QUARTERLY STATUS REPORTS ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE US-USSR BILATERAL SPECILIZED AGREEMENTS: OCTOBER -DECEMBER 19754 AND JANUARY -MARCH 1976

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79M00467A002500130003-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 156
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 26, 2003
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: August 20, 1976
• Content Type: LETTER

NSC REVIEW
COMPLETED,
6/26/2003
it, 5"
`-R13therfo d 14. Poa.ts
Acting Staff Director
CONFIDENTIAL
NSC-U/Di%1-9 5P
August 20( 3.976
TO: The Deputy Secretary of Defense
The Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Under Secretary of the Interior
The Under Secretary of Agriculture
The Under Secretary of Commerce
The Under Secretary of Health, Education
and Welfare
The Under Secretary of Housing and-urban
Development
The Under Secretary of Transportation
The Administrator, Energy Research and.
Development Administration
The Administrator, Environmental Protection
Agency
The Administrator, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
The Director, National Science Foundation
The Director, United States Information
Agency
The Chairman, Council on Environmental
Quality
SUBJECT: Quarterly Status Reports on Implementation
of the US-USSR Bilateral Specialized
Agreements: October-December 1975 and
January-March 1976
REF: NSC-U/SM-1270
The Chairman has forwarded the attached Memorandum
to the President. A copy is provided for your
information.
Attachment:
As stated
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DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Washington, D.C. 20520
NSC UNDER SECRETARIES COMMITTEE
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NSC UNDER SECRETARIES COMMITTEE
CONFIDENTIAL
NSC-U/DM-95P
August 20, 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT
Subject: Quarterly Status Reports on Implementation
of the US-USSR Bilateral Specialized
Agreements: October-December 1975 and
January-March 1976
I am transmitting herewith the fifteenth and
sixteenth reports on the implementation of the eleven
bilateral specialized cooperative agreements with the
USSR. As is usual in the first quarter, there was a
seasonal slackening in activity after the fourth
quarter 1975. The tempo increased, though, towards
the end of the first quarter 1976.
The major development was our decision in early
March to postpone three joint committee meetings invol-
ving high-ranking officials as inappropriate in view
of Soviet involvement in Angola. We also informed
the Soviets we were not prepared to firm up dates for
joint committee meetings tentatively set for this fall.
The Soviets evidently understood the reasons for our
decision. They indicated a readiness to reschedule
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meetings in November or later, and significantly have
moved ahead on several long-stalled projects. While
working-level activity continues according to schedule,
activity will slow down under a number of agreements
if program decisions are not made soon at the joint
committee level.
Another development which suggests that the
Soviets, too, have political considerations involved
in implementation of the agreements was their insis-
tence on a site other than Puerto Rico for a meeting
of marine environment experts. Although no reason
was given, we suspect the Soviets did not want to
prejudice their UN position with Cuba on Puerto Rico's
relationship to the US. We responded by cancelling
the meeting.
Increasingly, we note that a number of US agencies
responsible for implementing part or all of an agree-
ment are encountering funding problems since cooperative
projects must compete for expertise and resources with
other domestic programs. The pace of some cooperative
projects is being hampered by limited funds for travel,
translation of the growing volume of Soviet data being
supplied, and for representation. Several agencies
had considered asking for specific line items in their
budgets to cover agreement costs, but are concerned
that Congressional committees with which they deal,
given their domestic orientation, will not be particu-
larly forthcoming or interested in agency cooperative
programs with the Soviets. Under several agreements,
there appears to be an increasing reluctance on the
part of private industry to participate in cooperative
activities because they believe there is no payoff
technically, commercially, or in terms of foreign
policy interests.
Energy
Postponement of the March Energy Joint Committee
meeting may have had an unintended beneficial result
on the working level. For instance, we received a
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Soviet proposal for a US visit to the USSR on pollution
concerning oil and gas operations; a project which had.
been dormant for almost two years awaiting a response
to our suggestions. We accepted their proposal and
suggested late summer dates.
There were two~,significant developments regarding
access. The Ministry of Power and Electrification
informed ERDA that two key institutes under another
ministry, but long sought after by the US, would now
be involved in the Superconducting Power Transmission
program. In contrast, we suffered another setback
in the Geothermal area in May when Moscow reiterated
its unwillingness to permit a US team to visit sites
in Kamchatka.
Agriculture
We sent two veterinarians to the USSR during. the first
quarter, leading to an exchange of veterinary materials.
Three viruses received are now being tested in the US.
As with several previous teams, the Soviets attempted
to get a signed commitment from our first veterinarian
for further US exchange cooperation. We consider
these efforts to be out of order and have again pointed
out that new activities must be jointly approved at
the Joint Committee level.
The Soviets have unexpectedly replaced their
leader of the Economic Research and Information Working
Group. We know little so far about the new man, A. I.
Monov'of Gosplan, or about any significance for the
Agreement that this change may have.
World Oceans
US Executive Secretary Donald Martineau met March
15-1.8 in Moscow with Soviet officials to discuss the
present status of cooperation, long-standing operational
problems, and timing and agenda of the next Joint Committee
meeting and post-meeting tours. Progress in removing
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Soviet bureaucratic obstacles and in clarifying and
solving problems resulted. The Joint Committee meet-
ing was tentatively set for October and a post-meeting
tour of US oceanographic West Coast facilities in
1976 in return for a tour of USSR Far Eastern facilities
in connection with the 1977 Joint Committee meeting in.
the USSR was explored. However, a formal proposal for
specific dates for the 1976 meeting by the US side as
host is awaiting approval,
Bureaucratic difficulties appear to lie behind
continued Soviet stalling on inaugurating teletype-
communications between the two countries' POLYMODE
centers (POLYMODE refers to Mid-Ocean Dynamics exper-
iments) and in exchanging liaison scientists for
coordinating experiment plans. In our view, failure
to implement these exchanges could impede the efficient
carrying forward of the POLYMODE program. Agreement
on these matters was reached at the working level in
1974 and were written into the Protocol of the 1975
Joint Committee meeting. Negotiations with Sidorenko
on this have been particularly intense since the
beginning of the year, but we are not yet sure of a
positive solution. The Soviet desire to change the
locus of experimentation from the North Equatorial
Current to the Gulf Stream Extension System required
some program adjustments but should not cause any
major problems.
Housing and Other Construction
The first meeting of the New Towns Working Group
exchanged drafts of a joint publication on site selec-
tion criteria for new towns. The Soviets finally
reciprocated for US documentation given them, but with
less detail, and largely accommodated our desire for
a study tour of new towns in the USSR. Also, the
Working Group on Industrialized Building Systems and
Utilities met for the first time and. established
sub-projects for the next 18 months. HUD funding
problems and a surprising lack of interest in the
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private sector may make it difficult to implement
fully these sub-projects, however.
The Soviets expressed an unexpected interest in
US industrial building technology using steel and
aluminum as the construction materials. We had thought
their primary interest was fabrication of precast/
prestressed concrete beams, columns, and large concrete
panel buildings. The Soviets seem to be very interested
in obtaining technology currently marketed by member
companies of the Metal Building Manufactures Associa-
ation, in order to erect quickly industrial buildings,
factories, and warehouses for the production of other
goods.
Environmental Protection
In the aftermath of our move to postpone joint
committee meetings, it was also decided that EPA
Adminstrator Russell E. Train would not attend the
May 4-5 mid-year review of the Environmental Agreement
in Moscow; his Executive Secretary, William A. Brown,
went instead. The meeting went well but the Soviets
used the occasion to press for a specific date for the
Joint Committee meeting tentatively set for this fall.
Having previously gotten the impression from the Soviets
that Magnitogorsk was inaccessible, we were gratified
that our continuing insistence led to Soviet assurances
of access for our air pollution experts to the world's
largest iron and steel complex there.
Our efforts to promote sales of US environmental
equipment through the Agreement paid off with sales of
$1 million worth of equipment for cleaning maritime oil
spills and monitoring/analysis of air pollution, with
additional sales of $3.9 million projected over the
next twelve months.
We recently learned that Moscow is in the throes
of creating some Soviet counterpart organization to
our EPA. This development, plus increased attention
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given to environmental matters at the recent Party
Congress, suggest that the Soviets may devote even,
more resources and effort to the'US-USSR Environmental
Agreement.
Space
USSR Academy of Sciences President Aleksandrov
informed NASA Administrator Fletcher in February that
the Academy concurs in the importance of large (visible)
projects, similar to ASTP, for NASA-Soviet Academy
cooperation, but that such projects require extended
preparation for negotiation. This line defers indef-
initely the meeting scheduled for last fall and again
for this spring to lay plans for post-ASTP manned space
cooperation. We suspect the Soviet position may be
related to personnel and other changes in the Academy
and/or possibly to changing Soviet priorities.
Informal agreement (to be finalized at September
space biology and medicine working group meeting) was
reached during the first quarter with the Soviets to fly
five US biological experiments on the next Soviet biological
satellite, presumably in the fall of 1977, as part of
a scientific effort to learn more about effects of
space flight on living organisms. At the same time,
NASA finds disappointing the Soviet response to a
suggestion for a meeting of specialist to discuss the
results of the Venera-9 and -10 missions and of recent
US radar observations. The Soviets agreed only to meet
in June at the COSPAR (International Committee on Space
Research) meeting, where we would expect them to report
their Venera findings in any case. Although the Soviet
data may still prove useful in June, a more timely
exchange in this area could have been more helpful in,
planning for Pioneer-Venus missions scheduled for 1978x.
Transportation
During the visit by First Deputy Minister Shumilin
of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Soviets
submitted their plan, which meets our criteria for
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testing a US-developed system which prevents a sub-
par driver from starting his vehicle.
The Soviets also submitted a proposal for the joint
testing of a Soviet-developed technique for increasing
the service life of the bearing used in the axles of
railroad cars subjected to high-loading factors. The
concrete tie and draft gear (coupler) exchange and
the joint testing of US selective calling equipment
on a Soviet ship were completed as planned. The
Soviets have now agreed to support the U.S. selective
calling system in the International Telecommunications
Union as the world standard. TE.sting of the Soviet
concrete rail ties has begun in Chicago, but-there
are no conclusive results yet.
In a development related to the Civil Aviation
Air Traffic Control Project, the Swedish firm STANSAAB
approached the Department of Commerce for the licensing
of US components for the Swedish ATC system purchased
by the Soviet Civil Aviation Ministry. FAA, on behalf
of DOT and with US private sector concurrence, is
objecting to licensing action which would assist
STANSAAE3. Sperry-Univac, the unsuccessful US bidder,
is still in contact with the Soviet Ministry of Civil
Aviation, where dissatisfaction has been. expressed at
the technical level concerning STANSAAB's slowness
in fulfilling its ATC contract.
Continuing DOT review of cooperative activities
under the Transportation Agreement, taking funding
problems and limited payoff potential in all eight
major areas into account, could result in a decision
to propose sizable cutbacks at the next Joint Committee
meeting.
. Science and Technology
Many delayed activities in the area of Applications
of Computers to Management and in Science Policy were
put in train as a result of US initiatives leading to
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an improved Soviet management of the program. However,
we also experienced some backsliding when in April the
Soviets postponed three scheduled computer meetings,
one just a few days before a Soviet delegation was
expected in the US. We have no reason to believe,
however, that these postponements were in retaliation
for our decision to postpone joint committee meetings.
In the Electrometallurgy area, the long-awaited
Soviet high-nitrogen steel ingot arrived and is now
being tested by Battelle.
Shortly after the first quarter, the Soviets accepted
the substance of virtually all US positions at a meeting
of the Joint Working Group on Intellectual Property.
Subject to confirmation, agreement was reached on
statements on inventions and on information and confid-
entiality.
Medical Science, Public Health, and Artifical Heart
The exchange of the first US artificial heart and
its control unit took place in this first quarter,
moving work in this area into joint activity. This heart,
and a Soviet unit, were implanted in two calves by a joint
team of surgeons in Moscow. Duang the visit of US
surgeons, the Soviets revealed artificial heart tech-
nology which our team felt was at least as advanced
as that found here.
In the priority area on Influenza and Acute
Respiratory Diseases, the Soviets expressed interest
in US reports on swine influenza virus-like isolates.
After this finding, the USSR Ministry of Health proposed
and we agreed, to have two USSR. scientists visit in early
April to review our most current. experience with this
virus.
During informal discussions, we proposed the
addition of a joint project, within the cooperation
on Environmental Health, to assess the biological and
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environmental effects of electromagnetic fields from
high voltage power transmission lines, a topic of
long-standing interest to us.
Atomic Energy
In the area of Controlled Thermonuclear Research
(CTR), US experts observed the start-up of the Tokamak
10 fusion reactor.. at the Kurchatov Atomic Institute
in Moscow. Two Soviet CTR experts participated in. the
start-up of the Princeton Large Torus (PLT). Such
procedures permit immediate exchange of data, which
can maximize the benefits to both sides.
Plans were also set during the first quarter for ERDA
Assistant Administrator Richard Roberts to visit the
USSR May 24-June 5 for familiarization with the Soviet
Atomic Energy program. On short notice we asked the
Soviets to include a visit to a Soviet atomic icebreaker
The Soviets replied that all atomic icebreakers would
be at sea. Under the circumstances, we do not view
the Soviet response as a firm indication that such
visits are unlikely to be approved in the future and
we intend to ask again.
Upcoming Events
A number of working group meetings are scheduled
for the next months. Under the Oceans Agreement, there
is considerable US interest in the prospect of post-
Joint-Committee-meeting--whenever scheduled--travel in
the Soviet Far East. The two Agriculture Agreement
working groups will be holding consultative meetings
in mid-June, and there will be a working group meeting
in Controlled Thermonuclear Research that month, too.
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Under the Space Agreement, the COSPAR meeting will
provide an opportunity for consulations with the Soviets
on their Venera 9 and 10, and a Space Biology meeting
is planned for Yerevan, Armenia in September. Lastly,
under the Housing Agreement, HUD will be making a major
effort to increase private sector involvement in the
months ahead.
Charles W. Robinson
Chairman
Attachments:
1. Report for the Fourth Quarter 1975
20 Report for the First Quarter 1976
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Quarterly Status Report on the
Implementation of US-USSR
Bilateral Specialized Agrements:
October - December 1975
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
1
3
4
- 9
Atomic Energy
Health
10
15
Environmental Protection
16
18
Agriculture
19
- 22
Science and Technology
23
- 32
Housing and Other Construction
33
- 34
35
- 40
Energy
World Oceans
41
- 50
Space
51
- 54
Transportation
55
- 61
Major Joint Projects Proposals
62
70
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Joint Committee meetings on Science and Technology,
Agriculture, Health, and Environment,-held in October, were
described in the last Quarterly Report.
The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy had its third
annual meeting in Washington, December 3-5, 1975, and the
Committee approved exploratory cooperation in thermionic
research. In the Fundamental Properties of Matter area, an
expanded cooperative program was approved and the Soviets
indicated they accepted a multinational. approach to using
large accelerators for high energy physics research. A
70% increase in man-week and joint work exchanges was
approved for Controlled Thermonuclear Research for calender
year 1976.
A significant breakthrough in the Earthquake Prediction,
area of the Environmental Agreement appears to have been made
when Soviet Co-Chairman Yuri Izrael promised to make Soviet
maps, long closely held by the Soviets for security reasons,
available to US experts working in the Garm region of Soviet
Central Asia. In a negative development, however, a meeting
on air pollution in the USSR was disappointing to the US
members, mostly because of Soviet unwillingness to engage in
detailed discussion after presentations were made.
The Soviets finally took steps to keep alive the Reactor
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Modeling project in the Chemical Catalysis area of the
Science and Technology Agreement by nominating a Soviet re-
search fellow. In the Electrometallurgy area, they announced
that the long-awaited half-ton high-nitrogen steel ingot had
been shipped from Kiev on November 18, but we have still not
received it. In Microbiology, we learned that the Soviets
were apparently behind us in Molecular Biology, rather than
ahead of us as we had earlier assumed.
Under the Housing and Construction Agreement, for the
first time a US delegation visited the Soviet Institute on
Foundations and Underground Structures in Moscow, thus ful-
filling a longstanding aim of the US Army Corps of Engineers,
which heads the US side of work on Construction in Extreme
Climates and Seismic Areas.
March 15, 1976, was set as the date for convening the
long-postponed second meeting of the Energy Joint Committee.
Also under this Agreement, Soviet Deputy Power Minister Maksimov
stated that if the U.S could convince him that there were sound
technical reasons for visiting geothermal installations in
Kamchatka (a closed area), he would personally escort one US
expert there.
For the first time in US-Soviet space cooperation, the
Soviets launched on November 26 four US biological experiments
on board a Cosmos (782) satellite. At the time, NASA was
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unable to accommodate these experiments, three of which con-
cern.zero gravity effects and the fourth measuring radiation;
thus the Soviet launch provided us an opportunity.not other-*
wise availablea
In the Transportation Agreement, we came down. hard on
the Soviets for purchasing the Swedish STANSAAS Air Traffic
Control (ATC) system instead of a US system by severaly cutting
back on cooperation on ATC. However, as our technical interests
warrantor we plan to respond to Soviet efforts to restore
some of the discontinued activity.
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ATOMIC ENERGY
The Third `Meetincr of the US--USSR Atomic Energy Joint
Committee was held in Washington., D.C. December 3-5,-1975.
A. Petrosyants, Chairman of the USSR State Committee on
Atomic Energy, headed the Soviet Delegation, and ERDA Ad-
ministrator R. Seamans headed the US side of the Joint Com-
mittee. Representatives of the two sides reported on the
results of cooperation during 1975 in the areas of Controlled
Thermonuclear Research (CTR), Fast Breeder Reactors (Fl3R),
and Research in Fundamental Properties of Matter (FPM.).
Programs of cooperation--involving considerable joint work:-
in all three areas for 1976 were approved. With the signing
of the Protocol in FPM, which establishes a Joint Coordinating
Committee for Fundamental Properties like those already
established for CTR and FBR and defines the procedures by
which the fundamental properties exchanges are to run, all
three areas of US-USSR cooperation in the field of atomic
energy are now formalized in ten--year official protocols.
The Joint Committee approved an exchange of delegations
of specialists in thermionic research--an area in which our specialists believe the Soviets to be quite advanced--to
take place during 1976 to determine if there is a- mutually
agreeable basis for exploring the possibility for further
cooperation in this field. Both sides also agreed to the
exchange of visits by experts in the field of light water
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reactors during 1976 to develop topics and possible forms
of cooperation in this field for submission as recommendations
at the fourth meeting of the Joint Committee in. October 1976
in Moscow. US experts do not know if we stand to benefit
from cooperation in this area but agreed to an exchange of
visits in an effort to determine if the Soviets have anything
to offer and if a mutually beneficial program of cooperation
could be developed. The two sides also considered the pos-
sibility of establishing a telecommunications link, which
could facilitate communications regarding questions of cooper._:t-
tion. The Soviets will inform us in the near future re-
garding measures taken for installation of such a link,
Following the three-day meeting in Washington, the Soviet
delegation was taken on a tour of ERDA installations and
private US firms in the Pacific Northwest, California,
Tennessee, and New Jersey.
Fundamental Properties of Matter
During the Joint Committee Meeting, the US and Soviet
Co-Chairmen signed a protocol covering US-USSR cooperation
in research on Fundamental Properties of Matter. In addition,
Annex I to the Protocol covering regulations and procedures
regarding the activities of the Joint US-USSR Coordinating
Committee on Fundamental Properties of Matter, Annex II
to the Protocol covering liability, and an expanded cooperative
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program in Fundamental Properties of Matter--including more
joint research effort's, more US-USSR research at a broader
range of Soviet research institutions (Leningrad, Novosi-
birsk, Alma-Ata)--for calendar year 1976 were officially
approved. The protocol signed in December represents the
first effort at working out a program of joint work for
a year's period in the Fundamental Properties area.
It was agreed at a November 1975 meeting at the
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva,
that the first meeting of an international working group
will be held in Serpukhov, USSR, in June 1976 to consider
setting up a study group regarding a very large accelerator.
Because of its relevance to fundamental properties physics
and to the US-USSR efforts in high energy physics, this
meeting constitutes a part of the 1976 joint program in
Fundamental Properties of Matter. Attendance at the
Serpukhov meeting will include representatives from each
of the four regions of the world, concerned with major acti-
vities in high energy physics---the US, USSR, CERN States,
and Japan. Agreement to convene: this conference in Serpukhov
signifies Soviet interest in the concept of a multi-national
approach to the study of high energy physics using very
large accelerators too expensive for any single nation to
build.
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Fast Breeder Reactors
The second meeting of the US-USSR Fast Breeder Reactor
(FBR) Coordinating Committee was held in Washington, Novem-
ber 13-14, 1975? The FBR Joint Committee agreed to a pro-
gram of cooperation for 1976-77 which was approved at the
third meeting of the US-USSR Joint Committee on December
5, 1975. The 1976-77 program includes the following:
Physics of Reactors (reactor calculations); exchange of
fuel cladding; exchange of steam generator and intermediate
heat exchanger tubing; steam generator safety---symposium
and devising of detailed joint programs; "in-situ" inspection
of steam generator tubes; and information exchange.
At the Joint Atomic Energy Committee meeting in Decem-
ber we raised the matter of those problems which. we feel
have inhibited the development of FBR cooperation. We
cited as causes for concern the imbalance in visits to FBR.
installations (to date 24 for the Soviets in the US and 10
for US delegations in the USSR); Soviet inability or unwil-
lingness to show FBR specialists component fabrication and
.testing facilities, and compartmentalization of knowledge
in the USSR. Unless the Soviets show a willingness to be
more forthcoming we are convinced that it will be impossible
to proceed to joint research and development in FBR.
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Three Soviet scientists worked for three weeks with
their US colleagues at the Princeton Plasma Physics Labora-
tory and together they succeeded in developing the first
practical design for a divertor for the next generation of
large tokamak expe:riraents in both countries.. The reduction
and control of plasma impurities is an important part of
fusion power R & D, and this successfully-designed divertor
represents a major step in this area.
A US scientific team visited the Soviet Union for three
weeks to work in the field of high frequency heating of
fusion plasmas. The Soviets explained their development of
special high power tubes for this application and have in-
dicated a willingness to make available to the US this
technology, which would have a significant effect on the
development of an EBT device (microwave heated toroidal
plasma system) at Holifield National Laboratory. Both sides
are presently exploring the process of licensing such
equipment.
The expanded program of exchanges in CTR for 1976
approved during the Joint Committee meeting provides for an.
increase in total man weeks of exchanges from 272 in 1975
to 462 in 1976 and an increase in'the number of joint work
exchanges from 10 in 1975 to 17 in 1976: the rise in the
number of man weeks for 1976 in CTR reflects the changing
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emphasis of US-USSR CTR exchange--from preparatory/orientation
phase to joint work projects--as scientists of both coun-
tries consult and conduct joint work in an effort to solve
those problems which must be solved before prototype and
demonstration thermonuclear reactors can be developed.
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MEDICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Joint Committee Meeting
The highlight of the last quarter was the fourth session
of the US-USSR Joint, Committee, held in Washington October
20-24. The Joint Committee reviewed program activities under
both the Health and Artificial Heart Agreements, assessed,
progress, and planned 1.976 joint activities. As a concrete
measure of productivity of joint cooperative work during 1975,
the Joint Committee noted that more than 35 articles resulting
from collaboration under the Health program were published in,
the scientific literature of both countries. On-site reviews
of arteriosclerosis and environmental health research also
were made at the Research Triangle facilities in North Carolina.
The Joint Committee agreed to expand collaboration in
Environmental Health to include a new problem area, "Method-
ological Basis for Evaluating the Biological Effect of Physical
Factors in the Environment", and expanded Mental Health col-
laboration to include a new project area, "Organic Basis of.
Schizophrenia It also took steps to resolve intellectual
property issues that. could arise In Health and Artificial
Heart areas. The next session of the Joint Committee will be
held in Moscow in October 1976.
Cardiovascular Diseases and Artificial Heart
US project chairmen assessed results to date and discussed
future US-USSR cooperative work at National Heart and Lung
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Institute's (NHLI) Annual Review, held in December. Coopera-
tive study in Pathogenesis of Arteriosclerosis continues to
progress well and the goals outlined in the work plans for
1975 have been largely met. A Soviet delegation in this area
visited the US in November, and attended working group sessions
in Biochemistry, Cardiology, Epidemiology, and Data Handling
at a number of major US facilities in these fields. As a
result, the US and Soviet sides agreed on standardization of
all ECG data sent to the US in these projects, and on complete
revision of the food table and coding book used. The Soviet
delegation also attended special meetings at NHLI on lipid
research, as part of US and Soviet work in a multilateral
lipid clinics program.
In the Myocardial Metabolism area, a formal US-USSR pre-
sentation was made at the annual meeting of the American Heart
Association during November. In the area of Blood Transfusion
work, a four-member Soviet delegation made a familiarization
visit to major US blood banks during October-November. Before
joint collaborative projects in this field can be implemented,"
it is essential for both sides to have clear knowledge of blood
transfusion practices of each other. Under the Artificial
Heart Agreement, arrangements were made for sending a US
artificial heart device to the USSR in March 1976 for evalua-
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Cancer Research
At the Joint Committee sessions, the National Cancer Insti-
tute (NCI) raised questions with Soviet counterparts about the
frequency of official meetings, which NCI considered were taking
up too much of the total exchange quota. NCI suggested these
official meetings be reduced, and more research specialists
exchanged. The Soviets agreed, but suggested that the reduc--
tion take place within Cancer Virology and Cell Genetics,
thus suggesting a preference toward clinical areas rather than
basic biomedical research.
Within the Chemotherapy projects in Cancer, there have
been extensive barter exchanges of valuable quantities of the
newest drugs. Joint: evaluative work has made significant
progress with the drug Ftorafur, developed by the Soviets
and provided to us in amounts totaling over $100,000. Another
example of concrete benefits in this area is represented in
the planned publication in both countries of a joint monograph
on "Development of Drugs for the Treatment of Cancer". Future
private sector developments in the Chemotherapy area are sug-
gested by press reports of a December agreement between the
USSR State Committee for Science and Technology and Bristol-
Meyers Co. The agreement centers on exchange of "anti-cancer
technology", and NCI is currently exploring developments with
Bristol-Meyers Co. In a disappointing vein, NCI facilitated
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the private visit of a-US nurse to the Moscow Cancer Research
Institute, where she noted that the Soviets were not making
use of a Laminar Flow Isolation. Facility which NSI had pro-
vided the Soviets, perhaps because of Soviet inexperience
and inadequate training with this equipment.
At the Mammalian Somatic Cell Genetics meeting in December,
the Soviets presented for the first time joint study proposals,
NCI had earlier voiced concern at the Joint Committee sessions
over lack of progress in this topic, and the Soviets have now
responded.
A negative development was the press attention given to
a US long-term researcher working in the Cancer Epidemiology
area, who had encountered a long list of frustrations during
his November 1974-October 1975 stay in the USSR. This research-
er made available to the press his personal journal, which in-
cluded strong opinions that US and Soviet authorities had not
properly organized or administered his program. The Soviets
responded by diving an extensive interview to the Associated
Press' Moscow correspondent. HEW and NCI's views are mixed,
but they consider that this airing of difficulties could help
both sides to address them and move towards solutions. In
NCI's view, the Soviets did unreasonably treat this individual,
but the matter will be discussed by both sides at the next
annual Oncology program review.
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Environmental Health
Joint research in the new Physical Factors area will begin
in 1976, but initially it will focus on the effect of micro-
wave radiation on the central nervous system, and its behavior-
al effects. In the long run, this, research will help to es-
tablish standards governing the chronic exposure of human
populations to microwave radiation. Interestingly, the Soviets
currently have a more stringent exposure standard than the US.
Influenza Research.
The US shipped influenza isolates to the Soviets in Octo-
ber, and then shipped an interferon-inducing drug for Soviet
testing in November.
Arthritis Research
US contributions to cooperation have been delayed because
of difficulties in funding the US investigators slated to carry
out clinical studies in concert with Soviet research. Study
proposals have now been. received from the USSR, and will be
reviewed by the US.
In the areas of Microbiology and Immunology in Arthritis,
US investigators attempted to reproduce findings made by a
Soviet scientist regarding cellular DNA complementary to measles
virus in tissues of patients with Systematic Lupus Erthematosus.
In addition, Soviet scientists succeeded in establishing a
colony of a special species of mice, called NZB, from a breeding
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stock supplied by NIH in May. The Soviet colony of mice will
be used in special comparative experiments later on.
Schizophrenia
Current plans set by the Joint Committee call for work. on
the Organic Basis of Schizophrenia to begin during 1976, and
NIMH has arranged to ship certain chemical specimens to the
Soviet side.
Also within the general area of Mental Health Research,
there has been an interesting proposal generated between the
Soviets and US private industry. The Soviet Institute of Psy-
chiatry in Moscow had been discussing possible arrangements
to purchase about two million dollars' worth of Control Data
Corporation computer equipment. The Soviets have claimed
that this equipment is needed for their ongoing schizophrenia
research. originally, the Soviets indicated to Control Data
Corporation that the proposed equipment was part of the ex-
change work with NIMH, and intimated that NIMH would pay for
it. NIMH authorities have made clear to Control Data Corpora-
tion that the US will not fund such a purchase, and have further
advised Control Data. Corporation that proper export license
procedures would have to be followed, At the present time,
this matter remains only a proposal, and appropriate NIMH auth-
orities are continuing to monitor the situation within the HEW
context..
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
The highly successful October 28-31 fourth annual
meeting of the Joint Committee in Washington was discussed
in the last Quarterly Report. Following the meeting, the
Soviet Chairman, Yuri Izrael, wrote to EPA Administrator
Russell E. Train expressing deep appreciation an all counts
including his October 31 meeting with President Ford. Izrael
stated that the Soviet leadership's view is completely in
line with the President's positive assessment of the results
of the Environment Agreement.
Earthquake Prediction
As an indication of the importance the Soviets attach
to the Agreement, Izrael's letter also stated that US
geologists would be given the essential topographical maps
and aerial photography of the Garm region of Tadzhikistan
when they return later in 1976. This is one of two areas
where US and Soviet seismologists are conducting important
work under our earthquake prediction projects. Izrael,
however, failed to mention maps for the second area, Nurek,
and we are making follow-up inquiries.
Verification of se:Lsmic findings has been hindered by the
absence of detailed knowledge of surface features, which
such maps can hopefully provide. Hitherto the Soviet
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scientists had been unable to provide maps and photographs
because of Soviet government regulations, and Izrael's
undertaking represents an important breakthrough.
At the December meeting of the American. Geophysical
Union, US and Soviet seismologists presented fifteen papers
on their joint work in earthquake prediction - another
example of the level of cooperative effort attained in many
projects under the Agreement.
Air Pollution
On a sour note, just as the Joint Committee meeting was
opening, a US air pollution delegation returned from the
USSR tow days early after unsatisfactory meetings on
atmospheric chemistry, aerosols, modeling, and instrumenta-
tion. Although top Soviet experts made presentations at
the meetings in the USSR, attempts by the US team to engage
in detailed discussions were repeatedly frustrated by a
variety of excuses. Most of the research discussed by the
Soviets was dated, and they generally refused to discuss their
new instrumentation.
Raising this issue with Izrael during the Joint Commit-
tee meeting, Administrator Train warned that the future
of this project would depend on a resolution of those
problemse lzrael subsequently summoned the Soviet project
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leaders, reprimanded them, and through his staff assured
us that the Soviet side would take steps to prevent a
recurrence. At the same time the Soviet reply placed some
of the responsibility on the US team. We had hoped that
the Soviets might be more forthcoming in the fields of
modeling and instrumentation, as for some time we have
assumed that they have strong capabilities in them. Their
failure to do so to date could stem from a concern that
cooperation in this field might give us a chance to monitor
chemical activities in the Soviet industrial and defense
sector, and to learn their monitoring capabilities.
Congressional Hearings
Appearing before the House Subcommittee on Domestic
and International Scientific Planning and Analysis for two
hours on November 20, Administrator Train gave his first
comprehensive testimony on the Environmental Agreement
before Congress. The atmosphere was friendly and sympathetic;
a Committee member who is generally skeptical of the results
of detente congratulated Mr. Train's efforts and the
results achieved. He characterized the testimony as "extremely
informative and responsive. " Asked about the problem of
funding, Train said he could not speak for the other
bilateral agreements but gave his personal view that the time
may be coming for line item appropriations for the Environmental
Agreement.
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AGRICULTURE -19-
The significant developments during the quarter were
meetings in Moscow of the Joint Committee and the two working
groups, and the sending of three US teams to the USSR and
hosting of five Soviet teams in this country.
Joint Committee Meeting
The third session of the Joint Committee took place in
Moscow, October 15-17. The reports of both working groups
were approved, as well. a:, the combined list of teams to be
exchanged in 1976 . There was some. discussion prior to the
final agreement on the exchange of one veterinarian's 45-day
visit in each country on a first-time experimental receiving-
side-pays basis. The continuing problems with scheduling and
itineraries for team exchanges were also discussed, as well
as ways for dealing with the causes. We made our points
orally since we have found it unproductive to force our view
into the meeting record. The standoff continued on forward
estimates of production, utilization, and foreign trade of
major agricultural commodities, although we have implicitly
It
linked Soviet attitudes on these matters to our willingness
to expand and intensify cooperation in the agricultural sciences.
It was agreed that consultative meetings of both working groups
would be held in May-June 1976 in Moscow, and that the full
working groups will meet in conjunction with the fourth session
of the Joint Committee in Washington in September-October 1976.
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The semi-annual talks on the current agricultural
situation and outlook in both countries again were clouded
by the failure of the Soviets to provide pertinent current
data on their situation. Not only did they decline to give
any estimates requested, but they held back knowledge about
the sharp drops in the October 1. numbers of hogs and poultry
on state and collective farms (only the small increase in
the number of cattle was mentioned) and implied that the USDA
estimate of Soviet c;ra:Ln production was fairly good (it was
170 million tons at the time as compared to their estimate
of 1.40 million tons that later was revealed). The Soviets
did provide the formality of having a representative of the
Ministry of Foreign Trade make their part of the presentation
on foreign trade, but :ze did not reveal any pertinent current
data.
Research and Technology
The Research and Technology 'Working Group, which met
October 7-10, reviewed cooperative activities in 1975 and
approved plans for joint work and exchanges in 1.976. The
main difficulty, however, was the unexplained refusal of the
Soviets to receive a US plant collection visit under the Plant
Science project, originally requested for 1975, any earlier
than 1977. Eight teams to explore the prospects for joint
work will be exchanged in 1976, including the veterinarian's
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Ski'+A&06+Y,
45-day visit in each country on an experimental receiving-
side-pays basis. New work plans generally were limited to
original. areas of cooperation, with the real beginning of.
joint research involving long-term individual work in several
selected areas, such as eed exchange and diagnoses of animal
diseases.
Economic Research and Information
In the October 10-14 meeting of the Economic Research
and Information Working Group, agreement was reached that
seven teams would be exchanged in 1976, with the option of
an additional team for each side. For the US, the teams would
cover livestock planning, storage, forecasting, and crop ob-
servation. For the Soviets, the teams would be mostly in
the Agribusiness area. In the review of the economic informa-
tion exchange, we repeated previous requests for forward
estimates of agricultural production, utilization, and trade,
especially for grains. Although the Soviets held to their
position that the annual and five-year goals being furnished
fulfilled their obligation, some general willingness was in-
dicated to work through joint forecasting study toward pro-
viding more information in the future. Agreement was reached
to divide the Agribusiness project into theoretical and
applications sub-projects.
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Team Visits
Of the three US teams sent, one under the auspices of
the Working Group on Research and Technology got a better
understanding of Soviet. administrative and organizational
approaches to agricultural research. We expect this to assist
us in better defining areas suitable for joint work. Another
US team, in the Forecasting Project? had a workshop on method-
ology with Soviet counterparts and again got impressions
similar to those at the October 1S)75 meetings that the Soviets
would be willing to work on a joint forecasting study in the
future.
Soviet teams to the US were mostly in the Agribusiness
project area and concerned use of computerized mathematical
models in livestock and poultry production, vegetable oil
production, Holstein-Friesian cattle breeding, and protein
vitamin feed, supplements. In conrLection with reported Soviet
interest in computer uses in agriculture, we are coordinating
with the US side of the S & T Agreement Working Group on
Computer Applications.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The major development of the quarter, was the fourth
meeting of the Joint Commission in early October, which was
described in the third quarter report. Subsequent to this
meeting there was considerable activity in all twelve areas
of cooperation under the Science and Technology Agreement.
Computer Applications
In the Application of Computers to Management area, a
first meeting has already taken place on Theoretical Foundations
for Software, one of the new topics approved by the Joint
Commission. The workshop on this topic made progress in
coupling US and Soviet research efforts on mathematical
software; a joint effort is underway to integrate Soviet
research on languages for automatic generation of applica-
tion programs with US research on mathematical software for
solution of linear systems associated with management.
On the negative side, work on the Large Cities topic
was slowed by the no-show, allegedly because of sickness,
of an expected Soviet delegation. The US Executive
Secretary has written to his Soviet counterpart to ask
that steps be taken to improve communications.
Chemical Catal sis
Continued exchange of_long-term chemical catalysis
research fellows included a Soviet nomination under the
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I,IM.D QPVICTLL 1.a..,?
reactor modeling project, thus fulfilling the working group's
condition for keeping that project alive.
Electrometallurgy
In Electrometallurgy the Soviets suggested a major
symposium in 1976 to assess results in all projects, but
agreed with us to a 1977 date, on the ground that progress
would be insufficient ini976. However, in July the Soviet
working group will critically review progress; this review
is to include the presentation of six joint papers by the
project leaders,
During the quarter progress was made in three projects:
Solid State Joining, Plasma Arc Melting, and Electron Beam
Evaporation. A work program was developed for the new
Solid State Joining project during a visit of US specialists
to the USSP. The two s-'-des are working independently on
various Plasma-Arc activities in preparation for subsequent
comparison of results. Soviet specialists visited
the US in December to farm up arrangements. The Soviet
side has finished the first phase ahead of us, largely
because their centralized bureaucracy permits more rapid
action once a decision Is made.
They report that the half-ton high-nitrogen ingot
they promised to ship to us under the plasma arc project in the
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third quarter, left Kiev for the US on November 18. We
have not yet received it and are seeking a definite arrival
date. The Electron Beam meeting arranged details for the
exchange of coated cutting tool bits and for development
of a method of tool evaluation. A variety of coatings was
exchanged.
The Electron Beam delegation arrived a week late
because of delayed issuance of a US visa stemming from our
security concerns about one member of the Soviet delegation.
During a discussion of the visa problem, a high--level Soviet
official asserted that the Soviet side had never denied a
Soviet visa to a traveler proposed by the US for activity
under the Agreement. We replied by reminding them that they
did not permit travel of an American expert we proposed for
a Chemical Catalysis visit to Alma Ata last March. This
elicited a Soviet offer to receive the expert at Alma Ata
were we to make another request.
Forestry
In the Forestry area a five-man Soviet delegation came
to the United States to initiate activity in two topics,
Harvesting and Reforestation. The orientation trip we organized
for them emphasized mechanization and automation in these
two areas. A top-level visit to the USSR is planned soon to
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prepare a strong program of exchange for 1976.
Intellectual Proms-tv
Agreement has been reached to hold the next Intellec-
tual Property Working Group meeting in April. Meanwhile,
we are consulting with US industry on the US position for
assigning invention rights in third countries.
MetroLo-
In Metrology, US experts found Soviet ideas in the
P' 3ical Constants project novel, stimulating, and.useful
in developing more precise values. The two sides are
considering how best to include, rather than discard,
discrepant data in a least-squares adjustment of fundamental
constants. The National Bureau of Standards has calibrated
five Soviet thermocouples by a method different from that
used by the Soviets, with better than expected results:
Soviet and US calibrations agree at each temperature point
within normal experimental error. Concept papers have been
exchanged which outline the scope of a possible automated
standards information system. A work plan which the Soviets
transmitted to us on October 9 suggested four new projects:
fields of measuring electromagnetic characteristics of
materials at high and super-high frequencies, metrological
assurance for measuring liquid and gas flow rates, metrological
assurance for measurement of the quantity of oil and oil
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products transported in. tankers, and humidity measurements.
We are presently considering these proposals. On October 3
the Soviets said they would. soon transmit to us specific
proposals on fundamental research in Metrology.
Microbiology
In Microbiology a US expert visiting the USSR.to explore
possible benefits from cooperation in geomicrobiology called
at five Soviet institutions and identified Soviet experts in
four areas of interest to the USo tertiary recovery of oil,
prospecting for oil and gas, extraction of metals from ores,
and protection of the environment. He found much Soviet
talent and superb Soviet analytical work and acquired much
useful literature (two books, three booklets and 66 reprints
c. 1973-1975 on the subjects of petroleum microbiology and
geomicrobiology)o
A US Microbiology delegation to a conference on genetics
of yeast and entomopathogenic organisms in Leningrad dis-
covered that the Soviets, while good in classical genetics
were apparently behind in molecular biology. Subsequent to
the meeting we obtained evidence which confirms their claim
to have developed. a food yeast which meets our Food and
Drug Administration requirements. In another microbiology
project, the US received requested Soviet enzyme papers
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which had been delayed while internal Soviet clearance was
being obtained to release unpublished data. The earlier
Soviet presentations had been unacceptably superficial
because they were based only on published material.
A single-cell protein meeting planned for December in
the US had to be postponed until February because of late
receipt by the Soviets of a US letter. At a meeting of US
Executive Secretaries for all the agreements cases such as
this were cited to emphasize the need to use telegrams if
action is required in less than two months.
Physics
In Physics, the Soviet Academy of Sciences backed away
from the positive Soviet presentation at. the Joint Commission
meeting in October by rejecting in November a proposal to
form joint panels of 'US and Soviet experts which would select
problems to be studied and would recommend participating
scientists. The rejection of this concept likely reflects
a Soviet desire to prevent the US from having a voice
in selecting Soviet scientists. We do not interpret the
Soviet Academy's negative stance as one inconsistent with
the Soviet interest expressed at the October Joint Commission
Meeting in pushing ahead. in the physics area. The issue
appears to be primarily procedural.
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This negative Soviet position has also been reflected in
their draft version of the new US-Soviet Inter-Academy
Exchange Agreement. The Soviet Academy letter also recom-
mended that the program, which has still not gotten
underway at all, be broadened to include Experimental
Physics, thus bringing us full. circle. The Joint Commis-
sion, at its first meeting, recommended cooperation in
Theoretical and Experimental Physics, whereas subsequent
Joint Commission statements have been limited to Theoretical
Physics. This represents an effort. to get started when
cooperative arrangements are simpler, since cooperation on
theory would not involve equipment as'joint experimentation
would.
Science Policy
In the Science-Policy area a National Academy of
Sciences delegation visited the USSR to make plans for a
joint scientific assessment of the problems of arid land
agriculture as a possible case study under the Stimulation
of Research Project. US work in this area is dependent
upon finding the necessary funds and upon development of
coordination with arid lands work under the Agricultural and
Environmental Protection Agreements, as well as under the
Water Resources area of the S&T Agreement.
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A bottleneck in the Manpower project was partially
resolved by the receipt of a Soviet outline of a report which
calls for inclusion of data on the utilization of scientific
and engineering personnel and to begin exchange of information
specialists.
S & T Information
In the Scientific and Technical Information area a
symposium was held on forecasting information requirements
and services. Within two months each side is to provide the
other with texts of its papers as approved for publication.
There was less substance in the Soviet presentation than
we had hoped for, leading us to suggest to the Soviets that
our delegations may be mismatched, with the Soviets being
managers, and the Americans theoreticians. The working group
agreed to combine the Forecasting project with. one on
comparing costs and benefits.
Standardization
n an ar iza ion, thirteen Soviet standards publica-
tions were received, twelve US standards publications were
transmitted to the USSR, and three Soviet standards
documents were translated, bringing the cumulative total to
only five translations.
Water Resources
In the Water Resources area a Soviet delegation on
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Planning and Management failed to arrive when expected,
apparently due to their misreading of a message revising the
itinerary. However, the visit was successfully rearranged
for a week later.
The National Academy of Sciences is assisting the Army
Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory (CRREL) to make direct contact with the Soviet
Academy of Sciences and its Permafrost. Institute concerning
research on the thermal regime within and beneath embankment
dams in permafrost regions CRREL is the principal US
technical agency supporting work in the Cold Weather Construc-
tion project under the Water Resources Working Group and in
related projects under the Housing, Environment, Energy,
and Transportation Agreements. 'If the NAS effort is successful,
the resulting improved contacts for CRREL could, thus assist
a wide range of activities under several cooperative
agreements.
Other Developments
On November 18-20 a subcommittee of the House Committee
on Science and Technology held hearings on the S & T
Agreement. The US Chairman of the Joint Commission and the
US Chairmen of the Chemical Catalysis and Electrometallurgy
Working Groups appeared as witnesses. The Committee asked
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searching questions concerning US benefits and was primarily
interested in obtaining information which would justify
our continued involvement.
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-33-
Two working groups have held meetings since the first
Joint Committee meeting last June.
Building for. Extreme Climates/Unusual Conditions
The Working Group on Building for Extreme Climates and
Unusual Geological Conditions met in the Soviet Union Novem-
ber 17-26, 1975. The meeting and professional visits to in-
stitutions in Moscow, Leningrad, and Tashkent met our expecta-
tions and requests. The Soviets carried out the agreement
made during the negotiations in June to provide access to an
institution they had been reluctant to make available in the
past. The US delegation visited the Moscow-based Scientific
Research Institute on Bases and Underground Structures,which
is under the control of HUD's counterpart executive agency,
the State Committee for Construction Affairs. At the Insti-
tute, the US team was exposed to an impressive array of tech-
nical experts.
At the first meeting, the working group exchanged technical,
publications and reached agreement to pursue two projects be-
ginning in 1976: (1) planning, design, construction and
maintenance of buildings and structures for cold regions;
and (2) designing and calculating methods for construction of
footings and foundations (including deep pile supports) under
unusual geological conditions. These projects will be carried
out through extended exchange visits (of one to three months
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duration) of technical specialists to work on current projects
in each other's country. We hope to benefit from Soviet ex?'
perience and technology in cold weather construction and in
methods for construction of footings and foundations in perma-
frost. The US side submitted specific proposals for exchanges
of specialists. The Soviets side agreed to examine these
proposals and communicate its decision by June 1976.
New Towns
David Meeker, HUD Assistant Secretary for Community Plan-
ning and Development, has been named interim US chairman of
the New Towns Working Group. The first joint meeting took
place in the USSR in early February 1976.
The scheduling of other working group meetings is pro-
ceeding.
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ENERGY
During the quarter, it was agreed that the second Joint
Committee meeting, originally scheduled for July 1975, should
convene March 15, 1976 in Moscow. Some project-related
activity occurred in most of the program areas during the
quarter; however, no significant activity was rioted in four
areas: Electric Power Systems, Heat Rejection Systems,
UHV, and Pollution from Oil and Gas Operations.
Fossil Fuels
The return visit of the US gas experts to the USSR
was held in January. The post-meeting tour included all
sites we asked to visit, with the exception of permafrost
pipelines sites. We did learn enough about Soviet arctic
activities during the visit to lead us to conclude that
permafrost pipeline construction will probably be our
highest priority gas interest. Despite our repeated re-
quests for access, we, unfortunately, saw little on gas
distribution and utilization because, the Soviets explained,
this activity falls under a separate Soviet ministry. We
aim to-pursue this matter by identifying the ministry in
question and by requesting includion of the subject of
gas distribution and utilization, and participation
by the responsible ministry during our next USSR. visit,
At the end of the visit both sides drew up a draft record
including a listing of topics for joint cooperation. When
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approved by the respective governments, the record and its
topics for cooperation will be submitted to the Joint Com-
mittee for its approval.
Soviet proposals on oil topics were received in
January; these closely parallel ones we sent to the USSR
in September. The Soviets did omit from their list of
topics two which are of interest to us--Rapid Drilling and
Down Hole Powered Drills, and Radiometric Exploration. Our
response proposes that these two subjects be included among
those for recommended approval at the March Energy Joint
Committee meeting.
We have proposed to the Soviets that the coal topics
tentatively identified for cooperative projects under the
Energy Agreement be pursued under the Environmental Agree-
ment instead.
Thermal Power and_Hydropower.
First quarter 1976 dates are being considered, for
Thermal. Power and Hydropower meetings. A Soviet Hydropower
delegation paid a return visit to the US in mid-'February
(a US group visited the USSR in May-June 1975) and toured
,hydroelectric sites.. The Joint Working Group met to
discuss further implementation of cooperation in this area.
Thus far we have been unable to identify areas for mutually
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beneficial cooperation in Hydropower, but plan to continue
our attempts to do so via further discussions and, perhaps,
exchanges of experts.
In. the Thermal Power area, the US expects to host a
US-USSR symposium on "Safety Maintenance for Fuel-Loading,
Storage,and Delivery Systems" in the second quarter of 1976.
Dates are also being considered for reciprocal visits to
observe cycling of boiler units.
MHD
In the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) project, Soviet
techniques being used in joint plasma diagnostic studies
(carried out with Soviet equipment, by So~riet scientists)
at the AVCO Mark VI facility are stimulating much interest.
The USSR has developed a method and the instrumentation
for measuring two critical plasma properties--temperature
and conductivity--using, respectively, an automated sodium
line reversal technique and a moving tuned-coil method.
US MHD specialists worked closely and effectively with
Soviet colleagues during the testing of US-designed and
constructed MHD electrode wall sections in the Soviet U-02
facility in September in a channel.. which utilized USSR
insulating walls. From the measurements of the thermal
and electrical characteristics during the test and visual
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inspection after removal of the test section it has been
determined that the US electrodes as well as the Soviet
insulating walls performed satisfactorily in the first
100-hour test of US electrode walls under full MHD operating
conditions. This has been confirmed from post-test measure-
ments in the US, and much valuable information on electrode
wall design has been obtained for the first time.
Superconducting Power Transmission
During their September visit. to the USSR, US experts
visited institutions where advanced work in various aspects
of superconducting power transmission is underway, but which
have not been included in the US--USSR program. They came
away convinced that the circle of cooperation must be
broadened to encompass those Soviet institutions which are
in the forefront of superconducting power transmission re-
search and development. The US project leader for Super-
conducting Transmission cooperation has requested that
cooperation be broadened to include the Ministry of Elec-
tric Engineering industries and such institutes as the
All-Union Research Institute of the Cable Industry, the
Electrotechnical Institute in the Name of Lenin, and the
Podolsk Cable Works. Thus far the Soviets have not responded
to this request.
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Solar and Geothermal Power
Solar and Geothermal projects, inactive for many
months because of important differences on how to proceed,
were discussed informally by Soviet and US experts in
Washington in December. The Soviets say they initially
agreed to these projects only to oblige us. They expressed
surprise that we should be interested in cooperation in
Solar Energy since, they assert, their plans for eventual
use of solar energy are more modest than ours.
Despite this attitude, they suggested reviving the
solar workshops which they postponed last June, and we
offered to do so in February, 1976. We believe a mutually
beneficial program might be developed if Soviet experts
in photovoltaics became involved, and proposed that three
workshops take place in February in the US, including one
on photovoltaics. The Soviets responded that they were
unable to assemble even a small group of experts in the
photovoltaic area for a February meeting and have proposed
that the workshop on this topic be held at a later date in
the USSR We have agreed with their suggestion that details
for the photovoltaic visit to the USSR be discussed during
the February workshops on the other topics. We have com-
municated to the Soviets our displeasure at the delay in
holding the photovoltaic workshop, since we believe photo-
voltaics must be included in a Solar cooperative program.
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Deputy Minister of Power Maksimov responded officially
on December 3 to a US letter in which we gave technical
reasons why our geothermal experts wish to visit Kamchatka.
Maksimov suggested that a program of cooperation be devel-
oped excluding a visit to Kamchatka, but offered access to
data from the now inoperative binary system Kamchatka
electric power station as well as from a flash steam power
plant still in operation there.
He told us informally during the December Joint,
Atomic Energy Committee meeting that his ministry refused
to take over the Kamchatka binary plant in 1973 when the
Academy offered it to the Ministry, as its future was so
unpromising. He said that, if the US side can convince him
that there is a sound technical reason, to go to Kamchatka,
he would personally escort one US expert. We are not sure
if he can deliver on this offer, but we are putting together
a more detailed technical rationale for such a visit. US
direction of the Solar and Geothermal projects is being
transferred from NSF to ERDA.
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A serious problem arose during the month of October
with respect to Soviet attendance at 3 scheduled meetings
which were specifically noted in the Records of Protocol.
Concerned US scientists made known last-minute Soviet
postponement requests for agreed-upon joint meetings. This
matter was brought to the attention of Dr. Robert A. White,
Chairman of the US side of the Joint Committee. US Oceans
Agreement participants are convinced that the postponements
reflect bureaucratic disorganization on the Soviet side
rather than foot dragging,but they are equally convinced
that postponements of long prearranged meetings, for which
US scientists have carefully scheduled their time, not only'
'seriously jeopardize the meetings themselves but could
also be detrimental to the continued interest of US
scientists in the program.
In order to minimize such disruptions in the future,
Dr. White wrote to his Soviet counterpart, proposing that
the US--USSR Joint Committee establish a requirement that
intent to cancel or postpone a scheduled meeting must be
announced at least forty-five days in advance of the date
scheduled. This letter appears to have had some impact
already as the meeting of the Joint Working Group on
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Biological Productivity, which the Soviets indicated they
would not attend, actually took Place in an abbreviated
form. Dr. White has not yet received a direct response
to his proposal.
In a new development, the Soviet Embassy in Washington,
together with the SCST in Moscow, have on several recent
occasions been helpful in getting quite rapid responses
to communications and facilitating last-minute travel of
Soviet specialists to meetings in the US.
On November 17, Alexander P. Vinogradov, USSR Co-
Chairman of the Joint Committee, died at the age of 80. His
leadership and guidance will be missed. We expect that a
new USSR Co-Chairman will be named sometime during the
next quarter.
The US Committee regrets the departure of Mr. John
Kiely and Dr. Thomas K:_ingan from its membership. They
have made significant contributions to the US Committee
since the initiation, of work under the US-USSR Ocean
Agreement. Dr. Philip Eisenberg, from the National
Academy of Engineering, and Miss Rozanne Ridgeway, Deputy
.Assistant Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries Affairs,
State Department, have replaced them on the US Committee.
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Large-Scale Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction
Several project activities took place during the
quarter under the Large-Scale Ocean-Atmosphere Interation
Program. The North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) Planning
Committee met October 29-31. Two Soviet scientists attended
this meeting and, while there, met with the appropriate
U.S. Area Coordinator to discuss cooperative programs for
formal consideration by their respective countries. Both
sides are considering carrying out a study of the influence
of the atmosphere on the North Pacific current and on
the upper layer of the mid-latitude ocean by winter storms.
For such an operation in the stormy North Pacific in
winter, very sea-worthy'ships are required. Since few U.S.
ships have the capability to operate for an extended period
under very heavy sea conditions, U.S. scientists consider
cooperation involving Soviet ships advantageous to the U.S.
program. The Soviet scientists were positive in their
approach to joint cooperation in this area but were not
authorized to agree to a program. At their suggestion
we have recently initiated correspondence proposing the
formation of a working group of scientists to develop
more specific plans for such an operation but thus far have
not received any response.
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Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry
The Deep Sea Drilling Project received another
quarter million dollars from the Soviets during the
quarter. The total Soviet contribution to date has been.
$1,750,000.
The Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) field project, a
study of the geology, (presence of minerals and ores) and
characteristics of the Central North Atlantic Ocean Basin and
Continental Margins, has ended and the US and USSR are
planning to compile the data in the form of an Atlas. The Atlas
of the International Indian Ocean Expedition recently
published by the Soviets will serve as a model for the
scientific content of the Atlas.
Dr. Gleb Udintsev (USSR) and Dr. Peter Rona (US)
met in December to discuss plans for the joint Atlas.
Their meeting was a preliminary step to initiate the draft-
ing of a specific proposal for presentation to the Joint
Committee outlining responsibilities, costs, credits and
time required to print the Atlas. The Atlas should be
completed in English and Russian by the end of 1976.
Ocean Currents and Dynamics
From October 14-November 12, the Joint Large-Scale
Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (POLYMODE) Organizing
Committee met and, in a, very cooperative and businesslike
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manner, prepared joint-recommendations on experimental
and theoretical scientific planning and on support of
scientific planning. We sent a draft record of the recom-
mendations for Soviet. comment and concurrence and received
a positive response from them. In the interest of assuring
prompt receipt of and action upon messages relating to the
Polymode Experiment(they will proliferate as the `77
joint experiment approaches) we also prepared support
documentations for installation of a US/USSR teletype linkup.
Since the building in which the teletype will be housed
will not be completed until spring of 1976, it is not
known when the link will be finally established.
The US POLYMODE Office also arranged for five Soviet
Oceanographers to visit World Data Center A, NOAA, in
Washington, D.C., during October 28-November 4.
National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC)
application in automated countering.
Intercalibration and testing of instrumentation.
Application of satellite data to the POLYMODE
experiment.
Use of Integrated Global Ocean Station System
(IGOSS) Data Analyses during the POLYMODE field
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- Digitalization and Processing of Expendable
Bathy Thermograph (XBT) data.
- Potential uses of historical data for the POLYMODE
program.
The Soviets are attempting to acquire a Hewlett-
Packard 3000 series data management computer system (a
data system in use at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
for the Institution of Oceanology in Moscow to facilitate
joint research under the Joint US/USSR World Ocean
Agreement, especially POLYMODE. This application (not to
be confused with the application being made for a larger
computer system under the Environmental Agreement) is being
processed through the Computer Branch, Electronic and
Scientific Equipment Division, Office of Export Control,
Bureau of International Commerce, Washington, D.C. In
view of the fact that the system is both small and not
up-to-date,a positive decision is a likely possibility.
Joint Working Group Meetings
The Joint Biological Productivity Working Group held
an informal meeting November 20, in Beaufort, North
Carolina, during the "Symposium on Ecology of Fouling
Communities," which took place under the auspices of the
joint program. Both sides expressed general satisfaction
with the initial. phases of the Biology-of Marine Fouling
and Benthic Communities Project and discussed future plans
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for this program: The-Soviets suggested holding a symposium,
called for by the protocol document of. 1975 to develop joint
research programs in marine fouling and benthic communities,
in Leningrad in 1976 and general agreement was reached on
plans and procedures for the symposium.
The Soviet Academy of Sciences had invited (not
specifically pursuant to the Ocean Agreement) two US
scientists to participate on a Soviet cruise in the
spring of 1976 in the Australia-'New Zealand, sub--antarctic
region to study the fauna of the continental slope. We
asked the Soviets to determine if the US scientists'
participation could be considered as part of the exchange
agreement since they would be carrying out research in
areas related to the "upwelling" section of the
Biological Productivity Program area, and since the US-
USSR protocol on oceans calls for joint work on each others
vessels in the program area of "upwelling."
We made considerable preparation for Soviet participa-
tion in a meeting of the Lithospheric Plate Working
Group, under Geology, Geochemistry, and Geophysics, to
be held in Vail, Colorado, November 16-21. The meeting
was to be the first planning step for this important
area of potential cooperation. Soviet and US experts would
be cooperating in basic research to better understand the
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mechanism of the driving motion of the plates which
made up the earth's crust. The addition of excellent
Soviet theoreticians and ships would be of great benefit
to research in this area. The Soviet Co-Area Coordinator
informed us at the last minute that the Soviet scientists
who were to participate had not received exit permission
in time, and, as noted above, this meeting never took place.
Developments Anticipated in First Quarter of 1976
On January 6, 1976 U.S. Area. Coordinators met to
review developments since the Second Joint Meeting in
Moscow, May 1975, and also to address problems which they
considered needed to be brought to the attention of the
U.S. Committee at its January 15 meeting. The area
coordinators reported considerable positive progress in
US-USSR oceans cooperation but noted certain problems,
some procedural and some of a substantive nature, which
have plagued a number of the program areas under
US-USSR Oceans Exchange-specifically: Soviet slowness
to respond to official communications; Soviet failure
to name a NORPAX working group chairman and lack of
'responsiveness in the Air-Sea Interaction area in general;
Soviet last-minute requests for meeting postponements;
and need for better definition of individual projects.
US area coordinators arid program chairmen will be working
to better define US-US,-:')I-%. projects and will be devoting
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effort to this end at US-USSR working group meetings.
The US Executive Secretariat plans to visit Moscow
in March 1976 to discuss plans for the Third Joint Committee
Meeting to take place in Washington, D0C., during the
fourth quarter of 1976, and to discuss issues of concern to
us relating to the conduct of exchanges. Specifically,
we will, raise those matters defined as problems by US
area coordinators and also installation of a teletype for
POLYMODE; and the drawing in to the numerical modelling
exchange of the Novosibirsk Institute (where up-to-date
work in numerical modelling of ocean currents and dynamics
is being carried out).
We have proposed that the Second Joint Working Group
Meeting of the Geology, Geophysics,and Geochemistry of the
Ocean Floor take place in Honolulu, Hawaii, in the second.
quarter of 1976. The date and place have yet to be
confirmed by the Soviets.
We agreed to a Soviet suggestion that the Joint
Working Group Meeting on the Dissemination of Data
be held March 1-10, 1976 in Washington, D.C.; we have
replied affirmatively.
The U.S. R/V THOMPSON and the U.S.S.R. R/V PROFESSOR
VIESE arrived in the Drake Passage to begin work
during January and February 1976. The US ship is
operating in the field phase of the ISOS project and the
Soviet ship is working under the Soviet Polar Experiments
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(POLEX)-South Program. Each country is carrying out
national research projects in the Drake Passage but are
coordinating their efforts under the South Oceans Project
of the US/USSR World Ocean Agreement. They will exchange
personnel. at sea,, will exchange real time data and will
occupy the same interca.libration stations.
Professor A. S Sarkisyan from the Shirshov
Oceanological Institute, Moscow, will begin a three-month
visit in March at the NOA.A Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory in Princeton University. During his stay he
will also visit several other US institutions in the
program area of Numerical Modelling under Ocean
Currents and Dynamics.
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SPACE
Space Biology and Medicine
On November 26, the Soviets for the first time in the
course of US-USSR cooperation launched four US biological
experiments on board a Cosmos (782) satellite. US scien-
tists prepared, packaged, and delivered the experiments to
the USSR for placing on the satellite by Soviet scientists.
Three of the experiments seek to determine the effects of
zero gravity on the embryonic development of simple plants
and animals, while the fourth measures radiation in an orbit
not flown by the US at a time of minimum solar and maximum
cosmic ray activity. Since NASA has no currently scheduled
missions to accommodate these experiments, their flight on
a Soviet-financed satellite provided us an opportunity that
would otherwise not be available. Eight NASA scientists
participated in post-recovery preparation of geological
materials aboard the Cosmos 782 in Moscow. All US-provided
flight material was recovered in good shape and has been
distributed to various investigators inthe US for analysis.
NASA expects that more experiments can be flown aboard
Soviet satellites in the future. During, the Space Biology
and Medicine Working Group meeting in August 1975, both
sides agreed to future flights of US biological experiments
on Soviet satellites: The Soviets suggested at that time
that we outline our proposals for experiments to be flown on
a Soviet satellite in 1977. We have recently responded with
such Apib 1Release 2003/10/01 : CIA-RDP79M00467A002500130003-8
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Post Apollo-Soyuz Cooperation
The Soviets have sent us informal signals that they are
thinking in terms of a NASA/Academy meeting on post-AST?
cooperation in the US in April 1976. We are still waiting
for official word. Such a meeting was agreed in principle
at the informal NASA/Academy talks which took place in May
1975,
The ASTP Technical Directors and Joint Working Groups
held a post-mission review at the Johnson Space Center
November 10-20. In addition to completing a Joint Mission.
Report, they developed general recommendations based on ASTP
experience in the areas of design and testing of docking
mecahnisms, joint mission control, and documentation to be
considered in the planning and conduct of future joint
flights.
We had seen this meeting as an opportunity for US and
Soviet experts to resume consideration of the compatibility
requirements for future systems, an activity which had been,
suspended to permit concentration on the ASTP flight. The
Soviets declined to address the specifics of future systems
,at this meeting, explaining that they preferred to defer
this until NASA and Academy officials had met to consider
the question of post-ASTP cooperation. Another factor is
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probably the change in the Soviet Academy leadership, with
Aleksandrov just having taken over as head;. however, they
have consistently avoided to date discussion in any detail
of-post-ASTP manned space cooperation.
Planetary Exploration
The US Geological Survey Center of Astrogeology at
Flagstaff, Arizona, working with the digitized data tapes
of Mars imagery provided by the Soviets, has succeeded in
producing far better pictures of the Mars surface by US
methods than the Soviets have produced by their methods,
The resulting information bears importantly on. the selection
of alternate landing sites for the Viking missions now on
the way to Mars.
The Soviets have not yet responded to our September
suggestion for a working session of US and Soviet experts
to discuss the results of their Venera 9 and 10 Venus landers<
They have, however, provided us with prints and negatives of
the remarkable photographs of the Venus surface obtained by
their spacecraft, and we are using this occasion to press I.
for a meeting devoted to Venera 9 and 10 results, new US
radar observations of Venus, and plans for the NASA Pioneer
Venus missions scheduled for 1978.
A successful NASA/Soviet Academy seminar on the inter-
action between the solar wind and the planets took place in
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Moscow November 17.21. The Soviets made competent specialists
available and presented eight authoritative, detailed papers,
while the Americans presented six. As a result of the meet-
ing, which included informal, wide-ranging discussions,
NASA participants believe they have all the scientifically
reliable information collected by Soviet orbiters of Mars,
much of which the USSR will undoubtedly publish. During
the seminar, the Soviets reported on early results obtained
by their Venera 9 and 1.0 orbiters. These results were rele?-
vant to the agreed subject of the seminar.
Natural Environment
Coordinated magnetometer observations of the earth's
magnetic field by the NASA ATS-6 satellite and Soviet ground.
stations began on a test basis. While data is being received
daily from all three participating Soviet ground stations,
the quality needed to meet experiment scientific objectives
has not yet been achieved. However, it appears likely that
comparatively minor adjustments in the Soviet stations can
bring the experiment to full operational status, particum
larly in view of the successful system tests conducted in
the US earlier this year.
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TRANSPORTATION AGREEMENT
Activity under several areas of the Agreement progressed.
satisfactorily, although difficulties persisted in the Air
Traffic Control (ATC) area.
Civil Aviation
We informed the Soviet Ministry of Civil Aviation through
its working group representative of severe cutbacks in Air
Traffic Control related cooperation because of its decision to
purchase the Swedish STANSAAB system instead of a US system.
Although this step was necessary to express our displeasure
with the Soviet decision, we retain a continuing interest in
keeping abreast of Soviet ATC developments.
We felt the Soviets would push to restore some of the
discontinued activity and that we could respond to these
pressures as our technical interests warrant. This approach
may be working. The Ministry called in our Embassy repre-
sentatives and deplored the program cuts while expressing an
interest in continuing cooperation in the ATC area.
Meanwhile, a STANSAAB representative visited the US
Department of Commerce January 22, 1976 to discuss procedures
for obtaining an export license for US components to be
included in the STANSAAB system. The Department of Commerce
listened to the STANSAAB representative's pitch, advised him
of the procedure for applying for a license, and
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agreed to consider the application when it is received. (after
discussing it with interested US agencies).
A US delegation on Aviation Education and Training
visited the Soviet Union October 8-19. Concepts which the
Soviets demonstrated in the use of simulation equipment for
training air traffic controllers may have applications for
use in the US. On the other hand, the Soviet state of the art
in airline crew simulation training is about a decade behind
us and there may be a commercial potential in this area.
A US delegation on Joint Accident Investigation under
the Civil Aviation working group visited the Soviet Union
October 24-31. The Soviets provided us with comprehensive
briefings and documents explaining the Soviet civil aircraft
accident investigation organization, investigation procedures,
data handling techniques, and pilot performance monitoring
program as well as operational/maintenance manuals for the
IL-62 aircraft. This data met most of the delegation's
objectives and even exceeded objectives in some areas
On the other hand, the Soviets declined to provide an
annual analysis of Soviet domestic aircraft accidents under an ICAO
reporting program because this document is classified for
"national security" reasons. We will continue to press for this
information during subsequent meetings.
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Cooperation in this area is potentially beneficial
to the US because Soviet experience represents a tremendous
new, untapped data base from which many new accident
prevention lessons may be learned. Cooperation in this
area is also helpful in improving contact with Soviet
officials and could enhance the projects for prompt notifica-
tion and a fair and thorough investigation of a US aircraft
accident in the Soviet Union if one should occur. The
Soviets are interested in learning from us in the area of
accident prevention techniques, where we are more advanced
than they,
A Soviet delegation on Airworthiness visited the US'
November 9-15. The Soviets appear to be far behind us in
the area of material and product fabrication, including
quality control; but they have experience and data on the
effects of lightning strike on aircraft that may be of
benefit to us. A return visit by a US delegation to the
Soviet Union should clarify whether mutually beneficial
cooperation in this area will be possible. We will continue
to ensure that such cooperation does not include matters
pertaining to a proposed US-USSR Airworthiness Agreement.
A Soviet delegation on Microwave Landing Systems visited
the US November 20-29. The Soviets reconfirmed their
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support for the US Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB)
technique as the world standard, and stated their inten-
tion to submit a proposal on TRSB to the International Civil
Aviation Organization once sufficient technical data is
available.
A Soviet delegation on Aviation in Agriculture visited
the US December 5-16. During discussions with the Soviet
delegation, FAA and NASA explored potential joint agricultural
aviation projects. For example, Soviet research with auto-
matic flagmen could increase productivity and decrease
manpower costs for us. A visit to a medical facility in
Oklahoma stimulated interest in joint efforts to improve
crash survivability and protective clothing for agricultural
aviation workers, which would be mutually beneficial.
Marine Transport
A Soviet delegation on Port, Harbor and Intermodal
Systems visited the US October 1.7-31. During this visit
arrangements were finalized for a six..-week visit of three
Soviets for training in. modern aspects of port operations
during January and February 1976). This training will
'benefit us by improving Soviet ability to handle our
vessels expeditiously in Soviet ports and to prepare Soviet
cargo for handling in US ports. The Soviets have agreed
to a return visit by US trainees, but arrangements for this
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visit have been delayed by the cost. and uncertain benefit
to US firms of sending their people to the Soviet Union for
training. We are much more advanced than the Soviets in
normal port handling, including mechanization and automation,
but our specialists may be able to learn from Soviet
experience with ice bound ports when they visit the Soviet
Union for training.
A Soviet delegation on Ship Equipment, Crew Training
and Human Factors also visited the US October 17--3l.. The
most important result of the visit was agreement on the
testing of US selective calling communications equipment
on a Soviet ship during January and February 3.976. Selective
calling is a system whereby a particular merchant ship
at sea can be called outside of designated hours which are
allotted for contacting such ships. The testing of this
equipment on.a Soviet ship has long been a US objective,
since we hope to gain Soviet support for making our
selective calling equipment the world standard, We also
reached agreement in principle with the Soviets during this
visit that synchronized satellite systems represent an
opportunity to enhance the safety and productivity of
ships at sea. We have therefore agreed to work jointly in
developing standards for future systems that would be
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mutually compatible.
Rail Transport
During the November 14-23 visit to the US of a Soviet
delegation on Rolling Stock, the President of Cardwell
Westinghouse agreed to provide the Soviets with a draft gear
for testing in the Soviet Union. Cardwell Westinghouse
believes that this testing may lead to a commercial ar.rangesment,
which would include both sales to the Soviets and the
acquisition of Soviet railway technology which. would save us
research and development costs. The Soviets had requested
the gear in return for the twelve concrete railway ties which
they had previously agreed to send to the US for testing.
Trade Documentation Facilitation
The Joint Working Group on Trade Documentation and
Facilitation met in the Soviet Union September 29 ?- October
4, 1975. Agreement was reached on a joint demonstration
during the last half of 1976 of the transmission of trade
documentation data by teletype for ocean cargo movements be-
tween the ports of Baltimore and Leningrad. This demonstra-
tion would anticipate the ultimate use of ADP-transmitted
.trade documentation data. Since the US is far ahead of the
Soviet Union in documentation procedures and technical
equipment, the Soviets have more to gain from this project,
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but both sides have an interest in expanding trader which
cooperation in trade documentation should facilitate. We
have engaged in similar cooperative projects with some of
our leading trade partners.
Transport Construction
We prepared our proposal on methods of instrumenting
tunnels in like soil conditions for joint stress testing
of tunnel linings, which we and the Soviets had agreed to
in September 1975? Our submission is almost ready for
transmittal, but we have not yet heard from the Soviets.
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MAJOR JOINT PROJECTS PROPOSALS
Our tentative and preliminary comments on Kosygin`s
October 1975 proposal to Dr. Stever for major joint projects
are as follows:
Science and Technology
Electrometallurgy work under the S & T Agreement is
closely related to one of the four examples which Kosygin
suggested as a major project which might be developed on a
priority basis in order to demonstrate to the public of both
countries the benefits of cooperation, namely construction.
of sizable metallurgical plants in both countries to utilize
new techniques of electrometallurgy. Indeed, in response to
an earlier and much lower level Soviet suggestion, the Electro-?
slag project group has agreed to conduct exploratory dis-
cussions on development of furnaces. We have been. in touch
with a vice president of the American Iron and Steel Insti-
tute in this connection; but there has not yet been any sub-
stantive discussion with the Soviets.
The Soviets have, from the beginning, endeavored to
move the Electrometallurgy cooperative program in the direction
of industrial production. We cannot go far down this road
without extensive participation by private US industry. The
private sector is involved to a modest extent in carrying out
the current program. It is unrealistic, however, to expect
private companies to expand greatly their participation until
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they have had a greater opportunity to observe Soviet per-
formance in activities already started.
If and when the promised Soviet ingots, welding
materials, and other items are received, then tested, and.
found to have interesting qualities, then it might make sense
to sound out the companies as to the feasibility of an expanded
cooperative Electrometallurgy program. There is also an
alternative of getting licenses to use Soviet technology,
Microbiology and Water Resources are two other areas in
which mutually beneficial major projects might be developed.
We are reviewing the former, however, to determine if it
might require some reorientation away from its original
focus in view of difficulties of access to plants manufacturing
single cell protein. In the Water Resources area, we might
benefit from Soviet pipeline construction techniques in
cold weather regions. But in areas where cooperative work
is already under way, we believe movement towards major joint
projects should be paced to satisfactory progress in joint
work, as already agreed.
Public Health and Medicine
A joint hospital project as suggested by Kosygin is of
little interest to HEW at this time, particularly with the
current excess of hospital beds in the US. A major concern
in this Agreement has been the strengthening of the technical
substance of joint cooperative activities to insure that they
stand on their scientific merit, and we believe this is
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a view shared by both sides. In that context, it might prove
possible as joint work progresses to give certain existing
projects more public attention, and program activities in
Fundamental Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Cancer
and Heart Disease may hold this potential.
Agriculture
USDA concludes that construction and operation of a model
seed farm, as proposed by Kosygin, poses legal and financial
problems to the'US side, and US control could not be exercised
to a degree which would insure success,. However, tentative
plans for joint research in wind erosion and crop production
in semi-arid lands could eventually result in suitable models.
Transportation
Two ideas for high-visibility projects are being ex-
plored. One deals with joint ice transiting operations and
the other with the use of satellites for maritime communica-
tions. The latter is currently undergoing the extensive
interagency coordination which is necessary before a firm
proposal can be drawn up. The former probably falls short Is
of what the Soviets have in mind.
Environmental Protection
EPA concludes that: in general the nature of the work
and interests of its project leaders and their agencies under
the Environmental Agreement do not lend themselves to
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"high-visibility" projects demanding heavy commitments of US
financial and manpower resources. in all but a few areas
of the Agreement, particularly those in which. the Soviets
seem most interested, we are far ahead of them in terms of
R&D, methodology, practical application, and resource
management. Therefore, the balance of benefit from"high-
visibility" projects in these areas would probably strongly
favor the Soviet side.
Given Kosyginvs desire for "high-visibility" projects,
increasing Soviet emphasis on producing concrete results with
practical application rather than pure research, and our
own preference for projects which demonstrate payoff to
the US, we might wish to consider upgrading to a "high-
visibility" option the one area which so far has directly
produced the most outstanding results under the Environ-
mental Agreement--Earthquake Prediction and Hazard Reduction.
Already we have had significant payoff from joint work
in this field, particularly from the data we have obtained
from measuring the effects of the partial filling of the
Nurek Dam in Tadzhikistan in triggering earthquakes. These
and later data will have great import for the future
selection and construction of dams in seismic areas in the
USA, the USSR and elsewhere. With the additional injection
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of several million dollars into this and other projects
under US-USSR programs for earthquake prediction, estimation
of seismic risk, and earthquake resistant design and planning`
we could obtain even more significant results which could be
publicized as unique contributions of the Environmental
Agreement. to the safety and livelihood of large US, Soviet
and third country populations living in earthquake-prone
areas.
Considering the great potential payoff, we believe the
Soviets would be receptive to such a proposal. Ironically,
however, at this juncture the US Geological Survey earth-
quake prediction program faces serious budget cuts which,
in view of other domestic priorities, threaten drastic
cutbacks on USGS participation in the Environmental Agree-
ment, costing approximately $100,000 in FY 76. Therefore,
if we wish to go to a "high-visibility" option, USGS would
have to get a supplementary appropriation from Congress or
some other external funding.
Space
Whatever the reason for the Kosygin suggestion that
the US and the USSR consider high-visibility projects, NASA
considers that such projects have considerable merit from
a US point of view. They can be more easily structured
than scores of smaller activities to serve national
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political technical objectives, and NASA believes that the
Soviets perform better when they are publicly committed to
a project in which success and failure can easily he measured.
The NASA/Academy talks on post-ASTP cooperation which NASA
expects to take place in April 1976 offer an opportunity
to test the seriousness "of Soviet interest in significant
follow-on projects already discussed by NASA/Academy repre-
sentatives. NASA plans to push for joint operations involving
the US Space Shuttle and Soviet spacecraft which will be
flying in the nineteen--eighties. Such operations would
rate with ASTP as a public demonstration of US/USSR commit-
ment to technical cooperation in areas of common interest despite
differing social and political systems.
World Oceans Studies
There are now a total of fifteen cooperative projects.
Rather than initiate additional projects the US side has
decided to limit further initiatives in order to assure
meaningful conclusions of those already started. However,
within the present Agreement two major efforts are underway
that can and should be considered as Major Joint Projects---
POLYMODE and the Deep Sea Drilling Project. These projects
are underway and for POLYMODE the major effort will be in
1977-78. The Deep Sea Drilling Project is being explored
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for such consideration, however, it is a multi-national
project, and therefore does not lend itself easily to the
kind of project Kosygin may have had in mind.
Housing and Construction
Construction projects would lend themselves admirably
to the presumed interest of Soviet: authorities in giving
"high-visibility" to the benefits of technical anal. other
cooperation between the two countries. The Housing and.
Other Construction Agreement would seem to be an appropriate
vehicle under which the two countries would carry out such
construction projects.
The Soviet Co-Chairman of the Agreement, Mr. Novikov,
is "Mr. Construction" of the Soviet Union and one of the
most highly visible projects in which he is directly involved
is the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. It might be useful to
discuss the idea of the US and the USSR, designing and
building one or more of the structures required for the
Moscow games. An astrodome, where the US has done the
most advanced work, readily comes to mind. The construc-
tion rt
of modern hotel. facilities and/or housing in the manner
of Olympic Village at Munich, is another obvious area
where US expertise could contribute.
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Such a joint project could also conceivably provide
jobs for US professional and supervisory construction
worker personnel. The US private sector would obviously
have to participate in such a project, but the exact mix
of private and governmental involvement would have to be
determined.
Approximately eighteen months ago we became aware that
Mr. Kosygin's son-inolaw, D.M. Gvishiani, had contacted
two or three prominent US planning and design firms in
connection with an idea for constructing a new town in or
near Moscow. Perhaps this project could be resurrected or it
may, in fact, be related to the 1980 Olympic Games complex.
If this proposal for high-visibility joint construction
project(s) has merit for the US, and if the Soviets accept
it, we could then explore with them the possibility of
moving ahead on preliminary plans for such cooperation in
time to formally announce them at the Vancouver UN Human
Settlements Conference (HABITAT) in June 1976. Such a
joint announcement at the conference would obviously provide
high national and international visibility and further
demonstrate the growing US-USSR cooperation in an area of
great interest to most countries.
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Energy
Under the Energy Agrement, MHD may have potential
as a major project. Practical results with a major impact
on the US MHD program are expected from the joint U-02 tests,
which will contribute to the development of a viable MHD
electrode system, and from the planned operation of a
large-scale 'US-built channel for 100+ hours in the Soviet
U-25. Although our MHD program is a long-term effort, in
which a commercial-scale, coal-fired demonstration plant
is not expected to be built until perhaps 1989, we could
conceivably :participate in the Soviet project to build
a natural gas-fired plant (the U-600), which is currently
planned for initial start-up in 1982.
The Soviets have proposed informally at the technical
level joint designing and bui]ding of commercial MHD stations
in each country and the two sides have started. discussion
of possible joint activities in this area. However, there
are major political, technical, and financial issues to be
considered before an intensive, priority effort is under-
taken in cooperation with the Soviets in MHD.
Atomic Energy
Under the Atomic Energy Agreement, cooperation in Fast
Breeder Reactors, a major project could be the testing of a US
Clinch River Breeder Reactor (CRBR) prototype steam generator
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evaporator at CRBR pressure and temperature conditions in
Soviet BN-350 spare loop at Shevchenko.
On February 25, 1976, technical details for the study of
the possibility of such testing were forwarded to the USSR
State Committee on Atomic Energy by diplomatic pouch and an
early response was requested. The US proposal does not
obligate either side to any commitments other than those
necessary to make a technical evaluation of the feasibility
of proceeding with such a joint project. If the TTS proposal:.
is jointly agreed to and the details are worked out to the
satisfaction of both sides, the unit could be delivered to
Shevchenko in 1979 for testing in the spare loop of BN-350
at prototypical CRBR conditions for a period of five years.
The testing of this prototype evaporator in an operating
USSR Fast Breeder Reactor would help validate the US CRBR
design, and the detailed analysis and testing which supports
this design for use in the US CRBR 350MWe demonstration, plant
scheduled for completion in 1983. The USSR could gain try
having access to testing results on a steam generator of a
type they do not have.
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uMrrD'
TAB LE OF CONTENTS
1
Introduction
2 -- 8
Energy
8 - 15
Agriculture
World Oceans
15 - 21
Housing and Other Construction
22 - 29
Environmental Protection
29 - 35
35 - 42
Space
Transportation
42 - 46
46 - 57
Science and Technology
Medical Science and Public Health
57 - 63
63 - 69
Atomic Energy
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INTRODUCTION
The regular pace of US-USSR cooperative efforts in the
specialized agreements was altered with our decision in early
March to postpone three joint committee meetings involving
high-ranking officials. We considered the meetings inappro-
priate in view of Soviet involvement in Angola, We also in-
formed the Soviets we were not prepared to firm up dates for
joint committee meetings which would normally take place this
fall. The Soviets evidently understood the reasons for our
decision. They indicated a readiness to reschedule meetings
in November or later, and significantly have moved ahead. on
several long-stalled projects.
Increasingly, a number of US agencies responsible f r
implementing part or all of an agreement indicate they are en-
countering funding problems, since cooperative projects must
compete for expertise and resources with other domestic pro-
grams.
Also, under several agreements, there appears to be in-
creasing reluctance on the part of private industry to partici-
pate-in'-cooperative activities because they believe: there is
not enough payoff technically, commercially, or because of the
domestic criticism to which US-Soviet cooperation has been sub-
jected of late.
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ENERGY
In connection with our decision to postpone three joint
committee meetings, including the Energy meeting scheduled
for March 15, we also informed the Soviets of our desire to
continue working-level activity, noting that additional prepar-
atory work could make the Joint Energy Committee meeting, when
held, more productive. We presented to them a recapitulation
of the status of all the
Energy Agreement projects, actual and
proposed, highlighting the many instances where we were waiting
for Soviet responses to US initiatives as well as acknowledg-
ing cases where we owed them a reply.
The postponement of the Joint Committee meeting has de-
layed progress towards achieving US objectives under the Agree-
ment. However, continued. working-level activity has moved
several projects closer to the point where we shall be able
either to obtain technical. benefits or to evaluate better the
prospects for obtaining technical information of interest to
Energy Information and Forecasi:.ing
We sent to the Soviets an outline of the types of energy
data related to production, consumption, and demand which we
wish to exchange and the names of US coordinators for two
proposed joint projects: forecasting methodologies and effi-
ciency of fuel-energy use. They have not yet responded with
comments on the outline or with the names of Soviet coordina-
tors.
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Electric Power
Thermal Power Stations: Arrangements were completed for
a coal handling symposium and for the exchange of experts to
view cycling operations (shut-downs and restarts of power
plants). The Soviet cycling visit to the US has taken place
and was regarded by both sides as satisfactory
Hydropower: During a visit by a Soviet team to the United
States, agreement was reached to look into problems of dam con-
struction in seismic areas, a topic where the Soviets appear
to have considerable experience which might be of help to us.
The Soviets also revived their proposal to transfer the cold
weather construction project from the Water Resources area of
.the S & T Agreement to the Hydropower Project of the Energy
Agreement. It was agreed to refer this issue to the Joint
Committees.
One of the few hydropower areas where we think we might
benefit from cooperation is in cold weather operations. We
have adopted a pragmatic stance, informing the Soviets that
their response to our long-outstanding proposal for exchanges
of long-term visits between their Permafrost Institute and
our Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL)
would be relevant to the jurisdictional issue. In April they
responded positively to our long-term exchanges proposal.
Heat Rejection Systems: : received during the quarter
a Soviet letter sent in November 1975 (and learned of an earlier
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letter which was never received) which contained proposals
for meetings and for a program of joint cooperation. We have
responded to the letter .indicating that, we are studying the
Soviet proposals and will forward our answers to them shortly.
We expect that the resumption of correspondence should result
in increased activity.
Air Pollution from Thermal Power Plants: Arrangements
were made for activities scheduled to take place in the second
quarter: a symposium in the USSR on power particulate emis-
sions and a Soviet delegation visit to the US on the subject
of suppressing nitrous oxides in furnaces of boiler units.
During the US delegation's visit to the USSR, both sides will
discuss a Soviet proposal for a program of joint Soviet-
American tests on an experimental industrial combined ash
removal system.
Ultra High Voltage Transmission: A DC symposium was
held in the USSR in April, during which the numerous issues for
which we had been waiting for Soviet responses since February
1975 were all satisfactorily resolved. During the symposium
the Soviets expressed an interest in obtaining US technology
on underground cables, perhaps through a commercial purchase
arrangement.
Electric Power Systems: US lack of interest in what the
Soviets showed us during a 1975 visit to the USSR coupled with
Soviet apparent lack of interest resulted, in no activity in
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this area for the quarter. Since neither side had completed
the necessary preparatory work, a symposium scheduled for
March did not take place.
Superconducting Transmission: We consider significant
the initial steps taken by the Soviets to broaden their in-
stitutional participation in joint superconducting transmission
activity. During the final quarter of 1975, the US side re-
quested the broadening of the cooperation to include several
key Soviet institutes in the superconducting power transmission
field. In a March letter the Soviets informed us that the par-
ticipation of two of the institutes we considered most important
was now assured; a subsequent listing of joint experiments to
take place in the USSR in 1976 included these two institutes
as participating organizations. Assuming that the experiments
go forward as scheduled at the new institutes, we will have
achieved an advance as far as access is concerned,
During the quarter also, arrangements were completed for
a two-week visit by two Soviets to Los Alamos for joint ex-
periments on DC cables.
Magnetohydradynamics:.__Cooperation-proceededsmoot.hly,
with fruitful meetings of groups on materials, magnets, and
economic and technical aspects having taken place, The Soviet
Materials group visited the in February and continued, with
the US side, the detailed planning and implementation of
current and anticipated materials designs test programs in
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facilities of both countries. The So--iet Magnet group visited
the US in March and both sides moved closer to final design
specifications for the magnet which will be supplied to the
Institute for High Temperatures by the US. The Working Group
on Technical. and Economic Aspects of MHD,Y which met in the USSR
in March, adopted a schedule for the completion of publication
of the status report on Technical and Economic Aspects of MHD.
Solar: A Soviet group visited the US for workshops on
solar heating and cooling and on solar thermal power stations.
During the workshops we learned much about the extensive design
work done by the Soviets; the information we received may be
of value in the design of the US experimental large central
power station. US and Soviet solar experts signed a protocol
on March 4, a section of which calls for the holding of a work-
shop on direct conversion of solar to electrical energy (photo-
voltaics) in the USSR before September 1976. We are presently
discussing with the Soviets questions relating to setting de-
finite dates and devising a satisfactory itinerary for this
workshop on photovoltaic., an area which is particularly inter-
esting to us because of Soviet claims of progress made..
Geothermal: We provided the Soviets with a technical
justification to support our desire to send at least three
experts to Kamchatka. They responded in mid-May stating that
it is not possible to organize a visit to Kamchatka geothermal
facilities in 1976. We have not identified any further initia-
tives in geothermal to take at this time.
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Coal, Oil, and Gas
We have not yet received Soviet responses to specific
US proposals for recommendations to the Joint Committee for
oil and gas joint projects, and for pursuing coal. cleaning
activity under the Environmental rather than the Energy
Agreement.
Environmental Aspects of Oil and Gas Operations
After almost two years of waiting, we finally received
word of the designation of a Soviet project coordinator and
a Soviet invitation for a visit to the USSR. We are now study-
ing details of timing, itinerary, and make-up of a US delegation.
Soviet Bureaucracy
Soviet lines of authority no doubt account for their pro-
posal to merge cold weather construction with hydropower. In
their case, both come under the Ministry of Power.
US Administrative Problems
The US-initiated postponement of the Joint Committee has
put off high-level decisions needed to start cooperative acti-
vity in energy information and forecasting, oil, and gas.
Without the high-level meeting.- US high-level pressure-c?uld
not be brought directly to bear on other outstanding issues,
and this may have slowed down resolution of geothermal and
solar issues, for example. H-wever, it may have contributed
to expedited working-level act-.-ity for thermal power, UHV,
and environmental aspects of oil and gas operations.
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ERDA is :letting contracts for various aspects of the
channel which the US is to provide for cooperative MHD experi-
ments and is seeking bids for the cryogenic refrigerator for
the superconducting transmission project.
Upcoming Events
The US Executive Secretary will visit the USSR in June
to review outstanding issues.
AGRICULTURE
The Soviets largely maintained. an agreed schedule of
supplying us economic data on agreed categories of recent his---
torical figures for crop and livestock production and. utiliza-
tion, and on some food industry output. Contacts with Soviet
institutions and individuals were further widened through team
exchanges and there was additional exchange of agricultural
research information and materials. More preparations were
made for mutually beneficial research projects and we believe
some Agribusiness visits contributed to market development for
US agricultural commodities. On the whole, however, activities
went through their usual. seasonal slackEening, plus this year
more planning was required for the growing number of joint acti-
vities.
Agricultural Research and Technological Development
Activity was primarily in the Anima]- Science and Mechaniza-
tion projects.
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Under the Animal Science Project, two US veterinarians
carried out separate research study visits in the Soviet Union.
A final report and complete evaluation of the first, on foot-
and-mouth disease, is being prepared.--The second visit, on
bovine leukemia, which began in late March and was not com-
pleted until the end of April, was on a first-time experimental
receiving-side-pays basis. Considerable difficulty was en-
countered on our side in obtaining the necessary legal auth-
ority to initiate the visit. The receiving-side-pays arrange-
ments also required much additional planning. Evaluation of
the second visit has not been completed.
Some exchange of veterinary materials also was realized
from these two visits, but was less extensive than we had hoped.
Approval was obtained from USDA's Parent Committee on Foreign
Pathogens and Vectors, which identified the veterinary materials
that were eligible for this exchange. Agreement was reached
in the Working Group meeting last October to exchange lists of
such materials requested by each side by last February 1.
Our first veterinarian was permitted to bring back the
USSR type A-22 foot-and-mouth. disease virus, and a USSR strain
of the avian virus with neutralizing antisera, but the desired
Aujesky's disease vaccine virus and ringworm vaccine (TF-130)
were not given to him. We were unable to get a firm answer
on these materials prior to him visit despite several inquiries.
We have gotten rather mixed signals from the Soviets on this
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matter and it appears that the Soviet working level is some-
what in the dark. In any event, we expect to discuss this
matter at the next Working Group consultative meeting in June.
Our second veterinarian carried a bovine leukemia. virus
and antisera. A Soviet veterinarian now in the US will be
given the following virus reference strains and corresponding
neutralizing antisera and fluorescent antibody antisera for
taking back to the USSR: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
and Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE), Miller Strain, in-
cluding swine testicular cell culture for use with TGE. The
three viruses received by the US are now being tested, and
attempts will be continued to obtain the other two materials
through further exchange.
The Soviets unsuccessfully tried to get a written commit-
ment from our first veterinarian concerning expanded US co-
operation in foot and mouth disease. (Interestingly, this
occurred about the time of an outbreak of this disease in the
USSR which later apparently reached major proportions before
reportedly being brought. under control.) This tactic has been
attempted on several of our past teams, even though proper
procedure is for a new proposal to be put forward in a Working
Group and then be recommended, if :both sides agree, to the
Joint Committee for final approval. This problem again will
be discussed at the upcoming consultative meeting on June 10
and 11.
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Under the Mechanization Project, a Soviet team was re-
ceived near the end of the quarter--on farm machinery main-
tenance and methods of diagnostics. Previously there was
considerable reluctance on the part of the industry hosts to
receive this team, because the former felt that the Soviets
wanted to get into matters of proprietary interests and that
they could not go beyond what had been done for a similar team
in 1974. They also felt that the USSR team members were not
well enough qualified technically. Thexteam was told at the
start of the visit that each company host would be the sole
judge of what was shown and discussed, since this is a private
right under our system. Team members said that they understood
this and indicated their satisfaction, at the end of the -.-isit.
We were unable to send an escort with this team, and have not
yet received any feedback comments from the US company hosts.
The Soviets, however, seemed satisfied with their visit. They
were warned beginning last October that there might be diffi-
culty in getting industry cooperation for this team (which the
companies felt should be a commercial visit), but they pressed
hard and we'finally were able to arrange the visit.
Agricultural Economic Research and Information
In the Agribusiness project, two USSR teams--the first on
meat processing and utilizat^n of slaughterhouse by-products
and the second on milk production and marketing--were received
in the usual fashion and were escorted. Both had high praise
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for the arrangements and their exper?'nces with them, including
information received, and both visits eventually may help pro-
mote some US sales of equipment and/or technology used in these
industries. Members of the second Soviet team gave disappoint-
ing answers to US questions about their corresponding industry,
either because they were not really specialists or were not
willing to say much. The Soviets did promise to send answers
to some questions later.
A US team on Forecasting planned for this quarter had to
be postponed because arrangements to'include some US university
personnel could not be completed in time. Agreement has not
yet been reached on a new time later this year.
Soviet Bureaucrat
Shortly after the end of the quarter, the Soviets informed
us of the immediate replacement of Mr. G. P. Rudenko as the
leader of the USSR side of the Working Group on Agricultural
Economic Research and Information. The only reason given was
that Mr. Rudenko is moveng to a different job. Previously he
was a Deputy Chief of the Agricultural Division. in the USSR
State Planning Commission (Gosplan}. His replacement as
Soviet leader is Mr. A. I. Monov, also in Gosplan, Head of the
Section on Crop Farming in the Agricultural Division.
We have not known Monov previously but note that his rank
apparently is lower, and have been told that his specialty is
more narrow, as compared to Rudenko in his previous job. Our
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Working Group leader will first meet Mr. Monov at the consulta-
tive meeting on June 8 and 9.
The Soviets again raised several programming questions
which we had understood were settled. Most of these related
to new activities which they originally requested, but which
our scientists found to .be of insufficient interest or priority.
When this happens, we usually do not know whether or not the
Soviets misunderstood our stated decision or if by raising the
matter again they are hoping that we might change our minds.
Soviet response to agreed deadlines for submitting re-
quested programs for USSR teams coming to the US, and for re-
acting to requested programs for US teams going to the Soviet
Union, improved somewhat during the quarter. On the otbk.,: hand,
the Soviets were about a month late in proposing the exact dates
for their team visits to the US, and about two months late in
providing their list of veterinary materials that they are re-
questing from the US and in responding to our proposed dates
for the upcoming consultative meetings of the Working Groups.
For the one on Economic Research and Information, the Soviets
belatedly tried to move up the date. Because the schedules of
our participants were already set, however, they responded to
our urgings and finally agreed to the proposed dates.
. Several changes had to '_ made by each side in the schedul-
ing by months of the 1976 teams agreed to last October. However,
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these changes have not affected progress with the Agreement,
nor are they expected to during the remainder of the year.
US Administrative Problems
The slow movement of diplomatic pouches between Washington
and Moscow continued to be a handicap. Outgoing pouches often
were significantly slower than the incoming ones. This meant
that again too much information had to be transmitted by telew-
gram.
Funding continued to be a very important problem, especially
for travel, but as usual was of less importance than it will
be in the second quarter when exchanges intensify. Since there
has been no separate budgeting for Agreement activities, the
required funding for the Agreement has had to be taken away
from regular activities in a period of tight budgets and rising
costs.
Private Sector
There were no new significant developments involving the
private sector during the period under review. USDA has noted,
however, that US companies asked tc host. Soviet teams have been
raising more questions this year than in the past about the
reasons for and value of such activities.
Upcoming Events
More teams are scheduled to be: exchanged during the second
three months of the year than was the case in the first quarter.
Of greatest importance will be the consultative meetings of the
two Working Groups, June 8 and 9 for Economic Research and
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Information, and June 10 and 11 for Research and Technology,
both in Moscow. With respect to the next Joint Committee meet-
ing, due to be held in Washington, the, Soviets already have
indicated several. times that they would like for it to be held
in September.
WORLD OCEANS
US Executive Secretary Donald Martineau met during his
March visit to Moscow with Academician Aleksandr Sidoren.ko,
USSR Co-Chairmen of the Oceans Agreement, and other responsible
oceanography officials to discuss developments since the second
Joint US-USSR Committee meeting, arrangements for the third
Joint Committee meeting, and problem areas. His visit and the
several working group meetings which followed in the second
quarter resulted in a definite surge forward toward overcoming
the "newness" of the Agreement and toward identifying and plan-
ning for joint cooperative projects.
Large-Scale Ocean-Atmos here Interaction
Martineau held discussions during his Moscow visit with.
Dr. E. I. Tolstikov, Deputy Director of the Hydrometeorological
Service, to determine the seriousness of Soviet commitment in.
this area. Two letters sent during the last quarter to Dr~
Tolstikov by the US Chairman -f the Working Group for this area
had gone unanswered. Martineau learned from Tolstikov that the
Soviet interest was not flagging in either the North Pacific
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Experiment (NORPAX) or International Southern Oceans (ISOS)
projects.
As to NORPAX, Tolstikov indicated that the USSR is con--
si.dering naming a representative from the Academy Of Sciences'
Far Eastern branch to participate as leader from the Soviet
side and that a definite proposal on this project will be made
at the third Joint Committee meeting. As far as ISOS is con-
cerned, Tolstikov assured Martineau that a member of the Arctic
Institute had been named as Soviet Working Group Chairman,
and that the Soviets would host a workshop in August. Tolstikov
also agreed, in principle, that US scientists writing up their
portion of a joint paper on a cooperative effort in the Drake
Passage in 1975 should have access to original Soviet data.
Martineau also raised with Tolstikov the matter of the
proposed Indian Ocean Monsoon Experiment (INDEX), to be carried
out as part of the international Global Atmospheric Research
Program (GARP). Tolstokov advised Martineau that, the Soviets
will lay out their program (known as Monsoon "17) proposals at
an international meeting and will invite US and third country_
participation.
US and Soviet INDEX scientists have yet to meet as a work-
ing group, with both sides having -agreed to carry INDEX coopera-
tion in a multilateral context.
Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry
During Martineau's visit the Soviets asked to defer dis-
cussions of outstanding program-related issues in this area
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until the May Working Group meeting. They proposed instead
for US approval, that A. V. Sidorenko, new Chairman of the
Soviet side of the Joint Committee, attend the Working Group
meeting and that an extensive tour of US oceanographic facili-
ties be arranged for his and the delegation's benefit, The
US side, anxious to save some interesting sites for use as
leverage in bargaining for inclusion of Soviet sites in the
Pacific Far East in conjunction with a future Joint Committee
meeting, agreed to a scaled-down itinerary, explaining that it
would be impossible to arrange such an extensive itinerary at
such a late date.
Ocean Currents and Dynamics
A number of long-outstanding issues of importance relating
to the carrying forward of the POLYMODE project (POLYMODE re-
fers to Mid-Ocean dynamics experiments) have been the subject
of intense discussion via. correspondence between US and Soviet
counterparts at several meetings in the February-April time
period: US proposals for third country participation in POLY-
MODE and for establishing teletype communications between and
assigning liaison scientists at POLYMODE scientific centers in
the two countries; and a Soviet proposal for a change in locus
of investigation under POLYMODE.
US POLYMODE scientists -,Ye frustrated by the Soviet bureau-
cratic inability to translate orking-level agreements into
actual implementation. They maintain that third country parti-
cipation, as provided for in the working-level agreement, would
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be valuable to POLYMODE and feel strongly that, as instrument
deployment dates approach requiring an even more effective
exchange of planning information, only a teletype link between
and the presence of informed liaison scientists representing
their POLYMODE programs in the US and Soviet POLYMODE centers,
can assure prompt, well:--informed, direct communications between
scientists of both nations.
The Soviets stated in a February meeting that they wished
to change the locus of investigation under POLYMODE. Both sides
had agreed perviously to carry out their eddy measurements in
the North Equatorial Current. The Shirshov Institute of
Oceanology, which runs the Soviet POLYMODE program, says now
that it has a greater interest in and is switching the emphasis
of its program to measurements of the ring phenomenon in the
Gulf Stream Extension System. The ring phenomenon--formation
of rings of. water possessing significantly differing tempera-
tures--is presently coming under much more international
scrutiny for a. variety of important scientific reasons US
and Soviet POLYMODE scientists will give further attention to
the subject of experiment location at an April planning meeting.
Data Exchange
A joint meeting of 1JS-USSR experts on Data Exchange took
place in Washington from March 29-April 2, 1976. The Soviets
acceded to the US proposals that all data emanating from US-USSR
joint cooperation be exchanged via magnetic tape between national
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data centers. They also agreed to consider a US proposal for
the establishment of a standing working group on data which
would coordinate all exchanges of data taking place at the
project level.
Biological Productivity and Biochemistry
In this program area the US side has come to realize that
the five-year program of cooperative activity agreed upon by
the Working Group and approved at the Joint Committee level was
so ambitious as to be impractical from an organizational and
budgetary standpoint. As a result, progress to date has been.
very slow. Both sides are eager to have real accomplishments
to their credit before the Agreement term runs out; therefore,
at the May Working Group meeting, the US and Soviet members
will re-examine the draft program with a view toward assigning
priorities to the proposals contained therein and establishing
realistic goals for the tl76-'77 period.
During Martineau's March visit, the Soviets expressed
interest in cooperation in training of dolphins/porpoises and
an exchange of mobile exhibits in biological and fisheries
research.- These subjects-were to be discussed at-the May-
Working Group meeting..
Soviet Bureaucracy
Soviet bureaucratic difficulties seem to be impeding resolu-
tion of the teletype, liaison._2ientists, and, third party
participation issues under POLYMODE. Agreement was reached on
the working level as early as 1974 on these matters. By the
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1975 Joint Committee meeting these e-:rhanges were written into
the Protocol and had received the bureaucratic blessing of the
late Soviet Joint Committee Chairman Vinogrodov, but still no
action. Upon Vonogrodov?s death, negotiations on implementation
of these exchanges have been initiated with his replacement
on the Joint Committeer`Academician A. V. Sidorenko.
Soviet working-level scientists are in agreement with
their US counterparts on the importance of these exchanges,
but thus far a go-ahead has not been given by appropriate
segments of the bureaucracy. Soviet scientists say that the
teletype issue is hung up in the Ministry of Communications,
and that the Shirshov Institute has difficulty in naming a
liaison scientist who, in effect, would be delegated the respon-
sibility of speaking for the Soviet POLYMODE program. Soviet
POLYMODE scientists also explained that they have difficulties
bringing third parties in at this stage of the project, but
have made the suggestion that third parties might participate
in meetings in the USSR if included as part of the US delegation-
Soviet working-level scientists have indicated that a. positive
stance on these matters by Sidorenko could lead. to their resolu-
tion.
US Administrative Problems
Each US lead agency having responsibility for supporting
an element of the Oceans Agreement has been caught up in funding
problems. In order to meet financial difficulties, the US side
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of the Joint Committee believes that proposed schedules of
specific activities and assignment of resources, such as
vessels, generally should be limited to a one- to two-year
period, rather than the five-year period favored by the Soviets.
Therefore, we are recommending against long-range planning,
suggesting instead to our program area representatives that
new initiatives be made contingent upon progress achieved under
ongoing programs. Working Groups of Experts are meeting jointly
in the second quarter and the next to develop agreeable plans
for effective cooperation for the projects the US-USSR Joint
Committee will review at the third Joint Committee meeting
planned late in 1976.
Upcoming Events
Planning for the third session of the Joint Committee
will be a major item for review, and the US has indicated that
a time for this meeting would depend on the availability of
our new Committee members.
Prior to the third session of the Joint Committee meeting,
both sides will give further consideration to the post-meeting
tours for the third session and fourth Joint Committee meetings.
The US Committee members are interested in visiting Far Eastern
facilities and in return are prepared to arrange for a West
Coast tour for Soviet Commit. members.
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HOUSING AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION
There were significant activities under only two of the
six working groups of this Agreement.
New Towns
The New Towns Working Group held its first meeting in
February when a US delegation visited the Soviet Union. The
major result of this exchange to date is the establishment of
a personal and organizational dialogue between new towns ex-
perts of the two countries. Virtually all members of the US
delegation came away with the feeling that the Soviets have a
large reserve of goodwill and that there is something to build
upon in improving cooperation.
The Working Group negotiated a two--year program for an
exchange of visits and documents. The US side proposed an ex-
change of new town specialists for an in-depth study of each
other's new towns lasting several months. The Soviet side was
not prepared to agree to such an exchange at this time, since
must first obtain approval from. higher authorities. The
major event of this meeting, however, was the submission of the
American portion of a US-USSR joint publication on standards
and criteria for site selection and development of new towns.
The US draft, 289 pages long, represented a major effort. The
Soviets, however, turned in less than 50 pages. This lack of
comparability was an embarrassment to them and it was agreed
that the Soviets would complete a fuller work by June 1976 for
the final joint publication.
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For the first time the Soviets reciprocated the large
number of documents on new communities given to them during a
1974 visit by a US team on new towns, which was then a project
under the Environmental Agreement. During the meeting, they
provided some 29 documents on new communities and related
topics. These documents have not yet been translated and their
significance is uncertain. However, judging from previous
books and other materials reviewed, Soviet publications deal
primarily with "ideal" prototypes, not with reality. Although
these publications contain statistical data, they would be
much more useful if they contained a better and more complete
description of real projects, including evaluations of strengths
and weaknesses.
Hard data or evaluations of the new towns are very difficult
to obtain from the Soviets. The US team was not successful in
obtaining maps or plans of the new towns except in the ideal-
ized or schematic forms typical of Soviet cities A member
of the US delegation has prepared a chapter on Soviet new towns
in a forthcoming book, but the best sources for this work were
not the Soviet materials received in 1974 but the works of
American scholars who had studied the Soviet press and other
sources for years and had written books and articles on related
fields such as Soviet housing town governance, geography, and
industrial development. The -,,_sic problem seems to be not so
much withholding of documents for security reasons, but the
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lack of candid and thorough Soviet. professional writing in
this field. Government publications on new towns are genera=lly
so bland and watered down that they do not provide the same
insights as do official and unofficial American publications.
So far there has been only one restriction of access: the
American team suggested a visit to Karaganda and the nearby
mining towns as examples of "energy new towns". The Soviets
did not comply with this request because Karaganda is in a
restricted area, but they substituted Donetsk in the Don Basin,
which served American purposes equally well. The Soviet itin-
erary was excellent in terms of giving the US delegation a feel
for what Soviet new towns are like, but the study tour did not
make up for the lack of documentation and time for an in-depth
study.
Industrialized Building Systems and. Utilities
The Working Group on Industrialized. Systems and Utilities
held its first meeting in March when a Soviet delegation visited
the US. The working group developed a modest number of projects
extending over a reasonable period of time, holding the cost
and manpower required by both sides during the first year to
an acceptable level.
The agreed sub-projects in the area of Industrialized
Buildings include: the architectural/engineering design of
building systems and components; the industrial engineering
factory processes for production; rehabilitation methods for
existing residential, industrial, and community buildings; and
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the design and construction of large reservoirs, smoke stacks,
cooling towers, and silos. In the area of Utility Systems the
sub-projects include: internal systems for building utilities
and energy conservation; utility systems on a community basis
for populated areas; closed loop liquid waste systems for small
and medium-sized communities; and pneumatic transport systems
for collection and removal of domestic waste. Since this was
the first meeting of the working group, it is too early to assess
the potential significance to the US of any of these projects
from a technological, commercial, or informational point of
veiw, until sub-project groups are established and have an
opportunity to meet.
At the working group meeting the US side gave 13 technical
documents to the Soviet delegation and in return a smaller
number of technical documents was received from the Soviet
delegation. During the study tour the Soviets received an ad-
ditional 14 documents from US companies and trade associations.
So at present the US side has far exceeded the Soviets in the
number of technical documents exchanged. Furthermore, in
terms of quality, the documents submitted by the Soviets were
very basic, easily obtainable, in some cases not appropriate to
the topic, generally not up to the technical quality of those
submitted by the US side, anc' included nothing in the utilities
field..
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During the second quarter of 1c'1"6, the working group will
devise mechanisms to establish the eight. sub-project committees
which will exchange personnel between the two countries during
the third quarter of 1976. The second quarter of 1976 will.
thus be very important, for the success of this working group
could well rest on the progress toward involving the private
sector intimately in its activities. During the fourth quarter
of 1976, exchange visits will be made in. the project area of
internal systems for utilities and energy conservation and in
the project area of utility systems for populated areas.
Soviet Bureaucrat
Problems with the Soviet bureaucracy stem from its com-
partmentalization and hierarchy, which make it difficult for
Soviet officials to deviate from a traditional way of doing
business and to cross jurisdictional lines to obtain insights
on new towns from different perspectives. These factors made
it difficult to obtain agreement on long-term exchanges to
study the Soviet new towns program in detail and to obtain
financial and economic information on the new towns where
responsibility lies outside the State Committee for Construction.
US Administrative Problems
Every member of the US new towns delegation had a specialty
related to the working group. It is expected that the members
of this team will retain their interest in the Soviet Union
and will be available for future exchange assignments. The
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project requires one-half of a man-year of a senior new towns
specialist and comparable amount of time of a secretary.
The core problem on the American side is the uncertainty
or outright absence of funding support for some aspects of
the exchange. Funds for implementing the "receiving side pays"
part of the Agreement have not yet been clearly earmarked by
the various program areas involved, although top staff is
aware of the budgetary requirements. Funds for translation
are limited. Representational funds are non-existent, except
perhaps at the Secretarial level, forcing HUD employees to
entertain at their own expense or to request assistance from
the private sector or state and local governments. Limitations
on travel funds restrict the number of professional HUD staff
who can participate in the exchange on a continuing basis. These
problems are being addressed, but no satisfactory solution has
been found.
In the Industrialized Building Systems and Utilities area,
there will. be very difficult administrative problems to over-
come. The US team found that the funding arrangements placed
it in a position whereby it,was obliged to use all reasonable
and honorable methods to persuade the private sector to host
the Soviet delegation to as many dinners and other activities
as possible. An item as simr"e as private transportation had
to be provided by the American .?iorking group members, princi-
pally those from HUD. The program office in HUD responsible
for this working group is not staffed or prepared to engage in
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extensive activities of this type without sufficient financial
and manpower resources which will be strained eventually as
the working group implements the eight individual sub-projects
currently planned. Additional resources will have to be found,
but it is riot yet clear where or how this can be done.
Private Sector
The reaction of the private sector to the Industrialized
Building Systems Working Group was surprisingly cold. Some 65
personal letters were sent to the major trade and professional
associations and selected companies soliciting their comments
and assistance. Half did not respond and only a handful of
the rest indicated any degree of interest. It appears that
past activities between the US private sector and the Soviets
have so disillusioned our private sector that there may be a
real problem in bringing it into the various sub-projects,
expecially when it will be required to expend unreimbursed
manpower and travel funds. However, private industry partici-
pation is absolutely necessary, since the bulk of the technical
activities in which the working group will be engaged are not
in the domain of the Federal Government in general nor of HUD
in particular in such fields as design, construction, and
process engineering. If the private sector does not participate,
the exchange program in this field will most likely have to be
reduced to levels below Soviet expectations.
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Upcoming Events
During the second quarter of 1976, a Soviet project-level
team is expected to come to the US on a new towns tour, An
exchange and discussion of additional drafts on the joint pub-
lication is one of the goals to be accomplished.
Other working groups in the Agreement will have meetings
late in the second quarter.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Within EPA an extensive review was held of all EPA pro-
ject activities to assess their substantive merit and to con-
sider which should be terminated, modified, placed on "proba-
tion", or continued beyond the May 1977 renewal date, No de-
cisions have yet been made,
The US Executive Secretary conducted a mid-year review
in Moscow during May. Originally, EPA Administrator Train
had planned to conduct the review, but in the wake of post-
ponements of Joint Committee meetings involving Cabinet-level
participants, the level of US representation was lowered to
that of Executive Secretary. The review went well, but the
Soviets used the occasion to press for a specific date for
the next Joint Committee meeting tentatively set for fall of
this year. We indicated we were not able to agree yet to firm
dates.
As was the case in previous years, working-level activi-
ties in the first quarter were relatively quiescent but began
to pick up in March. v
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Air Pollution
During March under the Particulate Abatement Technology
Project, Soviet teams participated in joint testing of a US
electrostatic precipitator with US and Soviet instruments. A
joint test of a US wet scrubber, which had been agreed upon
was cancelled when a US firm backed out because of concern over
its proprietary interests. We now plan to perform the tests
in the USSR.
Soviet cement experts toured air pollution. control facili-
ties of US cement industries March 9-21, also under the Particu-
late Abatement Technology Project. Our side reports the trip
opened sales possibilities for US control equipment.
A US team in the Process Improvement and Modification
Project visited Soviet iron and steel air pollution facilities
in March-April. Although the visit was otherwise successful.,
the Soviets again failed to program a visit to the world's
biggest iron and steel complex at Magnitogorsk. We raised
this issue at the mid-year review in May and. received Soviet
assurances that henceforth our delegations would have access
to Magnitogorsk.
Water Pollution
In the Water Pollution from Industrial Sources Project,
a Soviet iron and steel delegation visited waste water facilities
of several US plants in January. As in several other projects
where EPA is the lead US. agency, the.US side postponed a waste
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water treatment symposium from May until after July 1, because
of temporary budgetary limitations through June 30.
Agricultural Pollution
Activity in this area was minimal but agreement was reached
for potentially useful reciprocal visits later this year under
each of the four projects: Integrated Pest Management, Inter-
action Between Forests; Plants, and Pollutants; Forms and
Mechanisms by Which Pesticides and Chemicals are Transported;
and Effects of Chemicals Used in Agriculture on Fauna.
Urban Environment
US experts on urban transportation under the Environment
in Existing Cities Project visited several Soviet cities in
January, and proposals for a few other exchanges on urban
environment later this year were developed. Otherwise, activity
in this area was minimal.
Nature Protection and Preserves
Even more so than in other areas, activity in this area
usually peaks in the summer and autumn. Plans for extensive
activity under the Northers Ecosystems P?:ro,)ec l_ were temporar_-Lly
set back by the heart attack of the Soviet project leader.
Nevertheless, the long-awaited first exchange visits of experts
on environmental problems of pipeline construction in permafrost
areas (set for June 418), c" strip mining as well as other
follow-up visits on other nor ..ern ecosystem activities, seem
to be on track.
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The Soviets also developed what appears to be an excellent
program and itinerary for the first US-USSR symposium under
the Biosphere Reserves Project in the USSR in May. Taking
cognizance of the relationship between this project and
UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program, the Soviets invited a
UNESCO observer.
Under the Marine Mammals Project, a Soviet sealer/trawler
picked up three US seal/walrus specialists at Dutch Harbor,
Alaska, on March 12 for a ten-week joint research. cruise.
Curiously, the Soviets insisted that the ship not dock but
remain outside the inner harbor to receive our people by
small boat. They may have been worried about a possible future
US request for reciprocity in berthing a US vessel in a remote
Soviet Far Eastern port.
Marine Environment
Our project on Effects of Pollutants on Marine Organisms,
which has always suffered from lack of adequate Soviet prepara-
tion and communication, received another setback in March when
the Soviets insisted that the location of a symposium be shifted
from the previously agreed location, Puerto Rico. Although no
reason was given, the Soviets apparently wished to avoid possible
embarrassment with Cubans, who were expected to push an anti-US
resolution on Puerto Rico in the UN. We responded by cancel-
ling the symposium. In the wake of this and other frustrations
stemming from poor Soviet performance in administering their
side of this exchange, the US project leader resigned.
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We are putting the Soviet side on notice that the next
twelve months are "make or break" for this project.
Biological and Genetic Effects
Three US specialists participated just after the quarter
closed in a successful workshop on Basic and Practical Approaches
to Environmental Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis in Dushanbe
(Tadzhikistan) April 1-l0 under the Biological and Genetic
Effects of Pollutants Project. The Soviets agreed to receive
a US team under this project in May to discuss for the first
time occupational and environmental health problems of oil
shale processing--a subject of growing interest in our quest
for developing energy sources.
Climatic Effects
The Soviets are more active in this area than any other
country, and their theoretical work combined with our computer-
ized techniques for data manipulation are helping both sides
to devise indices which better define the sun?s effect on cli-
mate.
We have proposed discussions and add-ons to future strato-
spheric balloon experiments under the Pollution and Climate
Project so as to involve the Soviets in work on studying the
influence of fluorocarbons C. Repletion of the ozone layer.
Earthquake Prediction
One of the best project areas under the Agreement has
been set back by an unexplained interruption in the provision
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of seismic data from the Nurek Reser~~oi:r (Tadzhikistan) since
last November. We hope the problem is merely logistical
rather than a calculated Soviet decision to cut off or slow
down the flow of important data. On the US side, we face
serious budgetary limitations in this, one of the most out-
standing and productive areas of environmental cooperation.
Private Sector
Following a 1974 meeting (arranged through the US Coast
Guard participants in the Environmental Agreement) between
Samson Cordage Works of Boston, Massachusetts, and a Soviet
delegation and a subsequent 1975 visit to the USSR by company
representatives, Soviet officials signed in January 1976 a
contract for $1.25 million for open-sea-skimming units 'with
a 1,000 gallon per minute pumping capacity for clearing oil
spills.
Under the terms of the Joint Committee Memorandum of
October 31, .1975, the Department of Commerce held in Moscow,
February 2-5, a highly successful "mini" sales seminar/ex.hibi 1.
(Clean Air '76) of air pollution monitoring and analysis equip-
ment. Seven US firms participating in the exhibit (Beckman
Instruments, Inc.; Hewlett-Packard; Meloy Laboratories; Moni-
tor Laboratories; Rockwell International; Anatole J. Sipin
Co., Inc.; and Thermo Electron Corp.) sold $160,897 worth of
equipment off the floor and the exhibitors project $3.89 million
of additional sales over the next twelve months.
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The outstanding sales results of our "Clean Air '76"
exhibit and our excellent working relationship with a principal.
Soviet end-user (the USSR Hydrometeorological Service, the
chief of which is Train's counterpart-under the Agreement) lead
us to believe that US firms specializing in water pollution
monitoring and analysis equipment can achieve comparable sales
success in a similar Department of Commerce exhibit/seminar
to be held at Soviet request. in Moscow next year.
We believe these developments demonstrate how carefully
selected and prepared activities under the Agreement can open
and develop Soviet (and as a consequence perhaps other Eastern
European) markets for environmental equipment. In sum, for a
very modest expenditure of USG funds, we have already netted
US firms sales of $1.4 million and opportunities for sales of
approximately another $4 million over the next twelve months.
Soviet Academy of Sciences President Aleksandrov informed
NASA Administrator Fletcher in February that the Soviet_ side
requires further intensive preparation for a NASA-Soviet Academy
meeting on post-ASTP cooperation and will inform us when ready.
This may well represent further Soviet stalling in an area we
consider important. At the same time, in his letter to Fletcher,
Aleksandrov confirmed Acaden,_ -greement with the importance of
large (visible) projects, similar to ASTP, for NASA-Soviet
Academy cooperation.
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It is possible that changes in T.r~ademy leadership and
the 25th Party Congress involving the participation of the
top space officials delayed Soviet preparations for the meet-
ing to define post-ASTP large space projects. It is also
possible that the delay reflects a post-Party Congress, high-
level rethinking of Soviet domestic space program priorities
and, perhaps, a post-ASTP assessment of benefits accruing to
the USSR from participation with the US in highly-visible
projects. In any event all informal and formal iiadications
point to continued Soviet interest in future US-USSR manned
space flight cooperation and to a joint meeting at some time in
the not-too-distant future.
While the ASTP project proved out compatible docking
systems and joint mission operations, thereby laying a. basis
for future joint manned flight operations with the Soviets, we
cannot know what future collaboration is likely until the dis-
cussions on post-ASTP cooperation are held.
With regard to access to the scientific results of the
Soviet space program, Soviet exchange of data has been generally
adequate (quantity, quality, deadlines) in this period, with
the exception of the Soviet response to our suggestion for a
meeting on Venera results as described below.
Technical benefits from US-USSR space cooperation accrued
during the quarter and after to the US. We received Soviet
ground truth for a test site near :Kursk applicable to the Large
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Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), and a new flight op-
portunity on the Soviet biological satellite. Neither tech-
nical benefit would have been immediately available outside
of the US-USSR bilateral context.
Space Biology and Medicine
The US biological materials and radiation dosimeters flown
on the Soviet biological satellite (Cosmos 782), which was re-
covered on December 15, 1975, were returned in good condition
to US investigators for analysis. US specialists also received
Soviet flight tissue for study. In general, US scientists fell
that the Cosmos flight 782 yielded useful data on the effects of
zero gravity on the embryonic development of simple plants and
animals and radiation measurements in an orbit not flown by
the US at a time of minimum solar and maximum cosmic ray acti-
vity. In addition, informal. agreement (to be confirmed at a
September working group meeting) has been reached to fly five
US biological experiments on the next Soviet biological satel-
lite, anticipated in the fall of 1977. As on Cosmos 782, this
mission will provide flight opportunities not otherwise avail-
able to us.
Space Science
Coordinated magnetometer observations by the NASA Applica-
tions Technology Satellite (A. 6 and Soviet ground stations
continued. This project has as its scientific objective corre-
lating Soviet ground magnetometer data with magnetometer data
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taken by the satell'-_e's magnetometer in order to learn more
about the effect of .he sun on the earth's magnetosphere.
Adjustments were mal.-~ to Soviet ground stations to improve
signal strenth and c;jali.ty in order to bring the data being
sent to the satelli-- up to the level needed to meet experiment
scientific objective,;. Sample processed US data tapes were
provided to the Sov;ot experimenters to allow them to check
out their computer. ograms for data analysis. Full_ production
runs of processed da.a tapes combining both ground and space-
craft magnetometer I-`_,=.ta are expected to begin during the third
quarter of 1976. B,-,-,h US and Soviet experimenters will analyze
these data.
A disappointin: development as regards data exchange in
the Space Science a--_-a was the Soviet failure to agree to a
bilateral meeting o specialists before the international COSPAR
meeting to discuss ;see results of the Venera 9 and 10 missions
and of recent US ray:-tzr observations of the Venusian surface.
It had been, hoped t`,at the now more relaxed attitude of Soviet
scientists would
P. .-rit such an exchange, but Soviet difficulties
and disagreement in
she interpretation of their own data ap-
parently delayed th