THE MICA INDUSTRY IN THE SOVIET BLOC

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NOT RELEASABLE TO
19 FOREIGN NATIONALS
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE MICA INDUSTRY IN THE SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR PR-109
(ORR Project 24.184)
NOTICE
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
Office of Research and Reports
NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B. History and Significance of the Industry . . . . . . . 3
C. Uses of Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
II. Production and Unmined Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
A. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
B. Unmined Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
III. Other Major Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
IV. Consumption and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
V. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 15
VI. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions . . . . 16
A. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
C. Intentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendixes
Appendix A. Mica Mines and Processing Plants in the Soviet
Bloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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Page
Appendix B.
Technology . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Appendix C.
Methodology . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Appendix D.
Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
Appendix E.
Source References
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Tables
1. Estimated Production of Mica in the Soviet Bloc,
1936-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Estimated Production of Block and Film Mica and Mica
Splittings in the Soviet Bloc, 1950-55 . . . . . . . .
Estimated Consumption of Strategic Grades of Mica in
the Soviet Bloc, by Product and Classification, 1954 . 12
4. Estimated Consumption of Strategic Grades of Block
and Film Mica in the Soviet Bloc, 1950-55 . . . . . . 13
Estimated Soviet Bloc Requirements for Strategic
Grades of Block and Film Mica and Mica Splittings,
1950-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Following Page
Soviet Bloc: Mica Mines and Processing Plants . . . 20
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CIA/RR PR-109
(ORR Project 24.184)
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THE MICA INDUSTRY IN THE SOVIET BLOC*
Summary
Mica is an essential material in the manufacture of communications
and automotive equipment and in the guided missile and aircraft in-
dustries. Although substitute materials have displaced mica in some of
its uses, sheet mica, film mica, and mica splittings** are still in-
dispensable to the electrical and electronics industries of the Soviet
Bloc.
The USSR is the major producer of mica in the Soviet Bloc. Of the
total estimated Bloc production of 31,600 metric tonsXXX in 1954, the
USSR produced 30,000 tons. It is estimated that in 1955 the USSR will
produce 31,000 tons of the Bloc total of 32,700 tons. Bulgaria,
Rumania, and Communist China will produce the remainder.
Of the total mica produced in the Soviet Bloc, only about 10 percent
is of a quality high enough to be used in the electrical and electronics
industries, and of this relatively high-quality mica only from 10 to
15 percent is of strategic grades.XXXX Of the total 1955 production of
mica in the Bloc, then, only about 3,270 tons will be usable in the
electrical and electronics industries and only about 400 tons will be
of strategic grades.
Soviet Bloc requirements for strategic grades of mica in 1955 are
estimated at about 880 tons. Total Bloc production of these strategic
grades in 1955 will approximately meet the requirements of the USSR.
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 1 December- 1954.
** For specifications of these grades, see Appendix B.
XXX Throughout this report, tonnages are given in metric tons.
XXXX Strategic grades of mica are those grades of sheet mica and film
mica which meet the high specifications established by the manufacturers
of electron tubes and condensers.
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The European Satellites and Communist China will be dependent on non-
Bloc sources for their supplies of strategic grades, as they have been
in the past. India, the chief Free World exporter of mica to the Bloc,
can supply their requirements.
The major mica deposits in the Soviet Bloc are in the USSR, Commu-
nist China, Bulgaria, and Rumania. Although large-scale production is
now confined to the USSR, the Bloc has unmined reserves which, if ex-
ploited, would meet all mica requirements of the Bloc. Adequate ex-
ploitation could be accomplished by increasing the relatively small
inputs of manpower, fuel, and electric power now employed. As of mid-
1954 the labor force engaged in the production of mica in the Bloc is
estimated at about 15,000. The USSR alone could easily doub-_e that
labor force.
The mining of mica is done primarily in small, open-pit mines,
rather widely scattered. Although the mines themselves are not vulner-
able, the few mica-processing plants are concentrated in the Moscow-
Leningrad and Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk areas, and this concentratLon pre-
sents some vulnerability. Because of the specialized equipment used in
the mica-processing plants, the manufacture of replacement parts would
be difficult under wartime pressures. Under present mining and pro-
cessing conditions -- and in view of the dependence of the European
Satellites and Communist China on non-Bloc sources of strategic grades
of mica -- those Soviet Bloc industries in which mica is an.essential
material are in a vulnerable position.
The mica industry in the Soviet Bloc is an indicator of intentions
only to the extent that a marked increase in the production or imports
of strategic grades of mica might indicate increased manufacture of
small electron tubes for use in field radios, proximity fuser, and
guided missiles.
I. Introduction.
A. General.
Certain sizes of the better grades of sheet mica are essential
materials in the electrical and electronics industries of the Soviet
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Bloc. Mica is of particular importance in the manufacture of elec-
tronics equipment, which is required in great quantities in time of
war. i/*
Substitutes for mica in some of its uses have been developed,
but sheet and film mica and mica splittings are still necessary ma-
terials in the electrical and electronics industries. J
Mica is mined in the USSR, as it is in other countries, in
shallow, open-pit mines. Because of the erratic occurrence of the
better grades of mica, large-scale mechanical methods of mining and
preparation are impracticable. Mica is mined as block mica or scrap
mica, and about 10 percent of the total mica mined consists of sheet
and film mica** and mica splittings of grades high enough for use
in the electrical and electronics industries.
B. History and Significance of the Industry.
Modern mining of mica in the USSR, the only country in the
Soviet Bloc with a significant mica industry, began about 1926, and
by 1929 production had increased to the point where the USSR was
self-sufficient and had a small surplus for export. The production
of ground mica for use in the rubber and asphalt industries began
in the mid-1930's.
Production of mica reached about 13,000 tonsXXXX at the
beginning of World War II, / when several of the processing plants
near Leningrad were destroyed.
The importance of mica to the Soviet economy was indicated in
the Third Five Year Plan (1938-42), which set a production goal of
25,000 to 30,000 tons of all grades of mica. Later, the same goal was
set for 1950, but the total production of mica did not reach 30,000
tons until 1953 (see Table lxxxxx).
For serially numbered source references, see Appendix E.
Sheet and film mica are used in electron tubes, condensers,
and the like.
XXX Mica splittings are used for insulation in electrical equip-
ment, heating devices, and the like.
Xxxx None of the data in this report represents weighed or measured
quantities. The figures are estimates or approximations based on avail-
able information interpreted in the light of the experience of the
analyst. Estimates have a range of error of plus 5 to minus 20 percent.
xx)(X P. 7, below.
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The industrial significance of mica was relatively slight until
1923, when the modern electron tube industry began. As the production
of electric motors, transformers, and generators increased and the
telephone and radio industries expanded, requirementE for mica, an
essential component in the manufacture of electrical equipment, also in-
creased. Apparently the growth not only of the electrical industry but
also of those industries employing electrical equipment -- the auto-
motive, shipping, aircraft, and precision instrument industries -- can
be gauged by the consumption of mica. J
The perfect cleavage, flexibility, chemical and physical
stability, transparency, high dielectric strength, and luster of mica
make it serviceable in many industries.
The first modern uses for sheet mica were for stove and battle-
ship windows and for lamp shades. The most important modern uses,
however, are in the electrical industry, which expanded grea"~ly with
the invention of built-up mica.. This product is made of mica splittings
cemented by shellac or resin, and it can be made into sheets: of almost
any desired size. The sheets can be milled to uniform thickness or can
be made into tubes of many and varied shapes. The electrical uses for
sheet and built-up mica include insulating rings, sleeves, bushings,
and commutator-segment insulation in electric motors, and components
in generators, condensers, electric light bulbs, electron tubes, fuses,
and heating elements of flat irons. The electrical industry 5/ accounts
for about 90 to 95 percent of the block, sheet, and film mica and mica
splittings consumed annually. / Ground mica made from the waste in
trimming sheet mica and from the milling of imperfect and folded sheet
mica, as well as fine-grained mica obtained from mica schist, became
of importance in the USSR in the 1930's as the demand by the rubber,
paint, and wallpaper industries increased.
A list of the possible uses for sheet and ground mica and
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mica splittings in the USSR is presented belows
Uses Types
Electrical insulation Splittings
Electron tubes Sheet and film
Condensers Sheet and film
Less Essential
Stove fronts Sheet
Lamp chimneys Sheet
Shades Sheet
Electrical heating devices Splittings and built-up mica board
Pipe and boiler covering Ground
Roofing material Ground
Annealing agent for steel Ground
Nonessential
Phonograph discs Sheet
Paint manufacture Ground
Filler in rubber Ground
Decoration and wallpaper Ground
The essential uses to which mica is undoubtedly put in the
USSR correspond closely to, and include, the strategic uses. Strategic
uses may be classified as those in which mica is used by the radio,
radar, telephone, automotive, aircraft, and guided-missile industries
for military purposes. The less essential uses in the USSR are assumed
to be the common uses to which mica may be put in any country which
uses mica in quantities, and nonessential uses include all other
possible uses which might be made of mica.
Information on the quantities consumed in each use in the USSR
is not available. It.is estimated, however, that the pattern of essen-
tial and strategic uses is essentially the same in the US and the USSR.
The less essential and nonessential uses account for a much smaller
percentage of total consumption in the USSR than in the US because
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these uses represent, for the most part, civilian consumer items which
are produced on a relatively minor scale in the USSR.
For some of the uses of sheet mica, film mica, and mica
sp:Littings it is possible to employ substitute or alternate -.materials
such as ceramics, glass, paper, rubber, silicone resins, pla,3tics,
and synthetic mica. Paper is still the chief substitute for mica.
Improvements in the design of some communications equipment lave made
possible the use of lower grades of sheet mica in uses where pre-
viously only the highest grades were specified. In the US, Western
Europe, and the USSR, long strips of "sheet mica" have recently been
developed, utilizing the large quantities of scrap mica available.
Although this product is a suitable substitute for mica splittings, it
cannot take the place of high-grade sheet mica in condensers and elec-
tron tubes.
Information on the quantitative reduction in mica requirements
effected by substitutes in the Soviet Bloc is not available. Reports
on the production and consumption of mi-ca and descriptions of captured
radio and aircraft equipment indicate, however, that the amount of ma-
terials substituted for mica is relatively small at present but is in-
creasing.
II. Production and. Unmined Reserves.
Total 1954 production of mica in the Soviet Bloc is estimated
at 31,600 tons. Of this total, the USSR produced about 30,000 tons;
Communist China, about 750 tons; Rumania, about 500 tons; and.
Bulgaria, about 350 tons. Because of the extreme variation in the
value of the various grades of mica produced, total production figures
are actually of little significance. Changes in total production over
a period of years, however, are significant as general indicators of
the consumption of mica in the electronics and electrical industries.
Estimated production of mica in the Soviet Bloc in 1936-55 is shown in
Table l.*
Because of the erratic occurrence of mica in the matrix, most
mica mines are small, open-pit operations and have a relatively short
* Table 1 follows on p. 7.
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Table 1
Estimated Production of Mica
in the Soviet Bloc J
1936-55
Year
USSR
Communist
China
Bulgaria
Rumania
Total
1936
11,235
210
o
67
11,512
1937
11,000
220
0
27
11,247
1938
10,500
240
0
22
10,762
1939
12,900
330
o
18
13,248
1940
12,700
360
0
174
13,234
1941
12,000
390
0
125
12,515
1942
8,000
Boo
0
116
8,916
1943
6,500
1,000
o
628
8,128
1944
5,500
1,000
0
500
7,000
1945
9,000
500
0
250
9,750
1946
10,000
0
0
250
10,250
1947
12,000
0
0
300
12,300
1948
14,000
0
0
350
14,350
1949
15,000
500
0
400
15,900
1950
19,000
550
0
450
20,000
1951
25,000
600
200
500
26,300
1952
28,000
700
300
500
29,500
1953
30,000
750
350
500
31,600
1954
30,000
750
350
500
31,600
1955
31,000
800
400
500
32,700
life. When a pocket of mica has been fully exploited, the mining or
quarrying operation moves to another location. Mica mining operations
are best described in terms of areas or regions which contain numerous
exploitable mica deposits.*
The largest and richest single mica-producing area in the USSR
is the Mama River district in East Siberia (Economic Region XI**).
* See the map, Soviet Bloc: Mica Mines and Processing Plants,
following p. 20.
X The term region in this report refers to the economic regions de-
fined and numbered on CIA Map 12048.1, 9-51 (First Revision, 7-52),
USSR: Economic Regions.
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It is located northeast of the northern end of Lake Baikal. and covers
an area of about 6,000 square kilometers. Second in importance in the
production of mica is the area of the Biryusa deposits, located at the
headwaters of the Biryusa River on the eastern slope of the Sayan
Mountains. Although this area is considerably smaller than the Mama
River district -- the richer deposits cover an area of only 300 square
kilometers -- the potential deposits and the percentage of usable
sheet mica are greater than in any other area in the USSR. The third
most important mica mining area in the USSR -- also in East Siberia --
is the Kondakovskiye area in Krasnoyarskiy Kray, located on the right
bank of the Taseyeva River in the South Yeniseyskiy Mountain range.
Two other important mica-producing areas in East Siberia are
the Slyudyanka and Aldan River districts. The former, with four mines
operating, was the largest producer of mica in the USSR until 1937.
The Aldan River fields were discovered in 1942, and by 1944 there were
19 mines operating in the area. The other mica fields in the USSR
which are steady producers are the Karelia and Kola Peninsula districts
(Economic Region Ia) and the Ural Mountain fields (Economic Region
VIII). Mica deposits and some small intermittent production have been
reported in the Ukraine, the Caucasus, and the Pamir Mountain area.
In Rumania the deposits of mica are located in the Brezoiu
district, and although the deposits are small, they contain some good
grades of block mica. 9 Production has only recently been reported
in Bulgaria, where the mines are located in the south central part of
the country. The known deposits of mica in Communist China 10 to date
have yielded only small production of inferior grades of mica. The
best deposits are located in Suiyuan Province in the North China area.
A list of the mica mines and mining areas in the Soviet Bloc
is given in Appendix A.
Most of the mica mined in the Soviet Bloc is scrap mica, which
can be used only to produce ground mica. The production of block mica
suitable for processing to sheet and film mica and mica splittings
varies from 5 to 15 percent of the total production.
In 1929 the Director of the Geological Committee of the USSR
stated that only about 10 percent of the mica produced in the Soviet
Bloc was block mica. ll More recent reports show that the percentage
of block mica recovered was from 1 to 3 percent in the Urals and the
Kola Peninsula, 10 percent in the Biryusa and Mama River fields, and
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12 percent in the Slyudyanka fields. L2/ A survey of the evidence in-
dicates that 10 percent of the total mica produced annually in the Bloc
is raw block mica from which sheet and film mica and mica splittings
may be processed. The estimated production of block and film mica and
mica splittings in the Bloc in 1950-55 is shown in Table 2.
Estimated Production of Block and Film Mica and Mica Splittings
in the Soviet Bloc
1950-55
Metric Tons
Year
Total
Block and Film J
Block and Film of
Strategic Grade
Splittings
1950
2,000
200 to 300
1,600
1951
2,630
260 to 390
2,100
1952
2,950
300 to 44o
2,360
1953
3,160
320 to 470
2,530
1954
3,160
320 to 470
2,530
1955
3,270
330 to 490
2,620
a. Ten percent of total production as given in Table 1.
b. Ten to 15 percent of total block and film.
c. Eighty percent of total block and film. There is some loss of
mica in processing. For methodology, see Appendix C.
B. Unmined Reserves.
Before actual exploitation, it is impossible to determine with-
in reasonably narrow limits the quality, quantity, and size of the block
mica contained in a deposit. Consequently, any reserve figures re-
ported must be rough approximations without breakdown by grades. Re-
serves have been classified by the USSR in the following five cate-
gories: 13/
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A. Thoroughly explored reserves ready for mining.
A2. Thoroughly explored reserves serving as a basis for the planning
and construction of mines.
B. Reserves geologically explored and defined by tests, with
preliminary examinations completed on composition and charac-
teristics of material.
C. Reserves established by geological investigations based on
natural or artifically induced appearance of the material on
the surface.
C2. Reserves geologically substantiated but not yet clearly defined
and distributed over an entire district or basin.
Similar categorical breakdowns of the reserves of Commmist
China, Bulgaria, and Rumania are not available.
Reserves of mica in the USSR in 1939 were estimated at 20 million
tons. Of this total, only 100,000 tons were specified by category --
15,000 tons as A and A2 and 85,000 tons as C and C2. 14 Reserves in
Communist China have been estimated at from 250,000 to 300,000 tons. 15
Estimates of the mica reserves in Bulgaria and Rumania are not avail-
able, but geological evidence indicates that they are small. Assuming
that geological exploration in the USSR and Communist China has con-
tinued systematically, it is estimated that total 1954 unminei reserves
of mica in the Soviet Bloc are from 18 million to 20 million dons. Of
these total reserves, from 10 million to 12 million tons are probably
recoverable. As only about 10 percent of the recoverable mica is
block mica, the total unmined reserves of block mica in the Bloc in
19514 are estimated at 1 million tons.
III. Other Major Resources.
Detailed information on manpower, transportation, electric! power,
and fuel in the mica industry in the Soviet Bloc is not available,
but some estimates of the requirements can be given.
The total manpower requirements are estimated at about 15,000.*
Of this total, about 10,600 are employed at the mines, and 4,x-00 are
* For methodology, see Appendix C.
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listed as factory workers at the processing, grading, and classifica-
tion plants. Following is an estimated breakdown of the manpower re-
quirements of the mica industry in the Soviet Bloc as of 1953 and the
first half of 1954: 16
Mines
Plants
Total
Unskilled
6,360
100
6,460
Skilled
1,600
3,600
5,200
Technical
2,100
530
2,630
Managerial
530
180
710
Total
10,590
4,410
15,000
Because the bulk of the material recovered at mica mines is scrap
mica or rock, much of which is either discarded or shipped only inter-
mittently, transportation requirements are small. Shipment of raw
block mica from the mines to the processing plants is made, usually
in short hauls, by truck, by river barge, or by rail. From the pro-
cessing plants to the ultimate consumer, much of the mica is moved by
air transport. 17 As the total tonnage of the mica to be processed.
in the Soviet Bloc ranges from only 3,000 to 3,200 tons, the burden on
transportation facilities is a minor one.
Power and fuel requirements are considered negligible. Most of
the mica mines are.small, open-pit operations which use hand labor
almost entirely; only a few mines have compressors and other mechanical
equipment. The processing plants use hand operations to beneficiate
the raw block mica to sheet, film, and splittings forms. Thus most of
the fuel and power requirements are for light and heat in the mines
and processing plants.
IV. Consumption and Requirements.
The strategic grades of mica are those grades of block mica and
film mica classified as (1) clear, (2) clear and slightly stained,
(3) slightly stained, (4) fair stained, (5) good stained, and
(6) stained. The estimated consumption of strategic grades of mica
in the Soviet Bloc in 1954, by product and classification, is shown
in Table 3.*
Table 3 follows on p. 12.
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Table 3
Estimated Consumption of Strategic Grades of Mica
in the Soviet Blow-,,by Product and ClassificatiorLa/
1954
Percent
Product
Classifications
(1) through (5) J
Classific tion
(6) Y!
Radio condensers
79
13
Radio tubes
1
67
Other radio parts
1
3
Magnetos
10
1.5
Spark plugs
6
13
Gauge glass
1.5
1.5
Other
1.5
1
100.0
100.0
a. For methodology, see Appendix C.
b. See text above.
The manufacture of electron tubes and condensers consumes about
80 percent of the strategic grades of block and film mica used in the
Soviet Bloc. The electron tube industry in the Bloc is located for
the most part in the USSR, Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia;
the Satellites account for about 37 percent of the total consumption
of mica in electron tubes. The manufacture of condensers is confined
largely to the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany; the Satellites
account for about 21 percent of the total consumption of mica in con-
densers. Estimated consumption of strategic grades of black mica and
film mica in the Bloc in 1950-55 is shown in Table l+.*
Mica splittings are consumed in the manufacture of buj.lt-up mica,
which is produced in two forms -- built-up board and tape- The board
is used in commutator segments; in rings for generators and starters
in aircraft, tank, and automobile engines; in industrial motors and
generators; and. in fractional horsepower motors. Tape is used in
armature in insulation in high-voltage generators, industrial motors,
* Table 4 follows on p. 13.
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and small transformers. A breakdown on the percentages consumed for
each use of built-up mica is not available.
Estimated Soviet Bloc requirements for strategic grades of block
mica, film mica, and mica splittings in 1950-55 are shown in Table 5.
Estimated Soviet Bloc Requirements
for Strategic Grades of Block and Film Mica and Mica Splittings a/
1950-55
Year
Block and Film Mica
Mica
Splittings
Total
:L950
400
800
1,200
1951
460
920
1,380
1952
580
1,160
1,740
:1953
660
1,320
1,980
L954
790
1,580
2,370
:L955
880
1,760
2,640
a. For methodology, see Appendix C.
Estimated 1953 production of block and film mica of strategic grades
in the Soviet Bloc was from 320 to 470 tons (see Table 2*), and estimated
195:3 requirements of these grades in the Bloc were about 660 tons. An
over-all deficit for the Bloc as a whole is indicated. The 1953 pro-
duction of mica splittings, on the other hand, is estimated at 2,530
tons, substantially more than the estimated 1953 requirements of 1,980
tons.
The Soviet Bloc deficit in strategic grades of block and film mica
probably forces the European Satellites to depend upon imports from
the Free World for most of their requirements for those grades. Of
the total 1953 Bloc production of the strategic grades, the European
Satellites combined produced only about 10 tons. The manufacture of
* P. 9, above.
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electron tubes and condensers in the European Satellites in 1953 re-
quired about 165 tons. Production of the strategic grades in the USSR
in 1953, from 300 to 450 tons, was approximately adequate for 1953
Soviet requirements of 367 tons for consumption in electron tubes and
condensers (see Table 4*). The USSR, obviously, could have supplied
virtually none of the European Satellite requirements, and the Chinese
Communist production in 1953 of about 10 tons could not have altered
the situation materially. If 1953 production of the strategic grades
of mica in the USSR was near the lower limit of the estimate, 300 tons,
it is likely that the USSR, as well as the European Satellites, was
forced to import mica from the Free World. There is no indication
that stockpiles of strategic grades of mica exist in the Bloc, and it
is likely that stocks other than working inventories in the electron
tube and condenser plants are very small.
Reliable quantitative statistics on Soviet Bloc trade in mica are
not available. There are, however, some fragmentary data of signifi-
cance. Communist China recently placed an order for 10 million
rupees (US $2.1 million) worth of mica from India. 18 This is con-
siderably above the value of annual purchases during the 1947-50 period,
and it may be assumed that a part of this mica from India is intended
for use in the USSR and, possibly, the European Satellites. There are
some scraps of information indicating purchases of unprocessed sheet
mica, 19 mica splittings, 20 unfinished sheet mica, 21 and other
mica from India. 22
Reports of 1953 exports of mica from India 23 give an incomplete
breakdown by grade and country of destination:
Czechoslovakia
Poland East Germany Hungary
Total
(Metric Tons)
Block mica
12
2
4
3
21
Mica
splittings
18
32
0
0
50
Total
30
34
4
3
71
* P. 13, above.
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Although no firm conclusions can be drawn from such fragmentary
data, it appears that Poland and Czechoslovakia were the chief European
Satellite importers of block mica and mica splittings in 19?,3.
VI. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
The USSR and Communist China have large unmined reserves of
mica which are adequate for all Soviet Bloc requirements for many
years. The possibilities of expansion of present production to satisfy
all demands, therefore, are controlled largely by the number of men and
the quantity of equipment allocated to the industry. Both mining and
processing are largely hand operations; so, except for relatively small
quantities of specialized equipment in the processing plants, the major
need in the expansion of the mica industry is for manpower -?- a need
which could easily be satisfied.
B. Vulnerabilities.
Because most of the mica mines in the Soviet Bloc are small,
open-pit operations scattered over wide areas, the mica mining industry
itself is not vulnerable. The plants which process the mice., however,
are concentrated in the Moscow-Leningrad area and at Irkutsk,
Nizhneudinsk, and Zaozernaya. Because of the specialized equipment
used in these plants, the allocation of material for and they manu-
facture of replacement parts would be difficult under wartime con-
ditions. Considering present mining and processing practices, the
potential deficit position of the Bloc, and the dependence of the
European Satellites on imports, it appears that the radio, electronics,
and automotive industries which are dependent on mica are in a-poten-
tially vulnerable position.
A large increase in Soviet production and European Satellite
imports of high-quality, small-size block and sheet mica coUd be an
indication of increased production of electron tubes of the sizes re-
quired for use in proximity fuses, guided missiles, and small field
radio sets used by the armed :forces of the Soviet Bloc.
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APPENDIX A
MICA MINES AND PROCESSING PLANTS IN THE SOVIET BLOC
Mica Mines
1.
USSR 24
Economic Region Ia.
Loukhi to Chupa area
66? 05' to 10'N -
330
05' to 201E
Slyudorazrabotoki
66? 41'N to 370
561E
Kirovsk
67? 37'N to 330
39'E
Kandalaksha
67? 09'N to 32?
261E
Belomorsk
64? 32'N to 34?
48'E
Economic Region VIII.
Urals' mineralized zone on the east slope, 450 kilometers long
and 50 kilometers wide; includes over 30 openings.
Kyshtym 55? 44'N to 60? 35'E
Ufalei 550 54'N to 60? 00T
Miass 55? 02'N to 60? 06'E
Economic Region XI.
Mama-Vitim River District, 570 to 590 OO'N to 112' to 113? 30'E;
includes about 30 operations.
Biryusa River District
550 59'N to 970 WE
4
to 5
Kondakovskiye (
operations)
70? OO'N to 1520 OO'E
Kazachinskoye
57? 41'N to 930
18'E
Kausk
56? 13'N to 950
40'E
d
ka'
i
t
i
t
4
Sl
yu
yan
s
r
c
(
D
operations)
51? 38'N to 103? WE
Di
t
i
t (1
Ald
Ri
an
r
c
ver
s
9
operations)
58? 37'N to 125? 24'E
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2.
Communist China 25
Economic Region I.
Mi -shan
Chi-an
Kai-p'ing
Liao-yang
Economic Region III.
Hsing-lung
Mi-yun
P'ing-shan
Suiyuan Province
Feng-chen (2 operations)
Hsing-ho
Chi-ning (2 operations)
Kuei-sui
Ku-yang
450 30'N to 132? 00'E
41? o6'N to 126? 10'E
400 24'N to 112? 33'E
41? 17'N to 123? 11'E
40? 28'N to 117? 28'E
40? 22'N to 116? 49'E
38? 15'N to 114? 12'E
40? 28'N to 1130 08'E
400 52'N to 113? 58'E
400 57'N to 113? 02'E
40? 47'N to 1110 37'E
41? o8'N to 1100 10'E
Economic Region IV.
Chi-mo
Tung-hai
Ku-t'ien
Economic Region VI.
36? 23'N to 120? 27'E
340 34'N to 119? o8'E
26? 35'N to 118? 51'E
Tan-pa
300 57'N to 1010 55'E
3.
Bulgaria 26
Gradevo
41? 54'N to 230 11'E
Gostun
41? 49'N to 23? 43'E
Asenovgrad
410 59'N to 240 52'E
4.
Rumania
45? 20'N to 240 WE
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Mica Processing Plants
1. USSR L8J
Economic Region Ia.
Petrozavodsk 61? 4-9'N to 340 20'E
Leningrad (2 plants) 59? 55'N to 300 15 'E
Economic Region X.
Irkutsk 520 16'N to 1040 20'E
Nizhneudinsk 540 54'N to 990 03'E
Zaozernaya 55? 58'N to 940 42'E
2. Communist China L9-/
Economic Region III.
Ta-t'ung
3. Bulgaria 30
Sofiya
400 10'N to 113? 05'E
420 42'N to 230 19'E
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y,.1A
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TECHNOLOGY
Sheet and film mica and mica splittings are marketed in a variety
of sizes and qualities to fit the particular uses for which they are
required. The proper preparation of block mica to produce sheet and
film mica and mica splittings requires both good judgment in elimina-
ting structural imperfections and inclusions and knowledge and ex-
perience in trimming, splitting, cutting, grading, and classification.
The poorest quality in one classification approximately equals the best
of the next inferior classification. Likewise, the largest size in one
grade nearly equals the smallest size of the next larger grade.
The process of preparation of run of mica to the finished sheet,
film, splittings, and scrap is a hand operation and encompasses five
steps which are summarized briefly as follows:
First, the books or crystals of mica are hand-separated in the
mine from the mica suitable only for scrap and from the adhering dirt
and rock.
Second, the books are split into sheets, usually 0.007 inch and
greater in thickness. The resulting product is untrimmed block mica
of mixed sizes and scrap mica.
Third, the untrimmed block is sent to the trimmer shed, where
ragged and tangled edges and cracked and stained portions are removed.
Sheet mica split to a thickness of 0.004 to 0.007 inch in thickness
is known as "thins," or "cigarette," mica. More scrap mica is accumu-
lated at this stage also.
Fourth, this trimmed block or sheet mica is then graded to size,
using a grading chart which was first used in India and which now has
been accepted with slight variations in all the mica-producing
countries of the world. The sizes range from 1/2 by 1/2 inch to
special sizes of 8 by 10 inches to 12 by 14 inches for sheet mica;
1 by 1 inch to 2-1/2 by 4 inches for film, punch, and circle mica
(sheet mica in circular shapes with diameters of 1 to 2-1/2 inches);
and 1 by 1 inch to 2-1/2 by 4 inches in size for splittings. Mica
splittings and film mica are made for the most part from the first few
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sheets on the top and bottom of the crystal or book of mica. These
sheets are often more cracked and stained than the remainder of the
book, and only a relatively small part of each sheet is usable. This
serviceable part is then split to not more than 0.0012 inch. in
thickness for splittings and 0.0012 to 0.00+ inch in thickness for
film.
Fifth, after the mica has been graded to size and split to the
required thickness, it is classified as to quality. There are six
qualities into which each size is classified. These qualities are
clear, clear and slightly stained, fair stained, good stained, stained,
and black-stained or spotted, in descending order of insulating and
dielectric qualities. Scrap mica is classified only as light or dark-
colored scrap (indicating the occurrence of, or the lack of, the dark,
iron-bearing minerals) and mine and factory scrap.
This exacting method of grading muscovite and phlogopite block
and film mica and mica splittings is necessary because of the strict
specifications for grades and classes of mica required in radios,
radars, telephones, and other products of the electrical industry.
The classifying of scrap is done because only the light-colored or
low-iron muscovite scrap is suitable for the mixed mica and glass
insulation bases for radio receiving sets utilized in some types of
aircraft. Factory scrap resulting from the milling of built-up mica
products is not usable for some ground mica products, because of the
binders used in the built-up material.
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APPENDIX C
METHODOLOGY
Production figures for the USSR through 1939 and for Rumania
through 1943 are reasonably reliable. Chinese production figures
through 1945 are less reliable but are believed to be acceptable.
Production figures for all countries of the Soviet Bloc after the
several years reported above represent estimates obtained from various
intelligence reports, as well as estimates based on technical ex-
perience. These estimates have been checked against the available
geologic information on resources, unmined reserves, and requirements
for finished mica products. It is believed that the totals reported
are accurate within a margin of plus 5 to minus 20 percent.
The possible supply of block and film mica and mica splittings
available from mica production in the Soviet Bloc shown in Table 2*
is based on the almost universally accepted opinion that block and
film mica recovered makes up about 10 percent of the total mica re-
covered. Column 1 of Table 2 represents 10 percent of the total mica
produced in the Soviet Bloc (as indicated in Table l**). From the
information available on the mining and processing methods in the
USSR, it is estimated that only 10 to 15 percent of the total block
mica produced will meet specifications for strategic-grade mica.
Possible splittings are calculated at 80 percent of the total produc-
tion. The 5- to 10-percent difference between the strategic grades
of block mica and mica splittings production is accounted for by a
loss in processing the splittings and the block mica.
The consumption percentages shown in Table 3- were obtained in
the following manner. A check was made of US practices from the
World War II period to date. This, in turn, was checked against in-
formation obtained from intelligence reports on Soviet practices and
from CIA personnel who have had contact with European practices. On
the basis of this information it was estimated that condensers and
radio tubes in the USSR account for 80 percent of the consumption of
strategic grades of block and film mica compared with the 83 to 85
percent consumed in the US. The remaining categories in the table --
P. 9, above.
P. 7, above.
KXX P. 12, above.
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with the exception of sparkplugs, which are believed to require a larger
quantity of mica in the USSR than in the US -- closely follow the US
pattern.
The estimates of mica consumption and requirements in the Soviet
Bloc shown in Tables 4* and 5** were made in the following manner.
It is known that the electrical and communications industry utilizes
almost the entire supply of the strategic grades of block and film Mica
and mica splittings. The USSR also uses essentially the same type of
electron tubes and condensers utilized in the US, 31 J and the percent
ages of the total mica consumed in tubes and condensers is comparable
for the two countries. Radio electron tubes and condensers account
for 80 to 83 percent of the consumption of the strategic grades of
block and film mica in the US. An estimate of 80 percent of total con-
sumption of strategic grades of mica by these two components has been
assigned to the USSR. It is also estimated that one-third of the con-
densers manufactured in the USSR utilize mica in their construction.
Using the estimates of electron tube production and one--third of
the condenser components produced in the Soviet Bloc 32 and a factor
of 10 pounds of mica per thousand tubes and 12 pounds of mica per
thousand condenser units, the consumption of mica in the tube and con-
denser industries and the total mica required for all strategic uses
were obtained. Again using US practices, the percentage of the total
mica consumption accounted for by block and film mica and by mica
splittings was utilized to obtain the estimate of the consumption and
requirements of mica splittings in the Bloc. Consumption of the
strategic grades of block and film mica in the US represents 45 to 48
percent of the total consumed. For the Bloc a figure of 50 percent
was assigned to block and film mica and a like percentage to mica
splittings.
The estimate for the total labor force, the breakdown by types of
workers, and the additional workers required to reach self-sufficiency
was made in the following manner. Taking into consideration the re-
ports of a few mines giving the number of men employed and the
quantity of mica produced, the average number of men employed and the
average quantity mined was calculated. 33 The average quantity of
mica mined divided by the average number of men employed gave a factor
p. 13, above.
P. 14, above.
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of the average quantity of mica produced per man. This factor was
divided into the total estimated output of mica to obtain the total
manpower employed. The breakdown by type of workers in each category
was based on US analogy. The US analogy was modified by the analyst,
in the light of his knowledge of the mica industry, to apply to Soviet
conditions. In making this modification, the analyst took into con-
sideration the excessive number of unskilled prison laborers, technical
advisers, inspectors, and political agents usually employed in Soviet
operations. The estimate of additional workers required to reach
self-sufficiency in mica production within the Soviet Bloc is based on
the geologic occurrence of mica and on current recovery methods. Mica
deposits are, for the most part, small and are scattered over wide
areas. Mining and processing methods often are not very efficient,
and in many regions both mining and processing are seasonal operations.
During some periods, relatively large numbers of men are employed and
at other times only a few. Thus the estimated requirement of doubling
manpower to achieve self-sufficiency is at best only a rough approxi-
mation.
The classification of mica uses as essential, less essential, and
nonessential was made in the following manner. Previous surveys by
the analyst covered the uses of mica in all the major mica-consuming
countries of the world outside the Soviet Bloc. Sources covered in
the present study of the uses of mica in the USSR indicate that the
Soviet pattern of use follows that of the uses reported for the
countries outside the Bloc, and therefore the list of uses shown is
the same as that reported for the US.
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APPENDIX D
GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
Reasonably accurate information is available on the sources and
possible unmined reserves of mica in the USSR. Little reliable ma-
terial is available on sources and reserves in China and Rumania. On
the basis of general geologic knowledge, resources are not believed to
be large in these countries. The largest gaps are accurate production
figures, by qualities and sizes, and the percentage of finished ma-
terial recovered from the raw block produced; consumption requirements
by type, grade, quality, and size of sheet and film mica and mica
splittings; and statistics on trade and stocks of the various grades
and qualities of processed mica.
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APPENDIX E
SOURCE REFERENCES
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
S
ource of Information
Information
Doc.- Documentary
1
- Confirmed by other
sources
A
- Completely reliable
2
- Probably true-
B
- Usually reliable
3
- Possibly true
C
- Fairly reliable
4
-Doubtful
D
- Not usually reliable
5 - Probably false
E
F
- Not reliable
- Cannot be judged
6 - Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign governments
and organizations; copies or translations of such documents by a
staff officer; or.information extracted from such documents by a staff
officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation "Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the
cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of this re-
port. No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees with the
evaluation on the cited document.
1. Interior, US Bureau of Mines, Information Circular No. 7617,
Nov 1951, Domestic Mica, by G.R. Gwinn. U. Eval. RR 2.
2. Ibid., No. 725b, Sep 1943, Strategic Mica, by G.R. Gwinn.
U. Eval. RR 2.
3. NIS 26, Section 63, Chapter 6, "Minerals and Metals," May 1951.
S. Eval. RR 2.
4. Geologicheskaya izuchennost' i mineral'no-syr'yeva a baza SSSR.
K XVIII syezdu VPK Geological Study and Mineral Raw Material
Sources of the USSR for the l8th Congress of the VPK), Moscow-
Leningrad, 1939. U. Eval. ER 2.
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25X1A2g
5. Ibid.
6.
7.
25X1A
25X1A 8. NIS 26, op. cit.
nera s Yearbook, 1911.0 and 1946.
Interior, US Bureau of Mines, Mil
U. Eval. RR 2.
9. R.R. Chowdbury, Handbook of Mica, New York, 1941. U. Eval.
RR 2.
25X1X7 10. NIS 39, Section 63, Chapter 6, "Minerals and Metals;," 1951.
C. Eval. RR 2.
25X1A
D.B. Shimkin, Minerals: A Key to oviet Power, Cambridge,
1953. U. Eval. RR 3.
A.G. Betekhten, ed., Kurs mestorozhdeniy poleznykh
iskopayemykh (Course on Deposits of Useful Minerals), Moscow-
Leningrad, 1946. U. Eval. RR 3.
25X1A
25X1A
Geologicheskaya izuchennost' i mineral'no-syr'yevaya baza SSSR.
K XVIII syezdu VPK, Moscow-Leningrad, 1939. U. Eiral. RR 3-
15. NIS 39, off. cit. Eval. RR 3.
Interior, US Bureau of Mines, Foreign Minerals Survey, Vol. 2,
No. 7, "Mineral Resources of China," Jan 1948. U. Eval. Doc.
16.
25X1A2g
17. G. Zelikmaz, Proizvodstvo sl dya kh izdeliy (Production of
Mica Products Moscow 194b. U. Eval. Doc.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
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25X1A
23.
Report of the 17th Session of the International Geological
Congress, The Mica Deposits of the USSR, Moscow, 1937. U.
Eval. Doc.
25. NIS 39, op. cit.
25X1A Interior, US Bureau of Mines, Foreign Minerals Survey, op. cit.
26. -
27. Chowdbury, op. cit.
28. NIS 26, OP. cit.
29. NIS o . cit.
30
31
25X1A2 32? - , e Electron Tube Industry in the USSR, 27 Sep
9 1951. S.
CIA/RR 7, The Electron Tube Industry in the Soviet Bloc,
29 Aug 1952. S.
CIA/RR 7-S-1, The Electron Tube Industry in the Soviet Bloc,
6 Sep 1954. S, US OFFICIALS ONLY.
CIA/RR 14, The Electronic Components Industry in the Soviet
Bloc, 19 Nov 1952. S.
25X1A
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 NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
SE6R6irMD
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