JANIS 75 CHAPTER IX JOINT ARMY-NAVY INTELLIGENCE STUDY OF KOREA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 61
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 26, 2006
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: April 1, 1945
• Content Type: STUDY

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JANIS 75
CHAPTER IX
MUM? Ilk
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7tinEW 001111
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Non-registered
25X1
JOINT ARMY-NAVY INTELLIGENCE STUDY
OF
KOREA
(INCLUDING TSUSHIMA AND QUELPART)
RESOURCES AND TRADE
APRIL 1945
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List of Effective Pages, Chapter IX
CHANGE IN
SUBJECT MATTER EFFECT PAGE NUMBERS
Cover _Page Original unnumbered
List of Effective Pages and Table of Contents, Chapter IX
(inside front cover) Original unnumbered
Text and Figures Original pp. IX-1 to IX-46
Text (reverse blank) Original p. IX-47
Figures (inserts, reverse sides blank) i Original Figures IX-45 to IX-55
Table of Contents cont'd and imprint (inside back cover,
reverse blank) Original unnumbered
Table of Contents
Note: This chapter is based on material available in Washington, D. C. on 1 March 1945.
Page
90. INTRODUCTION IX - 1
A. Korea's economic position IX - 1
B. Economic regions IX- 1
(1) Northern Korea IX - 1
(2) Central Korea IX - 2
(3) Southern Korea IX - 2
C. Japanese-sponsored industrial districts . . IX - 2
D. Important illustrative material IX - 2
91. FOOD RESOURCES IX - 3
A. Present food situation IX - 3
(1) Production IX - 3
(2) Governmental control and foreign trade IX - 4
(3) Consumption IX - 4
B. General characteristics of agriculture . . IX - 4
(1) Land use IX- 4
(2) Size of farms IX - 5
(3) Manpower, fertilizer, and agricultural
machinery IX - 5
(4) Crop specialization IX - 5
C. Food production IX - 6
(1) Rice IX- 6
(2) Other grains IX - 6
(3) Beans IX- 7
(4) Potatoes IX- 7
(5) Vegetables and fruit IX - 7
(6) Sugar IX- 7
(7) Animal products IX- 7
D. Surpluses and deficits IX - 7
E. Fishing IX - 9
(1) Kinds of fish IX- 9
(2) Location of fisheries IX - 9
(3) Fishermen and equipment IX - 9
(4) Fishing ports IX - 9
(5) Refrigeration IX - 9
(6) Production IX - 10
F. Food processing IX - 10
(1) Beverages IX- 10
(2) Canning IX - 10
(3) Confectionery IX - 10
(4) Sugar refining IX - 10
(5) Wheat flour IX - 10
(6) Soy sauce and miso (bean paste) . IX - 10
(7) Rice cleaning IX - 10
92. WATER SUPPLY IX -10
A. General availability and quality IX - 10
(1) Availability of natural water IX - 10
Page
(2) Availability of water from developed sources IX - 11
(3) Quality of water from natural sources . IX - 11
(4) Quality of water from developed sources IX - 11
B. Technical aspects of developed municipal water
supply IX - 13
(1) Quality of developed systems IX - 13
(2) Water sources and source installations IX - 13
(3) Purification systems and storage of treated
water IX - 13
(4) Distribution of municipal water supply . IX - 13
C. Present water uses and adaptability to military
supply IX - 13
(1) Present water uses IX - 13
(2) Military ,adaptability IX - 14
93. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IX -18
A. Lumber IX - 18
(1) Timber stands IX - 18
(2) Production, imports, and exports IX - 18
(3) Sawmills IX - 19
B. Cement IX - 19
(1) Capacity IX- 19
(2) Production and consumption IX - 19
C. Brick and tile IX - 20
D. Other construction materials IX - 20
94. INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIALS AND
PRIMARY PROCESSING IX -21
A. Minerals IX -21
(1) Iron-bearing ores ... ... IX -21
(2) Ferroalloys IX - 22
(3) Nonferrous metals (mining, smelting, and
refining) IX - 22
(4) Nonmetallic minerals and products IX - 24
B. Fuel IX -25
(1) Coal IX - 25
(2) Coke IX - 27
(3) Petroleum IX - 27
C. Agricultural and marine materials . IX - 28
(1) Cotton IX -29
(2) Sericulture IX - 29
(3) Hemp IX - 29
(4) Tobacco IX - 29
(5) Vegetable-oil crops IX - 29
(6) Marine products (non-food uses) IX - 29
95. MANUFACTURHNG PLANTS IX -30
A. Iron and steel IX - 30
(1) Capacity and production . . . IX - 30
(2) Location of principal installations IX - 30
(Table of Contents continued, inside back cover)
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Chapter IX
Page IX-1
RESOURCES AND TRADE
90. Introduction
A. Korea's economic position.
Japan's prewar policy of integrating the Korean economy
with that of the home islands has been accelerated during the
war. Today Korea is not only a strategic link in the supply
route for military operations on the Asiatic mainland, but it
is also an increasingly important source of essential war mate-
rials. At the same time, there is some evidence that Japan is
attempting to increase Korean self-sufficiency in order to ease
the strain on her own production and transport.
In peacetime Korea was principally a source of raw mate-
rials and, foodstuffs. for Japan, and a market for her manufac-
tured goods. As war drew nearer, Japan inaugurated a policy
of intensive development of Korean raw materials, while at the
same time the tempo of industrialization was stepped up, in
preparation for the day when manpower, industrial facilities,
and shipping would prove inadequate for the continued expan-
sion of industry in Japan 'proper.
Japanese capital and management, with the aid of subsidies,
tax exemptions, and other inducements, moved into Korea and
undertook a large expansion program. As a result, production
rose sharply in all fields, especially in manufacturing. In terms
of value (without allowing for the effect of substantial price
increases), total production in Korea was almost quadrupled
between 1933 and 1941. Included in this expansion were in-
creases of 120% in agriculture, 235% in forestry, 700% in
mining, 300% in fishing, and 440% in manufacturing. As a
result, the Korean economy became relatively less agricultural
and more industrial. Thus, agricultural production dropped
from 6o% of the total value in 1933 to 40% in 1941, while
manufactures rose from about 25% to over 40% of the total.
These value figures, however, exaggerate the true posi-
tion, especially as it was in .1941, because the value of man-
ufactures includes not only the actual contribution of man-
ufacturing but also the cost of the raw materials used. It is
noteworthy that in 1938, 74% of the 24,000,000 people in
Korea were still engaged in farthing, as compared with 7% in
commerce, 3% in manufacturing, and 1% in mining.
B. Economic regions.
Primarily for the convenience of the reader, Korea is treated
in the present chapter as comprising 3 regions : Northern
Korea, Central Korea, and Southern Korea. Northern Korea
contains the east-coast provinces of Hamgyong-pukto, IIam-
gyong-namdo, and Kangwon-do, and the west-coast provinces
of P'yongan-pukto, P'yongan-namdo, and Hwanghae-do. Cen-
tral Korea comprises Kyonggi-do and Ch'ungch'ong-namdo,
on the west coast, and Ch'ungch'ong-pukto in the interior.
Southern Korea consists of Kyongsang-pukto, on the east
coast, Kyongsang-namdo and Cholla-nal:11d?, on the south, and
Cholla-pukto, on the west coast. (FIGURE IX-45)
(1) Northern Korea.
Although more rugged and less fertile than the other
regions, Northern Korea is rich in mineral resources and water
power, and has become increasingly important industrially.
Agriculturally, it specializes in crops which do not require
irrigation, and produces 8o% of the millet and buckwheat
grown in the country, 75% of the beans, 70% of the Irish
potatoes, and most of the native cotton. Virtually the only re-
maining commercial forests in Korea are here. Its east coast is
responsible for 47% of the fish catch, and it contributes 86%
of the yield of marine industrial products.
The region contains the principal iron-ore fields ; the bulk of
the country's production comes from the miry, at Musan
(Mozan). Most of the important coal mines are in the north.
Northern Korea has the only manganese mine, most of the
tungsten, nickel, mica, copper, lead and zinc deposits and proc-
essing facilities, and is an important producer of magnesite and
other minerals. Almost all the Empire's fluorspar is obtained
here. Korea's magnesium-reduction and alumina and aluminum
capacity is concentrated in Songjin (joshin), Hungnam
(Konan), Wonsan (Genzan), Yongamp'o (Ryfigampo,
Chinnamp'o, and possibly P'yongyang and Sinuiju (Shin-
gishft). The country's 7 major cement plants are all in the
region. It has the only known by-product coke-oven plants and.
synthetic-petroleum installations, and the most important
petroleum refinery and commercial storage.
Nearly of Korea's power-generating capacity is in
the hydroelectric developments of Northern Korea : the
Changjin-gang or Choshin-ko, the Puj on-gangor Fusen-kO,
the Iloch'on-gang or Kyosen-kO, and the Kanggye or KOkai.
By fat- the largest plant is on the Amnok-kang (Yalu River)
near Sinuiju, and 24 of the 28 plants with a capacity of at
least 10,000 kilowatts are in this economic region. There is
known to be an integrated grid system linking the power
developments.to the principal cities, and power generated with-
in the area is furnished also to Central and Southern Korea.
The iron and steel industry at Ch'ongjin (Seishin) and
Kyomipio (Kenjiho) together has tY5 of Korea's iron-making
capacity. The region's '(and the country's) most important in-
dustry in value of output is chemicals. The development at
Hung-nam (Konan)* has the largest ammonia-synthesis and
sulfuric-acid plants in the Empire, and it produces a number of
other important substances. P'yongyang- has a small machinery
industry, and perhaps the most important arsenal in Korea; it
manufactures synthetic fiber, and possibly also aircraft. Sinuiju
has a motor-vehicle plant and one of the largest pulp and paper
mills in the country; it also may have an aircraft factory.
Ch'ongjin (Seishin), Sinuiju (Shingishu), and Songjin
(Joshin)? were all active commercial ports before the war.
Because they provide the shortest route between Japan and
Manchuria, the northeastern ports of Najin (Rashin) and
Unggi (Yuki), in addition to Ch'ongjin, are believed to have
gained greatly in importance in recent years. The new port of
*Through error, Hungnam is designated on some of the FIGURES under
the name of its suburb, Honam-ni (Konan-ri) (PLAN 36).
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Page IX -2 RESOURCES AND TRADE
Dasado (Tashito), in the extreme northwest, serves both
Korea and adjacent Manchuria. Chinnamp'o is one of the
largest coal ports in the Far East.
(2) Central Korea.
Central Korea is important both agriculturally and indus-
trially. Rice the major- crop, but a number of others are
grown, and More than -half of the country's small livestock and
dairying industry is here. Its mineral resources include the
sole chromium and vanadium mine, and some fluorspar, graph-
ite, and antimony. Copper refining and fabrication are con-
ducted here, and construction-materials industries are impor-
tant in Kyongsong. (KeijO, Seoul) and Inch'on (Jinsen).. The
chemical industry is minor in comparison with that at Hung-
nam (Konat().
The province of Kyonggi-do has an important concentra-
tion of industries in Kyongsong, Inch'on, and Pup'yong
(Fuhei). Forty-five percent of the 1937 output of machine
tools came from this area, which is also important for the
manufacturek)f ordnance. Inch'on has one of Korea's 2 largest
shipyards. These 3 cities produce most of the output of railroad
rolling- stock and motor vehicles, and may now be expected to
have aircraft plants. Yongdungp'o (Ryfigampo) has 2 large
textile mills, and there is a third at Inch'on. Central Korea has
one major hydroelectric plant and 2 major steam plants, but
the area is served by the Northern Korean grid.
Inch'on ( jinsen) is Korea's second commercial port, and
Kyongsong had attained importance before the war.
(3) Southern Korea.
Fertile Southern Korea is primarily agricultural, and it has
the largest food surpluses of any portion of the country. The
main crop is rice, but other cereals and vegetables are grown.
The area has 75% of the rice cultivation, 90% of the naked
barley, 58% of the barley, and 83% of the sweet potatoes. It is
the chief producer of upland American-type cotton, and of
silk and tobacco.
The mineral resources are sizable. Most of the molybdenum
is found here, and there are deposits also of aluminous shale,
zinc,. copper; lead, and graphite. There is one important coal
field, and there are 2 small petroleum refineries. Pusan is the
most important industrial center, and it is perhaps more signifi-
cant as a port and railway terminus. It has an important
machine indhstry, one of the 2 largest shipyards, a railroad-
equipment plant, an explosives plant, and a rubber factory;
there may be an aircraft plant on the adjoining island of
Mok-to (Makino-to). Chinhae (Chinkai) is one of Japan's
major naval bases, and possesses an arsenal. At Kunsan (Gun-
zan) are I or 2 shipyards and a motor-vehicle plant; a syn-
thetic-fiber plant was planned for this town. Southern Korea
has only one major power plant, a thermal station at Pusan,
and the region is believed to derive power from the station at
Yongwol (Neietsu) in Kangwon-do.
Pusan is the principal port of Korea, and the value of its
1939 trade Was twice that of its nearest competitor (Inch'on).
Yosu (Reisui) has been developed as an alternate port, and a
ferry operates between Yosu and the Japanese home-island of
Kyushu.
Quelpart (Chanju-do, Saishu-to) is a densely populated,
undeveloped island, whose residents are principally engaged in
raising dry grains, cotton, oranges, winter vegetables, and
mulberries, and in sericulture.
C. Japanese-sponsored industrial districts.
The Japanese authorities in 1937 announced a -plan for
Korean self-sufficiency under which it was proposed to divide
Korea into 5 industrial districts. None of these would be self-
siufficient, but all would. complement each other,
The "Hokusen District" in northeastern Korea has chiefly
chemical, petroleum, iron, steel, aluminum, and magnesium
industries. Its principal industrial cities are the following:
Hungnam (K6nan), Songjin (JOshin), Kadin (Kissha),
Ch'ongjin (Seishin), Aoji-dong (Agochi-dO), and Wonsan
(Genzan), in Hamgyong-pukto and HamgyOng-namdo.
The "Seisen District" includes P'yongan-pukto, P'yongan-
namdo, and Hwanghae-do, all in northvvestern Korea. The
principal industrial centers are Haeju (Kaishil), Kyomip'o
(Kenjiho), Chinnamp'o, P'yongyang (HeiJO), and Sinuiju
(Shingishil) and its suburbs.
The "Keijin District," in Central Korea, iS relatively weak
in basic industries, but has important manufacturing estab-
lishments in the fields of chemicals, iron and.steel, light metals,
machinery, and ordnance. It includes Kyongsong (Keij6,
Seoul) and .Inch'on ( Jinsen), and the industrial suburbs of
Yongdungp'o (Eitohi5), Pup'yong (Fuhei); and Sihung-ni
(ShikO-ri).
The ."Nansen District," in Southern Korea, is largely a
food-producing area. The principal industrial cities are
Samch'ok (Sanchoku) (chemicals), Pusan (Fusan) (ship-
yards), and YongWol (Neietsu) (coal and power). The dis-
trict comprises Kangwon-do, Kyongsang-pukto, and Kyong-
sang-namdo.
The "Konan District," like the last, is a food-surplus area,
and can supply foodstuffs to the more industrialized districts.
.Its most important cities are Kunsan (Gunzan), Chonju
(Zensh5), Mokp'o (Moppo), and Taejon (Taiden), in the
provinces of Cholla-namdo, Cholla-pukto, Ch'Ungch'on-namdo,
and Ch'ungch'ong-pukto. There are a few Machine industries
here, which may supply other districts.
Thus, the first 2 districts correspond partially to Northern
Korea (without Kangwon-do), the third is equivalent to part
Of Central Korea, and the fourth and fifth comprise Southern
Korea, with additions from both Northern and Central Korea.
It is perhaps noteworthy that the scattering of manuf actur-
Mg installations in the 2 southern districts affords a minor
irotection against air attack. On the other hand, the iron and
s'teel, chemical, light metals, and machinery industries, the iron
and coal mines, and the hydroelectric power installations are
heavily concentrated in a few centers.
D. Important illustrative material.
The pattern of industrial concentration is shown in FIGURE
TX-45. It should be noted, however, that the degree of con-
Centration is shown -for an entire province, although much of
its area may be entirely lacking in industrial deVelopment. Also,
the industrial symbols employed do not clearly indicate the
degree of the concentration of different industries in specific
Centers.
FIGURE IX-46 shows the surpluses and deficits in food
production by provinces, and indicates the principal crops
Under cultivation. The water supply and sewerage systems
Tisted in Topic 92 are indicated in FIGURE JX-47.
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The location of the construction-material industries is shown
in FIGURE IX-48. The known deposits of nonferrous metals
and nonmetallic minerals, together with the mines, refineries,
smelters, and processing plants, are -indicated in FIGURE
IX-50. FIGURE IX-5i shows coal fields, coke ovens, and
refineries for natural or synthetic petroleum. The location of
mines producing iron ore and ferroalloys, and the principal
concentrations of the iron and steel industry are shown in
UIGURE
The location of the important centers of the chemical indus-
try are shown in FIGURE IX-52, of the machinery, railway-
equipment, and shipbuilding industries in FIGURE IX-53, and
of the aircraft, motor-vehicle, and munitions industries in
FIG URE IX-54.
Power-generating installations, with a capacity of 1,070
kilowatts or more, are shown in FIGURE IX-55.
91. Food Resources
Korea is a food-surplus country, although much of its
exports of food to Japan are at the expense of the adequate
nutrition of its people. The agricultural economy is based on
the cultivation of rice, but dry cereals play a much more impor-
tant role than they do in Japan. Livestock raising is negligible.
Fishing- supplies an important quantity of protein foods,
although far less than do cereals and beans. Production- of
processed foods is low in comparison with western countries,
but ranks as Korea's second industry in value of output.
A. Present food situation.
(1) Production. -
The production of rice has declined during the war, but this
decline may have been partially offset by expansion of the
acreage and production of secondary grains. Chiefly because
of a shortage of fertilizer, the rice output has fallen from
an average of about 7,000,000,000 pounds before the war
to about 6,000,000,000 pounds in 1944. The more rigid
controls and severe delivery obligations imposed on rice
growers, together with the shortage of fertilizer, may have
induced a shift of acreage from rice to other grains. In addi-
tion, the total cultivated acreage has probably been expanded.
FIGURE IX - 1. Cholla-namdo, Haech'ang (Kaiso).
Cultivation of seaweed, an important food crop, in Haech'ang-man
(Kaiso-wan). 1931.
TABLE IX - 1
KOREA. ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF FOODSTUFFS BY ECONOMIC REGIONS AND PROVINCES, CROP YEAR
OF 1944, AVAILABLE FOR 1944-45 CONSUMPTION
(millions of pounds)
All Korea
Northern Korea
NORTHEASTERN REGION NORTHWESTERN REGION
>4 0
0 E.
d
0
0
8
0
1.4
e
0
0
o
t.)
4-1
LI
Central Korea Southern Korea
0
Z
Z. a
0
KYONGSANG-
0
(.7
0
0
2
0
LI
Rice
5,968
56
208
302
504
294
376
572
244
714
710
602
754
632
Wheat
1,786
0.4
29
136
727
248
1
68
79
119
169
89
84
37
Barley
2,471
80
73
76
32
56
14
202
153
234
550
484
397
120
Naked barley
61
0.0*
0.0*
1
5
11
16
1
3
22
82
325
151
Minor grains
1,542
126
182
125
322
297
232
8
29
58
71
10
9
8
Soybeans
1,211
113
93
100
128
91
118
78
55
135
154
49
46
51
Other beans
309
11
22
23
82
60
40
11
10
21
6
5
11
7
Sweet potatoes
1,654
0.0*
4
12
215
184
60
88
12
115
46
206
659
53
Irish potatoes
1,765
225
748
287
35
100
127
32
32
79
48
20
13
19
Vegetables
2,647
90
149
189
226
294
269
244
96
468
147
147
167
121
Fruit
175
5
17
4
36
35
3
5
3
15
16
14
9
13
Sugar
6
6
Fish .
1,983
364
321
254
89
21
58
41
0.2
27
187
333
249
39
Meat
132
6
8
6
10
18
20
7
5
24
7
8
7
6
Milk
7
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.0*
3
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.2
Butter
6
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
2
-
2
1
0.0*
0.0*
Eggs
29
1
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
4
2
2
4
2
*Less than 50,000 pounds.
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Confidential
Since the .mid-1930's the production of sweet potatoes has
increased more than fourfold, and that of Irish potatoes by
about 40 percent. The output of soybeans and other beans
appears to be unchanged, but the production of vegetables and
fruit is believed to have declined. The raising of seaweed has
been encoutaged, and total production is believed to have
increased from 7,000,000 pounds to 9,000000 pounds (FIGURE
IX-I). The estimated 1944 production of foodstuffs in Korea
as a whole and by economic regions and provinces is shown in
TABLE TX-j.
(2) Governmental control and foreign trade.
Despite the appreciable drop in rice production, exports of
this grain to Japan have been maintained at a fairly high level.
This result has been achieved by compelling- each grower to
deliver his entire crop to the town agricultural association (an
official organization) ; in return, he becomes eligible for a
ration of various cereals. The grain is stored in town ware-
houses from which the farmers receive monthly supplies. In
general, the allotments of rice are varied according to the
degree of success with which assigned production quotas are
met. An association for the control of secondary grains handles
imports of other cereals, mainly millet from Manchuria.
As in Japan, rice has been made subject to rationing, the use
of rice for sake has been curtailed, and the degree of milling
has been reduced. Although estimates of wartime rice exports
from Korea are subject to a wide margin of error, they are
believed to .have averaged about 2,000,00,0000 pounds per
annum during the past 5 years. The surplus in 1944 and 1945
is estimated to be about 1,80000000o pounds, or nearly of
Korean production ; perhaps TA. of this is consumed by Japa-
nese soldiers in Korea and Manchuria. Wheat exports in 1944
and 1945 probably did not exceed the prewar level of about
35,000,000 pounds (about 6% of production), and exports
of soybeans about 200,000,000 pounds (about 15% of pro-
duction). The major import items are about 650,000,000
pounds of secondary grains and about 55,000,000 pounds
of sugar,
- (3) Consumption.
The diet of Korea is even starchier than the Japanese diet.
Grain products, of which an average of 420 grams (14.8
ounces) per capita was consumed daily before the war, contrib-
uted 75% of the total food energy, as compared with 65% in
Japan. Rice, however, plays a less important role in Korea than
in Japan, furnishing only 38% of the total caloric value of the
Korean diet as compared with somewhat over 50% in Japan.
.Barley and millet, on the other hand, supplied 31% in Korea
against less than 5% in Japan.
A comparison of estimates of per capita consumption -for
1933 to 1936 and 1944 and 1945 shows that a decline in
Korean daily rice consumption from .21 grams (7.6 ounces)
per person ,to 180 grams (6.3 ounces) has been offset by an
increase in the consumption of other grains from 200 grams
to 237 grams (8.3 ounces) per day. The nominal rice ration
for the normal consumer t is the same as in Japan, 330
grams (11.6 ounces) per day. In both countries the actual
*mount of rice received by the consumer is. less. It is esti-
Mated that about 45% of the average nominal ration in
Korea is replaced by other cereals (soybean flour or potato
lour), whereas in Japan rice substitutes amount to only about
5% to io% of the nominal ration.
The consumption of soybeans and other beans, which are
kcond only to grains as a source of vegetable protein,* has
leclined. Potato consumption has increased from 55 grams
(1.9 ounces) to 68 grams (2.4 ounces), and that of sweet
potatoes is 4 times higher than in the mid-1930's. Sugar con-
umption has always been extremely low in Korea. Although
nominal rations of foodstuffs are generally uniform, it is
believed that actual consumption of sugar in !Korea is only a
'fraction of the Japanese. Consumption of fish has fallen from
'58 grams (2.0 ounces) to 38 grams (1.3 ounces) per capita
Per day, and the consumption of animal products is negligible.
The quality of the diet is poorer than it was before the war,
although the total caloric intake has not changed appreciably.
The prewar diet (average of the crop years 1933-1934, 1934-
035, and 1936-1937) of the average Korean supplied about
?2,000 calories per capita per day, 15% to 20% less than the
minimum regarded as necessary for the maintenance of health.
Poth the consumption of animal proteins ( To grams, or 0.4
Ounces), which is only ,2/3 as great as before the war, and that
Of fat (17 grams, or 0.6 ounces) now fall short of the nutri-
tional minimum. Table IX-2 shows the estiinated daily per
capita food consumption for 1944 and 1945.
B. General characteristics of agriculture.
Despite the rapid industrialization of recent years, about 41
of the population is engaged in farm work.
- (I) Land use.
- In 1938, 20% of Korea's land was cultivated, 66% was for-
ested, and 7% was waste. All other categories of land occupied
an additional 7% of the area.
Most of Korea's cultivated land is on the south and west
Sides of the peninsula. The total cultivated area!amounted to 10,-
873000 acres, or 11,273000 acres if "firefields"** are added.
The amount of cultivated land did not increase significantly
!between 1919 and 1938, but irrigated land increased sub-
stantially; by 1938 about 4 of the cultivated area was irrigated.
Two crops are raised annually on about 34% of the land.
t An adult consumer Who receives no additional ration; a system of differ-
ential rationing has been introduced in both Japan and Korea. Different types
of consumer groups receive different rations according to their needs. Small
children and old people obtain less, and workers and adolescents more than
:the normal consumer.
*Although beans are a better source of protein than are grains, the large
Amount of grains consumed makes cereals the major source of vegetable
Iprotein.
**Burned off and temporarily cultivated forest lands or prairie. No manure
is applied, and the plots src deserted when the fertility of the soil is ex-
!hattsted. This destructive practice prevails mainly in the mountainous districts
;bordering Manchuria.
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TABLE IX -.2
KOREA, DAILY PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF
FOODS, BY CALORIES AND FOOD CONSTITU-
ENTS, 1944 AND 1945 (ESTIMATE)
FOOD
PER DAY
(GRAMS)
TOTAL
CALORIES
CONTRIBUTION
TO CALORIC
INTAKE PROTEINS
(%) (GRAMS)
FATS
(GRAMS)
Rice 180
641
32.0
13.5
3.1
Wheat 32
114
5.7
3.0
0.3
Barley 97
348
17.4
8.0
1.0
Naked barley 24
87
4.4
2.0
0.2
Minor grains 84
294
14.7
7.1
0.8
Soybeans 39
137
6.9
13.7
7.1
Other beans 13
40
2.0
2.7
0.2
Peanuts 0.2
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Sweet potatoes 72
77
3.9
1.1
0.4
Irish potatoes 68
49
2.4
1.2
0.1
Vegetables 99
35
1.7
0.9
0.1
Seaweed 0.4
0.04
0.0
0.0
Fruit 7
4
0.2
0.1
0.0
Sugar 3
12
0.6
Fish 38
48
2.4
8.1
1.7
Meat 4
9
0.4
0.8
0.6
Milk 0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
Butter 0.3
2
0.1
0.0
0.2
Eggs 1.2
2
0.1
0.2
0.1
Miscellaneous
103
5.0
3.0
1.0
(5% of total
caloric intake)
Totals
2,000
100.0
65.5*
17.0
Percent of calories furnished
by each food constituent
(13.7%)
(7.6%)
The use of fertilizer, as indicated in TABLE IX-3, is rela-
tively high in Korea, but it is less than in Japan. The use of
commercial fertilizers has increased, but farm-supplied ferti-
lizer still represented about of the total amount consumed
CARR/-
HYDRATES
(GRAMS)
139.9
TABLE IX - 3
KOREA AND JAPAN, APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER
PER ACRE, 1938
24.7
(pure plant-food equivalent)
76.8
19.2
KOREA
JAPAN
64.5
(pounds per crop-acre)
4.7
Nitrogen
6.8
Chemical
17
34
0.0
Organic
42
48
17.2
10.9
Total
59
82
7.4
Phosphoric Acid
1.0
Chemical
4
22
2.9
Organic
26
24
0.0
Total
30
46
0.0
0.0
Potash
20.5
Chemical
2
10
Organic
45
39
396.5
Total
47
49
*57.9 grains of vegetable protein and 9.1 grains of animal protein.
(79.3%)
(2) Size of farms.
Farm units in Korea averaged 3.8 acres per family in 1938,
compared with 2.7 acres in Japan. The smallest farms (2.6
acres per family) are in the. most fertile and densely populated
western and southern provinces. The average is considerably
higher (up to 7 acres) in the northern, sparsely settled prov-
inces, where the proportion of wet-to dry land is- low. In 1938
a little over 63% of all farm households were in the category
below 2.45 acres (including 17% averaging less than 0.74
acres), and only L.4% of the households had over. T2 acres.
Of the total number of farming families in 1938, 42% owned
land, and 24% of these leased land in addition to their own
holdings. More than 52% were landless tenants, almost 4%
were farm laborers, and 2% were leadentnin (squatters carry-
ing on shifting land-cultivation, mostly on state-owned forest
lands). In 1914 landless tenancy was only 35%, but the pro-
portion has increased greatly under Japanese occupation. Ac-
cording to official estimates, however, less than 6% of all
agricultural and residential land is Japanese-owned. This may
exclude land owned by Japanese-controlled companies in-
corporated in Korea. Approximately 3/3 of the total acreage
in 1938 was held by large landlords (',ow acres or over), who
represented a little over 2% of all farm families. Of the 3,052,-
400 farm families in 1938, 99.7% were Korean, only 7,300
were Japanese, and 2,300 were. Chinese.
(3) Manpower, fertilizer, and agricultural machinery.
A characteristic feature of Korean agriculture is family
farming. With a limited supply of animal and machine power,
the productivity of Korean farms depends upon the use of
family labor; hired workers represent otily 3% of the farm
labor supply.
in 1938. Night-soil and night-soil ash represented 6% of the
total, or 15% of farm-supplied fertilizer.- Nevertheless, the
total supply of :fertilizer has been inadequate in recent years;
several reports indicate serious shortages and the existence of
black-market operations in fertilizers..
Farm equipment is simple, and labor is commonly manual.
The usual implements - are hoes, spades, small wooden plows
and harrows, sickles, flails, and small wooden cylinders with
wire teeth for threshing rice. The small size of the plots and
the presence of dikes and ditches generally preclude the use
of modern equipment. In addition, irrigation and rainfall keep
the ground too soft to allow the use of heavy machinery. The
cheapness of manpower and the prohibitive cost of modern
equipment have retarded mechanization. In 1938 only 9% o
farming families had improved plows, 0.1% had mechanical
pumps, and 0.025% had gasoline engines.
(4) Crop specialization.
The concentration on food crops is a characteristic feature
of Korean agriculture. Korea's climate more closely approxi-
mates the continental climate of China than the maritime
climate of Japan. The annual precipitation is lower than in
Japan, but -during July and August it is often sufficient to
cause destructive floods and resultant crop failures.
(a) Northern Korea. Northern Korea leads in the produc-
tion of wheat, millet, buckwheat, sorghum, oats, soybeans,
other beans, Irish potatoes, vegetables, and fruit. It is divis-
ible into 2 unlike regions, the northeastern and the north-
western.
In the northeastern region-which has 22% of the cultivated
acreage of Korea-the provinces of Hamgyong-pukto and
Haingyong-namdo have long, cold, dry winters and short sum-
mers. Kangwon4lo has a milder climate, which permits double
cropping. The region as a whole is the principal producer of
oats and Irish potatoes.
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The northwestern region?with 30% of the total cultivated
acreage?has a varied climate: P'yongan-pukto and P'yongan-
namdo have high precipitation in the mountains, but rainfall
is low on the coast. Most of the region is suited to single
cropping, but in Hwanghae-do double. cropping is practiced
with winter barley and wheat as second crops. More rice is
grown in the interior, and dry crops are predominant on the
northwestern littoral. Before the war this area: produced most
of the wheat and beans grown in Korea.
(b) Central Korea. This section?with 18% of the total
cultivated acreage--has a mild temperature and moderate pre-
cipitation. Rice is grown chiefly on the plains, often with winter
barley as a second crop. Although it does not lead in the
production :of any crop, its rice (26% of the national total),
vegetables, 'barley, and soybeans are important.
(c) Southern Korea. The south?with 30% of the total
cultivated acreage?has mild 'winters; precipitation is com-
paratively high, but occasional droughts cause crop failures.
There is extensive double cropping. This area ranked first in
production of rice, barley, and sweet potatoes.
The proportionate production of the important crops in each
of the 3 major areas is indicated in TABLE IX-4.
TABLE IX - 4
KOREA REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CROP
PRODUCTION, PERCENTAGE AVERAGES FOR
1933, 1934, 1936
NORTH WESTERN
CENTRAL
KOREA
SOUTHERN
KOREA
NORTHERN
NORTHEASTERN
REGION
(1)
REGION (2)
(3)
(4)
Rice 9
20
26
45
Wheat 9
55
15
21
Barley 5
3
14
78
Millet 43
46
4
7
Buckwheat 27
48
10
15
Sorghum 41
47
7
5
Oats 97
1
2
0.03
Soybeans 25
28
22
25
Other beans 18
59
14
9
Sweet potatoes 1
28
13
58
Irish potatoes 71
15
8
6
Vegetables 16
31
31
22
Fruit 15
42
13
30
(1) Hamgyong-pukto, Hamgyong-namdo, and Kangwon-do.
(2) Hwanghae-do, P'yongan-namdo, and P'yongan-pukto.
(3) Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Ch'ungeWong-pukto, and Kyonggi-do.
(4) Kyongsang-pukto, Kyongsang-namdo, Cholla-namdo, and Cholla-
pukto.
C. Food production.
'FABLES TX-1 and IX-6 show the total production of each of
the principal foods in 1944 and in the mid-f 93o's, respectively.
(1) Rice.
Rice, the basic food crop of Korea, occupies nearly 4,003,000
acres, or 26% of the total harvested acreage.* Yields per acre
are about 40% to 50% lower than in Japan, largely because
of the lower rainfall, the more primitive methods of irriga-
tion, and the less intensive use of fertilizer. In comparison
with other countries, however, the use of fertilizer and the
yields per acre are high.
*Acreage cropped twice in the same season is counted twice.
Output increased steadily during the 2 decades before the
! war. There was no appreciable expansion of acreaage, but yields
per acre increased by more than 20% because of the greater
application of fertilizer, an increase of more than 50% in the
irrigated area, and the introduction of improved weather-
resistant varieties. In the mid-1930's (average of 1933, 1934,
and 1936) the production of rice reached a level of nearly
7,000,000,000 pounds.* Yields varied considerably from year
:to year, and the 1937 crop attained the record figure of 8,600,-
: 000,000 pounds; production had fallen to about 6,000,000,000
!pounds by 1944.
Rice production is concentrated in the river basins, where
:soil and water conditions are favorable for this crop (FIGURE
IX-2). The 4 provinces of Southern Korea (Kyongsang-
pukto, Kyongsang-namdo, Cholla-pukto, and Cholla-namdo),
2 in Central Korea (Ch'ungch'ong-namdo and Kyonggi-do) ;
and Hwanghae-do in Northern Korea, accounted for more
:than 75% of the prewar total production.
FIGURE IX - 2. Southwestern Korea.
Irrigated rice fields, typical of the Double-cropping Rice Area of
Southern and Central Korea. 1937.
(2) Other grains.
Grains other than rice play a much greater role in Korean
than in Japanese agriculture. In the mid-1930's the dry cereals
accounted for about 45% of the total harvested acreage, as
compared with 26% for rice. In terms of Weight, however,
production of dry cereals amounted to less than 3,000,000,000
:pounds, less than half the quantity of rice Barley was the
imost important of the dry cereals, and was followed by millet,
;wheat, naked barley, and buckwheat. Corn, oats, and sorghum
are used primarily as livestock feed.
(a) Wheat. Wheat accounted for little More than 5% of
the total prewar acreage, but it is estimated that production in
1944 was more than 20% greater than the average of 1933
to 1936. This grain is grown on dry land or as a second
icrop on rice fields. Average yields per acre are relatively
flow?about to to 14 bushels per acre, of less than half
:of those prevailing in Japan. During the 2 decades prior
to World War IT, the acreage declined, but yields per acre
and production rose by about to percent. In the mid-193o's,
:wheat production amounted to about 500,000,000 pounds.
More than 40% was grown in the province of Hwanghae-do,
and 14% in the neighboring province of P'yongan-namdo;
!Kangwon-do and Kyongsang-pukto together accounted for
iabout 17 percent.
(b) Barley. In Southern Korea barley is the staple food of
those who cannot afford rice. It is frequently grown as a
*The method of calculating the rice production was changed in 1936, and
the Korean authorities published recalculated figures of rice production back
to 1929. These recalculated figures, 25,8% higher than the original statistics,
have been used for 1933 and 1934.
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second crop preceding the planting of rice. Production rose by
more than 50% during the two decades prior to World War
IT, as the result of an increase of more than 30% in acreage
and a rise in yield per acre. However, the yield per acre was
still only about 20 bushels, or half that obtained in Japan.
Average production in 1933, 1934, and 1936 amounted to
1,800,000 pounds, 58% of which was grown in the 3 south-
ern provinces of Kyongsang-pukto, Kyongsang-namdo, and
Cholla-namdo ; 1944 production is estimated to have been about
2,400,000,000 pounds.
(c) Naked barley. The production of naked or hull-less
barley amounted to 340,000,000 pounds between 1933 and
1936; 90% was grown in the 3 southernmost provinces of
Kyongsang-namdo, Cholla-pukto, and Cholla-namdo.
(d) Minor grains. Millet is to Northern Korea what barley
is to the southern' part of the country?'a cheap staple food
consumed by the poor. In the mid-1930's production of millet
amounted to about 1,200,000,000 pounds; millet and buck-
wheat together amounted to about 1,350,000,000 pounds. More
than 8o% of this was grown in the 6 northern provinces of
Hamgyong-pukto, Hamgyong-namdo, Kangwon-do, P'yon-
gan-pukto, P'yongan-namdo, and Hwang-hae-do. An increase
of about to% in millet production has occurred since 1936.
(3) Beans.
Together with rice, soybeans are the most important source
of protein in the Korean diet, and they rank second only to
rice as an article of export. They are grown throughout the
country and account for 13% of the total crop acreage. Acreage
as well as yields have remained practically the same since 1920;
yields are only half those in Japan. Production averaged about
1,200,000,000 pounds annually between 1933 and 1936.
Production of other beans, amounting to 300,000,000
pounds, is concentrated in the northern provinces of P'yongan-
pukto, P'yongan-namdo, Hwanghae-do, Hamgyong-namdo,,
and Kangwon-do, which together account for nearly 75% of
the total.
(4) Potatoes.
The production of sweet potatoes amounted to almost 400,-
000,000 pounds before the war and to about 1,650,000,000
pounds in 1944. They are grown chiefly in the south and
along the west coast. Cholla-namdo alone accounted for 40;
Kyongsang-pukto for 13%; and Kyonggi-do, Hwanghae-do,
and P'yongan-namdo together for about 30% of prewar
production.
Irish potatoes, on the other hand, are grown
the north and east. Of the total production of
pounds in the mid-4930's, 70% was grown in
of Hamgyong-pukto, Hamgyong-namdo, and
Production has now been expanded by about 40
principally in
1,300,000,000
the provinces
Kangwon-do.
percent.
(5) Vegetables and fruit.
Vegetable production, which amounted to 3,000,000,000
pounds in prewar years, is believed to have declined. It is fairly
evenly distributed, with a slight concentration along the west
coast of Northern and Central Korea. The provinces of
P'yongan-pukto, P'yongan-namdo, Hwanghae-do, Kyonggi-
do, and Ch'ungch'ong-namdo raise 58% of the total.
Little fruit is grown in Korea and only about 200,000,000
pounds are produced in a normal year. The northern provinces
of P'yongan-namdo, Hwanghae-do, and Hamgyong-namdo
produced about half the total; Kyongsang-pukto, Kyongsang-
namdo, Cholla-pukto, and Kyonggi-do contribute about 8%
each.
(6) Sugar.
Sugar production (from sugar beets) is negligible. About
5,000,000 pounds are produced in P'yongan-namdo and
Hwankhae-do.
(7) Animal products.
There is little livestock farming. Cattle constitute the high-
est percentage of total livestock numbers (FIGURE IX-3). In
prewar years 125,000,000 pounds of meat were produced
annually. Kyonggi-do accounted for 18%, and Kyongsang-
pukto and Kyongsang-namdo together for 29 percent. Milk
production was about 7,000,000 pounds, 42% of which was
obtained in ICyonggi-do. The production of butter, which
amounted to 6,000,000 pounds annually, was concentrated in
the Central Korean provinces of Kyonggi-do and Ch'ung-
ch'ong-namdo, each of which contributed Y3, and Kyongsang-
pukto, almost one-fifth.
Egg production, amounting to 28,000,000 pounds, was rather
evenly distributed; only Kyonggi-do, Cholla-namdo, and
IIwanghae-do produced more than io% each.
FIGURE IX - 3. P'yongan-naindo, P'yongyang (Heijo).
Cattle market. Meat is a negligible item in the Korean diet, and
protein is obtained chiefly from grains, beans, and fish.
D. Surpluses and deficits.
Prewar surpluses and deficits of food production are shown
in TABLE IX-5 and FIGURE IX-46 by area and in TABLE IX-6
by foods. These surpluses and deficits for the country as a
whole are actual net exports or imports and do not take into
account the actual nutritional requirements of the population.
Korea's food surpluses are obtained largely at the cost of
inadequate food consumption within .the country. Provincial
surpluses and deficits are calculated by assuming uniform per
capita consumtion of foods in all parts of Korea.
Large quantities of rice are exported each year, almost
exclusively to japan. Exports increased considerably after
World War I. By the mid-1930's they had reached about
2,400,000,000 pounds-1 o times the level of exports prevail-
ing prior to World War I?or about Y3 of the total crop.
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TABLE IX - 5
KOREA, FOOD PRODUCTION BY PROVINCES, SURPLUSES AND DEFICITS OF ALL STAPLE FOODSTUFFS*,
AVERAGE OF 1933,1934, AND 1936
AGGREGATE
CALORIES PRO-
DUCED ANNUALLY
FROM % OF STAPLE
ALL STAPLE
FOODS**
(BILLIONS)
FOOD PRO-
DUCTION BY
FOOD VALUE
7.0 OF
TOTAL
POPULATION
ANNUAL RICE
PRODUCTION
(MILLIONS
OF FOUNDS)
I% OF
TOTAL
RiCE PRO-
DUCTION
ANNUAL AGGREGATE SURPLUS (+) DAILY PER CAPITA SURPLUS (+)
OR DEFICIT ( -) OF ALL STAPLE OR DEFICIT (-) OF ALL STAPLE
FOOD STUFFS OVER REQUIREMENTS FOOD STUFFS OVER REQUIREMENTS
(MILLIONS
( BILLIONS OF POUNDS (POUNDS OF
OF OF UN MILLED UNMILLED
CA LOME S** ) BROWN RICE) (CALORIES**) BROWN RICE)
Northern Korea
Northeastern region
Hamgyong-pukto
644
3.7
3.6
64
0.9
? 2
+ 1
+ 4
+ 0.003
Hamgyong-namdo
1,010
5.8
7.4
237
3.5
- 141
- 103
- 230
- 0.167
Kangwon-do
1,010
5.8
6.9
344
5.1
- 34
- 25
- 60
- 0.044
Northwestern region
Hwanghae-do
2,629
15.1
7.4
575
8.4
-1- 739
? 538
? 1,196
+ 0.871
P'yongan-namdo
1,706
9.8
6.5
336
4.9
? 275
? 200
? 504
? 0.367
P'yongan-pulc to
1,097
6.3
7.4
428
6.3
+ 41
+ 30
-I- 67
? 0.049
Central Korea
Ch'ungch'ong-namdo
853
4.9
6.7
653
9.6
? 299
+ 218
+ 530
+ 0.386
Ch'ungch'ong- pukto
575
3.3
4.2
278
4.1
+ 87
+ 63
? 248
+ 0.181
Kyonggi-do
1,236
7.1
10.6
815
12.0
? 154
? 112
? 173
+ 0.126
Southern Korea
Kyongsang-pukto
1,567
9.0
11.2
810
11.9
? 416
? 303
? 444
? 0.323
Kyongsang-namdo
1,358
7.8
10.1
686
10.1
? 147
+ 107
+ 173
? 0.126
Cholla-namdo
2,559
14.7
11.0
861
12.6
+ 478
? 348
+ 518
? 0.378
Cholla-pukto
1,167
6.7
7.0
720
10.6
? 313
? 228
? 534
? 0.389
Total
17,411
100
100
6,807**1
100
+ 2,776
+ 2,020
+ 331
+ 0.241
*Difference between production and consumption requirements, the latter assumed to be equal to average prewar (1933-1934, 1934-1935, 1935-1936) con-
sumption. All estimates of surpluses and deficits are subject to a substantial margin of error, because of variations both in production and consumption. The
consumption of all foods varies considerably according to age, sex, degree of physical activity, stature, income, and access to food.
*5 After deductions for waste, seed, feed, and other non-food uses.
***Figures for 1933 and 1934 were adjusted according to the new method in order to have comparable quantities.
TABLE IX - 6
KOREA, PREWAR FOOD PRODUCTION, SURPLUSES
AND DEFICITS, BY FOODS
PRODUCT ION
( AVERAGE OF 1933,
1934, AND 1936)
( MILLIONS
OF POUNDS)
AGG RN:GAT E
ANN UAL
SURPLUS (+)
OR DEFICIT ( - ) *
( MILLIONS
OF POUNDS)
PERCENTAGE
OE AGGREGATE
SURPLUS (+)
OR DEFICIT (
TO PRODUCTION
(%)
Rice
6,807
2,328
+ 34
Wheat
517
-- 134
26
Barley
1,778
-- 36
2
Naked barley
339
Minor grains
1,349
324
24
Soybeans
1,206
217
18
Other beans
311
31
10
Peanuts
6
0.6
10
Sweet potatoes
388
Irish potatoes
1,263
Vegetables
3,026
Seaweed
+ 4
-I-- 56
Fruit
207
- 19
-- 9
Sugar
5
- 60
- 1,155
Fish
2,754
--f- 1,100
40
Meat
123
Milk
7
-- 2
- 26
Butter
6
Eggs
28
*Difference between production and estimated average consumption in the
crop years 1933-1934, 1934-1935, and 1936-1937.
Korean rice contributed about io% to the total Japanese rice
supply. In the crop-year 1944-1945 rice exports are believed
to be about 1,800,000,000 pounds, about Y4 of which is prob-
ably consumed by Japanese soldiers on the continent.
The spectacular increase in rice exports, Which continued
Up to the crop-year 1941-1942, although aSsociated with a
25% increase in rice production, required a slinultaneous reduc-
tion by nearly half in per 'capita consumption in Korea. This
decline was only partly offset by imports Of millet, wheat,
and barley, for in the mid-1930's these imports amounted to
only 52o,000,coo pounds, or less than of the food value
of the rice exports. If rice exports were stopped, the total
-food energy available- for Korean consumption would increase
by more than We,- or more than 250 calories per capita
:per day.
Net exports of soybeans before the war *minted to 2 i6,-
000,000 pounds, or 18% of Korean production, and are now
estimated at 200,000,000 pounds. Meanwhile Korea had to
!import about 30,000,000 pounds of beans. Sugar, the most
important import item after minor grains, amounted to about
;6o,000,000 pounds annually.
The outstanding food-surplus areas within Korea are
identified with coastal and river plains of the west coast, from
!P'yongan-namdo to Cholla-namdo. The pro-Vince of Hwang-
:hae-do, for example, produced in prewar years an _annual
;surplus equivalent in caloric value to 318 pounds of rice per
capita. P'yongan-namdo,. Ch'ungclfong-namdo, Cholla-pukto,
and Cholla-namdo produced per capita surpluses equivalent to
!between 130 and 150 pounds of rice. The national average was
about 90 pounds. Only the _2 northeast-coast provinces of
Haingyong-namdo and Kangwon-do have net food deficits.
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FIGURE IX - 4. Kyongsang-namdo, Kadok-to (Kotoku-to) (island).
Cultivating oyster beds. 193 l.
E. Fishing.
The junction of cold and warm sea currents off the coast
of Korea produces conditions favorable for fishing-. The
Korean catch is one of the largest in the Japanese Empire;
it yielded an average of 2,800,000000 pounds per year in the
mid-T93o's. In 1938 there was an abnormally high catch of
over 13,000,000,000 pounds. About 400,000 persons were de-
pendent upon fishing for their livelihood. The fishing popula-
tion has probably decreased considerably in recent years with
the increase in war industries.
(1) Kinds of fish.
Many kinds of edible fish occur in Korean waters. There are
also shellfish (FIGURE IX-4), seaweeds, and other kinds of sea
animals and plants. The most important fish is sardine, which
made up approximately 6o% of the total T939 catch. Pollock
accounted -for 13%; guchi (Sciaena schlegeli, or S. albiflora),
mackerel, tachi (Trichiurus japonicus), herring, prawns, and
others comprise the remainder of the catch. There is alsn
some breeding of fish in the Mterior of Korea, which con-
tributes 0.5% of the total catch.
(2) Location of fisheries.
The greater part of the deep-sea fishing is conducted off
the east coast, and most of the exports are from this. coast.
The scale of the west-coast industry is small& and the equip-
ment is more primitive. The sardine industry, centering on
the northeast coast, has been intensively developed by the
Japanese since the annexation. In contrast to the sardine in-
dustry in Japan, in which small fishermen predominate, the
Korean industry has been organized on a modern scale by
the Japanese, with a large capital investment. The sardine
travel northward to the colder waters in early summer and
return in autumn, thus providing 2 fishing seasons in Korean
waters.
(3) Fishermen and equipment.
In 1938 there were approximately io,000 Japanese living
in Korea who were dependent upon fishing as compared with
32,400 Koreans. The average value of the -catch per fisher-
man has been much higher in the Japanese-controlled fishing
industry than in the native Korean fisheries. Over 200 fishing
associations have been organized in Korea by the Japanese.
Japanese dominate the deep-sea fishing; Koreans fish mainly
in coastal waters with smaller boats. Of the 2,700 motorized
fishing- vessels in Korea in 1938, the majority were in the
northeast, where they had been brought by the Japanese. These
vessels were typically of between 5 and 20 tons.
(4) Fishing ports.
Of the total Korean catch between 1933 and 1936, approxi-
mately Yf was accounted for by the 5 cast-coast provinces.
The more important fishing ports on the east coast are the
following:
Haingyong-pukto (18% of the total catch)
Ch'ongjin (Seishin)
Unggi (Yaki)
Hamgyong-nanulo (16.% of the total catch)
Wonsan (Genzan)
IT.ungnarn (Konan)
Sinp'o (Shinho)
Ktuangwon-do (13% of the total catch)
Changjon (Chosen)
Chumunjin (Chtlmonshin)
Kyongsang-puleto (9% of the total catch)
P'ohang-dong (IIok6-do)
Kuryongp'o-ri (Kyilryiiho-ri)
Kamp'o-ri (Kanho-ri)
Kohung (KOlo5)
Kyongsang-nantdo (17% of the total catch)
Pusan (Fusan)
Masan (Masan)
Chinhae (Chinkai)
Pusan (Fusan) is the most important fishing port in the
southeast and has the largest fish 'market in Korea. North of
the Tongjoson-man (Korean gulf) the ports are primarily
bases for sardine fishing; Ch'ongjin (Seishin) ? is the Most
important of these.
There are many small ports along the west coast of Korea
(FfouRE IX-5). Chinnamp'o, Inch'on (Jinsen), and Mokpo
FIGURE IX - 5. Pyongan-pukto? Yongamp'o (Ryngampo).
Fishing vessels in the harbor, near the mouth of the Amnok-kang
(Yalu River), on the Manchurian border.
(Moppo), the main west-coast ports, are the chief suppliers
of fish for the big cities. Cholla-namdo, with 13% of the
total Korean catch, is the most important fishing province on
the west coast.
(5) Refrigeration.
Ice refrigeration is provided in all the larger ports. Because
of transportation and marketing difficulties, it has been more
profitable to export or process fish on the east coast than to
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ship it inland. A relatively large proportion of the total catch
is processed into fish oil and fertilizer, whereas most of the
catch in Japan is used for food.
(6) Production.
In the mid-t930's the average annual production of marine
Products was about 235,000,000 pounds. About 65% of the
total was made up of dried or salted marine products. Others
were boiled; and dried, salt-dried, frozen, or pickled. Hamg-
yong-namda and Kyongsang-namdo accounted for 42% of
the total production of marine products.
F. Food processing.
Food-products industries, excluding rice polishing, are sec-
ond only to Chemicals in value of factory and household output
in Korea. Production of processed foods is, however, low in
comparison with western countries. The proportion of house-
hold industry in this field is very large, and accounted for about
55% of the gross value of production in 1935 and 45% in 1938.
(1) Beverages.
Alcoholic beverages represented a little over 40% of the
total value of manufactured food products in the mid-1930's.
The Dai Nippon Beer and the Showa Kirin Beer companies
have subsidiaries in Korea, and there are about 130 plants
producing sake (a Japanese rice wine). These beverages are
produced primarily for the Japanese population, inasmuch as
most Koreans drink neither beer nor sake. Distilled spirits
are produced by many small and middle-sized enterprises, and
there are about to concerns engaged in the manufacture of
soft drinks..
(2) Canning.
Canning output is valued at from -3,000,000 to 4,000,00o
yen per year. Canned fish is the most important product of
the industry. There are many plants on the east coast, and
around Kyongsong (KeijO, Seoul). Most of the products
are exported.
(3) Confectionery.
The principal large producers of confectionery are the
Hokoku Seka K. K. and the Keijo Seka K. K. Korea annually
consumes confectionery valued at from 13,000,000 to 14,000,-
000 yen.
(4) Sugar refining.
In 1917 the ChOsen Sugar Manufacturing Company was
established and later amalgamated with the Japan Sugar
Manufacturing Company. A plant with a capacity of about
too,000,00O pounds was constructed at P'yongyang (HeijO).
It refined both imported sugar and sugar from beets grown
in P'yong-namdo and Hwanghae-do. In 1931 beet cultivation
was curtailed, and the plant engaged only ;in the refining of
imported raw sugar. In 1937, 96,000,000 pounds were refined.
In view of the present shipping situation, it may be processing-
domestic beet sugar again, although probably only in small
quantities. .
(5) Wheat -flour.
"I.Pere are 7 modern flour mills in Korea. The first was
built in Chinnamp'o (Chinnampo) in 1919 by the Manshu
Seibun K .K.. The Chosen Seibun K. K.. has ; in Chinnamp'o,
and the Nippon Seibun K. K. has mills in Kyongsong (KeijO,
Seoul) and Inch'on (Jinsen). These mills have a combined
Capacity- of almost 1,000,000 pounds.
- (6) Soy sauce and miso (bean paste).
The production of soy sauce and miso has grown with the
increase of the Japanese population in Korea. The average
production of //pis? in the 1930's was approximately 14,000,-
poo pounds. Production of soy sauce is centered in Kyongsong
!(Keijra, Seoul), Inch,'on (Jinsen), Pusan (Fusan), P'yong-
-yang (Heijo), and Taejon (Taiden). Average production in
-prewar years was approximately 800,000 gallons.
(7) Rice cleaning.
There are about 6,000 small rice-cleaning mills scattered
throughout Korea, with a slight concentration in the principal
consuming and exporting cities. The Koreans generally used
:medium-polished rice, while exports to Japan consisted largely
of polished and unpolished rice. In recent years the Japanese
have forbidden the use of polished rice in order to retain the
.:maximum food value-; this regulation applies to both Japanese
and Koreans.
92. Water Supply
Water is abundant: wherever storage facilities have been
provided. Surface waters form the principal !source of drink-
ling water; rivers are most commonly utilized, and springs
land dug wells are of minor importance. About four-fifths of
the country consists of hilly or; mountainous slopes. In eastern
Korea the narrow gorges of the short rivers extend almost to
the coast; in western KOrea the streams Meander through
extensive lowlands before reaching the Yellow Sea. Most of
ithe cities of the south and west coasts have Municipal water-
works, and a few have sewerage systems; few inland cities
have such facilities. -The 85 waterworks (1939) are probably
!comparable to those of Japan, employing slow sand filters but
no chlorination. Irrigation and power dams could be tapped for
supplementary supplies. Both raw and treated water through-
:but Korea should be regarded as contaminated.
A. General availability and quality.
(1) Availability of natural water.
(a) Precipitation and surface runoff. Precipitation in most
lof Korea varies with the season and the location. Where
ladequate storage facilities have been provided, rainfall is
!sufficient to meet all seasonal needs. Much of the rainfall is
in the form of torrential monsoonal showers ; the lack of
ivegetational cover permits rapid runoff, and occasional flash
floods ruin crops and cause considerable damage.
The western, eastern, and southeastern coastal margins near
!Inch'on (Jinsen), Kaesong (KaijO), Wonsan (Genzan), and
!Pusan ; (Fusan) normally have an annual rainfall of 35 to 40
!inches. Kaesong, which is further inland (FIGURE IX-47),
jhas recorded variations of from 31 to 47 inches. Inch'on's
seasonal precipitation ranges from 25 to 66 . inches. Both
Inch'on and Kaesong have stations which have reported 7 to
1io inches of rainfall in one day, but the average annual fall is
4.0 inches. The south and east coasts are subject to typhoons
!which sometimes bring excessive rainfall of 2o or more inches
in 3 to 4 days during-the summer.
! The climate is driest and the precipitation less variable in
the north and northeast. The annual spread of rainy days is
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high, with a slight maximum in June, and there is an annual
average of 28 to 30 inches of rainfall.
Much of the winter precipitation is in- the form of snow.
Individual falls may be greater in. the south than in the north.
Thawing occurs throughout the winter in the south, and is
rare in the northern and interior highlands ; thus, the accumula-
tion is greater in the higher latitudes and higher altitudes.
The mountains receive and retain so much of this snowfall
that in spring the lowlands are well-watered even in dry years.
(b) Lakes, swamps, groundwater, and springs. The coun-
try is well drained with the exception of narrow coastal
swamps and marsh lands along the eastern shoreline. The
marshes are most conspicuous at the height of the rainy sea-
son, when the silt-choked rivers flood their tidal estuaries.
Swamps and lakes are relatively minor sources of water.
There are, however, several rather large artificial lakes im-
pounded for irrigation and hydroelectric purposes.
The groundwater table is o:ften low and sometimes in-
adequate because of rapid runoff; this is especially true in
the highlands. During times of normal precipitation there is
a fairly high groundwater level in the eastern lowlands, but
wells often dry up during- periods of low seasonal precipitation.
? There are approximately 68 spring areas ; the principal
concentrations are in the northeastern, the north-central, and
the extreme eastern portions of the peninsula. About 8 of the
hot-spring regions have become popular spas, and borings 20
TO 50 feet deep in depth have been made to increase the supply
of hot water. One famous spa is located near Tongnae (Torai),
8 miles northeast of Pusan. There were 43 borings and seep-
ages in this region in 1924, some of them supplying as many
as 8,250 gallons per day.
(2) Availability of water from developed sources.
(a) Number, distribution., and capacity of waterworks.
Eighty-four municipalities were supplied .by developed water-
works in 1937. These are listed in TABLES TX-3 and IX-4,
and their location is shown in FIGURE TX-47. .MOst of the
municipal waterworks are in the cities of the west :and south
coasts, but there are a few in the interior.
The average daily per capita supply of 18 representative
waterworks was 34.5 gallons in 1937. The daily total capacity
of the systems ranged from a maximum of 4,500,000 gallons
at P'yongyang (HeijO) to 1,870 gallons at - Pakch'on
? (Hakusen).
(b) Wells. Shallow dug wells are second in importance to
rivers and streams as a source of -water supply. They are more
numerous near rivers and on river floodplains, and are often
supplemental sources in municipalities which have developed
waterworks. There were, for example, more than 3,820 dug
wells at Taegu '(Taikya) in 1937. Many of the wells, however,
are reported to be Unreliable and sometimes to fail completely
during the dry season. Those near coastal marsh lands may
be brackish.
(c) Irrigation, ponds, canals, and ditches. Most of the
villages in the lowlands of the west and south have canals and
small storage ponds for irrigating rice paddies. These irriga-
tion facilities are constructed and maintained by government-
subsidized local, water associations. In some cases the facilities
include large impounding dams and reservoirs (FIGURES IX-6
to IX- ). These reservoirs are large potential sources of
water in time of shortage, as are the large reservoirs built for
FIGURE IX 6. Kangwon-do, Yckivoku (approximately 380 10' N,
128?00' E).
Dam of an irrigation reservoir near the Kumgang-san
(Kongo-san) (Diamond Mountain). 1935 or before.
FIGURE IX - 7. P'yongan-pukto, Uiju (Gishn).
The Taika irrigation reservoir. 1936 or before.
FIGURE IX - 8. Cholla-pukto, Chonju (Zensh17).
The Ungan clam of the Toshin Irrigation System. Supplies water
to the Kintei district. Before 1930.
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FIGURE IX - 9. Kangwon-do, near Pokkye-ri (Fukukei-ri)
(38? 26' N, 127? 15' E).
The Pongnae (Horn) dam of the Central Utility Association,
serving the Ch'orwon (Tetsugen) and P'yonggang (Heik(5) areas.
Before 1930.
FIGURE IX.- 10. Hamgyong-narndo, near Hungnam (KOnan).
The ChOshin-ko dam, serving the ChOshin-kO power development.
In many areas well water also is turbid, highly mineralized,
and polluted. The pollution is of an extremely dangerous type
and may penetrate deeply because of the fluctuation of the
groundwater table; this is especially true in highly agricultural
areas.
! The water from hot springs is highly mineralized and often
is radioactive; it also is subject to pollution. Most of the cold
Springs are located in the uplands and are pure at the source,
but their water is rapidly contaminated. Their discharge varies
greatly, and some may fail entirely during the dry season.
(4) Quality of water from developed sources.
(a) Waterworks. The treated water from! waterworks, al-
though subject to periodic examination by the health depart-
Ments of the principal cities, should be regarded as con-
taminated. This is true of many plants because of the low
Standards of plant administration, and the unsatisfactory meth-
Os of distributing treated supplies.
; A few Korean cities have sewerage systems. In these cities
the water supply should be less subject to pollution. In 1937
sewage-disposal systems were in operation in the following
t8 municipalities (FmuRE IX-47) :
Kyongsong (Keijo, Seoul) Chinnamp'0 (Chinnampo)
Fusan (Fusan)
P'yongyang (Heijo)
Taegu (Taikya)
inch'on (Jinsen)
Sinuiju (Shingishii)
Hamhung (Kanke)
Ch'ongjin (Seishin)
Wonsan (Genzan)
Chonju (Zensh-ft)
Kunsan (Gunzan)
Taej on (Taiden )
Najin (RaShin)
Haeju (Kaisha)
Chinju (Shinsha)
Kwangju (Koshu)
Mokp'o (Moppo)
FIGURE IX - 11. Ilaragyong-namdo '(40? 30-40' N, 127? 30-35' E).
The Fusen Reservoir, focus of a large hydroelectric power development. Dam in le ft background.
hydroelectric developments. Some of the reservoirs are now
used as sources of water for human consumption. Other less
elaborate irrigation projects also are important water sources.
This use of irrigation storage reflects the unreliable and
variable nature of natural water sources, especially the rainfall.
(3) Quality of water from natural sources.
Surface water in the lowlands is turbid and highly polluted
because of the common practice of using night-soil as fertilizer.
The water in the highlands of the eastern interior is prob-
ably less subject to pollution inasmuch as its streams flow
through less populated areas. Many of the rivers are very
turbid, and the water reportedly has a high mineral content
which makes it unfit for drinking. The upper reaches of the
streams and riversare probably less highly mineralized.
(b) Wells. Shallow wells often supply turbid and highly
'contaminated water because of poor construction which permits
!!seepage. This condition could be remedied by deeper :drilling
land casing to a depth of at least 20 feet. The fluctuation of
,
!,the groundwater level and the occasional drYing of the wells
;Is apt to result in water pollution following the dry season.
:In some places the ground water is highly ! mineralized and
Ethe well water may be unfit for drinking.
(c) Irrigation, ponds, ditches, and canal. These are dan-
gerously polluted because of their proximity! to agricultural
areas fertilized with night-soil. Their water generally is turbid
and may be mineralized. Some of the larger irrigation reser-
;voirs in the lulls probably contain water of better quality, ? and
they certainly are less subject to pollution.
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B. Technical aspects of developed municipal water supply.
(I) Quality of developed systems.
Little positive information is available on the quality of
Korean waterworks. Approximately 29 waterworks were ap-
parently in operation in 1927. Approximately 55 plants are
reported to have been constructed between 1930 and -1936, and
extensive development of more modern irrigation and storage
systems probably occurred at about the same time. In 1939 there
were 85 waterworks in 84 Korean municipalities. Much of the
construction may be assumed to have been done under Japanese
supervision, and the quality of the Korean waterworks thus
should compare favorably with those in Japan. Waterworks
in Japan proper are reasonably modern in most cities ; they
use slow and rapid sand-filtration methods, but rarely disinfect
by chlorination.
The use of slow sand filtration appears to predominate in
Korea and there is no definite evidence of the employment of
rapid filters. Both raw and treated water, however, :should be
carefully examined by competent medical men, and then treated
on the basis of their recommendations, even though it may
have passed through a purification system.
(2) Water sources and source installations.
(a.) Sources and intakes. Twenty-nine percent of all the
systems for which information is obtainable are known to
derive their raw water from rivers or streams. The sources for
the remainder are unknown, but it is highly probable that at
least 95% of all municipal systems utilize surface runoff. Lakes
and deep drilled wells are uncommon sources of raw water.
A few systems are known to have such source installations
as intake towers, or underwater pipes in rivers; at least one
system uses infiltration galleries for collecting water. Inch'on
(Jinsen), and P'yongyang (HeijO) have intake towers in the
Han-gang (Kan-ko) and Taedong-gang (Daido-ko) (rivers),
respectively. Kyongsong (Seoul, Keijo) in 1927 had a T-
shaped underwater intake pipe (a 22-inch pipe extending
perpendicular to the river bed, and a 20-inch pipe paralleling
the river), in the Han-gang (Kan-kb). Chinnamp'o (Chin-
nampo) and Pusan (Fusan) have intake pumping wells.
Inch'on, Kyongsong-, and P'yongyang are equipped with
elaborate pumping stations near their river intakes.
(b) Dams and impounded raw water. Few of the dams
were built prima. lily for supplying water to municipal water-
works. Most were constructed to provide storage reservoirs
for irrigation or hydroelectric developmentts. Cut-Stone ma-
sonry, concrete, and earth-filled dams are the most common
forms of construction.
Pusan has 3 major dams and a river intake. The combined
storage capacity of the dams is over 201,000,000 gallons of
water. Much of this supply is probably used for irrigation,
as only 2,300,000 gallons per day were actually supplied for
municipal uses in 1939. Kyongsong, on the other hand, drew
an average of 7,500,000 gallons per day from its underwater
river source in 1939. One of the dams at Pusan (the Seichi-
tani) is the largest on which information, is available; it is 94
feet high, 447 feet long, and 12 feet thick at the top, and it
impounds 172,000,000 gallons. The Suyong-gang (Suiei-kO)
dam in the same area has a capacity of 358,000,000 gallons,
but its dimensions are unknown. Chinnamp'o has a dam 55 feet
high, 906 feet long, and 16 feet thick at the top, which im-
pounds Over 96,000,000 gallons. Chinhae (Chinkai), Mokp'o
(Moppo), and Chinnamp'o all have dams directly or indirectly
concerned with municipal water supply.
(c) Aqueducts and conduits. Many cities receive raw water
by pipe line or conduit over fairly long distances. Most of these
pipe lines are cast iron. Kunsan (Gunzan) has 18.1 miles of
conduit carrying raw water to the treatment plant, and Pusan
has 88.6 miles of conduit (TABLE IX-8).
(3) Purification systems and storage of treated water.
Several of the purification systems are known to be modern
in design, and in all likelihood there are others. Inch'on,
.Kyongsong, P'yongyang, and Taegu (Taikyn) have ade-
quate purification facilities, which include mixing basins,
coagulation equipment, sedimentation basins, filters, and chlo-
rinating devices (FIGURE IX-14). There is no indication of
the employment of either an aeration process or of rapid
sand filters.
Information on purification facilities is available for only
17 of the municipalities with waterworks. The type of equip-
ment and percentage of plants known to employ each type is
shown in the following tabulation.
Mixing basins
20.0
Coagulating equipment
20.0
Sedimentation basins
50.0
Filters
93.0
Chlorination devices
1.3
Aeration equipment
0.0
The remaining 70 systems are known to have waterworks,
but data on purification equipment are unavailable.
(4) Distribution of municipal water supply.
Treated water is distributed by both pumping and gravity
methods. The methods of distribution for the 85 plants are
shown in the following tabulation.
Pumps
Gravity
Pumping and gravity
Unknown
34.2
34.2
3.5
28.1
Reservoirs for. the storage of drinking water generally have
relatively small capacities compared with the total daily con-
sumption of water. At least one city, P'yongyang, is known
to have small local concrete cisterns or storage reservoirs at
various levels throughout the city, and several have rather
long networks of cast-iron distribution mains (FIGURE IX-
12). Consumers draw treated water from taps or hydrants
which are often located centrally in a city block. One public
hydrant, for example, may serve a number of homes in the
immediate vicinity. Other homes are supplied by a single,
private, conveniently located tap or hydrant.
C. Present water uses and adaptability to military supply.
(1) Present water uses.
Most cities with a population of io,000 or more are fairly
well supplied with drinking water from municipal systems,
supplemented by shallow dug wells. The cities with waterworks
often have a network of hydrants for fire fighting.
Water is widely used for irrigation, and crop yields have been
increased in recent years by utilizing irrigation water from
storage reservoirs. In 1937 more than 2,880,000 acres were
served by water installations : impounded reservoirs, 21.1%;
diversion canals, 51.0%; pumping systems, 5.4%; and more
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primitive devices, 22.4 percent. At this time there were 190
irrigation associations in the country. The highest develop-
ment of irrigation projects is in southwestern Korea, where
one-fifth of the entire area is irrigated.
(2) Military adaptability.
The chief problems of military water supply in Korea will
involve the following- factors :
The seasonal variation of rainfall and groundwater as it
affects local water sources;
The quantity of water desired as related to the sources
available in a specific locality;
The quality of the water and its relation to the purpose for
which it is desired (human consumption, bathing, for boilers
and the like).
The dangerous impurities that are likely to be encountered
in natural waters are:
Organic pollution in both surface and subsurface waters;
Dissolved minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron salts), often
physiologlcally dangerous;
Contaniination by chemical warfare agents.
TABLES IX-7 and .IX-8 afford a concise summary of the
pertinent available data for adaption of municipal water sup-
plies to military needs. TABLE IX-7 lists the cities which have
developed waterworks, but which are not known to have
purification facilities; TABLE IX-8 lists the cities which are
known to have both waterworks and purification installations.
Cognizancg. should be taken of the potential water reserve
existing in the interior, where reservoirs impound water for
irrigation and hydroelectric projects. Wells are too unreliable
in quantity of flow to justify dependence upon them as a major
source of water. Most are highly polluted, but deeper drilling
and proper casing would undoubtedly make them less danger-
ous. All water sources should be regarded as dangerous, and
all water, regardless of its source, should be disinfected
before use.
TABLE IX - 7
TABLE IX - 7 Continued
AVERAGE
DATE DAILY
OF IN- TOTAL CON-
CITY FOR- SUMPTION
PROVINCE MA- (GALLONS
!POPULATION* TION PER DAY)
giinjo 1939- 79,200
(ShinshO) 1941
Kyongsang-namdo
'..35,380 (1937)
143,291 (1940)
Cboch'iwon 1936 40,000
((hOchiin)
ch'ungch'ong-
naindo
Ch'onan 1939 120,000
( renan)
Cll'ungch'ong-
namdo
!17,977
1939 9103000
(Seishin)
Hamgyong-pukto
66,953 (1937)
197,918 (1940)
Cliongj u 1939
(teishfi)
p'yongan-pukto
12,502
Cliongju 1938-
(Seishii) 1939
Ch'ungch'ong-pukto
30,143
Ch'orwon
(Tetsugen) 1939
Kangwon-do
dh'uja-kundo 1936
(Shashi-guntO)
(island S of
Cholla-namdo)
Chunghwa 1938
(ChOwa)
P'yongarpliamdo
DISTRIBUTION
FACILITIES
Pumping system
36 public hydrants
374 private hydrants
Pumping system
30 public hydrants
156 private hydrants
RE MARKS
30 fire hydrants
Population served:
5,119 (1937)
1,085 homes served
River Intake
36 fire hydrants
182 homes served
Pumping system 32 fire hydrants
20 public hydrants 346 homes served
206 private hydrants
Pumping system
1,707 hydrants
162,300 feet-of mains
72,600 Gravity system
56 public hydrants
498 private hydrants ?
1938- 95,000 Pumping system
32 public hydrants
316 private hydrants
KOREA, CITIES WITH DEVELOPED WATERWORKS;
- PURIFICATION FACILITIES UNKNOWN
(NOTE: Japanese names appear in parentheses.)
Fl aeunt'ae 1936
(Kaiuntai)
Kyongsang-namdo
Fjoeryong 1939
(Kainei)
AVERAGE
IIamgyong-pukto
DATE DAILY
22,821
OF IN-TOTAL CON-
CITY FOR-SUMPTION
Hunghae 1936
PROVI N CE MA-(GALLONS DISTRIBUTION
((okai)
POPULATION* TION PER DAY) FACILITIES REMARKS
,Kyongsang-pukto
Andong (Anto) 1939 Waterworks
Hungnam 1938-
Kyongsang-pukto
(KOnan) 1939
31,686
EIamgyong-namdo
Anju (Ansha) 1939 92,600 Pumping system 31 fire hydrants
58,077 (1937)
P'yongan-namdo 53 public hydrants 531 homes served
140,000 (1941)
, 227 private hydrants
Hwangju 1939
Chaeryong 1939 93,000 Pumping system 36 fire hydrants
(Koshu)
(Sainei) 21 public hydrants 1,087 homes served
Hwanghae-do
Hwanghae-do 219 private hydrants
I-ri (Ri-ri) 1938-
17,941
Cho1la-pukto 1939
Changhung 1936 Waterworks
21,335
(CholcO)
Kaesong 1939-
Cholla-namdo
(Kaijo) 1941
Changjon 1939 Waterworks
!Kyonggi-do
(Chosen)
72,062 (1940)
Kwangwon-do.
17,510
Kanggye 1938-
Changsungp'o-ri 1936 Waterworks
(KOkai) 1939
(ChashOho-ri)
P'yongan-pukto
Kyongsang-npndo
17,898
238,000
720,000
78,400
156,000
518,000
125,000
Pumping system
10 public hydrants
Gravity system
.52 public hydrants
459 private hydrants
Pumping system
101 public hydrants
426 private hydrants
Pumping system
24 public hydrants
193 private hydrants
Pumping system
55 public hydrants
521 private hydrants
Gravity system
1,412 hydrants
17.5 miles of mains
Pumping system
27 public hydrants
127 private hydrants
Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
149 fire hydrants
1 Ship's service
hydrant
8,623 homes served
Population served :
37,475
96 dug wells
Waterworks
41 fire hydrants
767 homes served
505 homes served
46 fire hydrants
Waterworks
10 fire hydrants
Waterworks
3,185 homes served
38 fire hydrants
River Intake
Waterworks
1,836 homes served
40 fire hydrants
425 homes served
22 fire hydrants
647 homes served
50 fire hydrants
2,546 homes served
110 fire hydrants
Population served:
16,536
1,523 dug wells
1,314 homes served
29 fire hydrants
Confidential
? Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
RESOURCES AND TRADE
Page IX -15
CITY
PROVINCE
DATE
OF IN-
FOR-
MA-
POPULATION* TION
Kanggyong 1938-
(Kokei) 1939
Ch'ungch'ong-
namdo
17,009
Kangnung 1939
(Kat-y(5)
Kangwon-do
18,431
Kohung (KOko) 1938
Cholla-namdo
Kongju 1939
(KOsha)
Ch'ungch'ong-
namdo
12,054
Konyang 1936
(Konya)
Kyongsang-namdo
Kosong (KojO ) 1936
Kyongsang-namdo
Kumch'on 1938-
(Kinsen) 1939
Kyongsang-pukto
18,882
Kumch'on 1936
(Kinsen)
IIwanghae-do
Kumhae 1936-
(Kinkai) 1939
Kyongsang-namdo
22,561
Kumje (Kintei) 1936-
Cholla-pukto 1939
17,729
Kyongju 1938-
( Keishft) 1939
Kyongsang-pukto
21,787
Kyongsan 1938
(Keizan)
Kyongsang-pukto
Masan (Masan) 1939-
Kyongsang- 1941
namdo
32,411 (1937)
36,429 (1940)
Miryang 1939
(Mitsuyo)
Kyongsang-namdo
17,548
Naeraro-do 1936
(Nairaro-to)
Cholla-namdo
(island)
Najin (Rashin) 1939
IIatngyong-pukto
38,319 (1940)
Nanam (Rattan) 1939
lIamgyong-pukto
21,258
Nonsan 1938
(Ronzan)
Ch'ungch'ong-
namdo
Pakch'on
(Hakusen)
P'yongan-pukto
TABLE IX - 7 Continued
AVERAGE
DAILY
TOTAL CON-
SUMPTION
(GALLONS DISTRIBUTION
PER DAY) FACILITIES
Gravity system
60 public hydrants
321 private hydrants
6,000 Gravity system
18 public hydrants
22 private hydrants
137,000 Gravity system
96 public hydrants
292 private hydrants
191,000
Pumping system
45 public hydrants
508 private hydrants
100,000 Pumping system
4 public hydrants
226 private hydrants
10 public hydrants
299,000 Gravity system
48 public hydrants
1,151 private hydrants
72,600 feet of mains
148,000
Pumping system
28 public hydrants
204 private hydrants
144,000 Gravity system
51 public hydrants
370 private hydrants
142,000 Gravity system
31 public hydrants
61 private hydrants
1938 1,870 Pumping system
15 public hydrants
61 private hydrants
REMARKS
1,151 homes served
38 fire hydrants
1 ship's service
hydrant
River source ( ?)
Waterworks
384 homes served
6 fire hydrants
546 homes served
24 fire hydrants
Reservoir 1.5 - 2
miles S of city
Waterworks
Waterworks
736 homes served
50 Ere hydrants
Waterworks
Waterworks
Waterworks
608 homes served
39 fire hydrants
20 fire hydrants
1,287 homes served
78 fire hydrants
4 ship's service
hydrants
1,229 dug wells
Population served:
6,537
935 homes served
38 Ere hydrants
Waterworks re-
ported on island;
location unknown
Water works
1,868 homes served
45 fire hydrants
River Source ( ?)
460 homes served
11 Ere hydrants
460 homes served
11 fire hydrants
CITY
PROVINCE
TABLE IX - 7 Continued
AVERAGE
DATE DAILY
OF IN-
FOR-
MA-
POPULATION* TION
P'ohang-dong 1938-
(Hoko-dO) 1939
Kyongsang-pukto
15,250 (1937)
Pukchin 1944
(Hokuchin)
P'yongan-pukto
Pyoktong 1938
(Hekido)
P'yongan-pukto
P'yonggang 1938
(Heiko)
Kangwon-do
Sach'on 1936
(Shisen)
Kyongsang-namdo
Samch'onp'o 1938-
(Sanzenho) 1939
Kyongsang-namdo
20,456
Sin'gosan 1938
(Shinkozan)
IIamgyong-naindo
Sinuiju 1938-
( Shingishft) 1941
P'yongan-pukto
51,347 (1937)
61,143 (1940)
Sonch'on 1938-
(Sensen) 1939
P'yongan-pukto
19,453
Songjin 1938-
(Joshin) 1939
liamgyong-pukto
23,496
Stinch'on
(Junten)
Cholla-nat.-tido
23,462
Taejon 1938-
(Taiden) 1941
Ch'ungch'ong-
namdo
40,001 (1937)
45,541 (1940)
Tanch'on 1938
(Tansen)
Hamgyong-namdo
T'ongch'on 1938
(Tsftsen)
Kwangwon-do
Tongnae 1939
(Torai)
Kyongsang-namdo
18,985
T'ongyong 1938-
(Toei) 1939
Kyongsang-namdo
23,826
Uiju (Gishft) 1939
P'yongan-pukto
TOTAL CON-
SUMPTION
(GALLONS DISTRIBUTION
PER DAY) FACILITIES
141,000 Gravity system
88 public hydrants
427 private hydrants
Pumping system
7 public hydrants
106,000 Pumping system
17 public hydrants
114 private hydrants
82,300 Gravity system
21 public hydrants
94 private hydrants
7,350 Gravity system
15 public hydrants
60 private hydrants
628,267 Gravity system
241 public hydrants
? 1,276 private hydrants
56,100 feet of mains
52,400 Pumping system
38 public hydrants
183 private hydrants
105,000 Gravity system
109 public hydrants
379 private hydrants
2 reservoirs SW of
city (may be raw
water)
Gravity system
30 public hydrants
494 private hydrants
1938 247,000
Ulsan (Urusan) 1939
Kyongsang-namdo
15,587
342,000
792,000
(maxi-
mum)
Gravity system
31 public hydrants
839 private hydrants
43,800 Pumping system
13 public hydrants
88 private hydrants
46,600 Pumping system
23 public hydrants
93 private hydrants
14,000 Pumping system
64 public hydrants
134 private hydrants
45,000
67,000
(maxi-
mum
1922)
Pumping system
14 public hydrants
37 private hydrants
Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
REMARKS
1,673 homes served
24 fire hydrants
1 ship's service
hydrant
River intake
Waterworks supple-
mented by wells and
springs
8 fire hydrants
583 homes served
8 fire hydrants
River intake
Waterworks
296 homes served
5 fire hydrants
395 homes served
5 fire hydrants
4,580 homes served
91 fire hydrants
1 ship's service
hydrant
166 dug wells
River intake ( ?)
740 homes served
30 fire hydrants
1,374 homes served
39 fire hydrants
1 ship's service
hydrant
River intake ( ?)
568 homes served
46 fire hydrants
930 homes served
81 fire hydrants
Population served:
5,503
418 homes served
11 fire hydrants
407 homes served
10 fire hydrants
Waterworks
Hot spring spa
1,878 homes served
31 fire hydrants
River intake
1,344 homes served
5 fire hydrants
River intake
Waterworks
Page IX -16
Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
RESOURCES AND TRADE
Confidential
DATE
OF IN-
CITY FOR-
PROVINCE MA-
POPULATION TION
Unggi (Yuki) 1939
Hamgyong-pukto
22,085
Wan-do 1938
(Kan-ta)
Cholla-namdo
Yonan (Enan) 1938-
f Iwanghae-do 1939
16,167
Yongch'on 1936
(Eisen) 1939
Kyongsang-pukto
17,715
TABLE IX - 7 Continued
AVERAGE
DAILY
TOTAL CON-
SUMPTION
(GALLONS
PER DAY)
DISTRIBU1ION
FACILITIES
Reservoir in hills W
of harbor (maybe
raw water)
25,000 Gravity system
21 public hydrants
52 private hydrants
74,300 Pumping system
27 public hydrants
229 private hydrants
REMARKS
Waterworks
Pipe line from reser-
voir to storage tank,
to water tower near
railroad tracks
236 homes served
14 fire hydrants
809 homes served
15 fire hydrants
Waterworks
DATE
OE IN-
'CITY FOR-
PROVINCE MA-
: POPULATION* TION
Yongdungp'o 1936
(Eit61-16)
: Kyonggi-do
Yonghung 1936
(Eika)
Hamgyong-tiamdo
Yosu (Reisui) 1936 106,000
Cholla-namdo
31,259
TABLE IX - 7 Continued
AVERAGE
DAILY
TOTAL CON-
SUMPTION
(GALLONS DISTRIBUTION
PER DAY) FACILITIES
73,700 Pumping system
23 public hydrants
207 private hydrants
Gravity system
93 public hydrants
432 private hydrants
* Population as of 1937 unless otherwise specified.
TABLE IX - 8
KOREA, CITIES WITH BOTH DEVELOPED WATERWORKS AND PURIFICATION FACILITIES
REMARKS
Waterworks
623 homes served
14 fire hydrants
840 homes served
57 fire hydrants
3 ship's service
hydrants
CITY
PROVINCE
POPULATION*
Chinhae (Chinkai)
Kyongsang-namdo
18,988
(naval base)
Chinnamp'o (Chinnampo)
P'yongan-namdo
48,838 (1937)
68,676 (1940)
Chongju (Zensha
Cholla-pukto
42,520 (1937)
47,230 (1940
Ch'unch'on (Shunsen)
Kangwon-do
16,960
Haeju (Kaisha)
Hwanghae-do
48,650 (1937)
62,651 (1940)
fiamhung (Kanica)
Hamgyong-namdo
61,430 (1937)
75,320 (1940)
Inch'on ( Jinsen)
Kyonggi-do
102,453 (1937)
171,165 (1940)
Kunsan (Gunzan)
Cholla-pukto
40;553 (1940)
Kwangju (Kasha)
Cholla-namdo
57,461 (1937)
64,520 (1940)
AVERAGE
PER CAPITA
AND DAILY
DATE TOTAL CON-
OF IN- Popu- SUMPTION
FORMA- LATION (GALLONS
TION SERVED PER DAY)
1936- -
1939 145,000
1939- 23,657 18.7
1941 (1939) 472,000
1939- 8,400
1941
1938-
1939
SOURCE AND
SOURCE INSTALLATIONS
H: HEIGHT L: LENGTH
T: THICKNESS (TOP)
River Ma-ch'on (Ba-sell)
dam
Intake (Kendo-Ri)
Dam : 6 miles from city.
H: 55.6', L: 906.5', T: 16'
(T)
Reservoir approximate ca-
pacity, 96,450,000 gallons
River (Sanwa-Gawa)
5.7 miles from city
3 intake wells
River intake, infiltration
1,420 gallery?
- River intake
57,800
1939- 9,797 23.8 River intake
1941 236,000
1939- 23,952 33.8 River intake ( Shiro-kawa)
1941 817,000 and 2 bored wells
1939-
1941
35,845 34.1
1,220,000
Dam ( ?)
Han-gang (Kan-ko)
Intake tower (3 inlets)
Mixing pond
Pumping station
(FIGURE IX-12)
1939- 18,138 26.1 River intake?
1941 477,000 Reservoir in center of town
1938-
1939
- Lake C?) (1925)
268,000
PURIFICATION
FACILITIES
Filters
(1) 3 slow sand filters
Total capacity 486,-
000 gallons per day
(2) 1 slow sand filter
Approximate capacity
30,000 gallons per
day
2 slow sand filters
: Slow sand filters
Sedimentation basins
! Filtration plant
Slow sand filters
3 sedimentation basins,
total capacity, 4,120,-
000 gallons.
4 slow sand filters
Reported to be
"purified".
CLEAR-WATER RESERVOIRS
DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES
Pure-water reservoir
Gravity system
5 public hydrants
400 private hydrants
(1) Reservoir capacity 88,-
350 gallons
(2) 2 reservoirs, total capac-
ity 486,000 gallons, pump-
ing and gravity systems
224 public hydrants
1,340 private hydrants
84,000 feet of mains
Gravity system
2 reservoirs, total capacity
221;000 gallons
Pumping system
124 public hydrants
321 private hydrants
Gravity system
77 public hydrants
544 (or 1,118) ? private
hydrants
Pumping system
Reservoir total capacity
123,000 gallons
3,753 hydrants
2 pure-water reservoirs, total
capacity 1,031,000 gallons
Pumping system
3 distribution reservoirs,
total capacity, 1,220,000
gallons. Located on
(Songim) hill
Total hydrants 3,323
Gravity system
192 public hydrants
1;643 private hydrants
95,700 feet of mains
Slow sand filters Gravity system
2 sedimentation basins 71 public hydrants !
1,310 private hydrants
Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
REMARKS
808 homes served
58 fire hydrants
2 ship's service
hydrants
5,269 homes served
132 fire hydrants
6 ship's service
hydrants
95 dug wells
505 homes served
46 fire hydrants
549 homes served
21 fire hydrants
1,964 homes served
44 fire hydrants
1 ship's service
hydrant
72 dug wells
4,627 homes served
159 fire hydrants
493 dug wells
7,723 homes served
253 fire hydrants
12 ship's service
hydrants
755 dug wells
20" pipe from pure-
water storage res-
ervoir
18 miles to Jinsen
distribution reser-
voir
Some water to -
Kyongsong (KeijO,
Seoul)
3,899 homes served
180 fire hydrants
4 ship's service
hydrants
250 dug wells
1,625 homes served
10 fire hydrants
Confidential
Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
RESOURCES AND TRADE
Page IX -17
CITY
PROW NCE
POPULATION*
DATE
OF IN-
FORMA-
TION
AVERAGE
PER CAPITA
AND DAILY
TOTAL CON-
POPU- SUMPTION
LATION (GALLONS
SERVED PER DAY)
Kyongsong (Keija, Seoul)
1939-
356,486
28.2
Kyonggi-do
1941
7,500;000
706,396 (1937)
935,000 (1940)
(FIGURES IX-12 and IX-13)
Mokp'o (Moppo
1939-
27,659
18.0
Cholla-namdo
1941
498,000
64,256 (1940)
Pusan (Fusan)
1939-
86,427
26.1
Kyongsang-namdo
1941
2,377,007
213,142 (1937)
249,734 (1940)
(Waterworks also reported
at SOryo, suburb of Pusan
(Fusan) )
P'yongyang (HeijO)
1927-
116,746 38.6
P'yongang-namdo
1941
4,500,000
285,965 (1940)
(FIGURE IX-16)
Songju ( Seisha)
1927-
Kyongsang-pukto
1936
85,375
Taegu (Taikya)
1927-
45,116 25.9
Kyongsang-pukto
1941
1,176,000
110,886 (1937)
178,923 (1940)
(FIGURE IX-14)
Wonsan (Genzan)
1938-
30,310 23.7
IIamgyong-namdo
1941
718,000
63,996 (1937)
79,320 (1940)
Yongsan (Ry5zan)
1927
20,000 -
Kyonggi-do
1,210,000
4,000 (1927)
TABLE IX - 8 Continued
SOURCE AND
SOURCE INSTALLATIONS
H : HEIGHT L: LENGTH
T: THICKNESS (TOP)
Ian-gang (Kan-kO)
(river). 22" pipe across
river bed (intake)
20" pipe along river bed
(intake)
Intake: 3.5 miles E of city
2 intake pumping units
34 additional 8" wells-50'
deep, near waterworks.
Supply supplemented by
Inch'on ( Jinsen) intake
across the Han-gang
Dam
River intake
4 raw-water storage reser-
voirs (approximately 15
miles from city), total ca-
pacity 1,100,000 gallons
Small additional auxiliary
reservoir on Yudal-san
(Yutatsu-san) hill ( ?)
Dams
(1) Seichi-tani dam:
H: 94'; L: 447'; T: 12'
(T) ; capacity 172,000,-
000 gallons
(2) Koenken dam:
H: 35'; L: 1,789'; T: 8'
(T) ; capacity 29,300,000
gallons
(3) Torai clam : dimensions
unknown ; 12 miles N of
city; capacity 441,000
gallons
(Above list probably in-
cludes irrigation reser-
voirs)
City reported in 1936 to
draw supply from Nak-
tong-gang (Rakuto-ko),
piped to reservoir at Pok-
pyong-san (Fukuhei-san)
2 well intakes,capacity 718,-
000 gallons reported on
Suiei-gang (1927)
Taedong-gang (Daido-ka)
(river) : 1.5 miles N of
city
2 intake towers
2 pumps, capacity 7,060,000
gallons per day
Main raw-water reservoir
approximately 3 acres; 3
or 4 additional one-acre
ponds for storage
PURIFICATION
FACILITIES
3 sedimentation basins,
capacity 1,350,000
gallons
6 slow sand filters,
reinforced concrete
Chlorination and mix-
ing pond
4 filters (1927)
Plant 1 mile N of city
1 sedimentation basin,
capacity 1,710,000
gallons (Seichi-
tani)
5 slow sand filters
(Koenken)
Mixing basin, coagu-
lation
3 sedimentation basins,
total capacity 3,530,-
000 gallons
4 slow sand filters
Chlorination
CLEAR-WATER RESERVOIRS
DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES
Pumping and gravity systems
3,114 public hydrants
35,716 private hydrants
Pure-water storage reservoir,
capacity 294,000 gallons
3 distribution reservoirs,
total capacity, 3,800,000
gallons
Cast-iron mains. Unknown
number of additional dis-
tribution reservoirs within
city
801,900 feet of mains
Gravity system
Pure-water storage reser-
voir, capacity 63,500 gallons
(1927)
264 public hydrants
1,113 private hydrants
69,300 feet of conduits
113,316 feet of mains
Gravity system
983 public hydrants
6,626 private hydrants
(1) 2 pure-water reservoirs,
total capacity 118,000
gallons
(2) 2 pure-water reservoirs,
total capacity 54,800
gallons
(3) Pokpyong-san (Fukuhei-
san) (mountain) reservoir,
capacity 616,000 gallons
(4) Makishima reservoir,
capacity 15,700 gallons
82,635 feet of cast-iron dis-
tribution mains, 3.5" to 16"
diameter
Filtered water crosses river
via bridge and tunnel to
pump sump, thence to dis-
tribution reservoir198'
above river
779 public hydrants
9,797 private hydrants
2 pure-water reservoirs, total
capacity, 1,770,000 gallons
2 forwarding pumps, total
capacity, 3,530,000 gallons
REMARKS
74,459 homes served
1,412 fire hydrants
3,757 dug wells
New development in
hills reported, de-
tails lacking
6,125 homes served
98 fire hydrants
2 ship's service
hydrants
66 dug wells
Pressure on system:
20-50 pounds
17,602 homes served
667 fire hydrants
65 ship's service
hydrants
2 hot springs
Pressure on system:
53-68 pounds
24,355 homes served
411 fire hydrants
2,481 dug wells
Sunken concrete
cisterns, 15'x15'x8'
deep at principal
street intersections
216,500 feet of mains
River intake
Slow sand filters
Gravity system
River and hill sources
2 sedimentation basins
Gravity system
8,107 homes served
(1) Raw-water reservoir
4 slow sand filters
277 public hydrants
270 fire hydrants
near army barracks
3,233 private hydrants
3,820 dug wells
(2) Raw-water reservoir
near railroad station
1 pure-water reservoir
155,100 feet of mains
River intake
2 sedimentation basins,
Gravity system
3,844 homes served
Chokchon-ch'on ( Sekiden-
capacity 772,000 gal-
504 public hydrants
205 fire hydrants
sen) , 7.3 miles from city
lons
3,000 private hydrants
12 ship's service
infiltration gallery ( ?)
4 slow sand .filters
Pure-water reservoir, ca-
pacity 258,000 gallons
hydrants
155 dug wells
Han-gang (Kan-kO)
Inch'on waterworks
* Population data as of 1937 unless otherwise specified.
3 sedimentation basins,
total capacity, 2,720,-
000 gallons
6 slow sand filters
89,100 feet of cast-iron
mains
Pumping system
Pure-water reservoir, ca-
pacity 765,000 gallons
Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
Page IX -18
Approved For Release 2006/09/25 : CIA-RDP79-01144A000900010009-3
RESOURCES AND TRADE
Confidential
3
3 '
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WATERWORKS
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KYoNGSoNG
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--
KYONGS6NG
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{CHEM, PO,JINSEX)
WATER SUPPLY
SKETCH MAP
? PRINCIPAL IPSTRIBUTION
MAWS
7- DIAMETER Or MAIN
Zil UNDE4M047A STORAGE
4 11 , ?
"41 rc's
MILES
FIGURE IX ? 12.
FIGURE IX ? 13. P'yongal-naendo? P'yongyaug (Heijo).
Waterworks on the Taedong-gang (Daido-kor). Pipe bridge in
right foreground.
FIGURE IX - 14. Kyongsang-pukto, Taegu (Taikyrt).
Municipal waterworks. 1935.
93. Construction Materials
Lumber is found in substantial quantities Only in Northern
.Korea, and imports from Japan have exceeded local produc-
tion. Korea probably produces enough cement for its own
needs, and may have an exportable surplus. Limestone and
clay are abundant, and marble, granite, and 'gravel are avail-
able. The metal construction materials and glass manufactured
in Central and Northern Korea are normally supplemented
by imports.
About 90% of Korea's population live in mud-plastered
houses with wooden post frames, and roofed with straw or
reeds. In recent years building regulations in the larger cities
have required more permanent types of residential construction.
A few houses are of brick or stone construction, with tile roofs.
Industrial buildings are generally of the same types as those
in Japan. Reinforced concrete buildings and steel-frame build-
ings covered with galvanized iron or board sheathing are the
rule in the industrial sections.
A. Lumber.
The lumber industry in Korea is typically composed of small
Units. The value of the lumber imported from Japan before the
War exceeded the value of lumber production within Korea.
Two-thirds of Korea is classed as forest land, but only about
a third bears commercial forests.
(I) Timber stands.,
, For many years before the Japanese annexation, much of
Korea had been deforested by fuel gatherers. After the an-
nexation a policy of conservation and reforestation was
initiated, but in recent years the Japanese have been deplet-
ing Korean forests. In 1942 they planned to double Korean
timber output the following year, in the hope of increasing
the number of boats built with Korean lumber and of reducing
Korean import requirements.
Although much of the northern half of Korea is wooded,
the quality of these forest resources is poor, except for the
dense forests near the Amnok-kang (Yalu River) in the north-
west, and along the upper reaches of the Turnan-gang and
near Paektu-san (IIak?uto-san) in the northeast. Conifers
comprise 6o% of the timber. In the northern interior, fir,
Spruce and larch predominate, but are mixed With pine, linden,
4nd birch. In northwestern Korea there are forests of red and
Korean pine, with such broadleaf trees as oak and elm. Forests
of reel and black pine, oak, maple, alder, and bamboo. exist in
Central and Southern Korea, but these are not important
sources of lumber. ?
_Red and Korean pine, fir, spruce, and larcht are used chiefly
for buildings, telegraph poles, bridges, and shipbuilding. Birch
is prized as lumber for vehicles.
- In 1937 about so% of the standing forests were owned by
the government, 43% by private owners, ?:-;% by local com-
munities, and 2% by temples.
- (2) Production, imports, and exports.
In 1939 Korea produced about 1,200,000,000 board feet of
lumber, valued at 37,600,000 yen. This was about 8% of the
lumber production of the Japanese Empire. Lumber valued at
11,741,000 yen was exported, at least /3 (by 'value) to Man-
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churia and the Kwantung Leased Territory, chiefly as sawn
timber, and (by value) to Japan, chiefly as logs. Lumber im-
ports were valued at 40,870,000 yen; sawn timber, railway ties,
and logs from Japan made up 96% of this -figure. Data on total
exports and imports for later years are not available. In 1940
the value of imports from Japan was I 1% higher than the year
before, and there was also a 17% increase in the relatively
small exports from Korea to Japan.
(3) Sawmills.
There arc 120 sawmills in Korea, many of them on the
banks of the Amnok-kang (Yalu River) and Tuman-gang.
FIGURE IX - 15. P'yongan-pukto, Sinuiju (Shingishrt).
Looking W. Lumber yard of the Japanese Government Forestry
Bureau sawmill, the largest in Korea. The Amnok-kang (Yalu
River) and An-tung, Manchuria, in background. 1931.
The largest of these sawmills, and reputedly the largest in the
Japanese Empire, is the government-operated mill at Sinuiju
(Shingishtt), P'yongan-pukto, which has an annual capacity
of 104,000,000 board feet (FIGURE IX-15). Lumber for this
mill is floated down the Amnok-kang from state-owned forests.
Other important sawmills, supplied by the state-owned forests
along the Tuman-gang, are located at and near ITheryong
(Kainei) in Hamgyong-pukto.
B. Cement.
Limestone and clay suitable for use in cement manufacture
are abundant. The 7 large cement plants are all in Northern
Korea (FIGURE IX-48).
FIGURE IX - 16. Hamgyong-naindo, Ch'onnae-ri (Sennai-ri).
The plant of the Chosen Onoda Semento Seizo K. K. (Chosen
Onod.a Cement Manufacturing Company), the largest producer of
cement in Korea. 1931.
(I) Capacity.
The 1940 capacity of Korea's 7 major cement plants is
believed to have been about 1,885,000 metric tons, or roughly
9% of the capacity in Japan, Korea, .Manchuria, and Occupied
China for that year; this represents more than a quadrupling
of the 1934 capacity of 443,000 tons. These plants are listed
in TABLE IX-9. The largest of the 4 cement companies is the
ChOsen Onoda Seniento Seizo K. K. (FIGURES IX-16 and
Cement plants can easily be converted to other products;
however, no details as to specific conversions are available.
General reference has been made in Japanese publications and
broadcasts to the use of some plants for the production of
alumina and pig iron.
FIGURE IX - 17. P'yongan-nanido, Sungho-ri (Shako-ri).
The plant of the ChOsen Onoda Semento Seizo K. K. (ChOsen
Onoda Cement Manufacturing Company), one of Korea's major
producers of cement.
TABLE IX - 9
KOREA, MAJOR CEMENT PLANTS, 1940*
LOCATION
I I amgyong-pukto
Komusan (Komosan)
lIaingyong-namdo
Chlonnac-ri (Sennai-ri)
Kwangvvon-do
Samch'ok (Sanchoku)
11wanghae-do-
Yongdangplo (RyittOho)
Yongdam-ni (Ryfitan-ri)
Pyongan-namdo
Sunglio-ri (ShOko-ri)
I"yongati-pukto
Sakchu (Sakushii)
COMPANY
ANNUAL
CAPACITY
( METRIC TONS)
142,560
396,840
180,000
550,000
180,000
256,080
Chasm Onoda Semento Seizo K. K.
Chosen Onoda Scrnento Seizo K. N.
ChOsen Onoda Seri-lento Seizo K. K.
ChOsen Semento K. K.
Chosen Asano Semento K. K.
Chasm Onoda Semcnto Seizo K. K.
ChOsen Oryokko Suiryoku I Iatsuden
K. K. 180;000
Total 1,885,480
* In addition to the plants listed, there are unverified reports of the con-
struction of another Onoda plant at Mun'gyong (Bunkei) in Kyongsang-
pukto.
(2) Production and consumption.
A. rapid increase in cement production began in 1935. The
last available figure of annual output is 567,000 metric tons
for 1936, when capacity had reached 705,000 tons. Prior to
1940 there were substantial imports of cement from Japan,
amounting in 1939 to 214,000 tons; these imports may have
been eliminated by the growth of the Korean output. Cur-
rent. production may now be at the rate of 1,500,000 metric
tons per year, and some cement may be exported to consum-
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ing centers on the continent. Approximately 170000 tons
was exported to Manchuria in 1939 and Manchuria's require-
ments have probably kept pace with her increasing capacity.
The net supply of 621,000 metric tons available in Korea in
1936 was probably devoted chiefly to civilian uses. Wholesale
distribution of cement in that year was as
Buildings
Retail sales
Railways
Electric power projects
Harbors, roads, and bridges
Other civil engineering works
Cement products
Mining
Other
follows :
31%
15
14
14
12
7
4
2
1
100%
C. Brick and tile.
Abundant clay of good quality is available. The country is
self-sufficient in the production of common bricks, but in
peacetime she imported most of her supply of tiles from Japan.
Although ceramics is predominantly a household industry,
there were about 150 plants working at full capacity before
the war, producing bricks, tiles, pipe, building stone, and
oth.er construction materials. One of these, a brick plant at
Yong-clung-p'o (Eitoho), Kyonggi-do, employed more than
200 workers. .
TABLE TX-j0 lists the companies known to be producing
bricks, tiles, and other construction materials as of about 1940.
FIGURE IX-48 shows the concentration of these plants in
Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-namdo, and P'yongan-namclo.
D. Other construction materials.
The Kyomip'o (Kenjiho) plant of .the Nippon Seitetsu
K. K. is the only steel mill in Korea known to have capacity
for rolling structural steel shapes. Its capacity is believed to
be about 1.10,000 metric tons, but output in 1936 was only
-56,600 tons. Imports of "metal building and bridge construc-
tion materials" from Japan in 1939 and Iwo amounted to
29,100 metric tons and 15,100 metric tons, respectively.
The Rytizan Kosaku K. K. (Ryuzan Construction Com-
pany), with plants at Yongdtmgp'o (Eitoh-6), Kyongsong-
(Keija, Seoul), and Inch'on (Jinsen), reportedly produces
steel girders for bridges at one or more of its plants.
The Showa Plate Glass Company is reported to have planned
or built a plant at inch'on (Jinsen) with an annual capacity
for 2,400,000 square feet of sheet glass. In 1940 Korea im-
ported 16,760,000 square feet of sheet glass from Japan and
probably an additional quantity from the Kwantung Leased
Territory, imports from which had amounted to 4,033,000
square feet in 1939.
TABLE IX - 10
KOREA, PLANTS PRODUCING CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS, 1940
LOCATION
1Northern Korea
Hamgyong-pukto
Hoeryong (Kainei)
Unggi (YI
Hamgyong-namdo
Hamhung (Kanko)
Kangwon-do
Kangnung (Koryo)
Hwanghae-do
Chaeryong (Sainei)
Kyomip'o (Kenjiho)
P'yongan-namdo
P'yongyang (Heijo)
Chinnamp'o
(Chinnampo)
P'yongan-pukto
Sinuiji (Shingislift)
Central Korea
1.K3,7onggi-do
Yongdungp'o
(EitahO)
Kyongsong- (KeijO,
Seoul)
Pup'yong (Fuhei)
Inch'on (Jinsen)
Kangwha (Koka)
Ynuthern Korea
! Cholla-namdo
; Mokp'o (Moppo)
Kyongsang-pukto
Susong-myon
(Juja-men)
Taesong-myon
(Taija-men)
Kyongsang-namdo
; Pusan (Fuson)
COMPANY
Iwamura Gutni K. K.
Nichiman Kogyo K. K.
Chosen Yogyo Goshi
Kaisha
Kanko Kogyo K. K.
Taisho Kogyo K. K.
Tohosha K. K.
Unknown
Nippon Seitetsu K. K.
-Asahi Shokai K. K.
Chosen Tile K. K.
Takagi Yogyo K. K.
Chinnampo Renga K. K.
Shingishii ?Yogyo K. K.
Unknown
Asahi Seisakusho K. K.
Daiko Sangyo K. K.
Chosen Tainetsu Yogyo
K. K.
Chosen Hayakawa
Gumi K. K.
Oishi Gunn K. K.
KeijO Renga K. K.
Aoki Shokai K. K.
Fuhei Yogyo K. K.
Keijin Shoji K. K.
Chasen Yogyo K. K.
Jinsen Togyo K. K.
Jinsen Yogyo K. K.
KOka Yogyo K. K.
Chosen Taika Kogyo
K. K.
eihoku Sernento
Kogyo K. K.
Sankyo Bussan K. K.
PRODUCT
Bricks, earthen pipe
Bricks, earthen pipe
Bricks
Building stone
Tile pipes, cement prod-
ucts
Bricks
Bricks
Structural steel
Construction materials
Tiles, tile goods
Bricks
Bricks
Bricks, tiles
Bricks
Construction materials
Bricks
Bricks, tiles
Earthen pipe
Building stone
Bricks, earthen pipe
Construction materials
Bricks, tiles
Construction materials,
building stone
Bricks
Bricks, tiles
Bricks
Tiles
Bricks
Cement tiles
Construction materials
Nippon Koshitsu Toki Tiles,
K. K.
Kurohashi Shoten K. K. Cement, construction
materials
Koto Sangyo K. K. Building stone
Bricks
Miryang (MitsuyO) Unknown
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94. Industrial Raw Materials
and Primary Processing
Korea's wartime mining shares some of the features of its
wartime manufacturing industry. The facts to be emphasized
in connection with. mining are the control of the major mines
by large Japanese companies, the payment of large subsidies
because of the strategic character of many minerals, and the
utilization of low-grade ores.
The importance of Korea's minerals lies generally in their
variety rather than in the quantity of any given mineral. Those
found include coal, iron, lead, zinc, copper, tungsten, molyb-
denum, magnesite, alunite, aluminous shale, fluorspar, graph-
ite, mica, and small amounts of a number of others. In 1944
Korea is believed to have exported to japan approximately
2,700,000 metric tons of low-grade iron ore concentrated to
approximately 1,400,000 metric tons (averaging 65% iron
content). Korea now supplies about half of Japan's tungsten
requirements, and is the chief producer of molybdenum in the
Far East. It is Japan's sole source of graphite and mica (al-
though the quality of the latter may be low), and it is probably
the world's leading producer of magnesite ore.
Although Korea lacks coking coal and good bituminous
coal, there is an exportable surplus of anthracite coal, the type
in which Japan is totally deficient.
Korea may not be self-sufficient in coke. On the 'basis of
known coke-oven capacity, consumption requirements may
exceed available output by approximately too,000 metric tons
a year. New coking facilities are reported to have been built
at P'yongyang (HeijO) and Kyomip'o (Kenjiho).
A. Minerals.
(I) Iron-bearing ores.
Difficulty in obtaining adequate .supplies of iron ore has
prevented blast :furnaces and steel mills in Japan from operat-
ing at full capacity, and thus has constituted a major obstacle
to continued growth of Japan's war economy. 13e-fore 1937
Korean iron-ore output averaged approximately 600,000 metric
tons a year. There has been a very rapid subsequent expansion
of production, so that today Korea is one of the main sources
of iron ore in Japanese-controlled territory.
Reserves of fairly good ore (averaging 50% iron content)
total approximately 20,000,000 metric tons. At Musan (Mo-
zan), Hamgyong-pukto, there are enormous reserves of low-
grade and highly siliceous magnetite ores, from which Korea
derives the bulk of her ore production. These deposits average
34% to 36% iron content, and have been estimated at several
billion metric tons. Deposits of magnetite exist also in the neigh-
borhood of Yangyang (JOyo) in Kangwon-do, Sosan (Zuisan)
in Ch'ungch'ong-namdo,.and at Ch'ungju (Chasha) in Ch'ung-
ch'ong-pukto. Deposits of hematite and limonite have been
located in Hamgyong-namdo near Ch'anghung--ni (ShokO-ri)
--the Iwon or Rigen field; in Hwanghae-do at the Ullyul
(Inritsu), Hasong (Kasei), Kyomip'o (Kenjiho), and Chaer-
yong (Sainei) fields; and in P'yongan-namdo at the Kang-so
(Kosei) field ( FIGURES IX-18 and IX--19).
The total production of iron ore in Korea in 1944 is be-
lieved to have been approximately 5,000,000 metric tons, con-
taining about .1,800,000 tons of iron. Assuming that 2 con-
centration units are in operation, production at Musan may
have reached 4,200,000 metric tons of low-grade ore (about
FicuRE IX - 18. Halagyong-nantdo, .1won (Rigen).
The Iwon or Rigen iron mine. 1931.
FIGURE IX - 19. Thvanghae-do, Chaeryong (Sainei).
The Chaeryong or Sainei iron mine. 1931.
2,100,000 metric tolls of concentrates with all iron content
of 65%). The rated capacity of the existing concentration
units is probably only io?/0 greater than this. In addition,
800,000 metric tons of better-grade ore (averaging 50%
iron content) may be produced by the Iwon (Rigen) and
Chaeryong (Sainei) mines, and by various smaller mines
chiefly in IIwanghae-do and P'yong-an-namdo (FIGURE IX-
49). Korea was scheduled to supply a quarter of the Jap-
anese Empire's 1944 production of iron ore and the actual
proportion, has probably gone higher as a result of difficulties
in shipping ore to Japan from more distant sources.
Korea's consumption of crude ore in 1944 has been esti-
mated at approximately 2,300,000 metric tons, including
1.,500,000 tons of Musan ore (iron content about 500,000
tons) plus 80o,000 metric tons of other ore (iron content about
400,000 tons). Thus in 1944 Korea may have been able to
export to Japan approximately 2,700,000 metric tons of
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Musan ore: concentrated to roughly 1,400,000 metric tons
(averaging 656%, iron content).
Because the Japanese have difficulty in obtaining adequate
supplies of iron ore, destruction of the ore-concentrating
facilities at Musan would seriously affect the Japanese iron
and steel industry.
(2) Ferroalloys,
Japan proper has a general deficiency of ferroalloy ores.
Substitutions,, proximity to other sources, and accumulated
stockpiles are believed to have prevented these deficiencies from
becoming serious. Korea is a major supplier of tungsten for
Japan, and is the chief producer of . molybdenum in the Far
East. The country produces also small amounts of manganese,
chromium ore, nickel, cobalt, and vanadium. The location of
the principal mines is shown in FIGURE IX-49.
(a) Manganese. Very little manganese is produced and
only one mine is known?the Kumhwa (Kinka) mine of the
Nippon Koshuha Jukog-yo K. K. at Kumhwa (Kinka) in
Kangwon-do., Early in 1944 Radio Tokyo announced the dis-
covery of "large deposits of manganese of excellent quality"
in the vicinity of Ch'olma-ryong (Tetsuba-rei) (pass) in
Kangwon-dO. These deposits were claimed to be "several
hundreds of thousand tons."
(b) Tungsten. Production of tungsten in Korea during
1943 was perhaps 2,500 metric tons of ore (averaging 6o%
tungsten content). This is now Japan's major source of
tungsten apart from South China.
Korea's premier tungsten mine, the Tongbaengnyon-kwang-
san (Ttihyakunen-kozan) mine in Koksangun, Hwanghae-do,
produced L000 metric tons in 1936. There is another im-
portant mine about 18 miles east of Yongwol (Neietsu),
Kangwon-do ; and another between the towns of Sakchu
(Sakushn) and Ch'angju (Shoshii) in P'yongan-pukto. Mines
have been located also at the following places: Kumgang-son
(Kongo-san), west of Kosong (Koji:5), Kangwon-do; Nae-
song (Naijo), Kyongsang-pukto ; Ch'ong-yang (Seiy6),
Ch'ungch'ong-namdo iiVIunui (Bung-i), Ch'ungch'ong-pukto ;
Mokkye (Bokkei), Ch'ungch'ong-pukto; Namyang (Nanyo),
Kyonggi-do; Kumch'on (Kinseri), Hwanghae-do; Yongwon
(Neien), P'yongan-namelo; and Yangnim-san (Rorin-zan),
P'yongan-namdo.
In 1941 the Kobayashi Kogyo K. K. was reported to be
constructing- an ore-sorting mill at Yang-dok (YOtoku),
P'yongan-namdo, which is about 20 miles north of the Tong-
baengnyon-kwangsan (TOhyakunen-kozan) mine.
Tungsten -mining in Korea is dominated by 3 firms : the Ko-
bayashi Kogyo K. K., the .Nippon Kogyo K. K., and the
Nippon Koshuha Jukogyo K. K.
(c) Chromium ore. Chrome is produced only in small
quantities in either Korea or Japan proper. The chief Jap-
anese source of supply in recent years has been the Philippine
Islands. The only mine known to exist in Korea is at
Kanghwa (Koko) in Kyonggi-do. Deposits averaging more
than 14% chrome content are said to have been discovered
recently in Hwang,hae-do.
(d) Nickel. Very little nickel ore is mined in Korea. There
are nickel Mines at the following locations: Tanch'on-gun
(Tansen-gun), Hamgyong-namdo; Majon-ni (Maten-ri),
Hamgyong-namdo; Kuntsong (KinjO), Kangwon-do; and
!Choch'iwon (Chochita), Ch'ungch'ong-namdo. There are de-
posits also in P'yongan-pukto. There are believed to be no
,facilities in Korea for smelting or refining nickel.
(e) Molybdenum. Production of molybdenum in Japan
proper is negligible in relation to estimated requirements, but
An ample stockpile and imports from the continent can meet
irredUcible needs. In 1935 Korea produced .52 metric tons (re-
coverable metal content or ore). Output in 1043 has been esti-
mated at too metric tons, as compared with 40 metric tons
produced in Manchuria, and to metric tons produced in North
China.
, The 3 most important Korean mines for this metal are at
Kumgang-san (Kongo-san), west of Kosong (Kojo), Kong-
-won-do ; southeast of Kumch'on (Kinsen), KYongsang-pukto ;
And Changsu (ChOsui), Cholla-pukto. There are mines also
Eat P'yongch'ang (Heish5), Kangwon-do; SOng-ju (ShOsha),
Kyongsang-pukto; Namhae (Nankai), Kyongsang-namdo;
(Bakkyo-ri,), Cholla-namdo ; and Tanyang (Tany6),
Ch'ungch'ong-pukto.
(f) Cobalt. Korea is estimated to have produced about 5 ?
tons of cobalt in 1943, a relatively small fraction of Japanese
requirements. There are small cobalt mines at 'Setsu Roku San,
klamgyong-pukto, and Kyongsan (Keizan), Kyongsang--pukto.
Deposits with a cobalt content of 3% to 4% have recently been
discovered in the region of Shoyo, Tanch'On-gun (Tamen-
gun), Hamgyong-namdo, and plans reputedly have been made
to exploit this ore on a large scale.
(g) Vanadium. Only one vanadium mine has been reported
---the mine at Kangwha (Koka), _Kyonggiffdo, which also
produces chromium ore.
. (3) Nonferrous metals (mining, smelting,:, and refining).
(a) Light metals..
I. ALUNITE AND ALUMINOUS SHALES. Korea has no
bauxite, but its alunite and aluminous 'shales can be substituted
for bauxite in the production of alumina, although the sub-
Stitution involves substantial technical diffieulties. Alumina
plants have been set up both on the continent and in Japan
to employ these materials. As a result of the increasing difficulty
of bringing bauxite from the south, it is probable that the
Japanese have increased their use of the lower-grade aluminous
Ores by stepping up production at shale-using plants, con-
1,rerting bauxite-using plants, and possibly setting up new
installations.
Alunite deposits of inferior quality exist on the islands near
IVIokp'o (Moppo), Cholla-namdo. These are believed to con-
4ain approximately 25,000,000 metric tons of 20% to 35%
alumina. Deposits have been reported also in Hamgyoug-pukto,
Kyongsang-namdo, and P'yongan-pukto. There is an alumi-
nous-shale mine near Changsu (Chasui), Cholla-pukto, and
there are others in Kyongsang-namdo. In thel coal fields near
P'yongyang (HeijO), P'yongan-namdo, shale (40% to 50%
alumina content) is found in layers; these deposits are esti-
mated to total approximately 4.0,000,000 metric tons.
In 1936 Korea produced 139,000 metric tons of alumina
ores, including 114,000 metric tons of alunite and 25,000 metric
tons of aluminous shale.
It is not clear from available information Whether Japanese
Plans for replacement of bauxite are emphasizing the use of
alunite?with which experiments beginning in 1934 were not
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entirely successful?or the use of shales. One of .the alumina
plants in northwestern Korea is believed to import shale from
North China or Manchuria. More evidence is available of sub-
stantial production of shale in North China than in Korea.
2. ALUMINA. Known plant capacity in Korea in 1944
has been estimated at aboutlA of that of Japan, Korea, Man-
churia, and Formosa (thought to be approximately 570p00
metric tons), and Korea's production of alumina was esti-
mated at 64,000 tons in the same year. The principal plants
producing alumina and aluminum are listed in TABLE IX- I i,
and their location is shown in FIGURE IX-50..
TABLE1X-li
KOREA, ALUMINA AND ALUMINUM CAPACITY,
PRINCIPAL PLANTS, 1944 (ESTIMATE)
LOCATION COMPANY
lIaingyong-naindo
Hungnam Chosen Chisso
(Konan) Hiryo K. K.
Wonsan
(Genzan)
P'yongan-namdo
Chinnamp'o
(Chinnampo)
P'yongan-pukto
Sinuiju ( Shin-
gishu) - Yangsi
(Yoshi) - Yon-
gamp'o (Rya-
gampo) area
ANNUAL CAPACITY
(METRIC TONS)
ALU- ALU MI-
MINANUM
REMARKS
Set up to use alunite
24,000 12,000 in 1938; believed
converted to shale ?
about 1940
Nichiman Arumin- Controlled by
inum K. K. 3,000 1,500 Chosen Riken Kin-
zoku, 1943
Chosen Riken
Reported in 1944 to
Kinzoku K. K. 20,000 5,000 be using shale from
North China
Toyo Keikinzoku 2 or 3 plants. One at
K. K. and Yangsi (YOshi)
affiliates 21,000 18,000 was established in
1943 or 1944 to use
bauxite
Additional installations for alumina production may possibly
have been established at the following places : ( ) Pon'gung
(Hong-ft), near Hamhung (KankO), Hamgyong-pukto ; (2)
Kowon (KOgen), Hamgyong-namdo; (3) Wonsan (Genzan),
Hamgyong-namdo; (4) P'yongyang (HeijO), P'yongan-
namdo ; and (5) Sunch'on (Junsen), P'yongan-namdo. It may
be significant that all these places are not far from a possible
source of shale in the P'yongyanp; (HeijO) coal fields; also
that there are cement plants at the 2nd and 4th of these
locations (Topic 93, B (1.) ), and electric furnaces at the
4th (Topic 95, B, TABLE IX-f7). Another possible site of
alumina production is Inch'on (Jinsen), Kyongg-i-do, where
the ChOsen Riken Kinzoku has a sponge-iron plant (Topic 95,
B)., and the ChOsen Aruminium K. K. has an aluminum-
fabrication plant (Topic 95, (3), (a), 4).
If alumina production is being expanded in Korea, using
either Korean alunite or shale, or shale from North China or
Manchuria, the development would significantly reduce the
shipping tonnage necessary to supply raw materials to alumi-
num plants in Japan.
3. ALUMINUM INGOTS. Korea's known aluminum-reduc-
tion capacity, estimated at about 37,000 tons in 1944, was
approximately 76 of the total available in Japan, Korea, Man-
churia, and Formosa. Production is believed to have been
fairly close to capacity. There is no positive evidence that
possible additional plants such .as those mentioned above
(Topic 94, (3), (a), 2) produce aluminum ingots. Probably
well over of Japanese-controlled aluminum production is
destined for aircraft and other direct military and naval
materiel.
4. ALUMINUM-ROLLING MILLS. An aluminum-fabrica-
tion plant owned by the Chosen Aruminium K. K. has been
reported at Inch'on (Jinsen), Kyonggi-do; and it appears
probable that rolling facilities are associated either with this
plant or with the aluminum-reduction plants at Chinnamp'o
(Chinnampo) and Sinuiju (Shingishu) - Dasado (Tashi-65).
5. MAGNESIUM. Korea and Manchuria have probably the
world's largest reserves of magnesite ore. Korean reserves
have been estimated at approximately 3,700000000 metric
tons. Magnesium is also produced from salt water, especially
at Kwangnyang-man (Koryo-wan), near Chinnamp'o.
There are large deposits of magnesite along the border of
Hamgyong-pukto and Hamgyong-namdo: near Paegam (Ha-
kugan), Hamgyong--pukto; along the Puktae-ch'on (flokudai-
sen) (river), near the hamlet of Taehwayang-dong (Taikayo-
do), Tanch'on-gun (Tansen-gun), Hamg-yong--namdo ; and at a
point about 12 miles downstream and south from Taehwayang-
dong- (Taikayo-do). There is also a deposit in the region of
the Fusen-ko hydroelectric power development, Sinhung-gun
(Shinko-gun), Hamgyong-namdo. (FIGURE IX-50)
Before the war the Manchurian deposits produced y.bout
of the total Manchurian - Korean yield. Korea's production
in 1937 was approximately 35,000 metric tons, but it is now
believed to be roughly i5o,000 metric tons of magnesite ore
per annum, containing not over 70,000 tons of magnesium
. oxide, This large increase has probably been made possible by
completion of a narrow-gauge railroad connecting Yohaejin
(Jokaishin) on. the coast with the area of large deposits in
Tanch'on-gun. This line was to have been completed in May
1942.
A substantial part of Korea's output of magnesite ore is
required for the manufacture of furnace brick vital to Japan's
iron and steel industry ; the balance is used in the manufacture
of metallic magnesium. The plant of the Nippon Magnesite
Kagaku Kogyo K. K. at Song-jin (Joshin), Hamgyong-pukto,
specializes in the manufacture of refractory furnace brick, of
which it produced 7,000 metric tons in 1939. It also produces
a small quantity of metallic magnesium.
The magnesium-reduction capacity of the known plants is
estimated to be approximately 7,coo metric tons, about 73 of
the total available to Japan. Although it is believed that in the
past Japan's magnesium plants have not been operating at
capacity, a shortage of aluminum is likely to lead to increased
production of metallic magnesium. The principal magnesium-
reduction plants are listed in TABLE IX-12.
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Page IX -24
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RESOURCES AND TRADE Confidential
FIGURE IX - 20. Hamgyong-namdo, Hungnam (Konan).
Part of the magnesium-reduction plant of the Nippon Magnesium
Kinzoku K. K., the largest producer of metallic magnesium in
Korea. Before 1935.
TABLE IX - 12
KOREA, MAJOR MAGNESIUM-REDUCTION PLANTS,
1944
LOCATION
Hamgyong-puk10
Songjin (Joshin)
liamgyong-namdo
Hungnam (Kanan)
(FIGURE IX-20)
I"yongan-nainclo
Chinnamp'o
(Chinnampo)
COMPANY
ANNUAL
CAPACITY
( METRIC TONS)
Nippon Magnesite Kagaku
Kogyo K. K. 350
Nippon Magnesium Kinzoku K. K. 5,000
Chosen Riken Kinzoku K. K. 1,000*
*By extraction from brine.
In addition to these other installations may possibly have been
established at Ch'ongjin (Seishin), Hamgyong-pukto; Tanch'-
on (Tanset0, Haingyong-namdo; Chinnamp'o (Chinnampo),
P'yongan-naindo; and Uiju (Gisha) or Sinuiju (Shingishft),
P'yongan-pukto.
(b) Other nonferrous metals. The production and smelt-
ing of ores containing copper, lead, and zinc has probably been
expanded since the mid-t93o's, but little clear and reliable
information is available. The relative importance of Korea as
a source of these metals for the Japanese war economy has
certainly increased with the loss of other major producing
areas, but it is doubtful whether the actual tonnages have been
greatly enlarged.
A recent report suggests that copper-mine yields in Korea
have been declining rather than increasing, and it is possible
that smelters in northwestern Korea are using some Man-
churian ore. Total production of smelted copper is believed to
be on the order of 10,000 to 20,000 metric tons a year; pos-
sibly some of this is refined in Korea. Little is known about
copper-fabricating facilities in Korea. Aerial photographs con-
firm the existence of a plant at Sihung-ni (Shiko-ri), near
Yongdungp'6 (Eitoh6), Kyonggi-do, where it had been
planned to produce copper wire. ?
Mine production of lead and zinc in 1943 has been esti-
mated at 7,000 to 10,000 metric tons of recoverable lead and
about 8,000 metric tons of recoverable zinc. Most of the lead
output is believed to be smelted within Korea, but some or
all of the zinc may be shipped to Japan for processing.
I. NORTHERN KOREA. Two important mines in the
northeast are the copper mine near Kapsan (KOzan), and
ihe Nippon Kogyo K. K.'s Kumdok-san (Kentoku-san) lead
and zinc mine, Tanch'on-gun (Tansen-gun), both in Hamg-
yong-namdo. There probably are smelting facilities for copper
(and possibly lead) at Munp'yong-ni (Bunhei-ri) near Wonsan
(Genzan), owned by the Sumitomo Kogyo K. K. The Chosen
chisso Hiryo K. K. development at Hungnam (Konan) may
Also undertake copper and lead smelting. The mine near
Yomi-san (Jobi-zan) in Song-ch'un-gun (SeiZen-gun),
Kaig-
won-do, is believed to be an important zinc producer.
Four of the more important mines in the n6rthwest are the
Copper mines of the Nippon Kogyo K. K. at Huch'ang
(KOsho), P'yongan-pukto, and Suan-kumwang (Suian-kinkO),
Hwanghae-do; the lead and zinc mine at Ongjin (Oshin),
Hwanghae-do; and the zinc mine at Changyon (Choen),
Hwanghae-do. There are smaller lead or zinc mines elsewhere
in Hwanghae-do and F''yongan-pukto, and in Vyong-an-namdo.
Aerial photographs have confirmed the existence and the ex-
pansion of the Nippon Kogyo K. K. copper and lead smelter
at Chinnamp'o (FIGURE IX-20. This installation may have
an affiliated sulfuric-acid plant. The Japanese had also planned
to install (on adjacent filled-in land) facilities for -roast-
ing and smelting zinc, but the existence of these is still
in doubt. There may be a smaller copper smelter at Haeju
(Kaisha), 11-wanghae-do. At Yongamp'o (Ryfigampo), near
the mouth of the Amnok-kang