SUPPLY OF AND DEMAND FOR SULFUR IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A001200050009-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 71
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 17, 1999
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: April 15, 1957
• Content Type: IR

orl~elease 4999/09/02 C+A-:F~DP79-04093A001200030009-2 -
N?
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPC)RT
:CIA/RR PR-15b
_.
15 'April 1957
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH ANb REPORTS
Approved.: Fo,r Release 9'
_.C Cr"D CT
3A0~~
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This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mi?lion or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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S -E.-C -R -E -T
.PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
SUPPLY OF AND DEMAND FOR SULFUR IN THE USSR
CIA~RR PR-156
(ORR Project 20.868)
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
Office of Research .and Reports
S-E-C-R-E-T
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FOREWORD
This report develops an over-all estimate of the total sulfur produced
in all forms in the USSR and a sulfur supply and demand balance for the
1950-55 period.
Because more than g0 percent of the sulfur produced annually in the
USSR is obtained as a byproduct of the recovery and processing of non-
ferrous metal ores; the cleaning of coals; and, possibly, the refining
of natural petroleum crude oils, very little direct information on produc-
tion is available. The data developed in this report, therefore, are sub-
ject to a rather wide range of error. The estimates of production, con-
sumption, and reserves are presented with the qualification that they are
preliminary and are subject to revision as more complete and more reliable
data become available.
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Summary
I.
Introduction
2
II.
Raw Material Resources
3
~
III.
Production
+
A. Major Sources
~
1. Pyrites
4
2. Elemental Sulfur
9
3. Waste Smelter Gases
1~+
B. Miscellaneous Sources .
15
C . Total Production of Sulfur
15
1. Current
15
1956-60 .
cast
F
2
16
,
ore
.
3. Potential
16
D. Unmined Reserves .
18
A. Imports
lg
B . Exports .
lg
V.
Domestic Demand .
21
VI.
Supply and Demand
24
~
VII.
Inputs
2
+
VIII.
Prices
26
IX.
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions
29
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Appendixes
Appendix A. Methodology .
Appendix B. Gaps in Intelligence .
Appendix C. Source References
1. Principal Pyrite Deposits and Mines in the USSR, 1955
2. Estimated Production of Sulfur in the USSR, 1950-55 .
3. Principal Sulfur Deposits and Mines in the USSR, 1855 -
~+. Known Imports of Sulfur into the USSR, 1950-55
5. Known Exports of Sulfur from the USSR, 1951_55 .
6. Estimated Consumption of Sulfur Products in the USSR,
1950-55
123
Estimated Consumption of Sulfuric Acid in the USSR,
1950-55 j23
8. Estimated Supply and Demand Balance of Sulfur in the USSR,
1950-55
g. Internal Prices for Elemental Sulfur. in the USSR, 1950
10. Estimated Production of Copper in the USSR, 1950-55 .
11. Estimated Production of Copper Ore in the Ural Mountains
in the USSR, 1950-55 .
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Pa e
12. Estimated Production of Pyrites in the Ural
Mountains in the USSR, 1950-55 3~+
13. Estimated Production of Pyrites at Alaverdi
in the USSR, 1950-55 35
1~+. Total Amount of Sulfur Recovered from Pyrites
and Pyrrhotite in the USSR, lg5o-55 35
15. Amount of Sulfur Produced from Waste Smelter
Gases Used in the Manufacture of Sulfuric
Acid in the USSR, 1853 37
16. Estimated Amount of Pyrites Recovered from Coal
in the Moscow Basin and the Donets Basin in
the USSR, 1832-~+0
38
17. Estimated Amount of Pyrites Recovered from Coal
in the Moscow Basin and the Donets Basin in
the USSR, lg5o-55 39
18. Estimated Amount of Sulfur Recovered from Coal
in the Moscow Basin and the Donets Basin in
the USSR, 1950-55 3g
lg: Reserves of Unmined Elemental Sulfur in the USSR,
1 g~+8 ~+2
20. Reported Productian of Selected Commodities
in the USSR as Percentage of Production
of the Preceding Year, 1951-55 1+g
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Following g
age
Figure 1.
USSR: Principal Sulfur and Pyrite
Mines and Deposits, 1955 (Map)
8
Figure 2.
USSR: Estimated Consumption of
Sulflzr, 1950-55 (Chart)
2~+
Figure 3.
USSR: Estimated Consumption of
Sulfuric Acid, 1950-55 (Chart)
2~+
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CTA~RR PR-156 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 20.868)
SUPPLY OF AND DEMAND FOR SULFUR TN THE USSR
Sun~rnary
Sulfur is one of the basic raw materials in an industrial economy.
Sulfur and its major derivative, sulfuric acid, are key materials in the
chemical industry and are used either directly or indirectly in many other
industries. The supply of sulfur in -the USSR has been, and will continue
to be, adequate for all industrial demands. The major economic signifi-
cance of sulfur in the Soviet industrial structure lies in the fact that
more than 90 percent of the total supply of sulfur must be obtained by
costly byproduct recovery processes from nonferrous ores, coals, and
smelter gases. The USSR has no large, accessible deposits of high-purity
elemental sulfur like those in the US, where more than 80 percent of 1955
production came from easily recoverable deposits of 99 percent pure ele-
mental sulfur.
Production of sulfur in the USSR is estimated to have been 1,767,000
metric tons~-~ in 1955? Of this total, 1,414,000 tons were obtained from
pyrites and pyrrhotite in nonferrous sulfide ores, 108,000 tons from pyrites
recovered in the cleaning of coals, 105,000 tons from smelter gases, and
140,000 tons from deposits of low-purity elemental sulfur. The total 1955
Soviet production of sulfur was about 12 percent of the estimated 1955 world
production of 14,375,000 tons. US production of sulfur in 1955, about 7
million tons, constituted almost 50 percent of world production.
Proved and probable Soviet reserves of the kinds of sulfur raw
materials now being exploited in the USSR are estimated to be 1,442 mil-
lion tons. Almost 96 percent of this total is made up of pyrites in
coal beds, and only 2 percent is elemental sulfur. US reserves of ele-
mental sulfur are estimated to be from 50 million to 100 million tons,
and US reserves of sulfur contained in pyrites, other mineral sulfides,
anhydrite, and gypsum have not been estimated.
~ The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent the
best judgment of ORR as of 1 November 1956.
~~ Tonnages throughout this report are given in metric tons.
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The largest sulfur-producing area in the USSR is the copper pyrite
belt of the Ural Mountains, which accounted for almost 80 percent of the
total Soviet production of sulfur in 1955? The largest potential area.
of sulfur production is the Donets coal basin. The Donets Basin cont 1.ns
more than 1 billion tons of sulfur reserves in pyrites associated wit
the coals. Other potential sources of sulfur in the USSR are the vast
deposits of crude oil and natural gas in the Baku and Ural-Volga area.
The Soviet Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) calls for increased pro
Lion of sulfur and sulfuric acid and stresses greater recovery of sul
from the gases of nonferrous metal ore smelters and from crude oil an
natural gas. During the period of the Plan the increase in the produ
tion of sulfur probably will keep pace with tYie planned 65-percent in
crease in over-all industrial production.
I. Introduction.
uc-
ur
~-
Sulfur and its derivatives are essential to the industrial economy of
the USSR and to those of all other industrialized countries. Sulfur ~.s
necessary for the production of food, fertilizers, clothing, medicine ,
and nearly every industrial product, including military equipment.
The production of explosives, weapons, tires, fuels, guided missiles,;
ships, rail and motor transport equipment, and many other end items ojf
military supply depends, in part, on derivatives of sulfur.
I
In the USSR, copper and iron pyrites always have been the major s'urces
of sulfur. In 1938, pyrites accounted for about 65 percent of the 22 ,700
tons of sulfur produced. ~ Mined elemental sulfur and byproduct sul ~zr
recovered from waste smelter gases and the refining of petroleum prov,'de
the remainder of the supply of sulfur.~'~
Production of sulfur increased throughout the 1930's but declined
sharply during World War II because of the disruption or capture of 5
percent of the Soviet sulfuric acid industry, the chief consumer of
For serially numbered source references, see Appendix C.
~-~ Estimates referring to sulfur source materials throughout this re~ort
are stated in terms of sulfur content. I
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sulfur. ~ Sulfur or pyrites were not shipped to the USSR from the West
during the war. The ensuing shortage of sulfur and sulfur products was
partially alleviated by the shipment of large quantities of finished
products such as explosives and steel, which require sulfur in their
production.
II. Raw Material Resources.
The USSR has an almost inexhaustible supply of sulfur-bearing ma-
terials. These include elemental sulfur; pyrites, a natural sulfide of
iron or copper; pyrrhotite, an iron sulfide; gypsum, a hydrated calcium
sulfate; glauber's salt, a hydrated sodium sulfate; coke, generator, and
other gases containing hydrogen sulfide; the sulfur content of petroleum;
and combined sulfur in the copper, lead, and zinc sulfide ores. ~ Not
all of these sources have been utilized in the USSR for the recovery of
sulfur .
Elemental sulfur deposits vary in size from small to relatively large,
low-grade, surface or near-surface deposits located for the most part in
the middle Volga area and Soviet Central Asia. No domes of the Texas
type have been located in the USSR. Elemental sulfur deposits account
for only a small part of the total sulfur materials recovered annually
in the USSR. ~ In the US, mined elemental sulfur accounts for 80 to
85 percent of the production of sulfur materials. ~ Elemental sulfur
deposits in the US are associated with salt domes in Texas and Louisiana,
and the mined product has a sulfur content of 99.5 percent. ~ Pyrites
account for only 5 or 6 percent of the sulfur materials recovered an-
nually in the US.
Pyrites are by far the largest and most important source of sulfur
in the USSR. Pyrites are obtained from mines operated for the recovery
of pyrites alone and from copper, lead, and zinc ore- mines from which
the pyrites are recovered as a byproduct of the dressing of these non-
ferrous metal ores. Iron pyrites are recovered at coal mines in the
cleaning of the coal.
A large deposit of pyrrhotite located in the Kola Peninsula is
being utilized as a source of sulfur for a sulfuric acid plant at
Monchegorsk. 10 Experiments on the utilization of gypsum and glauber's
salt as sources of sulfur have been successfully completed in the- USSR.
It is not likely, however, that commercial production of sulfur from
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l
gypsum and glauber's salt, which involves a more complicated and cost ier
operation, will begin in the near future. 11 Although the methods o
recovery of the sulfur content from coke, generator, and other waste aces
containing hydrogen sulfide are known in the USSR, there is little ev'dence
that utilization of these sources accounts for much of the total sulf~Zr.
produced annually. 12 ~
III. Production.
A. Major Sources.
1. Pyrites.
a. Distribution and Characteristics of Major Deposits.
The principal pyrite deposits are in the Ural Mountai~s
area, the Kola Peninsula, the Transcaucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia
East Siberia, and the Soviet Far East. 13 Most of these deposits ar
mined primarily for copper, lead, or zinc, and pyrites are the princi al
byproduct. The only known exception is the Zyuzelskiy pyrite mine in
the Polevskoy district of the Ural Mountain area, which is mined for
pyrites alone. The nine copper pyrite mining areas in the Urals* whi r~
produce copper and zinc as the primary product are the largest produc rs
of sulfur in bhe USSR. 14 Other important pyrite sources are the co per
pyrite deposits at Alaverdi and Kafan in the Caucasus and at Almalyk n.
Uzbek SSR and the lead-zinc sulfide deposits at Salair in West Siberi
and in the Lake Baikal and Tetyukhe-Pristan regions of East Siberia. 5
Although much of the coal in the USSR has a relatively high sulfur co -
tent in the form of pyrites, the recovery of pyrites from coal has be n
reported only from the Moscow and Donets Basins. 16 The principal p rite
deposits and mines in the USSR in 1955 are given in Table l~ and in
Figure 1. ~
b. Methods and Quantities of Production.
Pyrites, the major source of sulf~zr in the USSR, are
recovered in a byproduct operation, and little direct information one
The first nine areas listed in Table 1, p. 5.
Table 1 follows on p. 5.
Following p. 8.
Continued on p. 9.
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Principal Pyrite Deposits and Mines in the USSR
1955
it
o
oreD
Mi
Location
Coordinates
Name of Mine
Remarks
ep
s
ne
of
North
East
pyrites,
Copper
Degtyarka 17
56?44'
60?05'
Degtyarka
Single pyrite lens located 18
,
and zinc
pyrites
Copper
Blyava 18
51?24'
57?45'
Blyava
kilometers (km) southeast
Revda.
Second to Degtyarka in magni-
,
pyrites,
Copper
Kirovgrad (Kalata) 19
57?27'
60?03'
Levikha
tude of reserves.
Consists of 12 separate
,
and zinc
Karpushikha
lenses. One sulfur pyrite
Copper and pyrites
Krasnoural'sk 20
58?20'
60?03'
Kalata
Oblavenskiy
Belorechikha
Nevyyansk
Shaitunskiy
Novo-Levinskiy
lens, 1 polymetallic lens.
Consists of 4 lenses.
Located 12 km south of Kirov-
grad.
Krasnogvardeyskiy
Spasso-Sernia-Chalchedonia
Andreyevskiy
Kahan Mountain
Yasvinskiy
Vinnovskiy
Sma11 deposit.
One small lens.
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Principal Pyrite Deposits and Mines in the USSR
1955
(Continued)
of Mine or Deposit
Location
Coordin
ates
Name of Mine
Remarks
North
East
Copper, pyrites,
Karabash 21
55?28'
60?15'
Voroshilovskiy
Consists of 2 parallel lenses.
and zinc
Dzerzhinskiy
Ore body located 1 km north
Copper, pyrites,
Nizhniy Tagil (San
57?54'
60?00'
Stalinskiy
Pervomayskiy
Severo-Pervomayskiy
Pionerskiy
Yugo-Kuznechinskiy
Severo-Kuznechinskiy
Third International
of Voroshilovskiy.
Most important mine in the
and zinc
Donato) 22
district.
Pyrites
Polevskoy 23
56?30'
60?10'
Dinamitnia
071ihovka
Zyuzelskiy (Zaleski)
0.5 km northeast of Third
International
Wor:~ed solely for sulfur
Pyrites
Baymak 24
52?36'
S8?22'
Bakr-Uzyick (Bakrusak)
pyrites in 1935?
-6
Sibay (Cebi)
Buribay
Yuluk
Gumerovskiy
Turbinskiy
-
Located 30 km northwest of
Baymak.
New deposit in 1935?
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Principal Pyrite Deposits and Mines in the USSR
1955
(Continued}
of Mine or~Deposit
Location
Coordinates
Name of Mine
Remarks
North
East
Copper and pyrites
Verkhnyaya Pyshma 25
56?55'
60 37'
Aleksandrovskiy
Pokrovskiy
Srednic
Mariyenskiy
Kvanovskiy
Pyrites and
Karelo-Finskaya ASSR 26
0
0
pyrrhotite
Parandovo
6~+ 00`
34 19'
Parandovo
Developed to form basis of
acid plants for use with
local phosphate rock.
Pyrites and copper
Pyrites, lead,
Monchegorsk ~
Transcaucasus
67?5~+'
32?58'
Monchegorsk
Sulfuric acid plant associated
with copper refining opera-
tions.
copper, and zinc
Boron 28
~+2?47'
~+3?59'
Buron
Mine located in the Ardon
Valley near Sadon.
Alaverdi 29
41 06'
~+~+?3g'
Alaverdi
Copper pyrites.
Kafan 30
39?12'
~+6?26`
Kafan
Copper pyrites.
Mizur 31/
42?52'
44?05'
Mizur
Lead-zinc sulfides.
-7-
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Principal Pyrite Deposits and Mines in the USSR
1955
Continued)
of Mine or Deposit
Location
Coordi
nates
Name of Mine
Remarks
North
East
Pyrites and copper
Kazakhstan 32
Kounradskiy
47?00'
74?59'
Kounradskiy
Copper pyrites.
Dzhezkazgan
47?51'
67?14'
Dzhezkazgan
Achisay
43?35'
68?53'
Achisay
Lead-zinc sulfides.
Leninogorsk
50?22'
83022'
Lead-zinc sulfides.
Zyryanovsk
49?43'
84?20
?
Lead-zinc sulfides. '
Dzhetygara 33
52?ll'
61
12
Pyrites.
Pyrites and copper
Central Asia
Almalyk
40?49'
6g?38'
Almalyk
Ores processed at nearby metal
Kansay
40?29'
69?44'
Kansay
plants.
Lead-zinc sulfides.
Lead-zinc
West Siberia 35
Salair
54?13'
85?47'
Salair
Lead-zinc sulfides
East Siberia 36
Lake Baikal area
54000'
109?00'
Lead-zinc sulfides.
Far East 37
Tetyukhe-Pristan
44?22'
135?51'
Located near Tetyukhe-Pristan,
lead-zinc sulfide.
Sulfur, pyrites
Donets Coal Basin 38
48?32'
38035'
Other sources of sulfur are
Mosetra Coal Basin
54?40'
39?32'
the "pyritee brasses" in the
main coal basins. 3 to 4 per-
cent sulfUx' reported in re-
coverable pyrites in the Do-
nets Basin. 2 to 6 percent
sulfur reported in pyrites in
the Moscow Basin.
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SECRET
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USSR: PRINCIPAL SULFUR AND PYRITE MINES AND DEPOSITS
1955
~ Sulfur mineldeposit
0 250 500 loon O Pyrite mine/ deposit -^- ussR boundary
Soamoe miles s ..~ ~-~ Economic Region boundary
0 250 500 1000 Kilometers
SECRET
25431 5-56 SECRET
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production is available. 39 In some mines the pyrites are separated from
the ore and shipped to chemical plants for sulfur recovery. 40 In others,
some of the pyrites are shipped to chemical plants, and the remainder is
included with the ore shipped to the smelters. When the pyrites are shipped
to the smelters with the ore, the sulfur content of the pyrites -- and the
relatively small quantity of combined sulfur in the sulfide ores -- are re-
covered from the waste smelter gases in the form of sulfur dioxide. The
dioxide is converted to, and reported as, sulfuric acid or as elemental
sulfur. 41 The iron pyrites produced at coal mines represent pyrites re-
covered in the cleaning of coals and utilized by the sulfur industry or
the sulfuric acid industry. ~+2 Estimated production of sulfur in the
USSR in 1950-55 is shown in Table 2.~-
2. Elemental Sulfur.
a. Distribution and Characteristics of Major Deposits.
The elemental sulf~,ir deposits in the USSR are of medium
and low grades. The sulfur occurs for the most part as thin seams of
impregnations in limestone, sandstone, and gypsum. Although some of the
deposits are relatively large, the sulfur content averages only 2~+ per-
cent. Sulfur of a 99.5-percent purity comes from domes of the Texas type
in the US. Such domes are not known to exist in the USSR. ~+3
The major deposits of elemental sulfur in the USSR are
in the middle Volga area and in Central Asia. ~+~+ Other smaller opera-
ting mines are the Chokor-Koyash in the Ukraine and the Changyrtash mine
in Kirgiz SSR. ~+5 Deposits of sulftizr in East Siberia and the Soviet
Far East have been reported, but exploitation probably has not begun. ~+6
Principal sulfur deposits and mines in the USSR in 1955 are shown in
Table 3-*-~- and in Figure 1.~~~
b. Methods and Quantities of Production.
All elemental sulfur deposits in the USSR are of law grade
and contain many impurities, and all mined sulfur ore must be beneficiated~~~~
~ Table 2 follows on p. 10.
-~-~ Table 3 follows on p. 11.
~~~ Following p. 12.
-~~-~~ Continued on p. 13.
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Estimated Production of Sulfur in the USSR
1950-55
Raw Material Source
Production
(Thousand
Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Production
(Thousand
Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Production
(Thousand
Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Production
(Thousand
Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Production
(Thousand
Metric Tons)
Percent
of Total
Production
(Thousand
Metric Tons}
Percent
of Total
Nonferrous ores
Pyrites and pyrrhotite
q70
77
1,210
80
1,500
83
1,316
S1
1,237
79
1,414
80
Waste smelter gases
105
8
105
7
105
6
105
6
105
7
105
6
subtotal
1,075
85
1,315
87
1,605
89
1,421
87
1,342
86
1,519
86
Pyrites in coal ~
83
7
89
6
92
5
97
6
101
6
108
6
Mined elemental
sulfur
100 a1
8
loo J
7
loo J
6
110 ~
7
124
8
140
8
Total
1,258
1,504
1,797
1,628
1,567
1,767
a. For the methodology used in the derivation of undocumented estimates, see Appendix A.
b. Production estimates are given in terms of recoverable sulfur content of the pyrites in copper, lead, and zinc ores.
c. Production estimates are given in terms of recoverable sulfur content of pyrites recovered at coal cleaning plants and shipped to sulfuric acid plants.
f.
g? 50
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Table 3
Principal Su_1f'ur Deposits and Mines in the USSR
1955
Volga Area 51
Vodino
53?22' N -, 50?26' E
Two productive horizons
Alekseyevka
53?15' N - 50025' E
in Permian limestone
ores range 7 to 20 per-
cent sulfur. Ore
averages about 11 per-
cent sulfur.
South (Ukrainian SSR
and Moldavian SSR~ 52
Chokur-Koyash
~+5?03' N - 36?12' E
Georgian SSR 53
Ketrisi
42?36' N - ~4?2~-' E
Abano
~+2?12' N - ~+3?1+5' E
Central Asia 5~+
37?50' N - 66?0~+' E
Fifteen percent sulfur
ore is mined through
adits and treated in
an ore-dressing plant
at the mine.
Deposits located on the
north slope of Gora
Kazbeck along the
Georgian military high-
way. Ketrisi was worked
from 1896 to 191+.
Mineralized area extends
to Shirabad: largest
single sulfur deposit
in the USSR.
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Principal Sulfur Deposits and Mines in the USSR
1955
(Continued)
Central Asia
(Continued)
7
Shikh 38?46' N - 63?56' E Small, high-grade de osit
averaging 50 percen
sulfur.
Krasnovodsk 40000' N - 53?00' E on the east coast ofithe
Caspian Sea.
Darvaza ~-0?10' N - 58?20' E In the Kara Kum dese~i;.
Sernyy Zavod 39?59` N - 58?52' E Deposit located abou~
140 km north of
Ashkhabad in the Ka~a
Kum desert.
Frunze 42054' N - 74036' E Sulfur mined within ,
25 to 30 km of Frunze.
Located in the Sosa~ir
Mountains. II
Changyrtash 55 40?50' N - 72?50' E A high-grade deposit in
the Fergana Basin.
Kushka 35?16' N - 62?24' E Near the Afghanistan
border.
Shor-Su ~ 40017' N - 70050' E Outcrops of bitumen-
bearing limestone th
high sulfur content
deposit averages 15 -t;o
24 percent sulfur. ~
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Table 3
Principal Sulfur Deposits and Mines in the USSR
1955
(Continued)
Kazakhstan
Gur'yev
East Siberia 58
~+7?07' N - 51?53' E
Sulfur deposit and
springs. Up to 19+0
had produced ~+, 000 tons
of sulfur .
(Altay) Sayan Moun-
tains
52?~+5' N - 96?00' E
Deposits of sulfur known
but not explored.
Transbaykal
Far East
51?58' N - 116?35' E
Deposits of sulfur known
but exploration not
completed.
Severo-Kuri1'sk ~
Kamchatka
50?~+2' N - 156?13' E
Mine located 1.5 km south
of Severo-Kuril'sk.
Peninsula 60
Petropavlovsk-
56?00' N - 160?00' E
Sulfur in volcanic areas.
Kamchatskiy 61
53?0l' N - 158?39' E
Natural sulfur discovered
in the vicinity of
Avachinskaya.
before marketing. 62 The mines are either relatively small open pits
or shallow underground mines. 63 Totals of production by mines are
not available. Alekseyevka and Vodino in the Volga area and Gaurdak,
Darvaza, Sernyy Zavod, and Shor-Su in Soviet Central Asia account for
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the bulk of the annual production of refined sulfur. 6~+ These minis
have processing plants adjacent to the mines. The annual capacity ~f
the refinery in the Gaurdak mining area, the largest single sulfur-
mining area in the USSR, has. been estimated at 50,000 tons. 65
i
Just before World War II the Sernyy Zavod and Darva~a
mines in the Kara Kum desert accounted for about one-third of the total
Soviet production of sulfur. After World War II, new deposits were'
discovered in the Darvaza area, and a large flotation plant was in-
stalled there. 66 Production and processing costs are relatively igh
because of the lack of basic transportation facilities, and supplie ,
equipment, and the refined sulfur are moved in and out by air trans
port.
3
The mining of elemental sulfur in the USSR is a rel -
tively simple operation and requires a minimum of equipment. 68 e
processing of the mined material is essentially the same in all of he
large plants. It consists of primary crushing of the ore, mechanic
screening, flotation of the screened product to obtain a concentrat ,
charging of the concentrate to an autoclave furnace for melting, au
pouring the molten sulfur into molds. Some sulfur is shipped to co -
sumers in the molded form, and the remainder is ground to a fine po der
before shipment. 69 The total estimated annual production of elem ntal
sulfur in 1950-55 is shown in Table 2.~-
In addition to the production of sulfur estimated i
Table 2, possibly 50,000 tons of byproduct sulfur may be recovered
annually from the processing of natural crude petroleum in the Ural
Volga area. Sulfur derived from petroleum has not been included 'n
the production estimate, however, because there is no evidence that the
USSR actually practices such counnercial recovery.
3. Waste Smelter Gases.
Soviet copper, lead, and zinc sulfide ores -- such as
chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite -- contain quantit'es
of sulfur. Because sulfur is a harmful impurity in finished metal,
this sulfur must be removed in the processing of these ores. The ~
sulfur is in the molecular structure of the ore crystals, and it ca~iriot
be recovered by mechanical separation but must be driven off as a g~s.
-~ P. 10, above.
-~~- For the derivation of this estimate, see Appendix A.
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The waste gases from the smelter pass through a precipitation unit where
the sulfur content is recovered in the form of a sulfurous anhydride
(S02), which is reduced to either elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid.
B. Miscellaneous Sources.
In an effort to create a sulfur industry, the USSR listed as
early as 1933 all domestic sources of sulfur and possible methods of
recovery. 70 Commercial production from some of these sources, however,
has not yet been reported.
In 1953 there were published some details of a Soviet method
for the production of elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid from anhydrite
and gypsum using anhydrite or gypsum and alumina in the form of kaolin.
Commercial production of sulfur or sulfuric acid by this method has
not yet been reported. Several processes for the recovery of sulfur
compounds from combustion gases are also under investigation in the
USSR. 72 The large Kara-Bogaz-Gol sulfate combine, which recovers
glauber's salt (sodium sulfate), is another excellent source of sulfur.
Although much has been reported on the quantity of sulfur available or
recovered, the latest reports show that the Central Committee of the
Turkmen Co~nunist Party and the Council of Ministers of Turkmen SSR
have not yet arrived at the final solution to the problem, and indus-
trial production of sulfur from sulfate raw materials is to be started
by 1957. ~ The recovery of sulfur as sulfuric acid from the waste
products of the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer is also being in-
vestigated in the USSR.
Although pyrites have been recovered in coal-cleaning opera-
tions in the USSR for about 25 years, efforts were still being made
in 1953 to perfect a chemical gravity method for recovering ash and
sulfur from coking coal. ~ The chemical gravity method is said to
improve the coal product and also to increase recovery of pyrites and
sulfur.
C. Total Production of Sulfur.
1. Current.
As shown in Table 2,~ about 92 to 9~+ percent of the
total sulfur produced in the USSR is recovered as a byproduct in the
dressing and smelting of nonferrous sulfide ores and the cleaning of
~' P. 10, aT~ove .
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coals. Mined elemental sulfur accounts for the remaining small percen-
age of the total annual production of sulfur. Although a recent repor
indicates that greater emphasis is to be placed on increasing the annul
production of mined elemental sulfur, 76 it is probable that pyrites ;
will continue to be the mayor source of sulfur in the USSR during the
Sixth Five Year Plan period.
2. Forecast, 1956-60.
Because of the many industrial uses of sulfur, the planned
65-percent increase in industrial production during the Sixth Five Year
Plan 77 will necessitate a similar increase in the production of Bull
fur. By 1960 this increase will be more than adequate for planned
consumption, even if a 91-percent increase in the production of sulfurjic
acid takes place as planned. 78 Estimates of the Soviet production c~f
sulfur in 1956-60 are as follows-:
Year
Quantity
(Thousand Metric Tons)
1956
1,990
1957
2,200
1958
2,550
1959
2,690
1960
2, 915
3. Potential.
In addition to the estimated production of sulfur in the
USSR in 1950-55 as shown in Table 2,** it is possible for the USSR tcj
increase production of sulfur considerably by enlarging the present i
type of equipment for the recovery of byproduct sulfur at coal-cleaning
plants and petroleum refineries.
Annual sulfur recovery from the Donets and Moscow coal
basins has been estimated at only 83,000 to 108,000 tons for 1950-55j
but the potential from this source is tremendous. The sulfur contend
of the coals in these 2 basins, in the form of pyrites, is estimated;
at 1.5 to 6 percent, with an average of 2 percent recoverable. ~ ,
~ For derivation of these estimates, see Appendix A.
~~ P. 10, above.
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From these fields the total production of coal in 1955 was 168.5 million
tons, 80 from which 3.37 million tons of sulfur could have been re-
covered. A large part of this potential could have been recovered by
better utilization of the present equipment at coal-cleaning plants. A
Soviet source reported in 1955 that if electric power stations which
burn coal mined in the Moscow region were equipped with installations
for sulfur recovery, about 500,000 tons of sulfur dioxide, 200,000 tons
of elemental sulfur, could be recovered annually. 81
In the US, on the other hand, production of sulfur from
pyrites recovered at coal-cleaning plants is negligible, principally
because of the abundant supply of low-cost elemental sulfur. 82 Some
sulfur has been recovered from Midwestern coalfields, but the cost of
a sulfuric acid plant utilizing pyrites in the US is about twice as much
as one of the same production capacity using crude elemental sulf~zr.
Consequently, production of sulfur from such material in the US proba-
bly will remain small. 83
The potential tonnage of sulfur recoverable from crude pet-
roleum stocks in the USSR in 1955 has been estimated at 737,000 tons
from the Ural-Volga fields. Although high-sulfur crude oils are also
produced in the Central Asian and Sakhalin Island fields, the quantities
are small and are not considered in this report. 8~+ The potential of
737,000 tons is based on an average of 2.2 percent, by weight, of sulfur
in the natural crude petroleum of the Ural-Volga fields 85 and a 1955
production of 33.5 million tons of crude petroleum. 86 Adding the
potential recoverable sulfur from pyrites in coal beds and natural
crude petroleum stock, the total additional potential sulfur available
in the USSR annually is about 3.9 million tons, which is more than twice
as much as the 1955 estimated total production of sulfur.
The desulfurization of natural petroleum crude oils in the
US, for example, has been practiced for many years. The recovery of
this sulfur content, however, did not start until the past-World War II
period and was not really significant until 1950. In 1953 the pet-
roleum refineries in the US recovered 81,298 tons of hydrogen sulfide
containing 7~+,96~+ tons of sulfur. This tonnage is estimated to have
increased markedly in 1955 because of the generation of hydrogen sulfide
gas in the new catalytic hydrogenation processes for desulfurization of
naphtha stocks installed in 11 US refineries. 87
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The USSR has an almost unlimited supply of proved and probable
unmined reserves of sulfur raw materials. At the current rate of p~o-
duction and consumption, the supply is adequate for many years of
operation. Iron pyrites (coal brasses) found in coal beds, as shown
below, contain by far the largest share of the total known unmined
reserves. 88 Elemental sulfur is the next largest reserve. 89 ~he
9 million tons of sulfur in pyrites must be considered as a minimut~,
since it represents an estimate from only the Ural Mountain area. jzn
addition, there are reserves of pyrites in the Caucasus, at Noril's ,
and in the Kola Peninsula, as evidenced by sulfuric acid plants in hese
areas which utilize pyrites as the raw material, 90 but these res rues
are believed to be small.
The reserves of unmined elemental sulfur in the USSR are la~r,ge,
but the material is of relatively low grade. In addition, the dep sits
vary in sulfur content from 11 to 50 percent, with an average of 2 per-
cent for all deposits. 91 Estimates of the known exploitable unm' ed
sulfur reserves in the USSR in 1955 are as follows:
Type of Reserve Million Metric Tons
Petroleum 17
Pyrites- 9
Pyrites in coal beds 1,382
Elemental sulfur deposits 34
IV. Trade.
Soviet trade in sulfur in 1950-55 was very small and was made t~p
largely of shipments of pyrites within the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Sul r
from pyrites accounted for 55 percent of total imports and 7~+ perc nt
of exports for 1950-55. The total tonnage of sulfur involved in t ade
did not exceed 2.5 percent of the total production in any one year.
~ For derivation of these estimates, see Appendix A.
~~ This figure is a minimum and is not a total estimate of sulfur
from this source.
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Trade in sulfuric acid during this period was also very small anal fol-
lowed essentially the same pattern as sulfur.
A. Imports.
Estimated annual imports of sulfur by the USSR in 1950-55 were
so small that they may be classed as negligible. The peak year was 1951,
when 22,781 tons were known to have been received, a total equal to
about 1.5 percent of the total Soviet production of sulfur in that year.
In 1952-54, annual imports totaled only a few thousand tons. With the
exception of 1,000 tons received from Iran in 1953-5+, supplies were
received only from Sino-Soviet Bloc countries. Sulfur received from
Communist China in 1954 was shipped to the Oji paper mill on Sakhalin
Island. 92 Reports indicate that the USSR requested shipments of
10,000 tons of sulfur from Communist China in 1954, but evidence of
shipment of the total quantity is not available. The only other known
Bloc supplier of sulfur to .the USSR in the period was Bulgaria, which
shipped small tonnages of pyrites in 1950-52 and 1954?
Sulfur suppliers outside the Bloc countries were Norway, Yugo-
slavia, Tran, and Afghanistan. Imports from Norway were received in
1950, and there is no evidence of imports of pyrites by the USSR from
Norway since that year. Imports from Yugoslavia and Afghanistan were
reported in 1954 and 1955 and from Iran in 1953-55, in conformance with
trade agreements between the USSR and these countries. ~ The known
imports of sulfur into the USSR in 1950-55 are shown in Table 4.~
B. Exports.
Exports of sulfur from the USSR in 1951-55 were also small and
were confined almost entirely to shipments to other Sino-Soviet Bloc
countries. The peak year was 1952, when 37,655 tans of sulfur are known
to have been exported. Of this total, 32,378 tons represent the sul-
fur content of 107,928 tons of pyrites containing 30 percent sulfur
shipped to Hungary and Czechoslovakia. These two Satellites have large
sulfuric acid industries which use pyrites as raw materials. 94 It
is therefore believed that the sulfuric acid industries of the European
Satellites received the bulk of the annual Soviet exports of sulfur.
Small shipments of elemental sulfur to Rumania were reported in 1952
and 1954-55. This sulfur probably was utilized in the manufacture of
rubber and insecticides.
~- Table follows on p. 20.
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Table ~+
Known Imports of Sulfur into the USSR
1950-55
Me
tric Tons
Exporting Country
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1 55
East Germany
16,230 ~
3sOOO ~/
1,544
Bulgaria
2,740 ~
6,505 ~
4,250 ~/
238
Poland
481
46
Co-n*m~nist China
3~ 01~
Yugoslavia
9,000
Afghanistan
Norway
9, 833
200 s~
Iran
1,000 ~
1,000 ~
1,000 n/
Total
13, 054
22, 781
7, 250
2, 541+
~.,1E$1F
10,000
a. Unless otherwise specified, figures represent elemental sulfur.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g?
h.
i.
~?
k.
1.
m.
n.
Represents a total of 9,134 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 percent sulfur.
Represents a total of 21,685 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 percent sulfur.
Represents a total of 11+,166 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 percent sulfur.
Represents a total of 792 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain. 30 percent sulfur.
resents 30,000 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 percent sulfur. 98
Re resents 2 6 tons of
P 3 ,77 pyrites, estimated to contain 30 percent sulfur. 100
101
102
10
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The export by rail of 5,000 tons of sulfur to Finland in 1955
represents the culmination of trade discussions that began in 1953. 10~+
The sulfur is reported to smell of petroleum, and it may have been
recovered in the processing of crude oil from the Ural-Volga fields. 10
The known exports of sulfur from the USSR in 1951-55 are shown
in Table 5.~
V. Domestic Demand.
Sulfur is one of the most important basic raw materials used in the
chemical industry of the USSR. A Soviet author states the following
concerning the uses of sulfur 106
Sulfur bearing ores are valuable raw materials for pro-
ducing elemental sulfur, which is partially used for the
production of relatively concentrated sulfur gases (used for
example in the cellulose industry) and sulfuric acid. Sulfur
is also used as the starting material for the production of
carbon disulfide, sulfur chloride, the vulcanization of rubber,
the production of several types of synthetic rubber, for the
production of matches, luminous compounds, and other materials.
Sulfur is also used as an insectofungicide, especially for the
protection of grapes and cotton.
The estimated consumption of sulfur in the USSR in 1950-55 by type
of product is shown in Table 6*~ and Figure 2.~*~-
Figure 2 shows graphically that consumption of sulfur in the USSR
increased steadily from 1950 through 1955? Sul-furic acid accounted for
about 7~+ percent of the total amount of sulfur consumed annually. The
next largest single consumer is the sulfite pulp industry, which
accounts for about 10 percent of the annual consumption. Estimated
consumption of sulfuric acid in the USSR in 1950-55 is shown in Table 7~~~
and in Figure 3.~
Table 5 follows on p. 22.
Table 6 follows on p. 23.
Following p. 2~+.
Table 7 follows on p. 23-
Following p. 2~+. (Text continued on p. 2~+.)
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Table 5 ,
Importing Count
1951
1952
1953
1951+
1951
Czechoslovakia
1+,600 ~
21,-086 ~
5,000 ~
6,81+7 J
_
Rumania
1,552
1,1+00 ~
6,93
Hungary
350 ~
11+,292 ~
11,768 ~/
15,011 ~
5
88
~
North Korea
725
500 ?,~
,
Finland
60~
5, 00
Austria
5,00
Bulgaria
Total
1+,950
3 655
16,768
23,818
6
22,87
a. Unless otherwise specified, figures represent elemental sulfur.,
b. Represents 12,000 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 perc~nt
sulfur and 1,000 tons of elemental sulfur. 107
c. Represents a total of 60,287 tons of pyrites, estimated
30 percent sul~'u.r and 3,000 tons of elemental sulfur. 108
d. log
e. Represents a total of 22,823
30 percent sulfur. 110
f. 111
g. 112
h. Represents
suli`ur . 113
i. Represents
sulfur . 111+
j. Represents
sulf~zr . 115
k. Represents
Known Exports of Sulfur From the USSR
1951-55
pyrites,
1,165 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 percen
1a-7,61+1 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 perce t
39,226 tons of pyrites, estimated to contain 30 perce t
a total of 50,037
30 percent sulfur. 116
1. Represents a total of 19,602
30 percent sulfur. 117
m. 118
n. 119
o. 120
p. 121
of pyrites,
Metric ~'ons
contain
tons of pyrites, estimated to conta~iri
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Table 6
Estimated Consumption of Sulfur Products in the USSR
195 0- 55
Product
1950
1951
1952
1853
1954
1955
Sulfuric acid
728
814
892
981
1,124
1,316
Sulfite pulp
107
119
l30
143
157
163
Carbon disulfide
16
19
25
30
38
47
Rubber (vulcanization)
7
8
9
10
10
10
Other ~
119
135
150
165
188
220
Total
~
1,095
1,206
1,329
1 51
1,756
a. For derivation of these estimates, see Appendix A.
b. This category includes consumption for dyes, matches, explosives,
insectofungicides, paints, and other minor products.
Table 7
Estimated Consumption of Sulfuric Acid ~ in the USSR
1950-55
Consuming Commodity
1850
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
Superphosphate
540
580
627
680
788
954
Petroleum
420
470
526
590
660
785
Coke chemicals
313
357
407
444
480
518
Steel
70
80
88
97
105
115
Rayon viscose
50
62
81
g8
121
151
other ~
647
731
771
841
g96
1,167
Total
2,040
2,280
2L500
2,750
3,150
3,690
a. Calculated on the basis of 100 percent acid.
b. For derivation of these estimates, see Appendix A.
c. This category includes consumption for dyes and intermediates, syn-
thetic ammonium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, paints and pigments, ex-
plosives, nonferrous metallurgy, and miscellaneous chemical and indus-
trial uses. The amounts indicated in this category were obtained by
difference between the total amount of sulfuric acid available and the
amount consumed by known consumers.
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VI. Supply and Demand.
1
Soviet trade in sulfur has been so small that the supply and de~and
position is determined largely by annual production and consumption
The estimated supply and demand balance of sulfur in the USSR in ~
1950-55 is shown in Table 8.~ As indicated in Table 8, the supply c~f
sulfur in 1950-55 was more than adequate for domestic consumption arid.
for exports.
1
Supply is estimated to have increased steadily from 1950 througY~.
1952, to have declined in 1953 and 1954, and then to have increased~in
1955? Z`he reduction in 1953 and 1954 has been attributed largely tc}
the failure of the Ural Mountain copper-pyrite mines to meet planned
production goals. On the other hand, demand for sulfur is presumed 'to
have increased steadily throughout the 1950-55 period. Because sulr
is an essential ingredient in so many industrial processes, it prob bly
will continue to rise as long as industrial production increases. e
reserves of sulfur raw materials in the USSR are almost unlimited, d
the supply of sulfur in the foreseeable future probably will not be.ome
a problem.
As indicated in Table 8, the USSR is estimated to have had a sur-
plus of sulfur in 1950-55 amounting to about 1.6 million tons, a
quantity large enough for about 1 year's requirements. The existenge
of such a surplus is in agreement with all available evidence that ~
the supply of .sulfur in the USSR generally satisfies annual demands .I
An annual breakdown of this excess supply shows that stocks were !
built up in increasing quantities in the first half of the period ar~d
declined in the latter half to an approximate supply and demand bal-~
ante in both 1954 and 1955?
VII. In uts.
Information on the fuel, power, manpower, capital, and energy
requirements for the Soviet sulfur industry is not available, becausle
92 to 94 percent of the total sulfur produced (see Table 2~-~) is
recovered as a byproduct operation in the processing of copper, lead,
and zinc ores and in the cleaning of coals. A breakdown of the per-
centage of the various input items utilized in these byproduct opera-
tions is not available. Elemental sulfur recovered in mining operatjions
~ Table Mows on p. 25.
~--~ P. 10, above.
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-SECRET
isoo QF SULP
BY TYPE OF PRODUCT
OTHER
RUBBER
(Vulcanization)
CARBON DISULFIDE~I=`
ussR
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION
1950 1951
t2o6
SECRET
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SECRET ussR
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION
O~F SULFURIC ACID, 1950-55
BY TYPE OF PRODUCT
RAYON VISCOSE
STEEL
2~so
1453 1954 1955
SECRET
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Table 8
Estimated Supply and Demand Balance of Sulfur in the USSR
195?-55
Supply
_
Demand
Total
Total
Year
Production J
Imports ~
Supply
Exports ~
Consumption ~
Demand
lg5o
1,258
13
1,271
977
977
1851
1,504
23
1,527
5
1,095
1,100
1952
1,797
7
1,804
38
1,206
1,244
1953
1,628
3
1,631
17
1,329
1,346
1954
1,567
~+
1571
24
1,517
1,541
1955
1,767
l0
1,777
23
11756
1,779
a.
See Table 2,
p.
lo,
above.
b.
See Table 4,
p.
20,
above.
c.
See Table 5,
p.
22,
above.
d.
See Table 6,
p.
23,
above.
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accounts for only 6 to 8 percent of the total annual production of~ sul-
fur. Input requirements for this part of the industry are, therefore,
of little significance. I
VIII. Prices.
The only available internal prices for Soviet sulfur are the 1}50
prices reported by the Ministries of the Chemical and the Metallurgi-
cal industries. 122 Those reported by the Ministry of the Chemic~
Industry are the f.o.b. mine prices of mined elemental sulfur. Th
metallurgical industry prices are for elemental sulfur produced as~a
byproduct of the smelting of nonferrous ores. The mined elemental sul-
fur is reported as ground sulfur and lump sulfur, but only lumps fur
is reported by the metallurgical industry. The internal prices fo
elemental sulfur in the USSR in 1950 are shown in Table 9.~-
There has been no explanation reported for the great differenc in
price between the mined sulfur anc~ the byproduct sulfur produced a
smelters. A possible explanation of the relatively high price of mined
sulfur may be that the large native sulfur producing deposits in t e
Volga region are low in grade, averaging only 11 percent sulfur, 1 3
and the other major sulftiir mining area is in the remote Kara Kum d sert
region. In some parts of the latter area, supplies are brought ink, and
the finished product is shipped out by air transport. 12~+ On the other
hand, if the USSR follows US practice, prices of byproduct materia,~s
are arbitrary prices set by the producer of the major commodity because
input costs of the byproducts are not available. Profits obtainedlfrom
the byproducts are entered as~a credit against the cost of the major
product. This practice could account for the relatively low price~re-
ported if a similar practice is followed in the Soviet sulfur indu~try.
The 1950 US average price for elemental lump or ground sulfur ,o.b.
mine was $20.00 per long ton or $19.x+0 per metric ton. 125 On. th
basis of these data, the ruble-dollar ratio between the US and Soviet
sulfur prices is calculated to have been 66 to 1. It should be noised,
however, that the occurrence of the tremendous quantities of high ade
and cheaply mineable elemental sulfur in the US is unique. With the
exception of recent discoveries of this same type of sulfur in Mexico,
virtually all other industrialized countries in the world utilize
pyrites as the major sulfur raw material. Thus costs of recovering
sulfur in other countries are relatively high when compared with t ose
I
* Table g follows on p. 27.
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Table 9
Internal Prices for Elemental Sulfur in the USSR
1950
Rubles per Metric Ton
Type
~
Percent
Ministry
of Sulfur
Grade
,,
COST _/
of Sulfur
Price
Ministry of the
Chemical Industry 126
Ground
I
127-41
99.5
1,275
II
127-41
98.0
1,240
III
127-41
95.0
1,200
Lump
I
127-41
99.5
1,125
II
127-41
98.0
1,095
III
127-41
95.0
1,035
Ministry of the
Metallurgical Industry 127
Lump
I
1223-41
99.6
600
II
1223-41
98.6
500
III
1223-41
96.5
400
a. COST is the Russian abbreviation for Gosudarstvennyy Obshchesoyuznyy
Standart (State All-Union Standard).
in the US. For example, the sales price per metric ton of sulfur in
1955 in East Germany was 224.9 East German marks (DME) (US 101.20) 128?;
the import price of sulfur per ton in Poland in 1954 was US $76.00 129 ,
and a similar price for imports in Czechoslovakia in 1952 was US
$114.88. 130
Most of the sulfur produced in the USSR is from pyrites which are
shipped to chemical plants to make sulfuric acid. A smaller tonnage
is combined in the copper matte and is taken off in the converters in
the form of gas. Some of this gas is converted to sulfuric acid and
the remainder to elemental sulfur. Thus the selling price of the
pyrites by the metal mining company, or the percentage of the total
cost of the manufacturing of sulfuric acid made up by the cost of
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pyrites, would be of the most value. The only available estimates ?of
cost (in rubles) are those which show (1) the cost of the pyrites and
(2) the percentage relationship of this cost to the total cost of s~u1.-
furic acid production in 1950 by the contact process. 131 In 19501 the
cost of pyrites required to make 1 ton of sulfuric acid by the contact
process was 140 rubles, which represented 60.4 percent of the total cost
of the production of 1 ton of sulfuric acid. 132 Inasmuch as 1.2 tons
of pyrites containing 30 percent sulfur are required to produce 1 t n
of sulfuric acid, 133 the cost of the pyrites per ton to the sulf is
acid plant was 116. rubles. A comparable US price for pyrites in j
1950 was $6.83 per ton. 134 These data yield a ruble-dollar ratio
for pyrites of 17 to 1.
The Third Five Year Plan (1938-42) provided that 50 percent of ~he
sulfuric acid would be produced by the contact process and 50 peace ~t
by the chamber and tower process. 135 Plant studies show that thi
ratio still held in 1953. 136 An estimate of the costs of pyrites
used in the chamber and tower process for producing sulfuric acid i
the USSR is not available. On the basis of US experience, it is con-
cluded that if pyrites were utilized as raw material, the-cost of p~o-
duction of sulfuric acid by the contact method and by the chamber aid
tower process would be about equal. 137 Assuming that costs are
comparable in the USSR, the total annual cost of pyrites used in tY~e
sulfuric acid plants in the USSR in 1950-55 is estimated as follows;:
Year
Production
of Sulfuric Acid 138
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Cost of Pyrites
at 140 Rubles per Ton of Acid ~
Delivered to Sulfuric Acid Plants
(Million Rubles) ~
1950
2,040
285.6 i
1951
2,280
319.2
1852
2,500
350.0 ~
1953
2,750
385 .o
1954
3,150
441.0
1955
3,690
516.6 j
These costs cannot be correlated with US practices, because the ra~
material for producing sulfuric acid in the US is almost-entirely !
elemental sulfur and the manufacturing processes are entirely diff~rent.
i
--Ii
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IX. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
In 1955 the USSR had an estimated supply of elemental sulfur or
sulfur equivalent of 1,767,000 tons. This amount is considered ade-
quate to meet all the domestic and trade requirements in that year.
Soviet reserves of sulfur-bearing materials are so large that exhaus-
tion is virtually impossible. The Soviet sulfur industry has no
significant vulnerabillties, and it is not a reliable indicator of
national intentions.
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APPENDIX A
METHODOLOGY
1. Estimates of Sulfur Production.
The recovery of the pyrites associated with the sulfide ores of
copper, lead, and zinc has never been reported separately by the USSR.
At some mines and smelters, pyrites axe separated in the concentrating
process and shipped as a byproduct concentrate to chemical plants for
the production of sulfuric acid. In other mines, however, a clean
separation of pyrites is not made. Pyrites axe contained in the con-
centrates, the sulfur from which -- together with the combined sulfur
in the sulfide ores -- is recovered as sulfurous anhydride (S02) from
the waste gases. 139 This sulfurous product is reduced to either
elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. 1~+0 In view of the lack of infor-
mation on the separation and disposition of the sulfur content of the
pyrites and the sulfide ores, the only method considered feasible Cites
obtain a measure of the sulfur available in the iron and copper pyr
and the combined sulfur in sulfide ores of copper, lead, and zinc is to
estimate the sulfur content of these ores.
a. Byproduct Sulfur from Pyrites Contained in Sulfide Ores.
(1) Ural Mountains.
Although the sulfide ores of the Ural Mountains are mined
principally for their copper content, they also contain large quantities
of sulfur and small amounts of lead and zinc. When the ores are pre-
pared for smelting, they are concentrated in the ratio of about 10 to
1, 141 so that of each 100 tons of ore mined, 10 tons actually enter
a smelter; the remainder can be considered to be tailings. As indicated,
however, these tailings contain a large quantity of sulfur in the form
of pyrites. Assuming that 60 percent of the tailings are pyrites and
using. 30 percent as the average sulfur content, the quantity of sulfur
available from pyrites can be estimated.
There are no primary data on production of copper ore in
the Urals. The first step in estimating the sulfur content of the
pyrites of the copper ore, therefore, is to calculate the quantity of
ore mined in order to yield the amount of copper estimated to have been
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produced. The estimated production of copper in the USSR in 195-55
is shown in Table 10. ~
I
Estimated Production of Copper in the USSR
1950-55
Thousand Metric Td
ns
Year
Total/
USSR J
Kazakhstan ~
Kola
peni
l
~
Other
(Excludi g
~
!
nsu
a
Urals
Uralsl
d
1950
1
1
246.6
28
92.7
6.0
57.x+
90.5
_
95
1952
1.1
2
98.3
7.0
62.5
113.3
1
3
3.3
8
log.4
8.0
65.0
140.9
953
1
4
320.
6
8
120.6
8.0
69.0
123.2
95
1955
.
33
143.3
8.0
70.0
115,5
377.3
166.0
8.0
71.0
132.3i
a. The production of copper in the USSR in 1955 is derived fr m
the production in Kazakhstan, which in turn is based on state-
ments in Soviet publications linking current production to pro
duction in 1913, which is known. In 1913, production of coppe
in Kazakhstan was 5,070 tons, 142 and in 1940, production was
7 times that of 1913. 143 Production for 1950 was planned at
2.6 times that of 1940, 144 the plan was fulfilled 100.5 per-
cent, 145 and the 1955 production was 79 percent greater than
that in 1950. 146 In 1955, Kazakhstan produced 44 percent of
the total production of copper in the USSR. 147 Except for t e
1952 and 1954 figures for Kazakhstan, which are interpolations,
figures for production in intervening years are based on annua ly
announced percentage increases.
b. 148
c. Includes copper estimated to have been produced in the !
Transcaucasus as a byproduct in the nickel operations at Noril'~k
and from scrap at Moscow.
d. Obtained by difference between the total for the USSR and tie
estimated production in Kazakhstan, the Kola Peninsula, the
Transcaucasus, Norilsk, and Moscow. I
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The second step is to calculate the quantity of copper ore
mined. The estimated production of copper ore in the Ural Mountains
in the USSR in 1950-55 is shown in Table 11.
Estimated Production of Copper Ore in the Ural Mountains in the USSR
1950-55
Thousand Metric Tons
Year
Copper Metal J
Smelter
Losses ~
Mill
Losses ~
Total
Amount of
Copper Metal
in Ore
E stimated
Production of
Copper Ore J
1950
go.5
lo.0
16.3
116.8
5,840
1951
113.5
12.5
20.4
146.2
7,310
1952
14o.g
15.6
25.4
181.9
9,095
1953
123.2
13.6
22.2
159.0
7,950
1954
115.5
12.8
20.8
148.1
7,455
1955
132.3
14.7
23.g
170.9
8,545
a. See Table lo, p. 32, above.
b. 149
c. 150 The copper content of Ural ore averages about 2 percent.
The third step is to estimate the quantities of pyrites
recovered in the Urals and the sulfur content of these pyrites. The
estimated production of pyrites and their sulfur content in the Ural
Mountains in the USSR in 1950-55 is shown in Table 12.E
(2) Transcaucasus and Kola Peninsula.
Estimates of production of the pyrites recovered at Alaverdi
in the Transcaucasus and at Kirovsk on the Kola Peninsula are based on
the reports of sulfuric acid plants at these locations. The plant at
Alaverdi uses pyrites, and that at Kirovsk uses pyrrhotite, both of
which are also reported to contain 30 percent sulfur. Thus 1.2 tons
~ Table 12 follows on p. 34.
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of these products are required to make 1 ton of sulfuric acid. 15'
The estimated production of pyrites and sulfur recovered at A1ave~di
in the USSR in 1950-55 are shown in Table 13.E
Estimated Production of Pyrites in the Ural Mountains in the USSR
1950-55
Thousand Metric Toffs
Year
Coppery
Ore ~1
Copper
Concentrate
(10 Percent
of Ore)
Pyrites Content
of Tailings
(60 Percent
of Remainder)
Sulfur Content
of Pyrites
(30 Percen )
1950
5,840
584
3,153
945.9
1951
7,310
731
3,947
1,184.1;
1952
9,095
909
4,911
1,473.3
1953
7,950
795
4,293
1,287.9
1954
7,455
745
4,026
1,207.8
1955
8,545
854
4,614
1,384.2;.
a. See Table 11, p. 33, above.
The annual capacity of the sulfuric acid plant at Ki~ovsk
is estimated to have been constant at 40,000 tons in 1950-55. 1~
The annual production and the sulfur required were calculated byjthe
same method used for the Alaverdi plant.
The total sulfur recovered from pyrites and pyrrhotit~e
in the USSR was obtained by adding to the production from the Ur l.s
the sulfur equivalent of the sulfuric acid produced at the Kirov~k
and Alaverdi plants. The total amount of sulfur recovered from
pyrites and pyrrhotite in the USSR in 1950-55 is shown in Table ~4.~-~
~ Table 13 follows on p. 35?
~~ Table 14 follows on p. 35?
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Table 13
Estimated Production of Pyrites at Alaverdi in the USSR
1950-55
Sulfur Content
Year Sulfuric Acid ~ Pyrites of Pyrites
1950 26.0 31.2 9.4
1951 30.6 36.7 11.0
1852 34.0 40.8 12.2
1953 38.0 45.6 13.7
1954 41.8 50.2 15.0
1955 42.0 50.4 15.1
Table 14
Total Amount of Sulfur Recovered from Pyrites and Pyrrhotite in the USSR
1950-55
Pyrites
Pyrrhotite
Total Sulfur
from
Year
Urals ~
Transcaucasus ~
Total
from the Kola
Peninsula ~
Pyrites and
Pyrrhotite
1950
945.9
9.3
955.2
14.4
969.6
1951
1,184.1
11.0
1,195.1
14.4
1,209.5
1952
1,473.3
12.2
1,485.5
14.4
1,499.9
1953
1,287.9
13.6
1,301.5
14.4
1,315.9
1954
1,207.8
15.0
1,222.8
14.4
1,237.2
1955
1,384.2
15.1
1,399.3
14.4
1,413.7
a. See Table 12, p. 3 , above.
b. See Table 13, above.
c. 154
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i
b. Byproduct Sulfur Obtained from Waste Smelter Gases.
Production estimates of the sulfur recovered from waste smelter
gases are derived from reports on the capacities of sulfuric acid
plants situated at the copper, lead, and zinc smelters. These pla is
utilize the sulfur recovered from the smelter gases, making 1 ton ~f
sulfuric acid from 0.36 ton of sulf~.ir. The amount of sulfur produded
from waste smelter gases used in the. manufacture of sulfuric acid i~s
shown in Table 15.E Because there is no indication of any change 3~n
the capacities of the sulfuric acid plants during the 1950-55 peri~d,
the 1953 production has been taken as the average annual productio
of sulfur from this source for the entire period. {
c. Byproduct Sulfur from Iron Pyrites in Coals.
Estimates of production of iron pyrites recovered in the
cleaning of coals and recovering the sulfur content were obtained 1$y
the following method. The only available figures on pyrites recov~red
from coal in the USSR are for the coal from the Moscow and Donets asin.
The Moscow Basin data are for 1933-35 and 1940, and the Donets Bas n
data are for 1932 and 1940. 155 Factors obtained by relating tot 1.
production of coal in the Moscow and Donets Basins to the quantity ;of
pyrites recovered at these times were applied to current estimatesjof
production of coal. These factors, 0.772 for the Moscow Basin ands
0.049 for the Donets Basin provided the estimate of the current re}
covery of pyrites from coal in these basins. The amount of pyrite
from coal in the Moscow Basin and the Donets Basin in the USSR in
1932_40 is shown in Table 16.-~-~
These factors derived in Table 16 applied to the 1950-55 e~ti-
mated coal production from the Moscow and Donets Basins provide an!
estimate of the pyrites recovered in 1950-55. The estimated amoun~
of pyrites recovered from coal in the Moscow Basin and the Donets sin
in the USSR in 1950-55 is shown in Table 17.~~
The estimated pyrites recovered from the 2 fields were the~h
totaled, and a sulfur content of 30 percent was again utilized to
obtain the sulfur equivalent obtained from the coal pyrites. The ~
Table 15 follows
on p.
37.
Table 16 follows
on p.
38.
Table 17 follows
on p.
39.
_ 36 _
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estimated amount of sulfur recovered from coal in the Moscow Basin
and the Donets Basin in the USSR in 1950-55 is shown in Table 18.-~
Amount of Sulfur Produced from Waste Smelter Gases
Used in the Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid in the USSR
1953
Thousand Metric Tons
City
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur Content
Norilsk
11.7
~''2
Dzaudzhikau ~
25.0
9.0
Chelyabinsk ~
X0.0
l~''~'
Kirovgrad ~
60.0
21.6
Blyava
20.0
7.2
~
Revda e
x+5.0
16.2
Leninogorsk ~
25.0
9.0
Krasnoural'sk ~
~-x-0.0
1~ ? ~"
Ust'-Kamenogorsk ~
25.0
9.0
2gl?7 105.0
a.
15
b ?
c.
157
15
d.
159
e.
1
f.
1 1
g.
1 2
h.
1 3
~ Table~ollows on p. 39?
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Table 16
Estimated Amount of Pyrites Recovered from Coal in the Moscow Basin
and the Donets Basin in the USSR
1932-40
Amount
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Amount
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Year
Production of Coal Pyrites ,,/ Percent
in the Moscow Basin J Recovered J of Total
Production of Coal Pyrites
in the Donets B
R
i
Percent
as
n
ecovered
of Total
1932
45,044
15
0.033
1933
3,833
28
0.73
51,060
1834
4,618
38
0.82
64,486
1935
5,7~
40
0.70
6g,5oo
1936
7,100
78,600
1937
7,506
77,542
1938
7,416
80,733
1939
8,100
85,300
1840
9,950
80
0.80
94,400
54
0.057
Weighted average
0.772
Weighted average
0.048
a. 1
b. 1
_ 3g _
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Table 17
Estimated Amount of Pyrites Recovered from Coal in the Moscow Basin
and the Donets Basin in the USSR
1950-55
Year
Production of Coal
in the Moscow Basin J
Pyrites
Recovered
Production of Coal'
in the Donets Basin ~
Pyrite s
Recovered
1950
29,850
230.4
g6,ooo
47.0
1951
32,000
247.0
103,500
50.7
1952
33,100
255.5
107,600
52.7
1953
34,500
266.3
114,500
56.1
1954
36,000
277.8
122,000
59.7
1955
38,500
297.2
130,000
63.7
a. 1
b. 1 7/
Table 18
Estimated Amount of Sulfur Recovered from Coal in the Moscow Basin
and the Donets Basin in the USSR
1950-55
Amount
(Thousand Metric Tons)
Year
Moscow Basin
Donets Basin
Total
Sulfur Content
30 Percent
1950
230.4
47.0
277.4
83.2
1951
247.0
50.7
287.7
89.3
1952
255.5
52.7
308.2
92.4
1953
266.3
56.1
322.4
96.7
1954
277.9
59.7
337.6
101.2
1955
297.2
63.7
36o.g
108.2
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d. Mined Elemental Sulfur.
Estimates of the production of mined elemental sulfur have ben
given in Table 2,* which also indicates-the sources for 1950-53. Simji-
lar data are not available for 1954 and 1855. In order to extend thej
production series to 1955, estimates of production in 1954 and 1955 w~re
obtained by relating the production of sulfur to the increase of Bros
production of industry. Production of mined elemental sulfur for 195
was 124,000 tons, an increase of 13 percent over 1953, 168 and refle is
the increase of gross production of industry as a whole of 13 percentt
over 1953 and the estimated increase of production of sulfuric acid i
1954 over 1953. 169 The same percentage increase of 13 percent was
applied to the 1954 total to obtain the estimate of production of sulfur.
For the 1955 estimate, in addition to the increase of gross
production of industry of 13 percent, an announced increase of 21 per-
cent for mineral fertilizers for the first half of 1855 was considerejd. 170
Inasmuch as a large part of the native sulfur produced is utilized four
agricultural dusting, 171 the increased fertilizer production presu -
poses larger crops and an increased dusting of these crops.
e. Byproduct Sulftiir from Processing Petroleum.
Although the natural crude petroleums from the Ural-Volga,
Central Asia, Pechora, and Sakhalin Island fields all have moderately
high sulfur contents, only the Ural-Volga fields are considered, bec se
the quantity of crude oils produced in the other fields is relatively
small.
The natural crude oils of the Ural-Volga fields have a sulfur
content of 1.25 to 4.8 percent by weight of sulfur with an average o~
2.2 percent. 172 In processing the average crude oils from these
fields, 45 percent of the total sulfur is concentrated in the residu 1
25 percent of the oil stock. The production of natural crude oil in
the Ural-Volga field in 1955 is estimated to be 33.5 million tons.
With an average sulfur content of 2.2 percent, the total sulfur pres~n,t
in these crude oils amounts to 737,000 tons. Because of the lack ofd
the necessary technical information in practically all aspects of th~
various problems involved, conclusions as to the probable production'
of sulfur from the 1955 production of natural crude oil are based on
the following approximate correlations.
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Assuming that the principal conversion refining operations were
confined to thermal visbreaking of residues and that the thermal types
of cracking and reforming were applied to the distillate stocks (gas
oils and naphthas), probably no more than 10 percent of the total sulfur
would have been recovered as a byproduct if the refining had been for
maximum yields of gasolines, and probably no more than 5 percent of the
total sulfur would have been recovered as a byproduct if the refining
had been for maximum yields of middle distillates such as kerosines and
various types of diesel fuels. It is probable, therefore, that no more
than 50,000 tons, less than 7 percent of the total sulfur, were recov-
ered as a byproduct of refining operations. 173
2. Estimates of Sulfur Reserves.
The latest available estimate on unmined reserves of elemental
sulf~zr in the USSR was presented in 1951. 174 The reserves reported
from the various deposits, however, are estimated to range in date from
1g46 through 1950. For purposes of this report, 1948 has been selected
as the date of the estimate of elemental sulfur reserves. The estimate
of reserves of unmined elemental sulfur in the USSR in 1948 is shown in
Table 19.x- Using 1948 as a basis, the estimate was obtained by sub-
tracting the total production of mined elemental sulfur in 1948-55 from
the 1948 reserve total. 175
The total estimated production of elemental sulfur in the USSR
in 1848-55 is 844,000 tons.-~~ Subtracting this quantity from the 1948
reserve estimate yields the-1955 reserve estimate of 33,735,000 tons.
b. Sulfur in Ural-Volga Petroleum Fields.
The Ural-Volga area is the major area in the USSR which pro-
duces natural crude oils whose sulfur contents exceed 0.5 percent by
weight. 176 Total proved reserves of crude oil in the Ural-Volga
fields at the close of 1955 have been estimated at 769 million tons. 177
With an average sulfur content of 2.2 percent, the total sulfur availa-
ble in these crudes amounts to about 16.9 million tons.
~ Table 19 follows on p. 42.
*~ See Table 2, p. 10, above, and Appendix A for source of the pro-
duction totals for the 1950-55 period and add 85,000 tons each year
for 1948 and 1849.
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Reserves of Unmined Elemental Sulfur in the USSR
1948
Sulfur Ore Elemental Sulfur
(Thousand Sulfur Content (Thousand
Location Metric Tons) (Percent) Metric Tons)
Volga area 200,000 11 22,-000
Chokur-Koyash 100 15 15
Kkhuit 80 20 16
Gaurdak 10,000 12 to 15 1,350
shikh 1,200 50 600
Kara Kum 5,000 30 1,500
Shor-Su -650 15 98
Kushka 5,000 30 1,500
Gazgan
Kyzyly
25,000 30 7,500
Kenimekh
Total
247,030 34579
c. Production Forecast, 1956-60.
The estimate of the annual production of sulfur for the 195-6
period was obtained by multiplying the 1955 Production estimate by
65 percent, adding this quantity to the 1955 production, and using his
latter total as the 1960 production of sulfur. Using a straight-li e
projection, the production of sulfur in the 1956-60 period was talc -
lated.
d. Sulfur in Iron Pyrites in Coal.
I
The sulfur content of the coals in the USSR varies greatly.~l~
The recoverable sulfur occurs in the form of iron pyrites, which ar~
known to have been recovered on a commercial scale only in the Donets
and Moscow Basins. ~ Some of the coals on the western slopes ofthe
Urals are also classed as high-sulfur coals, but figures on coal re~-
serves for the area are not sufficiently detailed to provide a figujre
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covering the high-sulfur coals. The latest available figures on coal
reserves are the 193`7 totals of 88,872 million tons for the Donets Basin
and 12,400 million tons for the Moscow Basin. 180 The recoverable sul-
fur content in the Donets coals is reported at 1.5 percent of the total
reserves, 181 and in the Moscow Basin the recoverable sulfur is
0.6 percent. 182 To obtain a sulfur reserve estimate for these two.
Basins, the production of coal far the 1937-55 Period was subtracted
from the 1937 reserve total as follows:
Donets Basin
Moscow Basin
1937 coal reserve
88,872,000,000
12,400,000,000
1937-55 total production
1,503,857,000
412,637,000
1955 coal reserve
87,368,143,000
11,887,363,000
1955 sulfur reserve
1,310,522,145
71,924,178
Because the 1937 figure for coal reserves in the Moscow Basin
was made when only 6 percent of the field had been prospected, the
coal reserve and sulfur reserve figures must be considered minimum
figures. .183 Thus the estimated unmined sulfur reserve in coals
in 1955 is 1,382,446,323 tons.
e. Sulfur in Sulfide Ores.
Pyrites associated with sulfide copper, lead, and zinc ores
account for most of the sulfur in this type of sulfur reserve.
Combined sulfur in these ores makes up the remaining small percent-
age of sulfur reserve from this source. 184
The copper and iron pyrites and the combined sulfur in the
copper, lead, and zinc sulfide ores of the Urals area are believed
to be the largest sources of sulfur reserves of the pyrite type.
The Urals is also the only region for. which any reserve figures are
available, 18 but the latest available estimate of sulfur reserves
in the Urals area deposits is for 1937. 186
Copper reserves in the USSR in 1939 were estimated at 19?_5
million tons of metal. 1$7 In 1937, 15.97 percent of the total
copper reserves were reported to be in the Urals area. 1$8 Assuming
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that the distribution of reserves in 1939 approximated that in 1937,E
the Urals can be credited with about 3.1 million tons of copper rese ves
in 1938. It is estimated that between 1839 and 1955 about 2.2 milli~ri
tons of copper metal were extracted from these ore reserves, leaving++,
about O.g million tons. As indicated in Table 11,* about 64 tons ofd
ore from the Urals area are required to yield 1 ton of metal. The
minimum reserves of ore at the close of 1955 are calculated, therefore,
to have been about 57.6 million tons. Assuming that 10 percent of
the ore is convertible to copper concentrates, that the pyrite conte~t
of the tailings is 60 percent, and that the sulfur content of the
pyrites is 30 percent, the minimum reserve of sulfur in the copper o e>s
of the Urals was about 9.3 million tons at the close of 1955?
The 9.3 million tons of sulfur constitute only a minimum bec~use
exploration in the Urals region since 1939 must have resulted in add -
tions to reserves. There are, moreover, sizable deposits of pyrite ~res
not accounted for in the methodology presented above. These ores al~o
contain large quantities of sulfur, but their copper content is so 1?~w
that they would not be counted in the copper reserve figures.
i
It will be noted that only the production of copper in this ~rea
has been considered in calculating the pyrites reserves. The lead a d
zinc production has not been included, because of insufficient data pn
which to base an estimate.
3. Estimates of Domestic Demand for Sulfur.
Estimates of the total sulfur consumed in the USSR for each of tie
years in the series was made by US analogy. In the US in 1950, aboutt
88 percent of the sulfur consumed was used in the manufacture or pro-
cessing of sulfuric acid, sulfite pulp, carbon disulfide, and rubber. 18g
The amount of sulf~zr consumed for these purposes in the USSR has bee
estimated by assuming that 88 percent of the total sulfur consumed i
the USSR is used for these purposes. It is to be noted that this es i-
mate is not based on factors of sulfur supply.
~ P? 33, above.
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a. Estimated Sulf~zr Consumed in the Production of Sulfuric Acid,
1950-55?
Soviet production of sulfuric acid for 1850-53 has been esti-
mated as follows 190
1950
2,040
1951
2,280
1952
2,500
1953
2,750
On the basis of an average of the announced results of fulfill-
ment of the 1954 Plante for (1) the increase of gross production of
industry as a whole (13 percent over 1953) and (2) the increase of the
production of mineral fertilizer (16 percent over 1953), a 1954 estimate
of 3.15 million tons of sulfuric acid is obtained (14.5 percent over
the production in 1953). The estimate for 1955,~~ 3.69 million tons of
sulfuric acid (17 percent over 1954), is based on ari average of (1) the
increase in gross output of industry as a whole achieved for the pre-
ceding year (13 percent) and (2) the increase of 21 percent announced
for mineral fertilizers far the first half of 1955? It is assumed that
21 percent was also the increase achieved for the year. A consumption
coefficient of 0.36 ton of sulfur per ton of sulfuric acid produced 191
was used to obtain the total sulfur requirements for the manufacture
of sulfuric acid.
b. Estimated Sulfur Consumed in the Production of Sulfite Pulp,
1953?
It is estimated that 1.1 million tons of sulfite pulp were pro-
duced in the USSR in 1953. 192 The reported US consumption of sulfur
per ton of sulfite pulp is 220 to 300 pounds. 193 Assuming that a
similar quantity would be valid for the USSR, it is estimated that
143,000 tons of sulfur were consumed in the production of sulfite pulp
~ Increases reported by the State Plan fulfillment announcements are
compiled in Table 20, p. 4g, below.
~~ Subject to change in accordance with publication of the State Plan
fulfillment announcement for 1955?
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in 1953. With the production of sulfite pulp closely paralleling tY~e
production of paper in the USSR, the increases reported for paper from
1951 to 1955 (see Table 11-x) may be used to estimate consumption of ~
sulfur for production of sulfite pulp.
c. Estimated Sulfur Consumed in the Production of Caz?bon Disulfide.
The requirements of sulfur for the production of carbon disul-
fide in the USSR were based on the following:
(1) Estimated rayon production in the USSR from 1950 to I
1953 was 34,000, 42,000, and 66,000 tons, respectively. 194 A 1954'
estimate of 82,000 tons is obtained by applying to the 1953 production
the average annual increase of about 25 percent for 1950-53.
(2) A US consumption coefficient of 0.38 ton of carbon
disulfide required per ton of viscose rayon. 195
i
(3) An assumption (based on the US use pattern for Garb n
disulfide in 1947, when 66 percent of the production was used in th
manufacture of rayon 196 ) that about 70 percent of the carbon disu -
fide produced in the USSR is used in the manufacture of rayon.
(4) The theoretical amount of sulfur required in the manu-
facture of carbon disulfide from carbon and sulfur of 0.842 ton sul~ur
per ton of carbon disulfide. 197
The amount of sulfur consumed in the production of rubber in
the USSR was calculated on the basis of 3 percent 198 of the estima~'ted
consumption of new rubber for the 1950-55 period. 199
The amount of sulfur used by other consumers in the USSR wad
assumed to be the difference between the total amount consumed and he
amount consumed by the known consumers. The quantity resulting pro ably
was used for the production of such miscellaneous items as dyes, ma ches,
explosives paints, and insectof`ungicides.
~- P. 33, above.
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f. Estimated Use Pattern of Sulfuric Acid in the USSR, 1950-55?
(1) Superphosphate.
Soviet production of superphosphate in 1950,E 1951, 1952,
and 1953 has been estimated at 1.62 million, 1.74 million, 1.88 million,
and 2.04 million tons, respectively. -The estimated production in 1954
of 2.365 million tons is based on the reported increase for superphos-
phate in 1954 of 16 percent over 1953. 200 The estimated production
in 1955 of 2.862 million tons is based on the increase reported for
mineral fertilizers for the first half of 1955 (21 percent) and on the
assumption that this will also be the yearly increase. The amount of
sulfuric acid consumed for superphosphate production is based on the re-
ported approximate requirement of 1 ton of sulfuric acid per 3 tons of
superphosphate produced. 201
(2) Petroleum.
It is estimated that in-1950 420,000 tons of sulfuric acid
were consumed in the USSR by the petroleum industry. 202 Based on re-
ported yearly increases of the production of oil from 1950 to 1954 of
12 percent annually, and assuming the 1955 increase over 1854 will be
the same as that reported for the first half of 1955 (lg percent), the
sulfuric acid consumed by the petroleum industry in 1950-55 is estimated
as follows: 1950, 420,.000 tons; 1951, 470,000 tons; 1952, 526,000 tons;
1953, 590,000 tors; 1954, 600,000 tons; and 1955, 785,000 tons.
(3) Coke Chemicals (Including Byproduct Ammonium Sulfate).
It is estimated that in 1954 480,000 tons of sulfuric acid
were consumed in the USSR for the production of coke chemicals and by-
product ammonium sulfate. 203 Assuming that this input varies directly
with the estimated production of byproduct ammonium sulfate in the USSR
from 1850 to 1954, 204 the sulfuric acid consumed by the coke-chemical
industry for the years 1950-54 is estimated as follows: 1950,
313,000 tons; 1951, 357,000 tons; 1952, 407,000 tons; 1853, 444,000 tons;
and 1954, 480,000 tons.
The consumption estimated above for 1953 and 1954 shows an
8- to g-percent annual increase. The 1955 estimate of 518,000 tons of
sulfuric acid consumed in the production of coke chemicals is obtained
by assuming that the increase in 1g55 over 1854 will be about 8 percent.
_ 47 _
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(4) Steel.
It is estimated that the Soviet steel industry consumed
70,000 tons of sulfuric acid in 1950. 205 Assuming that this input
has increased at the same yearly rates reported for the production+
of steel in 1950-54 (see Table 11*) and by further assuming that tY~e
increase in-1955 above production in 1954 will be the same as that;
reported for the first half of 1955, the amounts of sulfuric acid j
consumed by the steel industry in 1950-55 are estimated as follows;
1950, 70,000 tons; 1951, 80,000 tons; 1952, 88,_000 tons; 1953,
97,000 tons; 1954, 105,000 tons; and 1955, 115,000 tons.
(5) Viscose Rayon.
The estimates for the consumption of sulfuric acid in i~he
production of viscose rayon in the USSR are based on the following;
estimates of the production of rayon in 1950-55: 1950, 34,000 ton;
1951, 42,000 tans; 1952, 55,000 tons; 1953, 66,000 tons; 1954,
82,000 tons; and 1955, 102,000 tons. A consumption coefficient oft
1.48 tons of sulfuric acid per ton of rayon was applied to these
figures. 206 ~
The reported production of selected commodities in the;
USSR as a percentage of production of the preceding year for 1951-~5
is shown in Table 20.*~
~ P. 33, above.
~~- Table 20 follows on p. 49.
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Table 20
Reported Production of Selected Commodities in the USSR
as Percentage of Production of the Preceding Year
1951-55
Commodity 1951 J
1952 ~ 1953 J 195+ ~ 1955 J
Oil
112
112
112 112
119
~
Paper
112
109
110 110
10
+
Steel
115
110
110 108
110
116
121
Mineral
fertilizer
113
Industry as a whole
a. 207/
b. 20
c. 209
d~ 210
e. 211? First half of 1955 as a percentage of the first half
of 195
-~+9-
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APPENDIX B
GAPS IN IN'T'ELLIGENCE
As indicated in the body of this report, most Soviet sulf~zr is of
byproduct origin and hence is seldom mentioned in Soviet literature.
There are, consequently, a large number of gaps in intelligence on most
aspects of sulfur in the USSR. The following are considered to be the
most significant ones:
1. Production.
Quantitative data on the production of the sulfur raw materials
that account for more than g0 percent of the total production of sulfur
in the USSR are no-t available. The type of information available on
these raw materials does not specify whether the product is in the form
of sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, or sulfurous gas. Moreover, primary
data on the yields of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur from the pro-
cessing of pyrites and the combined sulfur in nonferrous sulfide ores,
the major source of sulfur in the USSR, and byproduct sulfur from the
refining of crude petroleum stock are not available. As a result,
estimating the production of sulfur requires indirect methodologies and
unverified assumptions.
2. Domestic Demand.
Soviet statistical data on the annual domestic demand for sul-
fur and the quantities required for the manufacture of sulfuric acid,
or any of the other uses of sulfur, are not available. As a result,
the estimates of demand for sulfur and sulfuric acid are based largely
on US analogy. "
3. Inputs.
Because most of the sulfur or sulfur equivalent produced in the
USSR is a byproduct of the processing of sulfide ores, data on such
inputs as power, fuel, labor, and capital investment are not available.
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~+. Prices.
Soviet price data are adequate for only elemental sulfu~h for
1950. Prices for pyrites consumed in the production of most of ,the
byproduct sulfur are lacking entirely.
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APPENDIX C
SOURCE REFERENCES
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Source of Information
Information
Doc. - Documentary
1 - Confirmed by other sources
A - Completely reliable
2 - Probably true
B - Usually reliable
3 - Possibly true
C -
Fairly reliable
4 - Doubtful
D -
Not usually reliable
5 - Probably false
E -
Not reliable
6 - Cannot be judged
F - Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a staff
officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report.
No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation
on the cited document.
1. American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.
"Sulfur and Pyrites," Industrial Minerals and Rocks, 19+9,
p. 1,008, 1,009. U. Eval. RR 1.
2. Commerce. Foreign Commerce Yearbook, 19+8, Washington, 1950,
p. 191. U. Eval. RR 1.
3. NIS 26, USSR, sec 63, May 51, p. 63-97? c?
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~+.
CIA.
CIA~RR 25, The Sulfuric Acid Industry in the USSR,
25X1A 5.
6.
CIA.
CIA.
CIA~RR 25 (~-, above).
CIA~RR PR-24, The Soviet Bloc Position in P
rites
y
,
6 Feb 53, p? 10. S.
25X1A g.
lo.
25X1A
11.
25X1A 12.
13.
25X1A
1~+.
25X1 C 15 .
16.
25X~,A
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25X1 C 26.
25X1A27~
28 .i
25X1 C29?
30.
31.
32.
Interior, US Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook, 1952,
Washington, 1955, p? 982? U. Eval. RR 1.
The New York Times, 3 Jan 56, p. 58 C. U. Eval. RR 2.
American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.
"
"
Sulfur and Pyrites
(1, above), p. 1,010. U
USSR, United Geological Prospecting Service of the USSR.
~cientiiic, 'Technological, Geological, and Prospecting Publ-
cation Office. Mineral Resources of the USSR, Leningrad~Mos~ow,
1933, p? ~+~-44. U. Eval. RR 2_
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Special
48. C. Eval.
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25X1A
25X1 C 3~.
25X1 A 35 ,
25X1 C 36.
25X1A
39?
40.
~+1.
25X1A
-- , --- -
42. CIA. FDD Special Translation no 182, 30 Sep_~+8.T C; Eval. RR 3.
25X1A ?
25X1A
44.
25 ~5A
~+6 .
25X1 A~7 .
~+8 .
25X~A
50.
51.
52.
53?
5~+?
55?
56.
57?
58.
25X1 A 60.
25X1A 61.
62.
63.
ia.
Ibid.
NIS 26, USSR, sec 63, May 51, p. 63-99. C.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 63-98. C.
Ibid.
Tbid., p. 63-99. C?
NIS 26, USSR, sec 63, May 51, p. 3-9
NIS 26, USSR, sec
Ibid.
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64. NIS 26, USSR, sec 63, May 51, p. 63-g8. c.
65. Ibid.
25X1 A 66.
67.
68. Ibid.
25X1A
25X1A
69. Ibid.
25X1A7o.
71.
25X1 C
72.
STATSP~
25X1 A 75
20 Jun 53? S. Eval. RR
76. lanovoye khozyaystvo,
33
STATSPE
78.
25X1 A79
STATS~~
25X1A 81.
82.
1956, P. 1. U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., no 1, 1951, p. 2. U. Eval.
Interior, US Bureau of Mines. RI-x+972, Analysis of Tipple and
Delivered Samples of Coal
Oct 53
U
Ev
l
RR
,
.
.
a
.
1.
83. Ibid., Bulletin no 55 1 5 2. U
25X1 A 8~+.
85? Interior, United States Geolo ical Surve ~
g y (USGS).? Short Summar
Geologic Report on the Ural-Volga Region with Emphasis on the
Geology of the Oil and Gas Deposits, 195 , p. 90. U. Eval. R~ 2.
hereafter referred to as Interior, USGS. Short Summary Geologic
Report.
86. CIA. CIA~RR 61, Petroleum Resources of the Ural-Volga Area of
the USSR, 15 Aug 55. S NOFORN.
87. Oil and Gas Journal, 21 Mar 55? U. Eval. RR 2.
88. CIA. FDD Special Translation no 182, 30 Sep ~+8. C. Eval. RR ~.
CIA. CTA /RR ~R ~?i ; ,a ~,, ,,, n , .. LL.. TT(Y ('1r ~.. ~- _~
25X1 A89.
CIA. CIA RR 2 4 above) ~ ~ v L
~ 5 ( P? 31-37. SUS ONLY.
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gl. NIS 2(, USSR, sec 63, May 51, p. 63-g8. C.
25X1 A 92
State, Teheran. Dsp ~+~+2, Jan 5~+.
25X1A
g~+ .
95?
25X1 A97
100. State, Oslo. Dsp 1548, 15 Jun 50. U. Eval. RR 3.
101. State, Teheran. Dsp 442, 22 Jan 54. C. Eval. RR 3?
g8. a e, e gra
25X1 A 99
102. Ibid.
25X1 A 103
106. Vol'kovich, S.I. Obshchaya khimicheskaya tekhnologiya (General
Chemical Technology , Moscow, 1953, p? 377? U. Eval. RR 2.
104. State, He sin Z.
105. Ibid.
C. Eval. RR 3.
Eval. RR 3.
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j
119. State, Helsinki. Dsp 70, 25 Jul 55. C. Eval. RR 2.
120. Ibid.
121. State, Vienna. Dsp 95, 26 Jul 55. C. Eval. RR 2.
122. USSR. Spravochnik-tsennik na osnovnyye stroitel'nyye,
tekhnicheskiye i vspomogatel'nyye materialy proizvodstvenno-~
tekhnicheskogo naznacheniya, instrumenty i avtoza chasti v
tsenakh 1950 g Price Handbook on Basic Construction, Techni al,
and Auxiliary Materials for Productive-Technical Purposes,
Instruments, and Automobile Spare Parts in Prices of the Yeas
1950), vol ~, pt 1, Baku, 1950, p. 186, 196. U. Eval. Doc.
(hereafter referred to as Spravochnik-tsennik)
123. NIS 26, USSR, sec 63, May 51 3- C.
25X1 At24.
125, n erior, US Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook, 1950,
Washington, 1
953, P? 1,182. U. Eval. RR 1.
126. Spravochnik-tsennik (122, above), p. 186. U. Eval. Doc.
127. Ibid., p. 19 U. Eval. Doc.
25X1 A1-28.
129.
25X1,~3o.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135?
136.
137?
138.
139?
140.
25X1A 141?
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
25X1 C
a e, un c sp 75, 11 Jan 5 S. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid.
Ibid., p. 26. SUS ONLY.
Interior, US Bureau of Mines.
Minerals Yearbook, 1950,
Washington, 1953, p. 1,188. U. Eval. RR 1.
CIA. CIA~RR 25 (~+, above), p. 7. SUS ONLY.
Ibid., p. 27. SUS ONLY.
Faith, W. L., Keyes, Donald B., and Clark, Roland L. Industr
Chemicals, New York, 1950, p. 602-603. U. Eval. RR 1. ~-
CIA. CIA RR 25 (~+, above), p. 17. SUS ONLY.
CIA. FDD AB 505401, Jun 52. U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid.
USSR. Godovoy obzor mineral'nykh resursov 1926 (Mineral Reso~
of the USSR in 192 , Leningrad, 1925,
Planovoye khozyaystvo, no 3, 1952. U.
Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 28 Jan 49. U.
Ibid.
Ibid., 18 Dec 55. U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid.
-58-
p. 2 U. Eval. RR ~2.
Eval. RR 2.
Eval. RR 2. j
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25X1 C 149.
150.
151.
152.
153?
154.
25X1 A 155
Ibid.
CIA. CIA~RR 25 (4, above), p. 26. SUS ONLY.
Ibid., p. 49. SUS ONLY.
Yerevan kommunist, various issues, 1951-54. U. E~ra1. RR 3.
CIA. CIA RR 254, above), p. 49. SUS ONLY.
pecial 'Translation
156.
CIA.
CIA~RR 25 (4, above), p. 19-21.
SUS ONLY.
157.
Ibid.
158.
Ibid.
159?
Ibid.
160.
lbid.
161.
Ibid.
162.
Ibid.
163.
Ibid.
164.
CIA.
CIA/RR 28 (88, above).
25X1 A 165 .
166.
STATSPE
167.
168.
STATSPEC
1768.
STATSPEC
171.
172.
174.
175.
176.
CIA. CIA~RR 25 (4, above), p. 29. S/US ONLY.
Interior, USGS. Short Summary Geologic Report (85, above).
Maymim, Z.L., edr. Ob uslovi akh obrazovani a nefti po
_materialam Volgo-Ural'skoy oblasti On Conditions for the
Formation of Petroleum According to Data of the Volga-Ural
Region), Leningrad, 1955, P? 188? U. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. CIA~RR PR-135, Output of Refined Petroleum Products
in the USSR 8 Mar 5 S.
NIS 2 , USSR, sec 63, May 51, p. 63-983 ~3-99? C?
Ibid.
CIA. FDD Translation no 311, 31 Aug 51, Classification of USSR
Petroleums According to Gost 912-46. C. E`val. RR 2.
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177. CIA. CIA~RR 61, Petroleum Resources of the Ural-Vol a Area
of the USSR, 15 Aug 55, p. 2 S NOFORN.
178. CIA. CIA RR 28 (88, above).
179. CIA. FDD Special Translation no 182, 30 Sep 48.
25X1A
180.
Eyal. RR 3.I
181. CIA. FDD Special Translation no 182, 30 Sep 48. C. Eval. RR 3?i
25X1A182.
25X1 A183.
18~+.
185.
186. Balzak, S.S., Vasyutin, V.F., and Feygin, Ya.G. Economic
Geography of the USSR, New York, 19+9, p. 259. U. Eval. RR 1.
187. CIA. Strategic Intelligence Digest, Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, vol 2, Mar 48, p. 10-8. S. Eval. RR 3.
188. Balzak, Vasyutin, and Feygin, off. cit. (186, above).
189. Interior, US Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook, 1950,
Washington, 1853, p. 1,181. U. Eval. RR 1.
190. CIA. CIA~RR 25 (1+, above), p. 18. SUS ONLY.
191. Ibid., p. 26. SUS ONLY.
192. FAO. Yearbook of Forest Products Statistics, Rome, 195+,
p. 82. U. Eval. RR 2.
193. Perry, J.H. Chemical Engineer's Handbook, New York, 195+,
p. 6-201. U. Eval. RR 1.
19~+. Cotton Yearbook, 1953, ~+8th ed, London, Jun 53, p. 679-680.
U. Eval. RR.2.
195. Shreve, R.N. The Chemical Process Industries, New York, 19+5,
p. 726. U. Eval. RR 2.
196. Faith, Keyes, and Clark, off. cit. (137, above), p. 19~+.
U. Eval. RR 1.
197. Ibid., p. 192. U. Eval. RR 1.
198. The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook, New York, 19+8, p. 97-137.
U. Eval. RR 2.
199. CIA. ORR Project 22.860, The Rubber Industry in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc (to be published).
200. Khimicheska a rom sY hlennost', no 1, 1955, P? 1. U. E~ra1. RR 2.
201. CIA. CIA RR 32, The Mineral Fertilizer Indust in the USSR
20 Apr 5~+, p. ~-0. SUS ONLY.
202. CIA. CIA~RR 25 (~+, above), p. 58. SUS ONLY.
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203. CIA. CIA~RR 60, Mayor Aromatic Chemicals in the USSR, 27 Jun 55,
p. 25. S~NOFORN.
20~+. Ibid., p. 30. S~NOFORN.
205. CIA. CIA~RR 25 (~+, above), p. 58. SUS ONLY.
206. Shreve, R.N. Selected Process Industries, New York, 1951, p. 659.
U . Etral . RR 2 .
207. State, Moscow, Joint Press Reading Service. Moscow Dail Press
Review, no 29, 29 Jan 52. U. Eval. RR 2.
208. Ibid., no 23, 23 Jan 53? U. Eval. RR 2.
209. Ibid., no 35, ~+ Feb 51+. U. Eval. RR 2.
210.
STATSPE
211. id., 2 Jul 55. OFF USE. Eval. RR 2.
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