THE RUBBER POSITION OF THE SOVIET BLOC

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• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: January 19, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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COPY NO.
SECRET
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
1 2 3
50X1
THE RUBBER POSITION OF THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 19
19 January 1953
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
iitiE RUBBER POSITION OF 13IE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 19
(ORR Project 24-52)
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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6
I.
II,
Introduction
Rubber
CONTENTS
Page
Production
1
3
A.
Synthetic Rubber
3
1. USSR
3
a. Introduction
b. Production of Synthetic Rubber
3
2. Satellites
7
B.
Natural Rubber
8
C.
Reclaimed Rubber
9
1. Introduction
9
2. USSR
9
3. Satellites
10
III.
Rubber Imports
11
A.
Natural Rubber
11
B.
Synthetic Rubber
12
C.
Rubber Products
14
IV.
Rubber Consumption by Major Uses
14
A.
USSR
14
1. Rubber Consumption for Transportation Goods
14
a. Production of Tire Casings
14
b. Rubber Consumption by Types of Transportation Goods
16
(1) Tires
16
(2) Inner Tubes
17
(3) Residual Subcategory
17
c. Types of Rubber Used for Transportation Goods
18
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z
Page
2. Rubber Consumption for Nontransportation Uses 19
a. Problem of Estimating Consumption for Non-
transportation Purposes 19
b. Types of Rubber Used for Nontransportation Goods 19
B. Satellites 20
V. Stockpiles 21
Tables
1.
2.
3.
4.
Soviet Production of Synthetic Rubber, 1932-35
Soviet Production of Synthetic Rubber (Estimated), 1946-53
Satellite Production of Synthetic Rubber (Estimated),
1946-53
Soviet Bloc Production of Natural Rubber (Estimated),
1946-53
7
8
9
5.
Soviet Bloc Production of Reclaimed Rubber (Estimated),
1946-53
10
6.
Soviet Bloc Imports of Natural Rubber (Estimated)l946-51 .
11
7.
Soviet Rubber Imports (Estimated), 1945-51
13
8.
Soviet Tire Production (Estimated), 1946-53
16
9.
Soviet Rubber Consumption for Transportation Uses (Estimated),
1946-53
18
10.
Soviet Rubber Consumption for All Uses (Estimated),
1946-53
20
11.
Soviet Rubber Situation (Estimated), 1946-53
22
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Tabs
A. Types and Technology of Synthetic Rubber
B. Computation of Soviet Production of Synthetic Rubber
for the Base Year 1939
C. Derivation of Soviet Bloc Rubber Production by the
Plant Method
Appendix A. Soviet Bloc Synthetic Rubber
Installations
Appendix B. Methods of Estimation of Production of
Soviet Synthetic Rubber Installations C-47
Appendix C. Soviet Bloc Natural Rubber Installations . . . ? C-67
Appendix D. Soviet Bloc Reclaimed Rubber Installations . . ? C-73
D. Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports D-1
E. Soviet Rubber Consumption E-1
Annex
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Aerial Photographs
(Inside Back Cover)
1. Kazan' Synthetic Rubber Plant, SK-4, Kazan' (Confidential)
2. Voronezh Synthetic Rubber Plant, Voronezh (Confidential)
3. Yaroslavl' Rubber and Asbestos Combine, "Yarak," Yaroslavl'
(Confidential)
4. Yefremov Synthetic Rubber Plant, SK-30 Yefremov (Confidential)
5. Yerevan Synthetic Rubber and Chemical Plant, "Kirov" 7410
Yerevan (Confidential)
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(ORR Project 24-52)
SECURITY INFORMATION
TBE RUBBER POSITION OF THE SOVIET BLOC
I. Introduction.
The position of the Soviet rubber industry is assuming increasing
importance in the world, since the rubber industry of any country
determines to a great extent the power and maneuverability of that
country's military potential. The USSR has long recognized the
importance of rubber to its economy. Realizing the degree of dependence
on the Far East for rubber, the USSR early began to work on the
development of rubber within its borders.
Many years were devoted to the cultivation and development of
latex-bearing plants such as kok-saghyz to relieve this dependence..
The success of this project is comparable to that of the US in work
on guayule, and so far only negligible quantities of rubber have been
attained from this work.
At the same time, the USSR has devoted strenuous efforts to
establish a synthetic rubber industry, which met with better results
2.
than did the kok-saghyz project. The USSR was well Started on the
production and development of synthetic rubber long before such work
was attempted by Western nations. Although the US, even with a slow
start on production of synthetic ribber, surpassed the USSR during the
war years, the USSR has made notable progress.
The USSR has concentrated on the production of divinyl (butadiene)
synthetic rubber, a general-purpose type similar in usage to the US
GR-S types, and Sovprene, similar to US neoprene. The USSR has
benefited from access to the latest technological and scientific
developments of production methods and procedures of the US and German
industries through technical manuals and publications, as well as,
in some cases, from direct observation of Western plants. The
technical progress also has been evident in the reclaiming of rubber,
which constitutes a very strategic supplementary source of rubber for
the production of rubber goods.
In addition to these types of rubber produced domestically, the
USSR, like other countries of the world, has continued to import
natural rubber from the Far East. This rubber not only serves to
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_ _ _ _ _
provide additional quantities of raw material but also goes to make up
a better product. Even the USSR, with manifest desire to be more and
more self-sufficient, has realized this important fact, as is evidenced
by the following statement from a Soviet technical journal 1/*:
'The amount of natural rubber used for the production
of rubber goods in the USSR is small and, where possible,
it will decrease in view of the rapidly growing and
improving "SK" industry. However, synthetic rubber does
not limit, but broadens the field of use of natural
rubber, which welcomes "SK" as one of the valuable elas-
tic substances.'
As in development of types of rubber, the USSR also has. obtained
many data on fabrication methods and procedures developed by Western
countries. Many data of this type were obtained under terms Of Lend-
Lease.
The US supplied to the USSR a small but well-designed plant with
complete equipment for the latest production of tires and full techni-
cal advice for its operation, the procedures
and methods of this plant have served as prototypes of other tire
plants set up in the USSR. This situation is not unusual or surprising.
Methods of fabrication of rubber goods are comparable in all countries
of the world. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the USSR follows
standard commercial practices which are uniform everywhere for the same
end product. Where chemical breakdown analyses have been made, it has
been evident that percentage composition of the rubbers in tires and
the use of rubber fillers and chemicals are comparable to US practice
and in the same relative quantities.
since 1946 the Soviet production of syn-
thetic rubber has grown by more than 31 times (from 40,000 metric tons
in 1946 to 143,000 metric tons in 1950), while production of tires
has shown nearly a threefold increase (from 2,975,000 to 8,239,000
tires in 1950).
Soviet imports of natural rubber, on the other hand, have jumped
almost 10 times. However, this large increase went partially toward
the accumulation of a rubber stockpile. It must also be pointed out
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that 1946 cannot be considered a normal year, since it was a low year
for imports of natural rubber and cane immediately after the war.
By 1948 the USSR had rehabilitated and/or reconstructed facilities
damaged by the war and was well on the road to further progress of the
-rubber industry. In this year, also, the USSR started importing
natural rubber at a heavy rate in an apparent attempt to build up a
stockpile. Since 1948-49, when a considerable percentage of natural
rubber is believed to have gone to build up stocks, which were almost
depleted during the war years, additional quantities of rubber, but
at a lower yearly rate, have remained after consumption needs were met.
It is estimated that a stockpile of about 205,600 metric tons had been
accmulated in the USSR by 1951. On the basis of trends of imports in
1952, it is estimated that this stockpile may have grown to a quantity
of 248,100 metric tons by the end of 1952.
BY 1953, 269,900. metric tons 50X1
of rubbers (synthetic, 206,000 tons; reclaimed, 61,000 tons; and
domestic natural, 2,900 tons) may be produced in the USSR. Analysis.
of tire plants indicates a production of 11 million tires by 1953
and a total consumption of about 331,300 metric tons of rubbers of
all types
II. Rubber Production.
A. Synthetic Rubber.
1. USSR.
a. Introduction.
Synthetic rubber has been produced on a commercial scale
in the USSR since the early 1930's. Prior to World War II, Soviet
production consisted almost entirely of divinyl (butadiene)* synthetic
rubber made from alcohol by the Lebedev process and similar in usage to
US GR-S types. A small amount of Sovprene similar to US neoprene),
a synthetic rubber based on calcium carbide and used in products
resistant to oil or heat, was produced in 1939-40. Production of
synthetic rubber from petroleum sources was begun sometime after the war.
* The terms divinyl and butadiene refer to the sane chemical compound
and will be used interchangeably in this report.
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The USSR planned to increase its output of synthetic
rubber in the postwar period and to increase the proportion of rubber
made from nonfood raw materials (that is, raw materials such as
dalcium-carbide, petroleum gases, and alcohol from wood). The Fourth
Five Year Plan (1946-50) stipulated that 1950 output of synthetic
rubber would be double the prewar level and that 38 percent of this
total would be derived from nonfood sources. (See Tab A.) The Fifth
Five Year Plan (1951-55) similarly calls for an 82-percent increase
over 1950 by 1955 and stresses the production of synthetic rubber
from petroleum gases. Although there is little doubt concerning the
general trend in Soviet production of synthetic rubber, the magnitude
of output in the 1946-51 period is difficult to estimate.
b. Production of Synthetic Rubber.
Very. little quantitative information is available for
ethe Soviet synthetic rubber industry. The only absolute figures avail-
able for Soviet production of synthetic rubber are those given in
Table 1 for the production in the years 1932-35.
Table 1
Soviet Production of Synthetic Rubber 2/
1932-35
Metric Tons
1932
50
1933
2,200
1934
11,100
1935
25,600 a/
a. Output in 1935, based on preliminary
data, was reported to be 25,589 metric
tons. Judging by preliminary figures for
other commodities, this tonnage should
not be overstated by more than 4 to 5 per-
cent. No absolute figures on synthetic
rubber were published in the National
Economic plan for 1937 or the Third Five
Year Plan (1938-42).
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Most of the over-all estimates made for Soviet production
of synthetic rubber since 1935 have had as a starting point information
contained in two articles published in Soviet periodicals in 1940. Both
of these articles announced that Soviet production of synthetic rubber
in 1939 had increased over production in 1938 as a result of increased
efficiency. Although neither article reported total annual production,
estimates of total annual production in 1938 and 1939 may be derived
from them by combining the quantitative data which they contain. The
first article 3/ asserted that production of synthetic rubber in 1939
was 14.9 percent greater than in 1938 and reported that 30,900 metric
tons of alcohol had been saved in 1939, thanks to improved techniques,
in particular the use of a more efficient catalyst. The second article 4/
dealt in some detail with the technical reasons for the increase in
efficiency and the accompanying increase in output of the synthetic
rubber industry from 1938 to 1939. This article listed four 'basic
technological indicators" of efficiency. (The interpretation of these
indicators is discussed in Tab B.) The over-all increase in efficiency
from 1938 to 1939 is directly measured by a change in one of these
indicators -- a decrease from 3.288 to 2.806, or a difference of 0.482,
in the consumption coefficient of alcohol.
The amount of alcohol consumed per unit of rubber
produced is called the "consumption coefficient." Since consumption
coefficients are almost always expressed as a ratio of units of primary
raw material per unit of finished product, a production of divinyl
rubber for 1939 of 64,100 metric tons based on conserved alcohol is
obtainable by the simple process of dividing the gross saving of 30,900
metric tons of alcohol by the 0.482 decrease in the alcohol consumption
coefficient. (It should be noted that this figure is in line with the
individual plant data available.)
As mentioned above, the Soviet press announced that the
1939 production of synthetic rubber was 14.9 percent greater than that
of 1938, Which is entirely consistent with the announced decrease in
the consumption coefficient. Thus it seems reasonable to interpret the
saving of alcohol claimed in the first article to mean a saving, not
over what was actually used in 1938, but over what would have been used
by 1938 methods to obtain 1939 output. To consider the saving as
applicable within the year 1938 5/ -- that is, attributing to 1938 the
production of 64,100 metric tons -- seems clearly erroneous because then
the Commissar for the Chemical Industry) M. Denisov, who would undoubtedly
attempt to present his industry in the most favorable light, understated
by about 5,000 tons the "saving" which could be claimed for 1939: namely,
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35,500 tons (73,600 x 0..482 tons). Furthermore, Denisov's statement
clearly says that the 30,900 metric tons of alcohol were economized
in 1939, not in 1938.
From the reported increase in rubber production in 1939
over 1938 of 14.9 percent, it may be calculated that the 1938 production
was of the order of 56,000 metric tons. If one assumes the same incre-
ment of growth for 1938 over 1937, the production for 1937 is deduced
as 49,000 metric tons. The 1936 production of synthetic rubber was
reported as 44,000 metric tons. 5/ From these deductions, it may be
seen that a normal growth pattern has taken place, considering improved
technology as well as additions to capacity.
The derivation of an estimate of Soviet production of
synthetic rubber in 1940 is of special importance. The Fourth Five
Year Plan (1946-50) set a goal for the 1950 output of synthetic rubber
at double the prewar level. It is assumed that this means twice the
rate of 1940, the last full year before the German attack on the USSR.
In the absence of any absolute data for 1940 output, it
is considered reasonable to apply the growth factor of 14 percent to
the 1939 production figure arrived at above. Thus the 1940 production
is calculated to be 73,000 metric tons of divinyl rubber. In addition,
about 1,500 metric tons of Sovprene rubber were reportedly produced. 6/
The total of 74,500 metric tons of synthetic rubber produced in 1940
means that the production goal for 1950, based on the statement of the
Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50), would have been 149,000 metric tons.
Plant production analyses indicate an output of 143,000
metric tons in 1950. Thus it may be seen that the inference drawn above
as to the goal for 1950 (149,000 metric tons) is reasonably substantiated
by a 1950 estimate derived by plant analysis. (See Tab C.) It is esti-
mated that during the Fourth Five Year Plan the production of synthetic
rubber increased by more than 31 times, from 40,000 metric tons in 1946
to 143,000 metric tons in 1950. This accomplishment reflects a rapid
recovery from World War II and the construction of additional plant
capacity. Estimates of Soviet production of synthetic rubber for the
years 1946-53 are consolidated in Table 2.*
* Table 2 follows on p. 7.
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Table 2
Soviet Production of Synthetic Rubber (Estimated)
1946-53 .
Thousand Metric Tons
1946
4o.o
1947
50.0
1948
90.0
1949
122.0
1950
143.0
1951
172.0
1952
187.0
1953
206.0
2. Satellites.
Production of synthetic rubber in the Satellites is virtually
negligible except for East Germany. Although a dynthetic rubber industry
has been planned in both Czechoslovakia and Poland, their combined produc-
tion thus far has been only a few thousand metric tons. It is uncertain
. whether any production of synthetic ribber is underway in Hungary, and
there is a complete lack of evidence on any present or projected produc-
tion in Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania.
Estimates of production of synthetic rubber in East Germany
are based on both over-all industrial data and detailed information con-
cerning the Schkopau plant, which accounts for the entire output in East
Germany. Dismantling caused a drop in production in 1948 and 1949, but
under the present rebuilding and re-equipment program the Schkopau plant has
recently increased its 1955 planned goal from 60,000 to 70,000 metric tons.
It is estimated that production increased steadily since 1949, as indicated
in Table 3.* Poland's Six Year Plan (1950-55) foresees a goal of 13,000
metric tons of synthetic rubber by 1955, presumably to be obtained by the
reconstruction of the former plant in Oswiecim.
In East Germany the production of synthetic rubber is con-
centrated mainly in the Buna S type (a copolymer of butadiene and styrene).
About 90 percent of production is of this type, but other varieties and
types are produced in smaller quantities, including Buna S-3, Buna SS,
* Table 3 follows on p. 8.
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Table 3
Satellite Production of Synthetic Rubber (Estimated) a/
1946-53
Thousand Metric Tons
East Germany
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Total
1946
23.9
N.A.
N.A.
23.9
1947
38.4
N.A.
N.A.
38.4
1948
30.7
N.A.
N.A.
30.7
1949
26.5
N.A.
N.A.
26.5
1950
41.5
2.0
0.3
43.8
1951
48.8
3.0
0.6
52.4
1952
52.0
3.3
0.7
56.0
1953
57.0
3.6
0.8
61.4
a. See Tab C.
Buna 32, Buna 85, Perbunan (Buna N), and Igetex. Czechoslovakia is
producing largely neoprene rubber, and Poland is concentrating on the
production of thiokol (payalkylene polysulfides) (resistant to organic
solvents -- that is, oil, gas, etc.).
B. Natural Rubber.
The Soviet Bloc has no Hevea ribber plantations (natural rubber
is produced by the tree Hevea brasiliensis), the usual source of natural
rubber. Attempts have been made in the USSR to cultivate latex-bearing
shrubs such as kok-saghyz, guayule, milkweed, etc., as substitutes.
Similar latex-bearing shrubs have been cultivated in Czechoslovakia in
recent years, but annual production to date appears to be only about 100
to 125 metric tons.
Prior to the war the USSR planned to produce 30,000 metric tons
by 1942, chiefly from a planned 500,000 hectares of kok-saghyz cultiva-
tion. These plans were never carried out, partly because they were
unrealistic and partly because the War interfered with developments
projected under the Third Five Year Plan (1938-42). Having lost a sizable
portion of its acreageduring the war, the USSR was producing only a few
hundred tons of domestic natural rubber in 1946. There is some evidence
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that at that time the USSR planned to have approximately 270,000 hectares
under cultivation in 1950. At prewar yields this would have permitted an
output in 1950 of at least 7,000 metric tons of domestic natural rubber.
The fragmentary information available on actual postwar acreages and
yields indicates that this plan was not realized, as is shown in Tab C.
The estimated 1950 production is less than 2,300 metric tons, and in-
creases in output after 1950 are not expected to be very large. In
Table 4 is consolidated the production of domestic natural rubber in
the Soviet Bloc.
Table 4
Soviet Bloc Production of Natural Rubber (Estimated)
1946-53
Metric Tons
1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953
USSR N.A. 400 800 1,500 2,300 2,500 2,700 2,900
Czechoslovakia N.A. N.A. B.A. 56 110 125 135 160
Total N.A. 400 800 1,556 22.412 E.,115_ 2,835 3,060
C. Reclaimed Rubber.
1. Introduction.
Reclaimed rubber is a product resulting from the processing of
scrap vulcanized rubber by mechanical, thermal, or chemical treatments.
The types of reclaimed rubber are ground devulcanized scrap; rough, par-
tially plasticized shoddies; and fully plasticized, smoothly refined
. reclaimed. Reclaimed rubber is used essentially for two major purposes:
(a) to extenii economically other types of rubber and (b) to provide
certain desired characteristics in end items.
2. USSR.
,Little information is available on postwar Soviet plant facili-
ties and production of reclaimed rubber. A shortage of reclaimed rubber
was reported in 1946, indicating that although output was somewhat higher
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than during the war, it was still not sufficient to permit an increase
in footwear production without a concomitant curtailment in technical
goods (rubber belts, gaskets, rubber hose, etc.). The Fourth Five Year
Plan (1946-50) established a goal of 56,000 metric tons to be achieved
by 1950. There has been no propaganda as to the attainment of this
goal, and it is doubtful that it was reached. Soviet production of
.reclaimed rubber is noted in -Table 5. Details of individual plants are
contained in Tab C.
Table 5
Soviet Bloc Production of Reclaimed Rubber (Estimated)
1946-53
Thousand Metric Tons
USSR
Bulgaria
Czecho-
slovakia
East
Germany
Poland
China
Total 2/
1946
21.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
21.0
1947
23.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
0.9
N.A.
23.9
1948
30.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1.9
N.A.
31.9
1949
37.0
0.1
6.0
N.A.
2.2
N.A.
45.3
1950
45.0
0.1
6.5
3.0
3.0
5.0
62.6
1951
50.0
0.1
7.0
1.8
4.o
5.0
67.9
1952
55.0
0.2
8.0
2.5
4.5
5.0
75.2
1953
61.0
0.2
9.0
3.5
5.2
5.0
83.9
a. No information is available on production or facilities in Albania,
Hungary, or Rumania. Any production in these countries, however, would
undoubtedly make up only a small percentage of these totals.
3. Satellites.
The Satellites also have endeavored to raise production of
reclaimed rubber, and although their production is still relatively low,
considerable progress has been made in Poland and Czechoslovakia. In
view of the need for rubber in the Satellites, and the relative ease with
which plants and materials could be made available for production of
reclaimed rubber, it would seem logical that a more sizable industry would
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have developed. There is no evidence, however?to support this proposi-
tion. Satellite production of reclaimed rubber, based on such evidence
as plant analysis and press articles, is noted in Table 5. Details of
individual plants are contained in Tab C.
III. Rubber Imports.
A. Natural Rubber.
Imports of natural rubber by the USSR and the Satellite countries
are computed primarily from trade statistics of non-Bloc countries.
Direct shipments to the Soviet Bloc as reported by major producing coun-
tries are easily obtainable. To these must be added re-exports and
transit shipments destined for the Bloc. In addition, there is evidence
of clandestine shipments not recorded in regular trade statistics, but
they are not believed to be significant. Table 6 shows the apparent
exports of natural rubber from the Free World to the Bloc based on the
information described above. Detailed tables are contained in Tab D.
Table 6
Soviet Bloc Imports of Natural Rubber (Estimated) a/
1946-51
Thousand Long Tons
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
USSR
9.5
35.0
100.0
105.0
82.5
62.5
Bulgaria
N.A.
0.3
0.1
0.9
0.7
0.3
Czechoslovakia
0.8
15.0
23.5
27.5
22.5
11.0
East Germany
N.A.
N.A.
0.9 b/
1.7 b/
0.5 b/
9.3 b/
Hungary
0.2
2.3
3.0 -
8.5 -
6.5 -
0.2
Poland
1.4
2.2
3.6'
12.0
5.5
11.5
Rumania
N.A.
0.1
1.0
1.3
0.5
0.6
China
12.1
22.2
21.0
27.5
70.0
73.2
Total
24.0
77.1
153.1
184.4
188.7
168.6
a, Estimates of the Rubber Statistical Bulletin.
b. No estimate given by the Rubber S-6atistica1 Bulletin; shipments as
noted. (See Tab D.)
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Prewar imports of natural rubber by the Soviet Bloc countries
were less than half the apparent shipments in recent years. A comparison
of the rate of import discloses that imports of natural rubber into USSR
increased by 160. percent from the period 1935-38 to 1948-51 as contrasted
with an increase of only 25 percent for the European Satellites. Inasmuch
as production of synthetic rubber within the Bloc has increased substan-
tially during the past 15 years, thEse percentage increases are even more
significant.
Soviet Bloc imports of natural rubber reached a high point in
1950 as a direct result of Communist China's procurement activities.
China imported about three times more natural rubber in 1950 than in
1949. During 1950, available statistics reveal that all Bloc countries
(except China) imported a smaller amount than in 1949. In 1951, East
German, Polish, and Rumanian imports of natural rubber increased slightly,
while those of other Bloc countries continued to decrease.
Imports of natural /libber by the USSR were reduced in 1951,
partially as a result of shipping delays in 1951. Reports indicate that
shipments during 1952 will make up for this decrease. During the first
quarter of 1952, 48,846 long tons were 6hipped to the USSR; 69,000 tons
were shipped by the half-year mark; and it is probable that close to
100,000 tons will be shipped during the entire year of 1952.
Data on trade in natural rubber within the Soviet Bloc are
fragmentary. The USSR has sent small tonnage amounts to Rumania and
Bulgaria. Czechoslovakia and China have a trade agreement which allows
Czechoslovakia to receive rnbber in exchange for other goods sent to
China. The excessive imports of natural rubber by China in 1950 and
1951, believed to be considerably in excess of consumption, may in part
have gone to Czechoslovakia. In addition, some of this rubber may have
gone to the USSR. If rubber were re-exported, the USSR would be a
logical recipient merely from a geographic consideration.
B. Synthetic Rubber.
East Germany is the largest Satellite producer of synthetic
rubber. Information concerning exports of synthetic rubber to other
Soviet Bloc countries is limited and conflicting. Synthetic rubber
has been exported both on reparations account and through ordinary
trade channels. Net imports of synthetic rubber by the USSR are partic-
ularly difficult to assess because of the lack of knowledge of the
extent of Soviet exports to other Bloc countries. Trade agreement
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information indicates that synthetic rubber has been exported from the
USSR to Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, and Rumania. Volume figures,
however, are not available. It is estimated that more than 50 percent
of East German production is consumed in Germany and that if all the
remainder could be regarded as going into reparations, exports, and
reserves, possible exports to the Bloc in 1951 could have been at a
maximum of 24,000 metric tons. But not all East German exports of syn-
thetic rubber go to the USSR, and, furthermore, adjustment for the
export of synthetic and natural rubber from the USSR to the Satellites
should be made.
Figures on imports of synthetic and reclaimed rubber by the USSR,
and on imports of natural rubber, which have already been discussed, are
? shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Soviet Rubber Imports (Estimated)
1945-51
Thousand Long Tons
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951
Natural 17 9.5 35.0 100.0 105 82.5 62.5 a/
Synthetic 9 b/ N.A. 0.1 1.0 5 16.0 21.0 ?
East Germany c/ N.A. N.A. N.A. 1.0 1/ 5 d/ 1.6.o .41/ 21.0 gi
Other 9 N.A. 0.1 0.01 N.A. N.A. N.A.
Reclaimed N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Total
26 9.5 35.1 101.01 110 98.5 83.5
a. Revised estimate of the Rubber Statistical Bulletin, Jul 1952.
b. Estimate of the Rubber Statistical Bulletin.
c. Imports from East Germany are given in metric tons.
d. Soviet imports of synthetic rubber from East Germany
for 1950 and 1951 were 15,000 and 18,000 metric tons, respectively. CIA
estimates for years listed are preliminary figures, and further study of
available data will yield more complete figures.
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? ? ? ? ?
C. Rubber Products.
Inter- and intra-Bloc trade data also should be studied for rubber
products -- chiefly tires. The significance of changes in levels of trade
in raw rubber would be modified, depending on the quantities of fabricated
products being traded in at the same time. Estimates of the level of this
trade have not yet been prepared.
IV. Rubber Consumption by Major Uses.
A. USSR.
In the absence of any direct information on the magnitude of postwar
consumption of crude rubber in the USSR, it is necessary to analyze the
major categories of consumers of rubber and to estimate total consumption
on the basis of developments in each category. To this end, rubber con-
sumers have been divided first into two major categories: transportation
and nontranSportation. The former is analyzed in terms of three sub-
categories: (1) tire casings for automotive vehicles, aircraft, and
motorcycles; (2) inner tubes for the foregoing; and (3) a residual class
consisting primarily of bicycle tires and tire repair materials. The
nontransportation category might be considered as a whole or broken down
into the following subcategories: (1) rubber footwear; (2) soles and
heels for leather footwear; (3) technical articles (for example, indus-
trial belting, hose, cable insulation, and rubber products other than
tires and tubes used in military end items); and (4) all other non-
transportation uses (for example, drug sundries, toys, etc.).
1. Rubber Consumption for Transportation Goods.
a. Production ,of Tire Casings.
The first element of an estimate of rubber consumption in
this category is necessarily an estimate of the unit production of tire
casings. Absolute figures on production of motor vehicle tires in the
USSR have not been published since before the war, and the last year noted
is 1938, when 3,548,000 such casings were produced. In the postwar period
the only aggregate data concerning tire production have been in terms of
percentage increases over the preceding year. Such percentage figures have
been published for the years 1947 through 1950. In addition, the Fourth
Five Year Plan (1946-50) stated cryptically that 1950 tire production was
planned to betrebled in comparison with prewar -- a planned output that
is difficult to estimate quantitatively partly because of uncertainty
as to precisely what is meant by the term "prewar" and partly because
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of lack of absolute figures beyond the year 1938.
Aside from these indications, there is also a large
amount of information concerning tire production at specific times
in particular plants, based both on reports in the Soviet press
Attempts have been made to obtain Soviet tire produc-
tion based on announced yearly percentage rates of increase. This
method of estimation faces the problem of obtaining a reliable figure
for 1946 to which such percentage rates may be applied. Some effort
has been made to relate this 1946 tire production figure to tire cord
(cotton cord) (see Tab E), which also must be based on prewar levels
and postwar percentages of yearly increases. These estimates also
assume for the postwar years a certain percentage of tire cord produced
by the chemical industry, which would be in addition to that produced
by the textile 'industry and for which no postwar data are available.
There is insufficient evidence to make competent esti-
mates of tire production from information on tire cord. It is to be
clearly understood that the preceding statement means "current produc-
tion," not production for 1940 or earlier. Additional evidence to
support this position lies in the fact that production from 1945 to date
placed emphasis on different sizes than were produced in 1940 -- that
is, since the war there has been a distinct effort by the Russians to
motorize their army. As a result, a large part of the tire production
effort is directed toward truck tires, whereas emphasis in 1940 was on
the more common sizes for passenger cars and trucks.
It is believed that this basis of calculation places
undue reliance on 1945 data, and 1945, it must be admitted, was an
abnormal year in the economy of any nation of the world. It is not
believed, therefore, that data on which estimates are based for current
production can be reasonably derived from information of 1945 vintage.
Furthermore, because there are no firm data on the use of synthetic fiber
tire cord in the USSR) any value taken for the amount of synthetic fiber
cord would be a pure guess. This pure guess added to an estimate of
cotton cord derived from prewar figures to which percentage increases are
applied leads to a total which is considered far too unreliable to make
this method worthy of more than academic interest.
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Table 8 presents figures on Soviet production of tires
of all types except bicycle, by individual plant.
Table 8
Soviet Tire Production (Estimated) a/
1946-53
Thousand Units
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952 b/
1953 b/
Dnepropetrovsk
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Kazan'
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Kirov
90
150
300
600
950
1,000
1,100
1,200
Leningrad
300
400
600
650
700
750
825
900
Lopasnaya
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Moscow
230
490
900
1,275
1,515
1,650
1,800
2,000
Omsk
250
300
450
700
1,000
1,140
1,300
1,400
Riga
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
4
4.5
5
6
7
Sverdlovsk/
Uktus
75
go
180
250
300
480
500
550
Uliyanovsk
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Voronezh
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Yaroslavl'
2,000
2,400
2,700
3,100
3,600
3,960
4,300
4,700
Yerevan
30
41
75
115
170
200
220
240
Total c/
2,975
3,871
5,205
6,694
8,239.5
9,185
10,051
104997
a. See Tab E.
b. 1952 and 1953 production figures have been obtained by adding approxi-.
mately 10 percent to 1951 and 1952, respectively.
c. In view of the fact that no figures are available for some plants, these
totals as computed by the plant method are believed to be a minimum.
b. Rubber Consumption by Types of Transportation Goods.
(1) Tires.
Information on the size and weights of Soviet-produced
tires indicates that they are comparable to the weight of US tires, size for
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size, and this basis has been used in deriving rubber consumption figures
for the USSR.
The tires produced in the USSR include sizes for
motorcycles, automobiles, light and heavy trucks, airplanes, artillery,
and tanks. If a weighted average of the rubber content mall sizes of
tires is based on the ratio of nine heavy tires to one light tire (this
ratio was deduced from the average number of serviceable motor vehicles
estimated in use for the years 1950, 1951, and 1952 7/), the average
rubber content thus derived is 33 pounds per tire. Most researchers
dealing with the Soviet rubber economy have used this figure for esti-
mating rubber consumption in the tire industry, and it is considered
by all as reliable. ,
(2) Inner Tubes.
The number of inner tubes produced in the USSR is
assumed to be 1.5 per motor vehicle tire as compared with less than 1
tube per-tire in the US.: Like the average rubber content per Soviet
tire discussed in the preceding section, the amount of rubber in each
inner tube is calculated on the basis of data for typical US tubes
assumed to be comparable to the average Soviet truck and passenger car
tube. An average of 8 pounds (1.5 tubes at 5.33 pounds per tube) of
rubber has beewderived, based on US weights.
(3) Residual Subcategory.
There is no direct evidence at hand regarding the
output of bicycle tires or tire repair material, in the. USSR.. Tire
repair material is probably used more widely in the USSR than in the
US or UK because of the poorer quality of Soviet tires, and the produc-
tion of bicycle tires is probably less. UK experience suggests that
rubber consumptiOn for these purposes would be about 10 percent of the
amount consumed for tire casings.* This percentage factor is used to
derive rubber consumption for such purposes in the USSR.
Soviet rubber consumption by types of transportation
goods is shown in.Table 9.**
* The Rubber Statistical Bulletin, published by the International Rubber
Study Group, London, lists the consumption of rubber for this purpose in the
UK. The 10-percent ;factor was calculated from these data.
** Table 9 follows on p. 18.
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Table 9
Soviet Rubber Consumption for Transportation Uses (Estimated) a/
1946-53
Thousand Metric Tons
Tire Casings
Inner Tithes
Other
Total
1946
44.5
10.7
4.4
59.6
1947
58.0
14.0
5.8
77.8
1948
77.9
18.8
7.8
104.5
1949
100.2
24.3
10.0
134.5
1950
123.4
29.9
12.3
165.6
1951
137.5
33.3
13.7
184.5
1952
150.1
36.4
15.0
201.5
1953
164.6
39.9
16.4
220.9
a. See Tab E for details on consumption patterns.
c. Types of Rubber Used for Transportation Goods.
The types of rubber used in manufacturing the various
classes of Soviet rubber goods cannot be definitely proved. However,
from information on individual plants, from plans for the industry,
it is apparent that a determined effort is
being made by the USSR to maximize the use of domestic rubber, partic-
ularly synthetic, in the production of rubber goods.
A study Of Soviet rubber fabrication methods indicates
a trend toward greater use of synthetic rubber in tires.
as of November 1950,
tires and tubes were being built of 100 percent synthetic rubber.
Chemical analyses of Soviet tires show that some truck
tire treads are being made entirely of synthetic rubber, while the carcass
is made of a combination of natural and synthetic rubber.
A formula, given below, possessing the indicated per-
centages of rubber, is considered to. represent an over-all average of
the ratios of types of rubber used for Soviet transportation goods
(tires, inner tubes, bicycle tires, and repair material). (See Tab E
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Percentage of Rubber
Natural
23
Synthetic
75
Reclaimed
2
2. Rubber Consumption for Nontransportation Uses.
a. Problem of Estimating Consumption for Nontransportation
Purposes.
The figures for nontransportation use of rubber are based
on the assumption that it is one-third of total usage. This percentage,
which seems to be valid for Western countries, may vary from year to year.
However, in view of the meager data available on the nontransportation
category of Soviet production of rubber goods, it is believed to be the
most reliable yardstick to use.
Attempts have been made to break down the nontransporta-
tion use of rubber into subdivisions.. One such breakdown resulted in
a rubber consumption pattern for nontransportation purposes which varied
between 30 and 39 percent of total consumption. Thus it is believed
that a one-third ratio (comparable to the trend in other countries) may
be a safer estimate than an attempt to break down the consumption item
by item. This one-third ratio shays the following consumption (Table 10)*
of rubber for nontransportation goods in comparison with that for trans-
pOrtation goods.
b. Types of Rubber Used for Nontransportation Goods.
In this category, especially footwear and a variety of
mechanical goods, a considerable percentage of reclaimed and/or synthetic
rubber can be and is used in the USSR.
The principal consumers of natural rubber in the non-
transportation field would be the producers of drug sundries, who would
require only a very small amount, quantitatively speaking.
* Table 10 follows on p. 20.
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Table 10
Soviet Blabber Consumption for All Uses (Estimated)
_1946-53
P
Transportation
Nontransportation
- Total
1946
59.6
29.8
89.4
1947 -
''77.8
_38.9
116.7
1948
104.5
52.2
156.7
_1949
'134.5
67.2
201.7
1950
165.6
82.8
248.4
1951
184.5
92,2
276.7
1952 -
201.5%
100.7
302.2
1953
220.9
, 110.4
331-.3
B. Satellites.
-
A European Satellite consumption pattern is not presented,
because the existing data are so fragmentary and of such questionable
accuracy that a detailed presentation would be misleading. It is -
believed, however, that existing evidence does support the general'.
assumption that rubber availability and consumption in the European ?
Satellites have been approximately equal since the war:- For purposes
of calculating stockpiles, therefore, these data have been omitted.
It is estimated that Communist Chinese availability and consump-
tion of rubber were also approximately equal through 1949. Thus, in the
years 1949, 1950, and 1951, consumption is estimated at 20,000, 25,000,
and 30,000 long tons,'respectively. A surplus tonnage of around 100,000
long tons had been accumulated by China at the end of 1951. It seems
logical to believe that some or all of this tonnage.hasIbeen traded to
the USSR'and/or'other Satellites for finished end items and/or other
considerations.
- 'The above estimateslrest on Considerablk-less evidence than those
for the USSR, and further-intensive research is needed-on this area. :-?
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V. Stockpiles.
There appears to be a deficit of rubber in the USSR for the amount of
goods produced in 1946 and 1947. However, it is noted that 17,000 long
tons of natural rubber and 8,975 long tons of synthetic rubber were
imported in 1945 (as against 9,500 tons of natural and no synthetic*
rubber in 1946). Some of this quantity of rubber may have been on hand
at the end of 1945 and may.consequently have supplied additional tonnage
for use in 1946. Exports of synthetic rubber from. East Germany also
have not been determined for 1946 and 1947 and may have contributed
additional quantities. Lacking these important figures, the stockpile
as indicated in Table 11 must be considered as incomplete.**
An estimate of Soviet consumption by type of rubber for each year
from 1946 to 1951 is believed to be unnecessary to determine whether
the calculated stockpile consists entirely of natural rubber, since it
is the belief of experienced rubber industrialists that only natural
rubber is stockpiled. In order to break down consumption by type of
rubber, it would be necessary to estimate the admixture factor (that is,
the percentage of natural, synthetic, and reclaimed) for each category
and/or subcategory. It can be safely assumed, however, that Soviet
strategic stockpiles consist primarily of natural rubber, and the
admixture factor for some or all consumption categories can be inferred.
It may be noted at this juncture, however, that, pending further
investigation of Satellite consumption, it is assumed that consumption
and availability are essentially in balance for the Satellites, exclud-
ing Communist China. This implies that any stockpiles existing in the
Soviet Bloc are derived from an excess of availability over consumption
in the USSR and Communist China.
Table 11 sums up the rubber situation in the USSR, showing imports
of natural rubber, domestic production of all types, consumption of
rubber, and stockpile. The stockpile shown in this table does not
include that of China.xxx
* There is no record of synthetic rubber exports from Free World
areas to the USSR in 1946.
** Table 11 follows on p. 22.
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Table 11
Soviet Rubber Situation (Estimated)
1946-53
Thousand Metric Tons
Rubber Supply
Rubber Consumption
Synthetic
Imports
Year
Natural,
Imports a/
(Mainly from
East Germany)
Production b/
Total
Transportation
Nontransportation
Total
Rubber to
Stockpile
Stockpile
(Cumulative)
1946
9.5
N.A.
61.0
70.5
59.6
29.8
89.4
1947
35.0
0.1
73.4
108.5
77.8
38.9
116.7
1948
100.0
1.0
123.8
221.8
104.5
52.2
156.7
65.1
65.1
1949
105.0
5.0
160.5
270.5
134.5
67.2
201.7
68.8
, 133.9
1950
82.5
16.0
190.3
288.8
165.6
82.8
248.4
40.4
174.3
1951
62.5
21.0
224.5
308.0
184.5
92.2
276.7
31.3
205.6
1952
100.0 c/
N.A.
244.7
344.7
201.5
100.7
302.2
42.5
248.1
1953
269.9
220.9
110.4
331.3
a. Long tons. These figures include natural rubber imports only.
b. Includes synthetic rubber, domestic natural rubber, and reclaimed rubber.
c. Estimated imports for 1952 on the basis of present trends.
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TAB A
? TYPES AND TECHNOLOGY OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Soviet articles have given indication of the extent and development
of Soviet production of the various types of synthetic rubber.
Both butadiene-type rubber (produced from alcohol) and neoprene
(Sovprene) were produced on an industrial scale in the USSR by the end
of World War II. The following excerpts from a Soviet periodical 1/*
indicate the extent of research and development made by the USSR in the
synthetic rubber program:
"Although study of copolymerization began very recently, very
important practical results have already been obtained. At present,
particularly after the study of copolymerization of butadiene with
styrene and derivatives of acrylic acid, copolymerization in a
number of cases is carried out in water emulsions without metallic
sodium.
"In recent years, a new and scientifically very interesting fact was
discovered concerning the condensation, into a rubbery substance,
under special conditions, of hydrocarbon which has no combined system
of double bonds. To these compounds belongs isobutylene, which could
be obtained from petroleum. Synthetic rubber from isobutylene re-
ceived the name of opanol and vistanex.
"Until very recently ethyl alcohol, as it is known, is obtained from
raw food substances, potatoes and grain, was the raw material for
obtaining synthetic rubber by S.V. Lebedev's method. Soviet scientists
worked on . . . obtaining rubber from (other materials).
"A rational technological scheme of converting ethylene gases caused
by the cracking of petroleum into alcohol was developed. Thus,
cheaper petroleum could be the raw material for obtaining rubber.
"Scientists and engineers developed and familiarized themselves with
a technical method of obtaining ethyl alcohol from wood waste products --
sawdust and shavings. A wide construction of plants for wood hydrolysis
has already been developed. The synthetic butadiene alcohol rubber
industry will gradually make a complete change to ethyl alcohol from raw
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non-edible material-wood. According to the new Five Year Plan,
38% of the needs of the synthetic rubber industry will be
covered in 1950 by ethyl alcohol from wood.
"Now, a method of obtaining synthetic rubber directly from
petroleum which was developed by Soviet scientists is on the
way to being put into operation in our country on a technical
scale.
"The synthetic rubber industry is of greater importance than
the natural rubber industry* - because it is capable of greater
development. The quality of synthetic products can be more
closely controlled, and tailor-made elastomers and
cppolymerisates with any desired set of properties can be
produced at will."
A technological study of the Soviet synthetic rubber program 2/ re-
ported that low, intermediate, and high styrene polymers of the
butadiene/styrene type are being produced by the Russians, the low
styrene types presumably for Arctic applications, the intermediate levels
for general-purpose use (principally transportation items), and the high
styrene types for use where thermoplastic materials are required.
This study concluded that, from a study of the information available,
the technological status of synthetic rubber in the USSR is approximately
equivalent to that in the US:
"In view of the rather noteworthy performance of Russian rubber in
carcass stocks (on GR-S treads) and realizing that Russia has the
technical know-how required for the production of synthetic
polymers having butadiene/styrene ratios more suitable for tire
treads than sone of the earlier polybutadiene types, it is '
reasonable to conclude that the Russians could, through proper
selection of polymers, produce an all-synthetic rubber tire
suitable for use on small-sized civilian and military vehicles."
Sovprene, a special-purpose rubber, requires calcium carbide
(acetylene) and chlorine. Raw materials for the requirements of this
rubber production are available.
* Presumably the program for development of domestically cultivated
shrubs and plants producing a latex-like substance.
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Butyl rubber is a copolymer of isoprene and isobutylene. The
technology for the production of butyl rubber involves temperatures
at as law as minus 1400C. The technical problems in the maintenance
of this temperature are such that the production of butyl rubber is
a highly specialized process. It is believed by rubber experts in
the US that this technology, because of its complication and cost,
is not likely to be used by the Russians.
For example, large quantities of methyl chloride, a refrigerant,
are required for the maintenance of the law temperature in this
technology. There is ample evidence to support the belief that
methyl chloride is in short supply in the USSR. This one factor
short supply of methyl chloride -- tends to substantiate further
the doubt that the Russians are employing this particular
specialized rubber technology. The fact that butyl rubber is used
for highly specialized purposes and is not compatible with natural
rubber and general-purpose synthetics lends further credence to the
belief that the Russians are not producing this highly specialized
synthetic.
NO information has been seen showing Soviet interest in, or
applications oZ, extenders in their produdtion of synthetic rubber.
(Extenders are various grades of petroleum oils that are added at
the end of the synthetic manufacturing process. These extenders
can be used to increase the production of any plant from 20 to 35
percent without increases in construction or equipment other than
driers.) The use of extenders has been common practice in the US
since early in 1951, and US rubber companies state that there is
no reduction in the quality of the finished products.
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TAB B
COMPUTATION OF SOVIET PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER
FOR TEE BASE YEAR 1939
As indicated in the text of this report, estimates of Soviet production
of synthetic rubber since World War II may be derived by applying the per-
centages given in the Fourth and Fifth Five Year Plans to an estimate of
prewar production obtained by the use of data disclosed in two articles
published in Soviet periodicals in 1940.
The first of these articles, which appeared in Industriya on 10 March 1940,
revealed that the production of synthetic rubber in 1939 was 14.9 percent
greater than in 1938 and that 30,900 metric tons of ethyl alcohol had been
saved in 1939, thanks to improved techniques, in particular the use of a
more efficient catalyst. The second paper by A.V. Petrenko of Glavkauchuk
(Chief Directorate for Rubber) appeared in Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 4/5,
1-5 (1940). This paper was more technical in nature and presented four
"basic technological indicators," the interpretation of which by those
unskilled in the field of chemical technology has led to much misunder-
standing and disagreement as to the production of synthetic rubber for
1939, which can be deduced from the data given by Petrenko and the informa-
tion given in the Industriya paper.
The following passage has been translated from the Petrenko paper:
"The use of the new catalyst made possible during 1939
a decrease in the consumption coefficient of alcohol of
0.482 tons per ton of (kauchuk*) rubber in comparison with
1938. A large quantity of rubber was produced by the syn-
thetic rubber plants from this alcohol which had. been saved.
"The work of the synthetic rubber plants in 1939 gave
the following basic technological indicators compared with
1938.
* The Russian word kauchuk means "pure rubber" and is a cognate of
caoutchouc. The Russian word rezina, on the other hand, means
compounded rubber."
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Table 1
"Indicators
1. The yield of divinyl based on decomposed
alcohol, percent.
2. Alcohol in tons per ton of synthetic rubber.
3. The losses of pure divinyl in percent of the
total divinyl in the contact gas.
4. The production of refined rubber in percent
of the total output of alcoholic synthetic
rubber over the year.*
1939 1938
36.25 32.52
2.806 3.288
6.34 10.38
57.1 44.5
* At the end of the year the output of refined rubber amounted to
70.4 percent."
Let us examine the four indicators given above. The first reveals an
increase in divinyl yield. Yield is defined as the percentage of the raw
material which is converted into a product. The second indicator indicates
the consumption in tons of alcohol per ton of rubber produced. As was
indicated in the body of the paper, this value is the consumption coef-
ficient of alcohol. The third and fourth indicators are "in-proceds" loss
and efficiency values, respectively, and will be discussed in detail below.
In order to interpret these data properly, one must first know some-
thing about the chemical processes involved as well as the methods of
calculation used for deriving the indicators mentioned above and their
proper use.
Butadiene, or divinyl, is produced by the thermal decomposition of
ethyl alcohol under certain conditions of temperature and pressure and
with the aid of a catalyst. As the state of knowledge of this produc-
tion improved, new techniques and improved catalysts have brought about
a continually improving chemical efficiency. Chemical efficiency is
defined as useful output/input x 100 or actual production/theoretical
production x 100. In other words, if the useful output is exactly equal
to the input or the actual production is exactly equal to the theoretical
production, then the chemical efficiency of the system is 100 percent.
In the production of butadiene rubber, there are two places in the
system where significant losses occur. The first of these losses takes
place in the conversion of alcohol to monomeric butadiene and the
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purification of the monomeric butadiene, and the second loss is in the
polymerization process, in which the monomeric butadiene is converted
to the polymer. In the first step (conversion of alcohol to monomeric
butadiene and purification of the monomer) the losses are small, but
in the second step (polymerization) the losses are significant.
The reaction of the production of butadiene from ethyl alcohol
proceeds according to the following scheme:
2 C2H5OH = H2C=C-C=CH2 4 H2 4 21120
HH
(1)
According to the laws of chemistry, the above equation must balance both
chemically and algebraically. Chemically speaking, the equation is in
balance because in the left member there are 4 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen
atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms, and in the right member there are 4 carbon
atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms. The molecular weight of
ethyl alcohol is 46.068, of butadiene 54.088, of hydrogen 2.016, and of
water 18.016 (using the 1942 International Atomic Weights of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen as 12.010, 1.008, and 16.000, respectively). Thus
the chemical equation now becomes a mathematical equation:
2 x 46.o68 = 92.136 = 54.088 4 2.016 4 36.032 = 92.136 .(2)
The equation is balanced. From this equation, one may see that by
decomposing two molecules of ethyl alcohol, one may obtain one molecule
of butadiene. Now, if the rules of stoichiometry are applied, it is
seen that from 92.136 parts by weight of alcohol, 54.088 parts by weight
of butadiene are formed according to theory. In other words, if the
system operates at 100-percent efficiency, 1.703 parts of alcohol are
required to produce one part of butadiene by weight (92.136:54.088::1.703:1).
This means that, theoretically, 1.703 tons of alcohol are required to
produce 1 ton of rubber if all the butadiene produced from the 1.703 tons
of alcohol is polymerized without loss to rubber.
?
Let us deal first with the derivation of the rubber production of
1939 from the data given in the articles cited above. We have the
following factual data:
1. A "saving" of 30,900 metric tons of alcohol was effected
in 1939 over 1938.
2. 14.9 percent more 'libber was produced in 1939 than in 1938.
3. The consumption coefficient for 1939 was 2.806 units of
alcohol per unit of rubber produced, and for 1938, 3.288 units of alcohol
per unit of rubber produced.
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?
We must determine:
1. The amount of alcohol consumed in 1938 and 1939.
2. The amount of rubber produced in 1938 and 1939.
Therefore,
Let x = amount of alcohol in tons consumed in 1938; then
- y, the amount of rubber produced in 1938
consumption n 775513
coefficient
And let z = amount of alcohol in tons consumed in 1939; then
(1)
consumption 2,.806 - a, the amount of rubber produced in 1939, (2)
coefficient
But we are told by the Soviet press that the rubber production in 1939
was 14.9 percent greater than in 1938, or
a = 1.149y (3)
Substituting this value in equation (2), we see that
z
2.806 _ 1.149y (4)
If we now solve for y in equations (1) and (4), we find:
and solving for x,
Y: X. _ z
Taz T":"O
X = 3.288z - 1.02z
3.22k
(5)
(6)
which means that in 1938, 2 percent more alcohol was consumed to produce
14.9 percent less rubber than in 1939, or, conversely, in 1939, 2 percent
less alcohol was consumed to produce 14.9 percent more rubber than in 1938.
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Now if we interpret that the saving of 30,900 metric tons of alcohol
in 1939 over the 1938 consumption announced by the Soviet press means
that in 1939, 30,900 tons less alcohol were consumed than in 1938, then
the alcohol consumption for 1939 could. be expressed as
z = x - 30,900
and if we substitute the value for x derived in eqpation (6) into
equation (7) we find:
(7)
z = 1.02z - 30,900 (8)
and solving for z,
30,900 = 1.02z - z = z(1.02 - 1) = 0.02z (9a)
z 30,900 1,545,000 tons of alcohol consumed in 1939, (9h)
0.02
This value divided by the consumption coefficient for 1939 of 2.806 gives
a rubber production for 1939 of 550,600 metric tons, A FIGURE WHICH IS
OBVIOUSLY ABSURD.
On the other hand, if we divide the difference in the consumption
coefficients for 1938 and 1939"(3.288 - 2.806 0.482) into the announced
saving of 30,900 metric tons of alcohol in 1939 over 1938, a rubber produc-
tion of 64,108 tons is derived for 1939. If this premise is correct, then
64,108 tons of rubber multiplied by the amount of alcohol consumed per
ton of rubber produced in 1939 (2.806) gives an alcohol consumption of
179,887 tons for 1939. Thus we now assign a value to z:
z = 179,887 tons of alcohol consumed in 1939 (10)
We now go back to the Soviet press and recall that the production of
rubber in 1939 was 14.9 percent greater than in 1938, and we substitute
in equation (3) the value for a, the rubber production in 1939, which we
have calculated above, so that
64,108 = 1.149y
and solving for yl we find:
y 55,794 metric tons of rubber produced in 1938
0
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If we now multiply this value by 3.288, the amount of alcohol consumed
per ton of rubber produced, we find that 183,451 tons of alcohol were
consumed in 1938, or
x = 183,451 metric tons of alcohol consumed in 1938 (13)
Now we have established in equation (6) that
X 1.02z
and if we substitute the values for z and x calculated above equations
(10) and (13), xespectively), we find:
183,451 r. 1.02(179,887)
183,451 = 1.02
179,887
1.02 = 1.02 Q.E.D.
From the above series of arguments, it is obvious that the division
of the alcohol saved, an absolute figure given by the Russians themselves,
by the decrease in alcohol consumed per ton of rubber produced, a figure
reported by the Russians, does in fact give a reasonable value for the
production of rubber in 1939.
If one now considers the indicators cited by Petrenko concerning the
decreases in losses in the butadiene production stage and the increase
in efficiency of the polymerization stage, the reasonable values for the
1939 rubber production of 64,100 metric tons and for the 1938 production
of 56,000 metric tons become virtually unimpeachable.
Now, according to Petrenko, 2.806 metric tons of alcohol were required
per tem of rubber produced in 1939. This relationship may be expressed
mathematically as follows:
2.806 tons of alcohol = 1 ton of rubber 4 losses
According to the rules of mathematics, one cannot equilibrate alcohol
with rubber; so the equivalency of 1 ton of rubber in alcohol must be
substituted in equation (1), so that
2.806 tons of alcohol =1.703 tons of alcohol + losses
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(1)
(2)
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The left-hand member of this equation may be properly-termed "input,"
and the first term in the right-hand member may be called "useful
output." Earlier in this explanation it was pointed out that chemical
efficiency was defined as "useful output/input x 100." Thus the
chemical efficiency of the production of rubber from butadiene produced
by the Lebedev process as outlined above may be represented as
useful output x 100_ 1.703 x 100 . 60.7%
input 2.806
Petrenko points out that the polymerization step mentioned above was
carried out at a 57.1?percent efficiency and that the losses in the
conversion of alcohol to monomeric butadiene step amounted to 6.34 per-
cent. It is obvious that if the 6.34-percent monomer loss had actually
been polymerized, at the same efficiency as the balance of the monomer,
then 57.1 percent of the 6.34 percent would have been converted to
rubber. In other words, one must convert the 6.34-percent loss into
terms of efficiency. If the loss of monomer had not existed, then less
alcohol would have been required to make the 1 ton of rubber which we
have postulated. The conversion of loss to efficiency can be done by
multiplying the 6.34 percent by the established efficiency of 57.1 per-
cent:
6.34 x 0.571 = 3.62 = 3.6%
The now converted loss may be added to the 57.1?percent efficiency of the
polymerization process to give an over-all efficiency of 60.7 percent,
the same as was calculated above. The two "in-process" efficiencies added
together give the over-all efficiency.
? Applying the same line of reasoning to the 1938 data given in the
Petrenko paper, one may show:
useful output x 100: 1.703 x 100 - 51. over-all efficiency
input TOU
The polymerization efficiency is given as 44.5 percent, and the loss in
the conversion and purification step was 10.38 percent. Application of
the same procedure.as was described above gives:
(10.3 0.445) 4 44.5% = 49.1% over-all efficiency
The difference of 2.7 percent may be accounted for by reference to
Petrenko's statements regarding the improvement of various stages of
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the process: for example, the increase in yield of divinyl, change in
the balance of the products of the catalytic decomposition of the alcohol,
return to the system of pseudebutylene, etc. All of these improvements
could account for the small unaccounted loss of 2.7 percent in 1938 and
make the material balance exact in 1939.
It may be seen from the above argument that the values quoted by
Petrenko as the average consumption of alcohol per ton of rubber produced
takes into consideration all "in-process" efficiencies and are therefore
"absolute consumption coefficients." The difference between the consump-
tion coefficients for 1938 and 1939 divided into the total amount of
alcohol saved by the improved techniques will give an absolute value for
the rubber production for 1939 directly: namely, 64,100 metric tons.
It should be noted that this utilization of the consumption coefficient
as the units of primary raw material per unit of finished product is the
same procedure as is used in the US. It should further be noted that the
only limitation which need be placed on the above calculations is the
accuracy of the Soviet figures.
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TAB C
DERIVATION OF SOVIET BLOC RUBBER PRODUCTION
BY TBE PLANT METHOD
I. Production of Synthetic Rubber.
The plant study method involves the collation of a mass of
data and a critical evaluation of those
data to determine the output of individual plants. There are
obvious limitations to this type of analysis. Data are fragmentary
and often are not up-to-date and in this respect have a downward
bias. This bias may be offset, however, by the judgme-nts involved
in calculating individual plant output. Experience in the use of
this technique has demonstrated that it can be used to estimate
production with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Cross-checks are
provided by Soviet percentage figures. However, Soviet percentaee,
rates of increase should be used with caution.
The following percentage rates of increase reported by the
Soviet press for the various postwar years are given below:
Percentage of Yearly Increase
1946 Not given
1947 Not given
1948 79W
1949 36 1/
1950 18 2/
1951 20 di
a? Pravda 20 Jan 1949.
b. Ibid., 18 Jan 1950.
c. Ibid., 26 Jan 1951.
d. Ibid., 24 Jan 1952.
For postwar years, individual plant studies reveal much data pertaining
to capacities and output of synthetic rubber.
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In support of the plant analysis method, the following evidence
is submitted:
1. There is ample corraborative evidence that the SK plants
at Kazan', Voronezh, Yefremovl, and Yaroslavl' have a
capacity of 30,000 metric tons each.*
3. the four plants named above account for
120,000 metric tons of design capacity.
4. The plant at Voronezh has been increased by 10,000
metric tons through the installation of German Buna S
rubber production equipment.
5. At Yerevan the original Sovprene equipment installed in
1940 provided for a 10,000-ton capacity of Sovprene.
Since that time the capacity of this plant has been in-
creased to 30,000 metric tons.
6. Two other plants known to be producing synthetic rubber are
located at Sumgait and Temir-Tau, the capacities of which,
based on the 10,000-ton units referred to above, must
have a minimum capacity of 10,000 metric tons each of Buna S
or divinyl rubber.
There are at
least two other plants known to be under construction at
present.
The known plants account for a design capacity of 180,000 metric tons
per year. The estimate of actual production of 172,000 metric tons in
1951 is altogether consistent with the capacity of these units. The
estimate for the 1952 production of 167,000 metric tons takes into con-
sideration the plants presently under construction or completed about
* See individual plant analyses. PP. C-15 -- c-46.
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which we have no firm evidence. Owing to the fact that rubber pro-
duction is considered of top priority in the USSR, the close proximity
of estimated production to design capacity is reasonable. Knowing
the Soviet penchant for Stakhanavite activities, it is quite possible
that these plants maybe operated in excess of design capacity for
stop-gap until new capacities are brought into production.
Of the eight Soviet plants producing synthetic rubber in 1951, four
are known to be producing divinyl-type rubber; one, Sovprene; and one,
Buna-S. The type of. production in the remaining two plants has not
been definitely established. Estimated production by plant is shown
in Table 1.*
II. Production of Natural Rubber from Shrubs.
The production of natural rubber from latex-bearing flora has been
calculated on the basis of acreage and yields as analyzed from the best
information available. (See Tolle 2.)*
A list of processing plants has also been consolidated (Table 3)*
with estimated production by plant. These production figures for
the individual plants are preliminary and are based on fragmentary in-
formation. They should be considered with that qualification. However,
it was felt that such a listing should be made in order to clarify status
of plants sometimPs listed as synthetic rubber plants by inexperienced
analysts. For all practical purposes, the production estimates based
on acreage and yields should be used.
III. Production of Reclaimed Rubber.
Information on production of reclaimed rubber by individual plants
is fragmentary and incomplete. For only a very few plants are there
any postwar details.
* Table 1 follows on p. C-5; Table 2, on p. C-9; Table 3, on p. C-11.
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The Fourth Five Year Plan (1946_50) forecast a goal of 56,000
metric tons per year of reclaimed ribber to be produced by 1950.
No announcements by the Soviet press concerning results obtained in
this field have been noted.
Table 4* shows the location of plants producing reclaimed rubber
in the Soviet Bloc.
* Table 4 follows on p. C-12.
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? _ _ ?
Table 1
Soviet Bloc Production of Synthetic Rubber*
1946-53
Metric Tons
Location
USSR
Kazan'
Kemerovo b/
Krasnoyarsk
Kursk y SK-6 Resina
Sumgait SK-7'
Tambov b/ SK-5 Gigant
Temir-Tau SK-2
Plant
SK-4 (Divinyl)
Kirov (741)
SK-3 Ruda
Usollye
'Voronezh
Yaroslavl'.
Type of Rubber
Butadiene from alcohol
N.A.
Butadiene from petroleum
sources
Whether Sovprene or buta-
diene from acetylene
acetaldehyde is not
determined
N.A.
SK-2 (Buna S) Butadiene from alcohol,
Kirov plus styrene
SK1 (Divinyl) Butadiene from alcohol
Yarak (739)
* Footnotes for Table 1 follow on p. 0-7.
1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 Y 1952 Y 1953
-5 -
15,000 15,000 20,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000
0 0 5,000 7,000 10,000
0 0 0 0 0 7,000 8,000 10,000
0
5,000 8,000' 12.000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N.A.
N.A. N.A. 10,000 22,000 38,000 40,000 44,000 49,000
22,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000
S-E-C-R,ET
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Table 1
Soviet Bloc Production of Synthetic Rubber
1946-53
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Location
Plant
Type of Rubber
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
19511/
1952 21
1953
USSR (Continued)
Yefremov
SK-3 (Divinyl)
Ettadiene from alcohol
N.A.
5,000
1,,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
Yerevan
SK-1 (Sovprene)
Kirov (742)
Sovprene; possibly also
butadiene and/or buta-
diene-styrene
2,500
5,000
15,000
20,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Total USSR
40,000
50,000
90,000
122,000
143,000
172,800
187,000
206,000
East Germany
Bunawerke
Buna S (mainly); other
varieties
23,997
38,400
30,700
26,500
41,500
48,853
52,000
57,000
Schkopau
Poland
Debica
Stomil
Butadiene from alcohol
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Zarow (Saarau)
Silesia
Thiokol
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
2,000
3,000
3,300
3,600
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Table 1
Soviet Bloc Production of Synthetic Rubber
1946-53
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Location Plant Type of Rubber 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 Y 1953
Czechoslovakia
Ostrokovice Bata Chloroprene (neoprene) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 300 600 700 800
Teschin Butadiene from alcohol N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Total Satellites 23,997 38,1400 30,700 26,500 143,800 52,1453 56,000 61,1400
Grand Total .6112000 88,400 120,700 148,500 186,800 224,453 243,000 267,000
a. 1951 and 1952 production estimates were each extended by-approximately 10 percent to equal 1953 estimated production:
b. There is no evidence that these plants have produced synthetic rubber in postwar years.
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_ ? ? ? _ _
Table 2
Production Estimates of Soviet Natural Rubber from Shrubs
I. Area (Hectares) :61/*
Year12/
Kok-saghy
Other
Total
1940
61,900
4,600
661500
1949
60l000
8,500
68,500
1950
70l000
12,000
82,000
1951
90,000
15l000
-1050000
Yield as Roots (Raw)
(Centners per Hectare) 2/
1940
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
1949
7
16
8.0
1950
9
18
10.0
1951
8
15
9.0
III. Production g
(in Centners) 2/
1940
N.A.
N.A.
11,000
1949
7,896
7,098
14;994 1/
1950
11;844
11,050
22,898
1951
13,536
11,060
24,596
IV. Plan
Year Acreage (Ha) Production (Metric Tons)
1950 270,000 7,200
* Footnotes for Table 2 follow on p. C-10.
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Table 2
Production Estimates of Soviet Natural Rubber from Shrubs
(Continued)
a. 1 hectare (ha) equals 2.471 acres.
b. 1940 area obtained from Sotsialisticheskoye Zemledeliye.,
25 Apr 1946; area noted for 1949, 1950, and 1951 based on news-
paper reports.
c. Estimates of yield are based on reports of plans and
accomplishments as modified by US agricultural experts with long
experience in the USSR.
d. Calculated on basis of different quantities of rubber derived
from various types of rubber plant roots. The percentage of
rubber production to the total root yield varies from 1.5 to 10
percent for different varieties. These percentages are Lased on
official publications as modified by judgment of analysts.
e. 10 centners equal 1 metric ton.
f. Production in 1946 was only a few hundred tons and by 1948 was
still less than a thousand tons.
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Table 3
Soviet Bloc Production of Natural Rubber a/
1946-53
Metric Tons
Location
Region
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
USSR
Dankovo
VII
Livny
VII
?
100
100
100
Madagis
V
100
100
200
200
Maykop
IV
100
200
200
200
Makoshino
III
Moscow
VII
100
300
400
500
Plavsk
VII
Shurab
XB
200
200
200
300
300
Tambov
III
Tash-Sari
XB
200
200
300
500
500
Umant
III
100
300
500
500
Zhlobin
IIB
100
200
Total
400
800
1,500
2,300
2,500
2,700
2,900,
-
Poland
56.b/
110
125
135
160
Other- Satellites
400
800
1,556
Lgil
11625
2,835
3,060
Grand Total
a. Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available.
b. 650 tons of kok-saghyz roots from shrubs grown in Czechoslovakia were shipped to Polish plants, ithiOh
produced approximately 56 tons of crude rubber. The locations of these processing installations in Poland are not known.
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Table 4
Soviet Bloc Production of Reclaimed Rubber a/*
1946-53
Metric Tons
Location Plant
USSR
Oheboksary Factory for Industrial
Technology No. 320
Ivanovo KIP
Kalinin
Kazan'
Kiev/Darnitsa Krasnyy Resinochik
Kursk
Leningrad
Lopasnya
Moscow Provodnik
Kraanyy Bogatyr
Tashkent
Tbilisi
UriAk
Vitebsk
Yaroslavl'
Total
Yarak
* Footnotes for Table 4 follow on p. C-14i
1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 12 1953 b/
1,000
2,000 2,800
15,000 15,000
6,000 6,000
6,000 6,000
1,000 2,000
15,000 18,000
21 000 23,500 30,000, 37,000 145,000 50,000 55,000. 61,000
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Table 4
Soviet Bloc Production of Reclaimed Rubber a/
1946-53
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Location Plant 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 Y 1953 IV
Satellites
Bulgaria
Sofia Bakish (Georg' Dimitrov) 90 90 100 150 200
Rumania
Baicoi Banloc
Czechoslovakia
Gottwaldov/Zlin Bata 6,000 6,500 7,000 - 8,000 9,000
East Germany
Gotha Gummitechnik Gotha
Hoerselgau Vereinigte Gothania
Meuselwitz Helmer, Pilz & Sdehne 180
Schoenebeck
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Table 4
Soviet Bloc Production of Reclaimed Rubber a/
1946-53
(Continued)
Metric Tons
Location Plant 1946 1947 1948 1945' 1950 1951 1952 91 1953 Y
Satellites (Continued)
East Germany (Continued)
Waltershausen/Thuringia Schlauch & Gummi
Zipsendorf Regeratwerke 1,600
Total 2,977 1,780 2,500 3,500
Poland
Krakow Semperit
Poznan Stomil
Bole chowo
Total 1,900 2,200 2222 14i222 4,500 5,200
China 5,000 ,5?000 5,000 5,000
Grand Total
62,560 67,7814 75,150 83,900
---
a. Spaces left plank in this table indicate that data are not available.
b. 1951 and 1952 production estimates were each extended by approximately 10 percent to obtain estimated production for 1952
and 1953.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
TAB C
APPENDIX A
SOVIET BLOC SYNTBETIC RUBBER INSTALLATIONS
USSR
1. Kazand
Location:
Labor:
Production:
In SE part of town between RR line and village
of Voskresenskoye. 1/*
Plant is said to have employed 10,000 workers
in 1941 in three shifts. 1/ There were 1,250
employees in addition to about 300 to 400 over-
head workers. 2/
Construction of plant began in 1932, and parts
began operating in 1936. 3/ The SK-4 plant
was planned for an annual production of 40,000
tons of commercial rubber; however, the proauc-
tion averaged 30,000 tons per year owing to the
shortage of alcohol. 2/ The works SK-1 to 5K-4
were originally planned with capacities of
10,000 tons, which were increased to 15,000 tons
in 1936. Since 1938 capacities were expanded to
30,000 tons .for SK-1 to SK-3, while SK-4 could
have increased to 40,000 tons per year. 2/ It
was reported that this plant was equipped during
the war with evacuated machinery from SK-2 plant.
Subsequent to cessation of hostilities, the
plant utilized German machinery and personnel. 4/
Soviet press reported that workers of Plant 741
-Kirov resolved to complete the prescribed
work quota by 5 December 1947. They decided to
produce at least 8% more synthetic rubber, reduce
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USSR (Continued)
1. Kazan\ (Continued)
Raw Materials:
2. Kemerovo
Location:
Production:
S-E-C-R-E-T
the amount of alcohol in production of rubber,
which will make it possible for other plants
to produce 1 million Pairs of overshoes and
to increase working efficiency by 31.14 in
comparison with 1946. 5/ German specialists
from Bunawerke (Schkopau) deported to USSR
are reported to be working in Katan/in the
setting up of plant similar to and copied by
the Russians of Bunawerke at Schkopau. It
was stated that construction would take from
3 to 5 years for completion of the plant. ?/
Receives alcohol from plant at Chad, Molotov
Region. 7/ The energy supply cane from the
electrical works in Kazan, from which steam
was also supplied. In the winter the supply
of steam was much too small. The workshops
in this plant were able to manufacture only
small equipment. 2/
(55?21'N-86?02'E) Region IX AAF 161
SK-3 (Sovprene)
S of main street of Kemerovo, opposite old
chemical plant Wof BR line to Novosibirsk. 1/
In Prokop'yevsk or Stalinsk. ?2/ Kemerovo
Chemical Plant, Konibinat 325, on outskirts
of Kemerovo. 4/ Located between ATZ plant
and Zavod 510. 2/
Reported to be under construction in 1942,
and Germans believed operation in 1942 fore-
seen. 3/ Construction of plant started in
1945; completed in 1947. Dismantled machinery
from Bunawerke at Auschwitz was stored in open
(indicating probably planned synthetic rubber
plant). 4/ Plant was reported still under
construction (in May 1948). 1/
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USSR (Continued)
2. Kemerovo (Continued)
Comment:
S-E-C-R-E-T
A plastics plant is located here, and this may
be the plant referred to as a synthetic rubber
plant.
3. Krasnoyarsk (56002'N-92?48'E) Region XI AAF 159
50X1
Location: Across the river from Krasnoyarsk in Zlobina,
4 km E of RR Station. 1/
Production: Synthetic rubber combine was established
1941-42. 2/ Construction of a synthetic rubber
plant was to begin in 1947. 3/ Work began this
year on eight buildings in a-2 sq km area. 1/
Only the foundations were completed by
September 1948; to become a rubber manufacturing
plant; will take three more years to complete. 4/ 5/
4. Kursk (51039N-360101E) Region VII AAF 234
Location:
Production:
In the small village of Vvedenskoye, 11 km SE of
Kursk. 1/ Approximately 8 km SW of Kursk, about
500 m W of Kursk-Medvenka highway, and about
800 in N of Kursk-Ryshkovo RR line. 2/ 3 km SW
of Ryshkovo, surrounded by farmland on all
sides. 2/
According to PWs who were captured in Kursk area
in 1943 and worked in plant grounds till PW
camp was closed down, the wall surrounding plant
was already standing when first German troops
marched through in 1941, and outer Walls of the
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USSR (Continued)
4. Kursk (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
now finished buildings had been built to a
height of 4 m. Construction was continued
in 1945. Besides the finished buildings,
there are a number of finished foundations;
more are planned. 2/
According to publications of Soviet government,
construction was undertaken in 1936. (This
was confirmed by a Russian chief engineer.) 3/
The project at that time included one installa-
tion for synthetic rubber according to IGF
procedure, capacity 10,000 tons. Further
construction was undertaken only in 1946. (Note:
None of facilities noted indicate synthetic
rubber included.) 4/
Plant supposedly ma-de trial production for a
short time at the end of 1947.
2/ The
full production of this plant is to go into
effect in the summer of 1948. 2/
Plant is still under construction and machines
are just being installed. PWs, who claim to
know, state machinery being installed is usually
used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. 5/
synthetic rubber
plant RTI was scheduled to begin production on
1 May 1948. Equipment arrived from Berlin Buna
Synthetic Rubber Plant by train between May 1945
and October 1945. Installation nearly completed.
(Nov 47) 6/
Lab production started beginning of 1948. Work-
shop believed to manufacture small quantities
of buna from limestone and coal. 7/
Some PWs report that there are two factories 3 km
apart. Construction was said to have begun
before the war, but was suspended, and in May 1945
started again. In October 1948 the first rubber
raw material is said to have been worked. 8/
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USSR (Continued)
4. Kursk (Continued)
Comment:
S-E-C-R-E-T
the plant was off 1- 50X1
cially opened in September 1948, but was not
up to full production. 9/
Although this location has been reported
repeatedly as being a synthetic rubber plant,
equipment and details on plant installation
do not substantiate this. Further information
.is needed to establish the presence of actual
synthetic rubber manufacturing facilities.
5. Sumgait SK-7
Location:
Production:
Location is Baku. 1/ 50X1
SK-7 is probably Azerbaydzhan synthetic rubber
plant. Located in Black City on north edge of
Budennyy refinery. 2/
Using petroleum gases, plant was under construc-
tion during early years of WW II. Reportedly
in operation in 1942 and was to have a capacity
of 12,000 tons per year. 1/
Recently a research plant for the production of
rubber from petroleum gases according to the
improved Bysov method has been built in Baku;
in Sumgait near Baku a plant for manufacturing
12,000 tons per year has now been built; the
rubber will be manufactured from petroleum gases
through ethylene and alcohol; furthermore)
isobutyl, butyl, and amyl alcohols, as well as
sulfuric acid, will be produced. 1/
it was under construe- 50X1
tion in 1939, with production of butadiene-
type rubber planned from oil. 3/
50X1
no definite ,50X1
information has proved that it is not operating. 4/
Synthetic rubber .(used at Krasnyy Oktyabr
fabricating plant) believed to have cone from
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USSR (Continued)
5. Sumgait (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
Baku, according to PW. 5/
Factory No. 142 produces synthetic rubber. Only
part Of works complete. 6/
Raw Materials: Synthetic rubber production based on petroleum
has been intensified; ethylene from refinery
gases is converted into ethyl alcohol, which
is transformed by catalytic process into
butadiene and the latter is then polymerized
under pressure. This process (synthetic rubber
based on petroleum sources), which has been
employed for 10 years at Sumgait refinery, is
now to be utilized to a greater extent. 7/
Technical processes worked out at Letter factories
were subsequently applied at SK factories for
industrial use. Among them, Baku synthetic
rubber plant using the Byzov method of latex
manufactured from petroleum by-products. 8/
Now, a method of obtaining synthetic rubber
directly from petroleum which was developed by
Soviet scientists is on the way to being put
into operation in our country on a technical
scale. 9/
(Note: This appears to indicate that the Sumgait
plant was not in operation in 1948.)
6. Tambov (52?43'N-41?27T) Region VII AAF 166 SK-5
Location: 4.5 km NE of RR station. 1/ 4.5 miles N of Tambov
RR station and 1 mile NNE of civilian airfield. 3/
Production: Reported half completed by the end of 1941; full
operation in 1942 foreseen. Capacity reported
at 20,000 tons per year. 4/ Equipment removed
during war was reported being reinstalled and
replaced. 5/ Building under construction
(June 1948T; equipment not fixed and production
not started. 6/
at least partof synthetic rubber plant
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USSR (Continued)
6. Tambov (Continued)
existed and was in operation before the war.
Was planned to be in operation in early
1950. 2/ Jap PW reported area consisted
of about 14 buildings, 6 of which were under
construction (June 1946-May 1947). 3/
Temir-Tau (50?05'N-72?56'E) Region XA AAF 238
SK-2 (Sovprene) No. 727
Location: 4o km WNW of Karaganda. 1/ Located just S of
point where RR Karanganda-Akmolinsk crosses
the Nura River; situated on W side of RR line
and at S end of Samarkand. 2/ Immediately S
of carbide plant. 9/
Labor: Since 1948, 1,200 Russians per shift, two 8-hour
shifts daily. 9/
Production:
Because of presence of water, limestone, Karaganda
coal, and consequently electricity, development
of the industrial town next to Samarkand was
planned in the First Five Year Plan (1928-33).
In 1930 the site was surveyed, and during 1931-33
forced labor was brought in to build the town
and work in industries. 3/
In 1941, Karigres, the Karaganda Electro Power
Plant, was completed. In 1943 the SK plant, which
changed its name in July 1947 from wartime code
number 727, began to operate. The SK plant was
built from equipment of the synthetic rubber plant
in Gor'kiy, which was transferred to Temir-Tau
(the carbide plant in its entirety) during the
war. Besides the carbide plant and the main syn-
thetic rubber plant (under construction), other
installations included a line kiln, a carbon
electrode plant, a machine parts plant, a research
laboratory, and various other plants and sections.
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USSR (Continued)
7. Temir-Tau (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
SK-2 factory in Karaganda was completed in 1942
for the production of Sovprene rubber, and
plant utilized German engineers and workers
after the cessation of hostilities. It is now
possibly engaged in Buna production (butadiene?).
Reportedly produces for aircraft needs. 4/
It was reportedly planned to re-equip the factory
by installing acetylene-acetyaldehyde groups.
Production was expected to start in 1949. 5/
Synthetic rubber plant under construction in
727 area was reported to be 20% complete and
expected to be completed in 1949. 6/
Project (synthetic rubber plant) begun February 1948
and slated to be completed by Soviet convicts by
the end of 1950. 7/
Project reportedly scheduled for completion by
mid-1950, with expansion already being considered.
German-made machinery in area in October 1948
ready to be installed. Adjoining carbide plant
to furnish raw materials. 8/ According to
Russian engineer will produce crude rubber. By
November 1949 supposed to be operating, but
because of financial difficulties, will be I May
1950 before operational.
plant is to be extended to S and to E,
and buildings are to be built in NE corner. Areas
are being surveyed and leveled. 9/
Raw Materials: Heard that plant for synthetic rubber, located
adjacent to 727 Carbide Plant, was scheduled to
be completed by 1950 and would then use all the
carbide that this plant produced. Approximately
130 tons of carbide produced daily at that time. 10/
8. Usol'ye Region XI AAF 200
Location: In the vicinity of Irkutsk and Cheremkhovo, on
Angara River in East Siberia, 1/
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USSR (Continued)
8. Usollye (Continued).
Production:
Raw Materials:
9(a). Voronezh
S-E-C-R-E-T
A synthetic rubber plant was scheduled. 2/
A synthetic rubber plant, using carbide, was
reported. 2/
(51?40IN-39?124E) Region VII AAF 234
SK-2 Kirov (Old Section)
Location: SE of town of Voronezh, 600 m E of Voronezh River.
Labor: 3,000 Russians in three 8-hour shifts daily in
old part of plant. 15a/ From 1945 to 1947, an
average of 750 PWs worked in old part of plant
in one shift on construction. Between 1945
and 1947 the number of Russians was steadily
increased from 300 to 1,000. After October 1947,
PWs no longer worked there, and average of 2,000
Russians worked in old part of plant. 15b/
Production: One of the original four synthetic rubber plants
of the USSR, with capacity of 10,000 tons per
year; increase in 1936 to 15,000 per year; and
since 1938 had capacity of 30,000 tons per year.
Reportedly went into production in 1932. 1/
Construction of Kirov synthetic rubber plant at
Voronezh was begun in 1930 or 1931 with the aid
of US engineers, and completion of construction
was planned in 1936. Parts of the plant are
believed to have begun production in 1932. 1942
output is reported at 9,600 tons, with 10,000 tons
planned. 2/
Plant was partly evacuated, presumably to Tomsk. 3/
Pravda, 25 September 1947, reported that Voronezh
plant named Kirov was once one of largest producers
of synthetic rubber in the country. It was
completely destroyed during the occupation but
after large-scale restoration work has now gone
back into operation. Plant was about 40% destroyed
by the war, and all machinery removed. Mass
5/
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USSR (Continued)
9(a). Voronezh (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
production is based on the Lebedev method. 4/
construc- 50X1
tion of plant commenced in 1928 and that it was
in operation until 1941. Production started a ain
at the end of 1947 on a small scale. 50X1
50X1
? The plant suffered heavy damage from artillery
fire during war. Reconstruction of plant began
in 1945 and was completed in July 1947. During
the time of observation, plant was undergoing
repair of war damage and was not in operation.
When production started in July 1947, all PWs
were transferred. 6/
During the war, plant was severely damaged (about
50%). Reconstruction began in 1944 and is expected
to be completed in August 1947. One building which
originally consisted of only 3 stories now has 11
stories. According to a pictorial display depicting
the plant's future production, posted on the bulletin
boards on 7 November 1946, the plant was scheduled
to start production in August 1947. It is believed
that this was accomplished ahead of schedule, being
? generally completed in November 1946, 4 months
before the target date of March 1947. Occasional
lack of construction material was the only bottle-
neck, preventing an even earlier completion of
the project. V
'Soviets dismantled the machinery during the war and
destroyed the plant buildings. Reconstruction
started after the war. The old machinery was
- C-24 -
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USSR (Continued)
9(a). Voronezh (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
partially reinstalled. Enlargements and
modernization started in early 1948.
only raw caoutchouc at the old plant.
It was planned to convert the old plant, in
order to obtain the sane type of process as
the former Schkopau buna plant being re-
constructed here. 13/ one
chemical section was in operation and alcohol
and petrol tanks, as well as subterranean oil
storage (all undamaged) were in operation. 9/
several small
bales of synthetic rubber, without visible
markings or trademarks, being transported from
one section to another. 11/
Old plant is only in experimental stages. No
expansion projects are planned for old plant,
but heard from co-workers that new plant is
to be expanded during 1950-51. 11/
Produces synthetic rubber product in granular
form. product
serves as base in making buna, and a better
product will be made in new factory together
with production of consumer goods.
14/ Old plant produces
1,700 tons of synthetic rubber per month. (New
plant not producing as yet.) 15a/
Production in old part of plant began in
October 1947. 15b/ Equipped with machinery
to male rubber from raw products to finished
products. When all other installations fail,
this building can produce about 2 of plant
capacity (believed to be old plant). 15c/
In old part, black rubber in sheets and white
rubber in blocks were produced. 16/
Finished or rolled rubber plates were 1.10 to
1.20 sq m and 3 cm thick. Rubber itself had
a yellow color. After rubber plates were
packed in cellulose sacks, they were loaded on
- C-25 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
_ _ _ ? ? _
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
QUA]
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USSR (Continued)
9(a). Voronezh (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
trucks and sent into city. Production rate was
said to have been two loads of 3-ton trucks a
day. 17/ Finishing plant for raw rubber contained
approximately 40 to 50 boilers, in which liquid
was transformed into rubber. Raw rubber was
stacked in lumps around iron bars) which were"
hanging from cover of boiler. Plant was completed
in fall of 1947. Only one-third of plant was
working when source left, other 2/3 being under
construction (June 1949). synthetic
rubber was made from spirits made from corn.
Approximately 10 tank cars with spirit and 4 tank
cars with crude oil for the boilers arrived per
week. 18/
Rubber process included paste (yellow-white)
prepared and produced in workshop in large con-
tainers. From there, pumped through pipes to
workshop, where alcohol was mixed in, and then
through pipes to large distributor station,
later filtered, cleaned, and then cooled and
stored for future production of rubber plates
and rubber blocks: After cooling, paste pumped
to rubber rolling mill, where rolled and packed
to ship to SK-1 Leningrad. Believed to be
working in August 1947 at 60% capacity. 19/
Production about 75 tons of synthetic rubber from
alcohol in 24-hour period. Production had not
begun in new buna works. Daily delivery of about
4 tanker wagons, each of 50 cu m ethyl alcohol
96% pure, part from Voronezh and part from
Hungary. Divinyl was also delivered two or three
times a month in 20 to 25 barrels of 200-liter
capacity each; one tanker wagon of hydrochloric
acid and one tanker of another acid (male unknown)
were delivered once a month. The unknown acid
was used in catalysis. Soda solutions (saline?)
were delivered by tanker wagon in unknown quantity.
About one 60-ton RR wagon of a greyish mineral
received per month. This was ground to dust and
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50X1
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USSR (Continued)
9(a). Voronezh (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
used in catalyzers. Ether in balloons came by
lorry. 20/
In December 1948, plant operated at 80% capacity.
Raw materials included 10 to 15 wagons weekly of
alcohol, clay-like material, white, which was
mixed with water and pressed through machine and
looked like macaroni. Daily supply of 15,000 kg
crude oil, six tank wagons per week; paraffin. 21/
Kirov plant used alcohol from potatoes and corn.
Chemical divinyl used in production of synthetic
rubber. 4 liters of 96% alcohol 50X1
were used to produce 1 kg of synthetic rubber. 22/
Raw materials included ethyl alcohol, about 10 ?
to 15 RR tank wagons daily. Sulfuric acid and
hydrochloric acid also arrived. Catalyst was
earthy, crumbling, yellowish gray substance; about
5 to 10 tons were delivered daily by rail. For
new buna plant, only raw material consignment was
ethyl benzene (aethyl benzol) in September 191.1.9
in six RR tank wagons. Production in new buna
section was to start in 1949. 23/
500 pieces of black rubber 2 x 2 x 0.04 in each were
produced daily. 25/ Approximately 15 to 18 40-ton
RR wagons (of rubber) left works daily. Rubber
was dispatched in form of 50 cm sq x 25-30 cm
thick blocks of black, white, and red color. 24/
Rapid processing method. Director of Voronezh
--
"Kirov" plant, Mhtveyey, stated: "In order to
accelerate rubber production tempo, we are
introducing a rapid rubber-processing method
which yields manufactured rubber in an unending
stream. This method will increase the yield
from every machine by 25 to 30%. Stakhanovite
workers of plant have shown interesting short cut
through which the chemical reaction necessary to
obtain synthetic rubber is accelerated from 10 to
11 hours." 26/
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USSR (Continued)
9(a). Voronezh (Continued)
Raw Materials:
Power:
9(b). Voronezh
Location:
S-E-C-R-E-T
Alcohol, which arrived by RR tank, was said to
have originated in Hungary and Rumania from
corn or grain. About four to five RR tank
cars arrived each day full of alcohol, which
was stored in containers. 8/
About 400 tons of coal are needed daily and
received by RR (for fuel). 10/ Weekly about
eight RR POL carloads of unknown liquid arrive
at plant. 11/ Old plant uses 10 to 12 60-ton
tank cars of sure alcohol (? time unit). 50X1
this alcohol is superior to vodka. 5UX1
large amounts of lime but no 50X1
12/
Production was based on utilization of alcohol.
PW that they repeatedly 50X1
found alcohol in old, underground pipelines and
that in 1947 a Russian soldier drowned in alcohol
when he fell in an underground shaft. 5/
Alcohol is the basic raw material used In plant and
is transported to plant in RR tank cars. 15b/
Approximately 200 tons of alcohol arrive at the
plant daily. 27/
The plant received electric power from a power
plant located about 7 km to S, on E bank of
Voronezh River. 6/ Electric power is supplied
by the power plant in Voronezh located about
400 m S of the plant. 10/
(New Section)
In SE part of town about 300 m E of power plant,
which is immediately adjacent to river. 1/ NE of
SK-2 (Old Section) and adjoining. L3/
New factory is being built to N and short distance
from a rubber plant which was already working and
which was called SK. 9/
scrap rubber.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
USSR (Continued)
9(b). Voronezh (Continued)
Production: Construction of plant annex was started in
April 1948 and not completed at end of observa-
tion. The machinery of the new installation
was part of the dismantled machinery from the buna
plant in Schkopau, Germany. The machines were
installed by the Russians. Section 16, part of
new section of plant, was scheduled to start by
the end of September 1949 (presumably a basic
product for latex rubber). 1/
A buna plant under construction adjoined the
caoutchouc plant on the west. The machinery came
from Halle. All of the machinery from buna plant
of Schkopau near Halle arrived in fall of 1948,
accompanied by the former first engineer of the
Schkopau plant, who later supervised the construc-
tion of the new buna plant. (Descriptions of
several departments indicates alcohol tanks also
in new section of plant.) 2/
PW estimated that 80% of ScEkopau plant was trans-
planted here. Newspapers in German language,
distributed to PW, stated that only 4% of that
plant had been dismantled.
PW that re-installation was made after photographs
taken at the original site. 3/ A new plant
allegedly dismantled from Schkopau. has been in
construction since October 1948. 4/ Plant is
scheduled to start production in 1949. Construc-
tion of plant was started in April 1948; the
project involves reconstruction of dismantled
synthetic rubber plant from Schkopau. Alcohol
pipe lines extend from old part to new section.
50X1
Area to N also belongs to plant, and
50X1
plant is to be
50X1
expanded in that direction. 5a/
50X1
upon completion
50X1
of construction of plant, synthetic rubber will
be produced using the German buna process. Tne
old factory, known as SK-10 produces synthetic
rubber according to the US process.
- C- 29 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
?
50X1
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USSR (Continued)
9(b). Voronezh (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
plant is
to be finished and in operation no later than
the day of "October Revolution" 1950. 5b/ Buna
plant still under construction and no production
underway. Production was to begin early in
1950, according to verbal announcements of fore-
men and government order made public to all
workers. Equipment included benzol pumping
station and tanks. 6a/
[Tull-scale production was
resumed soon after May 1949. Until that time,
old plant was being rebuilt and new plant was
under construction. Construction of new plant
began during February 1948. Reconstruction and
repair of old plant began in June 1946 and was
completed in December 1947. No expansion projects
are planned for old plant, but
new plant is to be expanded during
1950-51. 6h/
All machinery and equipment being installed is
from buna plant in Schkopau. New part of plant.
is 70% completed. Construction began in April 1948;
installation of equipment began in June 1948.
Operation and production scheduled for October
1949. 7a/
New section, known as SK-2,was begun in April 1948
and is still in process of construction. Covers
over 1 sq km, including part of dismantled plant
from Schkopau. Four workshops are completed,
three of which have machinery and boilers installed.
Source doubts that operations will begin this year
as was planned. Essential machine parts are
missing and specialists lacking, even though the
60 PWs were retained for that type of work. 7h/
Six large steel and brick buildings have been .
completed as of May 1949; additional buildings
are planned. Plant is expected to be completed
in September 1949. No production as of May 1949.
S-E-C-R-E-T
_ _ _ ? _ _
50X1
50X1
50X1
50X1
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USSR (Continued)
? 9(b). Voronezh (Continued)
a
S-E-C-R-E-T
6o freight carloads of 50X1
material were brought from Bunawerke Schkopau
the first of which arrived in December 1946,
and the last, containing 2 carloads of
precision instruments, arrived in early May 1949. 7c/
Production was to have started on a set quota on
15 June 1949, but in opinion of source, production
will start about middle of July 1949. 7d/ Produc-
tion in new plant is scheduled for November 1949
on occasion of October Revolution celebrations.
Polymerization department (in new section).
polymerization machine as large 50X1
boiler fastened to iron framework on top of which
there is a large stirring apparatus. Each boiler
when empty weighs 11 tons and has capacity of
12.2 cum. Of the 48 polymerization machines which
are installed, 24 are in operation. In addition
to the 48 already installed, place exists for 24
more which will reportedly arrive in the near
future. Shop equipped with many boilers which
are almost entirely underground. Potential rubber
is mixed by polymerization machines. Fluid which
is processed arrives by means of underground and
aboveground pipes and leaves in spindle-shaped
masses which are spun around metal rods. Semi-
finished product is transported by rail to
rolling mill. In one shop a material consisting
mainly of asbestos is processed. Material is
formed into rods and forwarded to boiler house
and is used in processing of rubber. Tanks are
filled with alcohol by means of pipes. Cooling
installations spray water over tanks in summer.
50X1
First rubber produced in buna sections was a red-
brown elastic material, soft and hard to tear
apart.- However, the buna plant had no gross
production (September 1949),50X1
and production was said to have started shortly
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USSR (Continued)
9(b). Voronezh (Continued)
Raw Materials:
9. Voronezh
Production:
S-E-C-R-E-T
afterwards. 11/
A part of buna section started production in
September 1949.
Immediately adjacent to Kirov plant, a new plant
is under construction for the manufacture of
synthetic rubber. One part presumably produces
Russian-type synthetic rubber (divinyl 7), while
the other is said to be of the same type as
that produced at Bunawerke Schkopau (butadiene-
styrene). 14/
New plant is to produce rubber through the use
of carbide, which was to be a more economical
and an easier process. 10/ Production or
operational system in buna plant consisted of
action said to be based on carbide procedure. 11/
For new buna plant, only raw material was
consignment of ethyl benzene (aethyl benzol)
in September 1949 in six RR wagons. Production
in new buna section was to start in September 1949.
In new plant for production, trials in
September 1949 consisted of ethyl benzene steam
and nitrogen introduced into spray heads and.
through copper-lined, jacketed heated vessel. 12/
(Notes arranged as best as possible by years)
It was reported that in 1946 a monthly quantity
of 45 tons of rubber was produced. 1/
In 1947, according to Russian workers, monthly
production rate was 150 tons (1,800 tons per year
rate). 2/
Average amount of synthetic rubber produced per
day alleged to be about 15 tons (4,500 tons per
year rate). 3/
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50X1
50X1
50X1
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USSR (Continued)
9. Voronezh (Continued)
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
about three 50X1
50,000-liter RR tank cars (presumably alcohol)
were used in the plant daily. (At 20 tons per
day, 6,000 tons per year rate; at 150,000 liters
of alcohol used daily, if 4 liters used to
produce 1 kg of rubber, plant would be producing
37,500 kg per day or at the rate of 11,100
of rubber per year.) 4/
In 1947, production was 50% of production capacity. 5/
In 1948, Russian plant workers said daily output
was 50 tons of synthetic rubber of inferior
quality (15,000 tons per year rate). 6/ Produc-
tion was about 75 tons of synthetic rubber from
alcohol in 24-hour period (22,500 tons per year
rate). 7/
In December 1948, plant was reported producing at
80% of capacity. 8/
In 1949, total planned production 50Xt
aimed at is 225 tons of synthetic rubber per day
(67,500 tons per year rate, on basis of 300
working days per year). DepartMent 6 50X1
(Old Section presumably) can deal with one-third
of planned production (22,750 out of 67,500 tons).
Departments 7 and 13 are each to have a like
capacity, but war damage to these departments has
not yet been repaired. 7/ Four sheds each con-
taining 6 oil-fired furnaces, each furnace supply-
ing heat to 24 retorts, which contained alcohol
which was heated and then made to contact the
catalyst. The first two sheds began operation in
August 1947, and furnaces of the third were not
completed (September 1949) but 50X1
would be in operation by 1950. The fourth shed
had American furnaces with gas-heated pre-heaters
separated from the furnaces; this shed was to
begin operation at the end of 1949. 9/
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USSR (Continued)
9. Voronezh (Continued)
Comment:
S-E-C-R-E-T
Information available on this combine indicates
that the original SK-2 plant at Voronezh
(butadiene rubber from alcohol) was rehabilitated
after the war and that commercial operation
started around September or October 1947. The
new section of the synthetic rubber plant
(butadiene-styrene rubber) is believed to have
started production in late 1949. (Sovetskaya
Belorussiya No. 23, 31 January 19500 reported
that production began in October 19)49.) Another
section of the plant was still under construction
at that time, and the date of operation is not
determined.
one section of
the polymerization department was already opera-
ting at that time (basis of 24 polymerization
machines used in the production of 1,700 tons of
synthetic rubber per month in old section of
plant), and one section (24 machines, still idle
at that time, to be used in the new section due
to go into production that year) was then ready
for operation with all equipment installed. A
third section had space allocated for equipment
(24 more machines for which delivery is awaited)
which was expected to "arrive in the near future."
With a production of 1,700 tons per month
(20,400 tons per year) reported in the old section,
and, allowing for two more sections of same produc-
tion for each, this would give the installation a
potential production of 61,200 tons per year.
total planned
production aimed at for the Voronezh synthetic
rubber plant is 225 tons of synthetic rubber
per day (67,500 tons per year based on 300 working
days per year), which is in line with potential
production reported on the basis of equipment and
production rate as of 1949.
- C-34 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
/MI
a
50X1
50X1
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164
USSR (Continued)
0 10. Yaroslavl'
Location:
Production:
0
S-E-C-R-E-T
(570381N-39053'E) Region VII AAF 154
SK-1 Yarak (Plant No. 739)
About 500 in S of Danilov RR and RR bridge across
Volga on R shore of river. 1/ In the NE part
of Yaroslavl' and N of RR station Privilzhie of
RR line Yaroslavl'-Vologda, situated in the area
between the Volga River and the main road to
Tutayev. 2/
Kombinat was completed in 1932. Construction of
these factories SK-1 to SK-4 were originally
10,000 tons per year, which was increased to
15,000 tons in 1936, and since 1938 increase was
made up to 30,000 tons per year. 3/
There was one air raid in 1941 or 1942 which
destroyed two workshops of the synthetic rubber
plant.
A group of synthetic rubber factories are located
in Yaroslavl'. 4/ Plans were drawn up around
1930 for four synthetic rubber plants, including
the one in Yaroslavl!. Production in Yaroslavl'
began in 1932 (in MT):
1932 27
1933 2,189
1934 11,200
parts of this plant were
evacuated to Sverdlovsk 5/ in 1942-43, 6/ while
it was evacuated to Chelyabinsk
between January and March 1942, 7/ and
it was virtually destroyed in
June 1943 but that by October 1943 was again in
full production. 8/
Yaroslavl' synthetic rubber plant reported to
have capacity of 40,000 tons of radical-type
butadiene rubber. 9/
Test factory said to produce synthetic rubber. 10/
Reported in 1948 that Yaroslavl' synthetic rubber
- C-35 -
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50X1
50X1
50X1
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50X1
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S-E-C-R-E-T
USSR (Continued)
10. Yaroslavl' (Continued) *
plant produced 130 of prewar level. 22/
Yaroslavl' synthetic rubber works planned to
produce in 1949 6% more rubber than amount
planned for 1950 and to lower expenditures of
raw materials per ton of rubber by 4.5% in 1949
in comparison with 1947. 12/ Buna plant was
constructed after WW II and is equipped with
dismantled machinery from Saxony. Raw material,
alcohol, is brought in by rail. 13/
Raw Materials: Potato spirits from Kostroma area. 14/
Source of basic ingredients of rubber, such as
oil, stearin, and lime, is not known. 15/
11. Yefremov Region VII AAF 167
Production:
The first four SK plants were planned with 10,000 tons
per year capacitY,-which was increased to 15)000 tons
in 1936, and since 1938 to 30,000 tons. Yefremov
reportedly went into operation in 1933. Yefremov
was in the battle zone during the war. 1/
a small part of the factory
was evacuated to Novosibirsk in 1941, and the
remainder of the plant is said to have been completely
destroyed. 2/
Since April 1948 the Bunawerke Schkopau (East
German synthetic rubber plant) has shipped the
alcohol from their plant to the buna plant in
Yefremov, where it is transformed into buna
through the addition of 10% paraldehyde by means
of the Lebedev process. 3/ Alcohol in two forms
(as a by-product in hydrogenation of aldol, a
pre-product of butol, needed for the production
of butadiene gas which in turn is required to
produce latex liquid and ultimately buna; and
hydrogenation alcohol, stemming from hydrogenation
of acetic aldehyde, which in turn is fabricated
from carbide by way of acetylene) are both sent
to USSR. Hydrogenation alcohol, containing small
- C-36 -
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50X1
?
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?
USSR (Continued)
11. Yefremov (Continued)
12. Yerevan
Location:
Labor:
Production:
S-E-C-R-E-T
amounts of paraldehyde, is an essential base in
the Lebedev method. One of the plants where
Bunawerke alcohol is worked up to butadiene is
located at Yefremov. 4/
SK-1 (Sovprene) Kirov (Plant No. 742)
21 km S of Yerevan main RR station. 1/ 6 km E
of main RR station. 2/ SSE of Yerevan, E of
large railroad line, andabout 4 km from town
center. 3/
1,200 workmen in three 8-hour shifts 4/; together
with carbide plant, 4,000 workers. 57
The first synthetic rubber plant by the Sovprene
process was started about 1939-40. In 1939 the
Sovprene plant at Yerevan began production. 6/
The cheaper US method for the production of
rubber from acetylene was studied in the
laboratory and appraised; the first unit using
this process was placed in operation in 1939
in Yerevan and had a capacity of 10,000 tons.
The works has divisions for limestone, carbide,
oxygen, chlorine, acetic acid and derivatives,
bichromate, acetylene, and rubber (p. 14).
Thus the Sovprene rubber plant in Yerevan has a
division equipped with a carbide plant for the
manufacture of 60,000 tons a year (carbide).
This portion of the plant was the first to go
into operation; however, its total production
capacity has not yet been reached (p. 10). 7/
Plant went into operation in 1939 with capacity
of 14,000 tons, and the capacity was to be
28,000 tons after complete operation (1942)
(P. 15). 7/
Plant was built to produce Sovprene and was still
in operation at the outbreak of war. Employing
power from the Transcaucasian power system, plant
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USSR (Continued)
12. Yerevan (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
preliminary engaged in the production of rubber
for military use. 8/
Yerevan plant began productionin 1942. 9/
Factory was built after the Revolution, construction
work being done during two Five Year periods.
Factory continues to expand. 5/
Began production in 1939 with estimated production
capacity of 10,000 tons, producing rubber from
nonfoodstuff raw materials. Produces 15 to 20%
of all synthetic rubber in the USSR. 10/
Plant was demolished by Russians during war,
rebuilding started in 1945. 50X1
plant was in full production. 50X1
lime kilns produced carbide 50X1
for use in rubber production and also some was
shipped out. 12/
A new factory of 10,000 tons capacity per year is
to be constructed at Yerevan beginning in the
summer of 1948. 11/
Construction was started some years ago, and the
plant was completed in early 1948. The following
industrial installations are in the vicinity of
the plant: a cable plant, a tire plant, and a
plant producing plastics.
The India rubber plant of Yerevan was an important
installation in 1941, and it is assumed that it
was considerably enlarged and modernized after
the war. The plant did not suffer any war
damages. 3/
and
The new SW section under construction is also an
India rubber plant. The bare structures of most
buildings were completed by February 1947.
However, the work was progressing very slowly,
since very little construction machinery was used.
The construction site included a large storage
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USSR (Continued)
12. Yerevan (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
dump of dismantled German machinery, still
partially packed in boxes. 12/
Rubber was packed in linen sacks and shipped
to an unknown destination. 12/
General layout of plant suggests it is buna-
type rubber works with calcium carbide as
basic raw material. It is reported that
chloroprene is produced. Chloroprene plant is
situated immediately W of monovinyl-acetylene
plant and is stored in small tank farm at S
end of works. 13/
Engineers of factory (Yerevan) have incorporated
a number of proposals on rationalization directed
toward improvement of technology of production.
These have considerably simplified technological
process of production of synthetic rubber from
nonfoodstuff raw materials -- from coal and
limestone. Also has produced economies of fuel
and electrical energy. The only' factory in the
USSR which produces rubber from nonfoodstuff
raw material has doubled its daily output of
rubber by comparison with 1946. 14/
Rubber plant was enlarged from 197 until early
in 1948. Spongy yellowish crude rubber was
produced in two workshops. 15a/
, production was 50X1
not running on schedule at time of observation
(November 19)45-October 1947), and it was planned
to intensify production rate after end of build-
ing work. A German industrial expert came to
plant in 1947. 15b/
It is believed that the enlarged rubber combine
now partly equipped with new installations arose
from prewtx rubber plant Kirov SK-1 (Sovprene).
This plant was for a long time an experimental
installation for the production of synthetic
rubber on the basis of acetylene produced from
calcium carbide. However, normal production
had started already before the war.
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USSR (Continued)
12. Yerevan (Continued)
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PWs were assigned to improve the old plant around
first quarter of 1946. All old and important
apparatus were removed to be replaced by better
ones either shipped from Germany or from US and
Canada. Acetylene generators (two installations)
were scheduled to produce 16,000 tons of acetylene
per year. Monovinyl-acetylene department should
produce 12,000 tons per year. Department for
chloralkali-electrolysis and further processing
of chloric gas planned to be 10,000 tons per year.
There also were installations for production of
chlorbenzol and chloropren. 15/
Apparatus of important departments were removed
and replaced by new ones since 1946. This plant
conversion lasted for about 2 years before partial
production could start. According to PW reports,
the new installations were set up mainly in
already existing buildings. Only some new build-
ings were built. The buna-producing department
as well as the synthetic department working on
crude-oil basis is quite recent installation.
These departments have certainly been housed in
already existing workshop buildings.
Possibilities for
production of plastics on basis of produced vinyl
compounds and acetylene derivatives are so variable
in Yerevan combine that it is impossible to identify
actually processed material from indications of
these reports. 15/
Soviet Army News published an article on 15 May 191.1.7
referring to the hydroelectric plant on the Sevan
River. It reported that the plant would enable
fourfold increase in output of Yerevan synthetic
rubber plant.
The Sergey Miroyevich Kirov Plant, which is enrolled
on the Board df Honor of Stalin Rayon Party Com-
mittee, during 1948 achieved output level scheduled
for 1950. This year the plant fulfilled its
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USSR (Continued)
12. Yerevan (Continued)
Raw Materials:
S-E-C-R-E-T
10-month quota by 110.3%, producing 58% more
than it made in corresponding period of last
year. In addition to these achievements,
plant lowered output costs by 3.5% more than
plan stipulated and achieved 100% of its plan
for quality and assortment of its output. 16/
Kirov Rubber Works in Yerevan undertook to
produce 14% more rubber in 1949 than amount
planned for 1950, to diminish expenditure of
raw material per unit of staple production
manufactured by 10% as compared with standards
applying to plan for 1950, to raise labor
efficiency in 1949 by 5% as compared with
standards applicable to 1950, and to reduce
cost price of production in 1949 by 2.4% over
and above that laid down by the plan for
1950. 17/
The Five Year Plan provided for the production
of synthetic rubber in Armenia SSR to "expand
4 times." 19/
Almost all the carbide produced at Yerevan
Carbide Plant is sent to the synthetic rubber
plant 742. The quality of the carbide is not
high. 18/
FactorY-742 received from Baku plant 438
products for the manufacture of synthetic
rubber, including ethyl benzol. 18/ (Ethyl
beniol is an intermediate product for the
manufacture of styrene.)
SATELLITES
Bulgaria
13. Sofia
Location: In Sofia. 1/
Production: Supposed to start operation in 1949. 1/
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SATELLITES (Continued)
Czechoslovakia
14. Ostrokovice
Location: At Bata plant near Zlin/Gottwaldov. 1/
Production: Reportedly started production at the beginning
of World War II, producing about 3,000 tons
in 1942. 1/
Most of the plant was destroyed during the war,
and it has since been said to be operating on
only a semi-industrial basis because of lack of
technical equipment, producing only about
1 ton per day. 2/
Reported to produce calcium carbide, between
3,000 to 5,000 kg per day, all of which is
consumed in the production of synthetic rubber.
Synthetic rubber production was about 20,000 kg*
a day in 1950 and 1951. 3/
15. Teschin
Location: In Teschin area. 1/
Production: Synthetic rubber plant proauced approximately
3,500 tons of buna in-1950. The expected
production quota for this factory in 1951 has
been set at 4,200 tons. Only 855 tons of 1950
production remained in Czechoslovakia, the
remainder going to the USSR, Poland, and Hungary.
Of the 1951 quota, only 1,000 tons will be
utilized in Czechoslovak industries. 1/
production of synthetic rubber (buna) was
put under Soviet control, and for this reason
only 450 tons were released to CSR industry
instead of the promised 1,000 tons. 2/
This appears to be an error, probably typographical, since the
quantity of carbide would make it appear that production of synthetic
rubber could be only about 2,000 kg per day.
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SATELLITES (Continued)
East Germany
16. Schkopau Bunawerke
Location: Three-quarters of a mile NW of Schkopau and
2i miles NW of town of Merseburg. 1/
Labor: Actual buna production engages only 3,000 to
4,000 workers. 2/
Production: East German production of buna (1946) was
23,997 tons. 3/
Production quota for 1948 has been increased to
48,000 tons from 40,000 tons in 1947. Monthly
production during 1947 averaged 3,000 to 3,300
tons. 4/
Bunawer1Te was notified on 15 April 1948 that
parts of works would be dismantled starting at
beginning of May 1948 and lasting until the
end of June 1948. Dismantling struck solely
the new buildings of the final p61ymerization
stage. The new buildings of the polymeriza-
stage which were totally dismantled during
this time took care of 60% of the final-stage
processing of buna output. The result of the
dismantling was a sharp drop in buna produc-
tion from 4,000 tons per month to 2,000 tons.
The bulk of buna production goes to the USSR
and Czechoslovakia, with only about 8 to 10%
remaining in Germany; part of this has in the
past gone to West Germany to be used in the
manufacture of tires. 2/ Production during
first 6 months of 1947 averaged2,910 tons
per month (17,460 for 6 months); during second
half of year, averaged 3,500 tons per month
(21,000 tons), totaling 38,460 tons. 5/
The most important new development at Schkopau
is that it is intended to begin production of
cold rubber: i.e., low temperature poly-
merization. It is intended, as a beginning,
to convert 25% of present buna capacity to
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SATELLITES (Continued)
East Germany (Continued)
16. Schkopau (Continued)
Hungary
17. Rakoskeresztur
Location:
Production:
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low temperature polymerization. 6/
Production quota of 3,500 tons of bunaper
month (including Buna S and Buna S-3) has
always been fulfilled with two operating
furnaces. Seven are now in operation, with
eighth to be put in soon. For 1950, average
production of 4,200 to 4,500 tons of buna
monthly can be expected. With eighth furnace
in operation, monthly capacity of 5,000 to
7,000 tons of buna would be reached.
A new plant several stories high has been put
into operation in Buna Chemical Works, which
will help increase the output of synthetic
rubber during the second year of the Five
Year Plan. 8/
1951 production was 48,853 tons, 101% of plan. 9/
Average production during 1950 was 3,317 tons. TO/
Reportedly changes in the original Five Year Plan
(1951-55) have been made with total production
by that date to reach 65,200 to 75,000 tons per
year. 11/
Magyar Vegimunek
At Rakoskeresztur. 1/
Constructed by the Germans for the
Buna N and Buna S rubbers, it was
to the point where it was able to
finished product. 1/
Plant is now report7d to have, been
the production of dyestuffs. 2/
S-E-C-R-E-T
production of
never completed
produce the
converted to
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SATELLITES (Continued)
Poland
18. Debica 'India Rubber Plant "Keru" 1/ "Stomil" 2/
Location: Near Rzeszow in Krakow district. 1/ Located
about 1 km W of Debica, known as Stomil
plant. 2/
Production:
Included in plans for 1948 were funds of 32 mil-
lion zlotys to be used for construction of a
synthetic rubber factory in Debica. 3/
There was originally a plant here prior to
World War II, listed under I.G. establishments
as plant used in production of polybutadiene
rubber. Old German information stated that
factory was for artificial rubber of spirit
base. Product is called 'Ker." A minimum of
1.5% Ker is required for processing of raw
India rubber. 4/
Present production of synthetic rubber is
and centered in Debica. 5/
19. Radosc Reported Synthetic Rubber Plant
Location: 14 km SE of Warsaw, in area 1.5 km W of
Warsaw-Lublin RR line opposite Piaskow
Street in Radosc. 1/
Production: Three factory halls have been built. 1/
Machinery for the synthetic rubber factory.,
which is under construction at Radosc, has
been imported from IGF Works in East Germany.
The factory will start production ,?,t the end
of the current year. 2/
20. Zarow (Saarau), Lower Silesian Chemical Works ("Silesia")
Silesia
Location:
At &vow, which is 49 km SW of Wroclaw on
Wroclaw-Jaworzyna Slaska rail junction. 1/
At Saarau, Kreis Schweidnitz, Silesia. 27
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SATELLITES (Continued)
Poland (Continued)
20. ZarOw (Saarau), Silesia (Continued)
Production:
Rumania
21. .Ploesti
Location:
Production:
Thiokol plant was built in Silesia shortly
before the war began. 700 tons reportedly
made in 1940. 3/ Thiokol, Gmbh, Saarau,
reported production of 1,432 MT for period
30 June 1940 to 1 July 1942. It was reportedly
taken over by the Polish government and
nationalized by mid-1946. The plant was said
to be out of operation in April 1947 and in
February 1948 was reported not operating be-
cause it had been found impossible to obtain
any ethylenodichloride (an important chemical
component) in any Satellite area. 2/
Plant is in process of reconstruction. Produc-
tion at the factory includes Thiokol A,
synthetic vulcanized rubber, used for the
production of rubber pipes and various washers.
Present production is at the rate of about
12,000 tons a year and is used mainly in the
electrotechnical industry and for the Polish
Aviation Works (PZL). 1/
In June (probably 1948) the production of
Thiokol latex was held up in the "Silesia" ,
Factory because of inadequate supply of ethyl
bromide. 4/
Attached to the Columbia Oil Refinery. 1/
Production of about 2,000 kg per month planned. 1/
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_ _ ? _
TAB C
APPENDIX B
METHODS OF ESTIMATION OF PROLUCTION
OF SOVIET SYNTHETIC RUBBER INSTALLATIONS
1. Kazan'
1932. Construction of plant started.
Construction of this plant was begun in 1932 and was
planned to be completed. by 1937. Total capitalization
was planned to be 56,140,000 rubles (in current prices )1
of which 40,250,000 rubles were actually invested up to
1 January 1936. 1/*
1936. Plant began operation in part.
During the year 19360 1.2 million rubles (in current
prices) were to be invested. Parts of this plant began
operating in 1936, but output for that year is unknown.
Annual rated capacity of this plant was not given in
the construction plan for 1936. 1/
TO begin operation at the end of August 1936. 2/
Original capacities of these plants (SK-1 to SK-4)
were planned at 10,000 tons and were to be increased
by the addition of a third unit to 15,000 tons in 1936.
Two more production plants, believed by MEW to have
annual capacities of 15,000 tons each, were erected ?
during the Second Five Year Plan (1933-37) at Yefremov
and 1azan4.3./
1938. In 1938 it was planned to expand capacities to 30,000 to
40,000 tons. Plant was completed in the period during
1933-37.
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1. Kazan' (Continued.)
1940. 1940 capacity at 15,000 tons. Enlarged
in 1941; well east of battlefront. Lq
1941. Products: 20,000 tons of synthetic rubber per year as
compared with 30,000 tons planned. 10,000 workers in
three shifts in 1941. 2/
At most, 50,000 tons of divinyl rubber were pro-
duced in Yaroslavl' and Kazan plants(probably
1941).
Synthetic rubber based on alcohol (divinyl process)
(25,000 tons per year), 10,000 workers in 1941. 7/
IFigure as given appears to indicate capacity.
1942. Plant supposedly produced 25% of Soviet rubber in 1942;
planned production 1,200 tcms per month (annual rate,
14,400 tons). Total then for the USSR, 57,600 tons. ?/
20,000 tons (30,000 tons planned). Capacities estimated
at 20,000 tons in 1942, with 30,000 tons planned for
191111.2/
1943. Products: synthetic rubber, 25,000 tons yearly; planned,
30,000 tons. Had 10,000 workers in three shifts.
19)111. Synthetic rubber, 25,000 tons yearly. 5,000 workers in
three shifts, 15% women. 2/
Was said to be equipped during the war with evacuated
machinery from SK.-2 plant (Voronezh). Subsequent to
cessation of hostilities, the plant utilized German
machinery and personnel. Eli
1945-46 There are no production reports from 1945 on. An alcohol
shortage in the immediate postwar years was reported, and
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1. Kazanf(Continued)
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it is assumed that the plant, which had been in operation
all during the war and pushed beyond its normal rate, would
show a drop in production immediately after the var. This
happened in Germany, where during 1943 the Schkopau plant
produced 73,000 tons (60,000-ton rated capacity plant),
but the next year fell down to around 43,000 tons and
never regained that wartime peak of production.
Time must also be allowed to rehabilitate and repair the
plant after such a long period of forced operation. These
factors, together with reported construction around the
plant just after the war, influenced the estimate of
15,000 tons produced at this plant during 1946.
German specialists from Bunawerke deported to the
USSR are reported to be working in Kazan in the
setting up of a plant similar to and copied by the
Russians at Bunaverke Schkopau. It was stated that
construction would take from 3 to 5 years for com-
pletion of the plant. 21/
1947. The 1947 production was estimated also at 15,000 tons, as
It was felt that any increase was extremely small. There
are no firm figures for these years, and actual production
may have been more or less. These estimates, however, are
felt to give the range.
An average of 10 large-size RR tank cars of raw
alcohol were shipped to plant each week during the
tine of observation (1947-48). 12/
This figure on alcohol receipt (10 tank car per week at
about 33 to 40 tons per car) would place miner output,
provided that this supply was the only source, at less
than 10,000 tons per year.
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1. Kazani(Continued)
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Soviet press reported that workers of Kirov
Plant No. 741 have resolved to complete pre-
scribed work quota by 5 December 1947. They
decided to produce at least 8% more synthetic
rubber; to reduce the amount of alcohol in pro-
duction of rubber which will make it possible
for other plants to produce 1 million pairs of
overshoes, and to increase working efficiency by
31.4% in comparison with 1946. Di
This increase, if met, would make production based on
15/000 tons for 1946 at about 16,200, or barely over
10,000 tons if 10,000 tons were used. The small rate
of increase planned during 1947 appears in line with the
general reasoning of the output of this plant.
1948. By 1948 it was felt that major repairs were being com-
pleted, although extent of construction is not determined.
Some of this reconstruction, however, may have been for
rubber fabrication factories. At the same time/ more
attention was probably devoted to the alcohol situation.
Some alcohol shipments from East Germany were reported that
year to the synthetic rubber plant in Yefremov, Lti which
would improve the SUPPlY situation of alcohol in the USSR.
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1949. With the improvement in the alcohol supply situation and
in rehabilitation of plant area/ it is felt that the plant
had a chance to realize full or nearly full production
capacity. The figure of 30,000 tons is estimated.
1950-51. There is no information on production after 1949, and full
production of 30,000 tons has been retained for these years.
However/ the information on construction work taking place
there in early-postwar years was not sufficient to determine
whether any extension of synthetic rubber facilities were
contemplated.
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1. Kazan' (Continued)
2. Voronezh
S-E-C-R-E-T
It is felt, however, that in postwar years greater
emphasis may be given to wider dispersion of synthetic
rubber plants in the USSR, as is indeed indicated by
continued construction of new synthetic rubber plants
rather than increases of units in presently existing
plants. This is felt to be more of a defense move
than for economic considerations.
For the Voronezh plant, a staggering amount of re-
ports from Bis was combed, with
figures of production as given checked and double-
checked against each other, for the various years, and
raw materials checked against these until a fairly
reasonable picture of production trend was determined.
The plant went into production about October 1947 on a
smell scale, 2/ variously reported as 5% of prewar
capacity 2/ (if this were 30,000 tons, monthly production
would be only about 116 tons, which for full 3 months
would be only 3)4.8 tons), 150 tons per month, 2/ and 180
tons per month J (1,800 and )4.,500 tons per year). It is
normal for a plant not to retain full capacity in the
first months of initiating production. It was felt,
therefore, that production was negligible in 1947, and
so was not included in Table 1, Tab CI page C-5, above.
During 1948, by mid-year, production appeared to be in-
creasing, and production figures ranged from 20 2/ to
50 tons per day ?t/ (6,000 tons per year rate to 15,000
tons per year rate). By December 1948 the plant was
said to be operating at 80% of capacity. 1/ The 10,000
tons were estimated as best figure for total yearly
production in 1948.
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2. Voronezh (Continued)
By mid-1949, production had increased, and it appeared
that the old plant section had reached about full pro-
duction. the polymerization
section (one unit of 24 machines) produced 1,700 tons
of rubber per month (20,400 tons per year), which appears
in line with other information as to the capacity of
plant. Another section (of 24 machines) was equipped,
but production had not started as of mid-1949, and still
another section (for which machines were awaited!) had
space allocated. This would give the installation a
potential production of 61,200 tons per year. ?../ The
Soviet press announced that the new section (section
for which machines were available) started production
in October 1949. 2/ Again there would not be very much
production from this section in its initial months of
production, the
plant received approximately 200 tons of alcohol daily. 12/
(On the basis of 2.2 tons of alcohol per ton of synthetic
rubber produced, this would total around 27,000 tons per
year.) Ethyl benzol (for styrene) VW also reported in
shipments late in 1949 in obvious preparation for the
new unit production. 11/
a daily production of 75 tons 12/ (22,500 tons per
year). Based on production capacity of old plant, and
the late beginning of the new section, the figure of
22,000 tons seemed a reasonable estimate.
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planned production aimed at is 225 tons per day 12/
(67,500 tons per year rate, based on 300 working days per
year). Therefore, it appears that sometime in the future
this third section will begin operation.
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?
2. Voronezh (Continued)
Again, in 1950, because of the late 1949 start of pro-
duction in the new section, it appeared that the yearly
production total would not attain the full production
capacity of these two units, and the 38,000.ton
estimate was made with this in mind.
3. Yaroslavl'
1930-314 Construction of SK-1 was begun in 1930 and was planned
to be completed and in operation in 1936. Total
capitalization was planned to be 62,780,000 rubles
(current prices), of which 58,190,000 rubles were
actually invested up to 1 January 1936. During 1936,
600,000 rubles were to be invested. The construction
plan of 1936 does not give the capacity of SK-1. 2/
First commercial synthetic rubber plant MUS built at
Yaroslavl' (5,000 tons per year) in months,
entirely of Soviet materials with the exception of some
imported, measuring apparatus. 2/
1932. On 7 July 1932 it (Yaroslavl') started operating and
produced 400 kg of a good grade of rubber. By the
end of 1932 it was producing about 1 ton per day. 2/
Yaroslavl' produced 24 tons of rubber during the
first half of 1932.
1933. Yaroslavl' produced 350 tons of synthetic rubber during
the first half of 1933 and 700 tons of synthetic rubber
during the fourth quarter of 1933. _3./
The first synthetic rubber plant in the USSR will pro-
duce 20400 tons of rubber in 1933.II/
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? ? ? ? ? ?
3. Yaroslavl' (Continued)
1934. The capacity of each plant (of original five plants
planned) is 5,000 to 10,000 tons per year, the plan
being to produce about 40,000 tons of synthetic
rubber (in entire USSR) in 1934. ?./
1935. The synthetic rubber works at Yaroslavl are
celebrating their third anniversary. This plant was
the first to manufacture synthetic rubber in the USSR.
The output has grown 18 times in the course of these
3 years, while expenditure of alcohol per ton of
rubber Ilan been reduced by 35.5%. During the first
half of 1935 the factory produced about 5,000 tons of
high-grade rubber. 2/
1936-39. Extremely little information is available to this office
on production from 1935 to 1940.
Construction of these factories, SK-1 to SK-4, were
originally 10,000 tons per year, which was increased
to 15,000 toms in 1936; since 1938, increase was made
up to 30,000 tons per year. .6./
1940-42. SK-1 synthetic rubber; planned capacity, 10,000 tons
divinyl rubber (320).
Production: 30,000 tons of synthetic rubber per year. 11,/
Production of synthetic rubber was planned for 10,000 to
30,000 tons yearly. 2/ Production of rubber VW planned
output of 800 tons per month. 12/
1942 figure at 25,000 to 30,000 tons per
year (production or planned capacity not clear).
in 1941 the asbestos section
of the Yaroslavl' combine was moved to Asbest, that parts
of the tire plant were moved to Omsk, that the remainder
of the plant was virtually destroyed by air\attack, and
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3. Yaroslavl' (Continued)
that by 1911ii (date of report) return and re-
construction of plant were not established. 11/
There was one air raid in 1941 or 1942 which
destroyed two workshops of the synthetic rubber
plant, part of RR station Privilzhie, and several
homes near the station located close to the
synthetic rubber plant. No reconstruction was
started before source departed in February 1949. 22/
1943-44. Synthetic rubber based on alcohol (divinyl), 25,000
tons per year. Damaged in June 1943; restored
several months later.
50X1
the plant was in operation in June 1942 50X1
but that parts presumably were evacuated to Asbest
near Sverdlovsk. 1.V the 50X1
plant was virtually destroyed in June 1943 but by
October 1943 was again in full operation. 12/
Production: 30,000 tons (production or capacity
not clear). .1.W Yaroslavl' synthetic rubber plant
reported to have capacity of 40,000 tons of radical-
type butadiene rubber. 11/
the prewar capacity is
estimated at 20,000 tons, using the ethyl alcohol
process. 1?,/
1945-46. No information is available that contributes much to
determining possible production in these early war
years, but it was felt that production would have
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3. Yaroslavl' (Continued)
declined in order to permit repair and re-
habilitation. Some production may have taken place
during timP of repairs, as is indicated by sone re-
ports. Production has been tentatively estimated
at 22,000 tons in 1946.
1947-48. With reconstruction going ahead, it was felt that
production would increase slightly in 1947 and by
1948 should be almost tack to full production.
The production during 1947 has been estimated at
25,000 tons, with 30,000 tons estimated for 1948.
The plant had suffered some war damage, which
particularly concerned its northern part. How-
ever, operations never were interrupted, and
rubble clearing and reconstruction as well as
enlargement of plant were performed during
source's stay in Yaroslavl'. A boiler house was
newly built as enlargement of plant, the main
section of which was completed and was in opera-
tion since the spring of 1947, but their inside
installations were still missing in Nay 1948. 12/
There were three fire-destroyed buildings of which
source had heard that at least one was to be re-
constructed, but nothing was done so far to clear
nibble. A fire took place in the fall of 1947,
destroying at least one building, which was not
reconstructed Some machines
were excavated and repaired, and the fire site
eventually was also entirely cleared from rubble. 12/
A dismantled buna plant from Germany is to be added
to works..
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3. Yaroslavl' (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
Close to the rubber plant was an alcohol factory.
factory was to be enlarged.
Factory employed, among others, two German top
scientists, who escaped in 1947 from the plant
supposedly because they did not want to take part
in experiments which were against the interests of
Germany. 21/
the plant to be employing
new methods of production which allegedly reduce
alcohol needs by 4.5% and have increased production
by 33%. 2E/ Reported in 1948 to have produced 130%
of prewar level. aa/
If the reported increase of rubber in 1948 could be
taken in conjunction with the 20,000 tons estimated
for 1940 production, this would place 1948 production
at around 26,000 tons.
1949-51. Production of synthetic rubber at the Yaroslavl' plant
has been estimated to reach full production of 30,000
tons in 1949, and this figure has been continued for
each of the years 1950 and 1951. In view of plans and
reported extensions, it is possible that this production
has been increased. With the absence of reliable in-
formation on such enlargement or extent of such plans,
no higher estimates have been made.
The Yaroslavl' synthetic rubber plant has promised
to complete its annual production plan by Stalin's
birthday
to increase labor productivity by 16.5% in
comparison with last year, to make an additional 2.5
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3. Yaroslavl' (Continued)
million rubles worth of goods during 1949 by
reducing the per unit requirements of raw
materials, and to save 4 million above-plan
rubles by introducing new technological
measures. ?Li
Yaroslavl' synthetic rubber plant planned to
produce, in1949,6% more rubber than amount
planned for 1950 and to lower expenditures of
raw materials per ton of rubber by 4.5% in 1949
in comparison with 1947. 25/
In the same area of rubber combine, 500 m W of
TEZ 1 power station and to S is a factory called
Test Factory 215, which was said to produce syn-
thetic rubber. 26/
construction of a laboratory building at the
Rubber Factory in Yaroslavl', which was begun in
the autumn of 1948. The laboratory was a three-
story building; each floor contained eight rooms.
Sealed crates of equipment (labels from Dresden)
were in the yard. NO equipment was installed in
the building
a director of the factory was in
Schkopau, Germany, inspecting the Bunawerke and
that the factory will be organized on the same
lines as Bunawerke and most probably will produce
rubber. The factory is being considerably
extended. ?...q./
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3. Yaroslavl' (Continued)
4. Yefremov
1932-34.
S-E-C-R-E-T
? ? ? ? ? ?
Among the enterprises of Yaroslavl' Oblast,
which in 1949 reached the production level set
for 1950, is a synthetic rubber plant. 22/
The first four SK plants (Yaroslavl', Voronezh,
Yefremov, and Kazan') were planned with 10,000
tons per year capacity, which was increased to
15,000 tons in 1936, and since 1938 to 30,000
tons. Yefremov reportedly went into operation
in 1933. 1/
By the end of 1932 it (Yaroslavl') was producing
about 1 ton per day. Two other plants have been
built and are now operating, one at Voronezh and
the other at Yefremov. The latter plant, known
as Synthetic Rubber Plant 3, has just been
completed, making its first 100 tons of synthetic
rubber. 2/
Alcohol used as raw material.
1934-37. There is no information available to this office on
production of synthetic rubber in this plant since
that mentioned above, and extremely little for any
Year
1938. This plant started operating after 1938. In the pro-
duction of synthetic rubber, alcohol obtained from
potatoes is used.
1941. Affiliated installations (at Yefremov): oxygen,
nitrogen, installation for production of longevity
preparations, nesodes D and Agelrite. Products:
synthetic rubber (butadiene from 86% alcohol;
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4. Yefremov (Continued)
polymerization in liquid phase and gas phase);
liquid rubber; polydienol. 2/ Production: 28,000
to 30,000 tons per year of synthetic rubber. .?./
Information is extremely vague and scanty on this
plant. Sometime between 1941 and 1943 the plant was
partially evacuated, and the rest was totally
destroyed,
only two plants
were operating in 1942, this must have happened
around 1941, and the figures given above probably
refer to planned capacity.
1943-44. Presumably evacuated to Novosibirsk. Remainder of
the plant is said to have been totally destroyed. 1/
Reconstruction not established (late 19h1i). 11/
1945-46 No information is available in 1945-46, and it is
doubtful that the plant could have been rehabilitated
and reconstructed by this date.
1947. By 1947, some work was being done, although whether
actual production of synthetic rubber was reached is
not known. A tentative production of 5,000 tons has
been estimated.
Factory SK-3 is in Yefremovskiy Election District
No. 590. Mention is made of workshop laboratory and
of locksmith. In the auditorium of the club of this
factory, more than 1,500 manual workers, engineers,
technicians, and white collar workers gathered for pre-
election meeting. 21/
This brief press item would indicate that work was being
done at the plant at that time.
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4. Yefremov (Continued)
1948.
S-E-C-R-E-T
References to amounts of alcohol being shipped from
East Germany to this synthetic rubber plant
the plant was
in operation are the only information available since
1947. Estimate has been made of 15,000 tons for that
year and gradual increases during the succeeding years,
as follows:
Tons
1949
20,000
1950
25,000
1951
- 30,000
It is noted that shipments of paraldehyde mix from
East Germany have continued. However, the two
references noted below are the only substantiation
of the destination being the Yefremov plant.
Plant is similar to CK-1 and CK-2 plant and is
engaged in the production of butadiene. 10/
Since April 1948 Bunawerke Schkopau has shipped
the alcohol from their plant to the buna plant
In Yefremov, where it is transformed into buna
through the addition of 10-percent paraldehyde by
means of the Lebedev process. 11/
Alcohol in two forms .(as (a) a by-product in hydro-
genation of aldol, a preproduct of butol, needed
for the production of butadiene gas, which in turn
is required to produce latex liquid and ultimately
buna, and (b) a hydrogenation alcohol, stemming from
hydrogenation of acetic aldehyde, which in turn is
fabricated from carbide by way of acetylene), are
both sent to the USSR. Hydrogenation alcohol.
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4. lefremov (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
containing small amounts of paraldehyde, is an
essential base in the Lebedev method. One of the
plants where Bunawerke alcohol is worked up to
butadiene is located at Yefremov. 12/
5. Yerevan
1945. Production of synthetic rubber 2,000 tons per
year. Process of fabrication is the sane as that
used by German buna plant (carbide, acetylene, and
butane). 1/
In the light of the extremely meager information
available on synthetic rubber production in the USSR
during postwar years, but taking the few shreds
available that reconstruction and rehabilitation were
being made, an estimate near this figure seems fairly
logical.
caoutchouc works on W side of
Erivan, which was damaged by earthquake (?) in
1938, are being reconstructed and enlarged. 2/
the plant was demolished
during the war, 2/ so that it appears some damage
was incurred during the war, and reconstruction was
being done in postwar years.
1946. Output of carbide was one furnace per shift: eight
wagons of 1 or tons of carbide ready for use in
the manufacturing process.
While this is scanty information on which to base any
production figures, it does aid in giving scope of
production. Based on 8 to 12 tons of carbide per shift,
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5. Yerevan (Continued)
or 24 to 36 tons per day, on a 300-day basis, this
would yield (at about 3.6 tons carbide required for
each ton of neoprene) about 7,200 to 10,800
tons of carbide per year, or 2,000 to 3,000
tons of neoprene rubber.
1947. Again a figure of carbide used for the production
of rubber tends to indicate production of rubber,
? estimated at about 5,000 tons. The information on
most of these years, overlap, so that a medium
figure has been taken for individual years.
120 tons of carbide are produced in a 24-hour
period at carbide installation,
Engineers of the factory have incorporated a
number of proposals on rationalization directed
toward improvement of the technology of production.
These have considerably simplified the technological
process of the production of synthetic rubber from
nonfoodstuffs ray materials -- coal and limestone
-- and also has produced economies of fuel and
electrical energy. The only factory in the USSR
which produces rubber from nonfoodstuffs raw
materials has doubled its daily output of rubber
by comparison with 1946. Y
Using the medium of somewhere between 2,000 and 3,000
tons produced in 1946, this would place the 1947 pro-
duction at around 5,000 tons. The 120 tons of carbide
produced on a 300-day basis would yield about 10,000
tons of rubber. However, since reconstruction was
going forward, and using further information
available on 1948 as viewed against 1946 probable
production, this intermediate point has been derived.
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5. Yerevan (Continued)
1948. A comment from various PW reports on the situation
at the Yerevan plant in the early postwar years
suns up the general conditions existing immediately
after the war:
The en-IR/Ted rubber combine now partly equipped
with new installations arose from the prewar rubber
plant Kirov 5K-1 (Sovprene). This plant was for a
long time an experimental installation for the pro-
duction of synthetic rubber on the basis of acetylene
produced from calcium carbide. It was the only plant
of its kind in the USSR. For years the greatest
efforts were made to develop rubber production from
other basic materials: such as carbide, crude oil,
and natural gas. Until the war, this problem could
not be solved satisfactorily, and it seems that
certain progress could be reached only after
vigorous US aid had starteclAand dismantled German
material had been installed: FIs were not assigned
to improve the old plant until the first quarter of
1946. All old and important apparatus was removed,
to be replaced by better ones shipped either from
Germany or from US and Canada. This plant conver-
sion lasted for about 2 years before partial pro-
duction could start. According to PW reports, new
installations were set up mainly in already existing
buildings. Only some new buildings were built. V
Additional information on
basis for yearly estimate
is no firm basis for this
felt that these estimates
of magnitude.
carbide production gives a
of 15,000 tons. Since there
yearly production, it was
were somewhere in the range
Prefabricated carbide in gray pieces (50 to 100 kg) was
stored. Carbide was transported by a little factory
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5. Yerevan (Continued)
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locomotive which pulled 12 cars (each containing
1 ton). Twelve such shipments arrived daily at
the shop. In the furnace, 1 ton of carbide was
molten in 1 hour in one chamber: that means 3 tons
in one furnace. Carbide in 1-ton pieces was
smashed; 1 ton had to be smashed in a quarter of
an hour. 2PY
This carbide consumption rate would yield about
12,000 tons of rubber.
1949. Production is estimated at 20,000 tons, based on re-
ports on continuing increases in production.
The Sergey Miroyevich Kirov Plant, which is enrolled
on the Board of Honor of Stalin Rayon Party
Committee, achieved during 1948 the output level
scheduled for 1950. This year (1949) the plan ful-
filled its 10-month quota by 110.3%, producing 58%
more than it made in the corresponding period of
last year. In addition to these achievements, the
plant lowered the output costs by 3.5% more than the
plan stipulated and achieved 100% of its plan for
quality and assortment of its output.
Kirov rubber works in Yerevan undertook to produce
114 more rubber in 1949 than amount planned for 1950,
to diminish expenditure of raw material per unit of
staple product manufactured by 10% as compared with
standards applying to plan for 1950, to raise labor
efficiency in 1949 by 5% as compared with standards
applicable to 1950, and to reduce cost price of
production in 1949 by 2.4% over and above that laid
down by the plan for 1950. 10/
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5. Yerevan (Continued)
1950-51. No inform9.tion is available on 1950 and. 1951 pro-
duction, and it is estimated that 1950 was around
L the same as 1949, with a gradual increase to
25,000 tons in 1951. Continuing expansion may
be expected, in light of Five Year Plan goal
(1951-55), to increase synthetic rubber product ion
by 82% during the 5-year period.
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TAB C
APPENDIX C
SOVIET BICC NATURAL RUBBER INSTA.LLATIONS
USSR
1. Chelkar
Location: Kazakhstan. 1/*
Production: Existed in 1940 for chondrilla, with capacity of
50 tons. 2/
2. Chimkent
Location: Uzbekistan. 2/
Production: Existed in 1940 for tau-saghyz, with capacity of
100 tons. 1/
3. Dankovo
Lodation: Province of Ryasan. 1/
Production: Put into operation in 1940 for kok-sagbyz, with
capacity of 300 tons (plus 700 tons of alcohol). 2/
4. Livny
Location: Province of Kursk. 1/ Orel Oblast. 2/
Production: Put into operation in 1940 for kok-saghyz, with
capacity of 300 tons. Expansion construction for
1,300 tons per year should have commenced operation
in December 1940; the start of operation has not yet
_
been announced. 1 7/ Small experimental plant of 200
tons per year. 2
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USSR (Continued)
5. Madagis
Location: Azerbaydzhan SSR. 2/
Production: Name of settlement occupied by personnel of synthetic
rubber factory, a concern where high quality raw
rubber of considerable value is treated. 2/ Plant
producing rubber from guayule, most valuable rubber
plant. Reported to be first natural rubber factory
in Azerbaydzhan SSR. 4/
6. Maykop
Location: Krasnodar Kray. 2/ Adygey Autonomous Oblast. 2/
1.1 km SSW of RR station, directly S of Cast Iron
Plant Frunze.
7. Makoshino
Location: Province of Chernigov in Ukraine. 2/
Production: Planned for 1941 for kok-sagbym, with capacity of 300
tons. 2/
8. Moscow
Production: Existed in 1940, experimental plant for rubber and
gutta-percha. Alkali-process, flotation plant
proposed. 1/
9. Moscow "Kleituk" Glue Factory
Production: Factory changed over from production of joiners glue
to the extraction of rubber from kok-saghyz in
1941. 7/
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USSR (Continued)
10. Plavsk
Location:
Production:
11. Shurab
Location:
Production:
12. Tash-Sari
Location:
Production:
13. thin'
Location:
Production:
S-E-C-R-E-T
Province of Tula.'2/
Plan for 1941 for kok-saghyz. 1 Planned capacity
200 to 300 tons per year.
Province of Leninabad, Tadzhik SSR.
Natural rubber factory in operation since the
beginning of 1946.
(Bei Turkestan in Kazakhstan) 1/ Tashkent Oblast,
Uzbek SSR, Kazakhstanland Central Asia Region. Y
Existed in 1940 for chondrilla, with capacity of
300 tons. Flotation plant proposed. 2/ Natural
rubber (kok-saghyz), 14 MT per day in 1933. 2/
Annual production, 2.2 MT in 1932; 5.6 MT, in 1934;
88 MT, in 1935; to reach 1,000 MT soon. 22/
30?13'E-48?451N: SG-1 Factory,
In Ukraine. 2/ Kiev Oblast, Ukraine SSR.
Existed in 1940, for kok-sagbym and gutta-percha, with
.capacity of 1,000 tons. 2/ UMan' natural gutta-percha
factory under Glavkaouchuk administration. Poorly
qualified personnel; too few technicians. Started
operations in 1939. Factory equipment and part of
buildings destroyed. Reconstruction begun in 1935.
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USSR (Continued)
13. Uhan' (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
Production resumed after war in third quarter of.
1947, but equipment is bad. Uses kok-saghyz
roots from plantations in area. 21/
14. 7blobin
Location: White Russia. 1/
Production: Planned for kok-saghyz according to plan for 1941. 1/
15. Miscellaneous
Others reported have
Terter
UFA
included:
Sinel'nikavo
- Azerbayclzhan-
- Bashkir? -
- Ukraine
Works No. 4 (?)
Reported existing in
1940. 2/
Planned for 1941 for
resin-rubber. 1/
The following were included among nine works reportedly planned
for 1942:
Azerbaydzhan For tau-saghym
Azerbaydzhanat Karabakhskiy For guayule
Khrebet
Kuybyshev
Kursk
Mbgilevo
Ronny
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For gutta-percha
For kok-saghyz
(under construction
since 1936)
For kok-saghyz
For kok-saghyz
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16. SATELLITES
Production:
?
S-E-C-R-E-T
650 tons of kok-saghyz roots 50X1
from shrubs grown in Czechoslovakia were shipped
to Polish plants) which produced approximately
56 tons of crude rubber. 12/ Locations of these
processing installations in Poland are not known.
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_ _ ? _ _ _
TAB C
APPENDIX D
SOVIET BLOC RECLAIMED RUBBER INSTALLATIONS
USSR
1. Cheboksary Factory for Industrial Technology NO. 320
Location: Chuvash ASSR, Volga Region. 1/*
Production: Rubber reclaiming factory under construction. 1/
Reported under construction using solution
method. 2/
2. Ivanovo Synthetic Sole Combine KIP
Production:' Reported to have capacity of 2,500 tons, using the
heat method. 1/ By 1939 it was reported to be a
small-scale regeneration unit in Ivanovo. 1/ In
the KIP works in Ivanovo, peat tar has been used
as the plasticizer. The regenerate produced here
mixes well with the adjuvants, mills well, and
calenders well. 1/
3. Kalinin
Location: Located E of city, on right bank of Volga. 1/ In
Rubber Sole Plant Kreps.
labor:
1,500 employees in 1941. 1/
Production: Rubber reclaiming installation here. 2/ Plant
reportedly went into operation in 1939 with a
capacity of 6,000 tons, by the heat method. .2./
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? ? ? ? ? ?
USSR (Continued)
4 Kazan'
Production: A regeneration plant was reported under con-
struction here since 1939. 1/
5. Kiev/Darnitsa Krasnyy Rezinshchik
Location: About 12 km W of Kiev. ?_/ About 800 in E of eastern
perimeter of Darnitsa, about 300 in S of a road
leading in E direction to unknown destination.
Labor: In 1945, 20 to 30 workers, plus 250 to 350 FIs; in
1946, 80 to 100 men, plus 350 to 400 PWs; before
the war, 1,200 workers.
Production: Reportedly went into operation in 1940 with capacity
of 6,000 tons by the solution method. This plant,
however, was in the area occupied by the German
Army (in 1942?). 1/ Plant manufactures rubber
sheets 0.40 in x 0.10 x 0.01. Produces latex mixed
with carbon and dust converted into rubber sheets
500 mm x 300 mm x 10 mm, about 80 sheets daily. 2/
some rubber balls in PW Camp 7062/3 in
1 which allegedly had been made in the camp for
the plant by sick PU from materials supplied by the
plant. Y Daily production of Kiev/Darnitsa plant
was from 20 to 50 tons of reclaimed synthetic
rubber. 2/
6. Leningrad Krasnyy Treugolnik
Production: The first regeneration unit was built in Russia in
1905 in Treugolnik plant in St. Petersburg
(Leningrad). Reportedly went into production in 1937,
with a capacity of 15,000 tons, by the heat and acid
methods. al Factory is mentioned in press in 1950. .?./
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USSR (Continued)
7. Iopasnya
Location: lion SW of Lopasnya. 2/ On S side road from
Lopasnya station near Moscow, approximately half-
way-between. 3/
Labor: 400 Russians in three shifts and 30 to 35 Pls. 2/
About 1,000 civilians on three shifts and 80 PWs
(on day shift only). ,2/
Production: According to the plan (1934) a regeneration plant
in Vladykino near Moscow having a capacity of
20,000 tons per year was projected (apparently was
substituted by the plant in Lopasnya). Reportedly
went into operation in 1940 with a capacity of
18,000 tons, using solution method. 2/
the plant was constructed
before World War II. Old rubber items, mostly old
vehicle tires of the German Army, arrive by RR.
Crude rubber is produced in bales (30 x 70 x 15 cm);
estimated daily production, one RR box car of rubber
bales. 1/ About 400 truck tires are processed
daily, including some captured enemy material. Pro-
duces estimated five RR carloads of pressed rubber
plates per week reclaimed from old tires. 3/
Capacity, 6:000 tons.
8. Moscow Krasnyy Bogatyr
Location: Located in Moscow-Sokorniki. 1/ In EE suburb of
Moscow, 5 miles RE of Kremlin and 1-1/2 miles S
of Belokamennaya RR station. .2./
Production: Equipment for reclaiming installation left behind
when plant was partially evacuated to Tomsk. 3/
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_ _ _ _ _ _
?
USSR (Continued)
9. Moscow Provodnik
Production: Up to 1937, used acid method for reclaiming
rubber from galoshes. Equipment was antiquated,
end product unsatisfactory. Reclaiming by acid
process was 5,000 tons in 1938; 6,000 tons per
year in 1941. 2/
10. Tbilisi
Production: Regenerating plant for natural rubber. 1/ Con-
struction of rubber regenerating plant began in
1936; completion planned in 1937. Total capital-
ization unknown: but during 1936, 1 million rubles
(current prices) were to be invested. Annual rated
capacity of the plant was to be 6,000 tons of re-
claimed rubber. .2/ Reported under construction since
1939. 2/
11. Vitebsk
Production: Reported. 1/
12. Yaroslavl'
Location: At Yaroslavl', about 300 km from Moscow.
Production: In addition to producing new rubber, this plant re-
uses old worn-out tires, a large stock of which is
always piled up within the compound. 1/ Tires are
produced from synthetic rubber and from rubber re-
claimed from old tires. The latter are put into
some sort of machine which shreds rubber and leaves
only fabric. 2/ The Yaroslavl' Tire Repair Workshop
of Rosremshina (Rostov Tire Repair Workshop) Trust
has begun experimental repair of tire casings with
waste from production of tires. In early 1930's a
U8 company designed and supplied a rubber reclaiming
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USSR (Continued)
12. Yaroslavl' (Continued)
S -E -C -T
plant to USSR Rubber Trust, designed for capacity
of 25 tons of reclaimed rubber per day, with 270
working days of three 7-hour shifts each per year.
Design allowed for future expansion so that one or
two more 25-ton units could be added beside the
present plant if desired. Of 25-ton present
capacity, proportion was to be 75% galoshes, 18%
tires, 0% tubes, and 7% mechanical goods. After
10 years these proportions would be 45% galoshes,
45% tires, and 10% mechanical goods. The
maximum amount of scrap to be stored at any one
time was to be 4 months' supply. 1/ The older re-
generation plants use the acid method. The plant
in Yaroslavl' used the alkali method. Reportedly
another unit in addition to one of 6,000 tons per
year was under construction since 1939. V Pro-
duction capacity, 3,050 tons; eventually, 8,250
tons planned.
13. Kursk
Tashent Information on these three plants is not available.
Uritsk
SATELLITES
Bulgaria Bakish (Georgi Dimitrov)
14. Sofia
Location: At Voenna Rempal a suburb of Sofia. 2./
Production: Listed under raw materials were 300 to 400 kg of re-
claimPd rubber daily, presumably made by this plant.
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SATELLITES (Continued)
Bulgaria (Continued)
14. Sofia (Continued)
S-E-C-R-E-T
A central rubber reclaiming factory was to be
built in 1950 in an unknown location. 1/ The
Bakish plant received Soviet-made airplane tires
for reclaiming. 2/
Czechoslovakia
15. GottwaldovAlin Bata
Production: The reclaiming unit of the plant has been
modernized several times and considerable amount
of new construction was added in 1948. This
reclaimed rubber unit is said to be the only one
of its kind in Czechoslovakia and is built to
produce sufficient rubber for all the rubber
factories in Czechoslovakia. 1/ The plan for
1949 provided for 6,142 tons of reclaimed rubber
to be produced from collections of scrap. 2/
East Germany
16. Gotha Gummitechnik Gotha
Production: Production plan of VVB Kautas for year 1951 was
reported at 540 tons for Gummitechnik plant. 1/
17. Hoerselgau Vereinigte Gothania
Production: Production plan of VVB Kautas for the year 1951
was reported at 600 tons of reclaimed rubber for
the Vereinigte Gothania works. 1/ The Gothania-
werke, located in lioerselgau, will add a used
rubber reclamation unit. (Work on this unit
has already begun.) 2/
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SATELLITES (Continued)
East Germany' (Continued)
18. Meuselwitz Helmer, Pilz & Soehne
Location: In Meuselwitz. 1/
Labor: The plant employs about 250 persons. 1/
Production: This firm produces elastic rubber products and
heavy-duty rubber couplings and also operates
a rubber reclamation plant. Produces about
15 tons of miner monthly. It is planned that
this firm will be expanded in orderto supply
raw materials for East German rubber factories.
It is partly rebuilt, having suffered bomb
damage, and is now in good condition. 1/
19. Schoenebeck
Production:
20. Waltershausen/
Thuringia
Production plan of VVB Kautas for the year 1951
was reported at 650 tons of reclaimed rubber to
be produced by the Schoenebeck plant. 1/
Schlatich & Gummi
Production: Production plan of VVB Kautas for the year 1951
was reported at 330 tons of reclaimed rubber to
be produced by the Waltershausen/Thuringia plant. 1/
21. Zipsendorf Granis & Baermer 2/
Location: Located in Zipsendorf. 2/
Labor: Approximately 250 persons are employed in the
plant. 2/ Approximately 4,000 workers. 3/
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SATELLITES (Continued)
East Germany (Continued)
21. Zipsendorf (Continued)
Production:
Poland
22. Bolechowo
S-E-C-R-E-T
Production plan of the VVB Kautas for the year
1951 was reported at 1,650 tons of reclaimed
rubber to be produced by Zipsendorf plant. 1/
This firm specializes in the reclamation of
old rubber and the manufacture of shock mountings
for vehicle and marine motors. It produces
20 tons of reclaimed rubber monthly and 7 million
Deutsche Mark (East) in shock mounts yearly. 2/
Production program for 1951 is 1,650 tons of
reclaimed rubber. Actual production in 1951 will
be approximately 2,000 tons, since by reducing
the refining processes to a maximum of four
processes, production can be increased. Difficul-
ties exist regarding only grinding discs for the
"condux" mills. 3/
Production: Rubber reclaiming plant buUt by workers of State
Rubber Industry Plant No. 2 in Poznan. For re-
claiming from waste materials and old used tires. 1/
23. Krakow Semperit
Production: Reclaimed rubber. 1/
24. Poznan Stomil Tire Factory
Location: On E side of Warta River in Poznan. 1/
Production: Reclaimed rubber. 2/
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TAB D
SOVIET BLOC RUBBER IMPORTS
Natural rubber exports by the major producing countries of Southeast
Asia to the USSR are reported regularly. R&-exports and transit trade,
however, are usually more difficult to obtain. For the purpose of this
report, the estimates of the Rubber Statistical Bulletin (RSB) are used
for figures of natural rubber supply, since they are believed to repre-
sent more reliable data for all the years given than would be shown in
other statistics.
Detailed natural rubber exports by the major rubber producing coun-
tries of the Far East to the Soviet Bloc countries are shown in Tables 1
to 6.*
Information on intra-Bloc trade is fragmentary, and it has not yet
been Possible to consolidate such details into reliable net import
figures for the rubber supply of the Soviet Bloc.
* Table 1 follows on p. D,2; Table 2, on p. D-3; Table 3, on p. D-5;
Table 4, on p. D-7.; Table 5, on p. D-9; Table 6, on p. D-10.
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Table 1
1946 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports y
Long Tons
Czecho-
Type of Rubber Exporting Country USSR Bulgaria slovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Rumania Albania China Total
Natural
Total Natural
RSB Estimate
(Natural Rubber)
Synthetic
US
Canada
East Germany
USSR
Total Synthetic
Total Reclaimed
Malaya 0 1,205 80 4,249 5,534
Indonesia 0
Ceylon 3,015 3,015
3 015 1,205 b/ 80 4,530 2/ 4 249 l3079 ,
9J500 779 _ 2561,1450 12,111 21.1i226.
a. Spaces left blank in this table
b. World Trade in Commodities, Jun
imported during 1946.
c. Polish Statistical Yearbook for
d. Chemical Engineer, 8 Jan 1948.
e. WDGS 451720, 20 Feb 1948.
5,055 12/
l530 Y
472A/
2,100
300 2/
- 2,572 300
7,927
1530
Indicate that data are not available.
1948, gave 791 tOns of natural rubber, 5,055 tons of synthetic rubber, and 1,530 tons of scrap rubber as
1947-48.
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Table 2
1947 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports !/*
Long Tons
Czecho-
Type of Rubber Exporting Country USSR Bulgaria slovakia East Germany LmLaLI Poland Rumania Albania China Total
Natural Malaya ' 37,024 3,509118
76 3,010
7,384 51,121
Indonesia 0 795
795
Ceylon 9
734 795 _ 551
UK Re-exports- 6,022 1, 14 2/ 9,116
Netherlands, Transit
? Germany, Transit
Belgium, Transit
US Re-exports 0 0 0 0
Nigeria
Macao
Hong Kong
UK, Transit
Other
Total Natural 5,243 2/ 871
43 046 4.356 1/ 132 7,3814 61,032
RSB Estimate
(Natural Rubber) 35,000 300 2 377 21212 100 22,188 76 982
-..- 14 767 ......-
------
Synthetic
US 120 79 2 0 0 201
Canada 1,413 693 2,106
Total Synthetic 120 1,1492 b/ 2 693 2,307
Reclaimed
US
UK
Total Reclaimed
Footnotes for Table 2 follow on p. D-4.
0
110 10
1102/ 10
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5 5
0 120
5 125
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_ _ _ _ _
Table 2
1947 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports !/
(Continued)
a. Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available.
b. Commerce, Bucharest, 22 May 1948.
c. World Trade in Commodities, Jan 1948, gives 15,024 tens-of natural rubber, 1,776 tons of synthetic rubber, and 910 tons of scrap rubber as
impoRFrai.un.nri94-77--
4. I 1, from Polish statistics, gave 1947 rubber imports by Poland as 7,108 tons. It is not known whether this includes5c0(1
all types of rubber.
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Table 3
1948 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports 2/*
Long Tons
of. Rubber Exporting Country
USSR
Bulgaria
Czecho-
slovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Albania China
Total
__Ta2
Natural Malaya
Indonesia
103,593
0
350
4,377
1,940
257
1,492
9,465
998
121,217
1,255
Ceylon
0
110 b/
511
0
621
UK Re-exports
1.014
5,810
332
289
0
6,835
Netherlands, Transit
Germany, Transit
Belgium, Transit
636
1,237
13
1,886
US Re-exports
0
0
0
0
0
Nigeria
935
935
Macao
Hong Kong
7,103
7,103
UK, Transit
Other
Total Natural
103,997
460
1142
900 2/
1,569
010 3 1/
-A---
2 4
1 9
17,566
).39,852
RSB Estimate
(Natural Rubber)
100 000
150
23,535
3,000
3,600
1 000
-A---
21,000
1522281
Synthetic
'US
10
0
0
10
Canada
0
39
0
39
Total Synthetic
10
39
49
Reclaimed
US
0
0
o
UK
590
5
o
595
Total Reclaimed
590
5
595
1--noma747-52. Table 3 follow on.p. D-6.
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Table 3
1948 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports .t/
(Continued)
a.
b.
Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available.
Including re-export; Department of Commerce figures from Ceylon customs returns.
d.
all types of rubber.
crw4
from Polish statistics, gave 1948 rubber imports by Poland as 12,876 tons. It is not known whether this includes 50X1
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Table 4
1949 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports y*
Long Tons
Type of Rubber
Exporting Country
USSR
'Bulgaria
Czecho-
slovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Ramania Albania
China
Total
Natural
Malaya
Indonesia
Ceylon
UK Re-exports
Netherlands, Transit
Germany, Transit
Belgium, Transit
US Re-exports
63,414
0
482
21,540-
0
342
174
246
4,641
3,917
8,5?1
17,463
725
0
285
275
4,476
3,663
215
0
7,909
709
125
149
978
0
0
1,132
18
6,990
3
1,265
800
84,713
712
1,390
5,815
35,761
21,126
940
Nigeria
1,212
1,212
Macao ?
Hong Kong
16,412
16,412
UK, Transit
2
383
' 2
35
422
Other
50 b/
50
Total Natural
85,1488
762
36,862
1,7002/
8,916
y
1,122
25,1470
168,553
RSB Estimate
(Natural Rubber)
1212222
925
27,500
8 500
,51.905
12 000
--1---
12.29.
27 500
182,675
Synthetic
US
0
0
0
Canada
423 2/
423
Total Synthetic
0
-
423
0
_
423
Reclaimed
US
0
0
0
UK
799
0
0
799
Total Reclaimed
799
799
3.---r-ri=31-oorr Table 4 follow on p. D-8.
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Table 4
1949 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports y
(Continued)
a. Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not Available.
b. From Sarawak.
c.
d. Eight months, from Polish statistics, gave 1949 rubber imports by Poland as 11,084 tons. It is not known whether this 50X1
includes all types of rubber. l.)1\ I
e. Eight months.
?
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Table 5
1950 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports 2/
Long Tons
Type of Rubber
Exporting Country
USSR
Bulgaria
Czecho-
slovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
Albania China
Total
Natural
Malaya
Indonesia
Ceylon
67,898
8,1460
204
o
o
4,115
850
loo
7
o
38,568
75
119,252
850
175
UK Re-exports
10,075
453 b/
1,122
1140
193
9321
1
12,077
Netherlands, Transit
4,501
78 ?
1,770
504
2,145
1,278
78
10,354
Germany, Transit
Belgium, Transit
US Re-exports
0
16,245 I)/
1,299 2/
3,482 s(
263/
0
o 2/
6 g/
0
921
0
19,736
1,568
Nigeria
1,607
1,607
Macao
Hong Kong
39,118
39,118
UK, Transit
50 A/
217 E/
021
oil
267
Other
Total Natural
82,5214
531
30,720
504 b/
6 234
6 542
187
7M4
205,1014
RSB Estimate
(Natural Rubber)
82,500
775
22,500
---,-
6,500
5A--- Soo
-
575
70,000
l88350
Total Synthetic
Total Reclaimed
a,
b.
C.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available.
Ten months.
Nine months.
One month.
Eleven months' exports; transit trade of 107 .Gons given for 6 months of 1950.
Exports given as 263 tons for 11 months; transit trade of 71 tons given for 6 months of 1950.
Six months' transit trade.
imports for Jan-Sep 1950 as 1,064 tons;
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Table 6
1951 Soviet Bloc Rubber Imports !/
Long Tons
Type of Rubber
Exporting Country
USSR
Ciecho-
Bulgaria slovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland Rumania
Albania China
Total
Natural
Malaya
Indonesia
Ceylon
UK Re-exports
Netherlands, Transit
14,497
0
0
41,620
7,990
,
0
100
70
9,520
63
12/ 141
4,143
47 2/
234
9,095
0
84
205
9,410 65
1,206
920
25 350 y
1,523
22,727
5,543
0
56,375 2/
1,269
6,463
42,643 2/
23,026
,Germany, Transit
Belgium, Transit
US Re-exports
0
0
0
0
0
Nigeria
1,570 e/
1,570
Macao
5,917 Ai
5,917
Hong Kong
37,284 12/
37,284
Other
29 1/
29
(174,378)
Total Natural
64 136
170
15 4379
376
-L--_
289
13 084 415
71,1i71
174,576 2/
RSB Estimate
(Natural Rubber)
67,500
275
11,000
--
250
--.=--....
11 500600
--A- --
73,250
164 375
=?.....
Synthetic
US
0
0
1
1
Canada
Total Synthetic
1
Total Reclaimed
a. Spaces left blank in this table indicate that data are not available.
b. One month.
C. 119,151 tons exported from Malaya to the Satellites; figures shown above total 19,042, and t ma50X1
be that the additional 109 tens unacCounted for-went to East Germany; UK re-exports to the Satellites reported at 1,023 (countries shown total only 93L, an -
89 tons are unaccounted for); total of 198 tons to the Satellites from Malaya And UK unaccounted for in country totals.
d. During Dec 1951 (Rubber News Sheet).
e. Ten months.
f. From the Belgian Congo during 8 months of 1951.
g. Six months.
h. Seven months.
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TAB E
SOVIET RUBBER CONSUMPTION
. Consumption of Rubber for Transportation Goods.
A. Tires.
Estimation of rubber consumption depends primarily on the
production of tires. An estimate VW made of the capacities of
plants to produce tires based on information on individual plants
I as stated earlier in this report. Technological
reports show that the plants in the USSR follow US practice for
the production of automotive tires.
a range Of sizes comparable to those in the US.
Best evidence indicates that the tires produced in the USSR
are of the same weight, size for size, as tires produced in the US.
For example, a 6.00 x 16 tire in the US weighs approximately 23
pounds; the same size of tire produced in the USSR weighs approximately
the same.
The Moscow Tire Factory was designed by the Firestone Tire
and Rubber Company for the Ford Motor Company. This plant has been
reported to have been the prototype for all recent tire plants within
the USSR. The original plant was designed to produce two sizes of
-bites: the 6.00 x16 and the 7.50 x 20 (truck) tires. There has been
additional evidence that the Moscow Tire Plant is now producing tires
of other sizes, including aircraft tires, using the same technology
as was originally suggested in the prototype plant shipped by the
Ford Motor Company under Lend-Lease. Therefore, it was assumed that
the USSR would use comparable sizes of passenger and truck tires to
those in the US.
A test of the validity of plant analysis as a means of deriving
tire production is noted in the case of the Moscow Tire Plant.
The plant studies on the Moscow Tire Plant for the year 1951
showed our
The Yaroslavl' plant studies
estimate to be accurate within 3 percent.
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have been shown to be reasonably accurate
Attempts have been made to compromise the number of tires
produced, as indicated by plant studies 50X1
with data derived from Soviet yearly increases. This latter method of
estimation faces the problem of obtaining a reliable base figure for
1946 .
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The following percentage rates of increase have been reported
by the Soviet press:
Percentage of Yearly Increase
1946 Not given
1947 49
1948 38
1949 39
1950 30
1951 Not given
In order to use these percentage rates of yearly increase, it is
obvious that a base for 1946 is required. There is no information on
actual output of tires during that year. Some attempt has been made to
relate incomplete data on tire cord production to tire production. The
information available on tire cord, however, is not complete enough to
warrant its use as a base for total tire production.
The installation of the Moscow Tire Plant using US technology ?
apparently converted Soviet tire manufacture over to a greater or lesser
degree to the use of rayon (or other synthetic fiber) cord. There are
no quantitative data as to the number of tires produced using synaetic
fiber cord.
From available evidence, the major suppliers of synthetic fiber
cord (rayon, nylon, etc.) have been the Satellite countries. There are
no data concerning this type of tire cord production within the USSR.
In this connection, it must be pointed out that tires obtained in East
Germany destined for the USSR had rayon cord in the carcass. Furthermore,
samples of cord taken directly from a calendar in the same plant used
rayon base.
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_ ? ? _ ? ?
no long-staple-fiber cotton is produced in the USSR. This means that
all long-staple cotton must be imported from Egypt. In view of inten-
sification of procurement of this type of cotton, it may be reasonably
concluded that emphasis on cotton cord still exists within the USSR.
This emphasis on cotton procurement may also point up the shortage of
rayon and other synthetic fibers for tire cord production in the USSR.
It is also noted that although Western Europe has met with some
success in the use of wire cord, there has been to evidence that the
USSR has incorporated this type of technology into tire production.
The explanation for this point may lie in the fact that the technology
of wire cord utilization is somewhat different from that used with cotton
or synthetic fiber cord and, being outside the experience of the Russians,
may explain their lack of enthusiasm for this innovation in tire manufac-
ture.
Another theory has been advanced that aircraft tire production
should be considered separately from motor vehicle tires. There is
no information aVailable which justifies this separation.
plant studies and alsofrom
captured tires show that aircraft tires are produced in the sane factories
as are motor vehicle tires. This evidence leads one to conclude that any
percentage changes in total tire production would include all tires --
that is, both aircraft and motor vehicle.
Without day-to-day production records of the tire industry of
the USSR, it is impossible to predict the sizes of tires produced over
a given length of time. The technology of producing the largest size
of tire used (for? earth-moving machines) is exactly the sane as that of
producing a motorcycle tire. It may be seen, then, that the only
criterion for tire production is availability of the required molds.
Reasonable estimates of tire production must therefore necessarily be
based on an average weight of all tires produced.
An analysis of US production of aircraft tires was made to
determine the average weight per aircraft tire. Using the figures
published by the Rubber Manufacturers' Association for US aircraft tire
production according to size and type of tire for the first quarter of
1952 and the weights for each size and type given in the corresponding
Federal Excise Tax Bulletin, the total weight of all aircraft tires pro-
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duced in the US during the first quarter of 1952 was obtained. The
average weight of an aircraft tire, calculated by dividing the total
weight by the total number of tires, was 47.7 pounds, of which not more
than 50 percent (23.8 pounds) is rubber. Thus it may be Seen that the
23.8 pounds of rubber in an aircraft tire is altogether consistent with
the value of 33 pounds of rubber as an average for all types of tires
(aircraft and motor vehicle). It must be remembered, however, that the
23.8-pound average rubber content per aircraft tire produced in the US
is valid only for the US, where there is emphasis on bombers and trans-
port aircraft. In the USSR, where light aircraft and fighter planes
are predominant, the amount of rubber used in an average aircraft tire
would probably be lower.
Total tire production, or production of any product for that
matter, is best arrived at by means of addition of components. The
integration of the entire tire industry by the addition of the separate
parts of the industry will lead to a more valid total than will a
syllogistic approach assuming a series of disconnected percentage values,
an error appearing in an early one to be compounded ad infinitum as one
makes additional estimates based on this early error. Predetermined
percentage increases within an industry are invalid for several reasons:
1. The statement of fulfillment of a plan implies that all
aspects of the plan have been fulfilled; there is substantial evidence,
however, that the Russians, in evaluating the fulfillment of a plan,
add apples to pears and come out with pineapples -- that is, the 150-
percent fulfillment of plan of production of rubber heels is weighted
with the 50-percent fulfillment of plan of tires to give a 100-percent
fulfillment of the rubber products production plan.
2. The suggestion that percentage-on-percentage increases be
used without a firm absolute basic value within two integrals of the
final figure magnifies error beyond reasonably consideration.
Based upon indications gleaned from individual plant information
and upon estimates available on motor parks and Soviet production of
motor vehicles, the use of heavy tires to light tires appears to be in
the ratio of 9 to 1. None of the plant information so far noted has
indicated a higher ratio, and the average weight of 33 pounds per tire
assumed for the USSR is one which almost all researchers on this subject
consider as the most reliable.
B. Tubes.
Plant studies indicate that more than one tube is required per
casing in the USSR, and for the purpose of this study l tubes per
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casing have been assumed. The average weight of the tire tube was
7.61 pounds, or 11.41 (lt tubes) bounds of tube per casing) or 8 pounds
of rubber required for 1-2- tubes in the USSR. Therefore) 41 pounds of
rubber are required for each complete unit.
C. Other Transportation Uses.
Bicycle tires and tubes and tire repair material are included
in the transportation use of rubber, since the composition and types of
rubbers would be comparable to that for other tires and tubes. No
information on this use is available for the USSR. In the absence of
such data, an estimated quantity of 10 percent of the total amount of
rubber required for motor vehicle tires has been used. This ratio of
rubber required for these purposes is comparable to that used in the UK.*
Based upon studies of tire producing plants for the years 1946-51,
It was possible to build up an estimated production of tires from all but
a few small plants. The total production for each of the years,
multiplied by the assumed average of 33 pounds of rubber per tire, plus
requirements for tubes and tire repair materials, indicates that 67 per-
cent (2/3), plus or minus 2 percent, of the rubber consumed in the USSR
goes into transportation goods. (For the year 1947 the value was 68.6
percent, which is within a reasonable check on the 1950 figure of 65.8
percent.) It is therefore felt that the 67-percent figure for trans-
portation uses is reasonably firm.
D. Types of Rubber Used for the Production of Transportation Goods.
In estimating the quantities of various types of rubber (natural,
synthetic, and reclaimed), procedures and experience of US industry
technology have served as a reliable guide. The following facts are
noted:
1. US industry uses limited amounts of reclaimed rubber in
'truck tires. About 53 percent natural rubber is used, the balance being
synthetic rubber.
2. In building automobile tire sizes, US industry uses
approximately 8 percent natural, 59 percent synthetic, and 33 percent
reclaimed rubber.
* The Rubber Statistical Bulletin regularly reports usages of rubber by
, major uses in all monthly issues.
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3. US practice is believed to have been used extensively in
the USSR. Recently, reports indicate definitely that the USSR has made
a determined effort to reduce natural rubber consumption during the
past several years. The trend to maximize the use of synthetic rubbers
has been much more strenuous than in the US.
EXperience and US practice have proved that serviceable tires
can be made from compounds containing 90 percent synthetic rUbberl with,
however, attendant difficulties in processing. It is also known that
a better tire can be made and with easier processing if only 50 percent
synthetic rubber is used, the remainder being natural and reclaimed
Each of these compounds represents an extreme which seems unnecessary
and/or uneconomical in present-day tire building practice in the USSR.
Chemical analyses of Soviet tires show that some truck tire
treads in the USSR are being made of 100 percent synthetic rubber,
while the carcass is made of a combination of natural and synthetic
rubber.
Based on the experience of US tire experts, the ratio of
types of rubber (synthetic, natural, and reclaimed) is variable
according to requirement. The regulating factors in the utilization
of specific formulae are as follows: availability of the particular
type of rubber desired; the mechanical properties of the compounds;
the conditions under which the rubber part is to be used (road
conditions, speed, load factor, etc.); size of tire; types of equip-
ment available for the production of the separate components of the
tire; etc. This variability in ratio of synthetic to natural to
reclaimed can range from 100 percent natural to 100 percent synthetic,
with small amounts of reclaimed present as desired. Based upon US
experience, a satisfactory average hydrocarbon content would be 75
percent synthetic, 23 percent natural, and 2 percent reclaimed rubber
for calculation purposes. This ratio has been substantiated by the
rubber industry of the US. It is interesting to note that
analyses of captured
tires check this assumption almost exactly. Of the criteria listed
above, the major factor influencing the proportion of Synthetic to -
natural to reclaimed will be the physical equipment used to produce the
components of the tire. This formula, on the following page, will pro-
duce an easily processed compound and a serviceable tire with a greater
use of synthetic rubber:
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_ _ _ _ _
Percentage of Rubber by Types
Natural 23 percent
Synthetic 75 percent
Reclaimed 2 percent
This ratio is considered applicable to all types of trans-
portation goods (tires, tubes, bicycle tires, repair material). It
must be clearly understood that this formula is an average composition.
Tables supplied by the S/TRI CIA, ?./ showing the average
number of serviceable motor vehicles in use through the years 1950,
1951, and 1952 (Table 1)* indicate that in 1951 there were approximately
nine trucks to one passenger car. This ratio is also valid for the
year 1952. An additional report supplied by I/CG, CIA,
shows 11.5 trucks to 1 passenger car. These
were independent reports We therefore con-
sider the 9 to 1 ratio quite reasonable. On the basis of six tires per
truck against four tires per car, this ratio is apparently wrong. How-
ever, when a passenger tire goes out of service, it is at a point of
uneconomic repair and is therefore discarded, whereas the truck tire
going out of service is usually repairable and can be returned to
service. Therefore, automatically the 9 to 1 ratio readjusts itself.
Using the previously stated ratios of types of rubber for the
production of transportation goods, the quantities of rubbers that
would be used are indicated in Table 2.**
* Table 1 follows on p. E-8.
401- Table 2 follows on p. E-9.
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Table 1
Average Number of Serviceable Motor Vehicles
in Use in the USSR .d."
1950
1951
1952
Trucks, 2-Ton and Under
542,750
723,875
898,250
Trucks, 2.5-Ton and
3-Ton
509,900
678,950
841,700
Diesel Trucks
32,850
14,925
56,550
Total
1,085,500
1,447,750
1,796,500
Light Passenger Cars
- 89,625
119,812
148,874
Heavy Passenger Cars
29,875
39,938
49,626
Total
119,500
159,750
198,500
Grand Total
1,205,000
1,607,500
1,995,000
a. Notes:
1. Buses are included with trucks.
2. Serviceability estimated at 65 percent of total
park; for estimate of total park, divide above
figures by 0.65
3. A later estimate of the size of the diesel truck
inventory, based on production data, indicates that
the present number of diesel trucks in use probably
does not exceed 25 percent of the figure given above.
The serviceability of the diesel equipment, in view
of the newness of this equipment, probably is much
higher than the 65 percent used as an average for
the motor vehicle park as a whole.
4. The above truck figures include military vehicles,
which represent about 30 percent of the total truck
park.
5. Annual mileage figures for these vehicles are estimated
to be 20,000 miles for trucks and 10,000 miles for
passenger cars. For derivation of these figures, see
2/.
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Table 2
Soviet Rubber Consumption by Type
Used for Transportation Goods
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Natural
Synthetic
Reclaimed
Total
1946
13.7 2/
44.7 12
1.2
59.6
1947
18.0
58.3
1.5
77.8
1948
24.0
.2/
78.4
2.1
104.5
1949
31.0
100.8
2.7
134.5
1950
38.1
124.2
3.3
165.6
1951
42.4
138.4
3.7
184.5
1952
46.4
151.1
4.0
201.5
1953
5o.8
165.7
4.4
220.9
a. Only 9,500 tons of natural rubber were recorded as
received by the USSR in 1946. However, since 17,000
tons were received by 1945, some of this amount may
have been carried over into 1946.
b. Estimated production of synthetic rubber in the USSR
for 1946 is only 40,000 tons. It should be noted, how-
ever, that about 9,000 tons were imported in 1945, some
of which may have been carried over, and an unknown
quantity of synthetic rubber was received by the USSR
from East Germany in 1946.
c. Only 50,000 tons of synthetic rubber was believed
to have been produced by the USSR in 1947. Additional
quantities, exact amount unknown, were received from
East Germany.
A study of prewar trends in the use of synthetic rubber has
yielded the following information as reported by German studies. _V
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In 1936 and in the 1937 plan the following proportions of
synthetic rubber were to be used in the various types of rubber
products:
Percentage of Synthetic Rubber
1936
1937 Plan
Tires
53.6
85.5
Rubber Shoes
38.4
76.8
Rubber Soles
97.1
100.0
Technical Rubber Goods
43.5
79.3
Average
58.0
85.4
II. Consumption of Rubber for Nontransportation Goods.
The information on the breakdown of rubber articles in the non-
transportation field is so limited that no reliable figures can be
derived.
On the basis of US, British, and French experience, it is
generally conceded that the allocation of rubber between transportation
and nontransportation end product is 2/3 to 1/3 in favor of the trans-
portation user, as was shown above. It must be noted that other
elastomers (polyvinylchloride, polyisobutylene, etc.) may be used for
nontransportation purposes as a substitute for rubber. Estimates on
rubber consumption for nontransportation purposes are based wholly on
indications rather than on quantitative data.
A. Rubber Footwear.
Some attempts have been made to break down the various groups
of nontransportation products in order to arrive at a more reliable
estimate of rubber consumption. There are no indications as to the
types of rubber footwear produced, each type of which requires a
different proportion of rubber. The Soviet press has announced per-
centage rates of increase for footwear on postwar years. The goal
for 1950 was given in the Fourth Five Year Plan both relative to
prewar levels and also in actual figures: namely, 88.6 million pairs.
Published information States that.13_million pairs of
rubber footwear were produced in the first hid of 1947. The rubber
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shoe industry is seasonable, and there is no proof that 39 million
pairs were produced over the entire year. Based on percentage
figures, certain estimates for footwear production and rubber con-
sumption have been obtained. (See Table 3.)* It is pointed out,
however, that two researchers using the same,data have derived
different estimates for the same years, probably because all
estimates are dependent on a basic figure for 1945 or other post-
war years.
According to Nalenkov's statement in his keynote address
at the 1952 Communist Party Congres, 125 million pairs of rubber
footwear are to be produced in 1952.** Using the consumption co-
efficient from Analysis 1 (0.63) in Table 3, above, 35,700 metric
tons of rubber would be reqdired, but according to the consumption
coefficient in Analysis 2 (1.2), 68,000 metric tons of rubber
would be needed to produce the 125 million pairs of rubber foot-
wear in 1952. The consumption coefficients are defined as the
pounds of rubber required to make one pair of rubber footwear.
Owing to the fact that there is no information concerning
the breakdown by types of the estimated 125 million pairs of
rubber footwear, it is impossible to arrive at a consunption co-
efficient for rubber footwear using the sane techniques as were
applied to determine the average rubber content of tires. However,
there is information at hand that indicates that this figure can
vary between 0.5 and 2.5 pounds per pair according to type of
footwear. FUrther research will undoubtedly develop a competent
consumption coefficient for rubber footwear.
B. Soles and Heels.
. Attempts also have been made to derive the amount of rubber
consumed in the production of soles and heels. This consumption
estimate has been attempted by using ratios calculated on the basis
of the last announced statistics (1935) and applying that ratio to the
estimated current output of leather footwear, based on percentage
* Table .3 follows on p. E-12.
** New lark Times, 7 Oct 1952, p. C3. An article on the new Five
Year Plan gives forecast for 1952 production of rubber footwear
in actual figures but no percentage rate of increases over the
preceding year. The article stated that this 1952 figure re-
presented "80 percent more than in 1940."
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Table 3
Soviet Production of Rubber Footwear (Estimated)
1946-51
Analysis 1 12/
Footwear
Produced
Yearly Increase (Million
Year (Percent) 2aLna_
Rubber
Required
(Thousand
Metric Tons)
Analysis 2 2/
Footwear Rubber
Produced Required
(Million (Thousand
Pairs) Metric Tons)
1911.0
LA'.
N.A.
N.A.
68
37.29
1946
97
23.6
6.7
N.A.
N.A.
194.7
68
39.6
11.2
50
27.4
1948
37
54.3
15.4
69
37.77'
1949
28
69.5
19.7
88
48.37
1950
18
82.0
23.3
103
56.56
1951
11
91.0
25.8
114
62.17
increases.* Since advanced technology has produced other materials
(that is, plastics, etc.) for the footwear industry in Western
countries, this method has obviously become obsolete.
C. Other Non-Transportation Goods.
Very little work has been done on arriving at consumption figures
for mechanical rubber goods, mainly because there is practically no
information on output of the various types of goods included in this
category. It is considered one of the most important categories of non-
transportation goods, since it supplies industry with such products as
conveyor and transmission belts; molded, wrapped discharge, and
suction hose; chemical oil suction and oil discharge hose; rubber tank
and pipe lining; rubber printing roller blankets; rubber steel mill
fillers; rubber packing; extended and lathe-cut rubber goods; and paper
mill rollers.
* New York Times, 7 Oct 1952, in giving actual figures of 1951
and 1952 production of leather footwear, coincides almost exactly
with estimates made by the Department of State for these shoes.
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Because of the lack of information and the danger of
magnifying error in breaking down the various categories for which
little information is available, the allocation of 2/3 of rubber
consumed for transportation goods and 1/3 for nontransportat ion
products is still considered to be the most reliable basis for the
calculation of rubber consumption by the USSR.
D. Types of Rubber Used for Nontransportat ion Goods.
Rubber footwear is produced where possible from lower-grade
rubbers. The maximum of reclaimed rubber would be used in the
manufacture of rubber shoes, with the balance being largely
synthetic rubber to meet the requirements of the trade. No con-
clusive data concerning the allocation of types of rubbers used
have been found for drug sundries or mechanical goods.
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0167-0163-10M
YEFREMOV SYNTHETIC RUBBER PLANT SK3
YEFREMOV
U.S.S.R.
CENTER OF TARGET
H-050 V-050
Lat. 530911"N Long. 3807'23"E
Elev. 520 ft. above mean sea level
SCALE 1:10,000
1ST EDITION AUGUST 1951
0167-0163-10M
DATES OF PHOTOGRAPHY JULY 1942-JULY 1943
Base 100 ACIS 8-51
Litho by ACIS 11-51
10
09
USAF TA GET MOSAIC ? SERIES 10 K7*'
00 H 01
02 03
04 05
06 07
CONFIDENTIAL
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,
, _,,
,p1,- i ,--;201 --n.-.5.',.t---i-- 4-??? - -
...._ .
r41,1'
S,Ake ,r
e"q,-
f ?
1 #
r1
MO, rri
.10.0.4.
?
..201 )
.. s A r ? '' -....-4.
r t?,../ ?
ii4 a a., A lar r ,1
.4 .
,%;?::E. r t? pr,r4.1ve
.
immmolimm MIMI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IplIMEM MMMMMI I I I I I Jpoimmmimmomeol
00 H 01 02 03
1000 YARDS 900 800 700 600 500
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF, USAF,
AND PUBLISHED BY THE USAF AERONAUTICAL CHART AND
INFORMATION SERVICE. WASHINGTON 25. D. C.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
04 05
400 300 200 100 0
I I i IMIMMIMMINIIINIIISMI. 1111111 I1 pisieniimmommimml
06 07
08 09
1000 YARDS
1000 FEET
0
1000
2000
3000
4000 FEET
0
1 KILOMETER
11111111JI
50X1
0167-0163-10M
10
YEFREMOV SYNTHETIC RUBBER PLANT SK3
YEFREMOV
^ 02
11
CIO
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
0234-0010-10M
VORONEZH SYNTHETIC RUBBER PLANT
VORONEZH (9590.18)
0234-0010-10M
U.S.S.R.
CENTER OF TARGET
H-056 V-055
Lat. 5137'39"N Long. 3914'18"E
Elev. 360 ft. above mean sea level
SCALE 1:10,000
1ST EDITION AUGUST 1949
DATES OF PHOTOGRAPHY JUNE -JULY 1942
Base 100 ACS 8.49
Litho ACS 1-51
c*' USAF
00 H 01
mmmmm mod
101 Imummlummid
hsommonimmmEd
ARGET MOSAIC - SERIES 10 s*'
02 03
04 05
06 07
CONFIDENTIAL
08 09
10
09
081
07
06-.
05
04
03
021
01
1?:
00
?________ I I I IImo mmmmm imismiumminm.I I 1,, t iggmmmonominnggi
05
100 0
00 H 01 02 03
t000 YARDS 900 800 700 600 500
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF, USAF, AND
PUBLISHED BY THE AERONAUTICAL CHART SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
400
04
300 200
06 07
08 09
1000 YARDS
1000 FEET
0
1000
2000
3000
4000 FEET
0
1 KILOMETER
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
50X1
0234-0010-10M
10
VORONEZH SYNTHETIC RUBBER PLANT
VORONEZH (9590.18)
? 10
L09
1-08
L07
1-06
^ 05
1-04
IL 03
1-02
L oi
00
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
0325-0021-10M USAF TARGET MOSAIC - SERIES 10
10
0
09
00 H 01
11
1
1
1
1
JI
081
07
06
05-'
041
03-'
021
YEREVAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER
AND CHEMICAL PLANT
"KIROV" 741, YEREVAN (9870.3)
01
U.S.S.R.
CENTER OF TARGET
H-050 V-050
Lat. 40?07'49"N Long. 44?29'51"E
Elev. 3120 ft. above mean sea level
SCALE 1:10,000
1ST EDITION NOVEMBER 1950
00
0325-0021-10M
02 03
04 05
06 07
CONFIDENTIAL
08 09
10
limmonmsmomil I 61111011.1MM NUM! immonimummoil Immommmwmail ImmosommoomII
immommommommummeiI J. I . I pmemermommommemmomI 1 I II I. I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 11.111111111.1111111111111111.M. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 plaMMOMMEHMAMMEMOMI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
00 H 01 02 03
1000 YARDS 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
04 05
DATES OF PHOTOGRAPHY MAY 1942- OCTOBER 1942
Base 100 USDA ? PMA 11.50
Litho ACS 2-51 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF, USAF, AND
PUBLISHED BY THE AERONAUTICAL CHART SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
06 07 08
50X1 ?
09
^ 09
1-08
L 07
- 06
L05
1-04
'-03
- 02
101
1000 YARDS
1000 FEET
0
1000
2000
3000
4000 FEET
0
1 KILOMETER
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
00
0325-0021-10M
YEREVAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER AND CHEMICAL PLANT "KIROV" 741
YEREVAN (9870.3)
0154-0008-10M
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
USAF TA GET MOSAIC - SERIES 10
cc
0
10
09
08
00 H 01
g
07-'
02
03
04 05
06 07
lmwmgggimeimeengi I I .....
IMMO...WM=11U 1 1 1
CONFIDENTIAL
08 09 10
igeommimmiongemi I .11 ,
061
05
08
107
06
U05
041
02
YAROSLAVL RUBBER AND ASBESTOS COMBINE i
"YARAK", YAROSLAVL (9770.5) 011
U.S.S.R.
0154-0008-10M
CENTER OF TARGET
H-050 V-050
Lat. 57?38'50"N Long. 39?52'07"E
Elev. 310 ft. above mean sea level
SCALE 1:10,000
1ST EDITION OCTOBER 1950
DATES OF PHOTOGRAPHY OCTOBER 1941-AUGUST 1942
Base 100 ACS 10-50
Litho ACS 3-51
00
.1 I
, 11M11?1111?11111MMEIMIIIII IMMMMMIMMIN11111111 , ,
1
00 H 01 02 03
1000 YARDS 900 800 700 600 500
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF, USAF, AND
PUBLISHED BY THE AERONAUTICAL CHART SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Base Mosaic Compiled October 1950
04 05
400 300 200 100 0
1 INIMMMMIMM.11.111.1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 mmmesimiosiimmi.III
08 09
1000 YARDS
06 07
1080 FEET
0
1000
2000
3000
4000 FEET
0
1 KILOMETER
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
50X1
0154-0008-10M
10
YAROSLAVL RUBBER AND ASBESTOS COMBINE "YARAK"
YAROSLAVL (9770.5)
102
01
00
0165-0007-10M
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
USAF TARGET MOSAIC - SERIES 10 slx-
0
KAZAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER PLANT, SK 4
KAZAN (5810.20)
U.S.S.R.
CENTER OF TARGET
11-040 V-054
Lat. 55?44'49"N Long. 4908'03"E
Elev. 220 ft. above mean sea level
SCALE 1:10,000
1ST EDITION NOVEMBER 1950
0165-0007-10M
10
09
08
07
06
05
00 H 01
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
JI
041
03
02
01
00
02 03
04 05
06 07
CONFIDENTIAL
08 09
10
6
1 1 1 1 ini..MiMM=MM.I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 ilEMMMMEMMM. 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 .MM.11.1.11MMEM? I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MMMMM 6666
IF 10
1
1
1
1
1
L09
.08
1
1
1
L07
I-06
L05
IIMMIMIIMIMIMIIMMMIMI 111111[1j fMiMMMIEHMIMMini. I I I 1 1 .1 I I I IMilEMEMMMMMEllI 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 pinnininii.MMEgini. I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I pOMMOMMMMMM.
00 H 01
1000 YARDS 900
DATES OF PHOTOGRAPHY JULY 1942- AUGUST 1943
Base 100 ACS 11-50
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF, USAF, AND
Litho ACS 1-51
PUBLISHED BY THE AERONAUTICAL CHART SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
02 03
800 700 600 500
04 05
400 300 200 100 0
06 07
08 09
1000 YARDS
1000 FEET
0
1000
2000
3000
4000 FEET
I KILOMETER
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
50X1
0165-0007-10M
10
KAZAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER PLANT, SK 4
KAZAN (5810.20)
11- 03
. 0 2
101
00
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8
SECRET
I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/15: CIA-RDP79R01141A000200020008-8