THE HEAVY ELECTRICAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY IN THE SOVIET BLOC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01141A000100110002-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 78
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 17, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: September 12, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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COPY NO. n
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
1;-0 K',SEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
SECURITY INFORMATION
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE HEAVY ELECTRICAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY "
IN THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 9
12 September 1952
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
SECRET
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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SECURITY INFORMATION
ECONOMIC iNiELLIGENCE REPORT
THE HEAVY ELECTRICAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY
IN THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR 9
CENTRAL IN1tLLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
S-E-C-R-E-T
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_ _ _ _ _ _
CONTENTS
Summary
I. Introduction
1. Nature and Uses
2. Importance of the Industry
3. History of the Industry
a. Prewar
b. World War II
c. Postwar
14. Organization
Page
1
3
3
1.
5
5
6
6
8
a.
USSR
8
b.
Czechoslovakia
9
c.
East Germany
10
d.
Hungary
11
5.
Technology
11
II.
Supply
13
1.
Production
13
2.
Imports
13
a.
UK
22
b.
Netherlands
22
c.
Italy
24
d.
West Germany
24
e.
France
24
f.
Denmark
24
g.
Belgium-Luxembourg
24
Ii.
US
24
i.
Sweden
25
J.
Switzerland
25
k.
Austria
25
1.
Finland
25
m.
Other Countries
25
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? ? ? ? ? ?
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III.
IV.
Requirements
Use Pattern
Eat
26
26
1. Strategic
26
2. Exports ? ?
28
V.
Input Requirements
29
VI.
Capabilities Limitations, and. Vulnerabilities
38
1. Capabilities
38
a. Expansion
38
b. Convertibility
39
2. Limitations
AO
?
?
4
?
?
39
3., Vulnerabilities
41
(
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Appendix D.
Appendixes
Officials of the Soviet Ministry
of Electrical Industry ? ? ? . ? ? ******* 43
Scientific Organizations in the USSR Contributing
to the Soviet Heavy Electrical Machinery
Industry
Description of Certain Electrical Machinery
Plants ? ?
Collected Input Coefficients
11.7
49
69
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OX1-HUM
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A
CIA/RR 9
(ORR Project 45-51)
SECURITY INFORMATION
TEE BEArz ELECTRICAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY
IN THE SOVIET BLOC*
Sxmsna27
The heavy electrical machinery industry plays a vital part in the econ-
omy of the Soviet Bloc. The atomic energy program and most of the basic in-
dustries depend on this industry in two ways: first, directly, for motors,
generators, and transformers for use in their own facilities; second, in-
directly, because they are dependent on the general power system, one of the
main users of heavy electrical machinery.
Despite the destruction of facilities throughout the Soviet Bloc during
World War II, the capital equipment of the heavy electrical machinery in-
dustry has been refurbished and renewed to a considerable degree. This
equipment is probably adequate, being equal, if not superior, to prewar
facilities. East German plants are. in the poorest condition because they
were subject to the direct effects of war and to the removals of equipment
by the Soviets. There are some deterrents to the complete use of facili-
ties, such as the use of some plant areas for the production of military
Expansion of the industry, however, has taken place at a rapid rate
and is expected. to continue for the next few years. Facilities probably
are not in most cases the limiting factor in over-all expansion plans.
Occasionally it is not clear whether the impact of the Bloc's military
production program, the lack of raw materials, or the inadequacy of the
physical capacity Of the plant to contain all the necessary operations
causes deficient production in a given plant.
Although it probably is true that the employment of the inputs in the
heavy electrical machinery industry of the Soviet Bloc results in markedly
better returns to the economy than would the employment of these inputs
in other industries, the nuMber and types of inputs in this industry cause
a serious drain on some of the resources of both metals and manpower in
the Bloc. The real shortage in the industry exists in the supply of basic
raw materials 'rather than in the facilities in which such raw materials.
are used.
Notable shortages exist in these basic raw materials, primarily Copper,
transformer sheet steel, and transformer oil. Although the industry uses
* This report contains information available to CIA as of 1 February 1952.
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only approximately 3 percent of the annual copper output of the Soviet Bloc,
the supply allocated to the heavy electrical machinery industry is not ad-
equate, especially in the Satellites. A substantial import of basic raw
materials, including copper largely in the form of vire, is known to exist,
no doubt alleviating some of the difficulty. The Bloc's highest quality
of transformer sheet steel is produced in the USSR. However, none of the
finest quality transformer sheet steel, which is manufactured solely by
a very few US firms and their Western European licensees, is being imported
into the Bloc. As compared with this type of sheet steel, more of the
Bloc's product is required for each transformer, whidh, in turn, calls for
the employment of more copper. Production of transformer oil in both the
USSR and the Satellites is insufficient and of generally law quality, and
its use is thereby limited to transforming equipment and circuit breakers
of relatively low capacity. Transformer oil of high quality, presently
imported by the Bloc, would become of critical importance to it in a gen-
eral war.
The heavy electrical machinery industry of the Soviet Bloc cannot
supply both as regards types and amounts the needs of all consuming sectors
of the economy. In the case of steam turbines and hydrotuebines the supply
is adequate for all current civilian and military uses. The Bloc's annual
production rate for heavy electrical machinery as of January 1952 is esti-
mated as follows: 2,620,000 kilowatts of motors, 2,850,000 kilowatts of
generators, 10,550,000 kilovolt-amperes of transformeis, and 4,452,000 kilo-
watts of turbines. In spite of a heavy production schedule and of consid-
erable imports, expansion of the low-priority sectors of the Bloc economy
which depend on heavy electrical machinery is retarded. The annual shortage
of such machinery, amounting to 638,000 kilowatts, probably will cause cut-
backs in railroad electrification, and in municipal pupping installations.
The deficit of heavy electrical machinery in the Soviet Bloc would be
compounded if imports were reduced. The level of current imports of heavy
electrical machinery into the Bloc is estimated at a rate of 4,425,000 kilo-
watts a year, approximately one-quarter of the estimated production rate.
This major deficit between domestic production and demand indicates an unu-
sually large dependence on imports. Even with a range of error which cuts
this import figure in half, the imports still would be enough to satisfy
completely the requirements of the Bloc's atomic energy program for heavy
electrical machinery. The strategic importance of the import program cannot
be overlooked in view of its sizable contribution to the Bloc's potential
for war.
Many of the Bloc's industries require heavy electrical machinery for
defense or defense-supporting production. The submarine program, the steel
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industry, the atomic energy program, and the railroad equipment industry
are examples of strategic sectors of the Soviet Bloc economy which are
likely to have difficulties in fulfilling planned output if either the
supply of heavy electrical machinery or the output of other basic indus-
tries which in turn depend on this supply is curtailed. Another strate-
gic sector to be affected would be the electric poger industry, which
consequently would probably be unable to relieve the chronic shortage of
electric power. Since all the industries of the Soviet Bloc which con-
sume heavy electrical machinery are of varying degrees of strategic impor-
tance, the Bloc is particularly winPrable should Western countries greatly
reduce their exports to the Bloc of heavy electrical machinery or should
there be a curtailment of the Bloc's imports of the basic raw materials
used to produce such machinery. A continued excess of demand for heavy
electrical machinery over supply would in the long run adversely affect
the Bloc's economy and its war potential.
I. Introduction.
1. nature and Uses.
For the purposes of this report, heavy electrical machinery will
be taken to mean the items listed below, in sizes over 500 kilowatts (rg)
only, in the case of transformers, sizes over 500 kilovolt-amperes (kva).
a. Motors: Alternating current (AC), single and
polyphase and direct current (DC),
and synchronous condensers.
b. Generators: AC, single and polyphase, and DC.
c. Steam turbines
and hydro-
turbines used
to drive such
generators.
d. Motor-generator
sets.
e. Transformers.
In Order for any country to produce this range Of products, the
following general requirements must be supplied: (a) large machinery,
including extremely large lathes, boring and turning mills, presses, and
spacious layouts equipped with heavy lifting devices as well as special
lifting devices; (b) a supply of high-quality metals and insulating
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materials; (c) skilled workers; and (1) railroads and special railroad cars
for shipping purposes. In some European countries such as the UK, however,
special trucks are used for the distribution of the output.
2. Importance of the Industry. a/4
The supply of ample electric power always has been one of the prime
objectives of the Soviet Union. The GOELRO Plan,** which was announced in
1920 =dyes to last 15 years laid heavy demands on the electrical machin-
ery industry. Changes in technology over those 15 years were made with
extreme rapidity, and goals of this plan were inorbased with advances in
the technology.
Throughout the Soviet Bloc the heavy electrical machinery industry
plays a vital part in the economy. The atomic energy program and most of
the basic industries depend on this industry in two ways: first, directly,
for motors, generators, and transformers for use in their own facilities;
second, indirectly, because they are dependent on the general power system,
one of the main users of heavy electrical machinery.
The relative priority presently assigned in the Soviet Bloc to the
heavy electrical machinery industry is bard to determine. Some of the Bloc
industries competing directly with it for manpower, materials, machinery,
and other supplies are the shipbuilding industry, the electronics industry,
and 'the railroad equipment industry, as well as the' atomic energy program.
In some instances this competition is so marked that it occurs within a
given plant. Because these heavy electrical machinery plants have the
skilled manpower and are equipped with the type of machinery needed, some
of these plants also are engaged in the production of submarine parts,
atomic energy program products, and other military items.
The consistent supply of power to industrial facilities is so impor-
tant that the Soviets have gone to considerable lengths, not only in the
USSR but also in the Satellite countries, to provide a great amount of
emergency, stand-by, and similar non-central-station generating equipment
to various industrial and agricultural enterprises. Many of these units are
of a portable nature and of a relatively small size although others are of
sizes on the order of 3,000 kw.
** 'A major plan for the electrification of the entire USSR (Gosudarst-
vennaya komissiya,po elektrifikatsii Rossii -- State Commission for the
Electrification of Russia).
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50X1
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4 Some of the many Soviet Bloc industries which depend greatly on
heavy electrical machinery are as follows:
a. Power-generating industry (prime user).
b. Chemical) petroleum, and oil pipeline industries.
c. Steel industry (in which heavy electrical machinery
is used for both the manufacture and the shaping
. of steel).
d. Mining industry.
e. Shipbuilding industry.
f. Railroad equipment industry (electric and diesel-
electric locomotives).
g. Railroad transportation.
h. Atomic energy program.
i. Aviation.
3. History of the Industry. 2/
a. Prewar.
In the early 1920's the USSR was dependent largely on foreign
countries for its supply of all types of electrical machinery, but it was
during that decade, following the promulgation of the GOELRO Plan, that
electrical machinery plants in the USSR began to convert to the production
of equipment in the larger sizes. Although there was a continuing develop-
ment in the electrical machinery industry during the 1920's, electrical
machinery was imported from Central and Western. Europe and from the US to
make up the deficit caused by insufficient domestic production. The
proportion of turbines and generators of foreign manufacture, however,
decreased to a marked degree between 1930 and 1938, and this decrease
apparently was followed in all types of Soviet electrical machinery. There
is some evidence that this decline in imports was not fully compensated for
by domestic production. Nevertheless, the expansion of the power-generating
capacity of the USSR during the 1930's was impressive. Installed capacity
increased from 2.3 million kw at the end of 1929 to 11.4 'million kw in 1941.
While the rate of new installations declined along with imports and never
quite reached the high point of 1931, the growing requirements for electric
power apparently were met by these new installations, of which an ever-
increasing proportion was being supplied by Soviet generator plants. Ev-
idence also indicates that boilers, turbines, and transformers were not pro-
duced in comparable adequate amounts.
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b. World War II.
The German invasion dealt a heavy blow to the heavy electrical
machinery industry in the USSR. At a time when the production of heavy
generating equipment was particularly vital because of the loss of genera-
ting capacity in the enemy-occupied regions the heavy electrical machinery
industry, concentrated as it was in Leningrad, Moscow, and Khar'kov, was
seriously damaged. It has been estimated that as much as 60 percent of .
the generating capacity and 40 percent of electric power equipment produc-
tion was lost. Evacuations of plant machinery to the east did take place,
resulting in the refurbishment of some of the theroless well-known plants.
The machinery that subsequently was used in the evacuated factories was
obtained either through Lend-Lease arrangements or by forcible removals
from conquered territories.
Mention has been made that supplemental electrical machinery
was supplied to the USSR in the 1920's by Central and Western Europe. These
areas include, of course, most of the nations which now are Satellites and
whose industries were well developed long before that time.. The German,
Hungarian, and Czechoslovak industries, in particular, have been stppliers
of electrical equipment in the past and were supplying the USSR as Well as
one another during the 1920's.
Although complete information concerning Soviet removals of
heavy electrical equipment is not available for the Immediate postwar period,
estimated Soviet removals from East Germany amounted to 3.4 million kw,
while another 500,000 kw were dismantled in former German territories.
Removals from Finland and Hungary amounted to another 290,000 kw, and ac-
quisitions in Finland, Poland, Rumania, and West Germany amounted to perhaps
an additional 500,000 kw.
c. Postwar.
The postwar tendency in the USSR has been to manufacture the
largest sizes of heavy electrical machinery. This trend, for example, is
apparent in the development of hydro machinery for the major hydroelectric
projects which form an integral part of the Soviet planning. Such projects
as the rebuilding of the Dnepr Dam, the Stalyinsk Hydroelectric Power Sta-
tion (Gidroelektrostantsiya GES), the Kuybyshev GES, and the Volga-Don
project require enormous machines for the most efficient and practical
generation of power. Each hydrogenerator built by Electrosila Elec-
trical Equipment Plant in Leningrad for the Dnepr Dam had a capacity of
78,000 kw; those for the Tsimlyanskaya hydroelectric project had a capacity
of 40,000 kw. This same tendency toward the use of large sizes of genera-
ting equipment also is very noticeable in the steam generator field in the
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USSR and the Satellites. Considerable attention has been given to planning
the means by which materials can be supplied to the Satellite plants for
the building of such large-size heavy electrical machinery. Especially in
East Germany there has been considerable developmental activity for very
large transformers and other high-voltage static equipment.
The Soviets also seem to favor the manufacture of hydroelectric
turbines and generators in the smallest sizes. Although these small machines
cannot be called heavy electrical machinery, a great number of them in.serv-
ice would reduce the demand for large central station equipment. The USSR
and the Satellites are building many small hydroelectric units, as well as
the large number of small engine- or steam-driven generators required to back
up such units. These units reportedly are being installed wherever possible,
particularly in the USSR. Although such units are impractical from the US
point of view, there are many Soviet plants which cannot make very large
units but which do have the technical knowledge, the labor, and the expe-
rience necessary for the manufacture of small ones. These can be erected by
the technicians from the Machine Tractor Stations in rural areas. Although
the power which they can generate is small and sporadic, these small units
contribute to the individual farm area or factory the same amount of power
as if the area were tied into a power net. In the more remote regions,
especially in the USSR, the cost of providing a transmission and distribu-
tion network of electric power would be prohibitive and would require the
use of enormous machines.
Generators driven by prime movers other than by hydroturbines
have followed the same pattern of development in the postwar period, since,
like the hydrogenerators, they tare being built in the largest possible
sizes. The largest generators known to be built in the USSR are of 100,000
kw, but, according to the speech in October 1951 of Beriya, Deputy Minister
of the Council of Ministers, USSR, a generator of 150,000 kw is now under
development. These generators, of the same general sizes as US generators,
indicate that the Soviets have not slackened their efforts to build power
networks wherever feasible, based on the largest sizes of central station
equipment.
The Soviet Bloc also produces motors in large sizes. The
Satellites have shipped a large quantity of such motors to the USSR, and
the Soviets are trying to enforce Bloc production of standard series of
these motors.
In conclusion, it maybe said that the postwar development of
power in the Soviet Bloc has resulted in an integrated plan for the
construction of power networks based on large-size heavy electrical machin-
ery and in a secondary plan for providing as much power as possible in
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remote regions by using svnll machines.
There is little concentration in the location of the heavy
electrical machinery industry in the Soviet Bloc. In the USSR there are
two main plants in Leningrad; two in Riga; three in Economic Region III,
two of which are in Ehar'kov and the other in Dnepropetrovsk; three in
Region V, two of which are in Yerevan and the other in Baku; and five in
Region VII, three of which are in Moscow and one each in TaMbov and
Yaroslav. There also are plants at Permaiska; at Sverdlovsk; in the Kitznets
industrial region; and at Kemerovo. In Austria there are five plants,
four of which are in Vienna. In Czechoslovakia there are five. In East
Germany there are nine plants which are well distributed over the area.
In Hungary and Poland there are two plants each, and Rumania has one plant.
In Albania and Bulgaria there are no such plants.
4. Organization. ji
The most complete organizational setup of the heavy electrical
machinery industry is in the USER. Although the organizations of East
Germany, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia are well defined, in the other
Satellites the controlling governmental organization is subject to consid-
erable variation. Generally, in a mall geographical area a generator
plant forms a complex:with an iron and steel plant and a turbine plant.
The iron and steel plant supplies the castings and forgingp necessary for
the turbine plants, which, in turn, furnish the drives for the generators
made at the generator plant. The planning authorities try to minimize
long-distance movements of parts needed by installations of the sane or
related industries, but it is possible, for example, that the Novo Kramatorsk
steel plant in Khar'kov may be supplying the Leningrad Metal Plant (114Z),
a turbine plant, despite the distance between the two plants. An interesting
point is that before 1947 some of the plants in the heavy electrical machin-
ery industry produced their awn spiral-type air coolers for generators.
This production was in accordance with the then-familiar pattern of such
plants being as independent as possible of other suppliers for special machin-
ery. After 1947, however, the responsibility for producing these air coolers
was, to an increasing degree, given to plants which had no other connection
with the heavy electrical machinery industry.
a. USSR.
Heavy electrical machinery in the USSR is produced by plants
under :the Ministry of Electrical Industry. This Ministry is under the
direction of D.V. Yeftemov, appointed Minister in May 1951. Biographical
sketches of Yeftemov and a few of his deputies (see Appendix A) reveal that
all of these men not only are reliable Party members but also are finished
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technicians.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade, which has a variety of subsec-
tions, each dealing in the export and the import of a given range of
products, is the contact between the USSR and the outside world on all
questions regarding trade. Although a plant director under the Ministry
of Electrical Industry cannot specify that equipment of a certain design
should be ordered from abroad, he can suggest that this be done, and the
export-import company (MASHINOMPORT) handling heavy electrical machinery
for the Ministry of Electrical Industry will attempt to procure it if there
is no adequate substitute within the USSR or no lower-priced competitive
equipment on the foreign market.
b. Czechoslovakia.
The latest reorganization of Czechoslovak industry on 7 Sep-
tember 1951 brought all productive resources under a system closely
resembling that of the 'Soviet Union. The old Ministry of Industry was
split into five new Ministries: Fuel and Power, Metallurgical Industry
and Ore Mines, Chemical Industry, Heavy Machine Building, and General
Machine Building. All such ministries are under the direction of the
Chairman of the Party.
Of interest is the Km? Company, Limited, which is a national
import-export organization under the Miniatry of Foreign Trade. Kbvo is
responsible for all import-export activity carried on in behalf of the
industries that it serves, one of which is the heavy electrical machinery
industry. It was necessary to divide Kovo into three independent corpora-
tions in 1951 because of its large volume of business. The three new cor-
porations are called Investa, trading in heavy machinery; Kovol trading in
precision and electrotechnical goods; and Motokov, dealing in the products
of light industry, including electric light bulbs. On 1 January 1951 the
name of the parent company, Kbvo, was changed to &ova, Limited, Metal and
Engineering Products and :Raw Materials Trading Company, and the subsidiary
company dealing in the production of precision and electrotechnical goods
was changed officially to Kbvo, Limited, Precision Engineering Products
and Import and Export Company.
Through this organizational setup the Czechoslovak government
like the Soviet government has complete control over the activities of the
heavy electrical machinery industry and controls the import of materials
and supplies related to it, the domestic production, and the prices and
volume of exports.
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C. East Germany.
In East Germany the heavy electrical machinery plants are either
enterprises of the Association of People-owned Enterprises (Vereinigung
Volkseigene Betriebe VVB) or members of a Soviet-owned stock corporation
(Sowjetische Aktien Gesellschaft -- SAG). In December 1950 an East German
government decree was issued reorganizing the economic ministries, effec-
tively modifying the previous structure of the associations of people-owned
electric engineering industries. The completion of this program was scheduled
for 1 April 1951. The newly formed Ministry of Machine Building now has
under it six Main Administrations (HV' s), of which one, the EV Elektrotechnik,
controls all VVB plants and laboratories in East Germany concerned either
with electronics or with heavy electrical machinery.
The East German-owned portion of the East German electrotechnical
industry, representing from 70 to 75 percent of the industry, is divided into
the following groups: the Association of People-owned Enterprises of the
Electrical Machine Industry (VVB-VEM), with 23 consolidated firms, having
about 15,000 employees engaged in the development and manufacture of both
light and heavy electrical machinery; and the Association of People-owned
Enterprises for Installations, Cable, and Apparatus Material (VVB-IKA),
with 51 consolidated firms, having about 20,000 employees engaged in the
production and supply of components needed to support the industry.
Seventeen key firms, having about 35,000 employees, report directly to the
EV Elektrotechnik. Of these last-mentioned firms, 7, having about 20,000
employees, are in the heavy electrical manufacturing field.
In addition to the firms controlled by the Ministry of Machine
Building, there are 13 large and important electrotechnical firms which are
members of the Soviet-owned SAG-Kabel, controlled directly by the USSR
through the Main Administration of Soviet Corporations in Germany, and which,
for purposes of planning, payment, and materials allocations, are affiliated
with the economic mdnistries of East Germany. In these firms, approximately
30,000 to 35,000 employees are engaged in the manufacture of equipnent used
in the heavy electrical machinery industry.
It was intended that the entire output of SAG firms in East
Germany should be delivered to the USSR outside of the reparations account.
This arrangement has not been feasible, however, and a significant portion
of SAG production has been shipped for the reparations account, for which
the SAG was reimbursed by materials and components deliveries from East
Germany. In addition, the SAG firms have had to deliver certain items
required by the East German electrotechnical industry, including both VVB
and SAG enterprises.
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The organization of the heavy electrical machinery industry of
East Germany reflects an obvious effort to insure adequate supplies of raw
materials for the industry from both indigenous and Western sources. The
fact that some of the firms within the structure report directly to the
Ministry of Machine Building indicates the importance which is assigned to
the production of finished goods.
d. Hungary.
The admdnistrative organ for the nationalized sector of heavy
industry in Hungary is the Ministry of Heavy Industry, and it has assumed
jurisdiction over several former Directorates. All of the facilities for
the manufacture of heavy electrical machinery are well integrated into the
Directorates of the Ministry of Heavy Industry and are closely allied with
the production schemes envisaged by the USSR for the Bloc, as is the entire
manufacturing economy of Hungary.
5. Technology. Yi
The Soviets seem to have arrived at a rather advanced technological
position in the manufacture of heavy electrical machinery. They have been
building 100,000-kw hydrogen-cooled generators ever since the end of World
War II. In comparison to other European nations, which have not yet been
.able to manufacture such items, this advance is quite remarkable. The US
has been producing generators of this and greater capacity for some time,
with a 300,000-kw machine planned.
The quality of the Soviet machines appears to be good. For the
most part, the Soviets follow well-established practices. They have been
known for years as capable imitators. In more than one plant there are
indications of direct conformance to German-design sheets which were cap-
tured during World War II. Many prisoners of war have reported making
German-Russian translations of such blueprints and specification sheets.
Some of the industries supplying the Bloc's heavy electrical machin-
ery industry are inferior to this industry. For example, the somewhat
poorer grade of transformer sheet steel that is being made in the USSR
reveals one of the most notable weaknesses of the supply industries. There
does seem to be a restricted supply in the Bloc of the better quality of ,
transformer sheet steel with losses lover than 1 watt per pound.
In the Satellites, technology now is coming to a higher level than
it has been in the postwar years and much effort is being expended to achieve
production of the latest type of electrical machinery. German, Czechoslovak,
and Hungarian production was known during the prewar years to be of high
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quality. Losses in technology caused by lack of contact with foreign firms
and foreign development during World War II unquestionably will be made up.
Since the USSR is contributing skilled engineering personnel and standardized
Soviet designs to the Satellite producers of heavy electrical equipment,
Satellite technology will probably be kept in step with the Soviet.
The active participation of Soviet scientists and scientific organiza-
tions, including the universities, in the development of the manufacturing
arts applies to the heavy electrical machinery industry as well as to other
industries of the USSR. CA list of such Soviet organizations known to be
contributing to research and developmental work fox this industry is contained
in Appendix B.) The active participation of these organizations extends,
as with other Soviet industries, to every field within the heavy electrical
machinery industry, including its relations with constructors, erectors,
suppliers, and users. In some instances, cooperative agreements are signed
between workers groups and the scientific organizations in order to better
design-pienring, construction, installation, and plant practice. In addi-
tion, these scientific organizations act somewhat along the lines of US
trade associations.
In some instances, the role of the Soviet universities is identical
with that played by the other scientific organizations. The reason for the
allocation of any particular developmental assignment to a specific scientific
organization is not always clear, but probably depends on the availability
of the qualified scientists. Over-all control of wre research projects
seems to rest with the Academy of Sciences, USSR, the various Academies of
Sciences of each Republic, the Moscow University, and presumably other uni-
versities acting in a subordinate capacity.
An example of how the research and development activities apply to
actual production in the heavy electrical machinery industry of the USSR is
the case of turbines for the Stalingrad and Kuybyshev S. These turbines
are to be produced by the Leningrad Metal Plant imeni Stalin, but assisted
by scientists from both the Institute of Machine Technology of the Academy
of Sciences, USSR, and the Power Engineering Institute of the Academy of
Sciences, Ukrainian SSR, and by the laboratories of the Leningrad Poly-
technic Institute imeni MI. Kalinin and of the All-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Hydraulic Machine Building. Two models of these turbines are
to be produced by the Riga Turbine Machine Plant.
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II. Supply. .5/
1. Production. g
Of all the plants known to be producing electrical machinery of
all types throughout the Soviet Bloc 41 plants (18 Soviet and 23
Satellite) are of special interest. ,(A description of these plants is
contained in Appendix C.) Although 14 of these plants do not now produce
heavy electrical machinery, some of them are potential producets and
could be converted to such production. The remaining 27 plants probably
account for almost 100 percent of all the heavy electrical machinery
produced in the Soviet Bloc. Tables 1 and 2* estimate the annual rate of
production of heavy electrical machinery as of January 1952 of the Bloc
countries and of each individual plant.
The rate of growth of the heavy electrical machinery industry in
the Soviet Bloc over the past few years has been slowing dawn as compared
with the high rate during the immediate postwar period. The industry is
now expanding production at the rate of approximately 12 percent a year
and will probably continue at this rate. On this assumption the produc-
tion for 1951 and 1952 can be estimated as being 94 and 106 percent,
respectively, of the figures cited in Tables 1 and 2, below. The produc-
tion estimates in these tables are conservative, because informati6n may
be incomplete. Production, for example, may be taking place in isolated
plants which are unknown. In the case of turbines, estimated figures
throughout this report regarding production, as well as regarding imports,
are preliminary only, due largely to the lack of data in production input
coefficients.
In view of these conservative production estimates, the variation
which might be expected would have a limited range of between 95 and 115
percent of the figures estimated as follows in Tables 1 and 2.
2. Imports. 3./
During and immediately after World War II, Soviet imports of heavy
electrical machinery were large, the value of Soviet imports of electrical
machinery of all types during the period 1946 and 1947 being estimated at
approximately $100 million. The Soviet Bloc however, at that time was
not dependent on imports for the largest part of its foreigi?a supply but on
Lend Lease.
* Table 1 follows on. 13. 14; Table 2, on p. 15.
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Table 1
Estimated Annual Rate of Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952
,2,850,000
Motors 12/
Generators 12/
Transformers
Turbines
Country .il
(Kw a Year)
(Kw a YearT
.1(var)
'(Kw a Year)
USSR
1,310,000
1,850,000
3,800,000
2,452,000
Austria
0
0
0
700,000
Csechoslovakia
300,000
500,000
2,300,000
0
East Germany
600,000
300,000
3,500,000
1,000,000
Hungary
300,000
150,000
650,000
300,000
Poland
110,000
0
100,000
0
&mania
0
50,000
200,000
0
Total
2,620,000
10,550,000
b,ti52,000
a. In those Bloc countries not listed -(Bulgaria, Albania, uhina, and North Korea)
the production of heavy electrical machinery is either negligible or nonexistent.
b. Also may include rotary condensers and/or converters.
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Table 2*
Estimated Annual Rate ofProduction by Plant of Heavy Electrical.Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952 111/
Name of Plant
USSR
BEMZ Electrical Equipment
Plant
Dinamo Electric Transformer
.and Generator Plant
KEMZ Electrical Equipment
Plant
KhEMZ Electrical Equipment
Plant imeni Stalin
KhTGZ Turbogenerator Plant
imeni Kirov
LEZ Metal Plant imeni Stalin
Electrosila Electrical
Equipment Plant imeni Kirov
Transformer Plant
imeni Kuybyshev
Dinamo Electrical Machine
Building Plant imeni Kirov
4lectric Motor Plant
imeni Vladimir Ilyich
Donets Electromechanical
Plant imeni Karl Marx
* Footnotes for Table 2 follow
Motors
. Location (Kw a Year)
Baku
Dnepropetrovsk
Kemerovo
Khar,kov
Khar,kov
Leningrad
Leningrad
MOSCOW
MOSCOW
Moscow
Pervomaisk
on p. 21.
Generators/
(Kw a Year
150,0oo
450,000 550,000 y 175,000
600,000 600,000 2/ 225,000 y
o 0
0
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0
Transformers
Kva a,21r)
800,000
0
0
0
0
0
2,000,000
0
0
Turbines
(14 a Year)
650,000 2/ 60,000 y
700,000 2/300,000 y
0
0
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Table 2
Estinated Annual Rate of Production by Plant of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952 2/
(Continued)
Name of Plant
USSR (Continued)
Turbonechanical Plant
Urals Turbine Plant
ineni Kirov
Uralelektroapparat Urald
Electrical Apparatus Plant
Rev Thud (Revolutionary
Labor) Machine Building
Plant
YaEMZ Electrical Machine
Building Plant
Electrical Machine Building
Plant
Turbine and Generator
Factory ineni Lapse
Subtotal
Motors Generators12/ Transformers Turbines
Location (Kw a Year)" Kva a Year) (Kw a Year)
Riga 0 0 0
Sverdlovsk 0 '0 0
Sverdlovsk 50,000 300,000 500,000
Tambov 0 0 0
Yaroslavl' 10,000 o o
Yerevan 0 0 500s000
Yerevan 0 0 o
1,310.000 la0t222 .3,800,000
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OW 42,00o
400,000
300,000
2, 152,000
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Table 2
Estimated Annual Rate of Production by Plant of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952 2/
(Continued)
Name of Plant
Location
Motors
(Kw a Year)
Generatora2ja/
(Kw a Year
Transformers ?
(Kva a Year)
Turbines
Austria
Electrical Machinery Plant,
Vienna
0
0
0
0
Siemensstrasse
Electrical Machinery Plant,
Vienna
0
0
0
0
Engerthestrasse
AEG-Union Electrical Equip-
Vienna
0
0
0
0
Rent Plant
Electrical Equipment Plant
Vienna
0
0
0
0
J.M. Voith Industrial Equip-
ment Plant
.St. Polen
0
0
0
700,000
Subtotal
0
0
0
70 ?0
Czechoslovakia
Foundry and Machine Shop
Kosice
0
0
0
0
CKD (Ceskomoravska Kolben
Bratislava
0
0
300,000
0
Danek) Electric Motor and
Equipment Plant
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Table 2
Estimated Annual Rate of Production by Plant of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952 !I
(Continued)
Name of Plant
Czechoslovakia (Continued)
Skoda Electric Products Plant
AEG Electrical Equipment
Fictory
OKD Vysocany Electrical
Equipment Plant
Subtotal
East Germany
Bergmann-Borsig Turbine
Plant
TROLTransfOrmer Factory
Turbinenfabrik VEB Turbine
Plant
Location
Pilsen/Dondlevce
Decin
Prague
Berlin
Berlin/Ober-
schoeneweide
Dresden
Motors Generators 12/
(Kw a Year) (Kw a Yeai7
300,000 500,000
300,000 5ooso00
0
0
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Transformers
(Kva a Year)
2,000,000
2 300 000
0
1,000,000
0
Turbines
(Kw a Year)
0
0
0
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Table 2
Estimated Annual Rate of Production by Plant of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952 II/
(Continued)
Name of Plant
East Germany (Continued)
Fimag Electrical Equipment
Works
Saxony Electric Motor Factory
(Sachsenwerk)
Electric Motor Factory
(Elektromotorenwerk VEX)
Electric Motor Plant (ELMO)
Transformer and X-ray Factory
(TraRoe)
Subtotal
Hungary
Ganz Electrical Equipment
Factory
Location
Finsterwalde
Dresden/Nieder-
sedlitz
Wernigerode
Dessau
Dresden
Budapest
Motors Generators b/
(Kw a Year) (Kw a Mail
0
400,000
0
200,000
600 000
300,000
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250,000
50,000
3oo 000
150,000
Transformers
(Kva a Year)
1,500,000
1,000,000
3,500,000
650,000
Turbines
(Kw a Year)
1,000,000
-----
0
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Table 2
Estimated Annual Rate of Production by Plant of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952 2/
(Continued)
Name of Plant
Hungary (Continued)
Motors Generators b/ Transformers Turbines
Location (KW a Year) (Kw a YearT (Kva a Year) (Kw a Year)
Lang Machinery Factory
Subtotal
Poland
Budapest
300,009
0
150 000
--a--
6S0,000
300,000
300,000
Rohn-Zielinski Electric
Zychlin
100,000
100,000
0
Company
Electric Machine Factory
Wroclaw
10,000
0
0
0
M-10
?_
Subtotal
110.000
0
100,000
0
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Table 2
Estimated Annual Rate of Production by Plant of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
As of January 1952 a/ .
(Continued) -
Name of Plant
Rumania
Caros Judet Electrical
Machinery Plant
Total Satellites
Total USSR
Total Bloc
Motors Generators b/ Transformers Turbines
Location (Kw a Year) (Kw -a YearT (Kva a Year) (Kw a Year)
Recita
0 50,000 200,000 0
11 3104 000 1a 0002 000 6 750 000 22 1
000 000
--.-- --- ?.---.
1 310A 000 1 L 2
850 000 3,800,000 2 41
52 000
...L.L
...__. ?2----. ?.---..?
2 6201 000 2 850L 2 1
000 10,550,000 4 452 000
------ ?2-----. ?...-----
a. Although, as previously stated, 14 of these plants do not produce heavy electrical machinery, some of them are potential
producers and could be converted to such production.
b. Also may include rotary condensers and/or converters.
c. Steam-driven.
d. Hydro-driven.
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Present imports to the Soviet Bloc are continuing at a high level.
In spite of the increasing Western controls on shipments to the Bloc,
considerable heavy electrical machinery moves from West to East, largely
as a result of the Western attitude that such machinery is not of strategic
value and therefore need not be restricted to such a degree as more direct
war materials.
It is estimated, as shown in Table 31* that the Soviet Bloc will
be able to continue importing approximately $88.5 million of heavy elec-
trical machinery annually, representing 41425,000 kw. These estimates are
made by country of origin. Thus, some countries which have been known to
supply the Soviet Bloc with heavy electrical machinery which they have
previously obtained from other countries will not appear as suppliers. On
the other hand, the countries listed in Table 3 have their transshipments
reported as direct shipments. These estimates attempt to give the probable
total exports to the Bloc, but will, in virtue of the methodology available
(see Appendix F 3) have 50X1
a wide margin of error, and their reliability is low. In all cases, the
estimates represent the reasonable amount of shipments to the Bloc from
country of origin to be expected during 1951.
A discussion of imports by country of origin follows.
a. UK.
The UK has shipped a great deal more equipment to the Bloc
than that country has admitted. According to available evidence in 1950
and 1951 the UK shipped at least $12 million worth annually of heavy elec-
trical machinery to the USSR, with another $3 million worth 'being shipped
annually to the Satellites. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that $15
million can be considered to be the current annual level of UK exports to
the Soviet Bloc of heavy electrical machinery. A very large traffic in
smaller machinery items is known to exist.
b. Netherlands.
Traffic between the. Netherlands and the Soviet Bloc is
thought to be negligible in vizir of the fact that manufacturing facili-
ties in that country are small.
* Table 3 follows on p. 23.
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Table 3
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Imports of Heavy Electrical Machinery y
Country
Exports to
Soviet Bloc
(Million$ US)
Exports to
Soviet Bloc (Kw) Y
Production (Kw)
Percent of Production
Going to Soviet Bloc
UK
Netherlands
15.0
Negligible
750,000
Negligible
13,178,970
494,760
5.7
Negligible
Italy
13.0
650,000
4$12),340
15.8
West Germany
8.0
400,000
6,882,750
5.8
France
3.0
150,000
6,695,220
2.2
Denmark
Negligible
Negligible
156,940
0
Belgium-Luxembourg
6.cf
300,000
2,564,24Q
11.7
US
2.0
100,000
Unknown
Unknown
Sweden
15.0
750,000
2,882,110
26.0
Switzerland
12.0
600,000
4,083,100
14.7
Austria
6.0
300,000
684,950
43.8
Finland
3.5
175,000
Unknown
Unknown
Others
5.0
250,000
Unknown
Unknown
Total
88.5 2/
4.425,000
a. One of the most helpful sources regarding imports are the figures Which the Coordinating Commit-
tee of certain Western European nations (COCOM, Paris) has submitted. The way in which these figures
.are used is discussed in Appendix F 3.
b. Conversion to kilowatts has been made by assuming that 1 kilowatt of machine capacity costs $20,
which is reasonable for a general range of machine types and sizes in the European market.
c. Although it is impossible to give an exact import estimate for each main type of heavy electrical
machinery, the totals may be divided roughly as follows: 37W percent transformers, 25 percent motors,
25 percent generators, and 12i percent turbines.
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c. Italy.
For the past several years, Italy has had practically no
restraints placed on its trade with the Soviet Bloc, and Italian statis-
tics (coom), $7.5 million, are believed to be conservatively stated.
The estimated current rate of Italian shipments to the Bloc, unless dras-
tically curtailed by pressure from the US, will be $13 million a year.
d. West Germany.
Estimated shipments to the Bloc from West Germany are $8
million. This estimate is of low reliability.
e. France.
According to French official 1950 statistics, France shipped
about $3 million worth of all types of electrical equipment to the Soviet
Bloc. There are indications that current exports to all parts of the Soviet
Bloc have increased, and heavy electrical machinery items may be expected to
reach a total volute of $3 million in 1952.
f. Denmark.
Danish exports of heavy electrical machinery to the Bloc have
not been, nor are they likely to become, of any significance.
g. Belgium-Luxembourg.
Belgium and Luxembourg contain some manufacturers of high-
quality heavy electrical machinery. FUrthermore, these countries have no
compunctions about the export to the Soviet Bloc of the portion of their '
manufacture which the domestic market cannot absorb. Belgium and Luxembourg
export heavy electrical machinery to the Soviet Bloc at an estimated annual
rate of $6 million.
h. US.
COCOM statistics show that the US has exported to the Bloc
an annual average of $1,538,000 Worth of heavy electrical machinery in
recent years. The estimated annual rate will probably amount to $2 million.
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1. Sweden.
Swedish exports of heavy electrical Machinery to the USSR
are large and of high value, there being no apparent reason for Sweden not
to carry on an Unrestricted trade with the Bloc in such machinery. Soviet
shipments can be made between Sweden and the USSR with considerable facility.
Certain shipments include the most complex types of equipment and machinery
of the largest sizes. Sweden's current export rate to the USSR is estimated
at approximately $15 million annually.
j. Switzerland.
Although shipment from Switzerland is difficult, this country
can be considered to be another important supplier of the Soviet Bloc import ?
needs. Although many of the Swiss companies deny that such shipments do.
exist, or will depreciatetheir value, exports of heavy electrical machinery
do exist. The export rate is assumed to be as high as $12 million a year.
k. Austria.
Recent reports have given details of the shipments from the
Administration of Soviet Properties in (Eastern) Austria (Upravlenip
Sovetskogo Imushchestva (Vostochnoy) Avstrii -- USIA) and from non-:USIA
firms to the Soviet Bloc, and total of such shipments' run to quite sizable
amounts. In the first half of 1951, for example, USIA firms have exported
to the remainder Of the Soviet Bloc about 13,000 metric tons of motors,
transformers, and other similar items. Austria's exports to the Bloc probably
will amount to a total of $6 million annually of heavy electrical machinery.
1. Finland.
Finland has one major producer,o; iravy electrical machinery,
the Strotherg Company, which has plants at Pitajamaki and Vaasa. The produc-
tion of these plants for the past few years has been used for reparations.
Although demands for such reparations recently have slackened, it is assumed
that most of the production of these plants will still go to the USSR. This
production may be valued as high as $3.5 million annually.
U4 Other Countries.
From all other areas of the world there may be exported to
the Soviet Bloc another $5 million worth of heavy electrical machinery.
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III. Requirements,.
The estimated annual requirements of the Soviet Bloc for heavy elec-
trical machinery by consuming industry as of January 1952 are shown below
in Table 4.* As indicated in this table, annual Bloc requirements exceed
production. by 5,063,000 kw,* * and, since Bloc imports of heavy electrical
machinery amount to 4,425,000 kw a year, an estimated 638,000 kw of require-
ments were not filled during 1951. This estimate is supported by reported
deficits during 1951 in certain Bloc plans for installing heavy electrical
machinery, principally in the electric power supply system and in the rail-
road transportation industry. There was also reportedly a more critical
shortage of generators than of other types of heavy electrical machinery.
The negligible deficit of turbines as shown in Table 4 confirms that tur-
bine production is more satisfactory than the production of motors, genera-
tors, and transformers.
The kw requirements for heavy motors and generators in the case of some
Soviet Bloc industries, as shown in Table 4, have been calculated on the.
basis of their known or estimated expansion. plans. In the case of the other
industries (see footnote c, Table Ii.), their requirements for motors and
? generators have been estimated by using US data -- the sales statistics of
two US companies -- assuming that the relationship among Soviet industries
regarding such requirements is somewhat similar to such relationship among
US industries. The kw and. kra requirements for all industries for trans-
formers and turbines have been estimated by using the relationship in any
country among these four classifications of heavy electrical machinery.
IV. Use Pattern.
1. Strategic,.
All of the industries of the Soviet Bloc consuming heavy electrical
machinery are of strategic significance to the Bloc. Some of these industries
make products or furnish services of direct military use; other consuming
industries have an output which goes to defense and defense-supporting pur-
poses. None of the products of the heavy electrical machinery industry,
however, are finished military items per se, although some of these products,
such as submatine drive motors, have direct military application.
* Table 4 follows on p. 27.
** This figure has been given in kw by converting kva totals for transformers
to kw, assuming a unity power factor for these transformers.
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Table 4
Annual Pattern of Requirements of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
January 1952
Consuming Industry
780,000100,000
Motors
(Kw a Year)
Generators
(Kw a Year)
Transformers
(Kva ,a Year):
Electric Power 2/
Atomic Energy Program
Naval Shipbuilding Program
Railroad Transportation
Steel
Chemicals Petroleum c/
Mining Cl
Aviation c/
Others
Requirements
Total Requirements
Production
335,000
45o,000
175,000
360,000
600,000
530,000
230,000
270,000
530,000
4380,000
-A------
2,620,000
24500,000
300,000
175,000
250,000
0
.
0
175,000
000
3 5002.---
10,000,000
1,=:000
b/
U/
Tiv
2,200,000
,14,loo,000
-.2.---
2,850,000
10,550,000
Deficit
Turbines
(rw a Year)
2,500,000
300,000

12/
W/
875,000
4.455,000
4,452,000
860,000 650,000 3,550,000 3,000
a. Includes 160,000 kw of synchronous condensers. It is estimated that these condensers, on the
basis of US practice, are used primarily in the electric power industry, having practically disappeared
from use in other industries.
b. Requirements are included in the category of other industries.
a. Estimates based on US data.
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Table 4
Annual Pattern of Requirements of Heavy Electrical Machinery
in the Soviet Bloc
January 1952
Consuming Industry
780,000100,000
Motors
(Kw a Year)
Generators
(Kw a Year)
Transformers
(Kva ,a Year):
Electric Power 2/
Atomic Energy Program
Naval Shipbuilding Program
Railroad Transportation
Steel
Chemicals Petroleum c/
Mining Cl
Aviation c/
Others
Requirements
Total Requirements
Production
335,000
45o,000
175,000
360,000
600,000
530,000
230,000
270,000
530,000
4380,000
-A------
2,620,000
24500,000
300,000
175,000
250,000
0
.
0
175,000
000
3 5002.---
10,000,000
1,=:000
b/
U/
Tiv
2,200,000
,14,loo,000
-.2.---
2,850,000
10,550,000
Deficit
Turbines
(rw a Year)
2,500,000
300,000

12/
W/
875,000
4.455,000
4,452,000
860,000 650,000 3,550,000 3,000
a. Includes 160,000 kw of synchronous condensers. It is estimated that these condensers, on the
basis of US practice, are used primarily in the electric power industry, having practically disappeared
from use in other industries.
b. Requirements are included in the category of other industries.
a. Estimates based on US data.
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_ _ _ _
As regards the raw materials for the manufacture of the finished
products, the USSR apparently wishes to avoid the Obligation to ship these
materials to the Satellites. In some instances, notably in East Germany,
the USSR supplies Satellite manufacturers with raw materials for the machin-
ery items that are to be delivered to the USSR. However, there is an acute
need in the East German industry for copper and electrical sheet steel as
well as for skilled technicians.
V. apatitements.22/
In order to ascertain the materials and labor requirements needed to
support the rate of production of heavy electrical machinery in the Soviet
Bloc (estimated in II 1, above), it will be necessary, first, to divide the
figures cited as the estimated annual rate of production into figures repre-
senting specific classifications of equipment types and sizes; second, to
apply input requirempnts per unit of output (see methodology in Appendix F 4)
to these groupings to determine the total requirements of manpower and metals.
The approximate breakdown of machinery into specific sizes is believed to
be adequate for the purposes of calculating materials requirements. The dif-
ference existing between the production totals developed in II 1 on the one
hand and the simulation of these totals on the other arises because the produc-
tion pattern uses a series of discrete product sizes. These figures repre-
senting product sizes are not necessarily evenly divisible into the figure
representing the total estimated production in each group.
The breakdown of general production estimates is made with the aid of
figures developed by a US manufacturer whose production pattern is considered
to be representative of the entire US industry. For machinery items of the
size under consideration in this report, the US production pattern, which
is assumed to be typical of the Soviet Bloc production pattern, is used with
almost no modification.
The total production figures for motors in the USSR and in the Satellites
will be divided on the following basis: induction motors, 30 percent of the
total; synchronous motors, 32 percent of the total; and direct current motors,
38 percent of the total. The total production figure's for generators will be
divided on the following basis: USSR/ 75 percent steam-driven and 25 percent
hydro-driven; and for the Satellites, 85 percent steam-driven and 15 percent
hydro-driven.
The above categories, when broken down according to US practice, give the
pattern presented under the heading "Estimate of Production and Size Range"
in Table 5.* In addition to conforming to the US pattern, the total number
* Table 5 follows on p. 30.
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Table 5.*
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Input Requirements of Materials and Labor
for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery
(Based on US Experience) y
Production Rate as of Jansary\1952
Estimate of Production
and Size Range
US Base
for Computing
Steel Steel Steel Direct Labor,
Total Steel Steel Plate _icl.....1.1i_nsPur Castings Forgings Copper Aluminum (Man-hours) !V
Motors
Total Kw
Pounds
23,970
93,300
699,750
345,210
1,162,230
Induction
Units Rating
709,020
787,800
5,908,500
2,914,860
10,320,180
259,7140
288,600
2,164,500
1,067,820
3,780,660
224757:480060
2,065,500
1,018,980
3 6o7 74o
106,920
118,800
891,000
439,56o
1,556,260
94,5oo
105,000
3E:54
1 375 500
75,600
84,000
630,000
310,800
1,10(4_400
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
3 18,000
6 10,000
150 3,000
222 1,000
381 Total
Synchronous
Units Ratin&
6504:000000
450,000
222,000
786,000
Total Kw
--
338,100
676,200
8,452,500
5,635,1000
3,803,625
18 905 425
105,300
210,600
2,632,500
1,755,000
1,184,625
5 888.o25
156,450
312,900
3,911,250
2,607,500
1;760,175
8 748 275
26,100
52,200
652,500
435,000
293,625
1 459 425
50,250
- 100,500
1,256,250
837,500
565,200
2,809,700
30,000
60,000
750,000
500,000
337,500
1,677.500
37,200
74,400
930,000
620,000
418,500
2,080,100
1 ? 15,000
3 10,000
75 5,000
100 2,500
225 750
404 Total
15,000
30,000
375,000
250,000
168,750
838,750
5 follows on p. 36.
30 -
* The rootnote for Table
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S..E..C.amEmT
Table 5
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Input Requirements of Materials and Labor
for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery
, (Based on US Experience) 2/
Production Rate as of January 1952
(Continued)
Estimate of Production
and Size Range
US Base
for Computing
Steel Steel Steel Direct LaboF,
Total Steel Steel Plate Pundhings Castings Forgings, Copper Aluminum (Man-hours)
Motors ?Continued)
Total Kw
Pounds
Direct Current
Units Rating
3 20,000
60,000
1,374,600
723,600
549,600
7,800
93,600
207,600
2,400
165,000
5 10,000
50,000
1,145,500
603,000
458,000
6,500
78,000
173,000
2,000
137,000
60 7,500
450,000
10,309,500
5,427,000
4,122,000
58,500
702,000
1,557,000
18,000
1,237,500
120 3,000
360,000
8,247,600
4,341,600
3,297,600
46,800
561,600
1,245,600
14,100
990,000
loo 750
75,000
1,398,800
803,300
485,200
12,800
97,500
329,300
3,800
222,000
288
Total
995,000
22 476 700
11,898,500
8,----8.- 912 400
132,1400
1 532 700
3 512 500
40 600
-..-2,751.500
Total Motors
Requirements
51,702,305
21,567,185
21 268 415
3 148 lo5
5,717,900
6 290 400
140,600
5 993 830
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Table 5
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Input Requirements of Materials and Labor
for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery
(Based on US Experience) 2/
Production Rate as of January 1952
(Continued)
Estimate of Production
and Size Range
Generators
Steam-turbine Driven
Hydrogen-cooled
US Base ?
for Computing
Steel Steel Steel Direct Labor:,
Total Steel Steel Plate Punching, Castings Forging, Copper Aluminum (Man-hours) ?V
Pounds
Units Rating Total Kw
2 100,000 200,000 864,000
240,000
2 60,000 120,000 518,400 144,000
4 40,000 160,000 192,0000 12$781)44,iclgg
lo 22,500 691,2oo
225,000 270,000
972,000 37393:gg
18 Total 705,000
-.--..--
30 045L 600 8146,000 1,670,850
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10,000
6,000
8,000
11,25o
35 250
140,000
64,000
112,000
157,500
4935oo
60,000
36,000
4,c5Igg
211,500
4,000
ig70:23(2g
23,12gg
133,760
4,5o0
188,100
14,100
589,389
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Table 5
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Input Requirements of Materials and Labor
for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery
(Based on US Experience) 2/
Production Rate as of January 1952
(Continued)
Estimate of Production
and Size Range
US Base
for Computing
Steel Steel Steel Direct Labor,
Total Steel Steel Plate Punchings Castings Forgings 222E121. Aluminum (Man-hours) 2/
Generators (Continued) Pounds
Steam-turbine Driven (Continued)
Air-cooled
Units
Rating
Total EX
60
10,000
600,000
3,942,000
714,o00
2,4o0,00o
48,000
780,00.0
390,000
12,000
1,209,600
125
5,000
625,000
4,106,250
743,750
2,500,000
5o,o00
812,500
406,250
12,500
1,260,000
310
1,000
310,000
2,036,700
368,900
1,240,000
24,800
403,000
201,500
6,200
624,960
495
Total
1,535,000
lo 084 95o
1 826 65o
-30,700
62-2--- 140 000
122,800
1 995 50o
997,750
3 094 56o
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Table 5
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Input Requirements of Materials and Labor
for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery
(Based on US Experience) 2/
Production Rate as of January 1952
(Continued)
Estimate of Production
and Size.: Range
Generators (Continued)
Water-wheel Driven
Units
Ratint
Total Kw
1
70,000
70,000
3
22,500
67,500
8
10,000
80,000
50
5,000
250,000
145
1,000
.145,000
207
Total
612,500
Total Generators
Requirements
US Base
for Computing
Steel Steel Steel Direct Labor/
Total Steel Steel Plate Punchings Castings Forgings Copper Aluminum (Man-hours)
Pounds
1,702,400 875,000
1,641,600 843,750
1,000,000
1,945,600
6,080,000
3,526,400 1:t152,ACCI
1.2....y.4896000
.....L---2.-..-
7 656 250
28,026,550
10,326,900
604,800
90,300
583,200
87,075
691,200
103,200
2,160,000
322,500
1,252,800
187,050
5,292,000
790 125
13,102,850
9148,175
-314-
1-:g
135,800 140,000
130,950 1:13V) .
135,000
1,600
5,000 160,000
151,200 35.g:Ogg
281,300 2,900
472,500
274,050
1 157 625 1 188 25o 12,250 500,00o
290,000
1,225,00o
3 646 625 2,397,500 57,050
4 908 940
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Table 5
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Input Requirements of Materials and Labor
for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery
(Based on US Experience) e/
Production Rate as of January 1952
(Continued)
Estimate of Production
and Size Range
Transformers
Units
Rating.,
Total Kva
2
110,000
220,000
6
100,000
600,000
9
62,500
562,500
12
50,000
600,000
30
20,000
600,000
200
10,000
2,000,000
400
7,500
1,000,000
1,000
1,500
1,500,000
2,935
500
1,467,500
4,594
Total
2...W.12,222
(Average
Rating 2,296)
Steel
Total Steel Steel Plate Punchings
330,840
223,440
1,161,840 107,400
1,201,680 406,000
282,600 753,840
1,161,840 919,080
2,169,600 408,00o
636,000
8,232,000 3,120,000 5:15
11,113,600. 5,913,600
11,690,000 5,200,000
8,880,000
2,810,000
11,352,580 8,417,580
2,935,00o
48 413 980 15,907,000 32,506,980
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_q222.sz
Insulation
Oil
Miscella.
neous
Pounds
75,240
27,300
113,400
172,920
70,800
170,775
172,920
71,100
666 :, 00
)122,11130(0
316,800
70,800
128,700
343770 88800 00
750,000
iii
1,056,000
429,000
2,500,000
1,346,400
* 312,000
5,920,000
3,630,000
750,000
0
3,099,360
971,485
o
lo 040 415
2,831,185
10,443,800
2
061 435
US Base
for Computing
Direct LaboE,
(Man-hours) !V
46,000
:0::
124,200
189,000
igiiiisiii
15 342 228
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Table 5
Estimated Annual Soviet Bloc Input Requirements of Materials and Labor
for the Production of Heavy Electrical Machinery
(Based on US Experience) a/
Production Rate as of January 1952
(Continued)
Summary Requirements
Total Steel
Copper
Aluminum
Oil
US Base
for Computing
Direct Labor,
(Man-hours) 2Y
Motors
Generators
Tr ansformers
Total
Pounds
5,993,830
4,908,940
15,342,228
26 244 998
51,702,305
28,026,550
48,413,980
128 142 835
6,290,400
2,397,500
10,040,415
18 728 315
40,600
57,050
0
97,6S0
0
0
10,443,800
10 443 800
a. From the figures given for direct labor, which are typical of US experience, it is pos-
sible to obtain an indication of the total input requirements of factory labor for the esti-
mated Soviet Bloc production of heavy electrical machinery. On the assumption that produc-
tivity in the Soviet Bloc industry is one-fifth of US productivity, the figure 26,244,998
presented in the table must be multiplied by 5 to obtain a figure for direct labor input
requirements of the Soviet industry. On the further assumption that the ratio of direct to
indirect factory labor in the production of heavy electrical machinery in the Soviet Bloc is
1:1, this figure must in turn be multiplied by 2 to obtain the total number of man-hours
spent at the factory level in producing the equipment listed in the above table. The result-
ing total (262,449,980 man-hours) is merely an indicative figure, since the assumptions made
in deriving it are based on only rough estimates of Soviet Bloc practice and efficiency.
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of motors estimated for calculation purposes seems compatible with the 1950
Flan for the USSR.
Table 5 summarizes the annual materials and labor requirements for
production of motors, generators, and transformers in the Soviet Bloc at
the 'Production rate estimated for January 1952.
50X1
ithese input 50X1
requirements nave Peen extrapolatea 'to cover vie range o/ products which
has been set up and also have been adjusted to cover the differences between
US manufacturing practices and those of the Soviet Bloc. For example, the
weight of transformer sheet steel has been increased by one-third and the
copper content of transformers by 10 percent to acqount for the inability
of the Soviet Bloc to obtain transformer sheet metal of a standard comparable
to that used in the US. The above process makes it possible to apply the
material in Table 6, Appendix D, as direct multipliers to the list of products.
One check that can be applied to the over-all estimate of production of
heavy electrical machinery in the Soviet Bloc is the amount of copper used,
which in 1951 was 3.17 percent of the estimated supply of 590 million pounds
a year which the Bloc produces. This percentage is comparable to that in
the US, which in 1947 was 3.13 percent. To demonstrate the validity of the
established input factors when applied to a single plant, the following
comparison is made of the reported deliveries of materials to the KhEMZ
plant in Klaar'kov and of the estimated input requirements. From prisoner-
of-war reports it is estimated that this plant would receive for its produc-
tion of heavy electrical machinery a total of 23,208,120 pounds of sheet
steel and 5,157,360 pounds of copper. The input estimates for the plant are
23.8 million pounds of sheet steel and 4,672,500 pounds of copper. The dif-
ference is very small -- in the case of steel, 2.6 percent, and in the case.
of copper:9.4 percent. This test case indicates that the input factors as
developed in Appendix D can be applied with some measure of accuracy to
individual plants. The methodology by which the above figures were arrived
at is given in Appendix F 4.
It has not been possible to develop input factors for mica a highly
strategic item and believed to be in relatively short supply in the Soviet
Bloc. 2.1/ Note is taken in. Appendix C in the discussion of the Ganz factory
in Budapest that failures in equipment have occurred because the quality and
the application of the insulation was poor. Since, on large machinery, the
coils are wound with mica tapes or with mica sheets, the supply of such
material was probably insufficient.
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The manpower requirements Of the Bloc's heavy electrical machinery
industry, as estimated by input coefficient analysis, are shown to be approxi-
mately 120,000 workers. This requirement figure shows considerable variation
from an estimate made of the actual working force in this industry, which is
arrived at by adding all of the reported workers in the plants. This figure
approaches 200,000 workers, which possibly suggests that the conversion (see
Table 5, note a) of US to foreign manpower requirements is not high enough.
In view of the fact that estimates of the working force based on direct
observations within a given plant are known to be inaccurate, the calculated
figure maybe the more realistic.
VI. Capabilities, Limitations, and Vulnerabilities.
1. Capabilities.
a. Expansion.
A few of the means by which productivity in heavy electrical
machinery in the Soviet Bloc can be increased are improvement in capital
equipment, technology, organization and control, plant morale, and standardiza-
tion of products. All of these devices have been employed both in the USSR
and in the Satellites in order to expand output. Technological improvements
are widely reported, and the Soviets claim that these improvements make the
greatest expansion, of output possible. Standards which control the technical
production specifications for electrotechnical plants have been established
for the entire USSR -- a typical device for improving organization and
control of production. Compliance with the established specifications is
compulsory for all plants. Along with this, there has been a widespread
attempt to standardize designs of products. Examples are departmental tech-
nical specifications for manufacture; installation regulations, which are
norms regulating the design of high-current electrotechnical units; and
operating regulations, which cover requirements in the exploitation of elec-
trical units.
The Soviets insist that their standards be adhered to in the
Satellite plants making equipment for the Soviet account. There are numerous
examples of this in East Germany and in Hungary, as well as numerous reports
of Soviet inspection parties and Soviet plant directors in Satellite plants.
Soviet efforts to improve plant morale are the most spectacular
of the many methods employed to increase productivity. The Stakhanovite
movement, the establishment of the "Order of Heroes of Labor," and the cease-
less repetition of the Leninist dictum of "joy through labor" are well known.
Although little is known of the effect on productivity of such measures on
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? ? ? ? ? ?
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heavy electrical machinery plants, the results are probably not insignifi-
cant.
As estimated in II 1, the output of heavy electrical equipment
in the Soviet Bloc is rising by about 12 percent a year. While the available
data do not permit a calculation of the proportion of this increase attribu-
table to increased productivity of labor as against the balance attributable
to increased use of other resources, it is estimated that the former accounts
for approximately 2 to 3 percent of the annual expansion of output.
b. Convertibility. 22/
The presence of a great number of general-purpose machine tools
in the Bloc's heavy electrical machinery industry makes it possible for the
plants to convert to the manufacture of other end products. However, in view
of the advances made in equipping the plants of other Bloc industries since
the end of World War II, there seems to be little reason to anticipate such
a large-scale conversion of heavy electrical machinery plants as that which
took place during World War II in the USSR. The great need for heavy elec-
trical machinery also will have some effect in retarding any Soviet Bloc plans
for conversion. There are reports, however, of plans to convert some of the
plants in the industry. The Gan 7 plant in Hungary, for instance, reputedly
is set up in such a manner that it could be in full production on a series of
military products in a matter of 2 months. The same situaiion reportedly ob-
tains in the Skoda plant in Czechoslovakia. The best presumption that can
be made at present is that there will be some conversion to the manufacture
of heavy weapons such as gun barrels but that the great demand which exists
for heavy electrical machinery will require that these plants, for the most
part, continue with the manufacture of regular items.
2. Limitations. 1.31
The serious limiting factor on Soviet manufacture of heavy electrical
machinery is the supply of input materials, particularly copper and trans-
former sheet steel. There seems to be no question that these materials are
in short supply throughout the Bloc. There are recurrent reports of a copper
shortage. Although the heavy electrical machinery industry consumes only
3 percent of the total copper supply in the Bloc, the shortage of copper is
the most critical and sensitive feature of the industry. A lively trade
with foreign countries exists, and heavy imports of copper bars and wire
are indications of haw necessary this metal is to the Bloc.
Even such potentially high-quality producers as the East German
plants are restricted in the supply of copper. Direct reparations orders
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and special orders can be filled by these plants only when they receive
Soviet deliveries of copper, the East German industry being forced other-
wise to depend on the very meager indigenous supply.
So-called "oriented" transformer sheet steel, the finest quality,
having very low losses and being used for the fabrication of transformer
cores, is manufactured by very few US firms and their Western European
licensees, and, no Such metal is available to the Bloc. The USSR can manu-
facture, however, a very good trade of transformer sheet steel. The
domestically produced supply of acceptable grades of transformer sheet steel,
however, is not adequate for the production programs envisaged by the Bloc
planners, and a sufficient amount of Imports of such grades is not possible.
Certain secondary, but nevertheless important, inputs also seem to
be in short supply. Noteworthy among these are transformer oil and hydrogen
gas for the cooling of turbogenerators. In 1949 a German electrical engineer,
had
occasion to test the Soviet-made transformer oil that had been sent to
Mingechaur, USSR, for use in the 1,750-'kva transformer in the substation.
The oil had a dielectric strength which did not satisfy the substation
specifications and could not by repeated cleaning be brought to specifica-
tion level. Another quantity of oil, secured from Baku and marked for use
at the transformer voltage, also proved unsatisfactory.
Finally, upon urgent request to Moscow the substation was allowed
a sufficient quantity of German-made transformer oil which met specifica-
tions. Transformer oil might turn out to be one of the most significant
and critical shortages in the future.
The postwar developments in hydrogen-cooled generators also have
created a supply problem for the Soviets, who have not yet been able to
develop a convenient method for obtaining hydrogen at the station in which
the generators are located. An electrolyzing apparatus and pumps of a size
suitable for the high-pressure storage of this hydrogen have to be installed.
Delivering hydrogen in bottles to various power stations in remote areas
cannot be considered to be an adequate channel of supply. It may, however,
become a vital supply channel if electrolyzing apparatus is not supplied to
each power station having a hydrogen-cooled generator.
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3. Vulnerabilities.
In view of the Bloc's dependence on imports of heavy electrical
machinery, under cold war conditions a curtailment of these imports, as
well as of the basic raw materials required to produce such machinery,
is considered to be the best method of striking at the expansion plans of
some of the Bloc's critical industries. In the event of a full-scale war
with the Bloc one of the most effective measures would be interruption
of the railroad system, for it is on this means of transportation that the
industry depends almost entirely, both to move in the large quantities of
raw materials and to move out the heavy products which it manufactures.
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APPENDIX A
OFFICIALS OF TEE SOVIET MINISTRY OF ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY
YEFREMOV, DnlitriI Vasiliyevich.
Career:
Deputy Minister of Electrical Equipment Industry, 6 May.
1948. Received award for successful fulfillment of quota at
investiture held by N.M. Shvernik at the 30th anniver-
sary Ukrainian SSR in May. Participated in All-Union
Conference of Directors of Construction and Installa-
tion Organizations, Moscow, 1-3 December.
1948-50. Deputy Minister of Electrical Industry.
1951- . Minister of Electrical Industry, appointed 6 May.
Remarks:
Yefremov replaced I.G. Kabanov as Minister of Electrical
Industry by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet USSR in May 1951.
He has been identified with the Ministry since 1947 as Deputy Minister and
then as First Deputy Minister'. He was replaced as First Deputy Minister
in March 1950, but in the absence of any official statement it was consid-
ered likely that be retained his position as Deputy Minister.
An able administrator, who began his career as a factory en-
gineer with a group of engineers of the Electrosila Electrical Equipment
plant in Leningrad, he was awarded in 1947 a Stalin Third Prize of 50,000
rubles for the invention of a 100,000-kw, 3,000-rpm hydrogen-cooled turbo-
generator. This turbogenerator has been installed at the Stalingorsk
Power Station in the Moscow area.
PELSHEVt Aleksandr Alekseyevich.
Career:
1947- . Deputy Minister of Electrical Equipment Industry) 26 May.
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CHERNICHKIN, Dmdtriy Semenavich.
Career:
? Deputy Minister of Electrical Equipment Industry and member of
Collegium of the Ministry, 27 March. He was criticized in
1949 for failing to give proper attention to the workers of
the Vladimir Ilyich Plant in Moscow.
? POZYNAKOV,
Career:
1946-50.
1950- .
Viktor Alekseyevich.
Deputy Minister of Electrical Equipment Industry, 10 August.
Deputy Minister of Electrical Industry. Participated in the
Third Plenary Session, All-Union Central Council of Trade
Unions, 4 February.
FADIN, Ivan Akindinovich.
Career:
1946- .
Deputy People's Commissar of Electrical
Collegium of the People's Commissariat
Appointed Deputy Minister of Electrical
10 August.
MESECHERYAKOV K.N
N.
Career:
Industry and member of
for Electrical Industry.
Equipment Industry,
Deputy People's Commissar of Electrical Industry and member of
Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Electrical Industry.
1944. Awarded Order of Lenin.
1946- . Deputy Minister of Electrical Equipment Industry, appointed in
March.
Remarks:
Meshcheryakov was having a fair knowl-
edge of the field but as being rather slow in grasping new ideas. In 1944,
he still was identified as Deputy People's Commissar for Electrical Industry.
He probably continued in this position until 1946, when the Commissariat of
Electrical Industry became the Ministry of the Electrical Industry.
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TOVSTOPALOV, Anton Iosipovich.
Career:
1911.0.
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Mather of Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Electrical
Industry, 6 May. Deputy Commissar, 18 June.
1944. Awarded Order of Lenin.
1946- Deputy Minister of Electrical Equipment Industry, 10 August.
1947. Mhtber of editorial board of "Elektrichestvo" (an official
periodical of the electrical machinery industry).
YERMAEDV, Vladimir Sereyevich.
Career:
15477 Deputy Minister for General Affairs, Ministry of Electrical
Industry, June.
Remarks:
There is a Vladimiv Sergeyevich Yermakov, deputy from 1947 to
1951 to the Azerbaydzhan SSR and a nether Of the Baku City Party Committee,
elected in January 1949. He maybe the same person as the USSR Deputy
Minister for Power Stations, identified in 1949. In October 1951, a
V.S. Yermakpv participated in a meeting of Moscow city and oblast power
workers.
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APPENDIX B
SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS IN THE USSR CONTRIBUTING TO THE
SOVIET HEAVY ETACTRICAL MACHINERY INDUSTRY
The following is a list of the scientific organizations in the USSR
contributing to the research and developmental work of the Soviet heavy
electrical machinery industry. The relationship of all of these organiza-
tions to one another is not known, and some of them possibly have been
reported under more than one name..
1. The Academy of Sciences, USSR.
2. The Academies of.Sciences, Union Republics.
3. The Moscow State University.
4. Leningrad Polytechnio Institute imeni M, I. Kalinin.
5, The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Hydraulic
Machine Building.
6. The All-Union Society and Technical Society,of Power
Engineers.
7. Leningrad Electrical Research Institute imeni Molotov,
8. Central Scientific Research Laboratory of Electrical
Pngineering, Ministry of' Electric Power Stations.
9. Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of Electrical industry.
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APPENDIX C
DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN ELECTRICAL MACHINERY PLANTS
A description follows of the 41 plants named in Table 2. Although 14
of these plants are described as not producing heavy electrical machinery
at present, some of them are potential producers and could be converted to
manufacture such machinery.
A. USSR.
1. BEMZ Electrical Equipment Plant, Baku.
Although construction probably did not start until 1945, the plant
already is a factor in the heavy electrical machinery industry. Its produc-
tion is concentrated on electric motors and transformers. Much of the equip-
ment used in this plant was removed from the Saxony Electric Motor Factory
in East Germany and can be presumed to be of good quality. There are no
reliable estimates of the present labor force, but there were reportedly
1,000 workers at the plant in 1947. In view of the numerous references by
the Soviet press to the plant and to its production record, the labor force
probably must be doubled by now. The 1950 Plan called for "an output of
800 motors of a size greater than 100 kw," but there is no available informa-
tion as to the nuther of transformers which might be built.
Probable annual output of the plant is estimated as follows: motors,
150,000 kw in sizes above 500 kw each; and transformers, 800,000 kva in sizes
above 500 kva,
2. Dinamo Electric Transformer and Generator Plant, Dnepropetrovsk. 50X1
Although definitive information is lacking,
this plant may be producing significant amounts of special-
purpose generators and power transformers. It does not produce electrical
machinery over 500 kw.
Comprising an area of 400 x 400 meters the plant seems to be well-
organized and operated with no apparent difficulty in the supply of raw
materials. Three shifts a day appear to be usual, and the work force is .
estimated at 900 workers, a conservative estimate given the size of the
area. The generators produced by the plant reportedly run at 5,000 rpm
and are about 2 feet in diameter. This suggests use in high-frequency
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induction heating applications, and it mielt reasonably be supposed that
the production of high-frequency induction heating devices is the plant's
main function.
3. KEMPE Electrical Equipment Plant, Kemerovo.
The production of this plant has been devoted exclusively to motors
less than 500 kw in size. The plant is one of the primary suppliers of
smaller motors for the mining industry. Such motors are made in sizes of
from 3 to 250 horsepower, and many of them are waterproofed.
Expansion of the plant is in progress, including the construction
of new buildings, the older section having been refurbished with captured
equipment, particularly with new machinery from Leipzig. This expansion
already may have resulted in production of motors in sizes over 500 kw.
4. KlinEMZ Electrical Equipment Plant imeni Stalin, Khar'kov.
This is one of the three largest plants in the USSR devoted to the
production of electrical machinery. With a working force of nearly 20,000
persons, the plant can produce the largest sizes of the most complex elec-
trical machinery, and, together with the EbTGZ plant in Kharikav, which ?
normally manufactures the turbines for the KhEMZ generators, forms an inte-
grated complex for the production of such items.
Badly damaged during World War II, the plant was quickly rehabilitated
and can be considered to be back in full production. The electric power
installation was completely destroyed, and, while it is not known definitely
that this has been replaced, efforts to do so are at least under way. This
installation is not of fundamental importance, since the city powee plant can
handle the load imposed by this plant. A large production hall also is being
constructed which, when completed (possibly by now) will add perhaps 15
percent more productive capacity. Reparations equipment for the plant was
removed from the AEG plant in Berlin and can be considered of good quality.
The plant makes a wide range of motors, apparently of all types and
sizes. The specialty in the postwar period was the MA series of motors.
This series, the largest units of which were in sizes of about 105 kw,
has been discontinued. A much broader pattern of standardized motors probably
is now being produced. The plant also manufactures generators, including
hydrogen-cooled types, switching apparatus, and other static equipment. It
is of special interest that the plant is undoubtedly making motors for sub-
marines (the Electrosila Electrical Equipment Plant being the prime supplier
of such equipment) and reportedly contact mines.
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Recent press reports have indicated that this plant has been deficient
in fulfilling the plan for heavy electrical equipment. Since there have been
such reports previously, this deficiency may be a chronic condition, indicating
that the plant is less efficient than the Electrosila Electrical Equipment
plant with which it compares in size and facilities.
Estimated annual production is as follows: turbogenerators, 550,000 kw;
hydrogenerators, 175,000 kw; and motors, 450,000 kw.
5. KhTGZ Turbogenerator Plant imeni Kirov, Khar'kov.
This plant complements the KhEMZ Electrical Equipment Plant since
it produces the turbines for the generators manufactured in the latter. The
KhTGZ plant has large and productive shops, fully capable of manufacturing
turbines of the largest sizes and to the limit of Soviet capabilities.
There are probably over 10,000 workers in the plant, and it consists
of an area of 100 by 300 meters. Many PW's reported the periodic visits to
the plant of officials high in the Ministry, which may suggest the plant's
importance. The machinery is described as being of the newest type and
is thought to be well kept.
Frequent mention is made of the production'of ship and submnrine
turbines, and some of the production figures given by observers at the plant
confirm the opinion that it can outproduce the KhEMZ plant.
The KhTGZ plant must be conside7ed in its relation with the KhEMZ
plant. the drives for ship-electric machin- 50X1
ery go &Ln30s5 invariably to the KhEMZ plant, and. the reports of production
of turbo-electric drives in that plant support the observations on drives for
ship-electric machinery. Submarine drives probably are a major portion of
the production of both plants.
Estimated annual production for the KhTGZ plant is as follows:
steam turbines, 650,000 kw; and hydrotutbines, 60,000 kw.
6. LMZ Metal Works imeni Stalin, Leningrad.
The LMZ plant supplies turbines for the Electrosila Electrical
Equipment Plant in Leningrad just as the Kirov plant supplies turbines for
the KhEMZ plant. The plant is about the same size as the Kirov plant, or
possibly a bit larger, and the line of products manufactured is practically
identical. Both plants manufacture hydrotutbines, steam turbines for genera-
tor drives, and steam turbines for marine drives and for other purposes.
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The capacity of the LMZ plant to build turbines is larger than is the capa-
city of the Electrosila plant to absorb them, most of the excess capacity
in the LMZ plant being devoted to the production of mn.rine turbines.
Annual production estimates for the LIM plant are as, follows:
steam turbines, 700,000 kw; and hydrotUrbines, 300,000 kw.
7. Electrosila Electrical Equipment Plant imeni Kirov, Leningrad.
Constructed in 1897, the Electrosila plant, formerly the Siemens-
Halske works, has been since then one of the major Soviet producers of
heavy and other electrical machinery. It still is the largest and most
productive of the Soviet plants, and its contribution to the Soviet
economic potential is correspondingly great.
There are approximately 20,000 employees in the plant, a three-
shift 8-hour day being the usual practice. The efficiency of the Electrosila
plant is attested to by numerous reports of overfulfillments of plans, econom-
ical operation, and by the fact that it is rarely rebuked by the Soviet press.
The plant has its own power installation, and after the evacuation to Tomsk
and Barancha during World War II received a great deal of first-rate machinery
from Germany, including "the largest turning lathe in the world," which had
been made by the Krupp factory. A quantity of new machine tools also was
received from the US.
The plant can produce a complete line of electrical machinery and
equipment, including both AC and DC motors, hydrogenerators, and turbogenera-
tors. These generators are hydrogen-cooled and up to 150,000 kw in size,
which is comparable to the size of the best US types. The DC machinery is
known to range in size up to 30,000 horsepower, which suggests, since no
other plant is known to produce DC machinery with such capacity, that this
plant is the leading supplier of motorgenerator sets for use in steel mills
and in electrolytic refining processes. It also is true that the plant can
handle an ambitious program for the production of submarine motors. This
plant probably makes all the rectifiers for subways and for railroad elec-
trification in the USSR.
Four generators out of a total of nine installed at the Dnepr dam
before World War II were manufactured in this plant, the balance of the
generators and all nine turbines being supplied by the US. When the dam
was reconstructed after the war the Soviets decided to reequip it with six
Soviet-built generators and turbines. The failure of one of the new US
step-bearings and the replacement of the others by ones made in Electrosila
were seized upon by the Soviet press as an example of the superiority of
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Soviet technology over DS technology.
Estimated annual production is as follows: turbogenerators,
600l000 kw; hydrogenerators, 225,000 kw; and motorgenerators, 600,000 kw.
8. Transformer Plant imeni Kuybyshev, Moscow.
The plant is the primary supplier of transformers in the USSR. It
has been known to exist since the early days of the Soviet Union. Ap-
parently, the plant always has made transformers exclusively and has
managed to keep abreast of the times in the development of transformers
of larger sizes and in the building of rotating machinery. A US engineer
set up a design section for this plant in the early 1930's, and the sec-
tion remained intact until World War II at least.
A labor force of around 5,000 has been reported, but there is no
definite information on the number of shifts worked. Information is gen-
erally limited to general plant description and production reports of a
qualitative type. It can be established, however, that the plant makes
over 3,000 types of transformers, and production ranges from Specialty
transformers to the very largest power transformers. Apparently, US design
practice is being followed since such products as unit substations,-as well
as mobile distribution sets, are known to have been produced. The largest
transformer about which there is information is of 100,000 kva size, although
it is thought that this is by no means the largest size-possible for this
plant. The Soviet press has stated that if suitable core materials were
provided, a transformer of 400,000kvacould be manufactured.
Estimated production, of transformers over 500 kva in size is at
the volume of 2,000,000 kva a year.
9. Dinamo Electrical Machine Building Plant, Moscow.
In the USSR Economic Information Bulletin, the Moscow Dinamo plant
was referred to as being "the largest producer of electrical equipment in
the USSR," which is believed to mean that the plant produces a wide range
of .such equipment, including most of the motors used in the Soviet trans-
portation systems. Starting and control equipment and such electrical
drive machinery as is used for controlling canal locks are produced.
The products receiving the most emphasis are traction motors for mine
and other electric locomotives, but there is also some production of DC
machinery.
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dim. mow wow mem ?.?
The labor force at the plant numbers approximatelT15,000. Be-
fore World War II, 142000 employees were at this plant, parts of which
were evacuated to Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, and Penza. The plant was
:completely reconstructed after the war, reparations equipment coming from
the German Messerschmitt works. The present labor force is at least as
large as it was before World War II. The prewar power installation was
removed to Chelyabinsk, and it is not known whether the plant has such
an installation at present.
Since the Dinamo plant concentrates on the production of motors
used in the transportation system, it produces correspondingly fewer of
the very large-size motors. It is known that one type of electric loco-
motive employs six-drive motors totaling 3,300 horsepower. Thus, these
motors, which are produced at Dinamo, would be about 400 kw in size.
This gives rise to the speculation that they may be producing motors for
the newer types of electric locomotives which may have drive motors some-
what above 500 kw in size. At least, it can be assumed that this plant
manufactures very large-size motors in some limited quantities. The manu-
facture of DC machinery is well substantiated.
Estimated production of motors about 500 kw in size is
50,000 kw a year.
10. Electric Motor Plant imeni Vladimir Ilyich, Moscow.
Founded in 1847, the plant formerly produced spare parts for agri-
cultural machinery, drives for Moscow factories and works, flywheels, and
other metal parts. Since the revolution the factory has been considerably
expanded and a large number of buildings erected. During World War II,
the plant switched over to the production of artillery shell cases and was
evacuated in 1941. Returned to its original site in 1942, it continued
production of war materials. In 1947 the factory was transferred from the
ministry controlling agricultural machinery to the Ministry of Electrical
Industry, new equipment was added, and more workers were hired. Produc-
tion of a series of motors began in late 1947, and by July 1950 40 dif-
ferent types of electric motors were being manufactured.
The plant now employs about 5,500 workers, who generally work in
three 8-hour shifts, but sometimes in two 8-hour shifts.. The leading
personnel are Director M.S. Zarazhnov, Chief Engineer Skorikov, Chief
Technologist Surkov, Chief Metallurgist Eliovich, and Chief Mechanic
Kainov.
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? ? ? ? ?
The plant has been set up for the serial production of the smaller
motors. A conveyor belt which was installed in one shop facilitates the
painting and drying of motors, and there is a conveyor belt in the motor
assembling shop NO. 31 which also speeds production. In the first half
of 1950 about 4,000 motors were produced, but only 3,000 in 1948. Other
products which may be in volume production are automatic circuit breakers,
rheostats, and, possibly, rural station generators.
There is no production of motors over 500 kw in size.
11. Donets Electromechanical Plant imeni Karl Marx, Pervomaisk.
Fairly large and occupying 500 square meters, the plant employs
about 2,500 workers. The machines and installations which were received
as reparations equipment came from a prewar AEG plant in Berlin.
The plant manufactures motors, oil switches, and trannformarn _ PR
well as varts.
nx?I
Tne plant then was producing the Pobeda motor of 50X1
the MAD" series, which had a 40-kw ,rating. Three thousand of these units
were planned for 1950. The factory also was producing the "MAL" 126/18
motor, with a rating of 150 kw. of which fram 800 to 900 units were planne
for 1950. there is production of cam- 50X1
parable motors and that the plant may be manufacturing motors in larger
sizes and maybe growing in importance as a supplier of large motors.
There also is reportedly some production of portable transformers at the
plant.
The plant does not produce electrical machinery in sizes over
500 kir.
12. Turbomechanical Plant, Rlga.
In Riga there are two plants of importance to the electrical
machinery industry. One is the Turbomechanical Plant, which manu-
factures turbines and comparable machinery. The other is the so-
called "REZ" plant, which manufactures such electrical machinery as
small_(including fractiorial horsepower) motors and generators. It
appears that the usual relationship between two such plants does not
exist, because the turbine-manufacturing plant has the ability to
produce drives which are much larger than the electric generators
produced in the electrical machinery plant. The output of the tur-
bine plant is shipped to unknown destinations.
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_ _ _ _ _
the turbine plant manufactures 50X1
turbines up to at least 1,200 kw in size, primarily for rural electric sta-
tions. Other reports have mentioned the production of turbines blades for
the LMZ Metal Works in Leningrad, reportedly the parent factory. It also
is of interest that propeller-type turbines have been produced in the
Turbomechanical Plant.
This plant is a large facility which concerns itself with the manu-
facture of three types of product: water turbines, parts for steam tur-
bines, and bulldozers, or, at least, some type of excavating machinery.
There is some confusion as to whether this plant manufactures complete
steam turbines, but it is probable that it manufactures turbines comparable
to the Westinghouse type "E" turbines.
the plant produces blades for steam turbines at the rate of 5,500 blades
a month. The plant also has been reported as either producing the complete
rotor assembly, or as establishing facilities to do so.
. The hydrotutbines are made in various sizes and configurations,
including Kaplan turbines. Six to eight turbines of up to 1,200 kw in
size were being completed each month in 1950. There probably are 900
workers In the plant, which occupies 200 square meters. Production of
hydrotutbines above 500 kw in size is estimated at 42,000kw a year. The
estimated production of steam turbines is negligible.
13. Urals Turbine Plant imeni KIrov Sverdlovsk.The plant, one of the most important turbine producersin the Soviet
Union, was expanded during World War II by machinery evacuated from the
KhTGZ Turbogenerator Plant in Kbar'kov and in 1942 employed 6,000 workers.
It is assumed that the present labor force is about the same as the prewar
figure, although there have been reports that the number of employees has
doubled. In 1941 it was proposed that this plant produce turbines of from
1,500 to 12,000 kw in size, as well as the parts for these turbines. This
plan has since been implemented. In the postwar period the plant has been
known to produce even larger turbines, in particular some of 25,000-kw size
and, possibly, of 100,000 kw.
This plant, is expanding. Soviet press
reports have mentioned that the plant received a new rolling mill in 1950,
and the receipt of same East German
reparations equipment and Which state that the plant is producing diesel
motors suitable for submarine drives. This plant undoubtedly could produce
diesel motors and turbines at the same time, although priority problems
would arise.
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Estimated production of turbines is 400,000 kw a year.
14. Uralektroapparatdrals Electrical Apparatus Plant, Sverdlovsk.
The plant produces small hydrogenerators for rural power plants,
large generators, motors, condensers, oil circuit breakers, large- and
medium-sized transformers, and other static electrical equipment. Having
a labor force of approximately 7,500, the plant reportedly is building a
laboratory for the testing of high-voltage equipment. This laboratory
conforms to a production program involving both transformers and con-
densers. According to Izvestlyal production space was scheduled to be
expanded five times during the Fourth Five Year Plan (106-50).
Apparently, the products produced in the Urals Turbine Plant and
in this plant are complementary. Estimated production is as follows:
motors, 50,000 kw a year; generators, 300,000 kw a year; and transformers,
500,000 kva a year.
15. Rev Trud (Revolutionary Labor) Machine Building Plant, Tambov.
The plant received new German and US machinery during World War II
for the manufacture of turbines, small generators, welding transformers,
and other electrical machinery. The plant does not produce heavy elec-
trical machinery.
A high percentage of the nlant's out7ut seems to be portable elec-
tric power plants.
the carecitv of these nortable 50X1
lents as 75 kw eac. 50X1
the destination of these units as being the transportation industrypIK1
it is quite possible that such units are being sent to other indus-
tries. The plant is capable of producing 15 or 20 of these portable sets
a day; and efforts are being made to expand.
16. YAEMZ Electrical Machine Building Plant, Yaroslavl'.
The plant manufactures motors of all sizes, above one-half kw, equip-
ment for hydro plants, special motors for the textile industry, starters,
dynamos, generators, alloys and castings, and aircraft engine parts. It
also has manufactured ammunition.
With 3,500 workers and a monthly output given in 1948 as 3,500
motors, the pattern of production is now approximately as follows: 3,000
motors a month in small sizes of 5 kw average capacity; 200 to 500 motors
a month in sizes averaging 125 kw.
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Since these motors represent only the average size of motors produced,
it is possible that the factory is engaged in limited production of motors
and equipment above 500 kw in size. In 1947 the factory was modernized and
supplied with new machinery manufactured in the US. Machines of German
design also were added to the factory, but it is not known whether these
were East or West German.
Production of motors, above 500 kw in size, is estimated at 10,000 kw
a year.
17. Electrical Machine Building Plant & Yerevan.
The Electric Machine Building Plant at Yerevan was built possibly as
late as 1946, but by 1949 was considered by the Soviet press as being one of
the largest industrial enterprises in the Armenian SSR, producing electrical
machinery, including generators. The production of diesel motors was sched-
uled for the end of 1949. generators are built
in the smaller sizes of 15, 20, and 25 kw, and, as a result of improved
production-line techniques, it is planned to manufacture 15,000 genera-
tors a year.
The plant may be equipped to build 10,000 kva transformers at a rate
of 2,000 a year and presently manufactures such necessary insulating mate-
rials as bakelite. In a Soviet publication mention has been made of the
production of mobile substations for agricultural use. This output may
partially account for the plant's reportedly poor production record, since
these substations are difficult to manufacture. It is not possible to
estimate production, although transformers are being produced at the rate
of 500,000 kva a year. The motors and generators seem to be of small sizes,
but the transformers may be quite large.
18. Turbine and Generator Factory imeni Lepse, Yerevan.
In 1940, the Turbine and Generator Factory at Yerevan was reportedly
planning to manufacture small hydrotutbines and generators for koikhoz use.
The capacity of the assembled unit was to be 30 to 40 kw and the total
weight less than 1 ton.
50X1
The plant is back in operation, and expan- 50X1
sion is going on at a rapid rate. In 1949 the plant expected to modernize
and double its capacity for the production of hydrotutbines, to start
production of larger hydrotutbines, and to add 3,000 square meters of plant
space.
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Both this plant and the Electric Machine Building Plant follow the
common pattern of coupling of a plant manufacturing turbines with a plant
manufacturing generators and other electrical equipment.
Estimated turbine production of the plant is 300,000 kw a year.
B. Soviet Zone of Austria.
Of the five plants manufacturing electrical machinery in the Soviet
Zone of Austria the J.M. Vbith plant in St. Polen is the only one manu-
facturing heavy electrical machinery. The other four plants produce a
variety of electric motors and transformers in sizes less than 500 kw or
500 kva. Their contribution to the Soviet Union, however, is worthy of
attention, and a brief description of all five plants is as follows:
1. and 2. Electrical Machinery Plant; Siemenstrasse, Vienna
(formerly Siemens-Schuckert).
Electrical Machinery Plant; Engerthestrasse, Vienna
(formerly Siemens-Schuckert).
The two plants were considered by the Soviets as enemy
assets and considerable capital equipment was removed from them before
the US L1 stopped this practice and began to demand payments in products.
Such payments have consisted of motors and generators from both plants
and transformers from the Siemensstrasse plant. Deliveries to the Soviet
Union probably amount to 50 percent of the total production of these two
Plants, and their range of motor sizes rums up to 500 kw.
3. AEG - Union Electrical Equipment Plant, Vienna.
Similar in production pattern to the former Siemens-.
Schuckert plants, the AEG Union Plant in Vienna was almost completely
dismantled by the Soviets and then shipped to the USSR It now is back
in production, however, with a line of motors which includes all sizes
to 200 kw and generators to about the same size.
4. Electrical Equipment Plant, Vienna (formerly Brown-Boveri).
This plant also producing for Soviet account manufactures
equipment that is slightly smaller than the other three plants described
above. Motor sizes range may up to 100 kw, but there is a wide variety
of types.
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5. J.M. Voith Industrial Equipment Plant, St. Polen.
This plant is one of the most important turbine manu-
facturers in the entire Soviet Bloc. It has a great deal of new equip-
ment and reportedly can machine Kaplan turbines of either 15-meter diameter
or 6-meter height. In 1950 there were about 3,000 workers in this plant,
which can produce turbines of capacities up to 90,000 kw, and reputedly
is building a subsidiary plant to manufacture its own electric motors.
These motors will be used in textile machinery and in electric pumps,
both of which the plant manufactures.
In addition to turbines, textile machinery, and pumps,
the plant also produces steam governors and hydro governors, boiler
regulators, match-tipping machinery, cycloidal-propellers for Soviet river
craft, and other industrial machinery.
Production of turbines is estimated at 700,000 kw a year.
C. Czechoslovakia.
1. Foundry and Machinery Shop, Kosice.
An important producer of hydroturbines and other electrical and
nonelectrical machinery, the plant is administered by the Ministry of
Heavy Machine Building. Nonelectrical production includes industrial
machines and special parts of unknown amounts for other firms. The plant
has a reported working force of 1,000, which seems to be a.low figure
since the plant is manufacturing a Wide range of products, much of he
production being apparently rather large units, such as turbines, 6 meters
in diameter. Among the principal products manufactured, hydroelectric
turbines and machine's for making copper wire are of interest.
Steel and pig iron are received from a steel plant located in
Vitkovice, Czechoslovakia, and steel and iron scrap are stockpiled in the
foundry. It has been specifically reported, however, that no finished
parts are stockpiled. High-grade bituminous coal is received directly
from mines located in the ',Ostrava-Karvinna area of Czechoslovakia.
There is no production of electrical machinery over 500 kw.
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2. CKD.(Ceskomoravska Xbiben Danek) Electric Motor and Equipment
Plant, Bratislava.
The range of products in the plant includes motors, generators,
electric ovens, transformers, and reportedly either 2 automatic switch-
boards or 10 PBX boards a month. The motors and generators produced,
which are possibly fractional or integral horsepower motors and generators
for communication devices, are quite small. Four or five "Russian-type"
generators are produced weekly, the significance of this designation being
unknown. Transformers are reportedly of large size, mention being made in
other reports of transformers with a 100,000 volt primary and up to a
capacity of 5,000 kva. Assuming that these reports deal .with the same
transformer type, this transformer would be useful in a primary substation.
The only fact bearing on the possible level of production is the
size of the working force, which seems to be approximately 2,000. If it
is assumed that no more than one-fourth of this force works on the produc-
tion of large transformers, such production is estimated at 300,000 kva
a year.
There is no production of electrical machinery over 500 kw.
3. Skoda Electric Products Plant, Pilsen/Doudlevee.
The plant is one of the primary suppliers of heavy electrical machin-
ery in the Soviet Bloc. Materials used by the plant come from many sources.
Aluminum and copper in significant amounts cone from the USSR. Some steel
is received from Sweden, the remainder apparently coming from mills at Brno
and Povrly in Czechoslovakia. Insulation is produced by the Kablo National
Corporation of Czechoslovakia, and transformer oil reportedly comes from
Pardubice, Czechoslovakia, which has not been previously reported as an oil
producer.
The two sections of the plant probably have 4,000 workers, 1,500
of whom are estimated to be in the "Gigant" section, which is responsible
for the production of heavy electrical machinery. Construction of impor-
tant additions to the plant in 1948. notably a six-story building, will
increase production considerably. the production 50X1
of srm-11 motors will be transferred to a plant in Moravski, so that the
Skoda plant will be concerned exclusively withheavy electrical machinery.
The other products now being made are transformers of 1006.kva size and higher;
generators of various sizes, primarily large ones, possibly ranging to
100,000 kw; and motors ranging up to 200 kw or probably higher.
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Production is estimated as follows: motors, 300,000 kw a year;
generators, 500,000 kw a year; and transformers, 2 million kva a year.
4. CKD Vysocany Electrical Equipment Plant, Prague (formerly "Marshal
Tito" plant and more recently the "Stalingrad" plant).
This plant was one of the largest prewar plants in Czechoslovakia
for the production of electrical machinery of all types, including turbines,
generators for power plants, motors, rectifiers, transformers, and switch
gear. Prisoner-of-war reports from 1945 to 1948 indicate that in the
immediate postwar years there were approximately 6,000 workers in the plant
and that it was turning out complete hydroelectric installations in sizes
up to 25,000 kw. Turbines were made on order at the rate of 10 a month.
The most recent information indicates that the plant has been con-
verted to the production of war materials almost exclusively. Among the
products now made are compressors for wind tunnels, castings for tanks
(85 percent of all castings made in the plant foundry are for such use),
and electrical equipment for searchlights. The change in production pattern
made in this Plant is one of the best examples of the competition between
the military and civilian sectors of the economy for production facilities.
The plant is fully capable of making heavy electrical machinery,
but doubt now exists that such machinery is being made.
5. bEG-ElectricatpecinFactory,
Another plant that is scheduled for moiement to Moravski is this
former AEG plant which does not produce heavy electrical machinery. The
pattern of production within this plant is unusual because it makes both
electronic and electrical machinery items. The purpose of the move to
Moravski is reportedly to find a more reliable source of gas. Although
thYratrons no longer are in production, the output of motors and trans-
formers has been increased.
With 200 administrative and 900 production workers, the production
of small motors and transformers no doubt is at an adequate level. Acous-
tic homing devices for torpedoes also are produced at this plant.
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D. East Germany.
1. Bergmann-Borsig Turbine Plant, Berlin.
Although the facilities of the plant were damaged during World
War II, it now manufactures turbines of the largest sizes. In early
1950, production got under way, probably on four 10,000-kw machines.
It is believed that turbine designs are strictly standardized. The
working force has reportedly expanded to about 6,000, as compared with
3,000 in early 1950. New construction under way also is frequently
reported. At present, this plant probably is one of the most important
significant producers of turbines in the Soviet Bloc. Parts for boiler
installations also are produced.
Production at the Start of postwar operations was limited by two
factors. First, although plans called for large hydroturbines, the plant
did not have a lathe capable of turning to a diameter of over 3 meters.
The second factor was the continuing shortage of metals.
Production of turbines is estimated at 600,000 kw a year.
2. TRO Transformer Factory, Ber1112/0berschoeneweide.
This plant, covering 300,000 square meters, suffered only minor
damages during World War II. From the end of the war until October 1947,
however, the plant was not in production. The Soviets completely stripped
the works, and production was resumed with equipment acquired piecemeal
from smaller enterprises or manufactured in the plant. When Soviet orders
began to Come in, priorities were established for machinery procurement,
and by late 1949 the plant had 400 machine tools of all kinds. Meanwhile,
the working force had expanded to 3,600. The high-priority production of
transformers was in part concerned with deliveries to Wismut AG, and fur-
ther support was given in the form of same high-quality transformer sheet
metal from two Soviet foundries. In mid-19l1.9 the plant started production
of motors on urgent orders, and 3,000 motors of 37 kw were turnedout in
1949. Twelve thousand such motors were ordered from the plant in 1950:
and presumably are intended for Wismut AG.
Among other products are coupling condensers. In 1950 an order
for 200 coupling condensers was given the plant, one-half of them being
for 100 kilovolts and the other half for 200 kilovolts. Presumably,
these condensers are to be used in the USSR for high-frequency telephony
over high-voltage lines. Air-blast circuit breakers and other switch
gear also are on the production schedule.. Although the plant can manufacture
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transformers of the largest sizes, as well as a variety of other products,
materials shortages block the production plans.
Considering these materials shortages and the recently reported
departure of some skilled workers, production of transformers is estimated
at 1 million kva a year.
3. Turbinenfabrik VEB Turbine Plant, Dresden (formerly Bruckner
and Kanis, by it is sometimes known .
The plant produces turbines and parts for turbines and also does
installation work. In 1947 the factory stationed eight of its skilled
fitters at Rostock to equip Soviet destroyers with turbines.
The plant has been called on to deliver a considerable amount of
reparations equipment, including a number of mobile generating stations.
The generators for these stations probably are manufactured by the Oschatz
firm in Meerane, East Germany. In 1949 the plant was to produce 207 of
the turbines for the mobile generating stations and probably did so.
Production of 300 more generators immediately upon campletion of the orig-
inal order was planned. These are very small units, normal operation being
at about 7.5 horsepower.
The turbines produced by the plant are small, the largest reported
being 1,100 kw. Kaplan wheels, possibly larger than 1,100 kw, also may
be manufactured. Under a development contract the plant produced a gas
turbine of 21,000 horsepower, which did not satisfy the Soviets who
terminated the contract and ordered that all experimental parts and models
be transferred to Leningrad.
Production of turbines is estimated at 400,000 kw a year.
4. Fimag Electrical Equipment Works, Finsterwalde (also called the
Electrotechnical Company).
The plant makes portable generators for Soviet account, as well
as other small motors and small generators. Production during 1950 of
1,000 of these portable generators, between 40 and 100 kw in size, was
planned, but the lack of copper may have prevented fulfillment of this
plan.
Limited facilities and the small labor force of 900 workers restrict
the size of the electrical machinery which can be manufactured, none of which
is over 500 kw.
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5. Saxony Electric Motor Factory (Sachsenwerk), Dresden/Niedersedlitz.
The plant makes power-generating and distribution equipment, includ-
ing control devices, switchboards for power plants, large electric switches
for high-voltage operation, transformers, motors, and generators of all
sizes. Although some of the plant's machinery was delivered to Baku in
the immediate postwar period, with even the heavier plant machines as
replacement this plant is one of the leading suppliers of power plant and
station equipment in East Germany and is constantly expanding. Production
emphasis is on heavy electrical machinery, the motors for instance being
possibly 5 meters high. Transformers of from 20,000 to 100,000 kva also
are built, as well as motor-generator sets operating at 2,400 cycles per
second and believed to be for high-frequency induction heating.
There are 4,500 workers in this plant. At one time crews were sent
out for construction and installation work all over Saxony. This may DO
longer be true.
Estimated production is as follows: Transformers, 1.5 million kva
a year; DC motors, 100,000 kw a year; AC motors, 300,000 kw a year;
DC generators, 60,000 kw a year; and AC generators, 190,000 kw a year.
6. Electric Motor Factory, Electromotorenwerk VEM, Wernigerode.
The plant produces a range of motors up to 200 kw in size. There
are approximately 2,400 employees, including an administrative staff of 600.
Production of a class of motors, "LEV 19 to 14, was begun in SepteMber 1950
and increased the range of motors from 40 hp to 200 hp in size. Two or
three of these 200-hp motors can be made a day, which implies the ability
to make larger machines and may indicate that the plant is preparing to
produce another series of motors larger than 200 horsepower as soon as
it has the necessary machinery. 1
Like other East German plants, the plant is beset by the lack of
copper wire and dynamo sheets, annual requirements of dynamo sheet being
about 8,000 tons. The copper-producing plant at Hettstedt has been the
supplier of copper wire, and the USSR and West Germany have supplied
dynamo sheet. .Ball bearings also reportedly are in short supply,
7. Electric Motor Plant ELMO, Dessau (part of a complex which is
variously referred to as the &meg Turbine Plant, or the Berlin
Anhalt Machine Factory).
Since the end of World War 11 the plant has been engaged solely
in the production of electric equipment and motors, up to 80 kw in size.
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_ _ _
Although the labor force was expanded in mid-1949 from 900 to 1,400
workers, subsequent difficulties forced the plant to curtail some of its
planned output and to reduce its labor force. Still a key producer of
East Germany, the plant is reputedly going to start turning out elec-
trical generators and other high-voltage apparatus. In mid-1950 the
design of high-voltage motors of from 800 to 1,500 kw was proceeding,
and facilities, including a boring and turning mill of 6 meters in dia-
meter, were being set up for the production of this series.
Taking into account the developmental work and expansion plans,
motor production is estimated at 200,000 kw a year and generator produc-
tion at 50,000 kw a year.
8. Transformer and X-tay Factory (Traoe), Dresden (referred to as
Koch and Sterzel, its former name).
This plant, which produces heavy electrical machinery, is equipped
to manufacture X-ray and other high-voltage equipment as well as a com-
plete line of transformers. Transformer production is similar to produc-
tion at the TRO Transformer Factory in Berlin/Oberschoeneweide and ranges
from specialty transformers of from 10 to 220 volts to experimental trans-
formers operating at voltages up to 3 million kilovolts.
In 1951 the Soviets authorized nuclear research for medical purposes
in East Germany. As a result, the plant was charged with the construction
of a high-tension transformer installation for such research. This installa-
tion was finished in the first half of 1951, the experience gained in
building a similar installation for delivery to Leningrad, USSR, making the
rapid completion possible. The installation which was shipped to Leningrad,
USSR was first tested at Niederwartha, East Germany.
Steel sheets, steel tubing, and porcelain have been in critically
short supply, but with the expected availability of all types of supplies,
production at this plant maybe of considerable significance. With about
1,700 workers, the plant no doubt can equal the production at the TRO plant
in Berlin. Estimated production of transformers is 1 million kva a year.
E. Hungary.
1. Ganz Electrical Equipment Factory, Budapest.
The plant is Hungary's largest producer of electrical goods and
power-generating equipment and, having a labor force of 10,000, makes a
complete range of electrical equipment, including the largest heavy
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electrical machines. Transformer sizes run to at least 45,000 kva and
turbogenerators in sizes from 1 to 25,000 kw. Production of heavy motors
and other power equipment is scheduled. It is believed that the Elprom
factory in Sofia manufactures some classes of Ganz-type motors under a
licensing agreement.
The plant was 70 percent damaged during World War II, but since
has been reconstructed and enlarged. Machine tools of US, Swedish, Swiss,
and prewar German design are used with an estimated number of from 1,000
to 1,200. During reconstruction the sections of the plant which were in
production sent 75 percent of the output to the USSR as reparations. Such
reparations deliveries seem to have diminished.
Critical shortages of ball bearings, iron, copper, and insulating
materials prevail, but despite such limitations, the plant will be able
to contribute significantly to the Soviet Bloc economy. Reports indicate
that quality is being sacrificed in order to fulfill the plan quotas.
Insulation for motors is applied so poorly and is of such bad quality that
large turbogenerators produced frequently fail after short periods of service.
There is some concentration on the production of motor-generator
sets, particularly Ward-Leonard sets for steel mill and mine use. The
plant is contributing heavily to the equipment for a 120-kilovolt national
electric transmission system. A number of 100-kilovolt transformer stations
will be reconstructed for this system.
Estimated production is as follows: motor ?,300,000 kw a year,
generatorss1501000 kw a year, and transformers,650,000 kva a year. The
collapse of the new building which was built in the postwar period for
the production of heavy machinery has retarded production considerably.
2. Lang Machinery Factory, Budapest.
The plant specializes in the production of four classes of products:
boilers, steam turbines, stationary diesels, and chemical plant equipment.
Having a labor force of from 4,000 to 5,000 persons, the plant produces all
of the power-generating turbines manufactured in Hungary.
With the capacity for making a more diverse line of products than
it does now, the plant probably could supply the Ganz plant with prime
movers and could still be able to produce an exportable surplus of this
product.
Production of turbines is estimated at 300,000 kw a year.
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F. Poland.
1. Rohn-Zielinski Electric Company, Zychlin (forterly a Brown-Boveri
subsidiary).
The plant is a primary producer of electrical machinery of all
types, including generators, transformers, large electrical machines,
turbogenerators, tramway engines, and oil transformers. The three-phase
motors produced in 1948 were in sizes up to 3,500 kw. DC machines of
6,000 volts were produced also, while mention has been made of trans-
formers in sizes of 24,000 kva and 220 kilovolts.
Production of motors is estimated at 100,000 kw a year and trans-
formers at 100,000 kva a year.
2. Electric Machine Factory M-10, Wroclaw.
Part of the plant, which produces heavy electrical machinery, was
in production in 1948, construction having begun in 1947 with imported
equipment. Eventual production will include heavy electrical motors, elec-
tric traction engines, turbines, and large transformers. Production of
motors ia estimated at 10,000 kw a year.
G. Rumania.
Caros Judet Electrical Machinery Plant, Recita (part of the
Metaltras metals combine).
Although probably the-largest electrical machinery producer in
RumAnia, the plant is not yet of great significance. However, it is
expected to become important in the near future.
In 1949, about 100 electric motors, copies of old Siemens-Halske
types, reportedly were being produced each month, 95 percent going to the
USSR. These motors probably were not over 100 kw.
the plant as rewinding a 6,000-kw generator, and the casting of parts for
a large turbine. In early 1950 the plant was reportedly receiving not
only Soviet equipment, but also Soviet technical advice. For a time, the
plant director was Soviet, as were several consultants. Consistent with
the above information is a report in mid-1950 of the production of trans-
formers over 700 kw in size and of generators over 4,000 kw in size.
Estimated annual production is as follows: motors, in nominal
amounts; generators, 50,000 kw; and transformers, 200,000 kva.
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APPENDIX D
COLLECTED INPUT COEFFICIENTS
Table 6 shows as follows the input coefficients, collected up to now, for use in computing the input requirements of the heavy electrical
industry in the Soviet Bloc. On these input coefficients are based the estimated annual Soviet Bloc input requirements of materials and labor,
as shown on Table 5, p. 30.
Table. 6*
Heavy Electrical Machinery
Input Requirements per Unit ai
1. Motors
Type
Total
Steel 2%
Steel
Plate 5
Steel
Punchings !Y
Steel
Castings !Y
Steel
Forgings 2/
Copper 2/
/
Aluminum N
Total Weight
of Inputs
US Base for
Computing Direct Labor 22/
Induction
Pounds
Man-hours
US Inputs per Kw 2/
373 kw
13.39
5.42
4.42
2.36
1.19
1.56
Negligible
14.95
1.555
- 1,865 kw
12.87
4.20
4.76
1.60
2.31
1.23
Negligible
14.10
0.858
Inputs per Unit, Soviet Bloc Sizes
18,000 kw
236,340
86,580
82,620
35,640
31,500
25,200
Negligible
261,540
27,990
10,000 kw
131,300
48,100
45,900
19,800
17,500
14,000
Negligible
145,300
15,550
3,000 kw
39,390
14,430
13,770
5,940
5,250
4,200
Negligible
43,590
4,665
1,000 kw
13,130
4,810
4,590
1,980
- 1,750
1,400
Negligible
14,530
1,555
* Footnotes for Table 6 follow on p. 74.
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' Table 6
Heavy Electrical Machinery
Input Requirements per Unit
(Continued)
Type
1. Motors (Continued)
?
Total, Steel , Steel Steel Total Weight US Base for
Steel 2' Plate Punchirls CastinELE_ Forgings IY Copper 2/ AluminumV of Inputs Computing Direct Labor 2/
Pounds Man-hours
550 kw
620 kw
2,238 kw
16.45
16.61
22.91
10.00
10.08
12.06
5.09
5.16
9.16
0.14
0.24
0.13
1.22
1.13
1.56
4.27
5.44
3.46
0.05
Negligible
0.04
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550 kw 16.45 10.00 5.09 0.14 1.22 4.27 0.05 20.76 2.91
620 kw 16.61 10.08 5.16 0.24 1.13 5.44 Negligible 22.06 3.23
2,238 kw 22.91 12.06 9.16 0.13 1.56 3.46 0.04 26.43 2.75
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20.76 2.91
22.06 3.23
26.43 2.75
17,550 26,0758,375 5,000 Negligible 61,350 6,200
750 kw 16,905 5,265 7,823 2,512 1,500 Negligible 18,405 1,860
U0(5) li
Direct Current US Inputs per Kw 2/
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Table 6
Heavy Electrical Machinery
Input Requirements per Unit
(Continued)
1. Motors (Continued)
Tota1
Steel 2,1
Stee1
Plate 2Y
Steel a, Steel Steel
Punchings2/ Castings 2V Forgings 2/

Copper 1/
AluminkullY
Total Weight
of Inputs
US Base for
Computing Direct Labor
Direct Current (Continued)
Pounds
Man-hours
458,200
229,100
171,825
68,730
13,995
6.57
241,200
120,600
90,450
36,180
8,033
1.19
Inputs per Unit, Soviet Bloc Sizes
51/
69,200
34,600
25,950
10,380
3,293
0.65
800
400
300
120
38
0.02
51i1884i6ii:
79,290
17,310
7.20
522075,65? g ?250
8,250
2,220
2.016
20,000 kw
10,000 kw
7,500 kw
3,000 kw
750 kw
Turbogenerators
183,200
91,600
68,700
27,480
4,852
4.00
2,600 31,200
1,300 15,600
975 11,700
390 4,680
128 975
2. Generators
US Inputs per KmrS/
Air-cooled
6,250 kw
0.08 1.30
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Table 6
Heavy Electrical Machinery
Input Requirements per Unit
(Continued)
Type
Turbogenerators (Contin-
ued)
Air-cooled (Continued)
10,000 kw .
5,000 kw
1,000 kw
Hydrogen-cooled
70,588 kw
100,000 kw
' 60,000 kw
40,000 kw
22,500 kw
2. Generators (Continued)
Total./ Steel./ Steel ./ Steel ./ Steel
Steel V Plate LI Punchings LI Castings 2Y Forgings 5, Copper 2/
Pounds
_, Total Weight US Base for ,/
Aluminum !Y of Inputs ? Computing Direct Labor V
Man-hours
./ '
Inputs per Unit, Soviet .Bloc Sizes 21
65,700 11,900 40,000 800 13,000 6,500 200 20,160
. 737iEgO
6,570 1,190 4,000 80 1,300 650 20 It=
32,850 5,950 20,000 400 6,500 3,250 100
US Inputs per Kw 2/
4.32 1.20 2.37 0.05 0.70 0.30 0.02 4.56 0..836
Inputs per Uhit,,Soviet Bloc Sizes i.li
97,200 27,000 ? 53,325 1,125 ' 15,750
28,000
6,750 450 415.862::::
102,600
273,600
432,000 120,000 237,000 5,000 70,000 30,000 2,000
172,800 48,000 94,800 2,000 42,000 18,000
12,000 800
259,200 72,000 142,200 3,000 1,200
83,600
50,160
33,440
18,810 '
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Table 6
Heavy Electrical Mathinery
Input Requirements per Unit
(Continued)
2. Generators (Continued)
Total_,
Steel V
Steel_,
Plate V
Steel _, Steel _, Steel _,
Punching. Castings-Y Lontau_ s 5 Copper
_,
Aluminum 5
Total Weight
of Inputs
US Base for
Computing Direct Labor 11
Water-wheel Generators
Pounds
Man-hours
22.84
16.62
33.50
9.87
11.87
15.75
US Inputs per Kw V
0.01
0.03
0.03
24.65
17.92
36.25
2.00
2.00
2.00
108,000 kva
30,000 kva
20,000 kva
9.33 1.85 1.79 1.79
3.54 0.13 1.08 1;27
13.06 1.88 2.81 2.75
Inputs per Unit. Soviet Bloc Size. V
70,000 kw
1,702,400
875,000
604,800 90,300 132,300 135,800
1,400
1,838,900
140,000
22,500 kw
" 547,200
281,250
194,400 29,025 42,525 143,650
450
591,075
45,000
10,000 kw
243,200
125,000
86,400 12,900 18,900 19,400
200
262,700
20,000
5,000 kw
121,600
62,500
43,200 6,450 9,450 9,700
100
131,350
10,000
1,000 kw
24,320
12,500
8,640 1,290 1,890 1,940
20
26,270
2,000
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Table 6
Heavy Electrical Machinery
Input Requirements per Unit
(Continued)
3. Transformers 2/
Type
Total
Steel
Steel_,
Plate ?Y
Steel_,
Pundhings ?Y
Copper!'
Insulation 2/
Oil 2/
_,
Miscellaneous !Y
Total Weight
of Inputs
US Base for
Computing Direct Labor 2/
Pounds
Han-hours
110,000 kva
165,420
53,700
111,720
37,620
13,650
56,700
8,390
281,780
23,000
100,000 kva
193,640
68,000
125,640
28,820
11,800
62,800
7,310
304,370
20,400
62,500 kva
133,520
31,400
102,120
18-,975
7,900
45,200
5,200
210,795
13,800
50,,000 kva
96,820
34,000
62,820
14,410
5,900
31,400
3,655
152,185-
11,669
20,000 kva
72,320
21,200
51,120
10,560
4,290
25,000
4,290
116,460
6,303
10,000 kva
41,160
15,600
25,560
5,280
2,145
12,500
2,245
63,230
4,600
7,500 kva
27,784
13,000
14,784
3,366
780
14,800
2,280
49,010
4,489
1,500 kva
11,690
2,810
8,880
3,630
750
Negligible
144
16,214
3,200
500 kva
3,868
1,000
2,868
1,056
331
Negligible
101
5,356
3,000
a. Materials input coefficients include only those materials delivered to the asseibly departments; materials used in the fabrication of other
products are not included.
b. Labor input coefficients include the labor of only the category of employees in direct production and closely related employees, as defined in
the 1947 US Census of Manufacturer's. This category includes only employees engaged in assembly departments. For further computatiOns required to
obtain estimates of total man-hours at the factory level in the Soviet Bloc, see footnote to Table 5, in text p. 36.
c. US inputs per Kw are computed from late 1951 data for the sizes given, obtained from a US manufacturer. Material input coefficients have been
adjusted in accordance with known differences in Soviet Bloc practices and materials. Labor input coefficients have not been so adjusted in the
table.
d. Figures given under Inputs per Unit, Soviet Bloc Sizes, are computed from the base figures given under US Inputs per Kw. In cases where US
data are Presented for more than one size of unit, the base figure used in computing is that considered to be the most representative -- sometimes
a figure for one of the US sizes listed, sometimes an average of the data for ail US sizes listed.
e. All figures for transformers are base figures.
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