TECHNICAL PROPOSAL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79B00873A001400010015-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 66
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 24, 2012
• Sequence Number: 15
• Content Type: REPORT

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I. N. 1009
TECHNICAL PROPOSAL
AUTOMATED FILM TRANSPORT STUDY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section I Introduction
Section II Scope
Section III Summary
Section IV. Task Abstract
Section V Technical Discussion
Appendix A Personnel
Appendix B Facilities
Appendix C Program Plan
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~.+ SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION'
In response to a formal request by the U. S. Government,
proposes to study the loading., threading, transporting and
flattening of roll film. The study will produce a base of tech-
nology applicable to future designing and specifying of image
exploitation equipment.
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
The study will proceed in three phases (see App. C, Program Plan).
In Phase I the operational characteristics of concepts, designs and
techniques currently employed in the handling of tape, film or strips
will be ascertained,by survey and other means.
In Phase II the data concerning these techniques and their operational
characteristics will be screened.
.Phase III will apply research to complete the evaluation of operational
characteristics, study new applications for existing techniques, and
examine the feasibility of new techniques.
A Final Report will result which will provide a coherent and useable
statement of the operational characteristics of existing techniques
as well as the results of new directions investigated.
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SECTION III
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY
A base of technology useful in the design of new image exploita-
tion systems will be the result of this study, as well as compre-
hensive yardsticks which, when applied to a proposed concept,
design or technique, yield a meaningful statement of its relation
to all existing concepts, designs or techniques.
The yardsticks will provide a means of controlling operational variables
.(image quality, transport speed, etc.) as well as practical considera-
tions (development cost, production cost, production time) to preclude
over-design, under-design, or duplication.
The development of,the study will begin with an objective survey
that empirically gathers all available information concerning devices that
transport strip materials.. This body of information will be categorized
by type of device (viewers, projectors, printers, etc.). Then these
categories will be classified and subgrouped by method of loading,
threading, transportation, and flattening. Data fields for each subgroup
will thus be formed (e .g . , a range of transport, speeds for the capstan-
driven subgroup of viewers). In addition, engineering tests will be per-
formed to investigate the possibility of extending the data fields (e.g. ,
extending the range of transport speeds) . Finally, the possibility of
applying a technique,g leaned from, one subgroup to another will be
examined (e.g. , applying a technique found in a machine in the capstan-
driven subgroup of viewers to a machine in the reel-driven subgroup of
light tables) .
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The results of these efforts will be presented in a comprehensive
but useable Final Report consisting of charts, graphs, textual
material, and bibliography,.
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SECTION" IV
TASK ABSTRACT
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Task Abstracts
Task 1 . Preparation for Survey.
To prepare for the surveyystate of the art approaches for roll film
handling will be listed by the coznizant engineers 0 Equipment STAT
to be listed will include at least the following: viewers, light tables,
contact printers, projection printers, motion picture projectors,
magnetic tape units, and film processors.
Known sources of information will also be tabulated. These will
include established experts in their field from professional societies,
designers and builders of equipment, users in and out of Government,
and academicians.
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Task 2. Survey Instrument(s)
The survey questionnaire will be shaped to solicit as much usable
information as possible, without being so complex as to discourage.
potential respondees.
It is anticipated that more than one survey questionnaire will be
used because of different approaches for each category or class.of
equipment. Separate requests will make it easier to focus on
desired information by eliminating extraneous material. This survey
material will be sent to. those on the lists previously prepared.
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Task 3 Literature Search.
To seek the present "state of the art" a search of the literature
.will be made for papers on all aspects of roll film handling and
transport systems, as well as those dealing with positioning of film
in both the lateral and transverse dimensions. The third axis (along
the optical axis) is'also of intense interest, as the third axis effects
focusing and defines the plane of the field of view. The literature
search will be conducted concurrently with the survey, so any
information or leads turned up in the. search can be used in the
survey to the best advantage.
Government sources such as Recon Central, will be consulted as well
as the normal professional and trade publications pertinent to the
field.
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Task 4. Field Survey of Equipment.
It is felt that certain technical information can be acquired only
from field trips to study specific equipment. The engineers can
cut straight to the heart of the matter instead of waiting for responses
which are hopefully pertinent. Valuable time will be saved by this
expedient; much proprietary engineering data is unpublished and
will require a competent technical observation to understand the
subtleties and complexities of a system or design. Also, having a
chance to talk to designers, users, and builders of equipment will
give a broader view to the overall picture for those who avail them-
selves of the opportunity.
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TASK 5. Data Screening
Data will be compiled and correlated several different ways. First
the data will be grouped by type of machine. Then it will be organized
by method of loading, threading, transporting and flattening. The
operational limitations of these methods will be determined and reduced
to useable data fields.
The data fields will be reduced to graphic form whenever possible,
establishing parameters useful in applying the data.
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Task 6. Determine Adequacy of Data.
The compiled and correlated data will be checked for relevancy,
accuracy, and completeness,.
At this stage it will be determined if the data is adequate.
Inadequate. data will require resurvey. The depth and scope of the
resurvey will be determined by the nature of the data inadequacy.
New surveys may also be prompted by the results of the original
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Task 7. Organize Data for Final Report.
Data in its reduced, compiled and correlated forms will be organized
for inclusion into the Final Report. The technical narrative will be
supported by charts, graphs and nomographs.
To be meaningful, certain of the data will have to be combined with
other data, to show system considerations. Again, these will be
supported by graphs when this shows the results in the best possible
light.
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feels that a set of useable guidelines is necessary to make the
base of technology that will be established most valuable.
This Task will consist of the drawing up of the guidelines, and assoc-
iating these guidelines with the appropriate areas of data gathered in
the survey. It is proposed that a major portion of the guidelines be
in graphic form for most effective utilization by the user. In general,
the guidelines will enhance the usefulness of the base of technology
by. providing an easy means to find the appropriate area of the technology
for the application under consideration.
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Task 9. Feasibility Investigation.
Based upon the results of the data collected in Phase I
and screened and correlated in Phase II, some findings may suggest
an innovation in automated roll film handling systems. These areas
will each be looked at in terms of the potential system improvement,
the effort estimated to gain that improvement, and the probability of
achieving the estimated gain. Feasibility studies and experiments
will be conducted where indicated. If extensive work (over 2 man
weeks) would be needed to prove feasibility, customer approval would
be secured before startup. Close liaison will be provided with the
customer to insure that the direction of the effort will be to the
customer's best overall interest.
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Task 10. Customer Liaison.
Close liaison will be maintained with the customer during all three
phases of the study effort.
Liaison is important during Phase I while the survey instrument is
taking Shape. During Phase II liaison will ensure continuity of
thought and purpose.
will be able to make presentations to the customer if required,
to explain any phase of the program.
In Phase III, close liaison with the customer will insure that any
approved, applied research will be in a direction to produce the
most useful data and support the recommendations stated in the study.
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Task 11 Write Final Report.
will write a Final Report, to be submitted after the formal work
on the study is finished.
The Final Report will contain the essence of the material in the
monthly reports, the results of the survey, the reduced data, an
explanation of the significance of the data, and the guidelines to
make the data useful.
In addition, the results of all feasibility studies and experiments,
and their significance will be included.
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SECTION V
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
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TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
engineers are already aware of some of the results the proposed
study is designed to produce. This experience or understanding might
be called "initial knowledge." Care must be exercised so it does not
.bias the data gathering effort, although it must be brought to bear at
some point in the study or it would be wasted.
Phase I is structured to exclude "initial knowledge" bias. Then,
after an unprejudiced effort has been made to accumulate all available
data, the "initial knowledge" is incorporated into the Phase II data
screening.
This Technical Discussion presents that "initial knowledge" concerning
the loading, threading, transporting and flattening; and driving of film,
as well as some discussion of film itself.
FILM LOADING
Loading and unloading film in a viewer or printer is often
a tedious operation.
First, 40 lbs. or more of film must be lifted. Then the
drive splines and supports must be adjusted to the proper width. After
that, the splines must be removed or retracted. Finally, the splines
must be engaged in the reel with one hand while the operator supports
and guides the reel with the other.
Various: solutions to these problems suggest themselves.
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For instance, the reel locating points might be transferred from the
equipment to the reels where they would act as a support while the
drive member is engaged. Unfortunately, this might not be practical.
For one thing,. there is.the problem of existing hard-
ware. Also, reels with extended pins would be more vulnerable to
damage than in-use equipment. Storage and shipping would also be
more difficult.
Solutions other than transferring the reel locating
points have been attempted. For instance, other types of load mech-
anisms have been developed, such as:
Sliding members manually moved and locked.
Sliding members with detents manually moved
and locked, or just detented.
One-side sliding member.
"Key skate" operated two side sliding members
with fixed center.
Fixed adaptors added to make up the maximum
dimension.
One-side loaders with a cantilevered shaft, with
movable or detented shaft lock.
Reel-inserted shaft with drive members and lock.
The proposed study will produce operational data con-
cerning these and other in-use methods as well as suggest new appli-
cations and methods.
FILM THREADING
Film threading is also an involved process.
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After the reel of film is loaded, the free end must be
manually threaded through the system to the take-up reel. There
are automatic threaders, but most of them rely on sprocket wheels
for advancing the film.
Light tables generally have the simplest threading mech-
anisms. The film is taken manually from the supply reel, over a roller
at the feeder end of the table, over a second roller at the take-up end,
thence to the take-up reel.
Slightly more complicated light tables involve split tables
for stereo viewing. Between the tables a loop must be created to position
the appropriate stereo frames under the microscopes. In these systems
the film is taken manually from the supply reel, over a roller, across the
first light table, and over another roller to a slack loop roller (or rollers) .
From there, the film is threaded through a similar assembly to the take-up
reel. (See Fig. 1)
Film viewers can be as simple as a light table but are often
considerably more complex, such as a scanning viewer (e.g. the Freon
Gate VWFR, or VARISCAN) which involves capstans, dancing arm rollers,
and reel torque motors.
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In these more complex systems the film is manually
pulled from the feeder roll through various rollers, around the capstan,
and through more rollers to the take-up reel. (See Figure 2)
FIGURE 2
Innovative use of dancing rollers can simplify manual
threading of viewers somewhat. The dancer is folded back so the film
may be pushed straight through (See Fig. 3) and' then is re-positioned,
providing film.wrap (See Fig. 4).
DANCER
FIGURE 3
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This folding dancing roller is a first step towards
simplifying the film threading operation in these more complex
viewers, although there is always room for improvement.
A German firm has used a similar idea in an 8mm
sprocketed film projector. The film is threaded using the sprockets
and brought into final position by a lever which snaps into position
when tension is applied as the film attaches to the take-up reel.
Also,. IBM. has developed a magnetic tape automatic
threader that uses rollers for rough alignment of the tape and a
vacuum for drawing the tape into final alignment.
These developments or similar ones may prove applicable
to roll film transport systems in viewers and printers but not without
some study since, in viewers and printers, there are unique technical
limitations not found in movie camera and magnetic tape applications..
For example, viewers and.printers are usually much larger and have
structural limitations. Also, in printers. two strips of film are involved.
FILM TRANSPORT
Besides the spool supports and drives with auxiliary
equipment, film transport systems usually have a pair of rollers at
the ends of the viewing area, light table proper, or film platen. When
not.clamped the film is suspended across the viewing.area by these
two rollers with more or less sag depending on the tension maintained
on the film. It should be a simple matter to maintain sufficient tension
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so the amount of sag would be negligible. Often it is not, however,
since the film must be supported and transported without appreciable
stretching . Practical experience has demonstrated that in many cases
the maximum permissible tension is not sufficient to hold the sag
within the flatness requirements for optical viewing. This, together
with the tendency of the film to curl upward at the edges, is the
reason that the film is often clamped while being viewed. There are
many cases, however, when clamping for optical viewing or projecting
and unclamping for transport are inconvenient for the operator. Thus it
would be useful to have some actual data on the amount of sag and curl
for various widths and thicknesses of film when suspended over various
lengths of span with specified amounts of tension. Data of this type
should be rather easy to obtain, but apparently it has not.previously
'.been collected and organized in a manner appropriate to the rather large
..variety of cases which occur.
There might be a better technique than clamping for the
cases where sag and/or curl with the simple suspension system are
not within the desired limits of film flatness., Thus a means might be
sought to produce partial film flattening in the viewing area without
interfering with the viewing and, hopefully, without making solid
mechanical contact with the film. There are at least two types of
forces which conceivably might be useful in such film flattening:
1) electrostatic force, and 2) fluid (preferably air) pressure, possibly
under dynamic (flow) conditions.,
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The problem of sag (but not that of curl), might be
eliminated by suspending the film in a vertical plane over the viewing
area, but there are many practical reasons for requiring a horizontal
viewing area, hence only the latter will be considered here.'
ere . ' For
simplicity, only the emulsion-up situation will be discussed. Hence
the curl will be in the direction of the edges turning upward , A means
to provide downward forces along the edges of the film and upward pressure
under the central viewing area of the film must be sought, both without.
mechanical contact and, at least in the latter'case, without introducing
anything which isn't transparent to visible light. A little experimenting
shows that the magniture of these forces must be noticeably larger than
the force which would be required merely to support the film against
gravity but some study is needed to determine the actual values which
.these forces must have in order to produce the required degree of
flattening .
A few simple computations indicate that electrostatic
forces do not offer much in the way of potential usefulness. Thus:
5 mil cellulose acetate requires about 2.3 x 10-4 lb. (force)/sq. in. to
support it against gravity. To provide this force by electric charge
would require about 3.8 x 10-12 coulombs/mm2of surface charge, which
would take an electric field in air of about 430 volts/mm. This is over
10% of the spark-over field for air. In other words, if the curl flatten-
ing forces were as much as. 10 times the gravity. support forces then
the electrostatic field necessary would be sufficient for corona discharge
in the air. Even if one felt inclined to use such large fields in the vicinity
of film and/or humans it is doubtful that they could be obtained without
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the use of electrical conductors which are generally opaque to
visible: light. Thus it seems unlikely that any electrostatic film
support systems will turn up during the study but, if such devices
.are found, they should be extremely interesting.
Potentialities for fluid support and flattening of the
film do not appear so empty. 2.3 x 103 lb. /in2 of air pressure is
practically nothing to achieve, although control may be 'a bit of a
problem.. First a non-contacting means to seal the edges is needed
(assuming that two sides of the viewing area are sealed by the
,rollers). For the low pressure required here it appears that air
knives along the edges might be sufficient. Thus a linear distribu-
tion of air bearings along both edges of the film is suggested (either,
above and below, or only above to conteract the upward curl force).
Probably enough of the air flowing out of these bearings would pass
between the film and the glass platen to provide the necessary
-support force under the central. viewing area (in fact, it might be
necessary to bleed off some of this air in order to not have too much
pressure under the film), but if not, then such support pressure could
be introduced separately.
Attaining the forces for partial flattening should be quite
feasible, but controlling them properly might be another matter.
It appears, in fact, that control of the pressures would need to
be done so delicately that only a closed-loop type of control
would be satisfactory. This would require developing a means for
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measuring the'film elevation above the platten at the center of
the viewing area. Perhaps a beam of collimated light directed
transversely across the film so as to be partly above and partly
below the median film plane.could be utilized. Two photo detectors,
one above and one below, could provide servo signals for the support
pressure to maintain the film in the most nearly attainable flat surface.
Study is needed to determine how flat the film could be maintained
with such a system. It would appear that a fairly straight-forward
study of the various forces as a.problem in static equilibrium could
be programmed for a digital computer. The output would be computations
of the film surface configuration for various combinations of the variables:
edge force, support pressure,, length and width of fluid supported area, film
tension, and film thickness, composition, etc. As an elaboration the
feasibility of applying air jets to the most prominent bulges as a means of
achieving greater flatness might be investigated. Such data as this,
together with the required flatness for particular viewing conditions,
would be helpful in estimating the :value of various degrees of elaborateness
in film support systems.
FILM FLATTENING
The required degree of film flatness (over the field of
view, at least) would seem to be the same as the depth of focus for
the optical system. The latter is often related to the size of the
diffraction pattern for a diffraction limited system or to the size of
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the circle of confusion for an aberrated system.* One can also
consider the effect of focusing error on the modulation transfer
function.** For this purpose one examines the magnitude of the
quantity d/16 (f-number) 2 , where d is twice the departure from
"perfect" focus. It turns out that when this quantity is about one-
fourth of a wavelength there is no noticeable change in the cutoff
frequency but the modulation in the region of half of the cutoff
frequency is dropped from about 40% to about 25% . If the same
quantity is about one-half of a wavelength, however, the modu-
lation at about half the cutoff frequency is dropped to zero - thus
effectively halving the cutoff frequency. Thus one-quarter
wavelength may be taken as a practical upper limit for the quantity
defined above. The theory indicates that the f-number used in the
defined quantity should be the effective f-number, which on the
image side is (M + 1) times the nominal f-number (f/D), where M
is the absolute value of the lateral magnification. For a viewer
the corresponding value on the object side is of greater interest -
hence the image side value should be divided by the longitudinal
magnification, which is the square of the lateral magnification. The
result of all this is plotted in Figure 5. During the proposed study
these mathematical considerations would be applied to techniques
uncovered when considering film flattening.
*Manual of, Photogrammetry - page 90.
**Born and Wolf - Principles of Optics, pp 480-490
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IN 1009
10.0 -
1.00 -
.0.10
10 15
MAGNIFICATION
d = 2.4 X 10-3
(M + 1)2 ( f )2
M D
FIGURE 5: DEPTH OF FOCUS
vs
MAGNIFICATION
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 I.N.10109
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El
c
C
E
FILM DRIVES
In roll-film handling devices mechanisms are required
to accommodate the film reels Is. These mechanisms provide a means
for 'paying out or taking up film, and, in many cases, regulating the
tension in the film.
Various means have been designed to accomplish these
ends. In some cases, various film widths and reel diameters must
be accommodated. In other cases the film is of fixed width and
reel diameter but severe operating conditions are imposed upon the
drive mechanism (such as in a film transport required to provide
rapid random access to any frame) .
A few of the film drive devices and systems which might
be encountered in this study are discussed below.
DC or AC Constant Torque Reeling Systems are one of
the simplest reeling systems available. They have been successfully
used for a number of years in magnetic tape and film recording equip-
ment as well as various types of cameras.
Power is usually supplied to the reel by an AC motor
or DC motor with a series resistance inserted in the circuit to approximate
constant current power source. Under these conditions a DC motor
exhibits approximately constant torque regardless of speed and an AC
motor can be made to behave in substantially the same manner. Generally
the AC motors used in this type of device are specially-constructed units
utilizing high resistance wound fields to limit the power dissipation of
the motor which operates essentially under stall or semi-stall conditions.
V - 12
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Since the reel operates under constant torque conditions ,
the tension placed on the film is inversely proportional to the diameter
of the film pack on the reel. Thus an auxiliary means of controlling
the motion of the film (such as a capstan) is generally required.
This type of reeling mechanism is simple and inexpensive.
Generally speaking, few relays and resistors are the only circuit elements
required besides the motor itself. In many cases the motor shaft can
be used to hold the film reel so an exceedingly simple electro-mechanical
system results.
The disadvantages of this type of system are poor tension
regulation and, because the motor is operating at near-stall, limited
power obtainable without excessive heat generation. This type of
system is best suited for light duty applications usually involving film
of narrower widths where a relatively small amount of tension is required.
Eddy Current and Hysteresis Clutches and Motors will also
probably be encountered in this study.
The Eddy Current Clutch is a variation of the Faraday
or homopolar generator. It consists essentially of 'a rotating magnetic
field proximous to a copper disc or cup. The motion of the magnetic field
induces circulating currents in the copper part. These circulating
currents produce a corresponding magnetic field in the copper part. If
the copper part is rotatable it will attempt to follow the motion of the
main rotating magnetic field. Thus a useable mechanical power output
is obtained. The torque obtained is very nearly. proportional to the
strength of the magnetic field and to the difference between the rotational
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 for rotating the magnetic field is required. A relatively simple AC
induction motor can be used. Also, power for the clutch can be
derived from some other constantly. rotating. part in the film drive
system. - The efficiency of this type of drive is comparatively low
although extremely high gain from the standpoint of the control
voltage or current can be realized .
Hysteresis Clutches operate in a slightly different
hysteresis of the Aron material rather than by eddy currents.
manner, but, generally speaking, have the.same control character-
istics. The driven rotating part is. made from a ferrous material
instead of copper and the induced magnetic field is caused by
with a relatively large number of magnetic poles very. similar to that
of a conventional AC induction motor. The rotor, however, is made
Hysteresis synchronous motors are often used as reeling devices
in light duty applications. These motors consist.of a wound stator
V-14
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speeds of the rotating magnetic field and the movable copper part.
If the magnetic field is produced by a wound coil it is possible to
control the torque output of the device by varying the coil current.
Since the copper disc or cup has no poles, the torque obtained from
such a mechanism is completely free::of any cogging or torque varia-
tions as a function of shaft position. Also, this type of device provides
a well-damped dynamic characteristic and is suitable for situations
requiring extremely delicate handling of the film.
One disadvantage of this type of drive is that a means
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 T TT 111A
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E
from a cylindrical slug of steel containing a large percentage of
cobalt which has a large-area hysteresis loop characteristic, and
thus it is very easy for the stator to induce magnetic poles in the
cylindrical structure. If the.rotator is stalled or operating at less
than synchronous speed, the energy required to move these magnetic
poles within the rotor causes a torque output in the motor, thus
making it useful for reeling applications. One interesting feature
of this. type of motor is that, if a direct current is applied to the
motor winding (instead of the usual AC), the motor acts as an
efficient dynamic brake. Thus the functions of reel driving and
braking can be combined into a single unit..
DC or Constant Tension Reeling Systems are used
when it is necessary or desirable to maintain constant tension in
the film as it is wound or unwound from the reel. This can be
accomplished by means of a proportional control system in which.
the torque applied by the reel drive motor is directly proportional to
the radius of the film pack on the reel.. This can be accomplished
either by directly sensing the amount of film on the reel or by
.sensing the amount of tension in a storage loop in the film threading
path. These two methods are discussed separately since each type
of system offers its own advantages.
In Radius Sensing Systems the radius of the film on
the reel can be directly sensed by a light radius arm and roller. It
is usually possible to make this assembly light and small enough so
the roller rides at the edge of the film, avoiding scratching the film
V - 15
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 r
T TAT l nng
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in the viewing area. This system gives a direct measure of the
amount of torque, required to produce a constant tension in the film.
Many alternate methods of radius sensing have been developed. One
such is the photo-electric cell device which requires no mechanical
contact with the film although, due to variable densities in the
film, it is necessary to utilize somewhat more sophisticated error
signal processing techniques in order to obtain a reliable control
signal for the system.
One mistake commonly made in the design of radius.
sensing systems is the use of voltage sources to drive the reel
motor. Under static conditions the current in the motor is a direct
function of the voltage applied to the motor but, under dynamic
conditions (that is, with the system in motion), the counter-emf
generated by the motor either adds to or subtracts from the voltage
applied to the motor. Thus, if a system generates a voltage applied
to the motor proportionate to the radius of the film pack, the
tension in the film strand will vary depending. on the direction of
motion of the motor. In order to maintain constant tension, there-
fore, it is necessary to use a controller which varies the current to
the motor linearly with the radius of the film pack regardless of the
motor speed.
In Tension Sensing Systems improved operating
characteristics may be obtained by inserting a device in the film
path which directly senses tension in the film. Tension sensing
generally is accomplished by measuring the amount of film contained
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 T M 1 (1 n O
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c
E
Ell
in a storage loop or festoon, arranged so the amount of film contained
therein is a function of the tension in the system. Two commonly
used devices for this are the spring-loaded dancer arm and the
vacuum storage loop. In the former device a roller is loaded by a
spring or torsion bar which has a linear spring rate. In the latter
device the degree. of force on the film is a function of the displace-
ment of the film in the vacuum loop chamber. This type of system
is a position. servo loop and it is thus possible for the system to
accommodate changes in tension caused by acceleration and de-
celeration of the film reels. Therein lies the principal advantage
of tension sensing over radius sensing. The latter cannot accommo-
date the additional forces produced by accelerating or decelerating
the reel. In many film transports, however,' system accelerations
are very low. Thus the additional complexity of the tension sensing
system is warranted only in cases where rather good dynamic
characteristics of film transport are required.
Besides reeling systems various means for controlling
motion of the film in the film transport will be encountered in this
study.
One of the simplest of these is by direct control of the
power applied to the film reels. This type of system involves a
minimal number of parts and provides a degree of control which is
usually sufficient for positioning a given frame or location on the
film at a particular point, as on a light table or measuring micro-
scope. In many applications, such as in scanning or printing
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 ~y -1 A r,
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equipment, a closer degree of control is required because in a
direct reel drive system the film. velocity is dependent upon the
amount of film on each of the reels.in the system. While it is
possible to sense the amount. of film on each reel and compute a
command velocity for the reel which is driving the system at that
particular instant, this approach is usually somewhat complex
from a control equipment standpoint and is often difficult to.
stabilize. Thus in film scanning or printing systems it is much
.more common to find some form of capstan drive which allows direct
control of the film velocity with the reeling, system serving only as
the pay-out, take-up, and tensioning elements Except in the case
of a system using sprocketed film these capstan drives depend
on drive friction between the film and the capstan roller for the
required traction to control the film movement. This friction is
E
found by the formula F=Ei,,&, which shows the wrap to be as important
as the coefficient of friction Many means for increasing this
traction have been developed, such as making the capstan from
materials with a high coefficient of friction, using pinch rollers to
force a high unit pressure on the capstan (thereby increasing its
traction), and using vacuum manifold systems in which the film is
clamped to the capstan by atmospheric pressure. Each of these
systems offers advantages and disadvantages.
The use of a rubber capstan tire offers little damage
to the film, but there is a practical limit to the amount of traction
that can be obtained. Use of a pinch roller provides more traction
but has the disadvantage that any dirt or dust in the film drive system
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 I TAT l nna
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film is as important as the longitudinal. This is particularly true
in automated equipment making use of machine-readable coded
information on the film. Effective means of guiding the film as it
passes through the film transport have been developed, such as
flanged rollers, guide shoes, slot guides, and other devices.
Since the compliance of film varies with width, thickness, base
material, and, to a certain degree, emulsion, it has been found
that many different types of guiding devices are required for various
film types and sizes. For example, narrow thin films can be con-
sidered more or less an elastic belt which can be guided by means
may be ground into the film. The vacuum system utilizes a
capstan perforated with small holes coupled to a suction system.
It offers high traction with minimal.film damage but tends in
practice to be rather complicated mechanically to implement.
Also these vacuum systems are generally quite noisy, an important
objection where a large number of machines are co-located, or a
high degree of concentration is required on the part of the operator.
Nevertheless the vacuum capstan exhibits superb control character-
istics entirely free from difficulties caused by air entrapment by
the film which plagues the rubber tire capstan and, to. a lesser
extent, the pinch roller at high film transport speeds . Thus it is
often used in automatic film handling systems.
Film Guiding and Registration is as important a con-
In many applications the transverse position of the
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 T hT 1 nno
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of crowned rollers and shoes placed so that the edge of the film
rides against them. Wide, thick film, on the otherhand, tends to
approximate an inelastic band and therefore an entirely different
guiding technique is required. Generally speaking, the wider the
film, the more difficult it is to use any sort of guiding system which
relies on contact with the edge of the film;'the film will simply ride
up on the guide until the edge is damaged. Guiding of wide films
is generally accomplished by alignment of the rollers and reels in
the system to provide the proper film motion.
In any event, these film drive considerations are
important when discussing film transport methods in viewers and
printers.
FILM
Handling, tracking and slewing of film by equipment
such* as viewers, printers, light tables, etc. , often degrades the
emulsion or the base of film. In general, these degradations may
be put into three categories: 1) dimensional changes, 2) physical
damage to emulsion or base, and 3) dirt.
Dimensional changes are usually caused by the
handling equipment applying undue stress, generally in the
longitudinal direction. Ambient conditions such as relative humidity
and temperature, and the condition of the film emulsion and base also
contribute. Polyester base materials are less vulnerable to such stresses
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than triacetate base materials. In the case of triacetate materials
moisture remaining in the emulsion or base after processing has,
considerable, importance.
so no undue. stress or tension is applied during operation. Proper ..
engineering should insure minimum.film to equipment surface
contact. It is usually impossible to run film through any kind of
equipment without touching at least the base and at times the
emulsion. Even in a mechanical system completely devoid of
Dimensional changes are generally eliminated or,
minimized by proper engineering of the film handling equipment
rollers contacting the film, simply pulling the film from a roll and
rolling it up again can cause some damage to.the emulsion either
by scraping it against the base, or by scraping it against captured
foreign material within the.roll.
Physical damage to emulsion or base is usually
caused by contact with equipment surfaces. To minimize such
damage, devices are often provided with free rolling parts wherever
contact with the emulsion or base is. necessary. In addition, these
parts are generally constructed of low friction materials with smooth
finishes. The scratching of films can also be caused by foreign
particles within. the equipment. At times such particles are pieces .
of the film or emulsion particles left after previous damage.
Generally cleaning, continuous brushing,and.air-blowing vacuum
and/or anti-static systems are required to control the incidence of
foreign particles.
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Dirt is generally caused by ambient conditions and
by past maintenance. Dirt on the film can be transferred to part of
the equipment and re-transferred to another portion of the film later
during operation. In addition, dirt can be transferred from one part
to another of the film by contact during rolling up.
In addition to degradations, some of the characteristics
of aerial films will require study. Some of those characteristics are
already well documented.
Aerial films are manufactured basically for three
functions: camera negative, duplicating, and color recording
(including infrared Ektachrome). These films come in various
widths from 70mm through 9-1/2 inch, and in various lengths from
cut chip to several thousand feet. Aerial films are coated on two
types of bases, polyester and triacetate, in base thicknesses from
2-1/2 through about 5-1/2 mils. Some of them have a clear or
dyed gelatin coating on the base, while others have a static
resistant or other type of backing.. Scratching or abrading of film
is essentially independent of film thickness, considering the gel
back. Differences in base materials and thicknesses, however,
effect dimensional stability. Polyester base resists stress far more
than triacetate. Thicker bases will resist stress more than thinner
bases. The ultra thin base film (1-1/2 mils)known colloquially
as "Saran Wrap" is extremely difficult to handle and is a problem
within itself usually requiring special equipment. In either case,
caution must be taken in the design of equipment so the film will
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 T TAT 1 n n Q
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not be folded or rolled over upon itself during transportation. Film
roll length effects the design of handling and printing equipment.
A longer length of film is much heavier than a short length of film
at any width, giving rise to the difficulties discussed earlier under
Film Drives.
The following "basic film series" is a suggested cross-
section of representative film types that should be considered in
Phase II data screening. (See Figure 6.)
In addition to degradations and types of film, there
E
are physical conditions of the film to be considered.
Film behavior varies with moisture content. At low
relative humidities curl, shrinkage and brittleness are important.
Curl interferes with smooth handling of film in a roll and brittleness
could cause damage to the emulsion while the film is being handled.
At high humidities softening of gelatin could cause breakdown of
film imagery while the film is being handled. Ideally, films should
be conditioned for a period of time subsequent to processing, in the
.ambient condition under which the film will be viewed. It might
take a prohibitive length of time to obtain a constant moisture content
gradient. Therefore, a practical balance between time needed for
curing and operational requirements might be sought.
Temperature and relative humidity conditions might
be experimentally controlled to determine their effect on film during
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 _DJ LJj F= 6. 1 UID ' . LIJ ITID Q. + U
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IN 1009
Film Type
Film No.
Base Type
Mean Base
Thickness in Mils
Backing
Emulsion Thick-
ness in Mils
Backing Thick-
ness in Mils
Aerographic
.Tri-.X
2401
ESTAR
4
Clear
Gel
0.30
0.26
Aerographic
Fine Grain
Aerial
Duplicating
Ektachrome
2403
ESTAR
4
None
0.51
None
Aero
Aeria 1
Duplicating
8442
Triacetate
5.2
Clear
Film
SO-122
ESTAR
Gel
0.24
0.14
FIGURE 6: BASIC FILM SERIES
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 T_T\T.1009
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equipment operation. Figure 7 shows examples of the moisture
gradients during the conditioning process at a particular temperature
and relative humidity for triacetate and ESTAR base films.
Film strength, or tensile stress/strain properties,
are also important. These tensile properties are closely related to
flexural properties because film is subjected to flexing forces every
time it goes over a roller.
Tensile properties are usually measured by the American
Society for Testing Materials procedure D882-56T, "Tensile
Properties of Thin Plastic Sheets and Films," and D1530-58T,
"Tensile Modulus of Elasticity of Thin Plastic Sheeting." Typical
tensile properties of Kodak aerial film are shown in Figure 8. It is
rare that film handling equipment would put sufficient stress on film
to cause visible stretching or tearing, but any stress put on the film
must be kept below the yield point (a point not visually determinable),
or film elasticity will be lost, and elongation or distortion will be
permanent. Further strain on the film will break it. Figure 9.shows a
curve from which the data in Figure 8 was taken. The yield point
of aerial material varies :between 35 and 70 pounds per: inch. of width,
values significantly higher than the usual forces encountered in film
handling equipment. Some continuous printers, however, may cause
undue stress on film materials. The tensile forces associated with
all.film handling equipment. encountered in this study will be con-
sidered.
V-25
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IN 1009
70
40
CENTER
30
SO-102 (ESTAR BASE)
EQUIVALENT. RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF FILM - %.
FIGURE 7: MOISTURE GRADIENTS
V-26
TYPE 8402 (TRIACETATE BASE)
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 r; ----Y ----- - ~; F-1, n F-71, r----T r-71 r rr r-71 r-71 F rr- n~ G=
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IN 1009
(All properties measured at 70 ? F, 50% R. H. according to ASTM D882-56T, Method A)
FILM PRODUCT
.TYPE OF BASE
DIRECTION. OF TEST
Yield Strength, psi .. ......
Yield Elongation, ... ............... .
Break Strength, psi ...................... .
Break Elongation, % ......................
Toughness, in..lb./cu. in . ...............
Young's Modulus, 105 psi ........... ...
Kodak Plus-X Kodak Plus-X Aerecon
Aerographic Film, Film (Thin Base),
Type 5401 Type 8402,
Cellulose Acetate-
.Butyrate
Length Width Length Width
9,000
5.0
9,800
40
3,500
4.3
Kodak
Experimental
Plus-X Aerial
Film (Estar
Thin Base),
SO-102
Estar
Polyester
8,600 11,700 10,000 13,,500
5.0 4.0 4.0 5.5
9,000 15,700 13,000 25,600
45 35 40 115
3,500 4,500 4,000 21,500
4.3. 6.1 5.3 6.8
* The tensile properties of Estar base films are similar in all directions of the sheet; the small differences which may
exist are not always between the length and width directions.
FIGURE 8: TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF AERIAL FILMS
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IN 1009
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
YPE 8402 ON
CELLULOSE TRIACETATE
THIN BASE
ELONGATION, %
FIGURE 9: TYPICAL TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVES
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E
r
Tensile properties of film are quite dependent upon
ambient conditions. Figures 10 and 11 show the effect of relative
humidity and temperature on the tensile properties .of three base
materials.
Tear strength of.film is also important. Tear strength
usually is considered a strength for tear initiation and strength for
tear propagation. These can be evaluated by the standard ASTM
test method "Tear.Resistance for Plastic Film and Sheeting,"
D1004-59T. Figure 12 shows typical tear values of Kodak Aerial
films of different base thicknesses.
Another film condition is brittleness, which becomes
a serious problem at low relative humidities and temperatures. In
practical operating conditions it is not expected that temperatures
will be too low, but low humidity conditions may occur in certain
laboratories. Generally, brittleness does not cause the film to
break but does damage the emulsion.
Film curl is caused by difference in humidity expansion
between emulsion and the base support.. Film is composed of a
hydrophylic gelatin layer on top of an essentially hydrophobic film
support. At extremely high relative humidity mechanical equilibrium
is -approached between the two layers. However, at normal or lower
relative humidities the emulsion experiences a far greater dimen-
sional contraction than the support. This causes the emulsion to
pull the base into a curl.
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IN 1009
8
a
? 20,000
H
w 15,000
H
10,000
U
0-
B
B
--4
U)
a
z
H
z
H
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
30,000
Z
04
5,000
AWES NOT
`//--4P
0 20 40 60 80
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, %
0 20 40 60 80
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, %
FIGURE. 10: EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF FILM
CD
LEGEND:
ESTAR THIN BASE
CELLULOSE TRIACETATE THIN BASE
? CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE
(TOPO) BASE
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.IN 1009
0
N
a
I)
U
I'J
-100 0 100 2'00 300
TEMPERATURE, F
LEGEND:
e ESTAR THIN BASE
Q _0_ CELLULOSE TRIACETATE THIN BASE
a CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE (TOPO)
250
200
OO
F+ 150
c3
O 100
rz
-100 0 100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, F
FIGURE 11: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF FILM
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IN 1009
TYPICAL TEAR VALUES OF KODAK AERIAL FILMS
(All properties measured at 70? F, 50% R.H.)
Ell.
E
Nominal
Film Support
Film Support Thickness,
Inches
Kodak Plus-X Aerecon Film Cellulose
(Thin Base), Type 8402...... Triacetate
.00x75
Tear Strength, Lbs.
Graves Propaga-
Tear* tion**
Kodak Plus-'X Aerographic Cellulose,
Film, Type 5401 ............ Acetate- 0052
Butyrate
Kodak Plus-X Aerecon Film, Cellulose
Type 8401 .............. : Triacetate
Kodak Experimental Plus-X
.10
.0052 8 .10
Aerial Film (Estar Thin Base) , L0""' .0025 12 .16
Polyester
SO-102 ....................
Kodak Experimental Plus-X Estar
.0 . 040 16 .19
Aerographic Film (Estar Base), Polyester
SO-135............ .........
Kodak Experimental Duplicat-
Estar
ing Film (Estar Thick Base)
Polyester """"" '-'
SO-117..... .............
* = ASTM Method D1004-59T. ** = Tongue Tear Test.
. FIGURE 12: TYPICAL TEAR VALUES OF KODAK AERIAL FILM
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 r er i nnn
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Curl can cause several problems, such as undue
friction in types of equipment in which the curl direction is
opposite to the intended film placement.
Films also have surface properties. Figure 13 illustrates
the scratch resistances of unprocessed films. Generally scratch
resistance is higher for film bases than emulsions. However, some
films have a gel back coated base which lowers its resistance. It
appears that there is no.consistent difference in scratch resistance
between unprocessed and processed film although there are indica-
tions that scratch resistance in processed films is affected by
processing conditions. Scratch resistance is lowered as the relative
humidity is raised, as shown by Figure 14.
Scratches are caused when the emulsion of base con-
tacts.the equipment or when dirt and dust particles infiltrate the
film laps.
Emulsion scratches remove part of the imagery which
destroys information. Scratches in the base can be as destructive.
Obliteration of image information can easily occur due to light
diffraction or scattering from base scratches.
Frictional forces must also be. considered when
examining film handling equipment. Drive rollers will have a higher
film roller surface friction than idler rollers. Printers will employ
friction.in making good contact between negative and printing material
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IN 1009
0
e
0
B
e
Surface Scratch Resistance, Grams
Plus-X Aerial Emulsions
(Types 5401, 8401, 8402, SO-102,
SO-135) ..........................
5
- 15
Panatomic X Aerial Emulsions
(SO-130, SO-136) ..................
12
- 15
High Definition Aerial Emulsions .....
(SO-132, SO-137)
6
- 15
Duplicating Aerial Emulsion (SO-117) .
20
Gelatin Backings.. .................
4
- 18
Cellulose Ester Supports ............
12
a
e
a
FIGURE 13: SCRATCH RESISTANCE OF UNPROCESSED AERIAL FILMS
V-34
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IN 1009
E
EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON SCRATCH
RESISTANCE OF UNPROCESSED KODAK PLUS-X
AERECON FILM (THIN BASE), TYPE 8402.
Measurements made at 70 Fusing 3-mil radius
sapphire point. Scratch resistance is load
required to produce a visible scratch.
2,0 40. 60
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, %
FIGURE 14: EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
ON SCRATCH RESISTANCE OF AERIAL FILM
V - 35
80
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 T_N_ 1009
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the case of a continuous printer, contact must be made while the
film is moving. It is of vital importance. that any contact between
two films while the films are moving have no relative motions
between the two films.
Under certain conditions,. friction between the film
and other materials can cause a static charge buildup. Film is a
poor conductor and will.retain this charge. Examples of causes of
static charge are slippage of film on itself, drag of film against
the roller edge guides or pressure backs, and transfer of charge
from other non-conductive charge-holding materials. Static charge
attracts dust and dirt and can fog. film by exposing static marks
during operation in a printer. It is usually eliminated by.static
discharge instrumentation.
CONCLUSION
The preceeding discussion of film loading, threading,
transporting and flattening, and driving, as well as film itself
respresents some of the "initial knowledge" with which
begin the proposed study.
would STAT
This knowledge will be of use in guiding the Phase I
survey effort, but will not be allowed to bias it. During Phase II
the "initial knowledge" will be incorporated into the over-all data
screening proceedings.
17
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at the exposing surface. The difficulty is compounded when in
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/08/24: CIA-RDP79B00873AO01400010015-3
APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A - PERSONNEL
The scientists, engineers, and technicians
comprise an experienced and technically diversified group.
staff members have made significant contributions to the
fields of mechanics, electronics, physics, nucleonics, and
photographic engineering. Experienced engineering adminis-
trators form a vigorous management team that maintains maximum
program effectiveness.
Engineering capability is maintained through contacts with
consultants, scientific associations, and college programs. In
addition, an. education refund program supported by
provides an opportunity for personnel to increase their
professional knowledge under financial sponsorship of the
company.
Resumes of engineering managers and key technical personnel
are included on the following pages.
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
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Iq
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STAT
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Manufacturing Facilities
Available during the experimentation effort is theushop. This STAT
shop has facilities for doing precision work in metal and other.
materials. In addition to the usual lathes and mills there are
precision grinding and lapping machines, and heliarc and gas.
welding equipment.
Chas a complete quality control section, with instrumentation
necessary for the precision work being done.
In addition,) has facilities for optical alignment and highly
precise measurements. To. insure precision, temperature controlled
areas are used when indicated.
STAT
STAT;
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 STAT
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Iq
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 " .: ! L B r== r-= 9===4 _ ? -B r=:=3 _ ~? t . rte' ? '
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PROGRAM. SCHEDULE
AUTOMATED FILM TRANSPORT STUDY
IN-1009
jSuRVE'j -PREP./MAIL. TASK.1-2
DATA REDUCTION/cog2ELA-ncM TP K5,6
L;tT. SEARCH I DATA _TAB TASK
1
_. ENS ..'TESTS. TASK 9_
_eST.&t)IDELINES/ogles PATA_
fASK 7'k5
TIME
(MOS)
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
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