ELECTRIC POWER IN THE VOLGA REGION OF THE USSR

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A001000070001-0
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• Document Page Count: 78
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 9, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 16, 1955
• Content Type: IR

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PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
ELECTRIC POWER IN THE VOLGA REGION
OF THE USSR
CIA/RR PR-129
16 December 1955
~o-/6 ?~r
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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~:
;' WARNINQ~
This material _contains inPormatton affecting
the ,National ,peP~se of the United:. States.
within the mewing of the espionage laws,
Tale 1$, USC, Secs.,, ,793 and 79~, the... trans-
m,~ssion or revelation of which in any manner
tb an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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-E -T
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
ELECZRIC POWER IN THE VOLGA REGION OF THE USSR
CIA~RR PR-129
(ORR Fro~ject 27.594)
NOTICE
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary .
1
I.
Introduction
3
II.
Organization and Administrative Structure .
4
III.
Generation and Transmission Facilities
6
A. Natural Resources
6
B. Generating Facilities
7
1. Distribution by Administrative Control and Size
11
2. Distribution by Area
11
3. Distribution by Type of Fuel Consumed
C . Transmission Lines
13
l~+
IV. Production and Consumption 15
A. Production . 15
B . Consumption . . 15
1. By Economic Categories 15
2. By Principal Industries 20
C. Imports and Exports 22
V. Growth of Facilities 23
A. New Power Plants Planned or Under Construction 23
B. Enlargement and Rehabilitation of Existing Facilities 23
C. Transmission Lines Planned or Under Construction 2~+
D. Estimate of Growth of Capacity through 1962 25
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Page
VI.
Input Requirements .
27
A.
Fuels .
27
B .
Manpower
2g
VII.
Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions
30
A.
Capabilities .
30
B.
Vulnerabilities . .
30
C .
Intentions
31
Appendixes
Appendix A.
Electric Power Facilities in the Volga Region
of the USSR
33
Appendix B.
Calculation of Fuel Requirements for the Production
of Electric Power in the Volga Region of the USSR,
195+ . . .
53
Appendix C.
Methodology
55
Appendix D.
Gaps in Intelligence .
57
Appendix E .
Source References
59
Tables
1. Estimated Installed Electric Power Generating Capacity
in the Volga Region of the USSR, January 1955 8
2. Major Electric Power Plants in the Volga Region of the USSR,
1955 ........................... g
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Page
3. Concentration of Electric Power Capacity in Seven Indus-
trial Centers in the Volga Region of the USSR 12
~+. Estimated Production of Electric Power in the Volga Region
of the USSR, 195+-62 16
Estimated Electric Power Consumption Pattern in the Volga
Region of the USSR, by Economic Category, 195+ 18
6. Estimated Electric Power Consumption Pattern in the Volga
Region of the USSR, by Economic Category, 1962 19
7. Estimated Expansion of Generating Capacity, in the Volga Region
of the USSR, 1955-62 26
8. Estimated Fuel Requirements of Electric Power Plants in the
Volga Region of the USSR, 195+ ? 27
9. Distribution of Electric Power Plants in the Volga Region
of the USSR, by Size and by Administrative Control, January
1955 ........................... ~+7
10. Electric Power Plants in the Volga Region of the USSR,
by Type of Fuel Used, January 1955 ~+8
11. Calculation of Fuel Requirements for the Production of Elec-
tric Power in the Volga Region of the USSR, 195+ .
Illustrations
Following Page
Organization of the Ministry of Electric Power Stations
in the Volga Region of the USSR (Chart 6
USSR: Major Power Plants and Transmission Lines
in the Volga Region, 1955 (i"IaP) Inside
Back Cover
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CIA~RR PR-129 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 27.59+)
ELECTRIC POWER IN THE VOLGA REGION OF THE USSR
Summary
The production of electric power in the Volga region (Economic
Region VI~~') of the USSR is important to the industrial development
not only of the region itself but also of the entire European USSR.
The Volga region lies between the highly industrialized Region VII
(Central) and the resource-rich Region VIII (Urals). As the exten-
sive planned additions to the electric power facilities of the Volga
region are completed, the region will play a vital part in the inte-
gration of the electric power supply of the European USSR.
The estimated installed generating capacity~~ in the Volga
region in January 1955 was only 1.3 million kilowatts (kw ), about
equal to that of the State of Louisiana, and the production of
electric power was only 4 percent of total Soviet production. The
completion of major hydroelectric projects now under construction
will quadruple the 1955 installed capacity, and by 1962 the Volga
region will produce 8 percent of total Soviet electric power.
The major electric power projects now under construction in
the Volga region are the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric
stations, Kuybyshev will have a generating capacity of 2.1 million
kw and will be the largest hydroelectric station in the world.
Stalingrad will have a generating capacity of 1.8 million kw and
will be the second largest hydroelectric station in the USSR. These
projects were originally scheduled for completion and operation at
full capacity by 1955 and 1956, but it is unlikely that either
station will be operating at full capacity before 1961.
~ The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 1 September 1955?
-~-~ Unless a "power region" is specifically designated, the term
region in this report refers to the economic regions defined and
numbered on CIA Map 120+8.1 9-51 (First Revision, 7-52 ), USSR:
Economic Regions.
*~ Installed generating capacity is the aggregate of kilowatt
ratings of installed generating equipment.
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The electric power produced by the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydro-
electric stations will be distributed by transmission lines now being
constructed or designed. AKuybyshev-to-Moscow line is now near com-
pletion, and a Stalingrad-to-Moscow line may be under construction. Both
of these lines are designed to operate at the world's highest voltage --
400,000 volts. Other high-voltage lines (220,000 or 400,000 volts)
will connect the transmission network of the. Volga region with the
Dnepr-Donets network to the west and the Urals network to the east.
It is possible that the entire transmission system will be completed
by 1960, the target date set by Soviet officials.
In 1954 the production of hydroelectric power in the Volga region
was insignificant. About 80 percent of the electric power was pro-
duced by plants burning coal and about 20 percent by plants burning
local flzels -- oil shale, natural gas, and residual f~zel oil. Coal
was imported from the Donets and Karaganda basins and from other
coal-mining areas, some at distances of more than 1,000 kilometers.
It is likely that there will be little increase in the total pro-
duction of thermal electric power in the region, but it is probable
that the use of local fuels will increase and will account for a
greater percentage of the total production of thermal electric power.
About 82 percent of the electric power consumed in the Volga
region in 1954 was consumed by industry -- petroleum, chemicals,
machine building, aircraft, ferrous metallurgy, and shipbuilding.
Now under construction in Stalingrad is an aluminum plant which will
consume annually about 1.5 times the total electric power produced
in Stalingrad in 1954.
When the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric stations are com-
pleted, the supply of electric power in the Volga region will be more
than sufficient to meet the demands of all consumers in the region.
It is estimated that about 50 percent of the total electric power
produced in the region in 1962 will be transmitted to other regions --
primarily to the Moscow area -- and that the Volga region will be the
largest regional exporter of electric power in the USSR.
As of 1955 the apparent vulnerability of the electric power indus-
try in the Volga region lies in the fact that about 80 percent of
production depends on transport of coal from distant sources and in
the lack of a transmission network connecting the large regional
industrial centers. These weaknesses, however, will be eliminated
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by 1962, when the new hydroelectric stations will produce about four-
fifths of total regional production and an adequate transmission net-
work will be in operation. A vulnerability not now existing will be
created by the completion of the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydro-
electric plants. Those 2 plants will contain about 70 percent of the
total electric power generating capacity of the region and will pro-
duce an important part of the electric power supply of the vital
Moscow area.
Although the patterns of production and consumption of electric
power normally cannot be considered good indicators of national
intentions, the present Soviet policy of constructing major hydro-
electric stations in the Volga region, rather than thermal electric
plants requiring smaller investment and shorter periods of con-
struction, seems to indicate that the USSR does not intend to begin
hostilities iri the near future.
I. Introduction.
The development of the electric power industry in the Volga region
is of particular significance because of the region's great potential
for industrial expansion. Although the Volga region accounted for
only 6 percent of the Soviet gross national product in 1954, ~# the
completion of two large hydroelectric stations at Kuybyshev and
Stalingrad during the 1955-62 period will provide a power base for
a much larger share of total Soviet production.
The geographical area covered in this report includes the RSFSR
oblasts of Astrakhan', Stalingrad, Saratov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk,
and Balashov and TataY? ASSR. This area is centrally located
west of the Urals and covers the wide valley of the Volga River from
the vicinity of Kazan' southward to As'trakhan' on the shores of the
Caspian Sea.
~ For serially numbered source references, see Appendix E.
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The area is divided into the following three "power regions" ~:
No. 1~+, the Tatar, covers Tatar ASSR; No. 15, the Middle Volga,
includes Ulyanovsk, Kuybyshev, and Saratov Oblasts; and No. 16, the
Lower Volga, includes Stalingrad and Astrakhan' Oblasts. Practically
all of the industrial activity in the Volga region is centered in
and around seven cities located along the banks of the Volga --
Kazan', Ulyanovsk, Kuybyshev, Syzran', Saratov, Stalingrad, and
Astrakhan'. ~ The .region covers 187,000 square miles, contains
about 5 percent of the population of the USSR, and produces about ~+
percent of the total Soviet electric power.
In this report, detailed discussion of power plants is limited
to those having capacities of at least 1,000 kw. Identified plants
of less than 1,000-kw capacity, except rural power plants, are
listed by location, and an estimate of their aggregate capacity is
made. Transmission lines with a potential of at least 35 kilovolts (kv)
are covered. A study of the distribution facilities within cities
and urban communities, however, is not within the scope of this
report. Some data on power consumption are presented, and an attempt
is made to establish a consumption pattern in broad economic categories,
but it has not been possible to account clearly for the distribution
of total power production to the eventual user.
II. Organization and Administrative Structure.
The organization and control of the electric p-ower industry in
the Volga region is held by four groups, as follows: (1) the Ministry
of Electric Power Stations (Ministerstvo Elektrostantsiy -- MES) con-
trols the State Regional Electric Power Stations (GRES~'), which have
6~+ percent of the total installed capacity of the Volga region and,
like public utilities in the US, supply all types of consumers; (2~
various industrial ministries control industrial power plants, which
have 25 percent of the total capacity of the Volga region and supply
primarily the industrial plants in which they are located; (3) the
Ministry of Communal Economy, RSFSR, controls municipal power plants,
which have 7 percent of the total capacity of the Volga region and
supply primarily municipal and residential consumers; and (4) the
~ Gosudarstvennaya Rayonnaya Elektrostantsiya, a power plant which
is operated by the MES.
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Ministry of Agriculture controls rural power plants, which have 4 per-
cent of the total capacity of the Volga region and supply rural com-
munities and farms.
Of these four groups, the MES is the most important because it
controls, administratively and operationally, nearly two-thirds of
the electric facilities of the Volga region and, to a varying degree,
has operational relations with the other three groups. The channels
of MES control ~ are shown in the accompanying chart.
The 6 power systems are under the supervision of 3 Chief Directo-
rates, which in-turn report to the MES, an All-Union Ministry with
headquarters in Moscow. The fact that 3 of the 5 Chief Directorates
of Power for the whole of the USSR are involved in this region is
somewhat unusual and is largely a result of the fact that the admin-
istrative boundaries of the Directorates overlap within this geo-
graphical area. Also there may be internal political and personality
factors which enter into this apparently unnecessary dispersal of
authority
The construction of new electric power facilities falls within
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Construction of Electric
Power Stations (Ministerstvo Stroitel'stva Elektrostantsiy -- MSES).
Electric power construction activities were formerly s function of
the MES, but in what appears to have been an effort to departmentalize
and speed up lagging construction, these activities were divorced
from the MES in November 195+. ~ Within the MSES there are separate
organizations in charge of major projects -- the Kuybyshev GES~#
Construction Trust (Kuybyshevgidrostroy) and the Stalingrad GES Con-
struction Trust (Stalingradgidrostroy) are in charge of the two hydro-
electric projects at Kuybyshev and Stalingrad, respectively.
~ Following p. 6.
~* Gidroelektrostantsiya (Hydroelectric Power Station).
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III. Generation and Transmission Facilities.
A. Natural Resources.
Of the principal sources of primary energy -- solid iliels,
petroleum, natural gas, and waterpower -- the Volga region lacks
only reserves of coal. The discovery and exploitation of petroleum
and natural gas, however, has taken place only within the past 15
to 18 years, and there was no significant development of waterpower
until the present Five Year Plan (1951-55 )?
Although the Volga region will have the two largest hydro-
electric stations in the USSR, its waterpower resources represent
only slightly more than 2 percent of the national total, and power
now generated by hydroelectric stations represents only a fraction
of 1 percent of the total regional production. When they are com-
pleted, the Kuybyshev (2.1 million kw) and Stalingrad {1.8 million
kw) hydroelectric stations on the Volga River will utilize a large
portion of the estimated 6.5 million kw ~ of waterpower potential
in the region.
Although the waterpower potential of the Volga River con-
stitutes the preponderance of that in the region, small rivers
such as the Medveditsa and Khoper are capable of minor hydroelectric
development, and several small hydroelectric power plants are now
being constructed to serve agricultural and rural consumers.
Because no coal is mined in the Volga region and because
there are no coal resources whicri warrant exploitation, the region
imports all of its coal, mainly from the Donbas and Karaganda
areas.
According to a 1936 Soviet source, ~ there were no oil
resources in the Volga region at that time. Since then, however,
oil was discovered near Syzran` and Kuybyshev and later in Saratov
and in the southeastern section of Tatar ASSR. In 1954 the oil
production of the Volga region constituted over 20 percent ~ of
total Soviet production.
~ Theoretical capacity with stream flow available 50 percent
of the time.
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In spite of this considerable production, liquid fuels con-
stitute a minor source of primary energy for the generation of electric
power. Oil is consumed in power plants representing only 7 percent
of the total installed capacity in plants of at least 1,000 kw. The
percentage would be larger if power plants of less than 1,000 kw were
included. In the smaller plants, oil is used to a greater extent and
may thus account for as much as 10 percent of the total.
Although natural gas was first found in the Volga region in
1906, exploitation was not begun until 1911-1, when fields at Yelshanka,
near Saratov, were tapped. 10 Natural gas from the Saratov area is
now piped to Moscow, and additional deposits in Kuybyshev and Stalin-
grad Oblasts are being exploited. Natural gas is thus becoming a
significant energy source for the region. Although natural gas is
not extensively consumed as a fuel for power plants at present, its
use probably will increase in the future.
Oil shale deposits are located in the eastern part of Saratov
Oblast, south of Syzran', and north of U1'yanovsk. These deposits,
estimated to be over 13 billion metric tons, 11 constitute nearly
one-fourth of the total Soviet shale resources and are the only
important source of solid fuel for the region's industry and communal
economy. At least 10 percent of the capacity of power plants of
1,000 kw and more is in shale-burning plants.
B. Generating Facilities.
The installed generating capacity of the Volga region in
January 1955 is estimated at 1.3 million kw -- nearly 4.5 percent
of the total capacity of the USSR, equal to that of China proper,
and approximately equal to that of the State of Louisiana. The
estimated installed electric power generating capacity in the Volga
region of the USSR in January 1955 is shown in Table 1.~~'
~ Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
~~ Table 1 follows on p. 8.
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Table 1
Estimated Installed Electric Power Generating Capacity
in the Volga Region of the USSR
January 1955
Plant Categor
Number
of Plants
Installed Capacity
(Thousand Kilowatts)
Identified plants of 1,000 kw and more
67
1,19+
Identified plants of less than 1,000 kw
other than rural (average capacity
estimated to be about 500 kw)
g8
50
Rural power plants ~
2,000
60
Total ~
2,165
1, 30~+
a. It is estimated -that in the USSR there are 33,000 rural power plants
with a total capacity of 1 million kw. 12 The Volga region accounts
for about 6 percent of Soviet agricultural production, 13 and this
ratio has been used to derive the regional estimate of rural power plant
capacity.
b. There are unidentified power plants in the region, but the total
probably represents at least 95 percent of total capacity.
Although electric
power
generating capacity in the Volga region
has increased at about the
same
rate as that of the USSR as a whole,
there will be a much more
rapid
expansion during 1955-62 as generating
units of the Kuybyshev GES
and
the Stalingrad GES become operative.
By 1962, regional capacity should account for at least 8 percent of
total Soviet capacity.
During World War II there was some damage to power plants in
the Volga region, but this damage was confined largely to the Stalin-
grad area, and by 1948 the damaged plants were restored to prewar
capacity. l~+ Lend-Lease generating equipment from the US and equip-
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ment dismantled from power plants in East Germany were significant
factors in the restoration. The reconstructed city of Stalingrad
now has a 200,000-kw power plant, the largest in the region. Prac-
tically all of the installed electric power capacity in the region,
including that of the present Stalingrad plant, is in thermal electric
plants -- somewhat surprising in a region in-which the largest hydro-
electric power plants in the USSR are being constructed and which has
no supplies of indigenous coal.
The major electric power plants in the Volga region of the
USSR in 1955 are shown in Table 2. The 18 plants included in Table
2 account for more than three-fourths of the total capacity of the
region, and all are thermal electric plants.
Major Electric Power Plants in the Volga Region of the USSR
1955
Installed Capacity
Location and Plant Identification (Thousand Kilowatts)
Kazan' TETs 1 ~~
Kazan' TETs 2
Urussu GRES
Astrakhan' GRES, TETs
The footnote for Table 2 follows on p. 10.
66
120
37
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Table 2
Major Electric Power Plants in the Volga Region of the USSR
1955
(Continued)
Installed Capacity
Location and Plant Identification (Thousand Kilowatts)
Kuybyshev Oblast
Chapayevsk TETs 25
Kuybyshev GRES, TETs 52
Kuybyshev, Bezymyanka TETs 100
Novo-Kuybyshev TETs 24
Syzran' GRES, TETs 2~
Saratov GRES
Saratov TETs
Saratov TETs (ball-bearing plant)
Saratov, Krasnodar TETs
Stalingrad Oblast
73
37
24
2~+
Stalingrad, Beketovka GRES 200
Stalingrad, Tractor Plant TETs 50
Stalingrad, new TETs 2~
Stalingrad, Red October Works 24
Ulyanovsk Oblast
Ulyanovsk, MV Plant TETs
a. Teploelektrotsentral' Heat and Electric Power Plant , a plant
which supplies heat as well as electric power.
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1. Distribution by Administrative Control and Size.
Power plants operated by the MES supply all types of con-
sumers and account for nearly two-thirds of the total installed elec-
tric power capacity of the Volga region. Seven of the 12 MES plants
account for more than half of the total regional capacity. Capacities
of the 12 MES plants range from 2+,000 to 200,000 kw.
Capacity in 80 power plants primarily serving industrial
enterprises accounts for nearly one-fourth of the total, most of which
is in plants in the 10,000- to 50,000-kw range.
All Ministry of Communal Economy (RSFSR) plants are of
less than 10,000 kw and account for at least 7 percent of regional
capacity. Most of these plants are in small, isolated communities,
not connected to a power system, and supply local municipal and
residential consumers.
Under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture there
are about 2,000 rural power plants with an aggregate capacity of
60,000 kw -- a capacity equal to one of the smaller MES power plants.
Rural power plants constructed in 195+ have an average capacity of
75 kw, compared with the average of 30 kw 15 for existing rural
power plants. Two rural hydroelectric power plants under construction
on the Medveditsa River will have capacities of 2,000 kw each and will
be the largest rural power plants in the region. 16
2. Distribution by Area.~~
Of the nearly 1.2 million kw of installed capacity of
power plants of 1,000 kw and more, the 7 industrial centers located
along the Volga River account for almost 90 percent. About 60 per-
cent, moreover, is accounted for by the three largest industrial
centers -- Stalingrad, Kazan', and Kuybyshev. In terms of installed
capacity, Stalingrad is the largest.
~ For detailed information on the power plants falling within the
several categories of administrative control in the Volga region,
see Appendix A.
~~ See the map, USSR: Major Power Plants and Transmission Lines
in the Volga Region, 1955, inside back cover.
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The high concentration of electric power capacity in seven
industrial centers in the Volga region of the USSR is shown in Table 3.
Concentration of Electric Power Capacity in Seven Industrial Centers
in the Volga Region of the USSR
Capacity (Thousand Kilowatts)
Political Subdivision
d Cit
a
Political Subdivision
City
y
n
Tatar ASSR
246
Kazan'
204
Balashov Oblast
8
Astrakhan' Oblast
87
Astrakhan'
85
Kuybyshev Oblast
276
Kuybyshev
201
Syzran'
38
Saratov Oblast
211
Saratov
167
Stalingrad Oblast
312
Stalingrad
308
U1'yanovsk Oblast
54
U1'yanovsk
50
Total
1 1 4
.1,053
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With the exception of Kuybyshev and Syzran' the power systems
of the seven cities have no interconnections and operate independently.
This handicap to integrated industrial development will 'soon be reduced
by a proposed transmission line from Kuybyshev to Astrakhan'.
Balashov Oblast, primarily an agricultural area, was re-
cently created from former territory of Saratov and Stalingrad Oblasts
and a section of the adjoining Central region. It has little indus-
trial activity and only a small amount of electric generating capacity.
3. Distribution by Tie of Fuel Consumed.-
Discussion of the types of fuel used in electric power
plants in the Volga region is limited to those plants with installed
capacities of 1,000 kw and more. Plants of less than 1,000 kw account
for less than 10 percent of the total regional capacity.
The types of fuels used in electric power plants, in the
order of the quantity used, are coal, oil shale, residual fuel oil
(mazut), diesel oil, and natural gas. It is of considerable economic
significance that less than 20 percent of the electric power capacity
of the region uses so-called local fuels, a condition which not only
increases costs of operation but also throws a burden on transport
facilities. Coal is used for 81 percent of the regional electric
power plant capacity. All of the coal is imported, principally from
the Donbas and Karaganda coal fields, and haulages ranging up to
1,000 kilometers are required.
Shale-burning electric power plants account for about
10 percent of regional capacity. Oil shale, the only local solid
fuel of significance, is practically all consumed in power plants.
in Kuybyshev and Saratov Oblasts. The proportion of shale-burning
plants, however, is expected to increase in the future, partly
through conversion of existing coal-burning plants to the use of
oil shale.
Residual fuel oil and diesel oil are consumed mainly
in relatively small plants which account for about 7 percent of the
regional capacity. This percentage probably would increase to 10
~ For details of the distribution of power plant capacity in the
Volga region by types of fuels, see Appendix A.
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percent if plants of less than 1,000 kw were considered. Residual
fuel oil is consumed in power plants in or near refineries, and
diesel oil is consumed in small, isolated power plants.
Natural gas is another local fuel which may have greater
regional significance in the flzture. Although the use of natural
gas as fuel has been definitely determined in only 2 percent of elec-
tric power plant capacity, its actual use. may be somexhat greater.
In some cases, coal- or oil-burning plants use natural gas as a
secondary fuel, but the amount thus consumed is not known.
C. Transmission Lines.
The Volga region has no regional network for exchange of
electric power between its major industrial centers. This lack
of power exchange has been a handicap in the development of indus-
trial and electric power in those centers. Interconnection of major
power plants would permit the operation of the larger plants at full
loads and, therefore, at their best efficiencies; it might permit
the use of smaller, less efficient plants only at times of peak load
or in emergencies. Such operations would, in effect, increase elec-
tric power capacity with no capital investment for new generating
units -- thus offsetting, either completely or to a considerable
degree, the investment in transmission facilities. Amore dependable
supply to the consumers would also be provided. Long-distance trans-
mission lines from the great Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric
plants, now under construction, are planned and will provide the
base for a regional network.*
The Kuybyshev power system has a greater degree of inter-
connection than the others. It includes power plants and consumers
in Kuybyshev and nearby localities such as Syzran', Chapayevsk, the
Yablon'ka oilfields, and the construction site of the Kuybyshev GES.
Power plants with an installed capacity of about 275,000 kw, 200,000
kw in the city and environs of Kuybyshev, comprise the network.
There are two known transmission lines traversing regional
boundaries, and these export a small amount of power to other regions.
~ For a listing of the few existing transmission lines in the Volga
region, see Appendix A.
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A line from Kazan' to Volzhsk in the Central region (Region VII) carries
a small interchange of power, and most of the power generated at Urussu
is transmitted to the Tuymazy oilfields, mainly in the Urals region
(Region VIII). There may be a line from Stalingrad to Tsimlyanskiy in
the Southeast region (Region IV ), but this line has not been confirmed.
IV. Production and Consum~on.
A. Production.
There are virtually no available data on the production of
electric power in the Volga region during the postwar period. It
has been necessary, therefore, to establish annual production figures
by relating the installed capacity to the number of hours of its
utilization during 1 year.*
In the US electric power industry in 1953 the average hours
of utilization per year were 5,092. ~ The average for the indus-
try in the USSR is estimated to be about the same. Taking into con-
sideration the over-all characteristics of the electric load in the
Volga region, a figure of 4,500 hours has been used to arrive at
the production estimated for 1954. This figure is a maximum, and it
is possible that actual production may be 10 percent below the esti-
mated 5.9 billion kwh produced in 1954. This estimated 1954 produc-
tion is 3.5 times that far 1937 18 and is 4 percent of the total
1954 Soviet production. The estimated production of electric power
in the Volga region of the USSR in 1954-62 is shown in Table 4.~~
B. Consumption.
1. By Economic Categories.
The 1954 consumption pattern of the Volga region by
economic categories does not differ materially from that of the~-~
~ Installed capacity in kilowatts times the hours of operation
equals kilowatt-hours (kwh).
~~ Table 4 follows on p. 16.
~~ Continued on p. 18.
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USSR as a whole. The principal difference is the absence of consump-
tion by electrified railroads in the region. Although some railroad
lines are to be electrified and such construction is reported under
way, 19 no power was consumed in this category in 195+. Industry
consumes the greater portion, over four-fifths, while the proportion
consumed by residential and municipal consumers, about one-sixth, is
about one-third of that in the US. The estimated electric power con-
sumption pattern in the Volga region of the USSR, by economic category,
in 195+ is shown in Table 5.
Estimated Electric Power Consumption Pattern in the Volga Region
of the USSR, by Economic Category
195+
Billion
Percent of
Category
Kilowatt-Hours
Total Consum tp ion
Industry
3.95
82
Residential and municipal
(includes street railway)
0.77
16
Agriculture and rural economy
0.12 ~
2
Total
~+ .8~+ ~
loo
a. Industrial consumption is reported to be two-thirds of production
in the USSR as a whole. 20
b. Consumption of residential and municipal consumers in the USSR is
reported to be 13 percent of production. 21
c. 60,000 kw x 2,000 hours of utilization.
d. Total consumption equals production minus power plant use and
transmission loss (estimated at 18 percent of production, or 1,060
million kwh).
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S-E-C-R-E-T
The consumption pattern will differ materially when the
Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric stations are operating at
full capacity. Of the estimated 1962 production of 27.6 billion kwh,
about 2~+.8 billion will be made available to Volga region consumers
and for export.* The- estimated electric power consumption pattern
in the Volga region of the USSR, by economic category, in 1862 is
shown in Table 6.
Table 6
Estimated Electric Power Consumption Pattern in the Volga Region
of the USSR, by Economic Category
1862
Billion
_ Category Kilowatt-Hours
Percent of
Total Consumt~tion
,_
Exports
12
Ind
t
.3
5p
us
ry
6.9
28
.Agriculture and rural economy
(principally for irrigation
purposes)
2.8
R
id
11
es
ential and municipal 2.3
E
9
lectrified railroads 0.5
2
2~?8 loo
a. Export.
Plans for 1962 call for exports of power to Moscow
and other cities in Region VII of 11.3 billion kwh. 22 .Another
1 billion kwh may be exported to neighboring regions for irrigation
purposes. Exports will thus amount to nearly one-half of the esti-
mated consumption.
~ It is estimated that power plant use and transmission losses will
amount to 2.8 billion kwh (18 percent of production minus exports).
S-E-C-R-E-T
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b. Agriculture and Rural Economy.
About 2.5 billion kwh are to be consumed in 1962 for
irrigation purposes in the region. 23 An additional 0.3 billion kwh
may be consumed by other rural needs. The percentage of total consump-
tion accounted for by this category will thus increase from 2 percent
in 1954- to over 11 percent by 1962 if Soviet plans materialize.
c. Residential and Municipal.
It is planned to increase the percentage accounted
for by this category to 15 percent of Soviet production in 1960. 2~+
Fifteen percent of regional production minus exports (27.6 billion
minus 12.3 billion kwh) would thus amount to 2.3 billion kwh, or
about 9 percent of total consumption.
d. Electrified Railroads.
It is difficult to project the consumption by this
category to 1962. It is estimated, however, that railroads will
account for not more than 2 percent of total consumption, or about
0.5 billion kwh.
e . Industry .
If the estimates of consumption by other categories
are accepted, less than 7 billion kwh would be available for indus-
try in 1962, or 28 percent of total consumption. It is emphasized
that the estimates of consumption by nonindustrial consumers are
based largely on Soviet plans. It is entirely possible that con-
sumption by irrigation facilities and by residential and municipal
consumers will be considerably less than planned. The possibility
that the proposed allocation for irrigation is mainly for propaganda
purposes should not be overlooked. Industrial consumers have always
had priority in the USSR at the expense of nonindustrial consumers,
and there is every reason to believe that this policy will continue.
2. By Principal Industries.
It .has not been possible to account for all of the esti-
mated 3.95 billion kwh consumed by industry in 195+. Since no data
on actual power consumption by industry or industrial plants are
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S-E-C-R-E-T
available, consumption estimates are usually derived by applying a
power consumption factor in kwh per unit against total annual output.
An attempt has been made to determine consumption by some of the
larger industrial consumers in the region, the aggregate amounting
to less than half of the estimated industrial consumption.
a. Oil Extraction and Refining.
The 195+ crude oil production in the Volga region was
about 11 million tons, or nearly 20 percent of total Soviet produc-
tion. 25 Based on 28 kwh per ton, 26 this extraction process would
require about 310 million kwh.
Refineries are located at Saratov, Kuybyshev, and
Syzran'. To refine the 11 million tons of crude oil would require
another ~+~+0 million kwh, based on an average factor of ~+0 kwh per
ton. 27 Oil extraction and refining would thus require about 750
million kwh.
b. Ferrous Metallurgy.
The 195+ production of steel ingots (nearly 10 per-
cent in electric furances) and finished steel is estimated at 1.5
and 1 million tons, respectively. 28 This would require at least
3.5 million kwh. 29 The Red October and Red Barricade metallurgical
plants in Stalingrad are the largest consumers, requiring over 250
million.kwh. Other ferrous metallurgical plants are located at
Saratov, Zelenodol'sk, and Kazan'.
c. Chemicals.
Chemicals produced in the region in 195+ include
phosphorous,. chlorine, calcium carbide, nitric and sulfuric acid,
and synthetic rubber. Power requirements are estimated at 360
million kwh 30 in chemical plants at Stalingrad (Beketovka plant),
Kuybyshev, Chapayevsk, Kazan', and Bondyuzhskiy. The Beketovka
plant in Stalingrad requires at least half of this amount.
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d. Aircraft Engines and Airframes.
Plants producing aircraft engines and airframes are
located at Kuybyshev, Saratov, and Kazan'. Requirements are esti-
mated at 100 million kwh. 31
e. Nonferrous Metallurgy.
There is no significant production of nonferrous metals
in the region. A large aluminum reduction plant is under construction
in Stalingrad, however, which will have an estimated annual production
of 100,000 tons, 32 requiring over 2 billion kwh,~ about one and one-
half times the estimated total production in Stalingrad in 1954. It
will not go into full production until the Stalingrad GES is in opera-
tion.
C. Imports and Exports.
No data are available concerning the amount of power trans-
mitted into or out of the Volga region in 1954. Although the region
is believed to be a net exporter of power, the amount is insignifi-
cant when compared with the total amount produced. Some power may
be transmitted to Volzhsk in Region VII from Kazan' and to the Tuymazy
oilfields from Urussu.
This condition will be radically changed in the near future
on the completion of the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric
plants. In fact, their great size is designed not so much to add
to the electric supply of the Volga region but rather to export,
by long-distance transmission lines, more than half of their planned
production. For example, 61 percent of the production of Kuybyshev
and 40 percent of that of Stalingrad is to be transmitted to the
Moscow area, in addition to which over 1.2 billion kwh 33 have been
allocated to the Tambov, Voronezh, Kursk, and Orel Oblasts of Region
VII, and up to 1 billion kwh for irrigation pumping in the Caspian
area.
~ Based on a factor of 20,000 kwh per ton.
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V. Growth of Facilities.
A. New Power Plants Planned or Under Construction.
.All plans for the expansion of electric power generating facil-
ities in the Volga region are overshadowed by the construction of the
Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric stations. These two power
plants, together with existing plants, will be able to supply all elec-
tric power requirements for the foreseeable future. In addition, there
have been reports of tentative plans to construct another hydroelectric
station at Balakovo, between Kuybyshev and Stalingrad. 3~+
New thermal electric power plants, when constructed, probably
will burn shale or natural gas rather than coal, which has to be
imported into the region. Soviet sources claim that shale mining in
the Volga region could in the future supply fuel for power plants with
a capacity of 700,000 kw. 35 It is doubtful if the plan will be
realized on such a grand scale, but it may be indicative of some planned
additions of shale-burning power plants.
Most of the expansion in thermal electric capacity is expected
to be in small power plants under 10,000 kw located in remote areas
not connected to the regional transmission network. Small thermal
electric power plants are known to be under construction at Novouzensk
and Aleksandrov-Gay in Saratov Oblast, at Leninsk in Stalingrad Oblast,
and at Karamysh and Sennaya (unlocated, probably ir_ Saratov or Stal~n-
grad Oblasts). 36
Twelve 2,000-kw hydroelectric stations are planned on the
Medveditsa River in the eastern section of Stalingrad Oblast.
Two of these, at Mikhailovsk and Krasnoyarsk, are under construction
and will serve collective and state farms. Other small hydroelec-
tric stations are planned along the Khoper River, 38 in the western
sections of Saratov and Stalingrad Oblasts. The capacities of these
probably will be 2,000 kw or less.
B. Enlargement and Rehabilitation of Existing Facilities.
There are no known plans for increasing significantly the
generating capacity of existing power plants. Since large quantities
of relatively cheap hydroelectric power will first become available
in 1956, it is unlikely that significant expansion of existing gener-
ating facilities will occur.
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Rehabilitation of war-damaged facilities was completed during
the Fourth Five Year Plan (1946-50).
C. Transmission Lines Planned or Under Construction.
About 6,000 kilometers of 220- and 400-kv transmission lines
will be constructed to distribute power generated at the Kuybyshev
and Stalingrad hydroelectric stations, two-thirds of this amount being
in 400-kv lines to Moscow (two parallel lines from each plant). These
high-voltage lines will be the backbone of the planned grandiose net-
work connecting all major power plants in the European USSR and the
Urals. Malenkov, now Minister of Electric Power Stations, claimed in
June 1955 that such a scheme will become a reality by 1960.
The 400-kv line from Kuybyshev to Moscow is under construction
and planned for partial operation by the end of 1955? It is planned
40 to make available in the Moscow area 600,000 kw on each of its
2 circuits, thus amounting to more than half of the 2.1 million-kw
installed capacity of the Kuybyshev GES. The operating voltage of
this line is the highest used in the world, and creates many engineer-
ing problems concerning the design of transformers, circuit breakers,
and other associated equipment.
Although no information has been received, construction may
have started on the 1,000-kilometer, 400-kv double-circuit line from
Stalingrad to Moscow which is scheduled for operation by the end of
1956. It will make available to the Moscow area nearly half of the
1.7 million kw of installed capacity and about 250,000 kw to cities
in the Central region along its route.
About 2,000 kilometers of 220-kv lines will be constructed
to distribute power to various cities in the Volga region. The
creation of two such large sources of hydroelectric power as the
Kuybyshev GES and the Stalingrad GES dictates a transmission line
connecting them. This will be a 700-kilometer, 220-kv line from
Kuybyshev to Stalingrad, 41 via Saratov, the Kuybyshev-Saratov
section of which is under construction. 42 Considering the large
amounts of power involved and the distance, it would seem reasonable
to assume that this will be a double-circuit line.
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It is planned to transmit power from Stalingrad to Astrakhan'
and vicinity by a 400-kilometer, 220-kv line. 43 A planned 200-kilo-
meter, 220-kv.transmission line from Stalingrad to Tsimlyansk GES 44
in Rostov Oblast (Region IV) would effect a tie between the Volga
region network and the Dnepr-Donets network, which extends from
Tsimlyansk west to Odessa in the Ukraine (Region III). This will be
an important link in the proposed European USSR transmission network
and may be double circuited. There. is an unconfirmed report of a
900-kilometer, high-voltage, direct current underground cable being
planned from Stalingrad to .the Donbas area. 45
In line with the planned European USSR-Urals network, it is
speculated that a 220- or 400-kv transmission line will be constructed
connecting the Kuybyshev GES with Molotov or Ufa in the Urals region
(Region VIII). Ufa appears to be the most logical terminal, and the
line may eventually be extended to Chelyabinsk.
D. Estimate of Growth of Capacity through 1962.
The growth of the generating capacity of the Volga region
during the next Five Year Plan (1956-60) depends directly on the.
rate. at which generating units are installed at the Kuybyshev GES
and the Stalingrad GES. Announcement was made in 1950 46 that the
Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric stations were to be placed
in operation at full capacity by 1955 and 1956, respectively. In
1954 the USSR claimed that the Kuybyshev GES would only be in "partial
operation" by 1955, 47 and later specified that only two generating
units would be installed by that date. 48 It is unlikely that the
Stalingrad GES will be in even partial operation by the end of 1956. Con-
sidering the status of construction, it is not possible for the station
to begin operation until 1957 or 1958. The bottleneck probably will
occur in the installation of the turbines and generators rather than in
the manufacture thereof. If the present rate of manufacture is main-
tained, all 37 generating units will be produced by 1959?
The installation of large generators and turbines is com-
plicated and time consuming. Based on experience at other Soviet
hydroelectric stations and in the US, it is estimated that about
four generating units could be installed each year at each station.
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Estimates of the installed capacities of these stations from
1955 to 1962, presented in Table 7, are based on the assumption that
2 generating units will be installed during the first year of opera-
tion and 4 per year thereafter until completed.
In addition to the installation of generating units at the
Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric stations, there will undoubt-
edly be some expansion of existing stations and construction of new
generating facilities. Based on previous growth and the realization
that the future growth of these facilities probably will be nominal,
considering the large amounts of hydroelectric power to be made avail-
ab3e, it is estimated that such expansion will not exceed 50,000 kw
per year during the period 1955-62.
It is probable that a certain amount of old, inefficient
generating equipment will be retired during this period. This
amount probably will.be small and has been neglected in deriving
capacity estimates in Table 7, which shows the estimated expansion
of generating capacity in the Volga region of the USSR in 1955-62.
Table 7
Estimated Expansion of Generating Capacity in the Volga Region
of the USSR
1955-62
Kuybyshev GES Stalingrad GES
Other Power Plants J
Capacity
Capacity
Capacity
Total
Capacity
Beginning
(Thousand
(Thousand
~
(Thousand .
Percent
(Thousand
of Year
Kilowatts
Units J
Kilowatts
,,
Units J
Kilowatts
of Total
Kilowatts
1955
1,300
loo
1,300
1956
210
2
1,350
82
1,560
1957
630
6
1,400
69
2,030
1958
1,050
l0
210
2
1,450
54
2,710
1959
1,470
14
630
6
1,500
42
3,600
1960
1,890
18
1,050
10
1,550
35
4,490
1961
2,100
20
1,470
14
1,600
31
5,170
162
2,100
20
1,785
17
1,650
30
5,535
a. The absence of figures in any column in this table means zero.
b. With minor exceptions, all thermal electric power plants.
c. Generating units are rated at 105,000 kw each.
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VI. Input Requirements.
A. Fuels.
Fuel requirements of power plants were determined in this
report by applying conversion factors to estimated production.
This method was necessary because actual data on fuel consumption
are completely lacking. The results given here, however, are con-
sidered to be fair approximations of requirements. The estimated
f1ze1 requirements of electric power plants in the Volga region
of the USSR are shown in Table 8.
Estimated Fuel Requirements of Electric Power Plants
in the Volga Region of the USSR
1954
a. Includes only power plants of 1,000 kw or more. See
Appendix B.
Coal, by far the predominant f~a.el consumed for power genera-
tion, is all imported from outside the region, the major portion
being anthracite culm from the Donbas area in Regions III and N .
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Karaganda coal is also imported, from Region X. Donbas coal is esti-
mated to account for 60 to 80 percent of the coal imports to power
plants. A large power plant in Kuybyshev, Bezymyanka TETs, was re-
ported to have converted from Karaganda to Donbas coal in 1952. 49
This may be indicative of a trend, and the proportion of Donbas
coal may be increasing. It is estimated that one-sixth of total
Donbas coal production and one-eighth of total Karaganda coal pro-
duction is transported to the Volga region. 50 Minor sources of
additional coal include the Kuzbas (Region TX , Kizel' (Region VIII),
and the Mo-scow basin (Region VII). 51 Coal is thus imported into
the Volga region from the north, south, east, and west.
Oil shale is the only local solid fuel of significance. The
1.2 million tons consumed in power plants in 1954 are believed to be
the major part of oil shale production. Practically all of this was
consumed in Saratov and Kuybyshev Oblasts. It is claimed that there
is sufficient shale in the Volga region to supply power plants having
an aggregate capacity of 700,000 kw, as well as to produce 5 billion
cubic meters of gas, 15 million tons of cement, and 600,000 tons of
light tar products. 52 Oil shale is expected to have a larger share
in the fuel balance in the future.
Residual fuel oil (mazut) requirements are also smaller than
might be expected in an important oil-producing region. This is
probably caused in part by a Soviet policy during the postwar period
which encouraged the conversion of many power plants from burning
residual fuel oil to coal, even in areas where residual fuel oil is
considered a local fuel. 53 One such instance in the Volga region
is the TETs at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, which converted from
residual fuel oil to coal in 1949-50. 54 Another case in point is
that of the Urussu GRES, located in an oil-producing center of Tatar
ASSR. In 1947 it was planned to use coal imported from Karaganda
as the principal fuel of this GRES, while residual fuel oil and
natural gas were considered as temporary secondary fuels. 55
The Kuybyshev GRES converted from residual fuel oil to
solid fuel in the prewar period. 56
Diesel fuel oil is consumed only in small power plants,
usually under 3,000 kw in capacity. About 60,000 tons are con-
sumed in power plants of 1,000 kw or more. This is a minimum esti-
mate, not considering power plants under 1,000 kw.
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Power plants known to be burning natural gas as a principal
fuel consumed 40,000 tons in 1954. In spite of frequent claims that
several power plants, mainly in Saratov, converted to natural gas in
the 1845=48 period, later information indicates that these power plants
were consuming anthracite culm in 1953. 57 A complaint was noted in
a 1947 Soviet periodical to the effect that Saratov power plants should
burn less natural gas so that there would be a larger supply for domes-
tic and municipal consumers. 58
B. Manpower.
Electric power. plant personnel do not represent a significant
portion of the total labor force. Total Soviet power plant personnel
probably number about 400,iD00, of whom 300,000 are employed by the
MES. 59 Assuming that the ratio of personnel to installed capacity
in the Volga region is similar to that in the USSR as a whole, the
labor force would amount to 4 percent of 400,000, or 16,000 workers --
12,000 of whom are employed in MES power plants. The ratio of per-
sonnel to installed capacity would then average 12.3 workers per
1,000 kw for all power plants. This estimate seems reasonable in
view of the reported personnel per 1,000 kw of installed capacity
in five of the region's largest power plants in 1947, as follows 60
Power Plants
Personnel per
Thousand Kilowatts
of Installed Capacity
Stalingrad GRES
10.9
Saratov GRES
10.5
Bezymyanka TETs
10.2
Kuybyshev GRES
14.0
Kazan' TETs 2
17.6
The number of personnel per 1,000 kw of installed capacity
varies greatly in power plants, depending on the type of fuel con-
sumed, the capacity of the plant and its location, and many other
factors.
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VII. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
The electric power facilities of the Volga region appear to
be capable of supplying the demands of existing industrial and munici-
pal consumers. mature capability depends on the rate at which existing
industrial production is increased and new large power-consuming indus-
trial enterprises are established. It is believed that existing gener-
ating capacity plus that planned to be installed at Kuybyshev and
Stalingrad during the next 5 years will be adequate for the foreseeable
future.
B. Vulnerabilities.
The two principal economic vulnerabilities of the electric
power industry in the Volga region concern transport of fuel and
.lack of power transmission lines between major industrial centers.
The transport of fuel constitutes a serious vulnerability
because about 80 percent of the region's power is produced by coal-
burning power plants and because all of this coal must be imported
from coal fields hundreds of kilometers away. Any prolonged break-
down of rail transport, especially of lines going southwest to the
Donbas, would soon curtail power production and, r~onsequently, indus-
trial production,
Any interruption 'to the operation of the major power plant
in one of the region's industrial centers would radically affect
electric supply because there are no transmission lines connecting
the major industrial centers and therefore no adequate alternate
sources of power-. A case in point is Stalingrad, the largest indus-
trial center in the region. Destruction of its largest power plant
would reduce capacity by two-thirds. This vulnerability is emphasized
by the fact that the destruction of seven plants would reduce the
regional capacity by one-half.
These vulnerabilities will be reduced when the regional trans-
mission network and the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric stations
are in operation. Thermal electric power production will then be a
small portion of total production, and by 1960 the dependence on the
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transport of coal will be reduced. The proposed 220-kv regional trans-
. mission lines will provide alternate sources of supply for most. of the
industrial centers and will improve the efficiency of operation of
generating facilities.
On their completion, the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelec-
tric stations, will constitute 70 percent of the capacity of the
Volga region, and they will also contribute heavily to the Moscow
area supply.
C. Intentions.
Changes in electric power generating capacity or production
cannot be considered in themselves good indications of intentions
toward war. This is especially so when considering power facilities
in only one small section of the country.
The present disposition of the USSR to emphasize the con-
struction of large hydroelectric stations with the accompanying
requirement of large investments and a long construction period of
5 to 10 years, rather than the construction of thermal electric
stations with considerably smaller investments and a comparatively
short construction period of 2 to 3 years, would seem consistent
with long-range planning for a growing industrial economy in the
Volga region.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
APPENDIX A
ELECTRIC POWER FACILITIES IN THE VOLGA REGION OF THE USSR
1. Power Plants of 1,000 Kilowatts o_r More in the Volga Region
of the USSR, January 1955?
All electric generating plants of 1,000 kw or more in the Volga
region which were in operation on 1 January 1955 are listed below.
The following comments explain the column headings:
Political Subdivision; Tatar ASSR is listed first, followed by
oblasts in alphabetical order.
Location and Coordinates: Locations are listed alphabetically
within political subdivisions. Power plants in small towns near a
city are listed under the city rather than the town.
Unless otherwise indicated, coordinates are those given in the
Preliminary NIS Gazetteer of the USSR.
Plant Number and Identification: The first three digits of the
plant number specify the political subdivision in which it is located,
according to a standard code used by OCD~IR. The first digit, 6,
refers to Region VI, and the following two digits signify a political
subdivision within the region -- that is, 11 for Tatar ASSR, 12 for
Astrakhan' Oblast, and so on. The fourth digit is that assigned by the
author to the power plant within the political subdivision.
Power plants within cities are identified by the name of the plant
or by the industrial plant in which the power plant is located. They do
not necessarily represent official Soviet designations but merely
serve to identify the particular plant.
Subordination: The abbreviations refer to three categories of
ministerial subordination, as follows: MES, Ministry of Electric
Power Stations; MKK, Ministry of Communal Economy; and IM, Indus-
trial Ministries. The plants subordinate to the fourth category,
the Ministry of Agriculture, are not included in the tabulation.
- 33 -
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FSiel~: The type of fuel consumed is not always clearly documented.
Where more than one flzel is mentioned, the first listed is considered
to be the principal source of energy. Residual fuel oil is designated
merely as oil.
Installed Capacity: Estimates are presented to the nearest 1,000
kw. While they represent capacity as of 1 January 1955, little change
in capacity has been noted in 195+, and the aggregate can be assumed
with slight error to be the average installed capacity for 195+.
Remarks: Limited pertinent information is presented under Remarks.
In most cases, additional details are available in ORR files.
~ The symbol ?) in the tabulation indicates that the status is not
definitely confirmed by documentation. The status shown appears to
be justified, however, by taking into account such elements as location,
size, and comparison with similar installations.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 :CIA-RDP79-01093A001000070001-0
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2. Power Plants of Less Than 1,000-Kilowatts in the Volga Region
_of the USSR, January 1955?
Power plants having capacities estimated to be under 1,000 kw have
Sources
been identified at the following locations as of January 1955?
for coordinates are the same as those of 1, above. In some cases
the plant has only been identified as located in a political sub-
division, and the exact coordinates are not available (N.A.).
Political Subdivision Location and Coordinates
Tatar ASSR Agryz 129 56?33'N - 53?02'E
Alekseyevskoye 130 52?15'N - 46?20'E`~-
Arsk 132 56?o5'N - 49?53'~
Bondyuzhskiy 133 55?54'N - 52?20'E
Bugul'ma 134 5 ?33'N - 52?45'E
Buinsk 1 5 54?57'N - 48?17'E
Kamskoye Ustye 136 55?11'N - 49?16'E-~
Kazan' S5?45'N 9?08'E
Textile Plant imeni Lenin 137
Vakhitovsky Soap and Chemical Factory 138
Felt Plant imeni Galationova 139
Shipyard imeni 25 October 140
Kukmor 141 56?11'N - 5o?54'E
Kuybyshev Zaton 142 55?o4'N - 49?12'E
Mamadysh 143 52?51'N - 45?5o'E
Naberezhnyye Chelny 144 55?42'N - 52?19'E
Nurlat 145 54?26'N - 5o?46'E
Tetyushi 146 54?55'N - 48?50'E
Yelabuga 147 55?45`0 -~52?04'0 ~E
Zelenodol sk 148 55 So N - 48 30
at Agricultural Machinery Plant
Astrakhan' Oblast Astrakhan' 46?21'N - 48?03''E
Lenin Shipyard 149
Kirov and Engels Shipyard 150
Chernyy Yar 151 (N.A.)
Ikryanoye 152 (N.A.)
Kamyzyak 153 46?12'N - 48?05'E~'
_ 43 -
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Political Subdivision
Location and Coordinates
Kapustin Yar 1 4 48?34'N - 45?45~~
Krasnyy Yar 1 5 (N.A.)
Lagan' 1 6 5 22'N - 47?24'E
Liman 1 45?47'N - 47?10'E
Marfino 158 46?23'N - 48?44'E
Moguta 15 (N.A.)
Nikol'skoye 160 47?46'N - 46?24'
Privolzhskiy 1 1 46?24'N - 48?00'E
Sasykoli 162 7?34'0 - 47?O1'E
Vladimirovka 16 48 18'N - 46o10'E
Yenotayevka 1 47?15'N - 47?05'E
Zelenga 16 11'N - 48?36'E
Balashov Oblast Arkadak 166 51?57'N - 43?29'E~
Povorino ~ 51?11'N - 42?12'E
Kuybyshev Oblast A1.akayevka 168 53?25'N - 50?46'E*
Aleksandrovka 16 53?21'N - 49?28'E~
A1'kino 1 0 53 'N - 52?14'E
Appeltal 1 1 53?26'N - 49?23'E*
Bakhilova Polyan 1 2 53o26'N - 49o40'E
Bezenchuk 1 3 52? 9'N - 49?26'E~
Glushitskiy 1 ~+ N.A.)
Khvorostyanka 1 52?36'N - 48?59'E
Kinel' 1 6 53 1 'N - 50o41'E
Klimovka ~ 53?30'N - 49?oo'E#
Kuybyshev 53o12'N - 50?Og'E
Ball Bearing Plant No. 9 1 8
Ball Bearing Plant No. 4 _179
Aircraft Engine Plant
Ship Repair Yard 181
Otvazhnoye 182 (N.A.)
imeni Frunze 24 180
Pravaya Volga 183 53?11'N - 48?47'E~
Timashevo 184 53 22'N - 51?o9'E
Sugar Refinery
Yablonka 185 53?25'N - 49?24'E*
See footnote on p. 43, above.
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Political Subdivision Location and Coordinates
Saratov Oblast Alekseyevskoye 186 52?15'N - 46?20'E~
Balakovo 52?03'N - ~+7?45'E
Municipal Power Plant 187
Aircraft Engine Plant ~ (N.A.)
Balanda 189 51?30' N - ~-~+?29' E~-
Bazarnyy Karabul 190 52?l6'N - 46?25'E
Dergachi 1 1 51?13'N - 48?46'E-~
Grimm 1 2 50?5
2'N - 45
?30'E~-
Karabulak 193
(N.A.)
Khvalynsk 19
52?3o'N
- 48?o5'E
Khvatovka 195
52?23'N
- ~+6?35'E
Kologrigovka 1 6 51?4~+'N - ~+5?lg'E*
Krasnorchenski 1 7 (N.A.)
Novouzensk 1 8 50?28'N - ~-8?10'E
Oktyabr'skiy 199 51?55'N - 5o?o8'E
Petrovsk 200 52?20'N - ~+5?2~+'E
Pugachev 52 02'N - 48?4~9'E
Old Municipal Power Plant 201
New Municipal Power Plant 202
Saratov 51?3~+'N - 46?02'E
Railroad Equipment Plant 203
Oil Extraction Plant No. 1 20~+
Aircraft Accessories Plant 30 205
Aircraft Plant No. 292 206
Engels Meat Combine 207]
Vol' sk 52?03' N - ~+7?2~+' E
Kommunar' Cement Plant 208
Stalingrad Oblast Chernomorov 20 48?14'N - ~+3?28'E
Dubovka 210 9?o5'N - 4~+?52'E
Kotluban' 211 ~+8?56'N - ~+4?08'E
See footnote on p. 43, above.
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Political Subdivision Location and Coordinates
Nikolayevsk 212 (N.A.)
Stalingrad 4 5'N - 44?25'E
I1'yich Bolt and Chain Plant 213
Osnovatel Mustard Oil Plant 21
Elektrales Wood Processing Plant 215
Soyuznefti Plant 216
Ulyanovsk Oblast Barysh 217 53?40'N - 47?08'E
Kanadey 218 53?10'N - 47?32'E
Mayna 21 ~4?06'N - 47?39'E
Melekess 54 15'N - 49?33'E
Municipal Power Plant 220
Textile Mill 221
Flour Mill 222
Mullovka 223 54o12'N - 4g?24'E
Nikolayevka 224 53?08'N - 47?10'E
Rumyantsevo 225 53?32'N - 46?59'E
Staroye Timoshkino 226 53?44'N - 47?31'E~
Staryy Salavan 227 5 o21'N - 50?10'E
~ See footnote on p. 43, above.
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7. Basic Data on the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad Hydroelectric Stations.
a. Kuybyshev GES.
(1) Location.
The dam was planned originally to be located at Krasnaya
Glinka, just north. of Kuybyshev. Postwar plans relocated it further
upstream at Zhigulevsk, 75 km northwest of Kuybyshev. The new towns
of Komsomol'sk and Novyy Stavropol' have risen near the left bank
construction area, Zhigulevsk being on the right bank.
(2) Generating Equipment.
There are twenty 105,000-kw units (water turbine and gen-
erator 245 which are comparable to the nineteen 108,000-kw units
at Grand Coulee in the US. The generators are from the Elektrosila
plant, and the water turbines are from the Leningrad Metal Works (LMZ),
both in Leningrad. The first turbine was reportedly completed in
March 1954 246 and the ninth, in March 1955 24 The first generator
was reportedly completed in January 1954 248? and the seventh, by the
end of 1954. 249
(3) Construction.
Construction of the Kuybyshev GES, started in 1950 under
the supervision of I. Komzin, is estimated to require the following 250
Concrete, 5 million to 7 million cubic meters.
Earthwork, 165 million to 200 million cubic meters.
Lumber, over 2 million cubic meters.
Cement, over 2 million tons.
Metal, 700,000 tons.
Stone and ballast, over 12 million cubic meters.
Although it was originally planned to complete construction
and installation of equipment by the end of 1955, an analysis of con-
struction progress up to September 1954 showed that this was impossible
and that the best that could be attained would be partial operation
in 1955. 251 The Russians have since announced that only two units
would be operating by the end of 1955. 252
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The total length of the concrete cross-river structure,
including dam, spillways, power house, and locks, is nearly 6 kilo-
meters, a tremendous span. 253 The reservoir formed by this dam
will be 500 km long, equivalent to the distance from Washington to
Cleveland, and will cover an area of 5,000 square kilometers, 254
almost equal to the area of the State of Delaware. The final closing
of the dam structure will take place in August 1955, when filling of
the 19.5-cubic-kilometer reservoir will begin. 255 Operation of
the first two generating units will begin in the last quarter of 1955,
probably in December.
b. Stalingrad GES.
(1) Location.
Originally the proposed site was near Kamyshin, 150 km
upstream from Stalingrad. Postwar plans relocated it further down-
stream, near the town of Volzhsk on the northern outskirts of Stalin-
grad.
(2) Generating Equipment.
There are seventeen 105,000-kw units. Generators and
turbines will be produced by the Elektrosila and LMZ plants in Lenin-
grad and are similar, if not identical, to those produced for the
Kuybyshev GES. None of these units is yet reported as being in process
of manufacture.
(3) Construction.
Construction of the Stalingrad GES started in 1951, and
operation at full capacity was planned for 1956. F.G. Loginov was
originally appointed Chief of St alingradgidrostroy, but in 1954 he
left to become Minister of Construction of Electric Power Stations. 256
Over 110 million cubic meters of earthwork and 6 million cubic meters
of concrete are involved in the project. The dam will be 5 kilometers
long and 45 meters high, backing up a reservoir extending as far as
Syzran', a distance of over 500 kilometers.
_52_
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APPENDIX B
CALCULATION OF FUEL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PRODUC TION
OF ELECTRIC POWER IN THE VOLGA REGION
OF THE USSR, 195
Table 11 a~
Installed Estimated Fuel Require- Est1-
Capacity Production J Heating Value ~ Fuel Rate ~ ments~ mated Margin
(Thousand (Million (Kilocalories per (Kilograms per (Thousand of Error
Fuel Kilowatts) Kilowatt-Hour Kilogram) Kilowatt-Hours) Metric Tons) (Percent)
coal
971
4,370
5,400
0.65
2,840
-2o to + 5
011 shale
113
510
1,500
2.33
1,200
-20 to + 5
Residual fuel oil
51
230
9,370
0.37
90
- 5 to +25
Diesel fuel oil
35
160
10,000
0.35
60
- 5 to +25
Natural gas
22
100
8,530
0.41
40
- 5 to +50
e. Including only thermal electric power plants 1,000 kw and over.
b. Calculated by multiplying capacity in kilowatts by 4,500 hours of utilization.
c. From a 1953 Soviet handbook.
d. Determined by the following formula:
Fuel rate = b (c)
Where a = Heating value of "standard" fuel (7,000 kilocalories per kilowatt-hour)
b =Heating value of actual fuel
c = Soviet 1954 "standard" fuel rate in MES stations (0.5 kilograms per kilowatt-hour) 2 8
For example, oil shale, 7,000 x o?5 = 2.33
1,500
e. Calculated by multiplying production in kilowatt-hours by the fuel rate in kilograms per kilowatt-hour
and converting to tons. Totals rounded to nearest 10,000 tons. ,
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APPENDIX C
METHODOLOGY
Little information was available about the postwar capacity of
power plants. Estimates were made on the basis of prewar capacity
figures, which were usually available, plus analysis of fragmentary
information concerning the plant's expansion in the postwar period.
In some cases, estimates were made from such information as aerial
photographs, number of smokestacks or cooling towers, and other
fragmentary data.
Methodology for derivation of total installed capacity, produc-
tion, consumption, and fuel requirements is given in the text and
in footnotes to tables.
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APPENDIX D
GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
Information about prewar electric power facilities in the Volga
Region is generally adequate, but there is less information available
on the postwar period (19+6-50}. There are many gaps in intelligence
on the 1950-54 period and on plans for the future.
Information is lacking on the growth of generating facilities from
1950 to 195+. Capacity data on the following existing power plants
is particularly needed: the Stalingrad GRES, the Gornyy Thermal
Power Plant, the Novo-Kuybyshev TETs, the Urussu GRES, the Kazan'
TETs No. 2, and the new TETs in Stalingrad.
Plans for construction of thermal electric power plants from
1955 to 1962 have not been found. Specific dates on which the various
units at Kuybyshev and Stalingrad will be placed in full operation
are unavailable; also, Soviet estimates as to when either or both
of these plants will be operating at full capacity.
Information is lacking on power production either by individual
power plants, for cities, or-for the region as a whole. Average
annual hours of utilization or the average load for power plants
in the 1950-5~+ period, and Plan figures for 1955 to 1962 are also
unavailable.
Information is lacking on consumption by industrial .enterprises
in the region -- especially oil refineries, the Stalingrad aluminum
plant now under construction, and machine building enterprises.
Information is lacking on plans for the proposed Stalingrad-
Tsimlyanskiy and Stalingrad-Moscow transmission lines, on plans for
transmitting power to the Urals, and on the terminals of the line
Information is also lacking on the extent o.f the consumption of
natural gas and residual fuel oil in power plants.
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APPENDIX E
SOURCE REFERENCES
The major sources of information for this report included Soviet
newspapers, periodicals, and books; prisoner-of-war interrogation
reports; and monitored Soviet radio broadcasts.
Soviet newspapers and periodicals, most of which antedate 1950,
furnished the greater part of the material used. Elektricheski~e
stantsii, a Soviet technical journal and organ of the Ministry of
Electric Power Stations, was the most valuable source of information
on the period from 1929 to the present. Pravda, Izvestiya, and other
Russian language material were also used.
Data on many small power plants were found only in prewar public
cations. The two main sources were Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira
(Great Soviet Atlas of the World), Vol. 2, Moscow, 1939,-and Spisok
promyshlennykh predpriyatiy k atlasu "Promyshlennost' SSSR na nachalo
2-oy pyatiletki List of Industrial Enterprises Included in the Atlas
Industry of the USSR at the Beginning of the Second Five Year Plan"),
Moscow, 193+?
Prisoner-of-war interrogation reports were an important source
of information on the 19~+~+-50 period, although the data derived from
them were often contradictory and unreliable.
Reports based on monitored Soviet radio broadcasts contributed
a portion of the scant information on the years since 1950.
25X1 C
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Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Doc. - Documentary
A - Completely reliable
B - Usually reliable
C - Fairly reliable
D - Not usually reliable
E - Not reliable
F - Cannot be judged
1
- Confirmed by other sources
2
- Probably true
3
- Possibly true
4
- Doubtful
5
- Probably false
6
- Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a staff
officer; or information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report.
No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation
on the cited document.
1. CIA. ORR Project 10.431, Regional Economies in the USSR (to be
published), S.
2. Kutsenov, V.A. Vo ros tekhniko-ekonomichesko o ro ektirovani a
krupnykh gidrostantsiy v energosistemakh Problems of Technical
and Economic Planning of Large Hydroelectric Stations in Power
Systems), Moscow, 1953, CIA. N~5 735.922.I4g, p. g8, U. Eval. RR 3.
3. Ibid., p. 346, U. Eval. RR 2.
4. USSR, Ministerstvo Elektrostantsiy. Sbornik tarifov na
elektricheskuyu i teplovuyu energiyu Handbook of Consumer
Costs for Electrical and Thermal Power), Moscow, 1848,
p? 93-94, U? Eval. Doc.
Elektricheskiye stantsii, Jul 54, U. Eval. RR 2.
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5. Izvestiya, 24 Nov 54, p. 1, U. Eval. RR 1.
6. Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel'stvo, Jan 55, U. Eval. RR 2.
7. Weitz, B.I. Electric Power Development in the USSR, Moscow, 1936,
'. p. 22, U. Eval. RR 2.
8. Ibid.
9. CIA.. CIA.~RR RA (ORR Project 25.194), Statistical Anal sis of
Petroleum Production in the Soviet Bloc, 2~ Jan 55, S US ONLY.
10. Sitnikov, G.G. Povolzh' e sredni i nizhni ) (Volga Region,
Middle and Lower , Moscow, 1951, p. 3 - 2, U. Eval. RR 2.
11. Weitz, op. cit. (7, above).
12. Listov, P.N. Primeneni e elektrichesko energii v sel'skom
khozyaystve (Utilization of Electric Power in Agriculture ,
STATSPEC .Moscow, 1953, P? 7-28, U. Eval. RR 3.
13. CIA. ORR Project 10.431, off. cit. (1, above).
14. Pravda, 18 Nov 48, U. Eval. RR 3.
15. CIA. FDD, Summary, no 421, Rural Electrification in Republics
STATSPEC
16.
of the USSR, 21 Mar 55, p. 1, C. Eval. RR 3. tr of item in
17. Edison Electric Institute. Statistical Bulletin for the Year 1953,
New York, 1954, p. 10-20, U.
18. CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, Electric Power Develo went in Economic
Region VI, USSR, 14 Jul 55, p? 3, C. Eval. Doc. tr of Vtoroy
pyatiletniy razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSBR, 1933-37, vol 2,
STATSPEC
20. UN, ECAFE. Electrification in the USSR Under the New Five Year
Plan, by N. Karavay, Bangkok, 5-9 Oct 53, p. 2, U. Eval. RR 2.
21. Kutsenov, off. cit. (2, above), p. 160, U. Eval. RR 3.
22. Committee for the Participation of the USSR in the International
Conference on Large High-Voltage Systems. 400-KV Ku b shev-
Moscow Transmission Line, by A.V. Mirolubov, 1 th sess, Paris,
2 May-7 Jun 52, p. 3, U. Eval. RR 3.
23. Ibid.
24. CIA. FDD, U-6343, 12 Aug 54, p. 12, U~OFF USE. Eval. RR 3.
(tr of V.I. Veyts. Elektrifikats~a narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR,
Moscow, 1948, U)
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25. CIA. CIA~RR RA (ORR Project 25.194), off. cit. (9, above).
26. Kutsenov, off. cit. (2, above), p. 368, U. Eval. RR 3.
27. Ibid.
28. CIA. CIA~RR PR-58, Plant Stud of the Iron and Steel Industr
of the USSR: Economic Re ion VI Volga, 20 Apr 5 , S US ONLY.
29. Kutsenov, op. cit. 2, above p. 3 9, U. Eval. RR 3.
30. Federal Power Commission. Electric Power Requirements in the
USSR, 1950, part 1, p. 20, Washington, 1952, info 1950, S.
Eval. RR 3.
31. CIA. CIA~RR 35, In ut Re uirements of the Aircraft Industr
of the USSR 1 Jun S.
32 . 25X1 A
33? ommittee for the Participation, off. cit. 22, above),
34. Znam a, Jan 55, U. Eval. RR 4.
35? Rabotnichesko Belo, Sofia, 17 Nov 54, U. Eval. RR 4.
36. Gudok, Moscow, 5 Feb 55, U. Eval. RR 3.
STATSPEC
38. USSR, Soviet Embassy, Washington. USSR Information Bulletin,
16 Jun 48, U. Eval. RR 3.
39? Christian Science Monitor, 11 Jun 55, U. Eval. RR 3.
41. CIA. FDD, U-2531, Construction of the Vol a H droelectric
Stations, 28 Oct 52, p. , R. EVal. RR 2. tr of M.Z. Sarkisov.
Elektrichestvo, no 7, Jul 51, p. 5-11, U)
43 . CIA. FDD, U-2531, off. cit . 41, above ).
44. USSR. Bol'sha a sovetska a entsiklo edi a (Great Soviet
45.
46.
Encyclopedia , vol , Moscow, 1951, p. 13, U. Eval. RR 3.
47. Izvesti
48. ~
49. Elektricheski e stantsii, May 52, U. Eval. RR 2.
50. Ugo1,, no 9, Sep 5 U Eval. RR 2.
51. Ibid.
52. Rabotnichesko delo, Sofia, 17 Nov 54, U. Eval. RR 4.
a, ~4 Jan 55, U. Eval. RR 2.
STATSPEC
STATSPEC
25X1A
STATSPEC
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53?
4
5
.
55?
56.
57.
25X1A
58.
59?
60.
61.
25X1A
62.
' 25X1 C
63.
25X1A
64.
25X1A
65.
Za ekonomiyu topliva, no 11, Nov 4g, p. 1-3, U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid.
Gutorts, V.A. "Proyekt novoy statsionarnoy TsES v Tuymazakh'"
(Projected Stationary Central Electric Power Station in Tuymazy),
Energeticheskiy byulleten', no 6, 1847, p. 1-g, U. Eval. RR 3.
Srednaya Volga, Moscow, 1934, U. Eval. RR 3.
CIA. FDD, Summary, no 51q, 14 Jul 55, p. 18, C. Eval. RR 3.
(tr of Elektricheski e stantsii, no 7, Jul 54, U)
CIA. FDD, Summary, no 51g, 1 Jul 55, p. 17, C. Eval. RR 3.
(tr of Saratov, no 5, Saratov, 1947, U)
CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, 1 Jul 55, P? ,
(tr of Elektricheskiye stantsii, no 5, May 48, U)
USSR, Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest. Spisok promyshlennykh
predpriyatiy k atlasu "Promyshlennost' SSSR na nachalo 2-oy pyatiletki"
List of Industrial Enterprises Included in the Atlas Industry of the
USSR at the Beginning of the Second Five Year Plan"), Moscow, 1934,
val. Doc.
USSR. Plan uska nov kh predpri ati v 1935 odu, (Plan for
Starting Work in New Enterprises in 1935 , Moscow, 1935, info
194. U. Eval. RR 1.
La vie economique des soviets, Paris, 5 Apr 1, p.
Elektricheskiye stantsii, Jan 36, U. Eval. RR 2.
USSR. Voprosy mestnoy promyshlennosti na x s" ezde sovetov
Tatarskoy ASSR Problems of Local Industry at the Xth Congress
of Soviets of the Tatar ASSR}~ Moscow, 1935, p? 9, 24, 33-39,
info 1934, U. Eval. RR 2.
Elektricheskiye stantsii, May 50, U. Eval. RR 2.
Elektricheski e stantsii, Oct 47, U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., Nov 7, U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., May 48, U. Eval. RR 2.
USSR. Mala a sovetska a entsiklopedi a (Small Soviet Encyclopedia),
Moscow, 1937, p. 13 -13 , info l93 , U. Eval. RR 2.
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66. USSR. Tatarska a ASSR ekonomicheski s ravochnik (Tatar ASSR,
Economic Handbook , Moscow, 1932, p. 1 , info 1932, U. Eval. Doc.
67 .
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
70.
72.
73?
7~+ .
75?
25X1A
76.
77?
USSR. Po doro am pyatiletki (In the Footsteps of the Five
Year Plan , Moscow, 27 May ~+9, info 49, U. Eval. RR 2.
Energeticheskiy byulleten', op. cit. (55, above).
CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, l~+ Jul 55, p . ~+, C . Eval . RR 2 .
(tr of Elektricheskiye stantsii, Jul 54, U)
CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, l~ul 55, p. ~+, C. Eval. RR 2.
CIA. OCD~IR, USSR Locations, 1 Feb 55, S.
USSR. Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira (Great Soviet World Atlas,
vol 2, Moscow, 1939, U. Eval. RR 2.
78. USSR. Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
79. Ibid.
80.
25X1A
-6~+-
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 5X1A
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98.
25X1A
101. USSR. Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, op. cit. (61, above
USSR. Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, op. cit. (75, above
25X1A
103. Japan, Manchuria Electric Co. Geographical Organization of the
USSR Electric Industry, 1933-19 1, Jun 2, C. Eval. RR 3.
10~+. Elektricheskiye stantsii, Nov 32, p. 500, U. Eval. RR 1.
25X1A
CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, 14 Jul 55, p. 17, C. (tr of Saratov,
no 5, Saratov, 1947, U)
105. Elektricheskiye stantsii, Jul 35, U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A Planovoye khozyaystvo, Jan 38, U. Eval. RR 2.
25X116 .
107 .
108.
Industriya, 11 Aug 39, U. Eval. RR 2.
Izvestiya, 18 Apr 54, U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A
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25X1A
25X1A
log.
25X1X7
CIA. OCD~IR, Plant Summary, IR 7012715, 5 Aug 54, SUS ONLY.
Eval. RR ~.
CIA.. FDD, Summary, no 519, l~+ Jul 55, p. 20, C. Eval. RR 2.
(tr of Zhilishchno-kommunal'noye khozyaystvo, no 3, 1952, U~
111. Japan, Manchuria Electric Co., op. cit. (103, above).
25X1A 112?
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
116.
117. Elektricheski~ye stantsii, Jan 32, p. 11, U. Eval. RR 1.
USSR, Gosplan. Socialist Construction in the USSR, Soyuzorgouchet,
Moscow, 1936, U. Eval. Doc.
Pravda, 18 Nov 48, U. Eval. RR 2.
Komsomol'ska~a pravda, 10 Oct 50, U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A
,25X1A
e ric es e s an sii, y , p. , va 2.
118. Elektricheski e~st~antsii, no 11, Nov 32, U. Eval. RR 2.
Ibid., no 1, Jan 36, U. Eval. RR 2.
Leninskoye znamya, 2 Jan 7, U. Eval. RR 2.
119. Sovetskaya Litva, Jan ~+7, U. Eval. RR 3.
Elektricheskiye stantsii, Dec 46, p. 6, U. Eval. RR 3.
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124. Izvesti a, 10 Jan 7, p. 1 U. Eval. RR 2.
25X1X7
25X 16. USSR. Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, og. cit. (61, above).
CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, 14 Jul 55, p? 34, C. Eval. RR 2.
(tr of Zhilishchno-kommunal'no e khoz a stvo, no 1, 1953, U)
127? CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, 1 Jul 55, p? 3 , C. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A (tr of Zhilishchno-kommunal'noye khozyaystvo, no 1. 195. U
25X 18.
USSR.
Vseso zn Karto raficheski Trest cit. (61, above).
129.
130.
USSR.
Bol'sho sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
131.
CIA.
OCD IR, USSR Locations, 1 Feb 55, S.
132.
USSR.
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheski Trest o cit. 61 above .
25X13
134.
USSR.
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
135.
USSR.
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, off. cit. (61, above).
136.
USSR.
Bol'sho sovetski atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
137.
USSR.
Tatarskaya ASSR, off. cit. , abov~ p. 14, 15, U.
Eval.
RR 2.
138.
Ibid.
139.
Ibid .
14a
25X1 A
.
141.
USSR.
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
142.
Ibid.
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25X1A
25X1X7
146. USSR. Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, og. cit. (61, above).
147 .
148.
149.
151 CIA FDD Summary. no 519 14 Jul 55, p. 8, C. Eval. RR
>
25X1X7
, >
(tr of Zhilishchno-kommunal'noye khozyaystvo, no 2, 1954, U)
152. Ibid.
153. Ibid.
154. Ibid.
155. CIA. FDD, Summar , no 519, 14 Jul 55, p. 8, C. Eval. RR 2.
(tr of Zhilishchno-kommunal'noye khozyaystvo, no 2, 1954, U)
156. USSR. Bol'sho sovetski atlas mira, off.. cit. (75, above )?
157. CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, 1 Jul 55, p. $, C. Eval. RR 2.
(tr of Zhilishchno-kommunal'noye khozyaystvo, no 2, 1954, U)
158. Ibid.
159. USSR. Bol'sho sovetski atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
160. CIA. FDD, Summary, no 519, 1 Jul 55, p. $, C. Eval. RR 2.
(tr of Zhilishchno-kommunal'noye khozyaystvo, no 2, 1954, U)
161. Ibid.
162 . Ib id .
163. Ibid.
164. Ibid.
165. Ibid.
166. USSR. Bol'sho sovetski atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
167 .
168. Ogonek, 11 Jul 48, U. Eval. RR 3.
169.
25X1A
172 .
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173.
174.
175 .
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
USSR .
Ibid .
Ibid .
Ibid.
25X1A 181?
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
25X1A
182.
183.
USSR.
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest
off. cit. (61
above).
25X1 X7 184. Ibis .
,
,
185.
25X1A
186.
187.
USSR.
VsesoyuznW Karto~raficheskiv Trest. o-o. cit
(61
above).
25X1X7
188
.
,
.
18g.
USSR.
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off, cit. (75
above).
190.
USSR .
,
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, off. cit. (61, above).
191. USSR.
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
192. Ibid.
25X1X7 193
.
194.
USSR.
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, off. cit (61, above).
195-
USSR.
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
196.
Ibid.
197.
Ibid .
198.
USSR.
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, off. cit. (61, above).
199.
USSR.
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off. cit. (75, above).
200. USSR,
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, op. cit. (61
above).
,
201. Ibid.
202. Bo~evaya yakhta, 27 Dec 46, U. Eval. RR 3.
25X1X7
203
.
25X1 A 204
25X1 X~o6 .
25X1A
USSR. Vseso zn Karto raficheski Trest o t. (61, above).
207. sesoyuznyy rtograficheskiy Trest, op. cit. (61, above).
208. Ibid.
tog.
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25X1A
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25X1A
25X1A
210. USSR. Vsesoyuznyy Karto~raficheskiv Trest, off. cit. (61, above).
USSR .
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, og. cit. (61, above).
213.
21~+ .
215.
216.
217.
218.
219. USSR.
220. USSR.
221. Ib id .
222. Ibid.
223? Ibid.
22~+. ~
25X1A
Bol'shoy sovetskiy atlas mira, off, cit. (75, above)?
Vsesoyuznyy I{artograficheskiy Trest, off. cit. (61, above).
25X1A
225. USSR. Vsesoyuznyy Kartograficheskiy Trest, oP. cit. (61, above).
226
229.
Ibid.
227 . Ib id .
228. Elektricheskiye stantsii
. e stantsii Mar 1
231. Izvesti a 21 Au 1 U. Eva
232?
23~. ZVeSt1Va. 2~ Q771rr"il TT_ Fi'iral RR ~
23~+
235? Elektricheskiye stantsii, Jan 36, U. Eval. RR 2.
236. Pravda, 12 Jan 52, U. Eval. RR 1.
Bakinski rabochi 10 Ma 2 1 U. Eva
237?
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238?
25X1A
239? Committee for the Participation, off,. cit. (22, above).
240. Christian Science Monitor, 11 Jun 55, U. Eval. RR 3.
241.
243. Committee for the Participation, o~p. cit. (22, above).
244. USSR. Bol'shaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, off. cit. (44, above).
245. CIA. CIA/RR CSM 184, Construction Progress Indicates Soviet
Ku b shev H droelectric Project Will Not be Com feted on
Schedule, 20 Sep 5 , S.
247.
248. CIA. CIA~RR CSM 184, off. cit. (245, above).
249?
250.
STATS
STATSPEC
STATSPEC
STATSPEC
STATSPEC
STATSPEC
253. CIA. CIA~RR CSM 184, off.-cit. 245, above).
254. Ibid.
255. Ibid.
256. Izvestiya, no 278, 24 Nov 54, p. 1, U. Eval. RR 1.
257. USSR. S ravochna a knizhka ener etika (Handbook for Power
Engineers , Moscow, 1953, P? 30-35, U? Eval. Doc.
258. Elektricheskiye stantsii, Jul 54, p. 1,.U. Eval. RR 2.
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TRANSMISSION LINES (220 KV OR OVER)
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Seoeral existing transmission lines
(35 and IIOIfVJ are not shown on this map.
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