THE FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY OF RUMANIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A001200130008-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 51
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 1, 1999
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: June 26, 1957
• Content Type: IR

s -s
or .999/09126--:- h4-ROP 9-01093A0012-00130008-4
THE FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY
OF RUMANIA
C.IA/RR PR-164
26 ,1unql. 19.57
CENTRAL LNTE:LLIGEN.CE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH . AND REPORTS
lri NO,
+K
LAMFIEO
:r : CHANGED TQ; TS 5
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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'ICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
Control Staff
Control Sheet
SuTplemeJlutar Source References for
er _El. -/R;; AR.-1.64
of D, ?ument 26 June 57
2,
St/C file copies
Extra filed in Stt/C
CONFIDENTIAL
LIMITED
Claneifftatfo i
NLunbe ^ of copies
Date
28 June 57
R.ct ~.rned
.~.,.__..._. _._....__~..._._...~_....
3 Jul 57
-.,~_..,~.._.....~._...~...:.~
10 Julv 57
1
dd
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Recipient
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S-E-C-R-E-T
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY OF RUMANIA
CIA/RR PR-161i-
(ORR Project 23.609)
NOTICE
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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This report analyzes the ferrous metallurgical industry of
Rumania -- its economic aspects, the reasons for its failure to
meet its goals under the First Five Year Plan (1951-55), and its
ability to attain its goals under the Second Five Year Plan
(1956-60). The report includes a discussion of resources and
supplies of the principal raw and alloying materials essential to
that industry.
Because of limitations of source material, it has not been
possible to establish patterns of product mix, consumption, and
distribution of finished steel products.
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Organization and.Administration . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Pig Iron and Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Pig Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Crude Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Finished Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. Iron Ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
a. Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
b. Production and Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. Manganese Ore . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
a. Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
b. .Production and Supply . . . . . . . . . . 14
3. Metallurgical Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
a. Reserves of Coking Coal . . . . . . . . . . . 16
b. Production and Supply ... . . . . . . . . . . 16
4+. Iron and Steel Scrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
C. Alloying Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. Ferroalloy Ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
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Page
a. Chromium Ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
b. Molybdenum Ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2. Ferroalloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
III. Technology, Productivity of Labor, and Quality . . . . . 20
IV. Investment, Costs and Prices, and Wages . . . . . . . . . 22
A. Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
B. Costs and Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
C. Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
V. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions . . . . . . 24
A. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
B. Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
C. Intentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendixes
Appendix A. Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix B. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix C. Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix D. Source References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Production of Pig Iron in Rumania, 1938, 1948-56,
and 1960 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Production of Crude Steel in Rumania, 1938, 1948-56,
and 1960 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
33
37
39
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Page
3. Estimated and Reported Production of Finished
Steel in Rumania, 1938, 1948-56, and
1960 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Imports of Finished and Semifinished Steel
by Rumania, 1937 and 1952-55 . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Production of Iron Ore in Rumania, 1938,
1948-56, and 1960 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Estimated and Reported Production of
Manganese Ore in Rumania, 1938, 1948-56,
and 1960 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Production of Coke in Rumania, 1938,
1948-56, and 1960 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Estimated Production of Chromium Ore in
Rumania, 1948-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9. Planned and Actual Investment in Industry in
Rumania, 1951-55 and 1956-60 . . . . . . . . . . 22
S-E-C-R E-T
10. Facilities, Capacity, and Estimated Production
of Coke, Pig Iron, Crude Steel, and Finished
Steel in Rumania, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
11. Comparison of Rumanian and US Prices of
Semifinished and Finished Steel Products,
1956 ......................
Map
Rumania: Principal Ore Deposits and Coke, Iron, and Inside
Steel Facilities, 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover
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CIA/RR PR-164
(ORR Project 23.609)
THE FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY OF RUMANIA*
Summary
The ferrous metallurgical industry of Rumania, lacking adequate
raw materials and hampered by inefficient operation and a low level
of technology, has failed repeatedly to meet the requirements of the
Rumanian economy for iron and steel. In 1955, Rumania produced only
47 percent of the iron ore and 25 percent of the metallurgical coke
required by the industry.. Rumanian production of pig iron in 1955
was 225,000 metric tons** short of requirements, and the total pro-
duction of crude steel*** in 1955 -- 765,000 tons, which is less
than the annual production of one medium-size plant in the US or
the USSR -- was 485,000 tons short of the planned goal. To meet
the needs of the Rumanian economy in 1955, about 236,000 tons of
finished and semifinished steel were imported.
In spite of the inadequacies of the Rumanian ferrous metallurgi-
cal industry and in spite of the relatively high cost of production,
the industry provides supplies of iron and steel that otherwise might
not be available to the Rumanian economy in view of the inadequacy of
the supply of these materials in the Soviet Bloc.
Under the Rumanian Second Five Year Plan (1956-60), production of
iron ore, pig iron, and finished steel is scheduled to be doubled.
The attainment of the goals for production of ferrous metallurgical
materials will depend largely on the construction of new facilities,
and the Plan allocates 7.2 billion lei**** for investment in the
ferrous metallurgical industry. On the basis of past performance
and in view of information received immediately before publication
that production of pig iron and steel in 1956 increased only 2 percent
above that in 1955, compared with a planned annual rate of increase
of approximately 16 percent, it appears unlikely that the Rumanian' ferrous metallurgical industry will achieve its goals for 1960 in
either construction or production.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of.l January 1957.
Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
Crude steel includes steel ingots and steel for castings.
The official rate of exchange of 6 lei to US $1 is not necessarily
an accurate reflection of the dollar value.
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I. Introduction.
A. History.
The iron and steel industry of Rumania began to expand slightly
after World War I, when some of the iron ore ranges and coalfields of
the former Austro-Hungarian Empire were annexed.
In 1926 the three main producing interests -- the Recita
(Resita)* Steel Works, the Titan-Nadrag-Calan coalition, and the wire
industry -- entered into a cooperative arrangement, and by 1929 their
production of crude steel had reached 161,000 tons. J** Foreign
interests gained control in 1930 and shortly thereafter divided the
industry into four main groups: (1) the Malaxa companies, (2) the
Titan-Nadrag-Calan Combine, (3) the Recita Steel Works, and (4) the
Zbrojorka concern (which controlled some armament plants and the
wire industry and was part owner of the Recita Steel Works). J
During World War II the Rumanian steel industry was controlled
by the Germans, under whom production of crude steel reached 324,000
tons annually compared with the prewar high of 284,000 tons achieved
in 1938. / Although war damage was minor, production of crude steel
declined gradually from 1943 to 1947. J
On 11 July 1948 the industry was nationalzied under the
Ministry of Metallurgy and Chemical Industry. J After two One Year
Plans in 1949 and 1950, the First Five Year Plan (1951-55) started
with the following goals for 1955 /:
Product
Metric Tons
Iron ore
750,000
Pig iron
800,000
Crude steel
1,250,000
Rolled steel
828,000
None of these goals was achieved.
B. Organization and Administration.
After nationalization in 1948 the ferrous metallurgical indus-
try of Rumania was placed under the control of the State Enterprise for
* For the location of cities and other geographic features, see the
map inside back cover.
** For serially numbered source references, see Appendix D.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
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Metallurgy (IMS). / Following an unsettled period in 1949, all
metallurgical works and heavy industries were placed under the
Ministry of Metallurgy and Chemical Industry. / In November 1952
this ministry was divided into two ministries, one of which, the
Ministry of the Metallurgical Industry and Machine Building, con-
trols the ferrous metallurgical industry. ,/
The Ministry of the Metallurgical Industry and Machine
Building, headed by Gherasim Popa, who is assisted by 5 deputy min-
isters, is divided into 13 general directorates. The general direc-
torates which administer the ferrous metallurgical industry are the
General Directorate of Ferrous Metallurgy, the General Directorate
of Iron Mines and Refractory Materials, the General Directorate of
Iron Smelting, and the General Directorate of Metallurgy. 1 It is
not known whether these directorates are all on the same administra-
tive level. It is presumed, however, that the General Directorate
of Iron Mines and Refractory Materials and the General Directorate
of Iron Smelting are under the General Directorate of Ferrous Metal-
lurgy, which in turn is under the General Directorate of Metallurgy.
The Ministry of the Metallurgical Industry and Machine
Building also includes two institutes, located in Bucharest, which
are identified with the ferrous metallurgical industry: the Insti-
tute of Metallurgical Planning and the Institute for the Planning of
Metallurgical Factories and Installations. ll
II. Su pl .
A. Pig Iron
1. Pig Iron.
In 1955, Rumania produced 575,000 tons of pig iron,
which represents an increase of 332 percent above production in 1938
but an increase of only 80 percent during the period of the First
Five Year Plan. Production failed to meet the planned goal by 225,000
tons, about 28 percent. Reported production of pig iron in Rumania
in 1938 and 19+8-56 and planned production in 1960 are shown in
Table 1.*.
* Table 1 follows on p. 4.
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Production of Pig Iron in Rumania
1938, 1948-56, and 1960 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Amount Year
Amount
1938
133 J
1953
456 a/
1948
191
1954
432 a
1949
275 b
1955
575 J
1950
320 J
1956
586
1951
350 J
1960
1,150 J
1952
390 J
a. 12
b. J
c. Production in 1956 was reported to
have been 102 percent of that in 1955. 14
d. 1960 Plan. 15
In 1955, operating with a coefficient of utilization of
1.46* (compared with 0.80 attained in the USSR), Rumanian production
was considerably below estimated blast furnace capacity as measured
by levels of utilization maintained in the USSR.** Despite an in-
crease in blast furnace capacity of approximately 150,000 tons in
1956 through the installation in May of a 700-ton-per-day furnace
at the Gheorghiu-Dej plant, 16 production in 1956 was only 11,000)
tons greater than that in 1955?
Pig iron is produced in only four plants in Rumania.
Two plants, the Gheorghiu-Dej and the Recita Combines, which are the
only two fully integrated steel plants in Rumania, accounted for 85
percent of production in 1955?**
* A coefficient of utilization of 1.46 indicates that 1.46 cubic
meters of effective blast furnace volume were required to produce 1 ton
of pig iron in a 24-hour period. Consequently, the higher the coef-
ficient, the less efficient is the operation of a blast furnace.
* For methodology, see Appendix B.
*** For blast furnace facilities, see Table 10, Appendix A, p. 29,
below.
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Although production was far short of the goal, there is
no evidence that Rumania imported pig iron in 1955. Production was.
supplemented by imports of 35,000 tons in 1952, 52,000 tons in 1953,
and a much smaller amount in 1954. The USSR was the principal sup-
plier, with minor shipments having been received from West Germany
and the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union. 17
The 1960 Plan for production of pig iron is 1.15 million
tons, which will maintain about the same ratio between production of
pig iron and that of crude steel which existed in 1955. The goal
for 1960 is planned to be achieved by the construction of 3 blast
furnaces with a combined effective volume of 1,850 cubic meters, l8
which, at the level of efficiency of operations maintained in 1955,
would increase annual production by 430,000 tons. An increase of 17
percent in production, however, through better utilization of facili-
ties is planned for the next 5 years. 19 When applied to existing
blast furnaces and to those to be constructed, this increase in
efficiency provides capacity for approximately the amount of pig
iron planned for production in 1960. The planned improvement in the
utilization of blast furnaces appears to be entirely feasible through
the adoption of modern blast furnace technology and the improved
preparation of raw materials. Rumanian blast furnaces are not equip-
ped for high top pressure or moisture control of the blast, and the
use of sintered ore is limited. Application of these practices, might
easily result in greater efficiency than that planned.
2. Crude Steel.
In 1955, Rumania produced 765,000 tons of crude steel,
including 692,000 tons of open hearth steel and 73,000 tons of elec-
tric furnace steel, in 11 plants operating 22 open hearth and 14
electric furnaces. Production in 1955, although 169 percent above
that in 1938, increased only 38 percent above that in 1950 and fell
far short of meeting the original goal of 1.25 million tons of crude
steel in 1955. 20 Reported production of crude steel in Rumania
in 1938 and 194a-56 and planned production in 1960 are shown in
Table 2.*
* Table 2 follows on p. 6.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 2
Production of Crude Steel in Rumania
1938, 19+8-56, and 1960 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
1938
284 of
1953 716 a/
1948
31+0 b
195+ 627 a/
19+9
x+59 b
1955 765 a/
1950
555 a/
1956 780 c/
1951
644
1960 1,700 /
1952
695 a/
a. 21
b. 22
c. Production in 1956 was reported to have
been 102 percent of that in 1955? 211
d. 1960 Plan.. 24+
It is estimated that the two fully integrated steel plants
in Rumania, Gheorghiu-Dej at Hunedoara and Recita, accounted for al-
most two-thirds of the crude steel produced in 1955. The remainder
was produced in 4+ nonintegrated steel plants and 5 foundries in
machine building plants.*
In 1955 the steelmaking facilities of Rumania operated at
about 75 percent of capacity** as measured by the levels of utiliza-
tion maintained in the USSR. The failure to produce at full capacity
has been attributed by the Rumanian press to inefficient operations
and poor planning. 25 To some extent the low rate of operation may
have been caused by a shortage of the necessary pig iron and scrap.
* For a list of steelmaking facilities in Rumania, see Table 10,
Appendix A, p. 29, below.
** For methodology, see Appendix B.
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The goal for production of crude steel in 1960 is approxi-
mately 1.7 million tons, or 120 percent above that in 1955. 26 To
meet this goal, a 700,000-ton open hearth shop and a 1+0,000-ton elec-
tric steel plant are to be constructed at the Gheorghiu-Dej Steel.
Combine. 217J The planned additional capacity, when coupled with
production in 1955, is 200,000 tons short of the goal for 1960.
The Second Five Year Plan, however, calls for an increase of 22 per-
cent in the utilization of steelmaking facilities which existed in
1955. 2J Such an improvement in steelmaking practices would per-
mit the achievement of the planned goal but would require raising
the efficiency of Rumanian furnaces almost to the Soviet level.
3. Finished Steel.
The 567,000 tons of finished rolled steel produced in
Rumania in 1955, even when supplemented by estimated imports of
236,000 tons,* failed to meet domestic requirements. 29 Production
in 1955 showed an increase of less than 21+ percent over that in 1950
and was 261,000 tons short of the goal. Rolling mill facilities
were adequate to produce the planned tonnage; therefore underfull-
fillment of the Plan was caused by the failure to meet the planned
production of crude steel. Production of finished steel, including
reported production of rolled steel and estimated production of steel
castings, in 1938 and 191+8-56 and planned production of rolled steel
in 1960, are shown in Table 3.**
Rumania produces a wide range of finished steel products,
including structural shapes, plates, bars, hot and cold rolled sheets,
rails, tubes, wire, railroad car wheels, axles, tinplate, castings,
and forgings in 1-2 rolling mills, 9 steel foundries, 7 forge shops,
and 1 tinplate mill.***
During the period of the First Five Year Plan, particu-
larly in 1955, Rumania depended on imports for approximately 30
percent of its apparent consumption of semifinished and finished
steel. The USSR steadily increased exports of finished steel to
For Rumanian imports of steel, see Table 1+, p. 10, below.
* Table 3 follows on p. 8.
For a list of the types of finished steel produced at each plant,
see Table 10, Appendix A, p. 29, below.
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Estimated and Reported Production of Finished Steel in Rumania
1938, 1948-56, and 1960 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Rolled a/
Castings Year
Rolled a
Castings 1Z
1938
318
31
1953
N.A. J
62
1948
306
31
1954
502 a/
50
1949
349
35
1955
567 J
57
1950
459
46
1956
595 :/
67
1951
523
52
1960
1,100 J
N.A.
1952
607
61
a. 30/. Figures were reported.
b. Figures are estimates based on a detailed study of the steel
foundries of Rumania.
c. An estimate proportionate to production of crude steel would be
625,000 tons. In 1953, however, the importation of quantities of
semifinished steel undoubtedly affected production of finished
steel.
d. Production in 1956 was reported to have been 105 percent of
that in 1955. '~~
e. 1960 Plan. 2
Rumania from 1952 to 19551 and by 1955 the USSR supplied about 75
percent of such imports by Rumania.*
The USSR not only has supplanted Western nations as a
source of supply for Rumania but also has reduced the supply role of
other European Satellites. In 1952, 85,000 tons of semifinished and
finished steel were imported from the West, 60,000 tons from the USSR,
and 30,000 tons from the Satellites. In 1955, 180,000 tons came from
the USSR, but only 39,000 tons came from the West, and known Satellite
shipments were limited to 17,000 tons from Czechoslovakia.
* For Rumanian imports of steel, see Table 4, p. 10, below.
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The quantities of each class of steel product imported
by Rumania cannot be determined accurately. Shipments from the West,
however, consisted principally of billets, bars, structural shapes,
sheets, plates, and rails. Structural shapes, pipe, and tubing con-
stituted the major portion of imports from the USSR. Reported
Rumanian imports of semifinished and finished steel in 1937 and
1952-55, by country of origin, are shown in Table 4.#
The Rumanian goal for production of rolled steel items
in 1960 is 1.1 million tons, an increase of 94 percent above produc-
tion in 1955. 33 The ratio of production of finished steel to
production of crude steel, therefore, will probably be lower in 1960
than in 1955 (1955 ratio: 0.74; 1960 ratio: 0.65). The decreased
recovery of finished steel from ingots planned for 1960 may be a
reflection of the emphasis that the Second Five Year Plan places on
increased production of high-quality carbon and alloy steel items.
The lower ratio also may indicate that Rumania no longer plans to
import billets for production of finished steel. The increases
planned for production in 1960 compared with production in 1955 are
shown in the following tabulation 34/:
Product
Percent
Increase
High-quality carbon steels
230
Alloy steels
260
Tinplate
100
Sheets
65
Wire
100
The planned emphasis on production of quality and alloy steels may
also indicate the inadequacy of production of such items under the
First Five Year Plan.
Seventy percent of the increase in production of rolled
steel planned for 1960 is expected to be achieved from more efficient
utilization of the facilities for rolling steel existing in Rumania
in 1955. 35 Facilities for finishing steel planned for completion
during the next 5 years include a seamless tube mill at Roman
(46055' N - 26054' E) with an annual capacity of 300,000 tons, a
* Table follows on p. 10.
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Table 4
Imports of Finished and Semifinished Steel by Rumania
1937 and 1952-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Exporting Country
1937
1952 1953
1954
1955
USSR
N.A.
60 J 120 J
150 J
180 J
Czechoslovakia
17 dl
26 J 23J
20J
17J
East Germany
N.A. f/
2 j/ N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Hungary
35 d.
N.A. N.A.
N.A. J
N.A.
Poland
8 J
2 J N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Total Bloc
60
900
143
170
197
Austria
Belgium-Luxembourg
4 _df
18 dl
3 jJ
72 J
70 n/
3 J
8 J
France
19 of
5 J
70 J
3 J
22 ,
West Germany
39 /
5 J
14J
4 J
2J
2 J
N.A.
1 J
1 J
Negligible
Total West 82 85 165 14 39
Total imports 142 175
308 184 236
a. k.
45/. See methodology.
b.
c.
37/
1.
m.
/. See methodology.
d.
39
n.
e.
f.
Figures are not available for
0.
that
section of Germany which now
q?
51
constitutes East Germany. r.
52
g.
41
s.
53
h.
The 1954 Hungarian-Rumanian
t.
See methodology.
Trade Agreement called for Hung-
u.
5L/. See methodology.
arian exports of rolled steel. 42
V.
55
i.
43/
w.
x.
See methodology.
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structural mill at an unknown location with an annual capacity of
550,000 tons, and a sheet mill at the Christea Nicolae Steel Works
at Galati (1+5?27' N - 28?03' E) with an unknown capacity. 57
Successful execution of these plans will provide the industry with
approximately 850,000 tons of rolling mill capacity in excess of
that needed for planned production and will permit considerable ex-
pansion in production of crude steel unless certain obsolete facili-
ties for rolling steel are retired. If the Rumanians elect to keep
obsolete facilities in operation, finishing capacity would be more
than adequate to exceed the goals established for 1960.
B. Raw Materials.
1. Iron Ore.
The proved and possible reserves of iron ore in
Rumania were estimated at 29.7 million tons in 1952. 58 Approxi-
mately 2.5 million tons have been produced since 1952, and no new
discoveries have been announced. The iron content of the ore
ranges from 30 to 68 percent throughout the 5 major fields. The
average ore mined in 1955 was 1+5 percent iron. 59
The richest Rumanian iron ores are found in the
Banat area, with main operations in the vicinity of Ocna de Fier
and Dognecea. Reserves in this field amount to 7.1 million tons,
of which 1.8 million tons are proved. The iron content of this ore
averages 60 percent. 61
The Poiana Ruscai district has the largest reserves
of ore in Rumania -- nearly 17 million tons, of which 3.7 million tons
are proved. The iron content of the ores from this district ranges
from 31+ to 65 percent, and averages approximately 1+0 percent. L21
Other reserves are located in the Odorhei district,
which has 1.1+ million tons of ore averaging 30 percent iron content,
and in the Bihor district, which has 3.4 million tons of ore aver-
aging 1+0 percent iron content. Li
Because only 21.1+ percent of the total reserves are re-
ported as proved, / the supply of proved iron ore reserves in Rumania
would be nearly exhausted by the end of 1960 if the iron and steel
industry were to depend solely on domestic sources. The current heavy
reliance on imports of iron ore, therefore, is expected to continue.
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b. Production and Supply.
Although Rumanian production of 600,000 tons of iron
ore in 1955 was 4.3 times that in 1938 and represented an increase
of 53 percent above that in 1950, production was below the levels
attained in 1952 and 1953. From 1951 to 1955, as production of pig
iron increased, Rumania supplied a decreasing percentage of its re-
quirements for iron ore in terms of iron content, the figure declin-
ing from 75 percent in 1952 to 47 percent in 1955. Reported produc-
tion of iron ore in Rumania, in terms of 45 percent iron content, in
1938 and 1948-56 and planned production in 1960 are shown in Table 5.
Production of Iron Ore in Rumania a/
1938, 1948-56, and 1960 Plan
1938
139
1953
695
1948
176
1954
5109.
4
220
1955
60o
9
19
1956
654 /
1950
392 /
1951
474 J
1960
1,200 J
1952
649 eJ
a. Iron ore of 45 percent iron content.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g. Production in 1956 was reported to have
been 109 percent of that in 1955. 70
h. 1960 Plan. 71/
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The decrease in production of iron ore since 1953 is
attributed to poor organization, low productivity of labor, and other
operational difficulties. According to official statements, the
iron mining industry has not lacked new, modern equipment. 72/
Domestic production of iron ore in Rumania has been
consistently inadequate to meet requirements for production of pig
iron. Even in 1953, the year of peak production, 300,000 tons were
imported from the USSR, 73 50,000 tons from India,* and 30,000 tons
from Communist China. 74 Since 1953 there has been no reliable in-
formation concerning imports. On the basis of officially announced
figures for production of pig iron and iron ore, it is estimated that
minimum imports of iron ore (53 percent iron content) amounted to
380,000 tons in 1954 and 575,000 tons in 1955. The principal sup-
plier has been the USSR, which is estimated to have shipped at least
300,000 tons annually during the period of the Rumanian First Five
Year Plan. Rumania also receives occasional shipments from India and
Communist China.
By 1960, production of iron ore is scheduled to be
twice that in 1955, but production of pig iron is also to be doubled.
Consequently, Rumania will be less self-sufficient in iron ore in
1960 than in 1955, and import requirements will have to be doubled.
To compensate for this deficiency in Rumania and in other European
Satellites, the USSR plans to export to these countries by 1960
twice the amount of iron ore supplied in 1955. 75
2. Manganese Ore.
a. Reserves.
At the rate of exploitation proposed in the Second
Five Year Plan, the presently known reserves of manganese ore in
Rumania will be nearly exhausted by 1966. Rumanian reserves of
manganese ore are conservatively estimated at 4.5 million tons. 76
Only 1 of the 6 major deposits, however, contains ore with a manga-
nese content approaching 45 percent, which is considered to be the
standard grade of ore suitable for production of ferromanganese.
This deposit is in Bucea-Godinesti district in the Zarandului
Mountains and has estimated reserves of 0.5 million tons. 77
* For methodology, see Appendix B.
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The largest deposit of manganese ore in Rumania is
the Razoare-Durusa deposit, with 1.5 million tons of ore reserves of
24 to 34 percent manganese content and a manganese-to-iron ratio of
1 to 1. The next largest deposit, Delinesti-Ohabita, contains 1.2
million tons of ore of 26 to 32 percent manganese content with a
manganese-to-iron ratio of 2 to 1. The remaining three major de-
posits -- the Iacobeni - Sarul-Dornei, the Sasca-Montana - Moldova,
and the Moneasa-Vascau districts -- contain reserves of 1.2 million
tons of ore of 27 to 34 percent manganese content. 78
b. Production aid Supply.
Rumania did little to develop production of manganese
ore before 1951. Under the First Five Year Plan, the mining of manga-
nese increased rapidly and steadily, reaching a total of 390,000 tons
in 1955, or 4.2 times production in 1950. Reported production of
manganese ore in Rumania in 1938 and 1948-55, estimated production in
1956, and planned production in 1960 are shown in Table 6.
Table 6
Estimated and Reported Production
of Manganese Ore in Rumania
1938, 1948-56, and 1960 Plan
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Amount Year Amount
1938
60 a/.
1953 180 b/
1948
51
1954 273 b/
1949
67 b/
1955 390 a
1950
93 a/
1956 417 c/
1951
122 b/
1960 546 /
1952
150 b/
a. 7 /
b. D
c. Estimate based on production in 1955,
planned production in 1960, and use of the
compound interest formula.
d. 1960 Plan. 81
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Most of the increase in production of manganese ore
in 1955 is attributed to the manganese mines in the Dornei field
(47?22' N - 25?21' E), which increased production 500 percent above
that in 1951, and to those in the Delinesti area, which increased
production 200 percent above that in 1951. 82 Because the average
manganese content of the ores in these 2 deposits ranges from 26 to
34 percent, it is believed that the bulk of the manganese ore pro-
duced in Rumania is unsuitable for production of ferromanganese. Ores
of this grade, however, are satisfactory for use in blast furnaces.
It is not known whether Rumania concentrates any of
its manganese ore. The Plan for 1949 included the completion of a
concentration plant at Iacobeni (47?26' N - 25?18' E), ?/ but the
plant has not been mentioned since 1949. Ferromanganese and silico-
manganese are produced at Chemical Combine No. 2 at Tarnova
(46?20' N - 21?47' E), formerly known as Diciosanmartin. 84 It
is probable that only ore of 45 percent manganese content from the
Bucea-Godinesti district is used for this purpose. It is conserva-
tively estimated that reserves in the Bucea-Godinesti district will
last 15 years at the present rate of consumption.
Rumania receives iron and coke which have a high
sulfur content from the Krivoy Rog and Donbas areas of the USSR.
These imports account for more than 50 percent of the Rumanian sup-
plies. The Ukrainian SSR receives all of its iron ore and coke from
the same areas. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that the
input of manganese per ton of pig iron is the same in Rumania as in
the Ukrainian SSR. On this basis, estimated consumption of manganese
by the Rumanian steel industry in 1955 amounted to 70,000 tons of
35-percent ore. Because much of the Rumanian ore does not run so
high as 35 percent metallic content, the actual consumption of ore
may be greater than 70,000 tons.
Production of manganese in Rumania in 1955 was suf-
ficient to meet domestic requirements and to provide approximately
300,000 additional tons of manganese ore, which was used primarily for
export. Figures on exports are not available, but in 1955 Rumania
contracted to ship 66,000 tons to East Germany and also supplied
manganese to Czechoslovakia and Poland. 85 There were also negotia-
tions for exporting manganese to Sweden.
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Metallurgical Coke.
a. Reserves of Coking Coal.
Reserves of coking coal in Rumania have been estimated
as high as 110 million tons, but minable reserves may be much less. 87
The two principal deposits of bituminous coking coal are the Petroseni
deposit (45?25' N - 23?22' E) and the Anina deposit (45?o6' N - 21052' E),
just south of Recita. The Anina deposit is reported to contain 48 mil-
lion tons of coking coal. 88 The quality of coal in both these areas
is similar to the Hungarian Pecs coal, being high in sulfur and ash
content and requiring extensive cleaning to make good-quality coke. L9/
b. Production and Supply.
Rumanian production of coke in 1955, 65 percent of
which was estimated to be of metallurgical grade, was nearly 3 times
that in 1950 but failed to meet the goal for 1955 by 50 percent.
Reported production of coke, including both metallurgical and gas
coke, in Rumania in 1938 and 1948-56, and planned production in 1960
are shown in Table 7.*
It is estimated that about 230,000 tons of the coke
produced in 1955 was metallurgical coke, produced in 2 batteries at the
Recita Iron and Steel Works and 1 battery at the Gheorghiu-Dej Steel
Combine. The remaining 120,000 tons produced in 1955 were all gas coke
produced in plants located at Petroseni, Petrila (45?27' N - 23?27' E),
and Lupeni (45022'-N - 23?15' E). The coking facilities at Recita
consist of 2 batteries with 90,000 tons of annual capacity each. The
first of 3 batteries, each with 200,000 tons of annual capacity, planned
for the Gheorghiu-Dej Combine, began producing in mid-1955?** 90
Rumania, never able to supply the requirements for coke
of its iron, steel, and chemical industries from domestic production,
has increased imports of metallurgical coke to keep pace with require-
ments. The total imports of coke were slightly more than 600,000 tons
in 1955. 91 The principal source has been the USSR, which supplied
at least 205,000 tons in 1954 .and 370,000 tons in 1955. 921 The
only other suppliers were Czechoslovakia and Poland. 93
Table 7 follows on p. 17.
* For metallurgical coking facilities, see Table 10, Appendix A,
p. 29, below.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 7
Production of Coke in Rumania
1938, 1948-56, and 1960 Plan
Year
Amount
1938
86 J
1953
26o e/
191+8
80 J
1951+
265
1949
100 /
1955
350
1950
120 J
1956
530
1951
156 c/
1960
1,750
1952
216 /
d. 97/
e. 9 /
f. 99
g. 100
h. Production of metallurgical coke in 1956
was reported to have been 178 percent of that
in 1955. lol
1. 1960 Plan. 102
Approximately 800,000 tons of metallurgical coke were
available in Rumania in 1955, and it is estimated that about 635,000
tons were,consumed in production of pig iron, 35,000 tons by the iron
founding industry, and 120,000 tons by the chemical industry in pro-
duction of soda ash and calcium carbide.
To meet requirements for metallurgical coke, for
production of pig iron alone,-production in 1960 is scheduled to be
5 times that in 1955. 103 Based on estimates for 1955, the goal
for production of metallurgical coke in 1960 is 1.15 million tons.
Production planned for 1960 is expected to be achieved by the con-
struction of 2 coke batteries with a combined annual capacity of
1+00,000 tons at the Gheorghiu-Dej Steel Combine 101+/ and by the ex-
pansion of the facilities at Recita to an annual capacity of 800,000
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tons. 105 If successfully executed, these plans would give Rumania
a total metallurgical coking capacity of 1.4 million tons, which
would be more than adequate to meet requirements indicated by the
goals for 1960.
4. Iron and Steel Scrap.
Responsibility for the collection and allocation of ferrous
scrap rests with the Rumanian State Enterprise for the Collection of
Metals (ICM), which has headquarters in the Ministry of Metallurgy and
Machine Building. This organization also controls the use of all
metals stored as raw material inventories in plants. 106 Prices set
by the ministry are charged a plant even for the use of self-generated
scrap. 107
Consumption of scrap by the ferrous metallurgical indus-
try of Rumania during the decade preceding World War II was consist-
ently high, averaging 70 to 80 percent of the open hearth charge.
Available war scrap was responsible for the continued high scrap-to-
pig-iron ratio until 1948. By emphasizing the collection and distri-
bution of scrap and by increasing the pig iron charge, Rumania avoided
serious shortages. The use of scrap in open hearth steelmaking de..
clined gradually after 1948 to 30 to 40 percent of the charge in
1956. l08
C. Alloying Materials.
1. Ferroalloy Ores.
In addition to reserves of manganese ore, Rumania has a
substantial deposit of chromium ore and a small deposit of molybdenum
ore. Although deposits of nickel, cobalt, tungsten, and titanium ores
are known to exist, the extent of these reserves is not known, and
mining of these materials is negligible or nonexistent.
Chromium ore is found in only one part of Rumania, the
Banat region, south of Timis Province. This ore has a chromium con-
tent ranging from 18 to 40 percent, but it also has an iron content
that makes it unsuitable for metallurgical use. Estimates of reserves
range from 2 million to 10 million tons. The most plausible estimate
appears to be 4 million tons. 10
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Reportedly the Germans produced 40,000 tons of
chromite from this area in 1917, but there is no indication of sub-
sequent mining until 1942, when 500 tons were mined. 110 Produc-
tion of chromium ore was negligible during World War II and immedi-
ately thereafter. Estimated production of chromium ore in Rumania,
in terms of 45 percent chromite, in 1948-55 is shown in Table 8.
Estimated Production of Chromium Ore in Rumania
1948-55
Year
Amount Year
Amount
1948
200 b
1952
21,800 c/
1949
8,000 b
1953
35,900
1950
8,000 b
1954
59,300
1951
13,200 J
1955
98,000 J
a.
Chromium ore
5 percent chromite.
b.
Reported. 111
c.
Derived from the use of a compound interest
formula to establish the annual increase for the
years 1951-54. Estimates have been'rounded to the
nearest 100 tons.
d. Reported. 112
Because the chromite is unsuitable for metallurgical
use and there is little evidence of refractory production, most of
the Rumanian production is available for export. An estimate of ex-
ports, however, cannot be made, because of the shipment of substantial
but unidentified quantities of Albanian chromite through Rumania.
b. Molybdenum Ore.
Deposits of molybdenum ore in the vicinity of Baita
(46?40' N - 22?38' E) in the Bihor district of Somes Province in
Rumania were estimated to contain about 8,000 tons of 0.75 to 0.85
percent molybdenite ore in 1952. Deposits of 0.15 to 0.24 percent
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0.24- percent molybdenite ore are located in the Metalici Mountains
(46018' N - 22?50' E). 1L3/ No new discoveries or extensions of
these known deposits have been reported.
After exploitation by the Germans from 1941 to 1944,
activity at the Rezbanya mine near Baita ceased until 1949, when a
joint Soviet-Rumanian company was formed to redevelop and expand
this mine. 114 In 1949, production at Baita reportedly amounted
to 9 tons per day of 85 percent molybdenite concentrate. 115
Production at this rate would have depleted this deposit in a very
short time. Activity at the Maidan mine (45?05' N - 21?441 E),
located in the low-grade deposits of the Cerbia-Zam area, was also
reported in 1949.
A lack of recent information precludes any estimate
of annual production of molybdenum ore. Rumania may not now be
producing molybdenum.
2. Ferroalloys.
Rumanian production of ferroalloys is limited to blast;
furnace ferromanganese produced at Recita and silicomanganese and
ferromanganese produced in two electric furnaces at the Diciosanmartin
ferroalloy plant (46?20' N - 24?16' E). 116 In 1955, production
of these ferroalloys, estimated at 17,000 tons, is considered to
have been adequate to meet Rumanian requirements for making steel.
Rumania is dependent on imports to meet all its other
requirements for ferroalloys. The principal source is the USSR, and
supplemental shipments come from East Germany and Czechoslovakia. 11
III. Technology, Productivity of Labor, and Quality.
The Rumanian government has organized technical schools and in-
stitutes which include a coal institute at Petroseni; a training
center for iron and steel workers at Hunedoara; and a technical
school for construction, including steel construction, at Deva
(45?53' N - 22?551 E). 118
The Institute of Metallurgy and Applied Chemistry, a branch
of the Academy of Sciences of the Peoples Republic of Rumania, has
as its principal objectives the introduction of improved processes
of production, the reduction in consumption of high-quality and
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heat-resistant steels, the utilization of available raw materials
which are not adaptable to conventional methods of processing, and
the modernization of metallurgical plants. l~l / It is assumed that
this institute works closely with the Soviet-Rumanian Commission
for Scientific and Technical Cooperation, which has an interest in
improving metallurgical technology in Rumania. 120
The level of the blast furnace and steelmaking technology of Ru-
mania is considerably below that of the US, the USSR, and several of
the Satellites. The first steps toward equipping blast furnaces with
high top pressure and humidity control of blast were taken in August
1956, when Soviet plans and drawings for such equipment were obtained
at a meeting of the Soviet-Rumanian Commission. 121 In 1955, blast
furnaces operated with a coefficient of utilization of about 1.4-6, com-
pared with 0.80 achieved by the USSR in the same year. 122
Although coefficients of utilization of open hearth furnaces are
not available, the Rumanians have openly criticized the inefficient
operation of steelmaking furnaces under the First Five Year Plan. An
increase of 22 percent in the utilization of steelmaking facilities
existing in 1955 is expected under the Second Five Year Plan through
the elimination of furnace delays, installation of better refractory
materials, and wider use of improved metallurgical practices. 123
Between 1950 and 1955 the productivity of labor at the Gheorghiu-
Dej Combine increased 47.9 percent for the combine as a whole; for
blast furnaces, 58.7 percent; for the open hearth shop, 22.8 percent;
and for rolling-mills, 62.8 percent. 124Nevertheless,, 20 men are
still required to operate a 500-ton-per-day blast furnace at this
plant, whereas only 12 men can operate a 2,000-ton-per-day furnace in
the USSR or the US. 125 Increases in the productivity of labor in
the iron and steel industry under the Second Five Year Plan are ex-
pected through increased mechanization and through specialization of
plants to allow longer runs between mill changes. 126
Although the quality of Rumanian finished steel products has im-
proved since 1952, when rejections on some items were as high as 26 to
28 percent, 127 the need for further improvement is being emphasized.
Poor quality has been attributed to the use of inferior and inadequate
raw materials, failure to follow improved technological practices, and
faulty management. 128 Allegedly the failure of management to pro-
vide accurate monthly plans for production has resulted in lower quali-
ty because of rushes to meet quotas at the end of the month. 129
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IV. Investment, Costs and Prices, and Wages.
A. Investment.
Gross fixed investment in the ferrous metallurgical industry
of Rumania was less than planned in 1951-55, but investment in the
petroleum industry was 51 percent greater than planned. 130 The
petroleum industry received 15.2 percent of total investment and
28.2 percent of industrial investment, but. the ferrous metallurgical
industry received only 5.5 percent of total investment and 10.1
percent of industrial investment. Originally the First Five Year
Plan had allocated only 9.7 percent of total investment to petroleum
and 6.5 percent to ferrous metallurgy. The reduction in investment
probably contributed to the failure of the ferrous-metallurgical
industry to meet a single goal for production in 1955.
Planned and actual investment in the petroleum and ferrous
metallurgical industries in 1951-55 and planned investment for
1956-60 are shown in Table 9.
Table 9
Planned and Actual Investment in Industry in Rumania a/
1951-55 and 1956-60
Billion 1954 Lei
1951-55
Sector
Plan
Actual
1956-60 Plan
Ferrous metallurgy
4.3
3.7
7.2
Petroleum
6.4
10.3
15.3
Other
23.5
22.5
37.5
Total
34.2
36.5
60.0
a. L31/. The official rate of exchange of 6 lei to
US $1 is not necessarily an accurate reflection of the
dollar value.
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In 1956-60, investment in the ferrous metallurgical industry
is scheduled to be nearly twice that in 1951-55, amounting to 12 per-
cent of total industrial investment. Two billion lei* were to be
spent in 1956 to construct an open hearth shop, an electric furnace
shop, a blooming mill, and a coke battery at the Gheorghiu-Dej Steel
Combine; to finish construction of a seamless tube mill at Roman; and
to install a sheet mill at the Christea Nicolae Steel Works. 132
B. Costs and Prices.
No specific figures on costs of production are available for
the iron and steel industry of Rumania, but the costs of producing
finished products in the industry are reported to be high because of
the high cost and unduly high consumption of raw materials, because
of inefficient operations, and because of poor supervision. 133
Although the Rumanian press has emphasized the necessity of
reducing costs, it was reported in mid-1956 that the costs of produc-
tion in the Ministry of Metallurgy and Machine Building were rising
rather than falling. 134+
Wholesale prices for carbon and alloy finished steel products
in 1956 were those established by governmental decisions Nos-- 324
and 325, issued on 3 and 4 March 1953. These prices have been com-
pared with US base prices in 1956, and leu-dollar ratios have been
calculated for individual products.** Because the Rumanian product
mix cannot be determined accurately, a weighted average leu-dollar
ratio has not been calculated. It is evident, however, that the
ratio of all items is greater than the official rate of exchange,
ranging from 9.1 to 1 on buttweld pipe to 44.4 to 1 on hot rolled
alloy bars. It appears that, in comparison with US pricing practice,
the Rumanian industry places a disproportionate premium on items
requiring alloys, coating materials, or special finishing.
* The official rate of exchange of 6 lei to US $1 is not necessar-
ily an accurate reflection of the dollar value.
** For a comparison of the prices in the US and Rumania, see Table
11, Appendix A, p. 31, below.
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C. Wages.
Wages in the Rumanian iron and steel industry are based on
the norm system. 135 On 1 April 1953 a wage system was installed
which divided steel workers into three classes, as follows: class 1,
Recita and Gheorghiu-Dei workers; class 2, workers at medium-sized
plants; and class 3, workers at small plants. Class 1 workers re-
ceive 10 percent more pay than class 2 workers and 15 percent more
than class 3 workers. Each class contains 12 rate levels, and over-
fulfillment of norms is rewarded with the payment of an increased
rate within the class. After 5 years of uninterrupted employment,
a worker receives an increase of 5 percent of his original base pay.
The increment may total 30 percent of his original base pay after
20 years of continuous service. 136
Basic wages in the Rumanian steel industry in 1955 ranged
from 700 to 900 lei per month, 13 which at the official rate of
exchange amounts to about US $136. The average pay of a Rumanian
steelworker is from 100 to 300 lei above the average for all industry.
A Rumanian family earning 800 lei per month, however, must spend
550 to 575 lei for food and 200 lei for substandard housing, in-
cluding utilities, leaving only 50 to 100 lei for all other expenses,
including clothing and school expenses of 50 lei for each child. 138
V. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
The iron-and steel industry of Rumania is handicapped by
inadequate raw materials, inefficient operations, poor management,
and high costs. Nevertheless, the industry has managed to supply
vitally needed steel which might not have been available elsewhere
because of the inadequate supply of steel in the European Satellites
since the inauguration of the programs for industrialization.
The ability of the ferrous metallurgical industry of Rumania
to meet its goal for 1960 depends to a considerable extent on its
ability to construct new facilities, which are to account for almost
one half of planned production in 1960, and on the procurement of the
essential raw materials, principally through imports. Unless con-
struction of metallurgical facilities improves substantially, it is
doubtful whether the goals for 1960 will be achieved.
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B. Vulnerabilities.
The dependence on imported raw materials represents the
principal potential vulnerability of the Rumanian iron and steel
industry. More than one-half of the required iron ore is obtained
from the USSR; almost two-thirds of the metallurgical coke consumed
is supplied by the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. The Second
Five Year Plan indicates the continued dependence of Rumania on out-
side sources for its supply of iron ore and alloying materials.
Planned increases in production of iron and steel in Rumania
between 1956 and 1960 appear to be designed to meet the requirements
of the expanding manufacturing industries and to reduce Rumanian
dependence on imports of finished steel, particularly tubular prod-
ucts, for the important petroleum industry.
Direct indications of military intentions are not discern-
able from an analysis of the Rumanian ferrous metallurgical industry.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX A
STATISTICAL TABLES
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 11
Comparison of Rumanian and US Prices of Semifinished
and Finished Steel Products
1956
Rumanian
Base Price
(Lei per
Metric Ton)
US Base
Price
(Dollars per
Metric Ton) J
Leu-Dollar
Ratio
Blooms, slabs, and billets
1,580
81.62
19.4
Bars (hot rolled, carbon)
2,000
111.90
17.9
Bars (hot rolled, alloy)
6,000
135.06
44.4
Bars (concrete reinforcing)
2,100
111.90
18.8
Bars (cold finished, carbon)
4,150
151.04
27.5
Structural shapes (carbon)
1,750
110.25
15.9
Sheets (hot rolled, carbon)
1,900
103.08
18.4
Sheets (hot rolled, gal-
vanized carbon)
5,000
138.92
36.0
Strip (hot rolled, carbon)
2,000
103.08
19.4
Strip (cold rolled, carbon)
2,900
192.94
15.0
Blackplate
1,900
157.66
12.0
Tinplate
4,350
235.20
18.5
Electrical sheets
6,750
242.55
27.8
Plates
2,000
106.94
18.7
Rails (standard)
2,050
111.90
18.3
Rail joint bars
2,650
140.02
18.9
Wire
1,900
163.08
11.7
Buttweld pipe (1/2-inch,
black)
2,500
275.63
9.1
Buttweld pipe (1/2-inch,
galvanized)
4,400
336.26
13.1
a. YW b. . U
S base prices were reported in cents per pound and were con-
verted to dollars per metric ton by multiplying by 22.05.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 CIA-RDP79-01093A001200130008-4
S -E -C -R -E -T
APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY
Where feasible, methodology has been shown in the text and in the
tables. Other specific methods and some general applications are dis-
cussed in this appendix.
1. Pig Iron Capacity and Production.
The daily capacity of each blast furnace was given. Annual
capacity and production were derived as follows:
Normal annual operating time = 340 days
Annual capacity = daily capacity x 340
Annual production = daily capacity of blast furnaces x 340
coefficient of utilization
2. Interpolation of Production in 1956.
Estimates of production in 1956 were based on reported produc-
tion in 1955 and the announced goal for 1960, using the compound inter-
est formula.
B= (1+r)n
A = goal for 1960
B = production in 1955
r = rate of annual increase
n = number of years
3. Foreign Trade Statistics.
Annual estimates of foreign trade in specific commodities in
some cases were compiled from a large number of miscellaneous documents
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
including reports of border shipments and water shipments and State
Department economic despatches.
4+. Crude Steel Capacity.
Estimated annual crude steel capacity as given in this report
is theoretical capacity based on the size of each furnace in tons per
melt, which was known in each case, and the number of melts per day
that could be produced at the Soviet level of technology times 325 work-
ing days per year.
5? Production of Finished Steel at Individual Plants.
Documented information was available for estimating production
of finished steel in 1955 at plants which produced 72 percent of the
officially announced production of 567,OQO tons. The remaining 28 per-
cent was divided among the other producers of finished steel, taking
into account the production of crude steel and the type of products
produced at each plant.
6. Estimated Balance of Scra and Pig Iron in 1955?
Amount
(Metric Tons)
a. Requirements.
For production of crude steel (765,000 x 1.1*) 840,ooo
For production of iron castings 160,000
Total
1,000,000
b . Ste.
Scrap from processing steel ingots
and castings (765,000 x 0.26) 200,000
Scrap from fabrication of domestically
produced rolled steel (567,000 x 0.15**) 85,000
Scrap from fabrication of imported finished steel (236,000 x 0.15**)
-~ 35,000
To account for the metallics lost in melting, which may vary from
8 to 21 percent.
Based on the normal yield of scrap from fabricating finished steel in
the US.
34
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
Amount
(Metric Tons)
b. Supply (Continued).
Iron scrap from production of iron
castings (160,000 melt tons x 0.37*) 6o,000
Pig iron (total production in 1955) 575,000
c. Balance.
Requirements
Supply
Deficit
955,000
1,000,000
955,000
45,000
This deficit could have been offset by local scrap drives.
* Based on the normal yield of 63 percent from poured metal to finished
iron castings in the US.
** Excludes scrap which may have been accumulated by scrap drives.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX C
GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
Information on the Rumanian ferrous metallurgical industry is inade-
quate to permit a comprehensive assessment of its economic and physical
strengths and weaknesses. Specific gaps in intelligence are listed
below.
1. Data are not available on the following:
a. The product mix of finished steel, including a division
between carbon and alloy steels.
b. The patterns of distribution and consumption of finished
steel products.
c. Costs of production and manufacture in the iron and steel
industry.
2. Available information on some individual steel plants is vague
and fragmentary. No coefficients of utilization of open hearth fur-
naces are available.
3. There is no reliable information which could be used to relate
production of the ferrous metallurgical industry or of the iron and
steel industry to the gross national product of Rumania.
k. Although representative base prices of finished steel products
are available, similar data on the raw and alloying materials re-
quired to produce the finished steel products are not available.
5. Information concerning technology, quality, and specifications
related to the iron and steel. industry is limited.
6. Trade data on all segments of the ferrous metallurgical industry
are limited.
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A001200130008-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX D
SOURCE REFERENCES
In evaluating the performance of the Rumanian ferrous metallurgi-
cal industry under the First Five Year Plan, UN publications, State
Department despatches, and FDD translations were the most helpful
sources of information. In determining the goals of the Second Five
Year Plan for the industry and analyzing the means by which these
goals are to be achieved, reliance was placed mainly on FBIS publi-
cations and FDD translations. Foreign intelligence surveys and
publications were of assistance in describing reserves of raw mater-
ials and alloying materials. In studying iron and steel plants, Air
Force reports were used more widely than any others.
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Source of Information
Doc.
- Documentary
1
- Confirmed by other sources
A -
Completely reliable
2
- Probably true
B -
Usually reliable
3
- Possibly true
C - Fairly reliable
4
- Doubtful
D - Not usually reliable
5
- Probably false
E - Not reliable
F - Cannot be Judged
6
- Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a staff
officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
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25X1A
25X1A
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report.
No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation
on the cited document.
25X1A
2. Gt Brit, British Iron and Steel Federation. Monthly
Statistical Bulletin, vol 27, no 2, Feb 52, p. 3-16. U.
Eval. RR 2. hereafter referred to as Gt Brit. Statistical
Bulletin)
3. Justice, Economic Warfare Section. The Rumanian Metallurgi-
cal Industry Absorption, by Hermann Goering, 21 Mar 44.
C. Eval. RR 2.
4.
Ibid.
Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
Romania libera, no 2393, Bucharest, 11 Jun 52, p.
U. Eval. RR 2.
6.
7. CIA. CS, 8 Jul 53, info 1952. S/US ONLY. Eval. RR 2
.
25X1A2g 8. CIA. 10 Oct 51, info 1949. C. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
11.
12.
9? harest. Dsp 88, 3 Oct 55. C. Eval. RR 1.
10-11iiii W Reference Aid no 45, 21 Oct 55, Personnel of
13.
14.
16.
17.
Rumanian Government Agencies. C. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid.
UN, ECE.
Geneva,
E/ECE/235, Economic Survey of Europe in 1955,
Feb 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
State/Gt Brit, Bucharest. Annex to Press Review no 1957-42,
17 Feb 57, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 3. (hereafter referred to
as State/Gt Brit, Bucharest. Annex)
State/Gt Brit, Bucharest. Rumanian Press Review, no 1956-15,
Allied Control Authority, Germany, Office of Economic
Adviser. Rpt no 9, 23 Mar 53, Symposium of Intelligence
Covering East-West Trade. C. Eval. RR 2.
State, Brussels. Dsp 983, 24 Mar 54. U. Eval. RR 3-
- 40 -
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FOIAh h1 18.
29 Dec 55, p. JJ 1$. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
19. CIA. FDD Summary no 999, 18 Jul 56, p. 80-87. OFF USE.
Eval. RR 2.
25X1A
21:
22.
23.
24.
25.
FOIAb3b1 26.
27.
28.
FOIAb3b1 29.
25X1A
25X1A
CIA. CS, 10 Jul 53. S/US ONLY. Eval. RR 3.
UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above).
Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
State/Gt Brit, Bucharest. Annex (14, above)
UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above .
CIA. FDD Summary no 999 (19, above).
27 Dec 55, p. JJ 59. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
no 2512,
no 250,
Agerpress, no 18, Bucharest, 10 Jul 56. U.- Eval. RR 2.
CIA. FDD Summary no 999 (19, above).
no 250,
27 Dec 55, p. JJ 59. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
30. UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above).
31. State/Gt Brit, Bucharest. Annex (14, above).
32. UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above , Table 36, p. B 41. U.
Eval. RR 2.
33? Ibid.
CIA. FDD Summary no 999 (19, above).
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Air, AFOIN. IAI-181, May 53. R. Eval. RR 3.
37. CIA. CIA/RR 88, The Ferrous Metallurgical Industry of the
USSR, 28 Jan 57. S.
38. Ibid.
39. UN, ECE. Steel Working Paper no 114, 30 Sep 54. U.
Eval. RR 2.
40. CIA. CS, 16 Sep 55. S/NOFORN/CONT CONTROL. Eval.
RR 2.
41.
42. State, Budapest. -Joint Weeka 14, 10 Apr , sec 2.
C/NOFORN. Eval. RR 3.
44. State, OIR. IR rpt no 6566.20, Synopsis of Trade and
Payments Agreements and Trade: Austria Rumania, 21 Dec 54.
S. Eval. RR 2.
43.
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45. CIA. CS, 18 May 54. S/US ONLY. Eval. 3.
46. CIA. CS, 10 Jun 55. S. Eval. F-3.
CIA. CS, 9 Aug 55. S. Eval. RR 3.
47. State, Brussels. Dsp 1048, 31 Mar 53. U. Eval. RR 2.
48. Ibid., dsp 983, 24 Mar 54. U. Eval. RR 2.
49. Ibid., dsp 990, 28 Mar 55. U. Eval. RR 2.
50. Ibid., dsp 1078, 4 Apr 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
51. CIA. CS, 7 Sep 53. S/US ONLY. Eval. 3.
State, Brussels. Dsp 1048, 31 Mar 53. U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., dsp 750, 31 Dec 52. U. Eval. RR 3.
52. Continental Iron and Steel Trade Reports, no 8782, 20 Apr 55.
U. Eval. RR 2.
53. Ibid., no 9291, 26 May 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
54. Ibid., no 8753, 27 Mar 55. U. Eval. RR 2.
Allied Control Authority, Germany, Office of the Economic
Adviser. Rpt no 9 (17, above).
55. CIA'. CS, 28 Sep 54. S. Eval. B-2.
CIA. CS, 30 Jul 54. s/US ONLY. Eval. B-2.
Continental Iron and Steel Trade Reports, no 9165, 21 Feb 56.
U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., no 9290, 26 May 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
COCOM. COCOM Doc Sta-II/2, 7 Jun 55. C. Eval. RR 2.
56. Continental Iron and Steel Trade Reports, no 9290, 26 May 56.
U. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. CS, 24 Jan 56. S/NOFORN/CONT CONTROL. Eval. RR 2.
FOIAb3bl 57? , no 252,
29 Dec 55, p. JJ 13. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
58. Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
59. Ibid.
UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above).
60. CIA. CIA/RR FR-93, Iron Ore in the Soviet Bloc, 25 Jan 55,
p. 55-56. s/US ONLY.
61. Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid
65. Central Institute of Statistics. Statistica Industriei
Eztractive, Bucharest, 1938. U. Eval. RR 2.
Interior, US Bureau of Mines. Foreign Minerals Survey,
vol 1, no 10, Dec 44, p. 16. U. Eval. RR 1.
66. State, Bucharest. Dsp 53, 21 Jan 50. S. Eval. RR 2.
67. Ibid., dsp 247, Feb 56, encl no 1, Annex 2. C. Eval. RR 2.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A001200130008-4
25X1A
75. Joint Committee on Slavic Studies. Current Digest of the
Soviet Press, vol 8, no 30, New York, 5 Sep 56. U.
Eval. RR 2.
76. Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above), Table 36, p. B-41. U.
Eval. RR 2.
68. UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above).
69. CIA. FDD Summary no 712, 8 Nov 55. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
70. State/Gt Brit, Bucharest. Annex (14, above).
71. State, Bucharest. Dsp 206, Joint Weeka, no 52, 1 Jan 56,,
sec 2, p. 2. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
72. Ibid., asp 228, 16 Feb 56. C/NOFORN. Eval. RR 2.
73? CIA. CIA/RR PR-93 (60, above).
74.
80. State, Bucharest. Dsp no 247, 21 Feb 56. C. Eval. RR 2.
81. UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above), Table 36, p. B-41. U.
Eval. RR 2.
82. CIA. FDD Translation no 513, 27 Jun 56, Fulfillment of the
First Five Year Plan by the Rumanian Mining Industry.
OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
83. CIA. CIA/RR PR-93 (60, above).
F OIAb3 b184. Economic Item 63487, Bucharest, 16 Aug 55.
OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A
85.
CIA. CS, 12 Mar 56. S/NOFORN/CONT CONTROL. Eval.
RR 3.
National Committee for a Free Europe, Inc., Radio Free Europe.
Item no 792/56, MV/25, Jan 56/I13438, p. 3. U. Eval. RR 3.
Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
Ibid.
Ibid.
For a Lasting Peace, For a People's Democracy, Bucharest, 19
Aug 55. U. Eval. RR 2.
87.
88.
89.
90.
25X1A
FOIAb3b1 91-
92.
25X1 A2g93 -
Daily Report (USSR and Eastern Europe), no 28,
9 Feb 55, p. JJ 7. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. CIA/RR 88 (37, above).
CIA. 21 Sep 56, p. 4, info 1955-56. OFF USE.
Eval. RR 3.
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25X1A
94. Interior, US Bureau of Mines. International Coal Trade,
vol 18, no 9, Sep 47, p. 47. U. Eval. RR 2.
95. Ibid., vol 22, no 9, Sep 53, P. 57. U. Eval. RR 3.
96. CIA. CIA/RR 57, Solid Fuels and Coal Gas in Bulgaria,
Rumania, and Albania, 11 Apr 55, P. 33. S NOFORN.
97. State/Gt Brit, Bucharest. Annex (14, above).
99. Ibid., no 30, 13 Feb 56, p. JJ 2. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
100. Ibid., no 243, 15 Dec 55, p. JJ 4. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
101. Ibid., no 16, 26 Jan 53, p. JJ 3. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
102. Ibid., no 250, 27 Dec 55, p. JJ 59. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
103. Ibid.
104. CIA. FDD Summary no 999 (19, above).
25X1 A 105.
106. CIA. CS, 21 May 53. SUS ONLY. Eval. C-3-
107- Ibid.
108. CIA. FDD Summary no 939, 24 May 56. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
109. Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
110. Interior, US Bureau of Mines. Foreign Minerals Survey,
vol 1, no 10, Dec 44. U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1 X7111- 3/144, Mar 52, Tables of Production in
i t U i d th Euro can Satellites S Eval. RR 2.
a
e
th
S
25X1A
p
n
ov e n on
e
112. CIA. FDD Summary no 275, 23 Nov 55. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3-
113. Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
114. CIA. CIA RR PR-30, The Molybdenum Supply Situation in the
Soviet Bloc, 25 May 53. SUS ONLY-
115.
116.
117.
25X1A
118.
25X1A
25X1A
State, Bucharest. Dsp
Eval. RR 2.
CIA. CIA/RR 88, The Ferrous Metallurgical Industry of the
USSR. 28 Jan 57 , P. 95. S.
OFF USE. Eval. RR 2. (tr of Agerpress, Bucharest, 12
120. Air. Treasure Island, 170269, Aug 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
(tr of Izvestiya, no 188, 8 Aug 56, p. 4. U)
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
25X1 A 127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
25X1 X132
133.
134.
25X1A 135'
136.
Ibid.
CIA. CIA/RR 88 (37, above).
CIA. FDD Summary no 999 (19, above).
Ibid., no 865, 20 Mar 56. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
CIA. CS, 26 Jan 56. S/NOFORN/CONT CONTROL. Eval. RR 3.
CIA. FDD Summary no 999 (19, above
CIA.
Ibid.
FDD Summary no 999 (19, above).
UN, ECE. E/ECE/235 (12, above), Table 127, p. 246. U.
Eval. RR 3.
Ibid.
Rpt no 198, 16 Jun 56. S. Eval. RR 3.
tr of Scinteia, Bucharest, 30 Mar 55, p. 1-3. U)
Scinteia, 28 Mar 56, Bucharest. U. Eval. Doc.
State, Bucharest. Dsp 30, Joint Weeka, no 29, 21 Jul 56.
137. State, Bucharest. Dsp 303, 22 Mar 56. C.
Eval. RR 3.
138. Ibid. ds 10 24 Oct C. Eval. RR 3.
25X1A 139.
140.
141. Ibid.
25X1A 142.
143.
144. Justice, Economic Warfare Section. Rpt NY 244, 14 Dec 43.
25X1 A 145.
C. Eval. RR 3.
146. CIA. CS Jan 56, info Sep S/NOFORN. Eval.
147.
25X1A
148.
149. For a Lasting Peace, For a People's Democracy, Bucharest,
19 Aug 55. U. Eval. RR 2.
150. Air. Treasure Island 172947, 6 Apr 56. U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A
CS, 26 Jun 56. S/NOFORN/CONT CONTROL. Eval. RR 3.
152. CIA. CS, 28 Jun 55, info Jan 55. C/NOFORN. Eval. RR 3.
-45-
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
25X1A
FDD Summary no 865, 20 Mar 56. OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
25X1A
25X1A
153. Air, AIIR. IR-231-5)+, 21 Oct 54.
154. Scinteia, 8 Apr 48, Bucharest. U
155. Air. IR-231-5L+, 21 Oct 54+. C. Eval. RR 3.
CIA. FDD Summary no 206, 16 Sep 54. C. Eval. RR 3.
CIA. EP-65)+20, 28 Jul 52. S. Eval. RR 3-
156. Scinteia, Oct 48, Bucharest. U. Eval. RR 3.
157.
158.
159.
16o.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
FOIAb3b1
167.
FOIAb3b1
FOIAb3b1
25X1A
Scinteia, 13 Sep 55, Bucharest.
. Eva;l. RR 3.
CIA. CS, 13 Oct 55. C/NOFORN. Eval. RR 3.
Gt Brit. Statistical Bulletin (2, above).
Air, AFOIN, IAI. IR- 27-55, 22 Jul 55. C. Eval. RR 3.
CIA. CS, 27 Nov 53. S/US ONLY. Eval. RR 3.
Scinteia, Oct 48, Bucharest. U. Eval. RR 3.
conomic Item 67532, 24 Aug 55, Bucharest.
OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
CIA. CS, 27 Nov 53. S/US ONLY. Eval. RR 3.
Economic Item 30363, 22 Jan 53, Bucharest. OFF USE.
Eval. RR 1.
Economic
Item 5319+, 1 Jan 55, Bucharest. OFF USE.
168. c n eia, 229 e , p. 3
Bucharest
U
Eva-l
RR
,
.
.
.
3.
F OIAb3 b1 Economic Item 67532, 24 Aug 55, Bucharest. OFF USE.
Eval. RR 3.
169. CIA. FDD Summary no 470, 28 A
25X1A
170. CIA. CS, 24 Nov 54, info Apr 54. 'S/US ONLY. Eval. RR 3-
171. Flacara, Feb 53, Bucharest, CIA Photo no 12669+. OFF USE.
Eval. Doc.
172. CIA. CS, 6 May 53, info Feb 51. S/US ONLY. Eval. F-3.
j-73- Ibid..
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174.
CIA. CS, 21 Jul 53, info Dec 52.
175.
176.
NOFORN.
25X1 A
177..
178.
Scinteia, 14 Jan 4b, Bucharest.
S/US ONLY. Eval. RR 3-
Eval. RR 2.
u. .wa.i. n 3.
180. CIA. FDD U-4080, 10 Jul 53, Annex I, 29
Eval. RR 2.
181. Iron e, vol 178, no 17, 25 Oct 56, p. 157-162. U.
Eval. RR 1.
_47-
25X1A
25X1A
Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 :-CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200130008-4
Rumania: Principal Ore Deposits and Coke, Iron, and Steel Facilities, 1956
OdorhJVlahitaei
Crude Steel
J Finished Steel
J
Va5[aU Mp {
Moneasa'M1i\'~Baits
f
Buceava' CnFe .8uces
Mnrodine
pFp 'Hu'
.NadragCalan
C ANAT Ferdinand.
?i REGION
Fe nOhab
Ocna de Fier, Re ita Delne~t~ip Luppenietrila
o Maidan
Nln sca-Montana
.Moldova-Noun
Ora9l Stalin
(Brasov)
SECRET
DEPOSITS
Fe Iron
Mn Manganese
Cr Chromite
Mo Molybdenum
IRON AND STEEL PLANTS
40 Coke
I Pig Iron
21 11 Miles
,
25 50 Kilomete.
Approved For Release 1999/09wW-RDP79-01093A001200130008-4
J(~f
 Approved For Release 1 T~-01093A001200130008-4
4ECRET
.For Releas 79-01093A001200130008-4
Soo fitib