CA PROPAGANDA PERSPECTIVES SPECIAL 21 AUGUST 1972 SOVIET REPRESSION: A BREACH OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 87
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 5, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 21, 1972
• Content Type: REPORT

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Y 21 August 1972
SOVIET REPRESSION:
A BREACH A TREATIES
The most remarkable elements in the so-called "dissent" move-
ment in the Soviet Union are its openness and its strict adherence
to legality. The movement is dedicated merely to pursuading the
Soviet leadership to permit the people of the Soviet Union the rights
which their constitution provides for them.
It is the extra-judicial method. of coercion which the Soviet
leadership has been using with increasing frequency to silence the
dissident movement that has increasingly alarmed Western public
opinion. Even more alarming is the arbitrary way in which the
Soviet leaders persistently breach international treaties and
covenants which, as signatories, they have committed themselves to
observe.
As a, result of formal international agreements signed since
the founding of the United Nations, human rights have taken on a
legal significance that far overrides traditional concepts under
which treatment of a country's nationals was a matter of sovereign
discretion. To the extent that human rights and fundamental
freedoms have become a legal obligation, they are no longer a
matter which is strictly within the domestic jurisdiction of
individual countries.
First, the United Nations Charter commits member states to
promoting "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights
and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race,
sex, language or religion." Then by the 1948 Universal Declaration
of Human Rights and two international covenants adopted in 1968 --
one on civil and political rights and the other on economic, social,
and cultural rights -- signatories "undertake to guarantee that the
rights enunciated. . will be exercised without discrimination of
any kind as to race, color, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion, national or social origin. . . "
Among the "rights enunciated" in the 1968 covenant on civil
and political rights are: freedom from arbitrary arrest and
detention, the right to court hearings by a "competent, indepen-
dent and impartial tribunal," freedom of movement and choice of
residence at home or abroad, protection from "arbitrary. . . inter-
ference with. . .privacy. . .home or correspondence. . .unlawful
attacks on. . .honor and reputation," freedom of assembly, and the
right to "seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all
kinds, regardless of frontiers. . .through any media." All,
ironically, are similar to rights provided by the Soviet constitution
and all are rights denied the Soviet people by their leaders.
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Most of the rest of the.world finds it increasingly hard to
side with the Soviet Union on a wide range of issues involving
human rights and Soviet authorities may find it increasingly
difficult to ignore adverse Western opinion. Within the Soviet
Union, the situation is eerily reminiscent of the tensions that
existed a hundred years ago. The basic conflict then, as now,
was between an entrenched bureaucracy preoccupied with maintaining
the status quo and an intelligentsia intent on pressuring the
leadership for more civil rights and liberties. The biggest
contrast between the nineteenth and twentieth century situations,
however, should really give the Soviet leadership pause: thanks
to the highest ever level of education in the USSR, millions of
people can read and therefore are prone to think for themselves.
In the paragraphs that follow are reviewed the most recent
breaches of international conventions by Soviet authorities in
their campaign to still voices of dissent throughout the land:
The Buildup_of Repression
In late July a protest letter signed by 52 Russians, including,
the world renowned nuclear physicist Andrey Sakharov, called the
arrest of civil rights leader Pyotr Yakir another step back to
Stalinist methods. Then on 1 August Dr. Sakharov appealed, in an
open letter to Soviet authorities, on behalf of art critic Viktor
Fainburg and engineer Vladimir Borisov "who are dying" in a
mental hospital in Leningrad where they have been undergoing
forced treatment for more than three years despite a two-year
old ruling by the Moscow Serbsky Institute that they no longer
needed psychiatric treatment.
These were brave, bold moves considering the warnings that
the KGB had just given to Valeri Chalidze, cofounder with Dr.
Sakharov of the unofficial Soviet Committee for Human Rights.
Twice on 5 and 7 July Chalidze was called before a senior KGB
official, the assistant director of the National Department of
Investigation, to be told that his committee was guilty of
"well-masked anti-Soviet" activity and to be threatened with
"repression" --- which means arrest.
Just before President Nixon visited Moscow last spring,
Dr. Sakharov had expressed the hope that international detente
would "encourage in our country the application of basic freedoms
such as freedom of expression, freedom to emigrate, freedom of
movement within the country, artistic and social freedom, and
religious freedom." Just the opposite seems to be happening.
The arrest on 21 June of Pyotr Yakir signaled an even harsher
crackdown by the KGB in its anti-dissident campaign which began
gathering momentum last January.
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The Case of Pyotr Yakir
As the informal leader of the "Democratic Movement," Pyotr
Yakir for the past decade has been the most courageously outspoken
representative of the hitherto tolerated Soviet domestic reform
movement. There were two reasons for his ability to remain a free
man while others who felt as he does were sent to jail or insane
asylums: his strict adherence to the letter of the law and the
fact that he enjoyed international fame as the son of a highly
popular, well-known general who was framed and executed by Stalin
in.1937. Yakir's only "crime" is that he fervently believes that
only by "informing people of what is going on in our country"
(and about the illegal acts of the KGB)---only by making a return
to Stalinist "secrecy" impossible, can a return to Stalinist terror
be made impossible.
The 49-year old Yakir practically grew up in the Stalinist
forced labor camps. At age 14 he was swept up with his mother in
the mass arrests of 1937, the year his father, Major-General Iona
Yakir, was executed in Stalin's purge of the Red Army. His mother
was "liquidated" later and Pyotr Yakir was released after 17 years
during Khrushchev's anti-Stalin rehabilitation campaign. It is
rare ---an.d therefore especially ominous---for the KGB to re-arrest
a former inmate of a Stalinist concentration camp.
Anthony Astrachan, in a 28 June Washington Post article on
"The Yakir Case," cites a little-publicize letter that Yakir
addressed. to the 24th Party Congress in which he warned of "a
dangerous tendency toward the rebirth of Stalinist methods of
Government." Yakir scored the Party for answering a "flood" of
letters expressing loyal criticisms with "at best silence and at
'worst judicial and extra-judicial repression akin to the Stalinist
anti-democratic style. . .Who would think of writing to the United
Nations or appealing to world public opinion if his own leadership
gave him a convincing answer to serious questions bothering serious
people?"
The Kremlin's ultimate answer was Pyotr Yakir's arrest. Should
Yakir's case come to court, it will be the first political trial
of such a, well-known dissident since Vladimir Bukovsky's one-day
trial in January. Pyotr Yakir protested Bukovsky's arrest and
trial and now (provided he is judged sane enough to stand trial and
does not just disappear behind the walls of the Serbsky Psychiatric
Institute) he may have to argue in his own defense that it is the
authorities themselves who violate the Soviet constitution with
their acts of suppression.
Yakir apparently had a premonition that he might be arrested.
Shortly before London Times correspondent David Bonavia was
expelled from Moscow, Yakcir told him: "If they beat me, I will
sa" anything. I know that from my former experience in the camps.
But you will know it will not be the real me speaking. Another
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thing, I shall never in any circumstances commit suicide. So you
will know that if they say I have done away with myself, someone
else will have done me in."
The Campaign to Kill the Chronicle
The political event that triggered the current harsh KGB
crackdown was a Communist Party Central Committee decree reportedly
issued some time in December 1971 ordering a halt to the publication
of the Chronicle of Current Events, the unofficial journal that
primarily reports the facts concerning civil rights violations by
Soviet authorities. The intense KGB secret police campaign during
the first seven months of 1972 has resulted in such widespread
searches of dissidents' homes that they have become routine.
This rapidly rising tide of KGB repression,'together with a
heightened harrassment of non-Russian nationalities, has meant an
intensification of the anti-intellectual smear campaign and
increasing numbers of arrests and interrogations in Moscow, Lenin-
grad, Sverdlovsk, Kharkov, Kiev, and in Siberia's Akadamgorodok
(science city, where most of the USSR's advance research is carried
out).
The KGB campaign to eliminate the Chronicle is referred to by
the secret police as "criminal case No. 24.' 1Tespite all the
arrests, only one trial is known to have taken-place as of this
writing. It was the trial in Leningrad of 26-year old astrophysicist
Yuri Melnik who was sentenced 19 June to three years in a strict
regime forced labor camp. Charged with "anti-Soviet agitation
and propaganda," Melnik pleaded guilty. A radio teletype machine
had been found in his apartment at the time of his arrest.
Pyotr Yakir, before he was arrested, said in a telephone
interview that was published in the 4 June London Sunday-Telegraph
that the campaign had succeeded in the Ukraine, where even t e
families of those arrested are afraid to speak to each other. . .
But they have not managed to silence Moscow." So far, however, the
success of KGB action taken under the guise of "criminal case No.
24" is questionable. The Chronicle of Current Events thus far
continues to publish practically on sc e ule, the two latest issues
having appeared since Yakir's arrest.
The Ukrainian Nationalists
As Peter Reddaway writes in his latest book Uncensored Russia
(American Heritage Press, 1972), it was the sentencing of
intellectuals in 1965 and 1966 that provoked the rebirth of a
vigorous and independent Ukrainian public opinion. The well-known
book by Vycheslav Chornovil exposing KGB methods used during the
mid-1960's purges, published in the West as The Chornovil Papers,
recorded and analyzed the fates of these people. Ail equally well-
known work by critic Ivan Dzyuba, Internationalism or Russi'fication?
examined historically the issues w is a so c6hcerhC tem.
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By mid-1968, following the issuance of a challenging and
provocative letter signed by 139 Ukrainian intellectuals protesting
the conduct of political trials both in Moscow and in the Ukraine,
a general campaign of intimidation was begun. Last winter and
spring saw the arrest and in some cases the re-arrests of most of
the outspoken members of the democratic movement in the Ukraine.
The 25th issue of the Chronicle of Current Events, which was
circulating in mid-July, reported over arrests in the Ukraine
alone so far this year.
Among the long-standing leaders of the latest revival of
Ukrainian national consciousness now awaiting or undergoing trial
are Vycheslav Chornovil, Ivan Dzyuba, Ivan Svitlychny and his
sister Nadiya Svitlychna. Typical of the severity that can be
expected. in the sentences meted out from these trials is that
already given Danylo Shumuk, husband of Nadiya Svitlychna, who
has been, condemned to 10 years of forced labor in a strict regime
camp and 25 years in exile.
Trumped up statements made by a Belgian student, Jaroslav
Dobosch, and reported in the Kiev Pravda Ukrainy in early June
are undoubtedly being used as evidence against those on trial.
Dobosch was sent to the Ukraine by a right-wing emigre group, the
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, in order to contact some
Ukrainian dissidents. He was arrested in January and held
prisoner for five months. Instead of being tried he was made to
give his. statements at a press conference from which Western
newsmen were barred and was then expelled. As soon as he got
home to Belgium, Dobosch publicly retracted his statements made
under duress.
A separate Ukrainian case involves two Canadian-born
Ukrainians who were brought to the USSR as teenagers by their
parents and who now, perhaps encouraged by the liberalization
of Jewish emigration policies, are trying to get permission to
emigrate to Canada. The two, Nadia Demidenko and Eugene Lenko,
have Soviet-born spouses and children and all members of both
families have applied for visas and consistently been refused.
The Kremlin's Greatest Fear
Probably the greatest single worry for the Soviet leadership
is the nationalities problem and possibly also the effect that the
Jewish emigration movement could have on other minorities. About
14,000 Jews were allowed to emigrate last year and about 30,000
to 40,000 are expected to leave this year. This Jewish success
cannot but profoundly influence the non-Russian minorities who
aspire to greater autonomy and the preservation of their national
identities. In addition, the Jewish case might serve to inspire
desires for emigration among Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, the
Meskhetians or other displaced minorities.
As the Chronicle of Current Events bears out, nationalist
intellectuals ant eir supporters have recently become increas-
ingly,outspoken. And in Lithuania since May this year, there
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have been four instances of self-immolation in protest of
"Russification." The armed forces and militia had to be brought
in from outside to quell the three-day riots that broke out in
Kaunas following the funeral of the first Lithuanian youth who
made of himself a torch of protest.
Last March 17,000 Roman Catholic Lithuanians petitioned
United Nations Secretary General Waldheim to protest the
religious discrimination that has been practiced against them
since the Soviet Union absorbed Lithuania in 1940. The July
riots in Kaunas, the most serious outbreak within the Soviet Union
in recent years, were reported by dissident sources as being
primarily motivated by nationalist feeling, but in Lithuania,
nationalist and religious feeling most often overlap.
The Lithuanian protest is particularly noteworthy because
Lithuanians are a much smaller, weaker nation than Germans,
Hungarians, Czechoslovaks, or Poles. Actually, Lithuania
typifies the Baltic states which have never reconciled themselves
to "Russification." From Latvia last year 17 Communist Party
officials addressed a, letter to several leading communist parties
including those of Yugoslavia, Romania, France, and Austria.
The chief complaint in their 5,000 word letter was that the Soviet
leaders are practicing "Great Russian Chauvinism" in seeking to
force smaller ethnic groups such as Latvians, to assimilate with
the Russians. It called on the foreign parties to use their
influence with the Soviet leadership on behalf of all ethnic
minorities in the Soviet Union.
The Policy Liberalized, But -
While permitting a mass exodus of Jews from the Soviet Union,
the authorities have simultaneously meted out harsh punishment
to those whom they will not let leave. Simultaneously, policy
against the Zionist ferment in many of the country's Jewish com-
munities has been hardened. Overall policy concerning Jewish
immigration has been highly inconsistent, but on a case-to-case
basis the authorities have been consistent in prohibiting from
leaving either those who are too well known abroad or those whose
talents are wanted at home.
In Moscow, for example, astronomer Kronid Lyubarsky was
arrested after he applied to emigrate. The well-known ballet
dancer Valeri Panov lost his spot as one of the top stars with
the Kirov Ballet after he applied last spring to emigrate to
Israel. He has since been twice imprisoned on charges of "hooli-
ganism," Panov has gained international prominence despite an
official ban prohibiting him from going on any of the Kirov
foreign tours.
In London last June, Irina Markish appealed to Queen Elizabeth
for help in obtaining an exit visa for her husband. Mrs. Markish
had been granted a visa and had left the Soviet Union six months
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earlier assuming her husband could follow. Instead, her husband
David Markish, whose poet father was exterminated during the
Stalinist post-war anti-Jewish purges, got his military call-up
and was told he would never see his wife again. Mrs. Markish said
her husband, also a poet and writer, had been told he could not
leave the Soviet Union because his late father, Peretz Markish
"had been famous and well-known abroad."
Artist Nathan Feiingold was denied permission to emigrate on
grounds that over 5 years ago, when he was working as a scientist,
he had access to "secret" information. Viktor Perelman, top-
ranking journalist with. Literary Gazette, lost his job and was
expelled from both the Party an ourna fists' Union when he applied
to emigrate to Israel. Officials told him his request was denied
"because you have an intimate knowledge of the Soviet way of life."
Then there is the alarming case of Vladimir Markman in
Sverdlovsk who after having been accused of collaborating with the
Nazis in World War II, was arrested and imprisoned. Markman had
been dismissed in 1970 from his post with an economics institute
in Sverdlovsk after publicly protesting the Jewish hijack trials in
Leningrad. He applied to emigrate to Israel and was denied per-
mission. Later, when his friend Valeri Kukui was sentenced in
Sverdlovsk to three years imprisonment, Markman, a witness in the
case, was so indignant over the way pre-trial evidence
had been falsified in the court that he initiated an action against
the judges. In April this year the press in Sverdlovsk accused
Markman of having links with the Zionists who, it was asserted,
had collaborated with the Nazis in the mass extermination of Jews.
Markman publicly denied the allegation following which he was
arrested and reportedly has been sentenced to three years
imprisonment.
The Journal of the International Committee for the Defense of
Human Rights in the USSR notes in its Ju y issue that there is
hardly any Soviet o icial or delegation leaving the USSR for
foreign travel that is not at some time confronted with protests
of one kind or another. against human rights violations in the
Soviet Union. Such incidents occurred during Premier Kosygin's
visit to Canada and during Foreign Minister Gromyko's visits to
Paris, Luxemburg, The Hague, and Brussels, during the pilgrimage
of 800 Soviet tourists to the tomb of Karl Marx in London, and
during the performance in Paris of the Red Army Orchestra at the
international music festival. Recent demonstrations have been
held in front of Soviet embassies in Paris, Brussels, and London
and before United Nations Headquarters in New York and UNESCO's
Paris headquarters. Just during May, the magazine says, 23
different actions took place in Great Britain alone.
In Frankfurt, the Bishops in exile of the Russian Orthodox
Church issued a proclamation calling for freedom of worship for
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their brethren in the USSR. From Rome, 33 leading European
cultural figures including Ignatio Silone, Federico Fellini,
Stephen Spender, and Iris Murdoch telegraphed Brezhnev to express
concern over the fate of prominent author Vladimir Maksimov.
In Brussels, the European Union of Young Christian Democrats
protested at a press conference against religious persecutions
in Lithuania and deportations to Siberia. In Paris, a group of
intellectuals including Raymond Aron, Pierre Emmanuel, Julian
Green and Armand Salacrou have created an international committee
to denounce imprisonments in psychiatric hospitals and demand a
retrial for Vladimir Bukovsky.
Also from Paris a group of prominent French intellectuals
including the Romanian-born playwright Eugene Ionesco and Nobel
Prize winner Rene Cassin in June sent an "anguished appeal" to
the Soviet leaders on behalf of imprisoned Vladimir Bukovsky.
The group expressed its "indignation over the arbitrary and
illegal verdict" passed on Bukovsky and asked "all democratic
peoples to join in an expression of sympathy" for him. Among
those signing were philosopher Gabriel Marcel, director of Paris
daily Figaro, Louis-Gabriel Robinet, former defense minist8r and
Socialist Party leader Jules Moch, and the internationally known
conductor Roberto Benzi.
Amnesty International, the non-political organization that
concerns itself with political prisoners all over the world, has
issued an appeal to supporters of civil liberties-to write the
Soviet government on behalf of ex-Major General Pyotr Grigorenko
and to call for his release from the psychiatric hospital where
he is imprisoned. Grigorenko has been held since May 1969 as
the result of his efforts to defend the rights of the Crimean
Tatars. "As far as we know," Amnesty said in its June newsletter,
"this is one of the longest continuous periods of confinement
in a psychiatric hospital that a dissident in the USSR has ever
undergone." The 26th issue of the Chronicle of Current Events
which was circulating as of mid-July reported. that a government
psychiatric panel had declared that Pyotr Grigorenko continues
to need "medical care."
It was Vladimir Bukovsky's courageous activities in defense
of dissidents who are confined in psychiatric hospitals that
brought him his latest imprisonment and the harshest sentence
yet meted out to a political dissident --- a total 1Z. years in
prison, forced labor, and exile. Early in 1971, Bukovsky sent
to the West 150 pages of material concerning six political
prisoners diagnosed by Soviet psychiatrists as mentally irres-
ponsible. Bukovsky asked Western psychiatrists to give their
opinions as to whether the diagnoses were justified by the docu-
mentary evidence he had compiled.
Last spring, as one response to Bukovsky's plea, more than
80 French psychiatrists, psychologists, and other professional
mental health specialists signed an appeal for "an international
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commission of inquiry to work ceaselessly to shed all possible
light on the contents of Bukovsky's documents." The appeal says
in part that Soviet police-psychiatric practices "especially
touches doctors who view any use of medical science by a political
regime for purposes of coercion, cruelty, or even torture, instead
of for therapeutic purposes, only as a serious misuse if not a real
perversion."
Another appeal sent last spring from Western Europe and
addressed to Soviet President Podgorny deplored conditions in the
USSR's mammoth forced labor camp system with its some two million
or more inmates and called for an international inspection team.
The appeal had 500 signatories including two Nobel award winners,
Professor Rene Cassin, Nobel Prize for Peace, and Professor Andre
Lvov who is a Corresponding Member of the'Academy of Medical
Sciences of the USSR. Signatories also included many members of
European Parliaments, entertainers such as Johnny Halliday, authors
and poets such as Maurice Careme, journalists, 18 Trade Union
leaders who took part in the June Brussels meeting of the "Assembly
on European Security and Cooperation," members of Amnesty
International, representatives of youth organizations, and officers
of the "International Federation for the Rights of Man."
This appeal called President Podgorny's attention to the
ill treatment which political prisoners are protesting throughout
the USSR. Exhausting labor, the absence or denial of medical care,
insufficient food allowances, and the deprivation of family visits
have reduced many prisoners to total despair. The signatories hope
that President Podgorny will use his authority to humanize
conditions in the corrective labor camps and prisons and to
having them put under the control of the Supreme Soviet. They
also call for authorization of visits to the Soviet Union by
members of the World Health Organization, UN Commission on Human
Rights, or the International Red Cross in order to inspect
conditions in the forced labor camps.
The Need for Western Support
In an appeal for help from Western public opinion that he
issued from Rome shortly after he was permitted to leave the Soviet
Union, former Russian film director Yuri Shtein said: "I am not
in any way calling for a cold war, let alone a hot one, nor even
for any official interference in particular aspects of Soviet
internal politics. But I am absolutely convinced that the voice
of world public opinion has great significance today as regards
defending the rights of Russia's 'dissenters,' and not only in
defending their rights but, even more important, in preserving
their lives. . .Now.when we see that the forces of reaction are
not just perpetrating occasional excesses, but trying to launch
a new offensive in my country, the burden of mutual responsibility
lies on all people of good will. For, as the recent past has
shown, the triumph of evil never remains isolated in one area,
but contains an insidious danger for the peace and tranquility of
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all the inhabitants of our single 'planet of people.'"
Yuri Shtein is one of the small group of dissidents formerly
active in the Soviet Democratic Movement who have recently been
granted exit visas from the USSR --- actually, a form of exile.
While most of the group had at one time or another requested and
been denied exit visas, one of their members who is considered
one of the USSR's finest poets, Iosif Brodsky, reportedly never
asked for one. Rome has become the temporary haven for some of
these new political exiles. Probably the most distinguished member
of the group, the brilliant mathematician, philosopher and poet
Alexander Esenin-Volpin was locked up in a mental hospital when
lie first applied several years ago to leave the USSR. This time
Volpin was given a 6-day deadline to be out of the country and was
prohibited from bringing with him his bride of a few months.
Artist Yuri Titov was allowed to leave with his family and
64 of his paintings but when the paintings were uncrated most
had been irrepairably damaged by sulphuric acid. The emigre
group issued a statement which denounced this as an act of
political vandalism. Another in the group is author and
orientalist Yuri Glazov who decried the despoiling of Titov's
paintings as an act equally as barbarous as that of the madman
who attacked Michelangelo's Pieta.
Commenting on the Soviet decision to permit the emigration
of himself and others in this group, Yuri Glazov said he was sure
the authorities decided that exile to the West was the best way
to handle dissidents since "putting them in camps only provokes
more protests in Russia and outside." What impact their departure
will have on the Democratic Movement at home is unclear. Certainly
Soviet authorities are looking forward not only to an eventual
diminishing of public interest in news about Volpin and others
in the emigre group but also to what they hope will be the
demoralizing effect of the group's departure on the dissident
centers at home. On this latter point, Alexander Esenin-Volpin
is highly optimistic. "The growth of public opinion in Russia,"
he said during an interview in Rome, "cannot be stopped: for
every single individual leaving the Soviet Union, two new ones
will come up. Our friends know that we had no choice but to-leave
and that we shall continue our struggle as vigorously outside as
we did inside the Soviet Union."
The Rome correspondent for The Economist comments that the
chances are that Mr. Volpin's prediction wi prove to be right.
The struggle in the Soviet Union is nurtured by forces stronger
than the leadership provided by a few individuals. While Lenin's
activities in London and. Geneva 60 years ago did not topple the
tsarist regime,. they were often invaluable to his comrades at
home. What with modern communications, an increasingly alert
Western public opinion, and a marked sensitivity to it on the
part of the Soviet regime, the role of individuals such as Volpin
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is bound to grow. In the end the Soviet leadership may well find
this newest tactic of "getting rid of the troublemakers" more a
mistake than a blessing.
The Case of Vladimir Maksimov
One of the first acts by the members of the Democratic Move-
ment in exile in Rome on behalf of their comrades at home was to
help Vladimir Maksimov, 40-year old author of a remarkable work
that has been published in the West as "Sem'dney tvoreniya" (The
Seven Days of Creation). An author whose works have been published
officially in the past in the Soviet Union, Maksimov was one of
the three or four dozen professional writers who signed a declaration
protesting the 1968 trials of authors Gi.nzburg and Galanskov. For
this he was given an official "warning" by the Writers' Union.
The following year Maksimov joined six other Moscow writers
to protest to the leadership of the Writers' Union the expulsion
from the union of so great an author as Alexander Solzhenitsyn
"by a group of obscure literateurs from Ryazan." Now Maksimov
too is on the verge of being expelled from the Writers' Union for
persistently refusing to denounce the Western publication of his
novel which came out last year in Germany in Russian and is soon
to appear in translation in some 8 countries. Peter Reddaway
notes in The Times that The Seven Days of Creation is considered
a ,masterpiece by critics.
Vladimir Maksimov also played a part in the Democratic
Movement by taking on Vladimir Bukovsky as his secretary during
the time that Bukovsky was under threat of re-arrest and spoke
out strongly in Bukovsky's defense before the latter's trial.
For these acts, Maksimov is also now being threatened with intern-
ment in a mental hospital. Thanks to the efforts of his friends
in Rome, the cause of Vladimir Maksimov has been taken up by
several prominent Italian authors including Ignazio Silone and
Giancarlo Vigorelli.
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21 August 1972
SOVIET REPRESSION:
The Victims
In the Soviet Union, legal protest or manifestations of dis-
agreement with official policy are more often than not squelched
by extra-judicial means: dismissal from one's job with either
resultant unemployment or ostracism from professions for which
one has been trained; a summons for'inteligtion by the KGB; arrest
or threat of arrest; imprisonment; sentencing to forced slave
labor, to enforced exile, or to imprisonment in an institution
for the insane; and, most recently, exile from one's country.
Below are summarized the best known cases of individuals thus
affected. since last January when the KGB began its current,
massive wave of repression:
In early August, Andrey Sakharov addressed an open letter
to the Soviet Minister of Health concerning VLADIMIR BORISOV and
Viktor Fainberg who, he said, "are dying in a Leningrad psyc iatric
prison hospital" and "remain in solitary confinement, deprived of
books and writing materials." Vladimir Borisov is an electrician
and a member of the Action Group for the Defense of Civil Rights.
From 1964 to 1968 he was in a psychiatric hospital prison in
Leningrad. In May 1969, shortly after his release he signed the
first dissident appeal addressed to the United Nations and a letter
in defense of Pyotr Grigorenko. For these acts he was arrested,
tried, found to be of unsound mind and recommitted to the
Leningrad psychiatric prison. In spring of 1971 Borisov joined
Viktor Fainberg in a hunger strike that lasted 81 days.
Leningrad poet, IOSIF BRODSKY, considered the finest
living Russian poet has left the Soviet Union under police
pressure. Most connoisseurs of Russian literature consider
Brodsky's poetry to be apolitical but he was a witness in
the first political trial of literary figures, that of
Sinyavsky and Daniel. In 1964 he was convicted of
"parasitism" and served 18 months in a forced labor camp.
After returning from a period of enforced Arctic exile, he
spent 7 years writing and translating for unofficial
periodicals in Leningrad. Although Jewish by Soviet
definition, Brodsky has never shown interest in Jewish
culture or of wishing to emigrate to Israel. Authorities
reportedly threatened him with unspecified punishment if
he did not accept an invitation from Israeli poets to visit
them. On the day of his departure, Brodsky appealed to
Leonid Brezhnev for the right to return and live out his
creative life in his homeland.
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In January, following a one-day trial, VLADIMIR BUKOVSKY was
ordered imprisoned for the fourth time in nine years. His was
the harshest sentence yet given a Soviet dissident -- a total 12
years in prison, forced labor camp, and exile. Bukovsky's
activities since his last release from prison in 1970 caused him
to become one of the more prominent among the members of the
Democratic Movement. They consisted of writing an open letter to
Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis inviting him to intercede with
Soviet authorities on behalf of the USSR's political prisoners and
denouncing in a filmed interview later carried by CBS television
("Voices from the Russian Underground") the practice of putting
political dissenters in mental hospitals -- a practice to which
he had also been subjected. After he urgently appealed in March
1971 to Western psychiatrists to investigate Soviet practices
he was arrested. During his one-day trial, Bukovsky told the
court that he only regretted that he had done "so little" for
freedom in the Soviet Union while he was last out of prison.
Physicist VALERI CHALIDZE is a cofounder with fellow
scientists, Sa rov and r~'[r.okhlebov of the unofficial
Soviet Human Rights Committee. A man of great energy,
Chalidze has written numerous treatises including "Class
Analysis in Soviet Law" and analyses of the situation in
Czechoslovakia and has edited several issues in manuscript
form of Social Problems, the legal journal of the Human
Rights Committee. In 1970 Chalidze wrote Czechoslovak
Party Chief Gustav Husak warning against party and judicial
repressions he feared might be taken against the leaders
under Dubcek. On 16 August this year he again addressed
an open letter to President Svoboda appealing for the
pardon of Czechoslovak's sentenced during the July-August
political trials in Prague. Chalidze called on Svoboda
to "use his constitutional right of pardon." In July
Chalidze was twice called in by the KGB to be accused of
"masked anti-Soviet propaganda"'and to be threatened with
arrest.
VYCHESLAV CHORNOVIL was among several of the
Ukrainians arrested in January in Lvov whose political
trial may be imminent. A former TV journalist in his
30's, Chornovil was first arrested in 1967 after he
had compiled and circulated as samizdat a documented
account of KGB methods used in mass arrests of
Ukrainian intellectuals in the mid-1960's. The
manuscript was published in the West in 1968 as
The Chornovil Papers.
IVAN DZYUBA, literary critic and author of
Internationalism or Russification?, was arrested in
January in Lvov, His trial also may be imminent.
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A week or so before the arrests of Sinyavski and
Daniel in Moscow, numerous young intellectuals had
been arrested in the Ukraine. Dzyuba, together with
VYCHESLAV CHORNOVIL staged a protest demonstration
in a Kiev theater. In 1966 he spoke at Babi Yar,
calling Soviet antisemitism "the fruit and satellite
bf agelong slavery and lack of culture, the first and
inevitable offspring of political despotism." His
book, published in the West in 1969, is an examination
of the Leninist policy on nationalities.
In early August Andrey Sakharov wrote the Soviet Minister
of Health concerning the fate of Vladimir Borisov and VIKTOR
FAINBERG who, he said, "are dying in a Leningrad psychiatric
pr si 'and "remain in solitary confinement, deprived of books
and writing materials." Fainberg, a fine arts specialist,
graduated from Leningrad University in 1968. On 25 August
1968 he was one of the seven young people who staged a sit-
down demonstration at noon in Red Square to protest the
sending of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia. He was so badly
beaten and knocked toothless in the course of being arrested
that he was unable to stand trial. He was declared to be of
unsound mind and sent to a Leningrad psychiatric prison where
in the spring of 1971 he joined Vladimir Borisov in a hunger
strike that lasted 81 days.
YURI GLAZOV was permitted to leave the USSR this
sprinafter reviously having his requests for an exit
visa denied. Writer, historian, and prominent orientalist
Glazov said in an interview in Rome, to where he emigrated,
that he was sure that Soviet authorities "had decided that
exile to the West was a better way to handle dissidents...
Sending them to camps provokes more protests in Russia
and outside." In 1968 Glazov was dismissed from his job
at. the: Institute of the Peoples of Asia for having signed
protest letters and an appeal to the Budapest conference
of communist parties.
In. March 1969, former Major General PYOTR GRIGORENKO
circulated an appeal to Soviet citizens calling on a
Soviet people, without doing anything rash or hasty, and by
all legal methods, to bring about the withdrawal of Soviet
troops from Czechoslovakia and the renunciation of interference
in her internal affairs." Two months later Grigorenko was
arrested in Tashkent for taking part in a demonstration in
support of the Crimean 'I'~,tars. He was charged with
"slandering" the Soviet Union and its social system. In
October 1969, Grigorenko was committed to a mental hospital
for observation and three months later was declared "insane"
and hospitalized in Chernyakovsk for "treatment." The
latest issue, circulating as of mid-July, of the Chronicle
of Current Events reports that a psychiatric panel a1T d
e-clare teat Grrigorenko continues to need additional "medical
care. "
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In Odessa, NINA STROKATOVA, microbiologist and wife of
one of the best known Ukrainian political prisoners, was tried
May 14th and sentenced to four years' imprisonment in a strict
regime forced labor camp. Her husband, SVYATOSLAV KARAVANSKY,
who has been in prison continuously since 1944 except for a
short period between 1960 and 1965, is a linguistic scholar
and heterodox writer of political themes. Presently being
held in the prison at Vladimir, Karavansky has contrived to
keep on writing articles and poems, some of which have reached
the West. He is due for release in 1979. Nina Strokatova's
only crime has been activity undertaken in defense of her
husband.
BENJAMIN LEVICH, a 55-year old chemist, scholar.
and member o t e Academy of Sciences of the USSR, is the
highest-ranking Soviet scientist to have applied for a
visa to Israel. After he applied last March, he was
demoted and his son, a 24-year old astrophysicist was
conscripted for military duty despite chronic physical
disabilities and despite the normal exemption granted
scientists with Ph.D.'s. At an unusual press conference
held 15 August in Moscow, Levich read a statement signed
by himself and 9 other scientists and scholars which
protested Jewish emigration policy under which Jews were
divided "according to their educational and intellectual
level ...The higher the level, the more difficult it is
to get a visa." This policy, according to the statement,
threatened to turn Jews into "a new category of human
beings.. .the slaves of the twentieth century."
Author VLADIMIR MAKSIMOV is being threatened with
internment in a mentalosptal. and is on the verge of
being expelled from the Writers' Union for persistently
refusing to denounce the Nbstern publication of his
novel The Seven Days of Creation. The book, which is
regarded by critics as a masterpiece was published in
Germany last year in Russian and is soon to be in
translation in several countries. The hospital threat
provoked thirty-three leading European intellectuals to
telegraph Brezhnev saying they are "deeply worried about
the fate of Maksimov." Among signatories are Gunther
Grass, Iris Murdoch, Federico Fellini, Stephen Spender
and Angus Wilson.
Eminent Soviet biochemist and gerontologist ZHORES MEDVEDEV
was temporarily committed to a mental hospital two years ago
because of his protests against the stultifying effect of Soviet
bureaucracy on Russian scientific progress. Medvedev, who
was freed from the insane asylum only after the intercession of
scientists in the USSR and abroad, is the twin brother of Roy
Medvedev, who has published a documentary history of the
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Stalinist purges as well as a book describing the persecution
directed against his brother. Zhores Medvedev was taken into
police custody on July 2 and forced to return to Moscow after
being barred from the Ninth International Congress of
Gerontology. Dr. Medvedev, pioneer in the study of the:-aging
process, had been invited to deliver a paper at the meeting
of gerontologists but the Soviet Organizing Committee
eliminated him from the program. His disappearance caused
consternation among more than 2,000 delegates from 43
countries. Scientists earlier had surmised that Dr.
Medvedev had been forced to return home. One of them received
a telegram from him expressing regret at not being able to
have another meeting "because of earlier arrangements with
Profess. R. Kidnaper." They took this to mean "Professional
Russian Kidnaper" or the Secret Police.
In Leningrad, Mr. YURI MELNIK, an astrophysicist in the
Soviet space program, aged 26, was sentenced on June 19 to
three years in a strict regime camp on charges of "anti-Soviet
agitation and propaganda" to which he pleaded guilty. When
the police arrested him in January they found a radio teletype
machine in his flat. This is the first trial to be held in
connection with "criminal case No. 24" a case which is intended
to suppress the unauthorized journal The Chronicle of Current
Events and which has led to widespread arrests and
BULAT S. OKUDZHAVA first made a name for himself in
the early 1960's as a composer of ballads written for
guitar. His songs have a strongly revisionist tinge since
they deal" with personal problems and are. open to inter-
pretation as being anti-militarist. The Soviet press has
accused Okudzhava of "harmful pacifism, of dilettantish
attitudes," etc. In late June this year Okudzhava was
expelled from the Communist Party for "conduct unbecoming
Conununist writers" but was permitted to retain his
membership in the Writers' Union. Okudzhava, some of
whose works have appeared in the West, has steadfastly
refused to condemn his "Political errors." As part of
the pressure campaign against Okudzhava, his 18-year old
son was conscripted for military duty before he could
take his final examinations.
VALERI PANOV lost his job as premier dancer with the
Kirov 1 et a ter he applied last spring to emigrate to
Israel. He has since been twice jailed on charges of
'hooliganism." Panov, the most highly decorated artist
of the Soviet Union ever to ask to leave, was given a
subtle warning. His head was shaved and he was confined
in a cell with amputees and cripples. A letter smuggled
out by a friend to Clive Barnes, New York Times drama
and dance critic, said that Panov, as a cancer whose art
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is tied up with the use of his body, "understood this
malevolent message." The 33-year-old dancer, inactive
since his dismissal from the Kdfov in April, also
indicated that he expected to be assigned soon to
menial labor under Soviet laws against "parast.ism."
Either choice - menial labor or prison - would, in the
opinion of his closest associates, destroy the career
of one of the Soviet Union's most talented and highly
decorated artists.
Top ranking journalist VIKTOR PERELMAN lost his job with
Literaturnaya Gazeta within hours after e ad applied for an
exit visa. His request was turned down, the authorities told
him, "because you have an intimate knowledge of the Soviet way
of life."
Ukrainian mathematician and philosopher LEONID PL:USIICH, one
of the founding members of the Action Group for Civil Rights has
signed numerous letters, petitions, and appeals to the United
Nations. He has been one of the bolder and more outspoken
protesters of political trials and arrests in the Ukraine and as
a result subject to frequent searches and KGB interrogations.
I1-vushch was arrested in Kiev last spring.
ANDREY SAKHAROV, popularly known as the father of
the Soviet hydrogen bomb, first warned in the mid-1960's
of the criminal character of a possible nuclear war.
After his remarkable essay of June 1968, "Thoughts on
Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom"
was published in the West, he was dismissed from his post
as Chief Consultant to the State Committee for Atomic
Energy and returned to his own (Lebedev) institute where
no security pass is needed. In 1970 he formed, with
physicist colleagues Chalidze and Tverdokhlebov, the
unofficial Soviet Human Rights Committee whose aim is
to study the problems of rights and to help the authorities
to introduce desirable reforms. One of a handful of
Soviet intellectuals that the regime has been unable to
coerce, in June Sakharov issued a new appeal calling on
the Soviet leadership to liberalize Soviet society and protect
the Soviet people from a resurgence of Stalinism.
Included in Sakharov's proposals are the evolution,
not the overthrow of socialism, the passage of a law
to guarantee any Soviet Republic the right of secession,
and the inadequate study given to the military-industrial
complex in the Soviet Union and other Communist nations
to be remedied. Sakharov's emphasis on law and legality
reflects his role as the principal spokesman for Russia's
dissident democratic movement whose supporters contend
there is nothing wrong with Soviet laws as they are written
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but that the Government has chosen to ignore or distort
law to further personal ambitions and protect the
privileges of the ruling class.
The campaign to discredit world renowned author and
Nobel Prize winner ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN gathered momentum
last spring with the pu ication in iteraturnaya Gazeta
of almost a full newspaper page of letters denouncing
Solzheni.tsyn's "hatred" of the Bolshevik Revolution and
trying to link him with anti-Soviet emigre groups. On 4 April
Solzhenitsyn made his first personal and on-the-record
statement to Western newsmen in almost 10 years. He said
he had been systematically slandered since 1965 by an official
propaganda campaign intended to "drive me-out of society or
out of the country, throw me in a ditch or send me to Siberia,
or have me dissolve in an alien fog." The 53-year old writer
accused Soviet authorities of stupidity and shortsightedness,
charging; that the Soviet Union is ruled today by "Force and
Violence." Nevertheless, he said, creativity in Russian
literature has not been extinguished and he looks towards
the day when those who now slander him "will personally answer
for this in court." In talking about his work, the author
said that he feels: ".I am working for Russia, and Russia
is helping me." Hp announced that more than 1 million dollars
in royalties he has earned in the West are to be spent on
"the general welfare of my country" under terms of a will
he has written. Asked how it felt to be a celebrity in the
West, the novelist answered: "I would prefer to be widely
published in my own country!" He also said that he could
live and work only in Russia.
In mid-January this year, KGB raids in Lvov and Kiev
resulted in the arrests of 13 Ukrainian 'intellectual dissidents,
among them literary critic IVAN SVITLYCHNY. His sister, NADIYA
SVITLYCHNYwas reported arrested on May. Both Svitlychny
an is sister have long been active in the Ukrainian nationalist
movement. Ivan Svitlychny was held in prison without trial
from 1965 to 1966 and later subjected to KGB searches and
interrogations. His sister Nadiya was dismissed from her job
as a librarian in Kiev in 1969 because of a protest letter
she signed. In the trials underway in Kiev as of mid-July,
Nadiya's husband DANYLO SHUMUK has been sentenced to 10 years
forced labor and 25 years exile.
ALEXANDER ESENIN-VOLPIN, a brilliant logician and
legal expert, has been a carless dissenter since Stalin's
day:: in 1959 he sent abroad a philosophical treatise and
a collection of his poems; in 1965 he was one of the
founders of the now traditional Constitution Day demon-
strations; in 1966 he wrote about the Sinyavsky-Daniel
trial; and in 1967 he gave evidence at the trial of
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Vladimir Bukovsky. At intervals since 1949 he has been
incarcerated in mental hospitals. Ultimately he was always
released because of the pressure of high-powered colleagues
and other intellectuals. In June this year the Soviet
regime "granted" Mr. Volpin an exit visa; he was told
that he had six days to settle his affairs and that he
should leave Russia for good. He has taken up residence
in Rome.
YURI TITOV, architect and religious painter, was a
supporter o the Action Group for the Defense of Civil
Rights, active dissident and signer of protests including
a letter sent in September 1969 to the World Council of
Churches protesting the arrest and imprisonment of
religious writer Anatoliy Levitin-Krasnov. In 1971 he
was incarcerated in Moscow's Kashchenko Psychiatric Hospital.
In June this year he wt ,-fdreed to ?m gr tee from the USSR.
Permitted to leave Russia with his family and 64 of his
paintings, Titov emigrated to Rome. Upon uncrating the
paintings in Rome, he discovered they had been sprayed
with sulphuric acid and were mo $ than h.if;:amaged.
PYOTR YAKIR, historian, associate of Vladimir Bukovsky
in the emocratic movement, and son of a popular general
purged by Stalin in 1937, is one of the best known leaders
of the protest movement in Russia today. In January the
KGB seized some 3,000 documents, clippings and books from
his apartment. Six months later Yakir was arrested and
charged with "anti-constitutional activities." Yakir
maintains that he fights for the de-Stalinization of
Soviet society and that he does so within the letter of
the law. On 9 July, 7 leading Soviet civil rights advocates
protested the arrest of Yakir and demanded that he be
freed on bail as Angela Davis was before her trial in
California. Citing the Davis Case, which was widely
reported in the Soviet press, Yakir's friends wrote:
"Long before she was brought to trial on charges of being
an accessory to murder, she was permitted bail and given
a provisional release from prison." Western observers
in Moscow say that if Yakir is brought to trial, it will
be one of the most significant political trials since
the days of Stalin.
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SOVIET REPRESSION:
Index of Attachments
"Page
"Brezhnev, Yakir and The West," Soviet Analyst, 1 - 2
6 July 1972
"Soviet Rights Group Threatened by Police,"
Sunday Star, 30 July 1972
"KGB Warns Dissidents on Anti-Soviet Activity,"
Washington Post, 30 July 1972
"'Political Rebels Dying," The Guardian,
3 August 1972
"Physicist Challenges Kremlin," Charlotte
Saikowski, Christian Science Monitor,
23 June 1972
"URSS: Une Societe en Danger de Mort,"
Andrei Sakharov, L'Express, 7-14 August
1972
"The Sakharov Memorandum," New York Times 8A-8C
18 August 1972
"The Yakir Case: Dissent vs Authority,"
Anthony Astrachan, Washington Post,
28 June 1972
"Soviets Tighten Disciplining of Dissidents,"
Paul Wohl Christian Science Monitor,
26 June 1972
"KGB Steps Up Its Campaign Against Dissidents," 11
Peter Reddaway, The Times, 13 June 1972
"Russians Launch Biggest Drive Against Internal 12
Dissent Since Death of Stalin," Peter
Reddaway, The Times, 28 June 1972
"Lithuanian Troubles Jolt the Kremlin," Paul 13-14
Wohl, Christian Science Monitor, 30 June 1972
"Arrests by KGB Continue in Ukraine," Inter- 14-15
continental Press, 19 June 1972
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Page
"Leninism and Nationality," Soviet Analyst,
15
30 July 1972
"Nationalism in the Soviet Union," Neue
Zeurcher Zeitung, 2 April 1972
"Unrest Is Spurring Soviet to Meld Its 100
Nationalities," Theodore Shabad,
New York Times, 31 July 1972
24-25
"Soviet Underground Urges Strikes to Raise
Standards," New York Times, 20 June 1972
"Inside Russia: Rare Voices of Protest,"
Newsweek, 26 June 1972
"Ask Letters in Behalf of Pyotr Grigorenko,"
Intercontinental Press, 26 June 1972
"Un Appel de la Section Suisse de 'Amnesty
International'," Revue de la Presse Suisse,
7 July 1972
"Call for Inquiry on Soviet Police-Psychiatry,"
30-34
Intercontinental Press, 12 June 1972
"Jewish Emigration," Soviet Analyst, 22 June
34-35
1972
"Soviet Dancer Said to Despair," New York Times,
35-36
2 July 1972
"It Isn't Only Jews Russia Is Letting Go,"
The
36-37
Economist, 17 June 1972
"Russian Dissenter Appeals to the West,"
Peace
37-38
News, 23 June 1972
"Intrigue Enlivens Conference in Kiev,"
Washington Post, 9 July 1972
38-39
"In the Dark Ages of Psychiatry," The Economist,
39-40
8 Juiy 1972
"Notes from Soviet Asylums - The Bukovsky Papers,"
National Review, 9 June 1972
40-44
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Page
"The Kremlin vs Solzhenitsyn,"
Soviet Analyst,
44-46
27 April 1972
"Russians Against The Kremlin,"
Michael Bourdeaux
46-61
Elga Eliaser, David Floyd,. John Miller, Ronald
Payne, Stephen Constant, four-part series:
"Flights Into Israel," Sunday Telegraph
47-50
14 May 1972
"The Price They Pay for Protest," Sunday
50-54
Telegraph, 21 May 1972
"Martyrs of Religious Protest," Sunday
54-57
Telegraph, 28 May 1972
"Leaders Tell of Fight for Human Rights in
57-61
Russia," Sunday Telegraph, 4 June 1972
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SOVIET ANALYST, London
6 July 1972
CPYRGHT
-';,-rOZ12neif, air and., the West
The arrest of Pyotr Yakir on 21 June 1972 may
servo to illustrate clearly, and put beyond cavil,
and misinterpretation, the current policies of.the
Soviet leadership. We have drawn attention in
past issues to the recent series of scattered
arrests, certifications as insane, and so on, as
part of a campaign of increasing rigour against
the dissident and democratic elements in the
Soviet Union. Yakir had hitherto been to some '
degree protected, in spite of his selfless devotion
to civil liberty, by the fact that his very-name.
symbolises both the Stalin terror which destroyed
his famous father and the rehabilitations of the
Khrushchev period, and that he has enjoyed some
residual protection from Army and other figures
with whose such arguments still carried weight.
His arrest signifies, therefore, a further decision
taken at the highest level (and we can be sure
that his case was discussed in the Politburo
itself) to demonstrate and extend the new and
much harder Tine against liberal activity.
As we wrote in SOVIET ANALYST No. 8, con-
fusion had arisen in the'West about a new "soft
line" which had supposedly triumphed in' the
Kremlin. Above all, the recent agreements with'
.the USA were seen as part and parcel of the
defeat of a "hard line" general attitude among
the leadership. We noted that the demotion of
Shelest, widely misinterpreted in the West as a
defeat for a "hard liner" internally as well as
externally, in fact meant the removal of the man`
who in his fief in the Ukraine had actually con-'
ducted a policy Incomparably less oppressive
towards, local dissidence than that in favour in
Moscow. It must now be absolutely clear that,the
line of Brezhnev and the Politburo majority is,
one of seeking an element of truce with the West,
and at the same time tightening the dictatorship
within the USSR.
There need have been. no surprise about this.
As we noted in SOVIET ANALYST No. 1, the.
speeches of Brezhnev and others, over the past
years and right up to the present, have been full,
of the strongest assurances that there could be no,
"ideological truce", no rapprochement in prin-
ciple, between the Soviet Union and the West
that, on the contrary, the international struggle
must continue unabated. Mr. Brian Crozier's con-,
tribution to our current issue develops this point.,
It has often been believed in the West that
summit meetings; treaties, trade and so forth,'
would go with a general softening, even a"
crumbling, of Soviet intransigence. This has
never proved to be the 'case. And the leaders are
being logical rather than not in turning especially
strongly against the representatives of demo-
cratic ideas while they themselves -are man-
'oeuvring for a truce. and for other benefits In
the international field. In that field, they have
now obtained certain advantages-(and paren-
thetically, we may now feel that they have it.
something from experience, and may revise i.i
some extent estimates _of their incapacity based
on that incompetent handling of international
matters which left them faced with hostility from
every direction).
The dissident movement in Russia is not, in-
deed, yet crushed. The new issue of the Chronicle'
of Current Events has after all appeared in
Moscow, though it seems clear that the KGB is
now determined to stop it, and is more likely to
succeed with every arrest. There are, important
figures, with stronger defences in their reputat-
ions and connections, in the political debit to be
incurred by arresting them, than Yakir's. In part-
icular, there is Alexander Solzenitsyn: though it
may be possible largely to isolate him. And, on
the other side, there is Academician Andrei
Sakharov, the atomic physicist, and his associ-
ates. Whether the authorities are prepared as yet
to move against them remains to be seen; and it
will no doubt partly depend on reactions to the
Yakir case.
Meanwhile, ' the "creeping Stalinism" which
Yakir noted some years ago creeps steadily on.
Every year, is, in, the words of the Soviet joke,
"an average year,-worse than last year,. better
than next".
From the Western point of view,'we 'are once'
again being shown the basic fact of modern inter-
national politics: 'that the Soviet'Union remains'
in "principle wholly irreconcilable. Truces and
1
 CPYRGHT
Annrnviprl Fnr Rplpacp 1 GGGfngfn7 - r1A_RfP7Q_nh1 QAAnnn9nn'I %nnnl _n
arrangements- can be made. These are both
necessary and useful. All the same, the fact re-
mains that the USSR is, by its own volition, a
siege polity. A stable and properly based world
peacenot a Utopian condition of total fraternity,
but a relationship at least no more hostile than
those now prevailing among the non-Communist
states-cannot arise until this condition of siege
ends and there is a free influx and efflux of ideas
-and travellers. When and if the Eur,pean
Security Conference meets, the main aim of the
Western negotiators must surely be to put the
maximum pressure on the Russians to back up
their verbal assurances of poaco and friendship
by at least some beginning of such gonuino
traffic, without which dotonte. means little in tho
longer run. Doubtless the Russians are unlikoly,
in their present mood, to accede. But at least it
should be ensured that they do not treat such a
conference simply as a free propaganda run for
the old idea that all substantial concessions must
be made by the West. The assault on Yakir is part
of an offensive against the whole conception of
free and peaceful debate on matters of principle,
whether conducted across or within frontiers.
The Western Governments should make it clear,
both; to the Soviet leaders and to such of their
own citizens who may have sunk prematurely
into a "deep dream of peace", that'atrue detente,
as against a condition'of vigilant truce,' Cannot be
arrived at-while this'attitude`persists.
SUNDAY STAR, Washington
30 July 1972
CPYRGHT
KGB CRACKS DOWN
Soviet Rights Group
Threatened by Police
MOSCOW (AP) - he Com- mea
ns arrest. ve always written to
"T JU
ittee on Human protest he misuse of the law,
unded 21 months ago by or to suggest improvement in
ree prominent ph 3icists as the law " the 33-year-old phys-
er icist sa d. "If I'm arrested for
? Vet ,M? _that, i means you can't do its ibuse by uthorities, may be the next that an more in this country.
"ve been trying to help
Valery N. Challdz a foun- the Soviet state, and now I'm
is -Soviet. I
er of the group, s d
t polite in an ftold thit eel the situation isnworse than
ficer summoned Tim twice it was year ago."
us month, told Earl this year the KGB --,
ittee had engaged in "well secret lice - began a con-
asked ti vi certed rive to uproot dissent.
nd threatened hi with "re- Hundre Is of persons have
said tbia
an effort to crush the under-
ground Chronicle of Current
Events, organ of the so-called
Democratic Movement.
On June 21, KGB detectives
arrested historian Pyotr Yak-
ir, one of the driving forces of
the movement. He is in Mos-.
cow's Lefortovo Prison await-
ing trial on charges of "anti-
Soviet agitation and propa-
ganda."
The committee was orga-
nized in November 1970 by
Chalidze and fellow physicists
Andrei D. Sakharov, developer,
of the Soviet hydrogen bomb,
-sad Anrlrpi N_ TverdokhleboV.
CPYRGHT
R. Shafarevich became
member, and Nobel Prize win-
ning, novelist Alexander I. Sol
zhenitsyn and writer and bal
ladeer Alexander Galich were
elected corresponding mem
hers.
"Our work is to continue th
study of Soviet law and hel
the Soviet authorities perfec
the laws and judicial pros
dure," Chalidze asserted. H
said the committee's activit
is aimed at creating a concep
of the law as a separate entit
not subject to political ex
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2
o
h
m
a
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
WASHINGTON POST
CPYRGWJuly 1972
KGB Warns Dissidents
'fly Robert G. Kaiser
Wa;.hinrtan Pos.t Foreign Service
MOSCOW, July 29-A high-
ranking KuB o icer as ac-
cused the Soviet Committee
for Human Rights of contrib-
uting to anti-Soviet propo-
ganda, a potentially serious ac-
cusation against the group led
by Andrei Sakharov, a distin-
guished Soviet physicist.
The KGB's warning came in
a recent session with Valeri N.
Chalidze, a young physicist
and associate pf Sakharov's.
Chalidze disclosed in an inter-
view that the KGB questioned
him twice, on July 5 and 7.
Perhaps because of Sakh'ar-
ov's renown as "the father of
the Soviet hydrogen bomb,"
the human rights committee
has largely escaped official
persecution since its founding
in November 1970. But Chal-
idze does not have Sakharov's
international reputation. The
committee has only four mem-
bers, and its work has con-
listed of public statements on
Soviet laws and legal proceed-
ings.
Chalidze's two sessions with
a senior KGB official, the as-
sistant director of the Na-
tional Department of Investi-
gation, followed several
months of apparently intensi-
lied secret police crackdown
n Anti-Soviez Activities
on political dissidents.
In an interview in his room
in a communal Moscow apart,
I ent Chalidze said he thought
It at official pressure on dissi
nts was increasing mark-
tuation Worse
le ly.
"I feel that the situation is
orse than it was a year ago,"
1 said.
On July 5 he was personally
t ircatened with "repression,"
halidze said, which he inter-
p eted as a threat of arrest.
"The situation must be bad,"
said. "I have always writ-
t n protests against the mis-
e of the law, or suggesting
i provements of the law. If
I arrested for that it means
u can't do that any more in
t is country," he said.
Sakharov has become In-
c easingly outspoken of late. ,
I June he released a memo-
,- ndum to Communist Party
1 ader Leonid I. Brezhnev
hich said in part:
idden Cruelty'
,,Our society is infected with
athy, hypocrisy, narrow-
inded egoism, hidden ctu- to lecture next fall at New
e ty. The majority of the rep- York University Law School.
r sentatives of its highest stra- He said he would like to ac-
t -the party and government cept this invitation, and hopes
a ministrative apparatus, the Soviet authorities will allow
ost successful strata of the :him to go.
I teligensia-hang on terra- I Chalidze's phone has been
cret privileges and are deeply
indifferent to violations of
human rights, to the interests
of progress, and to the secu-
rity of future mankind ...'
Chalidze said he personally.
had never engaged in direct'
attacks on the Soviet system,
but had concentrated instead
on ways of strengthening the
legal protection of human
rights.
He said he had been "deeply
affected" by the arrest of
Pyotr Yakir, a prominent dis-
sident and son of a Soviet gen
oral shot in Stalin's purges,
who was picked up by the
KGR last month.
Chalidze said he had not re-
ceived any mail from abroad
for months, although he
knows from people he has
talked to by long-distance tele-
phone that hundreds of let-
ters, including many that were
registered, have been sent to
him.
Awaiting Leber
One letter lie is waiting for
now, he said, is an Invitation
CPYRGHT
cut o c
the first time during President
Nixon's visit, when many polit-
ical dissidents here found
their phones suddenly out of
order. Chalidze shares his
phone with five other families
in the communal apartment,
so they lose service whenever,
he does.
"I don't know what. is
worse," Chalidze said with a
small grin, "an unpleasant in-
terview with the KGB, or had
relations with your neighbors
in a communal apartment." In
a communal flat, all the resi-
dents share one kitchen and
bathroom, and most families
have only one room of their
own.
His young wife Vera, a
granddaughter of Maxim Lit-
vinov, Soviet minister of for-
eign affairs during the 1930s,
is unable to get work or a
place in a university, though
she has done very well on en-
trance exams, he said.
Chalidze had responsible
work as a leader of several re-
searchers in a physics labora-
tory here, but a year ago, the
laboratory stripped him of X11
responsibilities, and he quit.
He now works in a small
laboratory, but he is not en-
gaged in important research.
THE GUARDIAN, MANCHESTER
3 August 1972
PoIitiai , rebels s ing ..
The Soviet nuclear phlsikist,
Andrei Sakharov, leas said in a
letter to the Russian Health
Minister, Mr, Petrovsky, that
two political dissidents are
dying i solitary Confinemeft in
a Leningrad mental hospital.
Copies of &akinarov's letter,
dated Tuc;:day. reached
Western journailsts today.'
The letter said Viktor
Feinberg and Vladimir Borisov
.,are dying in a Leningrad
psychiatric prison hospital"
and ",remain in solitary confine-
ment. Thgy are deprived of
books and writing materials."
Sakharov, one of the
dcwclopers of the Soviet Ii-
homh and a codounficr of the
unofficial Committee on Human
Ri~gh'tcs.told Petrovsky :
" Without your intervention as
well as the world pub'lic's, no
force is capable of caving
them."
CPYRGHT
Protest
Feinberg, an art critic,- was
sent to hospital after
participating in a 1968 Red l
Square demonstrat'ion? against l
the invasion oaf CzeehoSIcrvakia.
Borisov," an engineer, wrote 'a
letter to the United N'atiAns
protesting against politkal
 CPYRGHT
arrests -in the Soviet Union.
Dissident sources said both :
staged an 80-day hunger
strike in 1971 to protest against
hasfiital conditions and the
Soviet practice of dewtaining
sane political dissenters in
mental' hospitals.
Sakharov's letter said they
had ".held a nuluber of hunger
strikes as a sign of protest'
against prison administration
arbitrariness." The letter said
the two men were transferred
in January to the Serbsky
Psychiatric institute in Moscow
for a three-month psychiatric
examination.
The Serbsky institute's com=
mittee ruled in April that they
were r no longer in need" o'f
treatment, the letter said - but
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
23 June 1972
Stop repression,
Q, .Kara warns
astonishing ruling," overturned
including two Canadian-born
Embassy a?tcr spending their
against the Soviet auithorities'
CPYRGHT
refusal to qet ahem leave the
country with their famil/:s, said
before they went into the
embassy on Monday that they
would stage a hunger strike.
Today they were understood
to have kept their word, and to
have taken nothing but water
since starting the sit-in.
UPI and Reuter.,
f[Aw
OWWN t "c gal e g s" 1
By Charlotte Saikowski
Staff correspondent of
The Christian Science Monitor
A prominent Soviet scientist has ex-
pressed alarm over what he sees as the
growing trend of political and religious re-
pression in this country.
With a sense of deep urgency, Andrei D.
Sakharov, the eminent nuclear physicist and
dissident intellectual, has renewed his long.
standing plea for a thorough democratiza-
tion of Soviet society, which he terms "in-
fected with apathy, hypocrisy, narrow-
minded egoism, and hidden cruelty."
Dr. Sakharov has asked Leonid I. Brezh-
nev and other Soviet leaders to engage in a
dialogue on a wide-ranging program of re-
form to liberalize virtually every facet of
Soviet life. These would spell greater po-
litical and economic freedom at home and
more flexible policies abroad, especially
with respect to China.
Emphasis on freedom
He urges that the Soviet Union announce
it will never be the first to use weapons of
mass destruction and allow on-site inspec-
tion. He also calls for creation of an inter-
national council of experts to consider ques-
tions of peace, disarmament, economic aid,
human rights, and environment.
"It seems to me now, to a greater degree
than before," declares the vigorous civil-
rights advocate in his first major statement.
since 1970, "that the single true guarantee
of the preservation of human values in the
chaos of uncontrollable change ? and tragic
shock is the freedom of the convictions of
man, his moral striving for good."
IAparoved For Release 1999/09/02
Dr. Sakharov's appeal and proposals,
many of which are not new, are contained
in a lengthy memorandum of March 5, 1971,
which he sent to Mr. Brezhnev for consider-
ation. They are amplified in an afterword to'
the memorandum dated-June, 1972.
Copies of both documents now have been
made available to Western correspondents
here. Dr. Sakharov states In the afterword
that the memorandum "has remained with-
out answer and I do not consider it my
right to further postpone Its publication."
Drunkenness deplored
Publication would take place only In the
West, of course, or in underground form.
here. The 51-year-old physicist has 'consis-
tently challenged the Soviet leadership, and
although he advocates the evolution and not
the overthrow -of socialism, his views are
heretical from the Kremlin's standpoint.
The majority of party and government
bureaucrats, he charges in his latest incisive
indictment of Soviet society, cling to "open
and secret privileges" -and are indifferent to
violations of human rights. Drunkenness has
become "a national calamity." Education
and health care are in a "deplorable state."
No fundamental changes in the system
have taken place since Stalin's time, writes.
Professor Sakharov in the afterword, add-
ing:
"With hurt and alarm I am forced to note,
in the wake of a largely illusory liberalism,
the growth of restrictions on ideological
freedom, of striving to suppress govern-
ment-controlled information, of persecution
for political and ideological reasons, of an
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001 YRGHT
intentional exacerbation of nationality prob-
lems."
Proposals aired
These trends, he says, have gained mo-
mentum in the past 15 months, with a wave
of political arrests, use of psychiatry for po-
litical purposes, and new instances of reli-
gious persecution, particularly in the Baltic
states.
Written in dry outline form, the detailed
memorandum touches alL aspects of Soviet
activity -- political, economic, legal, en-
vironmental, medical - and is a kind of
Sakharovian version of a state five-year
plan.
Many of the proposals have been aired
by Dr. Sakharov over recent years, includ-
ing amnesty for political prisoners, restora-
tion of the rights of exiled peoples, freedom
of information, further economic reform,
elimination of the system of single-slate
elections, and removal of internal passport
regulations.
Among the new proposals is one for an
expansion of the private sector of agricul-
ture, with more land and equipment allotted
for garden plots. The scientist would also
broaden opportunities for private initiative
in the service sector, medical services, and
petty trade - ideas which bring to mind
the NEP reforms of Lenin's time.
On the sensitive question of nationalism,
Dr. Sakharov proposes passage of a law
to guarantee any Soviet republic the right
of secession. He believes, rightly or wrong-
ly, that any movements now simmering for
secession would weaken with further democ-
ratization of the U.S.S.R.
Several times the noted academician
stresses the debilitating effect on Soviet
life of the "system of privileges" in work,
education, and consumption under which
the political and administrative hierarchy
functions. He advocates these be done away
with.
Dr. Sak:harov, who helped develop the
Soviet hydrogen bomb, is especially con-
cerned about militarization of the Soviet
economy. He singles out the problem of
limiting the arms race and notes the inade-
quate study given to the military-industrial
complex in the Soviet Union and other Com-
munist nations.
A concentration of resources on internal
problems, he asserts, would make it possible
to overcome the Soviet nation's backward-
ness vis-a-vis the West and ensure its se-
curity from possible troubles with China.
World pact urged
Taking note of the recent arms-control
agreements, Dr. Sakharov expresses hope
they "have not only a symbolic meaning
but will also lead to a real drop in the arms
race and to further steps which will soften
the political climate in a world worn out
with suffering."
With respect to his proposed council of
experts, which could be set up under United
Nations auspices, Dr. Sakharov also calls
for an international pact that would bind
national governments to examine the coun-
cil's recommendations.
Professor Sakharov became widely known
in the West with the publication there in 1968
of a long essay calling for "convergence" of
the Soviet Union and the United States and
touching on such questions as nuclear war,
pollution, and hunger.
He now reaffirms that rapprochement and
changes in both Communist and capitalist
societies are needed to avert the dangers of
the atomic age.
But his writings since 1968 seem to be
concerned more with conditions in this coun-
try, and the latest documents carry a greater
sense of urgency, perhaps because the time-
table which he set in 1968 for democratic
evolution of Soviet society is so far from
realization (and he admits his prognoses
have become "more reserved").
Intriguing question
The intriguing question, and one impos-
sible to answer, is the extent to which Dr.
Sakharov's views are shared by the Soviet
intelligentsia.
Only a small handful of other intellectuals
have joined with him in his struggle for
political liberties (he is cofounder of the
unofficial Committee on Human Rights), but
certainly many would welcome the more
efficient and humane society which he
espouses.
Dr. Sakharov also calls on foreign leaders
for "active help" in the struggle for human
rights, but does not suggest what form
such help might take.
A quiet man, Dr. Sakharov has taken
great care to operate in a strictly legal
manner and without association with West-
ern journalists, to whom he remains an ob-
scure figure.
Although the physicist's professional re-
sponsibilities have been curtailed, he re-
mains a member of the prestigious Acade-
my of Sciences.
Earlier this year authorities prevented
him from attending a supposedly "open"
trial of a political dissident, but he gen-
erally has been left alone, presumably be-
cause of his high standing in the scientific
community.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
L'EXPRESS, Paris
7-14 August 1972
CPYRGHT
'r -y.. ouc Ut 01A
'old-ueat op sp; 03U3 a 9N
par Andrei SAKHAROV
Pere de la bombe H russe, membre de I'Academie
des sciences d'U.R.S.S., cofondateur d'un comite
officieux pour la defense des droits de I'homme, le
Pr Andrei Sakharov est, a 51 ans, le plus illustre
des critiques du regime sovietique. Sa notoriete I'a
laisse, jusqu'a present, a I'abri des represailles. Deja
fiche ? en 1968 a la suite de la diffusion clan-
destine d'un manuscrit intitule ? Reflexions sur le
progres, la coexistence pacifique et la liberte indi-
viduelle. (L'Express du 26 aout 1968), M. Sakharov
adressait a M. Leonid Brejnev, le 5 mars 1971, un
? memoire - proposant un vaste programme de
reformes. ? On ne m'a jamais repondu, dit-il. Je n'ai
vu d'autre recours que de le rendre public. En y
joignant un post-scriptum. A Lequel vient de nous
parvenir, date de juin 1972. Le voici.
Une guerre thermonucleaire serait un crime. Les
essais d'armes thermonucleaires dans ]'atmosphere en
sont un. L'ayant compris, jai entrepris, voila dix ou
douze ans, ]'action que je poursuis encore. Depuis lors,
j'ai passe beaucoup de mes ides au crible. Particu-
lierement on 1968, annee dont je consacrai les pre-
miers mois a travailler a mes : Reflexions sur le pro-
gres m, et dont les derniers mois retentirent pour nous
tous du grondement des tanks dans Prague I'irreductible.
La liberte
pour l'homme
de choisir ses idees
Autant qu'alors, je salue les progres sociaux, culturels,
economiques, accomplis chez nous depuis un demi-
siecle. Sachant, neanmoins, que bien d'autres pays on
ont fait autant, et qu'il y faut voir un reflet du progres
mondial. Autant qu'alors, je pense que I'on ne peut
surmonter les contradictions et les perils tragiques de
notre ere qu'en rapprochant et en modifiant ensemble
les structures capitalistes et socialistes.
Chez les nations capitalistes, cc processus doit s'ac-
compagner d'un renforcement de la protection des tra-
vailleurs, et d'un affaiblissement du militarismo et de
son influence politique. Chez les nations socialistes, iJ
est essentiel de restreindre 1'economie militariste et
l'ideologie messianique. Quant aux aspects les plus
extremes du centralisme et du monopole bureaucra-
tique du Parti, ii est vital de les reduire, autant dans
le domaine economique que dans celui de I'ideologie
et de la culture.
Comme alors, la democratisation de la societe, le
rlevcloppement de ]'information publique, la legalite,
l'excrcice des droits csscnticls de I'homme me paraissent
dune importance decisive. Comme alors, j'espcre quo
le progres materiel poussera la societe a evolucr en cc
sons, bien qu'aujourd'hui je reserve davantage mon
pronostic.
11 m'apparait, plus encore qu'auparavant, quo pour
preserver les valeurs humaines on depit du chaos et
du choc des transformations qui echappent a notre
controle, it nest qu'une seule garantie veritable : Is
]iberte pour I'homme de choisir ses Wes et de s'efforcer
au bien.
L'ivrognerie
prend allure de
calamite nationale
Notre societe est malade d'apathie, d'hypocrisie,
d'egoisme a courte vue, de cruaute cachee. La plus
grande partie de sa couche superieure - 1'appareil
administratif du Parti et du gouvernement, la fraction
la plus favorisee de l'intelligentsia - s'accroche obsti-
nement a ses privileges, secrets ou non, et se montre
profondement indifferente aux violations des droits de
1'homme, aux besoins de progres, a la securite de l'hu-
manite future. D'autres, au plus profond de leur ame,
s'en preoccupent. Mais ils ne peuvent se permettre
Ia moindre pensee libre, et ne peuvent que se torturer
]'esprit. L'ivrognerie prend allure de calamite nationale.
 CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
C'est tin des sympt6mes de la degradation morale d'une
societe qui sombre de plus en plus dans l'alcoolisme
chroniquc.
Pour quc le pays retrouve son ame, it faut eliminer
ces conditions qui poussent les gees a dhypocrisie et
au conformisme, qui creent chez eux l'insatisfaction,
le desenchantement, ]'impuissance. 11 faut assurer a
chacun, dans les faits et non dans les mots, des chances
egales de travail, d'education, de culture. 11 faut 61i-
miner le systeme des privileges dans tons les secteurs
de ]a consommation. Unc liberte ideologique totale
est essenticile, autant qu'une reforme radicale de fedu-
cation et que ]'abolition de la persecution ideologique
sous toutes ses formes. La-dessus reposent beaucoup
des propositions offertes dans mon memoire.
Celui-ci pose, notamment, un probleme : l'ameiio-
ration do la condition materiellc, et de l.'independance,
des deux groupes les plus nombreux et les plus impor-
tants de ]'intelligentsia : les enseignants et les medecins.
La condition deplorable de ]'education et de la sante
publiqucs es( soigneusement dissimulee aux strangers.
Mais ells ne peut rester cachee a cetuc qui veulent
voir. La gratuite de l'h6pital et de l'kcole nest qu'une
illusion economique dans une societe ou le gouver-
nement s'appropric, et repartit, tons les surplus acquis.
La sante et l'education refletent, de fagon particu-
licrcment. pernicicuse, la structure hierarchique de nos
classes sociales ct le systeme des privileges. Au peuple
ne s'ouvrcnt que des h6pitaux delabrCs, des ecoles oil
le professeur, pauvre et opprime lui-mane, dispense
un enseignement entache d'hypocrisie convention-
nelle, repandant parmi la generation montante ]'esprit
d'indifference aux valcurs artistiques, scientifiques et
morales.
Pour guerir cette societe, it faut, tout specialement,
mettrc tin terme aux persecutions politiques sous leurs
formes judiciaires, psychiatriques, et toutes celles que
favoriscnt une bureaucratic bigote et l'intervention d'un
gouvernement totalitaire dans la vie des citoyens : pri-
vation d'emploi, exclusion de ]'enseignement superieur,
refus de permis de residence, freinage a l'avance-
ment, etc.
Les milieux dirigeants n'ont pas repondu a ]a renais-
sance morale du peuplo et de ]'intelligentsia, qui s'etait
amorcee une fois freinses les manifestations les plus
extremes du terrorisme aveugle de Staline. Aucune
mutation fondamentale n'a touche les structures de
base, sociales et ideologiques, de M.R.S.S. L'inquietude
et lc chagrin me poussent an contraire a souligner -
Bans le sillage de cette a liberalisation s illusoire -
1'effort aeon, qui restreint la liberte des idees et de
]'information, qui muitiplie les persecutions politiques
et ideologiques, qui exacerbe, tout expr&s, les problemcs
des minorites nationales. Les quinze mois ecoules depuis
quc j'ai soumis mon a memoire n ont apporte des
prcuvcs, nouvelles et inquictantcs, de ('aggravation do
ecs courants.
Nous avons aussi
notre complexe
militaro-industriel
Une vague d'arrestations politiques dans les premiers
mois de 1972 appa.rait particulierement alarmante.
Beaucoup ont cu lieu en Ukraine. D'autres a Moscou,
a Leningrad et ailleurs. L'usage quc I'on fait de la
psychiatric a des fins politiques est absolument into-
lerable, et comporte pour la societe des consequences
extraordinairement dangereuses. Protestations et decla-
rations ahondent a cc sujet. Mais Piotr Grigorenko,
Vladimir Gershuni et bien d'autres sont toujours enfer-
mes dares des cliniques-prisons. De Victor Feinberg et
de Vladimir Borisov, on ne salt rien (1). 11 est d'autres
cas, recents, tel le poste Luponos, en Ukraine.
La persecution, l'ecrasement de la religion se pour-
suivent depuis des decennies, avec une cruaute opi-
niiitre. C'est la une atteinte aux droits de 1'homme par-
ticulierement lourde de consequences. La liberte de
religion est partie integrante de la liberte intellectuelle
en general. Les derniers mois en ont vu, malheurcu-
sement, de nouve[les violations. Notamment dans les
Republiques baltes et ailleurs.
Je ne m'attarderai pas, dans cc post-scriptum, sur
d'importants prohlemes abordes Bans le n memoire
et dins d'autres documents quc j'ai puhlies - sous
forme de Iettres ouvertes a des membres du Presidium
du Soviet supreme - traitant de la liberte d'emigra-
tion, ou de ]a discrimination a i'encontre des Tatars de
Crimee, evoquee dans une lettre au ministre de l'Inte-
rieur. Je ne m'appesantirai pas non plus sur la plupart
des problemes internationaux dont le c memoire i-
faisait etat. Je me contenterai de parler ice de la
course aux armements.
La militarisation de ]'economic jouc profondement
sur la politique, interieure et etrangere, viole la demo-
cratic, la loi, le droit a I'information, et menace In
paix. On a etudie de pres l'influence du complexe
militaro-industriel sur la politique americaine. Son r6le
en U.R.S.S. et dans d'autres pays socialistes est moms
connu.
Une voix venue
du monde
U socialists
II faut pourtant souligner - c'est essentiel - que
le pourcentage des depenses militaires par rapport au
revenu national n'est nelle part aussi Cleve qu'en
U.R.S.S. : plus de 40 %.
Quand la mefiance regne, le probleme du contr6le
prend un relief particulier. J'ecris cela peu apres la
signature d'accords importants sur la limitation des
missiles antimissiles et des fusses strategiques. On vou-
drait croire que les chefs politiques et les dirigeants
des complexes militaro-industriels, en U.R.S.S. et aux
Etats-Unis, se sentent responsables devant 1'humanite.
On voudrait croire que ces accords n'ont pas sculement
valour symbolique, mais qu'ils freincront vraiment la
course aux armements et conduiront a d'autres mesures
qui adouciraient le climat politique d'un monde epuise
par ]a souffrance.
J'en appelle non sculement a mes lecteurs sovisti-
ques, mais aussi a ceux qui me lisent a 1'etranger,
dans 1'espoir qu'ils contribueront activement a cette
lutte pour les droits de I'homme. J'espere aussi que
ma voix, venue du monde socialists, aidera a mieux
tirer la legon de 1'Histoire de ces dernieres decennies.
(1) Par lettre ouverte du 1" aofit a M. Boris Petrovsky,
ministre de la Sante, Ic Pr Sakharov a annonce que
MM. Feinberg et Borisov ? etaient au seuil de la mort s
 CPYRGHT
a l'hi pital psychiatrique de Leningrad ou ils sons tions politiques en U.R.S.S.*. Prives de livres. empechcs
enfermcs depuis plus de trois ans. Le critique d'art Victor d'ecrire, its ont fait plusieurs grZves de la faim. Scion
Feinberg a cte arrete, le 25 aout 1968, pour avoir mani- le Pr Sakharov, une commission medicale, en avril, les a
feste sur la place Rouge contre ('invasion de In Tcheco- reconnus rains d'esprit. Une decision judiciaire les a
slovaquic. L'ingcnieur Vladimir Borisov avait signe une maintenus a I'hopital.
petition aux Nations unies protestant contre les arresta-
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8
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NEW YORIC TIMES
18 August 1972
CPYRGHT
The Sakharov Memorandum
Andrei D. Sakharov
consider it Impera-
tive to request that the following
suggestions be considered by the com-
petent authorities.
r In my view, the time was ripe
long ago for dealing with the question
of a general amnesty to political pris-
oners; including persons convicted
by reason of their religion, per-
sons confined to psychiatric in-
stitutions, persons convicted of at-
tempting to cross the border, po-
litical prisoners given additional
sentences for attempting to escape
from a camp, or of spreading propa-
ganda in a camp. It is essential to
take steps to insure extensive, factual
publicity of the proceedings in all
trials, especially those of a political
nature.
I consider psychiatric punishment
for reasons of a political, ideological
or religious nature intolerable. It is
essential to pass a law defending the
rights of persons subjected to forced
psychiatric hospitalization; also, to
adopt ,resolutions and the necessary
legislative refinements for the defense
of the rights of persons presumed to
be mentally disturbed In connection
with prosecutions' on political charges.
? Concerning open public disclosure,
free exchange of information and free-
dom of conviction, It is essential that
a draft law concerning the press and
other means of mass communication
be submitted for consideration by the
general public.
? Concerning nationality problems
and the problem of departure from
our country, it is essential to pass
resolutions and laws fully restoring
the rights of the peoples resettled
under Stalin and to pass laws ensur-
ing the free and unimpeded exercise
by citizens of their right to leave the
country and to return to it freely.
? Concerning international problems,
it is essential to take the initiative and
Atari W.
M @Q "firm
bQ e"16ase
tart w F
to employ weapons of mass destruc-
tion (nuclear, chemical, bacteriolog-
ical or incendiary). It Is essential to
permit inspection teams on our tern-,
tory for effective control of disarma-
ment.
It is essential to alter our political
position in the Middle East and in
Vietnam, vigorously striving-through
the United Nations and diplomatic
channels -for the earliest possible
peaceful settlement under conditions
of a compromise.
0
Is is essential to work out a clear
and consistent program for further
democratization and liberalization and
to take a number of steps which
are top priority and not to be post-
poned. This must be done in the
interest of economic and technologi-
cal progress; in the interest of gradu-
ally overcoming our backwardness
in comparison with the advanced
.capitalist countries and our isolation
from them; in the interest of the well-
being of wide sections of the popula-
tion; in the interest of the internal
stability and the external security of
our country. The development of our
country is proceeding under conditions
of considerable difficulties in our rela-
tions with China. We are faced with
serious internal problems in the areas
of economics and the well-being of
the population, economic and techno-
logical progress, culture and ideology.
The following problems should be
noted: aggravation of the nationality
problem; complications in relations be-
tween the party-government apparatus
and the intelligentsia, and in their
relations with the basic mass of
workers who find themselves in a rela-
tively poorer position as far as living
standards and economic situation go
and in relation to job promotion and
cultural growth, and who experience
in a number of cases a feeling of
disenchantment with "big talk" and
the privileged group of "bosses," a
group which for the most part often '
includes the Intelligentsia in the eyes
The state sets as its fundamental
goal the protection and the guarantee
of the basic rights of its citizens.
The defense of the rights of man is
the highest of all goals. All acts of
governmental institutions are wholly
based on laws which are stable and
known to the citizenry. Observance of
the laws is obligatory for all citizens,
institutions and organizations.
Open publicity facilitates public con-
trol of the legality, equity and effec.
tiveness of the system as a whole,
favors the scientific democratic char-
acter of the administrative system,
and contributes to the progress, well-
being and security of the country.
The nation's basic energy is directed
toward harmonious internal develop-
ment with effective utilization of labor
and natural resources. This is the
foundation of its strength and pros-
pe:Sy.
Messianism is foreign to this society,
as' are delusions about the uniqueness
and exclusive virtues of its own syss
tem. and the negation of the system
of others.
The basic problem to foreign policy
is that of relations with China. While
offering the Chinese people the option
of economic, technical and cultural aid,
fraternal cooperation and joint move-
' ment along the democratic path-
always keeping open the possibility for
the development of relations in that
direction-it is essential at the same
time to show special concern for'
insuring the security of our country,
to avoid all other possible foreign and
domestic entanglements, and to carry
out our own plans for the develop-
ment of Siberia, taking the above-
mentioned factor into account.
It is essential to strive for non-
intervention in the internal affairs of
other Socialist states and for mutual
economic assistance.
It is essential to take the initiative
in creating (within the framework of
the U.N.?) a new international consul-
tative agency-an international coun-
cil of experts on problems of peace,
Ehm
q~,~y; NLAalttta...e-, c viav,a?v %L .. ....v`y
6_ "I 194A60 f~1 0"f the rights
YO? :;'IAA-0b
 CPYRGHT
Iarante ing the
of man, and on the protection of
the natural environment-staffed by
highly qualified and disinterested per-
sons.
In the area of personnel cadres and
administration, it is essential to make
decisions requiring greater public dis-
closure on the work of governmen-
tal agencies at all levels, within the
limits allowed by the national interest.
Matters of special importance include
review of the tradition of dealing with
problems of personnel policy behind
closed doors; extension of open and
effective public verification of the
selection of cadres and extension of
the electivity and actual removal from
office in cases of incompetence
of managers at all levels. I also have
in mind the usual demand in demo.
cratic programs for the elimination of
the system of elections where the
number of candidates does not exceed
the number of posts, i.e., the elimi-
nation of "elections without choice."
should be taken to facilitate an ex-
pansion of agricultural production on
the personal plots of kolkhoz farmers,
workers on sovkhozes, and individual
peasants; revision of the tax policy,
expansion of the tracts of land in this
sector, revision of the system for pro-
vision to this sector of modern and
specially designed agricultural equip-
,.nent and fertilizers.
Finally, we should expand the pos-
sioilities and advantages for private
in'.tiative in the sphere of services,
hey lth care, retail trade and education.
Vie question of. the gradual aboli-
tion of the passport system must be
examined, since it is a great hindrance
to th't development of the country's
produ~?tive forces and a violation- of
the rights of citizens-especially the
inhabit:!nts of rural areas.
?
In the sphere of information ex-
change, ciolture, science, and freedom
of convictions, it is essential to en-
courage freedom of convictions, the
spirit of inquiry, and concern for ef-
fectiveness..t is essential to discon-
tinue the jamming of foreign radio
transmissions, expand imports of for-
e'gn literature, join the international
system for pro. ecting authors' copy-
rights, and facilit zte international tour-
ism-in order to overcome the isola-
tion which is ruir:ous to our develop-
ment.
It is essential to make decisions en- the passing o a s,
surfing the actual separation of church right to secede would have great do-
-1 A_;f;rnnr_A
from state, and actual (i.e., guaranteed
juridically, materially, and administra-
tively) freedom of conscience and'
worship.
It is essential to take another look
at those aspects of the relations be-
tween the governmental-party appa-
ratus and art, literature, the theater,
and educational agencies, which act
to the detriment of the development
of culture in our country.
?
In the social' sphere, it is essential
to examine the question of the feasi-
bility of abolishing capital punishment.
It is essential to consider the feasi-
- bility of establishing a public watch-
dog agency which would have the goal
of ruling out the possibility of the
use of physical force (beating, expo-
sure to hunger and cold) on persons
detained, arrested, under investiga-
tion, or convicted.
There must be radical Improvement
,in the quality of education.
More extensive measures must be
taken in combating alcoholism.
It is essential to step up measures
in the fight against noise and the
poisoning of the air and water, in the
fight against erosion, the salination of
the soil, and its poisoning by chemi-
cals.
Concerning reform of the system of
health care we must: expand the net-
work of polyclinics and hospitals re-
quiring payment of fees; increase the
role of physicians, registered nurses,
and practical nurses in private prac-
tice; increase the wages of medical
workers at all levels; reform the phar-
maceutical industry; increase the gen-
eral availability of modern medication
and remedies; introduction of closed-
circuit X-ray television installations.
In the sphere or law it is essential
to eliminate overt and covert forms of
discrimination for one's convictions
and for characteristics of nationality.
operation of socialist nations is of a
very complete and all-ambracing char-
acter and will undoubtedly be intensi-
fied even further under conditions of
mutual nonintervention by the socialist
states in each others internal affairs.
For these reasons, consideration of
this question does not strike me as
hazardous.
If, at one point or another, the pres-
entation of this memorandum Is un-
necessarily categorical in character, it
is because of the demands of brevity.
The problems facing our country are
Intimately related to certain aspects of
the worldwide crisis of the 20th cen-
tury: the crisis in international secu-
rity, the loss of stability in social de-
velopment, the ideological dead-end
and disenchantment with the ideals of
the recent past, nationalism, the dan- J
ger of dehumanization. By virtue of
our country's special position In the
world, a constructive solution of our
problems-a solution at once cautious,
flexible, and decisive-would be of
great significance for all mankind.
Signature, A. SAKHAROV.
.5 March, 1971
?
This "memorandum" was sent to
the General Secretary of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party
on Match 5, 1971. It has remained un-
answered. I do not consider it my
right to postpone its publication. This
postscript is written in June 1972.
It is essential to consider the ques-
tion of the ratification, by the Su-
preme Soviet U.S.S.R., of the Cove-
nant on Human Rights adopted by the
21st Session of the U.N. General As-
sembly, and of adhering to the optional
protocol to that declaration.
In the sphere of relations with na-
tional republics, our country has pro-
claimed the right of nations to self-
determination, up to and including
secession.
The right of the union republics
to secede is proclaimed by the Consti-
tution of the U.S.S.R. In fact, the mere
discussion of such questions often pro-
vokes prosecution. In my opinion, a
juridical analysis of the problem and
as a confirmation of the antiimperialist
and antichauvinist nature of our pol-
icy. it seems quite plain that none of
the secessionist tendencies in any re-
public of the U.S.S.R. has a mass
character and that they will undoubt-
edly weaken in time, as a result of
the further democratization of the
U.S.S.R. On the other hand, it is quite
certain that any republic which, for
whatever reasons, secedes from the
U.S.S.R. by peaceful constitutional
means will fully reserve its ties with
the socialist commonwealth of nations..
In such a case, the economic interests
and defense capacity of the socialist
camp would not suffer, since the co-
s before I
cannot help but value the great salu-
tary changes (social, cultural, eco-
nomic), which have taken place in our
country over the last fifty years, tak-
ing into account, however, the fact
that similar changes have taken place
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in many countries, and that they
reflect a development of worldwide
progress.
Our society is Infected with apathy,
hypocrisy, narrow-minded egotism,
hiddden cruelty. The majority of the
representatives of its highest stratum
-the party and government adminis-
trative apparatus, the most successful.
strata of the intelligentsia-hang on
tenaciously to their open and secret
privileges and are deeply indifferent
to violations of human rights, to the
interests of progress, to the security
of future mankind. Others, in the
depths of their souls, are concerned,
but cannot allow themselves the
slightest free! thinking and are doomed
to tortuous conflict within. themselves.
For the spiritual recovery of the
country those conditions must be elim-
inated which. push people toward hy-
pocrisy and accommodation, which
create in them a feeling of helpless-
ness, dissatisfaction and disenchant-
ment. Complete Ideological freedom Is
essential, a complete end to all forms
of persecution for convictions.
With hurt and alarm I am forced
to note, in the wake of illusory liber-
alism, the growth of restrictions on
ideological freedom, of striving to sup-
press Information not controlled by
the government, of persecution for
political and ideological reasons of an
exacerbation of national problems.
problems.
The wave of political arrests in the
first months of 1972 are particularly
alarming. In the Ukraine numerous
arrests took place. Arrests took place
as well in Moscow, In Leningrad and
in other regions of the country. Public
attention In those months was drawn
to the trials of Bukovsky In Moscow,
Strokatova in Odessa, and others.
The use of psychiatry for political
purposes is extraordinarily dangerous
in its consequences for society and
completely intoiergbie. Numerous pro-
tests and statements on this question
are known.
The persecution and destruction of
religion has been conducted with per-
sistence and cruelty over the course of
decades--doubtless one of the most
serious In Its consequences for the
violations of human rights In our
country.
I,write this postscript soon after the
signing of important agreements on
the limitation of A.B.M. and strategic
rockets. One wants to believe in a
feeling of responsibility before man- `
kind on the part of the political rulers
and officials of the military-industrial
complexes of the United States and
the U.S.S.R. One wants to believe that
these agreements have not only a sym-
bolic meaning, but will also lead.to a
real lessening In the arms race and to
further steps which will soften the
political climate in a world worn out
with suffering.
In conclusion I think it essential to
stress the importance which I attach
to the proposal on organization of an
international consultative organ of the
international council of experts with
the right to make recommendations
whose consideration would be obliga-
tory for the national governments. I
consider that proposal to be realistic,
on condition that it receive the broad .
International support which I am
requesting.
I appeal not only to Soviet, but also
to foreign readers, hoping for their
active help in the struggle for human
rights. I hope also that my voice from
"inside" the socialist world will in
some measure improve comprehension
of the historical experience of the last.
few decades.
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CPYRGHT
WASNT1VGi~'3 POST,
-28 June 1972
KGB Harasses, Then Arrests Russian Liberal
The Yakir Case: Dissent vs. Authority
By 1ttd1tnny .Astrachan
times that only respect for the memory of might revive exile to foreign ianas- as it JUUICLdL dl"u VA U R-,UUMA"L ...l,.....v=- 1
. ._- ...Mich he
alled t
the Stalinist anti-
c
o
dem
it
l
i
A,.A sa
aulc AIVOp
a
s,
year in an open letter to the Presidium ox will, but a number of dissidents nave- re- others In psych
_ , _
..
f
c
f
ohs demotions and losses of
bli
o
on
ess
pu
c
b
h
e jo
s.
party, "why anti-Stalinism is equated with the emigration of Soviet Jews to rsraef, T
anti-Sovietism. Until. now the difference be- poet losif Brodsky was recently told to emi- "To answer criticism with persecution-
Lli15
spect for my father's memory." Israel from people he did not know, but that ing to the United Nations, or appealing to"
....":. 1-loraltin
If hi
s
A
rmy w,.,........ - ..
YaKir's father was
Iona Yakir, whom Stalin executed in 1937 The foreign observer is often bcwilderedt`` ...gave him a convincing answer to serious
. .. . ..
h_ 1.1
t
.
i....- b
thers -erlous peop1t??
?.,
_ _.
h
ti
S
s
o
s
o
es
o suc
ques
ons
as part of his purge or ncu ~AAA,y ...... .,,ate A,.,
Judging by photographs and the recollec- lengths to repress dissenters who are un . The Kremlin's nltinlate answer to such',
tions of those who knew him, Iona Yakir likely ever to change the Soviet system-r criticism was Yakii"s arrest. Since January,
. . . ..
__ e_...
d:
it
have been frying to sunnress
A ?f ,
so
sun
e
the
are
?fne son oL a .1ew1.SiL
inev, the elder Yakir organized a Bolshevik Yakir saw his prime function as spread- samizdat (self-publishing) leaflet charging
he and other dis- the Soviet leaders with economic sins. But
1970
ti
h
I
f
,
on.
n
orma
e ing in
guerrilla band in the Ukraine when t
. .- _. ....t He was then 21. aidenft gathered In the Moscow woods so in the vast. Yakir has signed his names to
the Po.ies. in tozu, 11G vc. A .A.. .. _
of the important Ukrainian military dis- what was going on here. Millions of people creasing repression may be the price that.
1........
th;,.
II_
h
e
had to nay to get
- - ... .
., - - -
--`-_d
any
g
--
n
v
nd
y
at
age or 4i, r akin was
the Ukraine-where streets are named after rest, every dismissal. We see In this our most meet President Nixon at the summit de-
lati
of the war in
. . .. . _`'__
- --.
lc -.- "`_
p
esca
on
was
hi
h ho
.
c
stayed in camp for 17 years. That record, as to the Soviet Union in itussian by Radio Liu- as Russians call Life jr, prisoll, w
. - --.A- foreign __".. The tr
;oe of America and the RRC. He th
ou
h his explosive thought nrocesses.his
-
r
g
Iiev hat
M
c
i
t
o.. .,_.
os
n
s
corresponden
anthnrities. although they harassed him, ist secrecy impossible. he was helping to sion as a historian, his hard drinking and his
his frequent prow- d8a11104 ...J,.U....., -.. ----
-letter to the Party Congress, which
.1_t TT.- a and dnen;te his nnen activity Yakir's . , when he started to apologize for dragging
-in keeping the world informed of those in- W.a A3. wauc,,r A. ! ,,. ?~ . -?? ???~ ?? ?-, - me out of my way to mecL ^u~l}QU,1G w,Al, ?au
leveed the leadnrchin mnrP direetiv_ _._ _ _ ? Whelminn re.
luctance. On June 21, the KGB arrested ency towaru Lee rCULrul or oLa1==,1AL 1tICL?vue chem's "Tevye the iviuicman, resliieirL L11
Yakir, now 49, on charges under Article 70 Of government has become apparent, he survival despite his apotheosis in "Fiddler'
wrntp. "and a tendency toward the rehabili- - t,-? u..nf "+ -il;ng at fhe thnii ht that the,
of the icussian PiepuuJ .,A.......? tation of Stalin hilmself-one of the biggest - -
itation nr nrnnaeanda _ Tsar Knight be readying a thunderbolt for
_ ,.:ha ""a
g
t0 commit pd5 LLeUW .r
s a o one of its interro?
against the st q1~ 9K scig, t*fi and technical intelligentsia." He
~E~~ ~sl'a~Seaikl l O/02i@tGQFh/~'4?4f 4 6 f1-link .that you are:
the said pure 0 _ ,_. part
and government offices in the nevi- h,.:-9 ui.. W
re his hoira_"
y
e a
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CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
26 June 1972
CPYRGHT
Soviets'tigedis~iplhuing htri:' : ofdisside nts
Even as hard line
toward West softens ' ,
By Paul Wohl
Written for The Chrtsttou Sckace Monitor
Softening of Soviet policy 'toward the
West is going hand In hand with tightening.
of discipline in the U.S.S.R.
Pravda on June 18 had nothing but scorn
for presidential adviser Henry A. Kissin-
ger's .one-time hope that "a democracy
of the Western -type" might take root in
the Soviet Union. The Idea of an ultimate
convergence of the two antagonistic eco-
nomic and social systems is being sharply
rejected.
Secret police have fanned out to search
and arrest suspected dissidents, members of
Prof. Andrei D. Sakharov's small civil-rights
committee, non-Russian nationalists, and
even the embarrassing ultra-Stalinist ?aid-
liners.
Delinquency added
Some dissidents who hitherto had enjoyed
protection because of family connections or
special qualifications now also are being
handled roughly.
On June 20, state security agents searched
the apartment of historian Pyotr Yakir, a
prominent member of the civil-rights com-
mittee. Previously the outspoken Mr. Yakir
had enjoyed virtual immunity because of his
famous father, Gen. Yona Yakir, a tragic
victim of Stalin's great purge. This time
Pyotr Yakir was arrested. '
The pretext for the continuous investiga?
tion of suspects is always "anti-Soviet agi.
tation and propaganda," but delinquency
also Is being mentioned as a reason for
Minister of the Interior Nikolai A. Shehe-
lokov announced tougher measures against
criminality and hooliganism in the April
Issue of the Central Committee's bi-weekly
Partinaya Zhizn (Party Life). -Demonstra-
tors invariably are referred to as hooligans
in official terminology. .
Many Western broadcasts are jammed.
Tourist luggage and, even more, the luggage
of Soviets returning from missions, is being
Intensely searched for forbidden publican
tions.
Evangelic Baptists and the smaller
churches suffer greater harassment than in
former years. After the admission that "be-
lievers" were discovered in the Army, Maj.'
Gen. E. Dvoryansky in "Kommunist of the
Armed Forces" of February let go with a
long article entitled: "Atheist propaganda
must take the offensive."
Even the Rieman Catholic Church has
been sharply retrenched in Catholic Lithu-
ania and the Ukraine, although Moscow for
a while treated the Roman 'clergy with,
velvet gloves because of the Vatican's influ?
ence in Western Europe. .
Now that the Vatican has supported the
idea of a European security conference and
general policy at home has toughened, such,
diplomatic considerations have been dis-
carded.
New approach
A movement is on to organize and super
vise leisure time and to cram more and,
more Marxism-Leninism down people's
throats, combined with refutations and de.
nunciations of Western ideologies.
Literature and the arts are being handled
more strictly than in years. But here there
is a new approach. Hopeless dissidents, who
the Soviets feel can neither be reformed nor'
wholly silenced, are being allowed or
prompted to leave for the West.
This recently happened to mathematician`
and poet Alexander Yesenin-Volpin, the son'
of the famous Russian poet. Sergei Yesenin.
who committed suicide in 1925 and Is said'
to be General Secretary Leonid I. Brezh
nev's favorite poet. - '
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10
 CPYRGHT
y .t e
and somewhat eccentric man who has But, like the late poet, Boris Pasternak, he
of admirers of his father's poetry. Now the'
regime has granted an exit visa to Mr.
Yesenin-Volpin, who has act up residence
in Rome.
Others now in Rome are the movie dt.
rector, Yury Shtein, a member of Professor'
Sakharov's civil-rights committee; the,
writer and linguist' Yury Glazov, and the.
religious painter, Yury Titov. The mt]ch
maligned Jewish poet, Joseph Brodsky,'
has been allowed to emigrate and is en
route to the United States.
Exit. offer rejected
taken part in every major protest'actioni
against the regime, was repeatedly arrested
and confined to lunatic asylums.
Ultimately he always was released be-.
cause of the pressure of the intellectuals and
CPYRGHT 'NE TIMES, London CPYRGHT
13 June 1972
KGB steps up its campaign against dissidents
By Peter Reddaway
sions produced by Presid t
Nixon's visit, the latest inform -
tion from the Soviet Union su -
gests that the Government is n t
letting up in its campaign o
suppress dissenting individuals a
groups at home. The campai n
has been gathering momenta
since the new year, and after t
President's departure seems to to
moving into higher gear.
The most important politic I
case coneertis the unauthori d
Moscow journal A Chronicle of
Current Events. Begun in Janus ,
it involves alleged crimes and r
Article 70 of the criminal cod,.
This article penalizes " anti-Sovi t
agitation and propaganda " a rd
carnes a maximum p~:nalty of 12
years of prison and exile.
So far the KGB have arrest
Mr Kronid Lyubarsky, the astro -
omer, in Moscow ; Mr Vatsl
Sevruk, the philosopher, in V -
nius ; Mr Leonid Plyushch,
cybernetician. in Kiev ; and ;s r
Yury Melnik in Leningrad. B3t
dozens of searches of flats a d
hundreds of interrogations ha e
.been taking place in these citi ,
as well as in Novosibirsk and t e
Ukrainian town of Uman.
Mr Plytt?shch is a notable fi.gu e
in the Democratic Movement"
having belonged to the Moscos -
based Action Group for the D -
fence of Human Rights since i
inception in 1969. This grow ,
informally led by Mr Pyotr Yak' ,
,the historian, recently appealed o
the authorities for Mr Plyushcl s
release. .
pppears to a triad ofhavii
Soviet policy also
O
N s }y ,ferm en tlonfi in mtft F' 'tlt@vveo t f A fiaiZ w
Nobel-Prize winner Alexander Solzhenitsyn of the population will accept its tough Copt
Is said to have been asked by officials of the' munist law-and-order course.
two-and-a-half
meet for allog
liberate anti -S
In the wester
Sverdlovsk the
:ample, Mr Yuly
engraver who had
uiry to leave for
years' imprison-
ly spreading " de-
iet fabrications ".
Siberian city of
is the alarntiii,g
sted on April 29.
now aged 34, did
rvice in the late
his military s
1950s in the in
remarks to him
the regiment, A
him. Instantly
clear that at
worked as an
however, he
signing a pro
Then, ",he
Valery Kukui
imprisonment,
witness in the
.nant about th
evidence had
court that he
. On April 3
ing Sverdlovsk
in the presence of
r Markman struck
it the atmosphere
among the offi-
M, r Markman
Svcrdlovsk's Insti-
onal Economy and
engineer. In 1970,
rad.
his friend Mr
ase, was so indig-
way his pretrial
been falsified in
refused, asserting that he could live and
work only in Russia.
The granting of exit visas to especially
inconvenient dissidents is not altogether
new, in 1966 the writer Valeri Tarsis, a scur-
rilous and irrepressible critic of commu-
nism, was given an exit visa.
The practice of exiling inconvenient op-
ponents or prompting them to leave was
introduced by Lenin and lasted a few years
under Stalin, who had Leon Trotsky re-
moved from the country against his will.
This practice apparently also is. behind'
the granting of exit visas to a,fairly large'
number of Russian Jews who were particu-.
larly insistent on getting out. In the case of
the Jews, concern for Western public opinion
also played a part.
With some of the worst protesters out of
the way the regime may feel that the rest
Mr Markman had rebutted this
article with two friends, Mr Mark
Levin and Mr Leonid Zabelishen-
sky, Mr Levin was soon con-
scripted and Mr Zabclishensky,
like Mr Markman, arrested.
Mr Marknian's arrest has pro-
voked widespread protests. From
Lithuania. for example. 20 Vilnius
Jews sent a telegram to the
authorities demanding " his
immediate release and an end to
the humiliations and hooliganism
perpetrated against him and his
family ". A similar telegram was
sent by nine other Jews from
Lithuania's second city, Kaunas.
and a group of Mr Markman's
friends who have been allowed to
emigrate addressed a strongly
worded "Appeal to World Public
Opinion " froth Israel.
In the Ukraine, meanwhile, a
different sort of political trial is in
preparation. Long-standing leaders
of the revival of Ukrainian
national consciousness-Vyaches- clan"'actin,.
lay Chornovil, Ivan Svitlychny, Mr Maksimov has also played 'a
Yevhen Sverstyuk and Ivan part i in the "Dom loyiinc.r.?atie Move-
dissen-
Dzyuba and Miss Nadiya Svi- ter, By em;plo,3ting the
tlychna-are among those ter, Mr VAadimiur fhis asky, as a
secretary to his arrest, and
arrested. by, speak prior
itp strongly in his It is now clear that the state- defence before his trial, Mr Mak-
ments of a Belgian student, Mr slmov revealed -him,
,elf to the
Jaroslav Dobosch, as reported in lut.horiti s; as more than just a
the Kiev paper Pravda Ukrainy on heterodox writer. Pairtly for this
June 3, will be used against them. reason, no doubt, be is now being
Mr Dobosch was sent to the threatened with internment in a
Ukraine to contact some of them mental hospital
by a right-wing dmigrd group, the '],he threat has just provoked 33
Organization of Ukrainian leading European cultural figures
Nationalists (OUN), was detained to send a telegram to Mr Bre7h-
Ihis yCar the Even- five months. Instead of being worried about the fate of the
accustd Mr Mark- ttied, he made his statement", to",, outstanding Russian author Vladi'-
g links With the press conference not attended by mi,r Maksi:mov'". Among the si;g~-
h AA hxc~- Cs~e,~ at r~ ry~tprp~ p{tether Grass, iris
N4W tht rcrcTe n t ` ,900621{tfktn r +rico cilini. StC-
intense pressure on two of Rus-
sia's most talented authors. Mr
Btulat O.kudzhavva, it wsd:lt-known
balladeer and novelist, some of
whose works have appeared in the
West, has steadfastly refined to
" condemn his political crrors "
and has just been capclled from
the Communist Party. In addition.
his 161-car-old son has hec.n can-
scripted into the Army before he
could take his final school exarni-
nxati:onis.
Secondly, a friend of Mr Okttd-
xhwava's, the novelist Mr Vladimir
Maksiniov, is the victim of an
even more intense campaign. Tie
is on the verge of expulsion from
the writers' union for persistently
refusing to denounce the Western
publication of his novel The
Seven Days of Creation. This
book, regarded as a n1 stcrpiccc
by ori.tics, came out last year in
Germany in Russian; and will
appear in some eight countries in
,11
 CPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
THE TIMES, London CPYRGHT
28 June 1972
Russians launch biggest. drive
against internal
dissent since death.of Stalin
By 'Peter Reddaway with Miss Strokatova's case. But mittee of his technical college and.,;
'Shukhevych, who was im- also the methods use to teach,
The large number of - p o i nca
e of 14 in 1948 as Marxism:
Boned at the a
g
p
trials and arrests now going on in th son of an Ukrainian under-! Also in Sverdlovsk a big polro
ed in
d
wur ,elems
K' uuu /cadet an
,tlca/1rlal toua place trom t-uvtu.-
the authorize have launched their 1 8, has yet, to stand trial. : her 10 to 13 last year, as a result;j
internal
di
biest delve ae in t
sen-
in n in Leningrad Mr YurY Melnik, of which seven people were
Stalin
of
sent since the death
1953 a astrophysicist aged'26, was son- tenced by the regional court toy
t
-
A
fA
th
.b
s
ri
d.
f b
twe
n .wo and flvo .
J
o
on
-
une
ree
ear
pe
o
o
e
e
to
It LtVUvIGI agllatiuu 71uu FlU1
o r+n el nut oeienuani Wa3 rurclur
'wider .picture is darificd only by nda " to which he lea d t
s g p committed to a mental hospital, `5
hi
h h
i
i
i
f
c
a
ormat
on w
extens
ve
n
rocent)y reached the West, much of ilty. When the police arrested even though an in-patient examina
h in Janua
the
found a radio ti
th in the Svcrd-`
a
ti
l
ry
y
on
as
ng
man
It from outlying areas far from t etype machine in his flat. 'lovsk Regional Forensic-Psychiatric'
Moscow.
I
E
In Odessa,.on the Black Sea, for
example. the trial took place be-
tween May 14 and May 19 of Miss
Nina Strokatova, a microbiologist,
rainian writer. Charged with " anti-
Soviet agitation and propaanda
five years respectively in stric
regime labour camps.
Miss Strokatova is the wile o
one of the best known Ukrainia
ppolitical prisoners, Mr Svyalnsla
I~aravansky, who has bec!n m
cept for a short break between 191
and 1965.
He is a linguistics s, 1101,11 alit)
heterodox writer on r~h,lra
theme,.. At prescrill licit 11:z I!,
prison at Vladimir, %%hr,r hr ha
contrived to -a-rile an
rnems. some nt 4,, 111 Ch have reache
tht Wevt, he is thic for release i
141,). 1
Air Raravanskv'~ wife has on
(,n,nr,nuisnt. 'rho paper asserte
that " dc-,pitc having known for
trice h,m to erase his anti-Sovic
a~.tivlty, 1.111 in fact encouraged thi
act,vit- 1+v hem conduct ".
corn silt vra% dismissed from he
Inctitiilr and Own. in Decembe
arrested. I wr cearchcs were Barrie
o,tt, nnr at the $IM to which sh
eras mm'ing in the C'anrasian tow
of Nalehik. anti another at the Ma
she 1ca?, leaving in ndcsca
Shortly after this, in Marsh, M
Yury Shukhcvych was arrcued i
Nalchik. evidently in cortnexio
y:
This is the first trial to be head Unit had tound Alm menta
i connexion with "criminal case healthy. After this, however, aj
24 " a case which is apparently two-month examination in' Pro-
i ended to suppress the unauthor- fessor D. R, Lunts's well-known:
i d journal The Chronicle of section of the Serbsky Institute in`,
rrenr Events and which has led Moscow reversed the decision and!
t widespread arrests and intcrro- produced a diagnosis of schizo-
lions. Since the case began, three phrcnia. I ,
i ucs of the Chronicle have The defendants were charged'
a peared, striking evidence that with anti-Soviet agitation and
it suppression will not be easy. propaganda. and also with forming
The latest, No 25, began to an anti-Soviet organization. The,'.
c rculate in Moscow last Thurs- investigation of the cast lasted eight
d y. after a longer period than "months and was conducted by a
u ual---- sonic seven weeks-had KGB team under Lieutenant-,',
e psed between the date marked' Colonel P. T. Smolikov not only
o i it, which indicates the final in Sverdlovsk, but also in Gorky,.
it ne limit for the news carried, Krasnoyarsk and the Par Eastern
a d the actual day of issue. city of Khabarovsk. The names of
4n Saratov, on the middle Volga, the defendants are not yet known.
t e local paper Ko nmunisr has Sverdlovsk is also the scene of
r ported on measures taken against a trial which is expected to start'
2 people for various sorts of un? in the next few days and which
a thorized literary activity. ? has already provoked widespread
Six of them-Mr V. Strelnikov, opposition among Jews in the
a factory administrator, Mr H. Soviet Union and abroad.
ampoisky, an artist, Mr Yu. The defendant, Mr Vladimir'
Idyrev, a librarian, Mr V. Nul- Markman. has been charged, like
1 an. a teacher, Mr A. Kattsc and Mr Reshctnik. under artidc 190.1
r M. Belokrys, both musicians of the Criminal Code and is att.
- are accused of tape-recording engineer who earlier applied to
p ogrammes broadcast on the BBC: leave for Israel. He is also a friend
t c Voice of America and Radio, of Mr Valery Kukui, a Jew sen-
ee Europe. They are ab,o tenced lam year to three years
a user) of systematically reproduc- under the same article.
i g and circulating somi:dar works Also imminent is the trial in:
Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Moscow of Mr Ilya Cilezer,
her dissenting writers. " From another Jew who had applied to go-
t secret hiding-place dozens of to Israel. Mr Crlezer. a biologist,,
a ti-Soviet materials were confis- aged 35. lectured formerly at Mos
c ted." The paper does not clearly cow University, and is the author ,
i dicate whether or not they have of a book on the morphology of,'
t been brow ht to trial. the brain, published in the Soviet..
in Sverdlovsk, an industrial city Union, America and East Germany.
st of the Urals, a lecturer in Finally. while the authorities arc:
alectical materialism, Mr Anatoly imprisoning many dissenters and
eshettrik, aged 35, was recently encouraging---though not yet fore-
's nteneed to two years in an ing--.others to emigrate. they con
dinary regime_ camp. He bad tinue, to intern others in mental';.
12
 Approved For. Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
30 June 1972
Lithuanian troubles jolt the Kremlin
By Paul Wohl
Recent events in Lithuania have hit the
.Soviet Union where it hurts most. They have
cast doubt on the assumed loyalty of non-
.Russian citizens to the ideal of "a single
family of peoples, monolithically united in
the multinational Soviet state," as Presi-
dent Podgorny defined it in the latest issue
of Kommunist.
Nationalist stirrings in the Soviet Union
are not new. There have been the demands
of Jews to emigrate and the underground
writings of. Ukrainians. But the Lithuanian
disturbances mark the first time that non-
Russian nationalists have taken to the
streets of a. major city to demand Indepen-
dence for their republic.
The demonstrations were sparked by the
self-immolation of a 20-year-old student,
Roman Kalanta, who set hir tself on fire
crying "Freedom for Lithuania." The news
of his action spread rapidly through his
hometown: of Kaunas, Lithuania's second
largest city.
For two days after his funeral, on May 1$,
several thousand youths shouting "Free-
dom!" find "Freedom for Lithuania!" swept
through the city hurling stones at the mili-
tia and starting fires.
On the second day strikes bloke out. The
big new synthetic fiber factory, the pride
of Communist Lithuania, had a sit-down.
Eventually the'Army was called out. Sev-
eral hundred rioters were arrested.
Some days later. another youth burned
himself to death in a town near Vilna, the
capital of Lithuania.
In 1970 there were several cases of individ-
ual Lithuanians trying to break away from
.Soviet rule. In October, 1970, Pranas S.
Brazinkas and his son successfully hijacked
a plane to Turkey. On Nov. 9, 1970, Vitantas
Simokaitis, a mechanic, failed in an at-
tempt to hijack a plane to Sweden with his
pregnant wife; he was sentenced to 15 years
'in a corrective labor camp.
The most dramatic case of all was that of
the radio operator Simas Kudirka, who
leaped from a Soviet trawler to a close-by
U.S. Coast Guard vessel and was returned
to the custody of his shipmates.
Kudirka is a famous name in Lithuania's
history. In the 1870's, when Czarist oppres-
sion was at its height, a Dr. V. Kudirka
published an underground journal, called
CPYRGHT
Varpas, The Bell,; the counterpart of thd.
great Russian liberal Alexander Herzen's
underground journal Kolokol, which also
means The Bell.
In May, 1971, Simas Kudirka stood trial
before the Lithuanian supreme court in
Vilna. Large extracts from his defense?
speech reached the underground press.
Speaking in Lithuanian to Lithuanian
judges (something that would not have been
possible under the Czars), he said:
"I remember, when I studied in Vilnius
(Lithuanian for Vilna). Instead of the two
prisons which were there under the Ger-
mans, there were seven under Soviet rule
and they were overfilled until 1955. Already
in 1960, waves of Lithuanians with their
young went to concentration camps.... The
death of Stalin saved my people from physi?,
cal extermination.'. , , P
"Now we are destined to die a much,
slower death - assimilation."
When sentenced to 10 years' hard labor,
Simas Kudirka was surprised. He had ex-
pected to be shot. Instead of asking for.
clemency, as the presiding judge had sug-
gested to him, Kudirka cried: "All I de-
mand is an independent Lithuania, one that
is not occupied by any army and that has
a free democratic system of elections."
A few' months after the Kudirka trial, the
priest Juzes Zdekkis also put up a spirited
defense in which Lithuanian patriotism and
devotion to the Roman Catholic Church
blended. Other trials against priests fol-
lowed, More and more restrictions were.
imposed on the clergy.
Economic causes have nothing to do with
Lithuania's nationalist mood. Economically
Lithuanians in recent years have done fairly
.well. Russification and the influx of Rus-
sians have been much slower there than
in,the other Baltic republics.
Underlying the deep anti-Russian senti-
ments of a large part of the Lithuanian pop-
ulation are two factors: the country's
tragic history of. repression under the Czars
and the influence of the Roman Catholic
Church.
After World War I Lithuania gained a
short-lived independence. Then, in 1941, the
country was incorporated into the U.S.S.R.
Tens of thousands of anti-Communist Lith-
uanians Immediately were deported. After
 that came the Nazis leaving 300,000, mainly'
Jewish victims in their wake.
When the victorious Soviets returned, they
were greeted by Lithuania's quite numer-
ous Communists as liberators. But once in
power, Russians and Lithuanian Commu-
nists started to terrorize the rest of the pop-
ulation. Lithuanian emigres believe that be
tween 1944 and 1952 some 400,000 of their
countrymen were killed or exiled to Siberia.
Today Lithuanian Communists and Soviet
INTERCONTINENTAL PRESS
19 June 1972
officials are deeply disturbed about the
nationalist, anti-Russian mood of the popu-
lation. While they have not slackened in
their struggle against Roman Catholic and
other religious influence, they are seeking
to win over the nationalists to their cause.
This may explain the unexpectedly mild I
verdict against Kudirka.
With preparations for the 50th anniversary
.of the U.S.S.R., in full swing, the recent de-
velopments in Lithuania represent a severe
jolt for the Kremlin.
-0 CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
Arrests by KGB Continue in Ukraine
By Ted Harding
The toll of victims of bureaucratic
repression In the Ukraine continues
to mount. Since the Central Commit-
tee decision last December 30 to put
an end to the production and circu-
lation of underground periodicals,
repression in the Ukraine has been
severe.
In mid-January, the KGB (secret
police) arrested well over 100 Ukrain-
ians in an attempt to silence the most
militant voices of opposition. (See
Intercontinental Press, April 10, 1972.)
Show trials of some of the dissenters
are scheduled to begin sometime this
summer.
A new departure from the tradi-
tional Stalinist slanders of the Ukrain-
ian opposition movement involves at-
tempts to link that movement with
China. In addition to the charge of
"slandering" the Soviet state, three of
the hundred or so arrested -Vyache-
slav Chornovil, Evheny Sverstiuk,
and Ivan Svitllchny-have also been
accused of conspiring with a Belgian
.student tourist, Y. Dobosh, for the
purpose of spreading "anti-Soviet pro-
paganda." Dobosh was arrested
around the same time as the others
and charged with being an agent of
an emigre nationalist organization.
The full meaning of Dobosh's ar-
rest was revealed in. an article in the
Ukrainian press entitled "An Infamous
Alliance" (Radianska ' Ukraina, Feb-
ruary 26). This article documents
China's developing dialogue with
Ukrainian emigre nationalist organi-
zations and. states that Dobosh's
"enemy activity." was indirectly finan-
ced by the Chinese; through Dobosh,
it links the Ukrainian dissidents with {
Mao's "anti-Leninist . . . overt and
malicious anti-Sovietism."
Protest in the Ukraine against the
mid-January wave of repression was
immediate and widespread. This pro-
test, according to the latest reports
from the Ukraine, brought on yet
another repressive wave as approx-
imately fifty persons, primarily stu-
dents, were arrested In Lvov ant
Ivano-Frankovsk for coming to the
defense of the victims of the previous
arrests.
Dissident sources also report that
the KGB is continuing to carry out
an unusually widespread campaign
of arrests, interrogations, and searches
of persons suspected of active oppo-
sition.
Ivan Dzyuba, author of the book
Internationalism or Russifieation?,
has been arrested. Dzyuba was born
into a peasant family in a village
in the Donbass coal-mining region of
the Ukraine in 1931, and became a
prominent literary critic. He did much
to encourage new trends in Ukrain-
ian literature. In September 1965, a
week or so before the arrests of Sin
staged a protest In the "Ukraina" cin-
ema In Kiev. He also spoke at Babi
Yar In 1966, calling anti-Semitism
"the fruit and satellite of agelong slav-
ery and lack of culture, the first and
Inevitable offspring of political despot
ism," and he condemned anti-Semitic
campaigns. His book Is an examina-
tion of the Leninist policy on nation-
alities and its subsequent betrayal by
the Stalinist bureaucracy. His arrest
comes after years of harassment by
the secret police.
Nadia Svitllchna, sister of Ivan
Svitlichny, a prominent literary critic
and one of the best-known dissidents
In the Ukraine, was arrested on May
19, according to a report In the Brit-
ish press. Nadia Svitlichna, who is
around 30 years old, was sacked from
'her job as a librarian in Kiev In
1969 for signing documents pleading
'for greater freedom.
As part of the extended crackdown
on those suspected of "anti-Soviet"
activity, Dr. Vyacheslav Gluzman, a
Kiev psychiatrist, has also been ar-
rested. Gluzman is a close friend of
Ukrainian author Viktor Nekrasov,
who was recently interrogated by the
secret police.
Leonid Plyushch, mathematician and,
founding member of the Initiative
Group for the Defense of Civil Rights
yavsky and Daniel, numerous arrests In the USSR, has been detained by
of young Intellectuals took place in the police. Plyushch was suspected of
the Ukraine. On September 4 Dzyuba, involvement in the production and dis
together with V. Chornovil and I. Stus, tribution of uncensored samizdat ma
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0CPYRGHT
terial, including the bimonthly Chron-
icle of Current Events.
Whether the arrests will deter other
dissidents from continuing their activ-
ity is doubtful. Commenting on the
circular effect of police repression,
Valentyn Moroz declared during his
trial: "Our society has entered a stage
of development when repressions pro-
duce results diametrically opposed to
your (the KGB's) intentions.... The
movement has acquired the potential
SOVIET ANALYST, London
20 July 1972
to produce new leaders to replace
those removed by you.... Is
it possible that you do not compre-
hend that you will soon be dealing
with social movements of massive
proportions?"
CPYRGHT
The pat few years have seen the emergence in
the Soviet Union of dissident criticism of not
merely Stalin and his acolytes, but of Lenin him-
setf. While in the West a certain sentimentalising
of the founder of the Soviet Union is fairly wide-
sprc::rl -- even in such institutions as UNESCO--
111V more critical-minded Russians are increasincjty
inclined to stress his responsibility for the whole
one-party, burenucratic obscurantist state.
Mor' recently, even his reputation as a political
r;tratecjist is being called in question. A thoughtful
Soviet official, in convcrsation'with p Western dip-
lomat a f^,w weeks ago, interestingly developed
the viaw that soma of Lenin's supposedly major.
constitutions have after all proved fn:lacious-
p:articularly in the field of nationality policy.
The third self-immolation by a young Lithuan-
ian in protc;st a{Vtinst the Soviet occupation has
once nrjnin been widely reported in the Western
press. l=urthor similar information continu's to
come to-more recently, a report of a demon-
stration by students of the Tallinn Polytechnical
Institute, in Esthonia, which is at present under-
going police investigation. Meapwhile at least two
regularly circulating undergroundamizdat peri-
odicals are reported in Esthonia-one of them
representing an "'Esthonlan National Front". In
the Ukraine, too, recent draconic measures seem
to have stiffened, rather then weakened, the
resistance. These are among the many indications
that, as we have noted in previous issues Leninist
rrntionality polio has, not succeeded in recon-
ciling the subject people.
The duration and extent of the post-war
guerilla fighting in the Baltic countries, some-
times ignored or even denied in Western pro-
gressive literature, can incidbntally, be docu-
mented from Soviet sources. For example, the
Lithuanian Communist paper Tiesa (18 Novem-
ber, 1967) mentions guerilla groups still in action
in 1952, and other: descriptions of the tighting*are
to be found over the last decade in many other
local organs, such as Cina (29 September, 1953,
15 January, 1962, 17 November, 1964, 2 Novem-
ber, 1966), and Zvaigzne (No..20, 1960); and in
the official History of the Latvian SSR, Riga, 1953,
Vol. 3, page 596.
It is arguable, in fact, that Lenin's whole
scheme for a federation, by which the smaller
nations would supposedly gain all the national
satisfaction they required, was a faulty one, and
that Rosa Luxemburg's preference for a com-
pletely internationalised proletarian state would
have been a better manoeuvre, For up to a point,
the Leninist policy permitted a marginal con-
tinuity of national cultures and feelings. Its fail-
ure, after 50 years (or half that time in the Baltic
states), may suggest that a frankly unitary and
assimilationist policy could have produced better
results from the Communist point of view. It is at
least conceivable that the Ukraine and Byeio
russia in particular could by now have boon
Russianised. In fact, Lenin's notion of using
national feelings against his enemies may only
have paid off here and there, and in the short run.
In this connection one may note a similar area in
which Lenin's thought was presentad as ol world
strategical brilliance-the rcvolutionising of China
as a weapon against the rear of the Wu,t. T.
too, the Soviet official mentioned abovcr ironrc,rlly
noted, does not ;room to bo turninrj rtrrl: a?. c r
poctod. (Nor, to a los sor dufjroo, do :arnilurr c;ak ul.r
tions about E41YPt seoni, (tti WO fjo to I)rG:r,, to ho
giving the re(luirod rosuli:;).
In fact a whole set of policies going b-nck over
half a century, and basic to the whole Sovrear or more and has probably cost him
tb CYni?1'8te, Orr sn mane and so complex O.V.LR., the office rssuuig visas, the :all his money-and has faced up to
that it is a wonder any Jew ever sue- would-be emigrant needs three refer- the har moneyt, n shll has do p to
coeds in +n.akin, an application, let ences from his place of employment- antee that he will leave Russia. Some
alone in leavin tile. country, tluestinncd from his immediate superior, from the families have waited for years. Others
at a Press conference in Paris in 19(36 trade union secretary and from the have met with a flat refusal.
to say what hope there was for .lowish Communist party man. Among the reasons or excuses
families divided by the cold war The sna; here is that none of these offered for refusing permission to emi-
bet een Russia and the West to be officials is under any legal obligation to grate are: that the person is of military,
reunited, the Soviet Prime Minister provide a reference. Indeed, it is their age and capable of serving in the
Alexei Kosygin declared: duty to discourage a person from emi- Israeli Army; that the situation in the
"If any families want to meet grating, which to the Communist mind Middle East is unsettled; that the appli-
to;ether or want to leave the Soviet is an act of treachery. This impasse cant has technical or scientific qualifi-
Union, the road is open for them and can be overcome only by personal per- cations that the Soviet State cannot
there is no problem here at all." suasion or the use of influence or spare; that he has had recent access to
The reality is very different from bribery. secret information.
the "open road " Kosygin talked of. To these purely technical obstacles This latter reason is given for refus-
Soviet officials are fond of declaring is added a campaign of harassment. ing to allow, for example, a group of 14
that Jews en'o-y~the, s Tss to Once he has made his lication Jewish scientists from Moscow to leave
eeinein~ r-tw ono~e naae~wnnnnnna~nfro n
 CPYRGHT
for Israel, ev ~~c~i~;Yi a Q~n Pe ar~i~u pc . - v o were ~ eau
ceased to be engaged on anything that Union, nearly 20 years after the death s~iirl ex,trlly what the K.C..13. heel tol[~
could be called ~sccret-a very wide of Stalin, still persists in cutting off most tier-m to say. It was shameful. I went
classification fn Russia. of its citizens from the outside world. there as a journalist and was so inclig-
It is clear that they are :not being The aim of this political quarantine is to 'leant that I got up anct started to speak
held simply because the Soviea Govern- prevent Russians from catching a doso about dissent. I wanted to sPe-ak out
moot cannot spare them or fears they of tlemocracy. 1'he Jews in the nature .for the national conscience of the Jews
may betray vital secrets to Israel or the ! of things, and particularly today when but they ti+~ould not hear me.
West. Wbat the Kremlin fr.ars is the ]rwerful lobbies on their behalf havo "When the mcctinK ended I orga-
mass exodus of Jev+?ish scientists which been created in the. outside world, are in niscd a Press conference there in ~ha
would inevitably follow if the road to regular contact with the. West. synagogue. Western newspaper Qior- -
Isracl were as open as Mr. Kosygin In the second place Soviet Jews form 'respondents were present and my words
said it tvas. Jews occupying good posi- a powerful intellectual minority in were recorded and published.
tions in industry and rrsrarci~r are loth science, scholarship and the arts. Even : ~' Four militiamen came into the
to apply to emigrate when their appy- the ones who feel completely integrated ;synagogue and arrested mc. ThcY held
cation may mean simply tho less of a in Soviet life arc aware of the need for me for only a few hours and I believe
job, much unpleasantness and no reform. and greater liberty within the ;.that my release was due to t;he fact
certainty of leaving Russia. system they support. j that the arrest had taken place under'
Recently the authorities have In Israel we talked to a wide variety ;the eyes of Western witnesses."
devised another trick for keeping the of immigrants from the Soviet Union. Despite this experience the Pro?
scientists -back. Many of therm, young Their stories of their own and other fessor, the kind of quirt, determined
men and on the reserve, have been people's life and sufTcring tell more man that you might find at C)xtord or
served with call-up papers. If ihcy about .present-day Russra than the Lancaster as weld as at Moscow Uni-
cpnrt ftir duty and do t:hcir two millions of words pumped by State ycrsity, book part next day at a sit-in
n~ontlts' training, they will then he propaganda machines. otitside the otiices of ]i.A. Iitrdc~.nko,
deprived of exit vi as for another couple The most eloquent spokesman for the Soviet public prosecutor. In Moscow .
of years, on the Grounds that they have the Exodus, and indeed for the "demo- ; a sit-in is not at all the comfortable
had accesfi to military mfarrnation. Con- critic .movement " in Russia, ins Pro? -piece of folklore it has became in Lon-
scquerttly some, of them are no+v in frssor Mikhail Zand, a tall, intense don or Washington. Tognthcr with 38
~ hiding to aVOid ref"elpt Of t11C papers? intellcctrial, with a high forehead and other Muscovites he was arrastcrl, The
Pespi#e all these obstacles the thrnwn-back grcving hair. professor and seven others ware sent
number of applicants for emigration is Now a Professor of Oriental Studies to prison for 15 days on the standard
alrr.ad,y in excess of 100,000. If the and an expert in ancient Persian Russian dharge of "hooliganism". At
road r+?cre really "open," it would be scholarship, Mikhail Zand teaches and Petrovka 38, the Moscow police head-
man,y times greater, translates at the Hebrew University in quarters, he went on hunger strike as
There are, :nevertheless, Soviet .Icrusalem and by Israeli standards a protest gesture for 13 days.
citizens the Government is glad to see lives well. 1n the peace of a Tel ilviv "Then they forcibly fed me, and
the back of-the. so-called "trouble- oRicr: h~ .looks hack over the years of this was torture. The K.G.Ii, doctor
makers," those svho have contributed terror which swept over so many Jewish who fed me said quite cynically: 'Pro?
to the, general movement for reform compatriots in the Soviet Union. hahl,y you will die. You will he. ihrnwn
within the Soviet Union which has ~~ My father, who was also an ace- out as a nsciess dc#:ail of Uhc machino
grown up' in the last few ,years. This demic was arrested in the great Stalin and we shall say that it was an acci-
agitation, -which so irritates and per-
'
dent
tlr~n' of 1937
nd w
hi
p
,
a
e never saw
m
plexes the, Kremlin, groups together again, although of course he was re- "I replied: `Now I can see that if:.~
lli
t
t
ki
d
f
diff
gen
s o
in
e
n
erent
many
habilitated after his death like so man is not obligatory for even a Soviet.
people who are trying' to achieve for Russians." y prison physician to have a conscience'."
themselves. independent thought and Zand des rte this, graduated bell- Under a threat of a further sentence
action in an oppressive society. ]iantl,y fi om Moscow UniversitY? But his of up to three years they released the
Cr~~-~C'/? ~~Y ~dUl~~ ctim. latcde degree was. not enough to survivor. IIe went three days later to
t.7 tip override the disadvantage of his father another sit-in, this time at the S+apreme
having been branded as an "enemy of Soviet, and he spoke to some ~Vrstern
(LiLt~lOYb~t~~ the people" though he had worked for tourists, which is thou#;ht to be a hein-
(' A J h Id tl M
In the ranks of the reformers who
have suffered for their efforts a;nd beliefs
are mangy Jetivs, for example Yuli
,ommuntsm. s a ew c con not ous o once to oscow,
get the kind of university job he "My home was watched constantly,
wanted. The double brand kept him in and rather obviously, by the Ik,G.13. My
a series of minor posts. wife heard from a nei>;hbour in our
Daniel,. Alexander Ginzburg and Pavel Returning to the capital under
Litvinov. Many mvrc Jews arc to be Khruschcv, Zanti started to dream of
found among the ranks of "second Israel. " My father and I chose different
level'" reformers who backed up the ways, for he had been an ardent
leaders at demonstrations but who have Communist and an anti-7ionist." He was
sn far escaped the full +vcight of K.G.TI, soon in trouble for joining an illegal
rnpressimt. Ont; prominent Israeli Jewish ~elpnrt where. Muscovite Jews
claims Ihat between ''l0 and 30 per cent. ]earned 1{cbrew. He, also displeased the
of reformers in the Soviet l;lnion aro authorities by signing petitions against
in fact Jews. The Jewish contribution censorship and by speaking out against
to this movement takes two forms. the prosecution of Alexander Ginzburg,
for visas to Israel by Zionists who want'Sdvict tntdert;rou.nd in the late 'Sixties. Eventually, jobless and depressed
nothing to do with Soviet affairs has a : 7,and further irritated the ht'Cn1lIR Zand got an exit visa for himself anc~
side effect: .the movement shocked the establishment by writing Jewish por.tt;y his family a year ago. "four days later
Russian authorities because it set an and in December, 1969, by writing a they summoned me to the passport office
example which other prote:;ters now document called "The Jewish Problem responsible for exit visas. In the place
follow in a different way. in the Soviet Union." of the office chief sat Leonid 3~uzmich,
,.., .... - -
of course ~g~P-~~~rFb~l#~~IZ'aset'~99~Og~Q~z ?@I'A1i~~~~'9h6N1
their campaign fv t e cosmopo rtanorttaniscd a meetin>* at the oscow
block of hats who ha(1 1)(`('Fl a ~atcmhrr
of the Soviet Embassy staff in London,
thrown out for spying in 1963, that `this
is what we call psychological pressure
supervision.'
"Because of my activities I lead lost
my job, and now the police. called me
in to ask why I had no joh. In this
Orwellian situation (I had read Orwell
in a smuggled edition) it became obvious
 t
told me that ~~yy~ ~ ~qp~ uel Mar-
conict'.atr`d hc~tir sf c o3'~m~y~~~s~fc~11'c~f~t~ti~'~ro ~Fls-ifi~iQ~~lt~~r~4~~~~~v~t Union
the dissident movement. there get along well with their neigh- they fear less the atom bomb
"' You know, Mikhail Zand, the want bourn. None the spoke with had any itself than the truth of the
tvorcl
"
Semitism
ti
t a
i
b
l
to get you out of the tiovict Union but
the have had complaints from prole-
tarians-your behaviour ~s not grt~d.
You have had visits from people tsho
want ,your advice about how to get out.
You are in contact with foreigners to
pct information ouE of the Soviet
Union , "
1Tr, had already paid for visas for
himself, iris wife and ttvo children,
sister, ntothcr and niece. The money
was never returned. While a wave of
protest from t}ir, outsirlc worlil' burst
aver the Soviets about this one case
they tried to gr.t him thrown out of his
flat in a journalists' co-operative.
" When I evcntuaily left less than a
year agn it was exacti,y like' the Ministry
ref Truth operation in ' J984' because
they banned all my written work and
even struck out quotations from my
work in other books. It was as if for the
Soviet Union I did not exist."
` Car~?u p~io~i' irz the
ea~~tltt~~ l~it~gdom
Th%s expert witness now in Israel
sums up the aim of the Jewish move-
ment as being a return to the historic
home. " We have fought alongside
Soviet friends, but their aim is to try.
and change the system within their
country, our goat is to get aut. For me
it was a dilemma whether or not to
lc.avc because I knew that if I went I
would never sec my friends in the Soviet
dissident movcmettt again, though I
might hope to sec my Jewish friends
later in Israel. We each ga our~own way,
though from the Soviet point of view it
is the Jews who are setting a bad,
example to the others."
Very different aro Uhe Georgian
Jews wlio Iravc Uheir southern Repub-
lie of the Soviet Union to go back to
the land of nhcir fathers. They are
Wrote like peasants, but They share the
same Jewish f'celing.
Over ~thc past I8 Rnont'hs Georgians
accounted for ~halE of the total of
arrivals of Soviet Jews in Israel. At a
very jolly gat+hering at a flail in a su'Lurb
of Jerusalem we ariet Georgian families
established in Israel. With the appro-
priatcl,v named Raphic Balva (~hc served
in the R.A.F. during the war) as a trans-
lator we talked to the Georgians, who
proposed toasts in Georgian brandy and
offered little dis}ies of chicken and
salad.
Two girls, their dark eyes big with
wonder, shad arrived only 24 'hours
before. Lai3a Papiasltvili, aged 14, and
E7er 11-year-old sister, +had came from
Kutaisi. Georgia's scrond city, to join
.
n
-
ou
a
nts a
serious comp
Thcv da, however, have an idealised
it with an carlhly rr?huhlic of hravrtt.
For this reason thrt moll religious are
~}l0C'lred to fin+l what thc,y consider
evidence of worldly corruption.
An official reported that some ladies
had come to him to denounce Israelis
who failed to wear proper clothes and
even worse did not pray at the. appointed
time. "These people, should Uc put in
prison,'" they told him. Others com-
pplain about permissiveness in Israel.
If you enter into something very close
to the Kingdom of Heaven how can it
be that there are pornography in the
bookshops and lewd posters outside
cinemas ?
Tvcry Soviet Jetiv in Israel has a
story Ro tell about phis old life. abut for
sheer persistence in face of difFiculty it
would be difficult to beat the case of
Rzra Riscnik, a Latvian watchmaker
from Riga.
Peering at the innards of a watch
in his little ,Terusalem shop ho said,
" I ryas always a 'lionist even
before the world war and I
finally got permission from
the P,r?itish authorities in
Palestine to go there to live.
" Unfortunately the certifi-
cate arrived at Uhe beginning
of September, 1J39, and
already the Germans and the
Russians were on Uhe march."
Instead of going to zion he
was taken to a labour camp
in Sihcria.
"'I'hcrc in 19 k2 I got a
letter front the Itritish
embassy in iL'foscoty saving
that I could ~o rn Palestine. I
showed the letter to a K.G.B.
man in the camp whom I
knew and he said I would
get into trouJ~le if I showed
it to anyone else but that I
should keep it."
It took Riscnik 33 years to
get to Israel. And even at
the last moment Ile almost
failed, for the K.G.B. wrote to
him saying that before
leaving he must give evid-
ence at the trial of two
friends in Riga charged with
" antiSoviet activities."
Joseph Keeler, abushy-eye-
brotvcd Yiddish poet, bom-
.
(;I'LIT1.C of
tt.SLTt(j'j)~l.OlLC
t Soviet Jews in Israel hear
many st.orics of frustration
front fl?i~nds ]eft behind.
Earlier this ,year Vladimir
Slcpak, a Soviet Jett7sh elec-
tronics expert, was told that
ItE could not go because he
knew about the electronics of
Moscow's air defence system.
lie lost his job, as most
people do, when she made his
application and was then
threatened by the K.G.B.
with internment in a labour
came on the charge of being
an .idler. He had to work
sharpening knives in a Mos-
cow factory.
Another case Coin CS frnm
Kharkov in the Ukraine,
tvhcrc 120,000 .Tetvs live.
There bhc I{.G.I3. has been
preparing a trial of Solomon
Grtnbcrg, an eiiginccr, and
C~nstatitine Skobtinsky, a
student, both charged with
anti-Soviet .activities. Both
were ordered to give an
undertaking that they would
stop talking to Israeli friends
on the telephone-for that
was the extent of their
antiSoviet activities. The
police searched their homes
and tools away Hebrew
language text books and
petitions to Soviet leaders
asking for permission to
leave.
A student in the same city
named Isaac 5hlaferntan ltad
his visa revoked after being
given permission to leave. He
-was told that he could leave
only if he agreed to testify in
court against the .other two
accused.
The master mind of the
campaign in Kharkov is
Colonel Poliakov of the
K.G.B., well known .for his
intensive anti-Jewish propa-
ganda on television and in
the Press. This is typical of
the kind of local initiative
which makes it so dillicult to
assess the impact of central
Soviet policy towards the
Jews.
Conditions vary enormously
from place to place. S. K.
Abramov, who heads the
Israeli Committee which
looks after immigrants, told
in Georgia than invmost parts of the Jnion. They shot they most TasI?kent, where there is a
soviet un;onA~t~'~v`~~"~or~elease 1999~'16~'~~`~'l~h F~~~~~9~~~194A0~~200130p0a~1~ Oion, had
barded the Soviet authorities
with mare than 400 appeals,
petitions and applications
before hr, finally a;ot a visa to
leave. Note a librarian at the
1:Tehrew University. he says " I
 so far made h s way to tas rec. U tmtsan s o ?g ? t s , a r , srac .
~Isracf. tDften the tfow starts since t?he cttd of World War Fanov was taking a a-outhte Such a fm?tunate man is
morning class in l\-larc~t his lcs?
after a test case such as the II-Romania. The cable read ~ Mikhail Kalik, a trendy soviet.
Ukraine okte note under way. simply: " Otkazali. Wolf." son teas invaded try more than film maker tvith a strong-,lowed
If some are ailrnved to move ( Refused. Wolf. ) It si ni6ed `3h0 of the staff", whr screamed brown face. and a Napoleon-style
" g altusc at him for dccidin to
then marry others apply at that Wolf Gitelmann, 4I, a lease Russia- g hairc9tt. tvho now lives at .Mevas-
once. fear and hope endlessly journalist working for Molda- On April 6, the ballet com- serer lion. on the hills aI_Tlost
intct7ningle anion , rovincial vian Radio, had been refused ~ '+ny's trade union held ameet- in sight of .icrusalcnt, with his
Jewish poltulafion~.p In Ilcn-r a visa to emi;erate to Israel,; n>; and ~mrcd to dismiss Fanov howpbusincss pervades theabun--
dltclicY, B,yclorussia, fear :, after trying for more than ;from his post. gaiow; there are film posters on
triumphed. Wltcn fine .Tety two years. On i?'iarch 9 a letter appeared a wall and a signed piT~ure of
applied for a visa the rest of in the ~Ycst recallint; those Taus' Kim Novak. Over the snfa is a
the ,Teta~ish contntunit ttit?nctl ~ sians who had taken the lead snapshot of Kalik's friend Sol-
V DCi'.12CC1' 8 tU01'fZ in the pact few years to expos~
on him anti his family. "Why ~ >, ing Soviet injustices. It was zhenitsyn and two other friends
prajudirc 'the safety of u5 ail OiLt Oif tZl1'l~ written from Moscow and who were the originals of two
by such foolishness? " they charaotens in Solzhenitsyn'a
said Gitclmann'S case is a family kno.vn a the Westtfor their best-selling novel "The First
L?'tsetvhore there is no limit tragedy arising from his C?irole.' On May I)av .yet
reformist activities: Yuri another of Kalik's artistic
to the ingenuity shown in daughter's love affair with a Glazov, a linguist, Yuri Stein, a Moscow circle arrived dmvn the
finding excuses to leave. A young Je.w sentenced to two film producer, Yuri Titov, an im~ntigrant route to join ham.
Moscow 3ecv wrote to the Years' impri'so~nment last year artist, Atexander Volpin, a
authorities saying that he had for "anti-Soviet, pro-Zionist mathematician and son of rho Mikhail liupcrman, a Musco-
heard that there were good activity." After ~ftte trial the nin,oand Vladintit?t Gershoviche. oat hcl~utifut' hfondcs model wtho
I[ebrety schools in Biro- daughter promptly applied to The ex ressed their- soli- held the joint titles of Miss
bidzhan, ~ so-called autono- go to Israel, and at once lost dariayy with "the victims of Moscow and Miss RTnssia, arr.
mows region for Jews created her job at a polytechnic recent repressions and our most now his neighbours. Her arrival
institute. Wolf _ Gitclmatln rofound concern at the turn is one in the oye for t?he Soviet
by Stalin as a sop to Zionism, P
and he would like to go and also decided that Ile would which 'tbe internal political "rag trade," for she often
work Uhere. leave, but Moldavian Radio ~shect may fake." What hap- travel4ed on behalf of Soviet
The authorities replied that checkmated rhim by deol'aring Penrd to theut is Illustrative of fashion houses to display clothes
that he -had been engaged in the new Soviet a~tproaoh to such in Western countries.
there was no such establish- " troublcmalccrs?' Ir was not tmtil after tltr
mcnt in this desolate Siberian secret work. Within three weeks of the deaHt of Stalin that Mikhail
area. "In 'that case" re lied Gitclmann went tb Moscow utter appcarin Gla>:ov and Kalik was allowed to leave a
P 'th the t;
w
'h
t
ts case
to pursue
the Muscovite Jew, " I would- Stein tisere handed exit visas, fo+-ced labour camp after a four-
]ike to ap}~ty for permission to MiniStn y of Ra~[~io, and wwOn i FAr them the lure of the home- year sentence for "terrorism
,go to Israel." from fihem acceptance of the land of Israel has Iittle or no and anti ;Soviet activities." The
A ~'ew in the Soviet Union fact that 'his job Ita~l not been appeal ? they admit to climbing prison camp came as a kind of
cannot conceal his Jewish- secret at all. 1t did not help. on the bandwagon of the Jewish post.-graduate course after ha
ness. Like all other town- He and his daughter are still exodus simply to get out of the ,left university in 19SI.
in Russia. Soviet Union. Today they wait Kalik's film "Following the
dtvellers, he has tv carry an it 'has become olc.ar that quietly in Rome for permission Sun " (there is a poster in his
identity card which includes to ga to the United States.
an entry '..far his nationality, for several reasons t+he Soviet room of the export version)
They expect lh~at they wild he enjoyed some success in rho
and if bath his parents were authorities - the I{.G.IL, inincd by Yuri Titov, who has West but got him into trouble
Jewish ire is shown as Police and bureaucracy- also received his exit visa. Itut at hmne.
"Jewish."` Only if he is the have dug ~Cheir heels in over for rliffc,-rnt reasons, Volpin anT~ ;
son of a mixed marriage flocs allowing particuTa.r Jews to Cershovich arc unlikely ever to The film tvas.about the prob-
~ set foot on the read to Israel. }sour. Russia. A week after the lems of Soviet youth "+nd their
he have 'the ri.,ht at I~he age pud,lication of the letter Volpin aspirations Io follow the son in
of lfi to choose whether he There is Ube case of Valery was coldest to the K.G.R, head- search of hfc-a kind of Musco?
wishes to he desrrihed as Pano?v, 33, one oaf Russian vite "Easy Bider," Ire did
Jewi~lt or as ltclont;ing to leadin ballet dancers. Fanov quarlcrs in Moscow and told : another film on a similar theme
" g What is all this about you com-
the nationality of his non- was once the principal dancer plaining in a letter p+tblished which the authorities rr.Fused to
Jewish Arent:. t4~ith the Leningrad Kirov abroad that you are not aldotved show at all for lt3 months, and
n it was at this ofnt that Kalik
In view o(' rile discrimina- ballet, and fbr has services to fo ]cave the Soviet Union ? Why, decided there was no future far
tion t bleb t:hcY know their culture won~a State prize a'nd '~jcase nov away and ut loco him in Ntoscow.
child will', suffer as a Jew, became an honoured arbis?t proper application." p Kalik then applied for a visa
many parents in such a posi- oaf fire Soviet Uttiori. Volpin's friends in Rome, in to Israel, and of. course lost his
tion urge their child to opt Rut while the- Kirov Ballet ref(u~lar touch with him by tole- job and his position in the Film
for a di[[crcnt nationality. enmpany has Poured many phone, report that the visa has Makers' Union: He had to live
There is 'official encourage- countries, inehtding Britain, and since been granted. But, ironic- on money from other Jews.
meat also, because every time won considerable acclaim for its ally, Volpin, a persistent, out- An international groua of film
a Jr.w chooses not to be ,technique, the Kenius of Fanov spoken criiir, of Soviet policies, people who admired hts wrtrk
labelled Jewish it ;is a ste on has been rccot;ntscd .only within does not want to leave Russia. , mode appeals on his behalf.
P -the Soviet Union..For 1'anov bas Otto Premtnger, Kim Novak and
the read to assimilating the oat been abroad since 19fi7, The scapegoat for the letter is
Jcwislt population. 'when he went with fhe eampanv Gershovich,s6, mathematician, Arthur Miller were the leadin~+
The Chuncil Fnr Soviet to the United Sfiates and by all twirc inlcrncd in an insane spirits in phis movome>tit, which
Jewry, wii~h its headquarters accounts unwisely. "spoke out of asylum, a Iie.d Square protester 'he believes helped to Savo him
t+.~rn " about conditions in rho over the Sovir_t invasion of from arrest. Finally the visa
in a Tel lwiv Sllburb, shares -r ,_ _ CZechOSlovalcia. anrj inhlrcc for Came.
tion of Soviet .tews in their In 197], aware that a dancer's
struggle to leave, Russia, life is cruelly stfiort, he joined
I.as~t month a rabic was the ~+lnyus ballet company as a
director. to i?larch this ,year,
rcrcived at the or,ganisat,ion's having decided to emigrate to
offices. 1't was Sent from Israel, he asked for a reference.
Kishinev, the capital of Mol- .His decision had the effect of
'
a o bshell p
davia, the S vtc..t re a f
bordering' a ~iV '~OP~~tSc@rsl
CPYRGHT
t,drJ ivr IIIS aCUVILIeS. tie nay i rot ea+71Cr nlm WOI'K a Frare'
cen to?d -that he will never get (fud State trod awaeded Kalik a
a visa because. his wife was Medal of Honour. This same
once engaged on "secret work." 'medal- he now pasted back to
The bleak ftr~ture of brave the authorities. "tt was a fair
men like I:his is hcarirending swap-a dreary old medah in,
to those who do get. away and .return for a visa of honour.
... ., ..., .. ....,.5 ,.. ,,.~ ..vu,nr, ~- x.v.. vun?7 ,cnuuu~ ..~.., c..,
al~~ cfGppF-l~'~R~9-~1~49+~4{~~20~1f~~0~~ring alwut what
 CPYRGHT
Appro
loves and personalises one kind to Paradise' #or that is what it
of Russia as well as one kinit? is in lsrael.l'
~~~~;~~~~~h~ 9f~'~~/02 : ~~`~~1~~~~e~~2~
0130001-0
CPYRGHT
SUNDAY TELEGRAPH, London
2$ May 1972
RUSSIANS AGAINST THE KRE[+7LIN-3
Martyrs of Religious Protest
~'o Siberia for saying prayers a ~
home --account of a secret Soviet
trial :.1V.~ovement bac1~ to the +C`hurch
ORItiIN'G in a Siberian labour' in social and culture activities, they m~- l~ou :~ ne an ornariis~tid ltia h pho an 1 is
ca;~zn this 5un,1:,}' r,.on~i~ig are
fivo middle-aged Baptists, a man and a
woman. They were sent there as a
punishment for the grave offence of
handing out Bibles and teaching the
Lord's Prayer to Russian children.
Their action and the punishment it
brought stand token for an important
element in the protest movement in
Russia today and the way the State
reacts to it. Religious dissidence has
its oxrn martyrs and its own under-
ground propagation of the faith through
samzzrlat or self-pubhcation.
Every Soviet believer has the consti-
tutional rigl'it to organise and take part
in religious warship. For good measure
the Government has signed the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
adopted by the General Assembly of the
United Nations in 1948, article 18 of
which runs: "Everyone has the right to
freedom of thought, conscience and
religion; this right includes freedom .. .
to manifest his religion or belief in
teachin ;, practice, worship and obser-
van~a_"
have ebeen arrested for preaching ythe by- German ~and~ Britishu influences. JIts and distribute literature? " ~~
Gospel. Particularly during the past 12 simple Bible Christianity appeals "Yes, and I gave it to everybody,
years a bitter and little-publicised anti- strongly to w,~1'kers and to people in replied Georgi, who had already refused
religious campaign has been conducted labour camps, and its reformist wing in to accept help from defence gpunsel
by the State. Its special target has been Particular has long been in trouble with on the grounds that "Truth does not
the Baptist Church, with perhaps three authority. In the past decade no fewer need any defence."
million members, -but it also oppresses than 600 Baptists have been imprisoned Judge: "Where is it printed? "
the Russian Orthodox Church, the and nearly 200 are still inside. Georgi: "Praise God, I don't know."
Roman Catholics, and sects such as The trial of Georgi Zheltonozhko ~~ Why did you do this? "
Jehovah's Witnesses. In spite of the per- and Nadya Troshchenko lasted three
secutions there are still three and a half days. Georgi was charged with receiv- ' "According to Lenin's decree on.
million Catholics, and the Orthodox ing and distributing "Bibles; New Testa- religion, citizens are permitted not only
Church claims to have as many as s0 ments and other spiritual literature to believe, but also to confess their
million adherents. thereby trampling on Soviet laws," anc~ frith -and propagate it.. Lenin granted
The churches in Russia are tolerated with holding prayer meetings at his freedom, he didn't limit it; the same
only within strict limits. The law bans home. is true of bhe United~~Nations conven-
religious organisations from taking part It is highly likely_ that_the literature tion on human rights.
Approved For Release 1999/09/02": CIA-RDP79-01194A000200130001-0
not do charitable work, and they- ar= .clandestine press has been producing
forbidden to organise biblical, literary or Bibles, hymn books and magazines. This.
social. groups. They cannot set up play- has been one of the most daring and
grounds for children, and they may not effective ways of protest by the break-
even organise church outins. ,away Baptists. The movement's illegal
On the one hand the State " guaran- journal "Fraternal Leaflet " made its
tees freedom of wors.lip; it also under- ~ first annearance in 1965 and was hand-.
writes freedom a. anti-religious propa-
ganda. .And under this heading good
party members are encouraged to knock
religion as hard as they can. i down the illegal printing works.
The two Baptists now serving sent-
ence in Siberia were only recently but
on trial in the small Western Ukrainian
town of Nikolaev. The trial was held
in secret, 'but another Baptist illegally
took notes of what was said in court
and the transcript was smuggled out of
the Soviet Union. This document is the
source far the story which follows.
Georgi Zheltonozhko and Nadya
Troshchenko were two factory workers,
converted to the Baptist faith, whose
fervour led them to break with the
" official "and recognised Baptist Church
a~~i join the Initsia,tivnin,i, alt ac~ion
kroup of reformist evangelical Pahtists.
last year it has been offset printed, and..
To the annoyance of the Government
some .40,000 New Testaments and hymn
books have been run off and circulated
to Baptists throughout the Soviet Union.
It is the movement's way of replying to'
the Government's refusal to print reli-
gious works for them, or give them per-'
mission to do it themselves.
It was for receiving this "illegal "
literature from Georgi that Nadya Trosh-
chenko found herself in court: It was
further alleged that she had read New
Testament stories and poems to child-
ren, and that she had made them kneel
in prayer.
At the beginning of the trial tha
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 :CIA-RDP79-01194A0002001300011aPYRGHT
1`Ie complained to the judge about
the coarse behaviour of .Soviet officials
who broke up a prayer meetiing he had
organised. Same were
drunk, and they insulted the
believers and called them a
rabble.
" 1'ou tell us to preach
only in a house of ~a-ayer.
The Lord says: ' Go znto all
the ti+~orld and preach the
Gospel '."
Judge: "The Gospels
ware written a long time
ago, they can change like
our .Caws according to eir-
cumstances. The Bible
was written for those times;
today the author would
have written something
? different."
At this point the prose-
cutor intervened. " If I
read my Romans right I find
at 1;3.2 it says `Obey the
authorities '."
Georgi : "The answer to
that is 1lphesians 6.12-
` We are not contending
against flesh and blood but
against the principalities,
against the ptxr?+>rs, against
the world rulers of this
present darkness.' We are
fulfilling the law of Christ,
the Gospel which says
` Who should we obey, man
or God?'; the leaser yields
to the greater. I submit to
God; to whom do you
submit?"
Nad a Troshc:henko was
formal~y charged at this
point with gathering child-
ren together, reading the
New Testament and poems
to them, and teaching them
prayers. The judge asked,
` Do you plead guilty?"
Nadya : " No ! Christ said
`Suffer the little children
to came unto me'."
Judge: "Children can
choose for themselves
-after the age of i8, but you
are brainwashing school-
children of 11 or 12 years
old."
Nadya: "But before they
have: to choose their own
path they should be taught
both sides. No parents can
abandon their children to
ruin and death."
Judge: "Did. you "read
the New Testament to child-
ren and do you intend to
continue to do so?"
Approved
Nadya : "Yes, in the presence of
their parents. As for t11e future, I hope
I needn't read the New Testament to
them any more..I hope they will read
it to me."
A 12-,year-old boy called as a wi;t-
ne.ss " confessed " to kneeling with
Nadya and to saying the Lord's Prayer.
I-ie was asked to repeat the words of the
prayer before the court, which he did.
He then burst itlto tears and was sent
outside.
Finally Georgi.was.given an oppor-
tunity to speak rn his o~vn defence.
"You are trying me for my faith and
not for breaking the taw," the said.
Catholic and Protestant. First, many
Christians are denied any possibility of
worshipping legally, because there are
vast areas where the Soviet authorities
refuse to license churches. Serond, the
present leadership of the Churches is
not strong enough in resisting the
State's control of church life.
Both these points have been consist-
ently made by Russian Christians far
more than a decade. Years before Soviet
Jews began addressing the outside
world, Russian Christians were putting
their case for religious freedom logic-
alIy, coolly and with a wealth of docu-
mented fact.
" Our faith cannot be contained only The Russian Baptists began to write
in a church building. Faith witihout letters of protest in 1960 when Khrus-
works rs dead, as a body is dead with-
out the spirit." chev inspired the most vigorous anti-
He accused the authorities of not religious campaign since the early
allowing children to be brought up in 1930s. They have indeed been protest-
s Christian spirit. "You start educat- ing against persecution for their reli-
in.g children into Communist move- g1OUS beliefs for nearly 100 ,years. Their
ments? We have to train our children history has made them resilient and,
too. because wlhen they grow up it m-ay has left them with a keen rnrmory of
he too late to tell them about God. I the strength of evangelical Christianity
lost 27 years before b?in converted, in the world outside..
and I don't want t0 see them da the Their numbers grew in adversity to
~,,,,~ ? an estimated three million in the late
_
____
___
_ ?
Nadya also defended herself. "In '""""`"' """ -....__ __
the laws on religion." she said, " it is when r the Government t beg~n 5 ctlos,nlg
forbidden to speak the ward of Gad churches, imprisoning religious leaders
except: in church and it is forbidden to and generally putting intolerable pees-
teach children. .That means that faith sure upon young people who showed .
itself is prohibited. A Communist needs even a passing interest in the Christian
the party rule book and a Christian faith These churchmen appealed in turn
needs bhe New Testament and spiritual to the leaders of their own denomina-
literature. The Bitile is tolerated in tion, the State authorities, their co-reli-
our Country, yet you cannot buy one Monists-outside the country acid finally
in a shop. 'to the United Nations and other iiiterna-
In conclusion she said: "Our Lord.: 'Clonal bodies. Their case was that they
teaches us to love everyone, not to and countless other believers tvi.,hed to
hate.' Whatever sentence you give us' be loyal to their country, but were being
I will pray that the Lord may open forced to act illebafly, because the
your eyes.' Soviet authorities would not license reli-
Georgi Zheltonozhko was sent to a' pious worship for thousands of Christian
labour camp for three years. Nadya groups all over the Soviet Union. Where
Troshnhenko got 18 months for teach- registration was granted this meant sub-,
%ng the Bible to children. mitting to a surveillance which was un-
"What about our children-should .acceptable. Countless people couCd not
we inspire in them a love of the Church enjoy even that minimal degree of reli-
or not ? Yes ... " Alexander Solzhenit- pious freedom which., the Soviet consti-
syn, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize for tution was supposed to guarantee.
Literature, made this defiant assertion in The violent reaction of the State
his Lenten letter to Patriarch Pimen,' against these protests was perhaps pre-
head of the Russian Orthodox Church, dictable. The reaction from the Moscow'
which was published in The Sunday Baptist Church leadership and the lack
?Telectraph. on April 9. of it from the Church in general was
Many people seem surprised to hear more surprising.
such en a.ffirmatian of the Christian. faith The Baptist leadership in Russia had
from one of the Soviet Union's outstand- already compromised itself in the eyes
ing personalities S4 years after the State' of many believers by accepting a "letter
adopted a policy of atheism, But Solzhe- of instruction " from the State which
nitsyn had made his Christian sympa- went beyond the law ip the restrictions
shies known years ago, and thousands on evangelism and work with young
of other Russians have been writing and people.
signing such letters for more than a
decade. Surprising)y the All-Unifln Council
Solzhenitsyn made two points which of Evangelical Christians and Baptists'
reinforce the protests of many other ruled that ` an elder presbyter must
of and remember the
)
wa
b
l
ear
a
re
e c
For Releas~"~9~~/~~~'~I~Ft~~'7~94a~-UOA~r~kB'i~e30fl014'~k service: nova-.
 CPYRGHT
says is not td~R~'lQv,~E~ F?4i; about four: million, who ` dom if basic human rights were
came under Sciviet rule with curtailed. Throughout ihe late
titc annexation of the Western I9GOs he organised protests, on
Ukraine in 1333, has been behalf of young Russrans
equally repressed. They have arrested far political offences
SIUNDAY TELEGRAPH, London
4 June 1972
RUSSIANS AGAINST THE KREMLIN-4
Leaders Tell of Fight for I~.unan Rights in Russia
`~ HEY came at nine o'clock in the
mornin;; and startE=d looking
for things and taking them. away.
They even took a parcel I received
from Landon a month ago. It con-
tained Some woollen pullovers and
a pair of trouse:rs."
Pyot~r' Yakir, leader of the Action
Group far the Def+~nce of Civil Rights,.
was describin a visit from the Soviet
Union'is secret. police, the >t:.G.B. We
ham teIephaned him in Moscow, and,
chile Leonid F~reahnev, the Soviet
leader, talked to :President Nixon, Yakir.
was telling us about the reform move-
tYaent in Russia-conscious all the time
.Because 91"fp~F~v?+edrF+2fr 4~ts~x/~991Q ~tQ~=~Pt7:~'~94A~OlQA2~~~3O(11t4~tA~s, Yakir is
CPYRGHT
ances'w~hile the United States President ,civil rights workers are. sl:ruy;;ling:
was in town, K.Cl.l3. loon had carried out
numerous search and arre;a operations
in MQSCOW. At Yakir's place they had
been thorough.
"Theyy take away ev[;ryfhing w^ri~tten.
o?n. a typew~rite~r," he= said. "They seize
all book's pul~lis~hed abroad. fihey are
after typewriters, tape-recorders and
cameras. on May G, seventeeh such
searches were carried out ,in Ntnseow
alone, Then they phntoraphed the
walls >of my .flat. I ;have a lot of icons,
in my home. _ ? ~ - >
In Si;alin's day, of: course, it; would
not have .been passible .to'conduct snob
Orthodox or the Catho]ic fi?anie? aired in sarnixdat. 1t was, of
work, but as they owe an olio- course, only a question of time ;:
glance to Rome they are hi5hiy before Levitin's protests were
suspect to the Kremlin. Their stifled. Last ,year he began a '
thre'e;year sentence in a tabour
churches and schools have camp for "anti -Soviet"
either passed into Orthodox activities.
hands or been closed, but the
Church continues to flourish 7k"
underground: To witness an Easter lituzgy in
Other religious minorities such the Russian Orthodox Church is :
as the Seventh-Day Adventists, to experience a spiritual reality
yob's Witnesses have also suf-
fered badly during the recur-
ring anti-religious campaigns,
particularly during the "black
years " of the Khruschev era.
T4tese soots are treated as noth?
ing more or Less than fanatirtil
underground political move?
menu. But they survive.
One of the most colourful
characters in the Christian wing
aF tiro protest movement in
Russia is Anatoli Levitin, a
teacher attd literary scholar.
Since 1959 L evi~tin has been a
frr;t,+pnt and bold contributor #o
satn.i~dat on religious themes,
an+t particularly against viola-
tuns of religious freedom. He
has s okea out against constant
inter~crence by the authorities
in the life of the Church aad
against the unch~eclced power of
p
,
elders appointed by the State..more and more, as the faithful
His special target has been the li ht their candles and pass the
Orthodox Church hierarchy ,dame from one to another.
itself for gwetly acquiescing to
c..,,.. ..a;,..e Each one is a porn of light
-
Because, of h~i~s background P,ygtr
Yakir, vwlio is 47, holds a special placd
in bhe Russian reform movement. His,
father, General Ionia Yakir, was one of,
Russia's top m5litary Ieaders in thef
19s"Os, and was swept aw 1 ?~ in Stalitt'g.
great purge brforP Wa,1'l. War II--
shot as a ` "German spy " aloi-isI with-
thousanel~s of other officers:. .
Yakir, hi~m~self, sttill only 14, spent
tth~e next 14 years in and. out of prison
camps. His mo~Ytei?, slightly'less picky,
got 18 years. He was re~habil~ita~ted in
1956 when de-Stalinisation was faslrrion-
able and he has since worked as an
hiStnrian in tYie Academy. of Science in
tvhidt renders the question
"Can rcli~ian sur~irc in
liussia ? " purcl,y academic.'
1'hc procession of clergy and
deacons walks around the
church, looking for the body of
Christ. Nol tindine him, they
fling open the door of the:
darkened church and ack v,~he~re
he is. "lIe is not here. He is
risen - K?aristos voskres 1 " `
comes back the answex.
A few voices inside the church :
take up the call - Kiaristos
voskres et first murmuring as
though in disbelief. Then more
and more voices .loin in, until:
it becomes a triumphant shout.
The choirs reaffirm the news in i
jubilation.
As the volume swells, so the
light in the church becomes
brighter. First, only a single.;
then twn-then
oint of light
U 1111:) LILT: l4l:f:--. \/11 lll[A1
N'1/ll:il 11
face is -the affirmation of Faith..:
achieved through suffering. For
them resurrection is not some-
thin~ t0 be argued about, it is a ~:
reality here and now, the most
positive caperience of their
hues.
 CPYRGHT
?
~ees r
o .PSSe ~,-~t b e In us
?
- ~
.
g broaden the'
~ii
v
Soviet histnrvAp~orot?d'lfari#ReJl~a~!e ~ 9~(la'9 S~'' 194,E 0 ~ '~ 0
he wants to clear bhe rig~ts an r~ed~~s u~a~~~ s~ggle_fdr -basic human rights, and
ov