TECHNICAL NOTE INSTRUMENTATION AND STANDARDS SUPPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79B00873A000800010044-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 18, 2012
• Sequence Number: 44
• Publication Date: November 25, 1963
• Content Type: MISC

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TECHNICAL NOTE
INSTRUMENTATION
AND
STANDARDS SUPPORT
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STAT
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TECHNICAL NOTE
INSTRUMENTATION AND STANDARDS SUPPORT
November 25, 1963
by
STAT
STAT
STAT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION..........000000000?000000000000?00 000000000000 0
INSTRUMENTATION DESCRIPTION AND MEASUREMENT
ACCURACYREQUIREMENTS.00000000000000000000000000000000000 2
SECTION II
PROGRAM STATUS ? INSTRUMENTATION AND STANDARDS... ... a 7
HIGH ACCURACY LINEAR MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ....... 0 ......
MEASUREMENTOPTICS. a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 9
SECTION III
METHODS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN ANALYSIS .0.
DO
11
RED BLOCK PATH - FLOW PATH OF "PRODUCT". 12
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to explain the instrumentation and
standards support program required to adequately control the production,
testing, and quality evaluation functions.
The program is most easily explained by means of the system flow
diagram of Figure 1. A detailed explanation of the diagram is given in
Section III of this report. This is a flow diagram for the products of the
system. The products consist of processed original film, duplicates in sev-
eral generations of the original film, reports giving mission performance in
terms of information derived from the film, plus a compilation of other data
furnished for each particular mission.
There has been a continuous upgrading of environment, equipments,
and procedures to better the product of this system. The flow diagram re-
presents the system as it will be by the end of 1964.
The measurements necessary to support the flow diagram fall into
the following general categories: temperature, light, distance, flow, pressure,
humidity, dust, plus a category that can be classified as chemical measurement.
This latter category consists of all measurements necessary to support the
photo processing operation and will be handled as a separate report. The above
mentioned measurements are primary measurements and do not include the
measurement equipment required to maintain the instrumentation. Maintenance
1
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of the instrumentation is to be considered separately from the procedures
required for calibration of instrumentation.
Following is a table showing the seven most important measurables
for quality control and evaluation, which require measurement procedures
and calibration standards.
The upper row is the quantity to be measured. The second row is the
type of instrumentation on which the measurement is carried out. The third
row is the type of standard required and the quality required (primary,
secondary, etc.). The fourth row is the source of reference for the standards.
It is planned to have standards for all measurements in sufficient
quantities that a constant cross comparison can be made with a number of
users to assure the required order of accuracy for all measurements. The
standards will be designated as primary standards when certified by the Bureau
of Standards. They will be designated as secondary when they have been corn-
pared against a primary standard by
and certified as a STAT
secondary standard with accuracy values included for each. Standards of
special nature,for which no primary standard is available, will be calibrated
by means of suitable instrumentation against a primary standard. This will
then be known as a master standard and will be so certified by STAT
Secondary masters will be those whose calibrations have been established by
comparison against the master standard.
INSTRUMENTATION DESCRIPTION AND MEASUREMENT ACCURACY
REQUIREMENTS. The instrumentation with the most immediate requirements
for standards and calibrating procedures fall in the following categories:
2
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I
1 Measurement
Objective
Displacement or
Distance
Resolution
Density ';
Light
Temperature
Humidity
Dust
Instrumentation
Used
Microscopes
Microcomparators
Measurement Tables
Microscopes
Micro-Analyzers
Densitometer
Micro-Analyzers
Microdensitometers
Photometer
Micro-Analyzer
Spectrophotometer
Sensitometer
Radiometer
Thermometers
Thermocouples
Hygrometers
Dust Counters
Standards
Reced
Master Scales
Master Grids
Secondary Scales
Secondary Grids
Master Scales
Master Grids
Secondary Scales
Secondary Grids
Primary Light Std
Primary Density Std
Secondary Density Std
Primary Light Std
Calibrated Trans-
mission Std
Calibrated Narrow
band
Filter Std
Master
Thermometers
Dew Point
Detectors
Master
Thermometer
Ionization',
Type Dust
Counter
o cp
. o c.)
1.4 k
Cli t4 0
o N 0
kt;mission
4 -45
co
0 cl
cd
' M
Bureau Standards
Direct Comparison
Bureau-Standards
Direct Compari...-Light
son
Bureau Standards
Source
Density by trans-
Calibration
Bureau Standards
Light Source
Calibration by
Spectrophotometer
Comparison
Bureau Standards
Direct Compari-
son
Direct deter-
mination
Dew Point
Calibration by
Microscopic
Analysis
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1. Linear measurement devices including measuring microscopes,
microcomparators, image quality evaluation tables, and automatic scanning
micro-analyzers. The measurement accuracies for these instruments fall in
one of the following five categories:
RANGE
a, 0 to 500 2 p.
0 to 10 rnm
c. 0 to 250 mm ? 1 p. u
0 to 2 meters 5 p.
0 to 250 mm .1/.4
ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT
2. ,Deiisity reading devices, including. dthisitometers, microdensit-
,
pmeters, microanalyzers, plus autox-nitic recording densitometers. The
?
standards required for these instruments are as follows:
a. - Master step wedges with densities of 0 to 3.0 steps of
approximately .15 .01 density and calibration accuracy to .001 density or
.1%, whichever is larger. Density to be calibrated in terms of 'diffuse density
and no step to have a greater density deviation over its area when read with a
5 micron spot than that specified by the tolerance. Secondary master step
wedges with accuracy values of .05 density or 5%, whichever is larger.
b. Master step wedges with density range of 0 to 59 Steps to be
.25 *.02,and calibration accuracy to .001 or .1% whichever is larger. Density
to be calibrated in terms of diffuse density and no step to have a greater density
deviation over its area when read with a 25 micron spot than that specified by
the tolerance. Secondary master step wedges as above, but with accuracy
4 ,
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values to .05 or .5% whichever is larger.
c. Master step wedges 0 to 3.0 same as paragraph "a" with
the exception that the total Size shall not exceed 2 mm x 20 mm.
d. Secondary master step wedges 0 to 3.0, 2 mm x 20 mm with
tolerances as specified for secondary masters in paragraph "a" above. The
secondary masters must be made of the same film materials as the original
taking materials and duplicating materials, and process control must be such
as to cause no difference in diffuse reading characteristics from those of the
original or duplication materials.
e. Master set of specular density plates steps of .1, calibra-
tion accuracy .1%, range 0 to 5, plates to be neutral density as nearly as
possible.
f. Secondary master set of specular density plates, steps of . 1
calibration accuracy 5%, range 0 to 5, plates to be neutral density as nearly
. as possible.
g. Master set of color plates, specifications will be prepared
for these in the near future.
3. Light measurement devices plus light emanating devices including
sensitometers, spectro sensitometers, photometers, radiometers, micro-
analyzers, and spectrophotometers. The standards for this class of instru-
mentation will consist of Bureau of Standards light sources plus standardized
filter masters permitting illumination of known spectral characteristics and
radiation energy content over the entire visible light band and future extension
into the far infrared and ultraviolet regions. A light standards laboratory at
5
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will maintain calibrated sources to cover specific color plus STAT
energy ranges for secondary calibration reference standards. It is planned to
meet with the Bureau of Standards to discuss the possibility of establishing
primary standards for such sources.
The calibration of special targets for resolution testing, etc., requires
combinations of the above mentioned standards, measurements of density,
linear distance, and possibly transmission are required to calibrate such de-
vices. They will necessarily come under the category of master plus secondary
master standards, since their calibration will be by comparison with primary
standards. A calibration laboratory at will maintain call- STAT
bration and certification of such targets.
The remaining measurables of temperature, pressure, humidity, flow
and dust are not particularly problem areas with the exception of dust. The
accuracy requirements for calibrating flow, temperature, pressure, and
humidity are easily satisfied by commercial equipment and require no special
proOdures or techniques. The standardization of dust counters, however, is
a cbmplex problem which has no satisfactory answers to date. STAT
is working on an ionization type counter which contains a self-calibration
feature. It is felt that this is more satisfactory than existing smoke tests,
spot tests, etc., because it calibrates in terms of the type of dust in the loca-
tion in which it is used. If a high order of accuracy is demanded, the calibration
sample can actually be microscopically counted, or particle analysis may be
carried out.
6
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SECTION II
PROGRAM STATUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND STANDARDS
Standards for immediate use are available for linear measurement
calibration involving distances less than 5 centimeters. Certification of
these standards as secondary standards will not be accomplished until pro-
curement of suitable primary standards certified by the Bureau of Standards.
Specifications for these standards are completed. Standards for certification
of linear measurements greater than 5 centimeters remain to be procured.
Specifications for these standards are being prepared.
Density standards for micro-analyzer and microdensitometer cali-
bration are currently being made. Calibration for immediate use will be by
Densichron comparison against transmission calibrated neutral density filters.
Meetings are to be held with Bureau of Standards to determine if they will
certify density filters as standards rather than reference such standards
against certified light sources. The basic problem to be resolved is that
present certified light sources are approximately 3% accurate, whereas com-
parison means exist using radiant energy thermopiles which are capable of
measuring light reduction to .1%. It would, therefore, be desirable to stand-
ardize neutral density filters against a precise light standard to permit density
standard calibration accuracy to the same magnitude of accuracy.
Light standards are currently available at together STAT
with suitable instrumentation such as integrating spheres, Hilger Watts spectro-
7
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photometer, and considerable special instrumentation for permitting standard-
ization of light sources as secondary standards.
HIGH ACCURACY LINEAR MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Linear measurement of photographic images by means of the Micro-
Analyzer permits a calibration technique not available to normal measurement
devices. This technique is an "on-the-fly" measurement. One basic error in
all measuring devices is the ability to set and read a dial when the comparison
reticle or center finder is at the precise measurement point. The error
involved is caused by oil film thickness and static friction on the read-out
mechanism. It has been shown that the repeatability of the finest microcom-
parator is in the order of one micron. This is realized under ideal conditions
with a highly skilled operator. A test was made with a Micro-Analyzer using
a quartz measurement reference standard as a reference indicator to see how
precisely the measurement of a 1 centimeter bar space could be repeated by
scanning "on-the-fly" and measuring on the chart recorder the repeatability
of the scan test. The results showed the repeatability was higher than .1
micron. This is an order of magnitude greater than can be realized by
reading out and hand setting on the same device.
The technique of measurement "on-the-fly" could be considerably
improved by using a pressure lubricated driving nut with temperature controlled
constant flow lubrication. It is believed that with these special provisions plus
a systematic error analysis correction, that absolute displacement measurements
of film images can be made to an accuracy of .1 micron, , The systematic
error correction would be programmed through the IBM 1620 now located at the
8
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6594th Test Squadron.
Procurement of this machine has been initiated and delivery is antic-
ipated in August of 1964.
The instrument is essentially a Micro-Analyzer in optical capability
corresponding to that of the existing machine. Automatic scanning will be on
the x acis only; however, manual scan to 1 micron accuracy will be furnished
on the y axis. Film 9-1/2" on rolls can be automatically scanned on the x
axis over a 250 mm length. Y scan in manual mode will be approximately
70 mm; however, the 9-1/2" width film can be repositioned to permit scanning
on any portion.
The basic purpose of this instrument is twofold. It will provide a test
bed for the high,accuracy measuring capability as well as being an extremely
accurate sensor for density analysis. Edge positioned step wedges can be
read on automatic scan with a density data digitizer and the output transmitted
directly to the data processing center.
MEASUREMENT OPTICS
Procurement of high quality four color corrected lenses for four new
quality evaluation tables has been completed. 4 power, 10 power, and 25
power lenses have been obtained. The 8x and 16x eyepieces with micrometer
screw readout are on order. Fine focus microscope bodies for the lens are
being investigated.
9
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SECTION III
METHODS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN ANALYSIS
Figure 1 illustrates the desired flow pattern for production testing and
evaluation to be achieved within the next two year period. Blocks shown in red
are the main product flow of the system.
The sections following give a detailed description of the anticipated
functions to be performed at each step of the diagram and the equipments on
which the function shall be performed. The pattern of the system is so arranged
that the adoption of each step can be preceded by a parallel operation of the new
equipments to prove function and reliability as a permanent block in the system.
Blocks shown in green are anticipated as completely automated steps for data
evaluation while the others shown in blue may have semi-automatic instrumen-
tation to perform routine tasks, but will require trained personnel to assure
performance of the outlined functions. Future developments will be pointed
toward the optimizing of automated procedures for the remaining blocks of the
system.
It is necessary to establish calibration procedures for the equipments
now used and those currently anticipated to maintain the accuracy to perform
their required function. The standards control program detailed in Section I is
an outline of the calibration standards control to be used in conjunction with the
system flow diagram of Figure 1. Complete specifications for each of the
standards will be written, and their use as cross control standards with other
organizations is atticipated.
10
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The description of the flow diagram which follows will be keyed to the
diagram of Figure 1 to give the reader the continuity of the overall system.
Red Block Path - Flow Path of "Product"
First Block: This block is the unexposed film to be used on a mission.
This film requires two operations to permit the maximum benefit for later
evaluation. The first operation is that it have exposed on an edge or other
position where it will not interfere with the imagery an accurately controlled
sensitometric exposure. These exposures should be at least every 50 feet.
The size of the complete sensitometric strip need not be larger than 2 x 10 mm.
The second operation for block 1 is to procure unexposed samples of fil.mlor
later sensitometric evaluation. This film must be stored and handled under
carefully controlled conditions to permit meaningful analysis at the testing
location.
Second Block: This block represents the film after exposure on the
mission. The only requirement at this point is to secure unexposed film from
the trailer and leader from which to make sensitometric evaluations to compare
with those obtained from block I.
Third Block: This block represents the processing of the exposed
film. The information required at this step will come from two sources. The
first source will be external to the organization and will give the type of film,
exposure data, mission data, and any incidental or abnormal situations which
may affect processing. The second source will be internal to the organization
and will be derived from the sensitometric analysis of the two groups of film
samples obtained in blocks 1 and 2.
11
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The information from these samples will divulge any circumstances
during the mission which could alter the characteristics of the film. Analysis
of differences will dictate corrections for processing.
It will be noted that information is shown leaving the block during pro-
cessing. This is information gathered from imagery and sensitometric strips
when stepped development processing is used permitting preliminary evaluation
before final development is completed.
Fourth Block: This block represents the original processed film from
which it is necessary to obtain density information for duplication purposes and,
in certain specific cases, image quality information which may be required to
assure duplication quality. If additional generations of duplication material are
made beyond first generation duplicates, they are inserted at this point.
Fifth Block: This block represents the duplication process. Control
for the printing and processing is derived from the processed data gathered
from block 4. The duplicates from this block represent the end product of the
system. One set is used for the detailed quality evaluation, the other sets are
sent to inspection.
Sixth Block: This block represents the final inspection of the product to
assure the reproduction accuracy of the original material. After this inspection,
material is packed and shipped to using agency.
Detailed Description of Sub-block Flows:
lA through 1E: The flow line from block 1 leads to blocks 1A, 1B, 1C,
ID, and 1E. This flow line prepares film samples for sensitometric testing
at 1A. The strip is exposed at 1B, processed at 1C, itiforrnatibn is read out
12
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at ID and transferred to 3B as a part of the overall sensitometric evaluation.
Fade and chemical testing takes place at 1E, and the results are entered in
the final report.
2A through 2E: This flow line is identical to lA through .1E. The
only difference is that post-mission unexposed film is used instead of the pre-
viously mentioned pre-Mission film used in lA through 1E.
3A, 3B: These blocks represent the processing of data derived from
the flow lines of blocks 1 and 2. The data is processed in 3B. The control
constants derived from the processing are available at 3A at which point they
determine and/or control the processing constants for the original material
processing.
3C: Block 3C shows information flow derived from the material of
block 3 during stepped processing procedures. This information consists of
transmission data of the imagery or sensitometric wedges as read with infrared
at various stages of development. While this data is important for the completion
of the processing, it is also valuable in subsequent steps for final product assess-
ment and reporting. Information from block 4 is derived from the sensitometric
exposure of block A.
4A: This block is the data tabulation block for two main areas.
Measurements are made and recorded which are indicative of the quality of the
original material, and measurements are made and transferred to block 5A for
control of duplication processing.
5A: This block determines and/or controls the printing and processing
constants for the duplication of the original negatives or for additional duplicates
13_
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which may be added at block 4. It uses information obtained from the sensito-
metric characteristics evaluation of block 3B and block 3C.
5B: At this point determination of the mission performance is made.
No attempt is made to interpret what is recorded, but exacting measurement of
how well it is recorded is extracted at this point. Direct comparison of first
generation quality is made to assure duplication quality.
6A: The chemical and physical characteristics of representative
samples of the final product are tested at this point to assure that the archival,
dimensional, and quality characteristics required for the using agency are
fulfilled. The report block is, of course, the compilation of the data for the
product run. It includes sensitometric data, chemical data, and quality data
for both original and duplicated materials. It also includes mission data perti-
nent to using agencies and final product data useful for specific evaluation of
using agencies.
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SENSITOMETRIC
EXPOSURE
A
PRE-MISSION FILM
UNEXPOSED SAMPLE
IA
"*"..
SENSITOMETRIC -
EXPOSURE
I B
SENSITOMETRIC
DEVELOPMENT
IC
SENSITOMETRIC
EVALUATION
ID
FADE TEST
CHEMICAL TEST
IE
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MAIN FLOW
is PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL TEST
11 DATA EVALUATION
POST-MISSION FILM
2
SYSTEM FLOW DIAGRAM
FILM TYPE
EXPOSURE DATA
MISSION DATA
V
UN EXPOSED SAMPLE
(LEADER a TRAILER)
2A
V
SENSITOMET RIC
EXPOSURE
2B
SENSITOMETRIC
DEVELOPMENT
. 2C ?
SENSITOMETRIC
EVALUATION
2D
PROCESSING
ADDITIONAL
DUPLICATION
PROCESS CONTROL
CONSTANTS
3A
ASSESSMENT
DUPLICATION
5 1 v????
1 y ? ___ _ _t
1
. QUALITY ASSESSMENT PRINTING CONTROL
CONSTANT -
SENSITOMETRIC
EVALUATION
3O
INSPECTION
SENSITOMETRIC
CHARACTERISTICS
EVALUATION -
QUALITY EVALUATION
3B
FADE TEST
CHEMICAL TEST
2E
4A
5A
DETAILED QUALITY
EVALUATION
5B
CHEMICAL a PHYSICAL
TESTING
6A
REPORT'
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EPHEMERIS
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U.
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STAT