FOREIGN RADIOBROADCASTING RECEPTION POTENTIAL IN HUNGARY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A000500010001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 7, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1954
• Content Type: IR

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PROVISIONAL MELLIGENCE REPORT
FOREIGN RADIODROADCASTING RECEPTION POTENTIAL IN HUNGARY
CTAN PR-50
C?FIR Project 46.1.6)
1 Mal-ch 1954
'LCE
DOCUMENINO.
NO CH AN!CsAZ.:IN CLASS. I .1
CHIN GJ TO: TS
NZ:KI HDAFIV,./ DATE:
1.117,11: '
The data and conclusions contained in 'Ltis report do
not necessarily represent the final position of OR
and should be regarded as provisional only and subject
to revision, Comments or additional data which may be
i:vailable to the user are solicited.
WARNING
14
'
THtS nCCUNENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONA?.
DEVENSE OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE
ESPIONAGE LAW, TI1IE 16, USC, MS. 793 AND 794, THE IRANS-
MISSION OR REVELATJ:ON CT WHI(H IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORICIE)
PERSON IS PRCHIDITED BY LAW
(rENTRAL INTELIIGETICE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
m ornutALs ONLY
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%Primary . 0 a 0 ......... 1
-rahs=ssion Facilities of Foreign isroadcasters
to huntimry .0, ,.., ,.a o00,000?00600,
A: Ic!adio Free Europe li-LFE . . . 0 l 0 0 0 0 , 0?4, Ou ? i
,;o1,-;:e. of America (i/01A. . . 0.000000,40 40 i
:Titish 1,roadcasting Corporation (LEC). . . . . .
? Other Western nroadcasters. . . . 0 . . 0 a 0 ? 0 0 ',
G 4 i
E. 'oreign Communist 'broadcasters. . 0 00004 V: o,. 5 t 4
Viungarian Lroadcasting System . .
A. history and Organization.
n. Transmitting Facilities
7., Television and Aural Droadcasting above 30 Megaoy-les, )4
-
Aek?eiving Equipment in aungary? . ......... . . , 9 , I
A. NuMber, Characteristics. and Distribution of .
of Nadiobroadcast Reception Facilities . . . . . . . 9 - 1
:. Availability of RadiobroadcastFeceivers. ? . . . . . . 15 1
hegulations and Conditions of Listening . . . 0 . . . 0 , 0 0 1Y
A. Jjegulations , . " , " , , " 0 ??..,... . , 17 - ,
Conditions of Listening.
. 00 00000q000 0
0 , L9
. . . . . . . . . . . .
'V, Effectiveness of Western Propaganda Radiobroadcasts
A, Size of the Audience. . . .
0 * V . , 0 r, 4 * * ? * LA ;
? Osture of the Audience.
? , Popular Stations, Times, and frequencies for Listenink.
Some Economic Effects of Western Badiobroadcasts.
F. huLgarian Press and Aadio Reaction to Western
diobroadcasts.
47. Trends and Conclusions. . , voaooucvo , ,Z2 9
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yn irimo
Appendix A.
Appendix A.
Appendix C.
Appendix D.
Appendix E.
Appendixes
Schedule of VOA broadcasts to Hungary,
February 1953 0 . . 000000 0?06
00
o
33
Radiobroadcast Transmitting Station Operating
in Hungary Prior to World War II and in 1948. . 37
Methodology. . .?............... 39
Gaps in Intelligence
00
?(.1 GO 000 J
14-1
Sources and Evaluation of Sources. 43
Tables
Reported Foreign broadcasts into Hungary Estimated
Weekly Program Hours and Number of Frequencies Used,
January 1953 . 00000 a 0.0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0
2. Ireported Radiobroadcast Transmitting Stations in Hungary,
. June 1953. . , 000 0 0 0 0 o a a o 0000,
Estimated Number of Radiobroadcast 6eception
In Hungary, Selected Years 1937-53 . 40000000
Models, Characteristics, and Manufacturers of Radio-
broadaast Receivers in Hungary 0 0 0 0 0
Estimated Production of Civilian Radio Receivers
In Hungary . ? . .. .
Reported Radiobroadcast Jamming Transmitter Locations
in Hungary.............. . .0 . 0 . 0 0 0
Aa s
3
6
10
12
16
23
ol lowing_
Hungary? Reported Locations of Wire-Diffusion
Xnstallations, 1953. a 0 00 9000n o 16
'hung y% Radiobroadcasting and Reported Jamming Stations,
19530.ao.ao.a a i, o e 0 o n 22
'age
iJ
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CIA/R14 PR-50
06R l'rojeet 46,1 6
FoREIGN:-w11,0:4ricA:CAST:113;;ECEPTIONIVIVITIAL
'iummer
It is clearly evident that the bengarisin government has been and stll
is pursuing a program to limit foreign rediobroadesst listening. Nemeeoes
methods ere being emp1oyet!1 to se).,ieve this end. Ameng taem ere fl) the
thstitution og the necessary lege' means to restriet the right of oseere
ship and opereteon of radiobreadeest receivers 2) the uee of tehriques
. to control listening, such ss the teehnicel elteretion of existens reeevere
the lAmitatioo of evlability of reeeivers teeheloally rspeble of :r? g.
broeleast reeeption, the provision of wiresdiffus1ong,4 loudsPeeker reept
networks, and group listening. end (3 the jamming of foreigg
essts
Spacially?Pungery, provides a domestic rediobroadeest transmeesiee. eeee
.of ustional coverage. 3ever rediobroodeest trensmitters sre.in operettee,
and 2 others ore proposed Altesough this total of 9.traLsmitters ie oily
3.more than the number employed foe the purpose in 1943, their comb
power will be roughly three and one hslf times that employed in 1c:48
nungery's reception base is extensive It is estimated that t't.111ft,lrY
had. some 787,000 radiobeosdesst receivers at the end of-1952e Py the end
of 1953 this figure suould heve reached some 880,0:10 Nungery reeks third
highest among the t.:7,ate11ites, with I receiver for every 3 femilies
sounding out the reeeption base, Vungery is estimsted to Lave lend lree000
loudspeakers in service at the end of 1952 end wes expected to hslre bout
22Se,(.)00 by the end of 1953
This report con tins informetion eseileble es et' July 1953, ,Ilte3
iniormation of later dotes has been used where evsilable.
Wireediffueion radio is a systes or loulspeekers 14sich ere eessusetel te
s central program distribution point by either telephone eirtuits Or by
specially struss wire lines. The program distribution points are, 1.n turn
conneeted to the broadcsatirg station Uy either wire lines, sr, in -see esse
of small places and remote erees, by redio receiving unite in effect it
is State control of pregrsm end station seleetion,
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rtie e im-rease the r. 41?e! .A? lox'spe- 1111A...1111V or'sr
Lj,k1,ter thar that of reevrrI Frnps1 n been e.t.'
'ng plarel or: L.-re:sing the of not types of '1'- 11,:t103
g&ry p14%-ing Fre lter empl--..,s4 t.11! pout 1'' u-3e'of
ixed-tuned r6d1obro,4,:sost re:elver ite designed to rereive u1-40,?-4,
Nina :1 trinsaissices. Appr-lximrtrly o th."Ele units 4gire
irs 1952ts:..lone I'lax-A .,,1950-511) called for the IrstAl..,tio;
of .r,?I)n.,0("..;?:, loudspeakers? but poss'bly be:.?:.use greater atter:tf or).
t..4-kret to l'eople "s rndiobrosd,st 'elvers. oily 10. ?,-.6)6 lowtope Akers'
instslied dur:ng the first 3 ye,41 of the 1111! -ur:ng oweSsrryr th.
!!umber rev 1lucispel.kers.irsetkilVt1or,14 rexpe, terl to equi.
the innreise -in the number of r brori 1 re-elvers mports 'if
comrnur1tiote frilities have bee, pr---t1.?,.11y it1 Fp ort t",r).1re"-r
partiz-ularly to the have bere 1- re
It is v1rtu,.i1ly irapossible o .4etermi e umhe-a nr ir:Ab710`.'
stevers in 7...1ng,ry. :rim the Avi-,11,Th1e "gmeri...ry roports, it is
evtdert l'stening to Western r,idiob,o, F tr it 4UP prevr14.
thst wore-of-mart 6senrC n., tthr temp ?o' 4 rtere'rt ? prr( ti'e' '?
everyore? but with r` , tor
Authorities rcw have e'or''''$ 1eg,:.1
WQ?ntern mrtiobroti.stss from tl'e re t -In r)-
to. ti-,e n.ltertior
insto.-es Anforement these if-.
then only ir C Coq ,rAe.-t1on with. m.t.,crIty grcupa
ImprtrieMentth e'-onomi t Cr w
inc.,reFaing bst
-1 11g-
r
r r 4? ? e VE'
WS / r ve
1 4 aXre tee/
nr. y 't,r- ;In frvr (."4
,
47,,pei.J A
riP -4 4
tilit
e.71"1 r
use of other '' 1";
er.7.eiyers,, the i?7rez-,se v11 ty 17:-IPxper.7 ve ler.!
rodiobroLAQn,st receivers., the bryiii.! r,f 'hot. r tyrr-- by 4'.1-k?
shops rix,ri, subst of the leP.s li) e t iT Or `7'P
iiTus1r. 1.o spe 3.kern .?1nd grcylp I e:,-ters ? t 1)
iftrP tero progrims or st,'T ff CX`t W!"!'' r : -0' 11.." tr,
4estern rartiobr--)c.;.1c,A3ts
,jemmist.,g of' Western r:,..;r110-4r.,:-r s 00'1 t4.ei46
esseb year sinrse t5 e xtm1r t=Jt.i cif P 't V ily i
urbsD and. irdustriel ("e. 'sten: espr illy 1,, the v1.'1- 1ty of '',:4.11.s.44est
spite this incresse in ? ?1rtm: rg Wer3te!--7: progrmr ri1 thriugire cold Ir.-
being listened to by m;..r.y pr:oplA i ; ?
Efforts to control, foreign s.obrr.-.4e1r f...rt r?ter. ir,v4.)14e ekpei4 tit Ares
of. oonstrier;ible magriLtude.. rnrir 'tiO nd wire-dift'usion TietwerkS
must be prOViCird opergAerl, rrirtr,..?!rsori Asir:lit I ortpa eXpend ttirP s
s
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are involved in the services of state and police personnel fOr,surveillance,
, ?
' intimidation, and :investigation. Coupled with these COSts arc,thOse dia-,
turbing and diarUptive effects produced..by-that segment Of labor whicia.hoids
_az-41state attitudea. created by or stimulated by listening to Western radio-
brOadcaSta... ?Thea0-.C6sts?.however? benefit the economy to the 'extent that
1ahor'sproPeasit.Y, to Work in a controlled economy is higher than it might
Otherwise be .If.fOreign listening -were freely permitted ,and practiced but
, ,
, . ,
not so high: ao it might be in a free economy enjoying a'frec:ii.ress'.
.
..,,. ,
Transmissial Facilities of Foreign Tiroadcasters to_ungary.'
There are )proximately 181 program hours being broadcast to uungary
each week from :he following foreign countries?, USSR, 14"hours; Yugoslavi,
12,25 hours; US, 124,25 hours', UK, 12.25 hours; and 6 other non-Communist
countries, 18.17 hours. '(ee Table 1,) These are original prograM hours
and are exclustre of any rebroadcasting hours,
Table 1
Reported Vorelgn Droadcasts into Rungary Estimated Weekly Program
and Number of rreouencies Uced ltvP
Junuary 1951
.ourG
taticn
Weel_qz. tours
USSR
_Program
14X0
Yugoslavia
12..25
UK
12,25
Travee
5,25
Italy
466
Spain
1,:75
Vatican City
3,75
Urkey
1-75
Israel
1,00
US (VOA) b/
favE)
8,75
115.50
TOL
180,9l
firequemies t5sed a/
6
14.
5
3
3
2
2
13
Mediuft
2
2
0
1
2
53 7
- .
a, High frequencies generally extend. from 3,000 to 30,000 kilocycle rnd
are often referred to as "Short waves," Medium frequencies generally
extend from 300 to 3,000 kilocycles and are often referred to as "medium
waves,.". Low frequeneies generally extend from 30 to 300 kilocycles and
are Often referred to as 'long waves."
b. Voie of America,
Radio rree Europe,
'rEalibte references in arabic numpruls are to souces,listed in Appendix E,
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"S-E-C-P-E-T
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? A. Fad.io ree Eu.r.222.2,.r:JE`,
:az
010001-2
he Eungari!in sernine of .:?E transmIts 115, program Lours p(r
week, and utiliZes 5 transmitters simultaneously to nrete !Isaturat/ r
:broadastl.ng" to Pungary, The transmltters are located in Ablis and
Yolztirfteri, Germany, and in )Asbon, Fortugal Sr the brondrast of itese
programs one 7-5. kilowatt Icia transmitter and four 92-kw trsnsetters
3re used. on 5 high frequencies- Ej Most of the programs are written. In
the SE studios in Munib., although a small :number are prepared in
he programa nonsist of news; commentaries on news, both worldwide
E s. d
from the urgarlan press and radio; denunciations of oppressors by nm
ne,
'lesc ar
riptlot, past reord, d specific acts of tyranny, in vill, inge, Actory,
and public Dffice; special programs for labor, youth, intellentuals, and.
Party offic:Lals, and musin, satire, and entertainment, 1/
n 'itoine of America VCAj
VOA uses a total of 26 trnnsmitters in: the Europe ,nn servi-e
lixteen are ir the Eastern CS. and the .remaining 1( are in Mnnich, C,rmny;
ralonike, Greene; 'iTamgier, North Africa.; and Wooferton, Fngl.nd- 4/
VOA trnsmits a total 8:75 program hours per week to Vungary
using 13 high and 2 medium frequennies The seven program hours per week
originating in New 7ork are transmitted vin hi frequenci.ee to inlgry-
'These programs are. broadcast simultaneously from 2 relay points, SU nika
and '.angier, using 1 medium and 2 high frequencies, respectively r",,e
remaining 1 75 program sours originate from 70A's Munich and Tangier
centers, which broadcast siMultaneously using .1 and. 2 high frequent Is
respectively, Repeats or the original broadcasts on both medium (ind
high frequencies frnm various points in Europe increase the V.3A bros. cast
time to Pungary to 24,5 hours weekly, 2/ :%fetails of VOA's progrnm snhedule
as of February 1953 to Fungary are noniained in Appendix A,
Y3ritish koadeastinLeoresration
? . ?
TheL transmi?ts 12,25 program hours per week to Liangary us'ng
5 high freqnencies from transmitting points in the ir1ti.sh 7s1es lAe
programs, in the main, stresa news serVines, but they alsO include
exposition of 1:25ritish policy and thought on nurrent affairs, projection.
of British life, and comments on internal conditions ir Fungary, 6/
1 Other Western 1!roadcasters
? France, ];taly, Spain, Vatican City, lurkey, and 'Israel treari
total of 18 17 program hours of news per week to Enngary Nineteen
frequencies and 1 medium frequency are used for these broadcasts
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SeEe.;?-a-E-
E ioConunitaproadcasters
The OSS F is the only Soviet aloe country broadcasting programs
to Hungary. Eight high and 2 medium frequencies are used in transmitting
14 program hours per week, The programs consist chiefly of news, eem-
ments, features, music, and propaganda. 1/
Yugoslavia transmits 1225 program hours per week to Huagary
It uses 4 high and 2 medium frequenries, The programs consist chiefly
of news and commentaries.
Ipirmarian_Broadualm_?,lystem.
A, History and Organization
All telecommunications facilities in hungary are owned and
operated by the government, 2./ Uoviet control of these faeilities is
often indirect but most effective, and all new developments are related
to Soviet military plans,
The Ministry of Communications is 1 of 14 coequal cabinet
ministries, It directs the General Post Directorate, which is respcnsible
for all Mungarian ielecommaalcations, The Chief of Section rv of this
directorate is charged with directing the administration of aelecemmunie
cations activities, and the six subordinate Regional Post Directorates
supervise operations, On the other hand, radiobroadeasting and eom-
munications activities are administered by the Chief of Section but
operations are directed by the Zudapest Regional Post Directorate
The Communist government of Taingary requires that engineers and
tecnnicians be politically reliable One source estimates that hungary
has only 500 to 600 qualified telecommunications engineers and technieians
This order of magnitude appears quite low for Hungary's economic stttus,
1,1uring and after World War II, Hungary's economy suffered severly
Ihe?removal of manufacturing telecommunications equipment plants and tne
destruction of facilities resulted from both German and Soviet occupation
Seventy percent of the manufacturing equipment remaining after the Ger-
man occupation was dismantled and sent to the USSR in 1945 At present,
approximately 6o percent of all telecommunications production is beeng
diverted to Soviet use,
Although 30 percent of Hungary's radiobroadcast system was
destroyed as a result of World War IT, considerable progress has been
made in its rehabilitation, 2/ be locations, frequencies, and asaier of
these stations were approximately the same as the prewar stations, as
shown in Appendix la,
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ties
:here ?,,tre seven medium-frequency rat..tioterost
ope.'cqting in Fu.ngary. Their reported 167.ations? power, frequero:y ?
servt.''e are shown in :able 2.. With the excep-tion Oge
)oert1or increases in power, and utilizntion of frequencies.? t)..ce
Y!ro-4 ast network is mui71- like it wt:s prior to World War t
additioml tat1or re projeted or pert:F4.ps r:ow under :.-onstru.,:tiw
SzembAhelY Szegel. After the completion of the two Etat 4,)t,r4,
1.?tune*ry whould have ample rsiitobronAit..a.st favillties to cover &legit Lt,e,ly
the entire r'ountry- The rarliobroadc'Ast transmitting far- ill ti e,,
1.7tiligary are, shown grt.ph1,7a1.I.y on the anoOmpqnying map? 4
s,ble 2
keported Radiobroadeast 'i'ransmitting tattor I r PungF,ry
J'une 193 111
omei;tic te 'tiaras
Veration
udtpe $
; td Ape st
k1 hegy
faith ad:to
dpest
.cSzolnokY
'Petori. :.tp.it.t.1 0
Alextonszbacli,
ilasonmagyerover
Fower and. ''..requencies
,
;Ialow 0
lItts1 4:11ccyt'les)
5
Serv
135 .539 lungaric,n Dome rvIce
ath
.Udapest /nterm.tion,..41
Oervie to Europe
135
ph
6
( 1 (A r p be low ,-
oo txote s for 'Table 2 follow onp
4.87
1,25n V
1,34e)
angar tan ore C
Alternnte;':
'udapest i riternnA0xtell
ervire to Euro -e
e1xy o' Moscow
i,riwi Iomevke
Ir(Main)
Gyor-Sopron nt.:1
t3ervi,tte cJ
unga.rian Home
jion er
vice
RE-
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Table 2
Reported Radiobroadeest Transmitting 6tations in Hungary
June 1953 11/ ,
'
(continued)
Domestic kitations
in Operation
_
Nyiregyhnz,s,
4 ,...sc?
_,)orriest,ir.., Stations
a6ombathely
fizeged
:Lnternational Otation
in Operation
Power and l'resuencies
(Kilowatts'i (Kil2Er1es1 Service
24 1,34fl
6
Dudopest /,Diosd) 101
6 el
1?.3110
a. Ads station is shown in th 1it f
Dureau of the 'nternEltionrAl
12 edition, It hss not been reported ex
it was probably used in the 1.tri fce
ludapest stmtion was put into iiervie_
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y ?
Ifungarifin home Servi,,e
,
Szabdes-OztmAr Pegiontid
ServUce
gungarian Rome Fervirfe
14arsnya Pegionxil Servir_e
1-Ju&Test 1;nternqtiona1
Oervice to Europe, torth
AmerioA.3, e.4pd South
America
eltlys of Moseow to
Europe snd FJorth Amertcp
elirsys of. I'mlgue to
Europe
LA.
Oroadeasting Stations
Teleaommunication Union, .1Tuly 195C.,
being in operatior for several yers
r World War :III end before the 115-kw
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? Reportd Sadiobroadast Tranumittir Stations'Jn BAulgar
?,
, June 1$53 11/ .
(Continued) '
b. It -s beLieved that nOlaionszabadi is the location of th1.9.t
mitter. Felays from Moscow in Macedonian, Trenoh, Serbe-c'reati-._
and Slowne have been heard between 1900 and 2300 Greenw.ich.meaP? 'l
Itogrhems of .the Gyor-Sopron.Regional Serviee are reportedly t
production of a studio in Gyor -
d. VungariNn broadcasts have referred to broadneting stations.
1,)cated in Szombathely and Szeged. These stations are. projetrted
fiture.and construction my have already started-, No reports of
tave been received,
u ,'.his la possibly a stand-by transmitter from one of the earl
installations,
'arts-
time,
he
o e.
tor- the
operation
er
?
the Eudapest International Service there are :3 100-kw trsa6-
mitters, which presently operate on 4 hign frequencies (see Tabl
0)
,There are in nddition 1.;') alternate or allocated frequencies aval able
the high-frequency range of 6,000.to 21,700 kilocycles (Itc) for use in -
this service, There is also believed to be available a 6-kw traksmitter,
this is tme it may possibly be a holdover from ar earlier i stal-
lation for emergency purpoaes.. This is the only international:b oadeast
transmitting station in Hungary and is located at Diosd a few mi es
southwest of lAidapest.,, 12i
All of these radiobroadk!as
constructed since World War U.
ransmitting: failitiet have been
The tiungarian Homo Service programs, both main and alter ate, and
the 'udapest ,Aiternational Service programs originate in the studios pt
the Fiungarian brotdcasting station in L,vdapest, Seventeen studi s are
believed Awailable new 13/ with five more projetea, for operatiol 195
ieleviston and Aural Troadcasting above 30 MegExales (mt
lie iveparatory work for television in Fungary had its b ginning
kbout 9.-,e Middle of 1946. September 1953, Hungary' was still ,itheut
t.eleviso',:here Is some indication that it may be in operatiel in
1954, but it is also quite possible that it will not be,.availabl- to the
public before the new Vive Year ;Plan beginning in 1955,
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19519.-Nurigf#14681...101,00:1A1ists were stuthg the results
ocorit6.04 **,.-7t445,
,Atoolom Gaternisint..:,:neWipeper4.:-0-1:111:5'*fitgar'
sipply-,;teleVisiOSCiattidio jitationv ontr_reciption ettuiPment
to .instruct te tiungarintiC yefir in
,
rspOrting,,vtirion6 Semiet 9 MSty 19539 .61,4 tee :-.k;It4 ' -.4447-4.04;
'Mire Icepr 'Plan-A1955-59).'will re1ize -television PlOgery; -FLOt,ontuin
, . _ - -
-ile1egatiOn of electronic,,:etigineers studied. for. 6 Weeks ,
vision equipment .in-Yteili'6041 'Holisew; .that. the !11180'h,FA*Piiii thediSpOsei
or the Voingrpri6,1 Radio fiat 4oduirCatation (blueprints Faft, d tnstrurtions'L
and equipme t parts nototo?ours14et e1sthere, ra4 Via?t the first -pia* in-
.t14e .4eve1opment .of, television. prOng9 e?Epvpptesi ....17-1,?o *t,101474:
Using iMpleMented In 1954. Trt tael:stitagal-p4alitiouta.-Oor
events are to be broacleastj'and.in the:tbird.phasethe p1.oP96ed
. ,
)411 startopeiatini:The aize 0? thetelevision pitute.:_Ls-
inheso. The. price i to be about that ..of a super'raajp-'rec!&iveri.
3,135- forints about $28), 'or 1 months' pay for ttle.averagellpgari4:4;,
At ,cotaf er erato held in ,Burope -in 19529 under .the iapec of
,
the Xnternattenel ittiecOmarunication On/ono Fiungery pkopOned. to put into
operation 10 .television and 11 frequeney-molulation Jilt). Stations. I
No other information lab evailable as to plang the Eungnrima government
? might have for at
ICU .
Ab flItanker 'Characteristics gni S)istribution of Rediobroadreast
.1Rece,,Et
1 Humber,.
Xtto sitimated the,lt by the e.o of 1 2 there were in Funscry
787400 rmdibbroadc=ot receivers and that by the end of 1953 there were
88o,oxf) such receivers; The growth in number of radtoleiroad-east receiverg
to all or giungary for selected years is shown in Tzbie 3 Also shown
in this t.,Phle is the growth in number of wire-diffusion exchanges ard
lowispeelcers
r-,--17,161re--776:Tiows on p.10.
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? Year EXchanges
1937 not used
1938 not used
?1942 not used
1944 not used
1949 not used
1946 not used
1947 not used
?1948 N.A.
? 1949
1950 918/
1951 41D 20/
1952 100
1953 1_?./ 220 Eir
Loudspeakers
,
not used
' not used
not used
not used
not used
not used.
not used
N.A.
N.A.
19600 19/
45,000 21/
100,000 21/ il/
220,000 21/23/::
ercelit.
Total in Tot1 In of .,.,?otal
All Hungary Budapest 17 deet ,
777777';
383,505
419,000 145,31.6
797,507
904,176 N. A.
17803/2 909330 51
282,228 132,173 ' 47
3859538 163,474 42 .
475,484 188,081 :40
539,187 203,511 , 38
6 9,00? ii.A, N.A
701 . 0110 A ,
7874000 24/ ff ii..rt,A.
.880,000
LA
35
?
a. All information contained in this table, except that specifi9
indicated otherwise, was taken from source 16.
b. Estimate.
fly..
It was reported in Jul.Y 1952 that the population of bingary
exceeded 9 5 million. 26/ ,The 1941 oensus showed 4.2 million pet ons married,
or 2.1 million household units. Of the 5.1 million persons unmar ied? widoweta,
or d').voece(1, 4 ?0 million were under 24 years of age. The persons in this
lattc:r group, for the most part, were included in the 2.1 million household
11:1 0.
units, 27/ It is presumed that the population distribution inai -0
c ted by 1
1941 census has not materially changed Based on the estimated 2. million
household units and on those units composed of the 1.1 million ur rried,
widowed, or divorced persons, it is estimated that the number of household
units ranged from 2,3 to 2,4 million in 1952. On this basis, there is
posslbly 1 radiobroadcast receiver in Hungary for every 12 persons, in
approAtmately 1 family in 3 has a radiobr Adcast receiver, It is, believed
that the number of unlicensed radio'voadcast receivers in Hungary s small,
perhaps about 2,000. 26/
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lob
Orld Wir'iI 6c.
ceivers
'sq6wO tbe
zany year since
receivers were .304
=gar ian scient
,
dcb't
Orion, and
C' las a iflVa t4Ver
and, "for sale" e?
Siemens, end for
'foreign staiionk
d.?
priort
4n'grr_APE,?:n
013.t
of the raiobr0
t
_ . . , , ,S,S. ,1-Y9i.;13:11./..4.*!0::,..ecitiipPie`ii'; ifith,'-iiii0i4i-`14:0:06416y tunti-ig. 33/
1.n ,.. August 1951 it..-,:q48.,e,St IP .4'34.i&406,000'.'iaaibbroaa64t're'qeivera' or --
5( percent, - wer e;,s,,, e . 4.4p 0 red_eiVe high-frequency, Prog,''ramS'o' '34
e.,:lOn 14e
.0a4,Vtlie..13reia:: , 0 wanted
og,such, names aa ht1s, and
'i
0 r cast,reeeivera a .--r-iiring
6rie- source' ii.r.i': ' .
.:-P ..,*. , 9.) Pererit
e, eoR e,
been. available fO UrCh
sells- for. 380 fo
quantities Oe retqe ri4" f!!re..,re ta,;:04daPes
transmitting stations antn sbe,cases to One!"'S Pr- 414',
is reported. that With _c MaoipalatiOn; tuning,..*6
stations is possible, .
with the aid. of' ani;,adaPtot,:: or by:.aslight alterstior,
-
tune to Western'brOadeastS.":?-.35/,', -
adio, Nepradioo, a 17adidtc
uT.I.gar Jana 0 radio-
broadcast receiver which receives RVE? and Radio 1;3edapest despite laming.
fie keeps his fellow farmers informed of events in the West, L3V t is
reported that mobile jamming stations are used in Etungary against Western
radiobroadeests and that tee number of jammers has been considerably in-
creased, LiN
In some cases:, jamming has been effected by the .Use pf-e eettical
machinery with loese connections or bad brusheS The type of ele trtcal
interference thu emitted Cannot be directed against a SpeCific p ogram or
station- It affects rqcoptiou Of programs of all stations, local stations,
as well :' 'those against which the jamming is arAually-intended. This
type of jamming is. effective over * eomparatively small area; Of la only
in a section of a city. -Ina type Of jamming is found in indUstr al
centers or Cities where there are more electrical facilitieti and arger
numbers of listeners' to be affected by it, Reported jamWers loca Lena
are given in Table 60*** and shown graphically on aiveccompfulying Mapov*40
8 sUgaection prepared by 03X,
*0 Rediobromdcast receivers ,of the older Crystal-detector type are
.generally relatively insensitive compared to modern vacuum-tube r ceiversp
though distant signals May sometimes - be heard, particularly at ti t,
***4 Table.6.foltows on ile? 23,
043* Yollowing p. 22'
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Borsod
Miskolc
*Recsk
NEUSIEDISS
0 E*
Nyiregyhaza
*Papa
BALATON
Rakospalcta
Buclorsir BUDAPEST
Diosdar,z--n.m.m*
Lakihegy
Sz?sfeh??
Balatonszabadi
Szolnok
NOTE,
t. All donestic broadcasting stations re y
programs horn Budapest i (Kossuth die).
2. Budapest 2 (Petok Radio) is the cite nate
station for Budapest I.
Kalocsa
Ka posva r
0 International broadcasting studio
D Domestic broadcasting studio
Proposed broadcasting station
A Transmitter
. * Reported jamming station
2*
P?
? 1p 2p ap 4p 5QMiI
? 1p 2p 3,0 4,0 5,0 Kilometers
SECRET
HUNGARY
Radiobroadeasting and Reported Jamming Stations - 1953
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table 6
Reperted Radiobroadcast Jammiamg Transmitter Locations
in Nungary
Place
Dalatonszabadie
nuftoers
aisinpest,t/
Gyor
Eidegneg
Witynsfold
Wosonmagyarovsr
Nyiregybi6za'
Papak
Fees
Rakospalota
lkoamzentailtaly
Reesk
Sopron
Szkesfehervar ti
Szolnok
latabanya
, .../coax==rsztas,......,memeeplasam=aesolearr._.
Coordinates
Latitude
46; 53? M
47 27'
47? 30' M
47? 41 M
47? 37' rit
18: 07? E te9/
law58' 1g 94
islo 05, Erd
170 38. Ei
16? 45'
47? 31' 3
190 12r F94/
4/? 52' 14
lero 580 N
17? 17 E 95
21? 43' 8
470 030 N
170 28, E
N
18o 13, E
lir 33' N
190 07 E
470 310
190 Ur c
ler 560 g
200 or5' iby
1470 41,
160 360 z Th2
470 12'
180 25' z /
47? 10' R
20? 11' E
14.7o 333 g
160 26' E105/
177--giese pgai-a4-Itrate.Wune7Fiarii-Ir-
posaible th6,1t reports identifying the sme jammer used
Wfbrent towns ,-As reference points,
b, Some reported locations of jammers etre suburbs of
nudiapest,
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4
Effectiveness of Western Propaganda-R iobroadcasts,
A, Size of the Audience.
The size of the audiencsin gungary Which listens to Waste n rad o-
broadcasts cannot be estimated statistically from available tafor tiOrit
Itje possible, however, to gain aft impression of the effectivene of
penetration by these broadcasts,.
Results of reports of interviews with persons Who have spe t months
or years in various Hungarian pleCes indicate that most of the radiobroud-
cast reCeivers in Hungary ere capable of receiving Western radiobr admrists
and that most of the person6 having these radiobroadcast receivers listen
to Western programs, In about 1950 former Director General of i$
Hungarian Broadcasting Company stated, that about half a million H garians
listened. to the voice of the Free World, 106/
The results of a study of interviews of 100 Hungarian re
that 80 hAd listened to Western radiobromdcasts and of the 8o ref
3 owned the radiobroadeast receivers _over Which they heard the p
The majority of these persons listened to more than one statior.
portent of the 80 persons listened dmily and about 73 percent at
each week. 107/ Of the hundreds of refugees who fled from Rungar
as sway ts 85 percent of the listeners pasiug through 1 retic
were alle to prove that they had. listened to DOC programR- 108/
Who defecte\ in rebrumry 1952, said that he listened to VOA-regul
2000 to 2400, Budapest- time, Ile estimated that one-half of the f
listen to 'Western propaganda He said that Budgpest? the gayest
city in Europe before the war,. appears deserted 'At 8 o'clock at in
The people axe mt homa, with windows closed listening to the radi
CettAmx 108, of the 4550021 subscribers in Hungary, 93 pren
radio-receivers, 40/ In Europe, before this time, it was a comm
to have mseiver With all rmdiobrondeast frequency baths. 111/
group of ki0 refUgees from gungtry, almost R11 had. listened t6-ut
ftetern vadlobroadtast stations and more than thrve-rourtfari of th
least k. 114 There are other reports which estimate that AS hi
9C psrcert of the radio receivers mre capable of receiving Wester
renaltiem for breaking the Hungmrian law wibich-prohibits
nation of the content of Western radiobroadenst vary -- up to 15
pricon coafiscatien of property may result, Word-or-mouth di
howevere vpmca to go en constantly 113/ nis means of disseml
WeStern broadct inform6tion might well bcot the size of the ef
tudionce,
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wr.a. too.
ees show
gees_
?grams,
Thirty-nine
east once
in 1950-52,
center
engineer,
ly from
males
ghtr
htd tube
J. practice
Out of g
east 3
m to gAt
trOadTMDtS,,
i semi-
years in
seminmtion?
ation of
ective
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,neports? indite that persons beve lietenea to Western rediobroed-
easte et Dudspest? Szolnok, Oyer, Szekesfehervier, Zola, Vas, Porsod,
Alfolde V.alcoliae Sopron, Miakole, Feejkle, Wrest, Mimes, gepoever,
Szombethely? end Ludpetri. Theee lneetions ere sheen grephieelly tn en
encompanying mepJi
Nature of the Audience,
Hungery? before World Wes' YI? waa predominantly egrieultural, )in
1939 the industriel espets of its economy eeeounted for Iv, per2e1t of Its
exports, by 1949, mpproximately 49 pereent of the population still depende0A
oe agriculture for its liVing, Ndapet is the hub of ell iedustrtel
expensiona tiwttte th&Imagery, More then 60 pereent of the new
industriel poteottel is loceted in or neer Dudepeste 111t/ MUeh of Ude ie
probmblY the eesult of OBER influence,
Fractieelly all of the report? which relete listening to Western
rediobroodnests ere from former residents et cities et towns, A few re-
porta.refer to peesente nnd how they pass &long tne items -of iuterest te
their felloe leberere, Tbe nature of the oudienee is indieeted in e
report of Oeteber 1948 which showethnt 39 pereent ef ell licensed cub-
scribern in Wungery verc in aulapest, tt elso shows thet less then 5
pereent of ell liceneed sub cribers were egrieulturel employeee and mine
workers, 115
Indieetiono are that industriel or urn erdef1k or the intelli-
gentsie censtitute by far the largest group of listeners to Western
rediobromdceste in Eungery. The relstive high priees of tbe multifreemeney
heed receivers would seem to preclude extensive ownership emong the peesent
nnd leboring c.loosen,
A reeently completed study of interviews with 100 Piungerien refugeee?
representing neerly All the Rungeriens vho entered the 48 edministered zeee
of Auctrie from ..euly 1951 to Mlareh 19522 shows that 20 were peenenta end
14 were unskilled workers,, Meet of the others were skilled workers, aelfe
employed workers, Government employees, professionela, or etteeets, 116/
Stetemente by refUgees emigres, emd Party deserter oefirm
reports tent lietening to West;rn rediobromdcesta in Mungery la dcme by
people, of ell sociel end nottonel groups, Workers, peoaeots? siva sere
vmets? former Middle-eleas people, llet even Coit Pty offtelels end,
leeders ell linten te these Weatern redlobrtedcoste, 117/
?
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.51,-E-C -44 -11.r
n addition to .those persons who listen to Western progrn, by.
means of. radiobroadcast reftiverot there -are those who lister by ane a
radio reoeiviag facilities not intepdedofor radiobromdc. t reeepti
This Portion of the population. who ?ve this opportunity is relnti ely
small but im composed of oetive .ults'who would normally be tnter toted
JP _keeping Abreast 0 world activities. ? These persons ere opersto 0 of-
radie nWtiOns other than rndlobroadeast statiopm: namely, those f the
marttimeo aviation, meteorologicalo railroad, point to pit o poli end
military units. io known.thatiMost-of the stations u equeeny-
radio evipment, MgAiobroadcast reoelvers of this type reeppsid red
bAter tugs those mutkby the geperalopublic andoere capable of mo =curate
tuning to avotd Jumping.. These .operators probably have_ greater ek 11 in
avoiding jammers. 14, There are also those in Hungary who ore fl ent-IP
Germano Slovak, English, and other languages? The e persons fsre ttek
LA their /istening because programs in languages other than Bungaricn nre
not jameel to ony oreat extenL 112/
C. Papulor_oitationss.T: a And rrecluemies for LloteninK-
Digests. of interviews and. umerous other reports ?inclicate t
more kungariono listen,:to VOA than to-ony other Western radiobroadelet -
I'de.siations Most frequently referred to in the order of their popuoskity
ure Wto am6 EEC. The pro gr of the other Western radiobroaleasts
are oceaftionmlly referred to but not to ony gret extent -- Radio Ncrit
being the fourth iv populority. These other Western rediobroadeast seem
to be listened to When jamming le pnkticulnrly effective on the proorams
oT the more popol6r-stnticus. .
Mumsoria&a probally listen to KA more than to other Wester
brcadeasts bEeause they believe it to be the official voice of the Mont
that it represents the thinking and policies of the world. outside (: the
floviet Dloco they look upon QS relating itself more to condlti
withtofOongffy 410. behind the Xkon Curtaino Ala they look upon FCC As..
representing.o secoal-rate powero Qemarks which follow are Lmditotive of
popularityo VOA's "news and short sommotaries are more authorntit e
tpd reliable,"c ETUNM VOA a close second in popularity. -1,t leav.som
"excelleat impregsloo opolloagarlan list ere, it la "dymmmioo" it
"anpeolwlly sood el,oming Communist aptes and informrs 011 7:vc 'oiaok list"
ond it in "very popoisk,"? 'OPO la thought to be more popnlor among
older people Irtv ",accuracy of the fioe.ws," wnd "sober cconentaro" g peer
to be well receive. Listening to DEC prograz in Dungary iv somew
h*bitual, RV it dvrA&15 IkACU to the German oteupatipo,-
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rams! IseriigreteAsereenAggestions as, to program content,
ese BU8es t ease] bow., -appear -.toeietem !frog persona- likes rather than
,()nt P440,...,t4,47.44Cletecktragti.41/2111thcaSh Warm% ts and _tastes lead
ungerieneeto latenitegeftlESXMAKielmeidcasts, ;their ,primary hope in
listening weer" 4o4oesljewSesomething suggesting liberation.
_
eehee fhted eedere ;tee ?
etefeere9RA001-0121100e BeeSeriee time, see tie Preferred
times of, .listenireese end more lishenerelean be reached during these hours.
Several ,reporte Antlers* Aunt eletegeepO, .415. percent of the klungarien workers
could listen undiitturbekeifettee programs,could get through to them at this
hour. The problem 'of 3.1.stanias is greatest in cities pesos* of the cone
eentration of I.jamming faeflitieso The later evening hours appear to be
less jemeed, Frogman in the itungarien language are the most heavily jelemed.
Sigh frequencies are the most generally used i awry, 'although
medium frequencies also are lased by a number of listeners Deeause the
People's rediebroodeast receiver, Repradio, has eanly the emdium-frequetey
band, those Rungaelans who listen to Western breedaests over these ?
receivers must listen over this bend or use an adaptor,. lite use of this
band will probably increase as the number of Ifeprodio reneivers-in ungery
increases c?
The kinds of programs, preferred are (1) "news," to get the "truth,"
?jective news"; (21 those which give hope of liberation the feeling
that liberation is coming soon; and (3) he which discredit the regime,
expose domestic conditiaes, denounee Columnist informers med. leaders, and
same those on the -"black Aist." 12p/
D. 'come Economic Effects of Western Radiobroadcastse.
The economic effeete of Western brovicaste enEungery are about
the same as on the other Satellite countries and my be divided into two
categories e- (1)' the effort expended to minimise or prevent listening to
Western beoedeasts and (2) the effects of the broadcasts OD the people,
? In the first * tegory fill the men-hours and materiel expended in
building, operating, and maintstnires the jahming stations used against
Weetern broadcasts. The amount of materials used in jamming stations cannot
be estimated, because the number of (wing stations reported varies from
17 to several times that number. 121/ The urtan,or industrial cities are
reported as being heavily janmed. Neports indicate that several reley -
radiohromOcast stations, broadcast programa for only '2 or 3 hours a day,
and t other times are used as pmaing stations. 124
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--eeer
In'ooiatiest,tio-140 ?7,,4914eittai*.adi.obrizaloast otatidas_
the .3*9jeeted, atitionsit4b4vPdatOPloszy thatTlither
t0e#61s. ere going ihtP*IstOtliqee.4104nadeit't0407eVentridereption o
,erOfcrana-,ether then those UndeirAhe-COikeutiti*-PrirtylectitreL, rt*er
,414anuniy, 1952 aflame thitA80'411maineititiOns-beillmirildiltonnki
,i'S,SSR as .kepaistion, While the admit of the, materiels that go
jawing a-trattoria is I OrtanWthe.eonstimption of Sunghrieve raw ma
is of even 'greater importesiii?r; 7Aii:sias4pdjasition of the thortege of
:asterials, finagery hats agrei01 to suppli-,teleaceramieatione feciliti
all* the Satellite countries in eXabalge for raw ersterials..
ilmeeconom* of Ettagiwy will, neidoUbt;,benefit in the long
'from the une of wired, loudepiakers insteed of indtvidual radios bu
the next few years such installations will be :another drain on the
,Ihie will tend' to,result4n further delay in produetng.other needed
,COmmunieations
The man-hours devoted to the jamming of Western prOe%Kanin
certainly be large,. there are teehnical and trained personnel who
struct'and operate these jamming station and the you workers who
receive 7 menthe' training under the Eumgarten Poet leerning how to
install and maintain the loudspeaker facilities, A25/ Te. their man
,mulet be added those spent by the 'Amt.?and police personnel in sur-
veillanme in suppressing listening to Weetern broadcasta,' addit
there, are those man -boura that go into the preparation of newspaper
broadcast programs and speeches-terCommunist Party officials in an
to refute the claims made in Western broadcasts,
,:lte the second category the effect.; of the Western broadcast
the actions of the people are to some;extent definitive end in othe
perhaps only cenjeeturale.: In December 1.951 the Nemzet eta
from the time of-the severeigntyrestoraticn of eengery4.3-1.34,7,
5 yloiro, "every te 4e-vera there were sets of sabotegeo slandering
declerationse. Or other interventions in the internal ffairs of our
country on the part of the USA,. Sven so the list is net eoppletei,
could keep adores, for instaece,:.of the nuMber of libelous Vituperat
emitted by the %A or D7S', urging the overthrow of the legel orde
the country." ere were. also reports of "incidentrehwhere buying
or food hoarding were caused by information that a currency reform,
shortage ,of reintroduction of rationing wad pending iibere were re
that some2ungarians responded positively to aan exhortation to g
"silent strike" for a week .(126 el single radio measmge beamed at B
on liberation in 1951 i soli to have broUght a tremoous rectionc
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on
articles,
effort
on
cases
that
ely
or who
one
of
roes
food
orts
on a
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It is reported that folloiing the messes*, fires brae out in rectories,
munitions pleats exploded, WAS police sad AMP were mobtlised, and meee
bore of the Patty and. even Counell Presidents were put under special
surveillence to see if they had taken part in it. 1@1/
S. Enngerinn Press end Radio Negation to WesternRadiobroadeests
The eppereet concern at the tppaat of 'VOA and WE broadcasts en
the Sungerien people%has been voleed on numerous occasions since about
1950 tm the press, over the radio, and byeCommunist Party officials,
Typie 1 phrases used ere "mass nurdirers and Bast militia men," "liars
bereft of reason," and there have been camplaints that their factual nee.
breadeasts, "disturbed the workers pee of mind and their struggle for
peoce" 12?/ Xeinecebber 1951 the ilumgarism 6overnment publisheit aWhite
Etok entiiiet Doeume to of VIM Seattle Activities of the United Statee
GOtArJrUL
oTWroSiislktery-2 pages.. TEC-lest chapter includes reference to F7E
end etetes that the troadc to throw "forth slander and incitement eget st
theetungerian Peeples Republic fee twelve hours m day" in oddition
thome haws of ruatobrouiesists directed byenati ( 132/ The various attempts
to .refute Western broadevists and the vile ettecks mode ae them seem to
show that those in authority in the 'grangerism Corsaunist Party ore deftnitely
comer d about Western troadcests,
Wends and Conclusions:
The Sungarlaarediobroadcest transmission feeilities at present
follow very closely the physical locations of transmitters that existed
prior to World War XT. Since the war, with perheps some slight changes
la antenna. locations, these fecilities have been rebuilt with merked in-
ceease in power output. %bey have now almost quedrupled the total
kilowattoge of the eremar trensmitterse Piens eppear to be under way to
eXteui these facilities to laclude Szombathely end Szeged, These additional
statiees ehould certsinly provide emple dispersion Of fatilities And
adequete ,over ge for the entire country. Some newspapers, however, claim
thet station installstions ore propeeed for still other locations.
All of the demotic transmitters in eungary operate In the medium
freqemecy bend, and. there ere no iodic tions'thet other frequerey
eel' be utilized. in this eereles. A few reports mention stations equipped
with eicroeeve ontennes in the northern part of Mumgary. These sppear to
be e pert pf a ezeehoslavak clues end not apart a sunskryge ceenunicetione.
*'a
r"-Aireir4dolmt Notaries Wefense ola the State), the Eungerlen security
or .tiatione
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leievision has been_planned and.discussed:in Ungar* for ye go
but it veal:ably will not be in operetiOnebefore 1.954,or:possibly 1 5,,
Oo present or planned use of freVent*WOove:30Aegedip1es for.
broadeesting* either amplitude. Moduletian 0144Vorfrequeney MOdnlat one
On have been reported, '
Sungery apperently hes all theitedhnicsa knowledge end memna
featurieg facilities required to produagerediobroedcest receivers t meet
domestic needse Repots show thatAt-hae exported receivers and rs eo
parts, especially tubee, since long before World,Wer .L.te ?Metal dere
to menufeeturers he no donbtedeereased considerably the produeti of
the better .typed receivers intended for breedcest reception :,- thos with
ell three radiobroadcast frequency bads .-- and have increaged the roe
dnetion of People 'e r iobroadcest receivers end loudepeakers, The most
deterring fmetor? eowevero in the widespremd use of the better reee vers
is their cost, whieh is epproxinately 3.4)00 forints (C. bout $270),..
To prevent listening to Western reetiobroadcest "propagenda buts,
et the sem time, te tree its home service reception base and con-
serve rev materiels; which eppeer inadeqnste to supply other urgent needs
mod conaiderationso %uegery hes et.loyed two coursen of ection sire
mbot 1950. The firet was mess produetion of People"s radiobroedem t
receiverm designed. to receive the progremm of only 2 Leadcpest trmns itting
stationa or 1 of the Aimgerimn rely stationse The cost of these r
ceivereo 380 fori teo epparently makes them papules* among those Eun erians
Who otherwise vould net afford to own a rediabroadeest recetvere Si porta
indicete that the Communist Party hes undoUbtedly met with some sue e:' in
in
getting the people to buy theee radiobroedeast receivers, The extt t of
succese in preventiag listening to Western rediobromdeaste, however is
vestionable le that reports show that with cereful manipulation or emsy
elteretion these eeeeivers @ire cepeble of receiving some Western r to-
broedeaat progreve,,
. The other eourne employed hese been the ineteiletion of wire
diffrazion loudepeeeergo This method of preventing ligtenimg to Wes ern
reliobromdeasts is most effective, stare tile progrems broadeeet-ere Party
prepared end controlleaL tnformation relett to the number of lo -
epethere in gerviee indicates that the goal of 500?007, get Tor 1954 the
end of the nye Yeeer Plano may not be met by approximately 20 perce t,?
If the Commanist perty believes that the Otpredio is effeettve in e rbing
Western rediobroedneet limteningo the wire-diffusion yot bq met
fr
by em r to 40 percent, There ere some slight Laic tions that UI'
my
may MPeen,
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The Bungerien authorities.arpeerito possess every legel means to
prevent listening to Western radiobeoadeasts0 hunegary vas the first
tellite country to enadt nine vhich restricted the right of ownership
and uae of radio installations, ftie-bii-authorizes the Eungarien authorities
to requisition or confiecate rediarvedcast receivers, withdraw licenses
issue& to operate them, remove component parts tram theme or to piece le
seal on them, They hive St law which prOlbits listening to Weatern
troadconts mnd one prohibiting disiemination of Information heard awe.
5U rediobroadcests, Prison terms limited to 15 years, fines of several
hundred forints, confiscations et propenty, and evacuations to unproduttive
erase appear to be of concern to the people and ere talked ebout, but the
rumber of sueh instances that can be direetly attributed to listening to
Western radiative/Inmate are fewr. These laws have undoUbtelly curbed
listening to some extent, but they have not been too successfnl, beeouse
they hmve not been enforced,. Although the Communist Party hem imposed
some severe neesures against certnin groups, such as enneuatien to sub-
mnrginel loeelitlea, they huve been egeinst small minorities and the
Party mmy feel tbet their control or gungary is not sufficient to ottempt
at this time sueh meesures ma enforcement of the lmws pertaining to
radiobroetemst lietening? which would effect eo largo n number of the
populatiw
?The removsl of parts, the *iterating of receivere so they nen
receive only local programs, the reduction in the availability of the
better receivers and their prohibitive costs, the estmblishment of group
lieteaing centers me. the installation of wire-diffUsien loudspeekers
ere being employel on am ever-increasing bests, and effect lietening
Ousgary,
The Dumber of jamming stations has increased cOnsiderebly sinee
1950, ilhe number of new station's reeorted in 1952 was three times those
reported Me 1951., The number of sueh stations reported in 1953 wns
About the sem number reported for 1952. Jamming of Westere broadeests
has been quite effective in urban see induatriel *enters, eepeeislly in
the vicinity of 1=ludapest where the jmmmi stations ere most henvily
coneentrntedoXt is expected that the number of jamming stations in
&waxy will centinue to increase.,
The effectiveness of Weatern radiebroademsts on the Eungmrien
eeencmy la meesure, le in part by the materials erd man-hours of effort
directly consumed in the construction mna operation of Jamming atmtions
mM vire-diffusion ystena. The diveralom of these needed mmterlele
and. man-hours9 primmrily from the telecommunieatione industry, be
mdversely ne eceomplishments in this section of the country's euonomy.
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Many man-boars have been expendedjn the establishment sad
execution Of lairs directed to preven?tatening to Weatern broadc ta and
in attempts ki the radioy.pritsa,,ankCemmuntat Party to )$ms
made in these broadcasts,: This alsostralna the economy and:adver ely
affects the mora/e of the people,
DefectOrk, both professiona1,4*4 st11e persons, t tete that
Western broadeaste influenced their decisions to escape, .
idents or sabotage, slowdowns, Unsatisfactory work, and
destruction of property appear to have been inspired by Western br eats,
These are but indications of the effectiveness of such broadcasts the
Rumwrian economy and cannot be specifically evaluate&
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APPERC TX A
Schedule or VOA itroadesitts to Hungary .1,1
rtebrusry 1953
Or Leal Broadcasts
?
igoo
to
1930
traneml Wag
,Pa_neiram Comte/et. Locations
Fr e quene le s
-..--111112a21.9 _
Complete World newt OZ 153000 152to, 119no, 9650
Utaonike Welay) 790 -
auger (Re1e4) 71700 6140
gkletiSLYEMIttlYtdaY
News and features of
special Bungariss
interest. Comment
on Latest develop-
ments in auegary
to oounteract Com-
munist influences,
Thuray-
Publie activities of
Mungarians on free
soil,
40PASFAAJEMNY
Cultural series,
interviews with
aumgari,os in as ?
represents life in
the US?
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5W1
20k5
to
2115
213D
to
2145
,
Snhedule of Droadeatts? :to Hungary
IlebruarY 1953
(0ontip:aed)
t_plLton
PW47,
Coaplete World Hews
lits2,,,alm_through Frilyg
Iftem as for 1910 to
193 program.
potur4mlnd $unday
36210 as for 1900 to
1931) program.
Transmitting
Locations
Oaloniko. (Reilly))
!tangier (Melo)
3611,i
ftnich origination)) Munivt
International news, Tangier
neve and comments
inside Eungary and
other Yro Cur-
tain areass, Inter-
views with escapees,
2315 Repeat of 2045 to
to 2115 Program
2345
0015 Repeat of 2045 to
to . 2115 Program
0045
Tangier
"Courier"
?OVIZIC--=
Vre clue= ie
fKil ouc le
15330, -11900 1
WOD 9521
7
9500p
(.0
63.110
1195
7270, 6040
9635, 9545, 7270
6080
754).
72t0, 6015, 1395
15 p
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Schedule of VOA ryroadcests to Nungery 330/
February 1953
(COntinued)
Transmitting
locations
?Frequencies
_
0245 Repeat of 2045 to
to 2115 Program uicb 1195
0315 Salonika 790
Armed 74:woes Net-
.0430
to
Repeat of 213) to
2145 Program
work: MUnich
Stuttgart
Munich
546 (Saturday through TUes-
day',
1100 (Wednesday through
Friday')
1195
? 0445
1015
Repeat of 21 it to
to
2145 Program
Munich
7250, 6140
1030
'1145
Repeat or 3130 to
to
2145 Program .
Munich
95400 72500
6140
1200
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APPENIAX f3
Radiobroadeast Transmitting Stations Operating. in Hungary
Prior to World, War IX and in 1948
1.,
fit_aticip. 1,1c-cat1on
Frequency
Eadapest
546
Duclayest
359,5
yiregybass.
1,122
Pees
1,465
k4Segyoroirar
1,321
Miskolc
1,438
?ItassaiJ
1,158
Total
Power ?Kilo-
watts)
iPoo;1
(cl 31
120u00
18.00
6.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.50
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Frequency Power
SALLME2:12.12). i41?wqai
546
135,M
1,o0
&CO
'p121
10465
1.25
19321
0,,40
1p438
1,25
W
146.3o
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APPENDIX C
ternacomon
This reportcontains.qualitative rather than quantitative information.
Few precise figures 'have been inOluded.
The number of radiobroadcast hours broadcast to the Hungarian people,
both foreign and domestic, was Obtained froi overtly pOblished materials
of the radiobroadcast agencies and from reports based on monitoring.
The estimated number ofradiobroadcast receivers was taken from CIA
finibhed intelligence reports through 1951. The 1952-53 estimates were
based on Hungarian ?radio and press reports.
The 1950-53 estimates of Wire-diffusion excbareea and loudspeakers
were also determined from Hungarian preSs and :radio reports. The increase
In number of exchanges for 1952 and 1993 is estimated on the annoUnced
total installations -of loudspeakers, .
The estimated number ofradiobroadcast...receivers produced in Hungary
for the years 1946-52 were taken from finished -intelligence reports and.
recent .information. The 1953estimates are straightline increases
In production, justified to sane extent by mass production of inexpensive
People's radiobrosdcast receivers.
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APPEN:aX
GAPS IN INPELLIGEWE
General.,
Although there is considerable raw information available, there 1$
a lack -of sufficient confirmation cl!' this information in reports,
?Otatistical information after 1949 in inadequate and lacks (!onfirmation
Most finished intelligence materials date back P1951 and. before and
are, therefore, inadequate in scope.
2, qpecitic,
Tnformation is heeded -as to the reasons for the lack of effort on the
part, of the authorities to enforce the laws which_ exist relating to all
phases- of radiobroadeast listening,
nurrent information is needed -to break duwn the number of li,!ensed
receiver subsc"ribers into loudspeakers ana rhalobr-"dcast reiverf,
Their distribution, area-wise and by nature of the audianee, would be
helpful- The radiobroadcasting ree.,eiver information should aLow
number of People's radiobroadcast receivers licensed, as well as toe
total radio receivers lie'ensed,
Little imformation such as, personnel, materi.M.s, and other it i.
available concerning the conomir aspects of radlobrondcast program and
station operations and jamming station operations,
Production information is very imaequate,
related to speciffr prodle,:ers Y,ntormatton is
cbility of the various typs of rar113broarleas.r,
facturers, and pri.:yes, Nevspiver articles
need confirmation
and svtistios ,:l'euln.ct he
needed as t7J the avoll-
renetverq, their
other reports and statement,o
'It would be helpful to knov the ext,7,,nt coneldewse Party.
authorities In the People's radlobToadcast receiver tc, mtrlAize lAstening.
to Western radiobrondoasts; the extrIt to wnl.h rt o rerei%cer:.i are. being
altered to render them inapable of receiving WelF,tern -7aJdibrodcasta
and. the progress being made in the inv.:allatL4 wir-e-dln:Tt3ton icud-
speakers, both by number and ne4mE:5 of the to,IT,5 where thy
are installed,
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?
3, paps,
Efforts to fill gaps are twofold. The broad, long-range,
efforts are (1) those employed by the Telecommunications Worki
of the EXCJiubcommittee on Requirements and Facilities for Col
undertaking to develop a complete new set of requirements Manu
on specific capabilities of the collection agencies, together
establishment of priorities by subject matter and country and
plementing this program, working groups of the EIC Subcommitte
Electronics and Telecommunications are prepaTing 4 set of surv
on the Satellite countries which will measure the state of our
In the field, the deficiencies, and causes of the deficiencies
Should improve both the quantity and quality of raw materials
at least some of the wider gaps
As for the specifin efforts, advantage is taken of knowled
sources discovered in the daily reading process by the initiat
specific requirements geared. to our known gaps and to the sour
petence. Many of these requirements conce7ned the subject mat
rel?ort Vumerous requests for requirements are being responde
this field.
S-E-C-R-E-T
010001-2
ontinuing
g Group ,
tion in
latesed
ith the
2) com-
on
y sheets
intelligence
This
d fill
?eable
on of
%es com-
er of this
to in
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WORCES-AND EVALUKIION OF 0OURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources.
.....11r71CRIare.niSSCRP.Milf.40,....11111ANS1.1?4100.
s =tam.1,11-
A, Hunerian ivoadeasauliatem,
25X1X7 {1) The information used Cballe from an unpublished VIO,
and, from overtly published articles appearing in pUblications and
covert reports.
25X1X7
(2)? These reports for the most part?confirm each other ena mere
taken as having good reliability
:3, Receiving Eq11.102nt in nungary,
25X1X7
(1) The information used enme from LA. WIE NL, and
from covert and. oVert do:....uments and reports,
(2) These sources are ccmsidered to contain reliable information,
.(3) The information relating to vire-diffusion installations and.
those pertaining to the Peoples' radio receivers are froM fragmentary
intelligence reports, and the snm credence of reliability ctannot be
given the information on the other receivtng equipment,
C. Regulations and toaditions of listening,
The informatin on regulations for the moat pert came from
overtly puh1ishee4 8rticqes appearing in publications and other reports,
Ihis information is believed to have good rellnbility.
The information relating to conditiona of listening from
fragmentary intellignce reports ond $Are quite dial"onnecAed. .11.e sem
eredence of reliability connot be given it aa is given the informfAicv
on regulations.
The information pertaining to jsmming is also from fragmentary
intelligence reports.. Wormation as to the effectiveness of jamming
in the industrial centers of Kungtiry, however, the ,:onfirmations of
location give the information fair reliability,
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D. Effectiveness of Western Radiobroadcasts.
(1) Information relating to the size of the audience was ragmentary
in nature and for the most part came from unevaluated reports. T are are
indications, however, which offer a sound basis on which to arriv at con-
clusions. Therefore, it is estimated that the information rates fair
reliability,
(2) The information on the nature of the audience is in t$ same
category as that relating to its size and warrants the same degree of
reliability.
2- Sources.
Evaluations., following the classification entry and designated "Eval.,"
have the following significance
- Source of Information
A - Completely reliable
? - Usually reliable
C - Fairly reliable
D - not usually reliable
E - Not relinble
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