PROPOSAL FOR CONTINUATION OF LUMINESCENT REAR PROJECTION SCREEN DEVELOPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79B00873A001600020003-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 21, 2012
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: October 29, 1964
• Content Type: LETTER

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Subject:
Gentlemen:
Proposal for Continuation of Luminescent Rear
Pro'ection Screen Development
Register Number 3-2554
07905
29 October 1964
has been conducting a feasibility program
for the development of a high resolution screen. The program is evidencing a
high degree of success and it is the opinion of both
that continuation of this program will result in a highly
desirable projection system.
The basic criteria which was established at the beginning of the program was
to increase in the rate of information transfer from the projected image to
the observer. We are of the combined opinion that the final result of this
program will exceed this goal to the point where today's conventional systems
may be obsoleted.
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
The proposal attached to this letter outlines a one year program utilizing
the combined services of It is esti- SI-AT
mated that the total cost of the program will be less than We SI-AT
are submitting this proposal to you at this early date with the intent to
resolve any of the details as soon as possible, and so that the starting of
the new effort can begin with as little time lapse between programs as possible.
Sincerely,
Program Manager
WDS:jsf
Attachment
erz
STAT
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STAT
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INTRODUCTION
As a result of the current feasibility study several important goals have
been achieved in the art of producing better rear projection screens. First,
the luminescent screen is non-directional. The true lambertian surface emits
equally in all directions. As a result, an evenly illuminated, equally intense
image is visible to any number of viewers regardless of their respective posi-
tions about the screen. This unique capability cannot be achieved by any other
type of screen.
Second, the resolution capability of a transparent luminescent screen can be
made equal to any lense-film combination used to form a magnified aerial image.
Equivalent resolution capability cannot be found in any conventional screen
material. This fact alone removes the screen as the limiting factor in the
resolution capability of a rear projection viewing system.
Third, the contrast of the image is independent of ambient lighting. This
f" factor enables the observer to view a comfortably illuminated screen image in
a brightly lighted room. The transparent luminescent screen permits the ambient
light to penetrate the screen without being scattered and to be absorbed in
the cavity behind it. When using conventional screens at high ambient illumi-
nation levels one must use exceedingly bright images to maintain contrast
between highlights and shadows. The dazzling effect of the bright image
reduces the acuity of the observers vision and creates rapid visual fatigue.
Conventional light scattering screens add scattered light to the displayed
image, while transparent screens, being free of this fault provide adequate
visual contrast with comparatively moderate highlight intensity.
In addition, several new approaches towards increasing the efficiency of the
overall system have been brought to light by the study. This proposal outlines
these approaches and makes recommendations for both continued research by
to make as efficient a screen material as possibl TAT
and to construct a prototype viewing system using customer supplied equipment
whenever possible.
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ACHIEVEMENTS OF PREVIOUS PROGRAM
Previous work performed in this program has produced screen samples which
have demonstrated the feasibility of a transparent rear projection screen
system. Ultraviolet light was projected through black and white film to form
a visible image on the screen material, the ultraviolet energy being absorbed
by the screen material and converted to visible light by photoluminescence.
The projection system designed during this development provided a lens designed
to magnify a 70mm image to 30 x 30 inches and was diffraction limited on axis.
Aspherization of two of the lens elements provided for high resolution to the
edges of the field.
The previous program was only intended to demonstrate feasibility of the system.
The duration of the program was not adequate to investigate thoroughly the
several interesting possibilities, which became apparent during its course,
for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of luminescent screens. In
particular the following points are of interest for further investigation.
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Oita.
Sftn.??
STAT
DISCUSSION OF PROPOSED INVESTIGATION
1. Anti-reflection coating of the viewing side surface of the screen
would reduce the ambient light specular reflections and also reduce internal-
reflection trapping of luminescent output. A conventional evaporated coating
will be used for this purpose.
Anti-reflection over-coating of some organic phosphor coatings would increase
the useful ultraviolet entering the phosphor by as much as 207. To avoid risk
of contamination of the phosphor an organic resin overcoat ing is an obvious
first choice.
2. Intensification of organic phosphor luminescent output by means of
an applied electrostatic field is an interesting possibility. This has already
been done (U.S. Patent 2,933,602) using powdered ZnS:Mn phosphor in a resin
binder. No linear relationship between excitation intensity and light output
was claimed. An investigation will be made to find whether field intensifica-
tion of output can be applied to transparent phosphors and, if so, what the
relationship between input and output energy is.
Techniques for energizing the electrostatically enhanced UV image have been
characterized to a great extent by what we will call a "shorting type" technique.
Conductive films placed on both sides of the luminescent dielectric tend to be
unreliable because of the large area, any point of which is subject to voltage
breakdown through the dielectric thereby creating failure of the entire screen.
It is also the purpose of this proposed study to examine "non-shorting techniques"
such as are now in use in such devices as Xerographic printers or the Memoscope
(Tonotron) type of cathode ray tubes. In this technique only one conductive
coating is used between the screen substrate and the luminescent coating.
The opposite charge is deposited on the screen by electrical corona leakage
from a screen of grid wires some distance behind the screen and which may be
placed at a point out of focus with respect to the projected image. It is
notable that cathode ray tube displays of this type have been produced which
consistently display brightnesses of 1000 foot lamberts and which are just
now being increased to a brightness of 1700 foot lamberts.
3. Clear cathode ray tube phosphors discussed in the literature reportedly
luminesce usefully only when excited by electron bombardment or 25371 ultraviolet
radiation. A possible exception is zinc fluoride phosphor which may be photo-
luminescent with 36501 ultraviolet excitation.
Some transparent phosphor CRTs are used in aircraft cockpit displays. Samples
will be obtained for evaluation.
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4. A projection system will be provided which will handle all film sizes
from 2-1/4" x 2-1/4" to 9" x 9" and will contain a 30" x 30" transparent screen
to accommodate as many observers as possible. system maybe
folded but for minimum distortion and loss of light a straight throw fromfilm,
'plane to screen is desirable.
5. Our previous investigation of organic luminescent materials was by
no means exhaustive. It is possible, but not probable, that the best combina-
tion was found. The fact that the greatest luminance output efficiency obtained
was about 157 of theoretical maximum, suggests that a continued study may be
profitably undertaken. In particular, it is proposed that more emphasis be
placed on theoretical investigation of organic systems. Measurements will be
made of 20 different materials or combinations thereof although it is not
intended that measurements be made of obviously inefficient materials.
6. Luminescent output light of organic coatings must be verified with
prolonged exposure, and without exposure to the excitation ultraviolet. Since
the organic coatings gave good luminescent output, the problem of brightness
maintenance deserves further investigation.
7. There has been some discussion of the best color for screen luminescence.
Since the transparent screen is a unique development we suggest consideration
for subjective evaluation of the screen color as proposed in the Appendix of this
proposal.
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PROPOSED CONTINUATION OF RESEARCH PROGRAM
The objective of the proposed research program is to investigate theory and
methods for development of an improved transparent luminescent screen for use
with rear projection ultraviolet excitation. Emphasis will be placed on the
theoretical investigation of organic systems and the practical investigation of
organic phosphor screen coatings.
The approach would be to utilize the instrumentation and consulting facilities
available for the organic study and to use the apparatus previously used, with
modifications as required, for organic coatings.
The duration of the program would be one (1) year, the first ten (10) months of
which would be devoted to the theoretical and practical investigations. Final
and complete reporting will occupy the last part of the program.
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PROPOSED STATEMENT OF WORK FOR THE RESEARCH PROGRAM
TO PERFORM) STAT
1. Further examine ultraviolet screen materials, organic only.
2. Conduct literature and theoretical search for a method to produce a
brighter screen.
3. Test effect of electrostatic intensification of ultraviolet excited
screen output and determine relationship between output brightness and various
excitation intensities.
4. Evaluate polished inorganic coatings typical of clear cathode ray tube
coatings.
5. Investigate effects on screen brightness and visual contrast of anti-
reflection coatings applied to
a. The substrate
b. The luminescent organic coating.
6. Make samples, of a few square-inches area, of the most promising
screen materials resulting from the above investigation.
7. Provide monthly and final progress reports.
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PROPOSED PROJECTION SYSTEM PROGRAM
TO PERFORM) STAT
The objective of the projection system program is to provide a useable
prototype viewer with a 30" x 30" screen to handle all film sizes. Different
color and/or spare screens will be provided. These screens will be of polished
plate glass, anti-reflection coated on one side.
The approach to the production of the screen will be to contact companies now
engaged in production typical of this product to determine the least cost approach.
Some tooling may be required in any event to produce a uniform, dust free screen.
Two additional lenses for various film formats will be provided. These lenses
are to be color corrected for the ultraviolet only.
Part of the projection system program will be directed to the use of maximum
energy at the film plane and the removal of heat so generated from the film.
At present only an estimate of film temperature can be achieved by assuming
that 40% of the total power emitted by the lamp is focused on the condenser
system by the internal mirrors. If the 2500 watt lamp is 857 efficient and 10%
of the total energy is in the 3654X line, then:
2500 watts x 85% x 40% x 10% = 75 watts
available at the entrance to the condenser system. If we further assume 507.
transmission by the condenser then approximately 36 watts of UV energy will be
available across an area of 5 square inches resulting in an area power input
of 7 watts per square inch of film.
We can also approach this estimate by considering the screen power requirements
and working toward the projector. The power required at the calibration point
for the screen for a 5.5, foot lambert emittance is 1.67 milliwatts of energy
per square inch at 3654A. The screen has a total area of 900 square inches.
(900) (1.66) (10-3) = 1.494 watts
Now if we make a conservative estimate of transmission loss in the projection
lens of 60%, we can calculate the power required at the entrance to the lens of
1.494 = 2.49 watts
0.6
Next, we will assume that the film may in the extreme case absorb 90% of this
energy and we can calculate the total power absorbed by the film as:
2.49 (0.90) = 2.24 watts
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Since the equipment we are using has a blower capacity of approximately 50
cfm we can now estimate the increase in temperature of the cooling air being
passed around the film to cool it.
Q = WCp.6ta
*From Systems Design Periodical Nov. 1963, Leonhard Katz, "Heat Transfer Design"
Where:
Q = heat transfer in BTU/hr
W = air flow in lbs./hr.
Cp = specific heat of air in BTU/lbs./?F
ZIta = temperature rise of air in ?F
Q = (2.24) (3.41) = 7.64 BTU/hr.
W = (50) (.065) (60) = 195 lbs. of air per hr.
Cp = 0.241 specific heat of air at room temperature
Substituting in
. . 7.64 = .162?F
WCp (195) (0.241)
These brief calculations can be carried still further to show the maximum
temperature rise in the film itself. From the prior calculation of 36 watts
power available in the projector itself it is necessary to perform a detailed
analysis of film heat dissipation techniques only if full power is required.
However, for the purpose of this proposal it is sufficient to say that film
heat dissipation is well within control levels especially if compared with
standard visible projection systems utilizing filamentary light sources or
any other light source utilizing the full visible spectrum.
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PROPOSED STATEMENT OF WORK FOR THE PROJECTION SYSTEM PROGRAM
TO PERFORM) STAT
1. Construct two 30" x 30" screens from material recommended by the
feasibility study and two additional screens from material resulting from
the proposed research program.
2. Utilize existing breadboard projector, lens and filters for con-
struction elements of a prototype viewer where possible.
3. Provide two additional lenses for larger film formats.
4. Install GSE film handler into projection system.
5. Provide necessary operating manuals.
6. Provide subject color evaluation tests manuals and final evaluation
acceptance test at the customer's facility.
7. Check plasma lamp source feasibility.
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APPENDIX
A PROPOSAL FOR
SUBJECT COLOR EVALUATION TO OBTAIN THE MOST EFFICIENT
LUMINESCENT SCREEN COLOR
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
At the present stage of development the High Resolution Screen presents a
choice of monochromatic color fluorescence. The optimum choice of color
should be based on the primary purpose of efficiency in the transfer of de-
tailed image information from the screen to the observer.
To provide the best solution to this problem some subjective evaluation under
controlled conditions are recommended by this proposal as a controlled experi-
ment.
Al
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L,.
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METHOD FOR PROJECTION SCREEN COLOR EVALUATION
The following description outlines a proposed method for evaluating the relative
visual resolving efficiency of rear projection screens having different spectral
emission characteristics.
GENERAL:
A light enclosure will be constructed for control of the visual environment.
Screens to be evaluated will cover a circular opening at one end of the light
enclosure. Acuity test objects will be projected at controlled intervals on a
screen from outside the enclosure. Screen brightness will be varied over a
number of levels for viewing. Each of a number of subjects will observe and
report on details of the test objects from an opening in the opposite end of the
light enclosure. Subjects selected will have normal vision and be comparable in
other major respects to persons expected to view the screens under work condi-
tions. The investigation of factors that may have an influence on the results
obtained is covered in an appendix.
DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS:
A. Light Enclosure
The light enclosure consists of a semi-circular box with back
illumination provided by small incandescent bulbs. Provision
is made for covering each of the lights with two 2" x 2" color
filters. Figure 1 is a plan view of the enclosure, showing the
general layout with major dimensions and suggested materials.
Figure 2 is an interior elevation view of the enclosure with
subject seated in viewing position.
B. Projection System
The projection system consists of two projectors, a controlled
position mirror for selecting one of the two for illumination of
the viewing screen, and a slide change mechanism for one of the
projectors. Figure 3 is a plan view of the system. The mirror
position is controlled by a Brush (or similar) pen motor. The
slide change mechanism is either a Bausch & Lomb 21/4x2i (or similar)
projector or is a simple hand controlled disk, whichever proves
feasible on the basis of other considerations.
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SCREEN
OPENING
SCREEN
OPENING
MULTIPLE
LIGHT SOURCES
AND FILTER HOLDERS
FIGURE 1
LIGHTWEIGHT
REMOVEABLE TOP
ADJUSTABLE
STOOL
FIGURE 2
NO SCALE
I 1 -I 8
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C. Acuity Test Slides
The test slides each contain one or more Landolt ring, acuity
test objects. The Landolt ring is illustrated in Figure 4.
The dimensions shown are nominal. Exact dimensions, the test
object configuration on the slides and the number of slides
needed will be specified separately.
D. Subjects
The sample of subjects employed for the evaluation depends
somewhat on the precision with which a difference in screens .
is to be specified, and the extent of interest in the possibil-
ity that the results obtained will depend on the particular
sample of subjects investigated. In general terms, it is
expected that a difference between screens under normal
viewing conditions will depend on their relative luminous
efficiency and the relative visual accommodation for light
in the portions of the spectrum involved. If this is the
case, there should not be a wide range of variation of the
results over individuals.
At least six subjects should be run covering ages from about
20 to 60 years and including both sexes. This will permit
some determination of the extent of the problems involved.
The results can then be reviewed for an evaluation of the
need for further investigation with a larger subject sample.
A suggested distribution of age and sex is: 20 yrs. - female,
30 yrs. - male, 35 yrs. - female, 40 yrs. - male, 50 yrs. -
female, and 60 yrs. - male.
Some attention will need to be given to assuring a satisfactorily
high level of motivation so that it is reasonable to expect that
reliable data will be obtained.
All subjects will be tested for normal near and far acuity
(Bausch-Lomb Orthorater) and color vision (Dvorine or American
Optical color deficiency test).
E. Illumination Environment
The light enclosure illumination level is to be set to give a
surround brightness one-half log unit below the maximum screen
brightness for the screen with the lowest luminous efficiency
(Spectra Brightness Meter measurement).
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MIRROR AND
PEN MOTOR
PROJECTION
LENS
5 mm.
FIGURE 3
LANDOLT RING
FIGURE 4
1/4 mm.
SCREEN
POSITION
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F. Data Collection
Subjects will be given a brief period of practice and
familiarization with the procedure. Provision will be made
for setting the test object size during the practice period
to yield a subject report error in approximately one of eight
presentations.
Data will then be collected for thirty-two test objects at each
of four levels of screen brightness covering the range from
maximum brightness to a level predetermined to result in a sub-
ject report error in about six of eight presentations.
Test objects will be presented on subject demand, using a
three second time limit for report and a two second inter-
trial interval. Three series will be taken at each screen
brightness level, beginning at maximum screen brightness and
proceeding to the least screen brightness and then alternating
least to maximum and maximum to least. Two minutes adaptation
period will be introduced following each change in screen
brightness level.
Subjects will be requested to report a number (1-8) indicating
their best estimate of the position of the opening in the Landolt
ring, followed immediately by a number (0-3) indicating their
degree of confidence in the estimate.
Each of two screens will be tested in a one hour experimental
session. The order of screen presentation will be alternated
over subjects.
Detection thresholds will be obtained by a modified serial
exploration technique at the end of each series, for each
screen.
G. Data Processing
Mean, and confidence weighted mean, frequency of seeing curves
will be plotted against screen brightness level for each of
the three illumination series for each screen for each subject.
These curves will be examined for differences between screens
over subjects. The obtained variation between sex and age will
be noted. Statistical significance of the differences obtained
will be calculated if the data indicate that such an evaluation
is necessary.
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H. Remarks
The evaluation is designed to produce results that are reason-
ably comparable to ordinary viewing conditions. The data are
collected for this reason under binocular vision and for the
natural pupil.
A parallel line grating test object is an alternate choice. The
Landolt ring has been introduced, however, to provide a minimal
search condition roughly comparable to the work conditions.
The particular subjects initial color preferences are not conqider-
ed an important factor. Preference for one screen or another is
expected to move in the direction of greatest screen resolution.
However, preference ratings will be obtained from each subject on
completion of the test to determine whether there is a consistent
trend in this respect.
It is understood that work viewing conditions will vary and
differ from those under which the evaluation is made. However
it is not expected that such variation from the test condition
will materially affect the direction of an obtained difference
between screens if it is consistent over illumination levels
and subjects.
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APPENDIX
The investigation is readily extended to cover additional factors. Some
improvement may occur on axis by using visible emission from the source to
form a direct image at the screen. An additional experimental run can be made
to determine how much improvement is possible with a combined direct and fluor-
escent image for both on axis and off axis conditions.
It is possible that an obtained difference between two screens can be manipulated
somewhat by varying the spectral characteristics of the viewing environment. This
could be due either to a change in relative visual contrast of the test object
under different color adaptation conditions, or to a difference in the accommod
ation to illumination in different spectral regions. The contribution of these
factors can be examined by inserting appropriate color filters in the light
enclosure sources for additional experimental runs.
It is also possible that the results obtained for a test object covering the
foveal region would not apply to the peripheral vision involved in a task
requiring visual search to an important degree. The influence of this factor
can be determined by a redesign of the test object to require the location and
report of a singular figure imbedded at random within a complex configuration.
The projection of an image on an efficient rear projection screen results in
a screen image brightness and contrast that is essentially independent of the
general illumination environment. This situation differs from an ordinary
viewing situation in which a viewed object reflects the general illumination
and thereby retains a fixed relation to the visual surround indepndent of the
illumination level. The situation also differs from that for front projection
in which the image contrast is a function of the general illumination level.
It is to be expected that the visual resolution of a rear projection image will
depend on the general illumination environment in the case of an efficient
projection screen that does not reflect front illumination and that this will
differ somewhat from optimal viewing conditions for other viewing situations.
It may be worthwhile, for this reason, to obtain results for a range of general
illumination levels as a means for locating an optimum level.
The detailed design of experiments to obtain data on the above points should be
based on results from the main experiment and an examination of the relevant
literature.
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Noe -?
STAT
DETAILED TEST PROGRAM
TEST EVALUATION
Prepare all materials for color evaluation on both high and low contrast
targets (Landolt Rings).
a. Prepare 8 each 35 mm slides for projection of high contrast
(1000:1) target consisting of a Landolt Ring.
b. Prepare 8 each 35 mm slides for projection of low contrast
(2:1 or optional) consisting of a Landolt Ring.
c. Obtain 2 light sources and one Bausch & Lomb 23/4 X 2k projector
with automatic slide changer.
d. Obtain 4 color filters, two objective lenses with irises and
polacoat screen.
e. Obtain color filters for test box environmental lighting.
f. Construct mirror control consisting of brush pen motor with
mounted mirror.
g. Assemble test enclosure and components. Wire and test for remote
operator control. A cardboard enclosure supported by wood framing
is anticipated.
SUBJECT PREPARATION
a. Select 12 subjects as follows, two of each as follows
20 year old females
30 year old males
35 year old females
40 year old males
50 year old females
60 year old males
Consultant to aid in selection.
b. Check all subjects for visual acuity near and far (13 inches and
27 inches) and for color vision. Use of optometrist services is
.recommended to minimize cost of test equipment. American Optical
Projecto Chart or Bausch & Lomb Orthorator and Dvorine or American
Optical Color deficiency test.
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STAT
c. Consultant to assist in selection of 6 of the 12 subjects to continue
in test, others to remain in obeyance if acceptable.
d. Prepare written test instruction for subjects to be certain that all
subjects receive the same information and have consultant brief
all concerned.
e. Run Test with Consultant present. Run 64 test objects past each
subject, 32 high contrast and 32 low contrast targets, at each of
4 levels of screen brightness as outlined by consultant.
f. Consultant to reduce data and make recommendations.
PREPARATION OF TEST REPORT
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