-
cations equipment in Czechoslovakia are included in Table 1,* at a
value of 9 times the estimated production of electron tubes. 102/
(5) Other Members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
Until 1954 the production of electron tubes by the other
members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc was negligible. Sizable expansions
initiated and/or planned in Poland and Communist China will provide
significant production capacity, increasing rapidly after 1955. 103/
China, Poland, and, to a lesser extent, the Balkan Satellites have
produced civilian and military radios, electric lamps, and wire
communications equipment, depending largely upon imports from other
Bloc areas for electron tubes and component parts. In view of
indicated shipments of tubes and occasional reports on plants, it
is believed that the total production of .electronic equipment in
China, Poland, and the Balkan Satellites represents 25 to 30 percent
of the total production of the members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc other
than the USSR.
3. Electrotechnical Products.
Total production of electrotechnical products in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc was obtained by adding the production of electrical
machinery and equipment to the production of electronic and tele-
communications equipment and supplies. There is a small amount of
double counting involved in adding the two categories of production.
For example, about 9 percent of the production of electrical wire
and cable in the USSR in 1954 was consumed in the production of
electronic and telecommunications equipment. Because it is estimated
that this duplication does not exceed 2 percent of the total, no
further adjustment has been made.
4. Input Coefficients.
The input coefficients** for steel, aluminum, and iron castings
of the electrotechnical industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc were de-
rived from 1947 US data after appropriate adjustment for known dif-
ferences in product mixes and production methods between the US
and the Sino-Soviet Bloc. 104/
P. 15, above.
Appendix A, Table 9, p. 27, above.
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The copper input coefficients and the manpower coefficients for
electrical machinery were derived by interpolation from a materials
balance study of the Soviet economy for 1951-55. 105/ The manpower
coefficients for electronic and telecommunications equipment were ob-
tained from the data presented in Tables 1 and 8.*
5. Inputs.
The estimated inputs of materials and of manpower for electrical
machinery and equipment in 1954 were obtained by multiplying the ap-
propriate productio4 figures shown in Table 1* by the input coefficients
listed in Table 9.**
* Tables 1 and 8, pp. 15 and 25, respectively, above.
** P. 27, above.
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