CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY SOVIET AGRICULTURE

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• Publication Date: July 17, 1953
• Content Type: IR

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SECURITY INFORMATION
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT ?
CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY SOVIET AGRICULTURE
CIA/RR PR-34
17 July 1953
NOTICE
The data and conclusions contained in this report do not
necessarily represent the final position of ORB and
should be regarded as provisional only and subject to
revision. Additional data or comments uhich may be
available to the user are solicited.
WARNING
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL
DEFENSE OF THE UNITKO STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE
ESPIONAGE LAU,, TITLE 18, USG, SECS. 793 AND 794, ME TRANS-
MISSION OR REVELATION OF WHICH IN ANY MINER TO AN UNAUTHORTZED
PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
.surbriamia
DOCUMENT NO.
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0 DECLASSIFIED
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COMMITS
Page
Summary . .... . ? . . OOOOOOOOOOO . .?006 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 1
1. Introduction . . 4 a OOOO 0 0.1.? 000 0 ? 0000 ? 0 0 ? 1
2. Breakdown of Consumption iopacia00pao0?0?0000* 2
a. By Type of Agricultural Macavine ? 6 ?0 0 0 0 0.0 00a? a 2
b . By Petroleum Product . ? ? 0 af?VOGOO? a ? a . 5
c. By Economic Region' , ? 0 ? 4 OOO ****** Oa . 6
Mpendixes
Appendix A. Methodology . . . 00000a? ?090?0? ?00 0 0.0. 8
1. Agricultural Tractors . . ?......?.......? on 0 8
a. 1940, 1947, and 1951 . . 4 ? 00.04006000060 a 8
b. 1950 and 1952-55 . . 0 0 0 0 0 ? a 0 a 0 0 ??? 0 a 0 4 0 1.2
2, CoMbines ......... . . . . *a a 0 ? 0 0 0. 0 16
O401
a. Prewar . ...?..?...? ? 414V19.0 4** 0 0
b. Postwar .
? 0 0 0 G0 a a a0 6 a0 IV? 0 IOa 0 0
3. Stationary Motors in Agriculture and Tractors in the
?17
.17
TiMber Industry .........? ?....... . 19
4. Preliminary Estimates of the Consumption of Petroleum
Products by Nbtor Transport in Agriculture . . . 20
Appendix B. Gaps in Intelligence .?.* 06000060 ? 0 ? ? 23
1. Agricultural Tractors . 6 0 9 0 0 ? 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 23
a. 19400 1947, and 1951 ? 06000/0004000 0 a V 9 0 23
b.. 1950 . . ? . 06?04 0000?400 a a a 23
c* 1952..55 0 .0 00100 000000000000?00-' 0 0 0 0 0 23
2. Combines ?0 9, 0 0 7 m.004,1000 acoaaaaa?? a 0 0 0 0 24
3. Stationary Mbtors. in Agriculture and Tractors in the
TiMber Industry ? V V ? 0 " 24
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11111NEMONMEr..-.
Pace
4, Motor Transport in Agriculture. . . . . . . . ? . .
. . . . . 24
5, Possible Further Refinements . . . . . . .
.. . . . 0. . ? . 24
Appendix C, Sources and Evaluation of Sources . . .. . . . . . 0, 1 . . 26
Chart
FolialnaLEwe
Ettimated Consumption of Petrolemu Products by Agriculture in
the USSR O.041q0,10 ?00o00a0000OPOOap0001
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CIA/RR PR-1.
(ORR Project 25.16.1)
? mama INFMIATION
CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY SOVIET AGRICULTURE*
Summary
The importance of agricultural traztors, cotbines, and stationary
motors as consumers of. petroleum products is illustrated by the fact
that these units consumed over 30 percent of the distillate petroleum
products -- gasoline, ligroine? kerosene, and diesel fuel -- manufactured
In the USSR in 1951. 'Coneumption of petroleum products by these units in-
creased from 5.5 million to 7.6 million metric tons per year between 1940
and 1951. Based on the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55), agricultural con-
sumption** should increase to 13.5 million metric tons by 1955.
Traetore account for a very large pert of the consumption of petroleUm
products by Soviet agriculturee As a result, tractor kerosene is the
most important Soviet agricultural fuel. Kerosene represented 58 percent
of ell agricultural consumption in 1951. Diesel fuel, however, is becoming
increasingly important as a tractor fuel, Diesel fuel accounted for only
3 percent of the total fuel consumption, by agriculture in 1940, whereas it
-will account for almpst 29 percent of the total in 1955. Iigroine,
important before the war as a tractor fuel, has become less significant
in the postwar period. Consumption of lubricants by agriculture is on the
increase, partly because of the heavier regnirements of diesel tractors
for lubricants.
It is believed that a considerable degree of confidence may-be placed
In these estimates, since, it has been possible to derive data from Soviet
sources for 1940, 1947, and 1951. Forecasts incladed in this report are
based on an acceptance of the data in the Fifth Five Year Plan,
1. Introduction.
Mae significamoe of agriculture an a consumer of petroleum products in
the USSR is indicated by the fact that agricultural tractors, combines,
* This report contains information as of 31 December 1952.
** The consumption of petroleum products by motor transport in agriculture
Is not reported in the body of the text, but a preliminary estimate is
given in Appendix A4 Section 4.
(.11.06.0.1110?01.0.91.041.14.1?.,
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and stationary motors are estimated to have consumed more than 18 percent
of all the petralsemIrroducts produced in the USSR in 1951. Nbre
important, theee units consumed over 30 percent of all the distillate
petroleum products (gasoline, heroine,. kerosene, and diesel) produced in
the USSR in the same year. These are the petroleum products whien have
particular strategic importance, eince they include the principal military
fuels,
2. tatlEloatt511.22122mtlm.
a. a_apas..f.kzlm1_-_tur iachine
The estimated consumption of petroleum products by sericulture in
the USSR during 1940-55 is summarized in Table 1* and on the accompanyine
chart* These eetimates include the petroleum products consueed by
tractor's, cobbines, and stationary motors in sericulture and the retroleum
products consumed by tractors in the timber industry.
The anounts of petroleum products used for the generation of
electric power in agricultural iastallations in the USSR are not included
in these estimates. The petroleum products consumed by motor transport in
Soviet aericulture are also excluded from the present estimates, eince it
ie more convenient, 'when detainer with the consumption of petroleum products
in the USSR, to treat all motor transport as a unit. -It is, hcerever,
recognized that there is occasional need for estinates of the consumption
of petroleum products by notor transport in Soviet aericulture, atd
prelindnary order-of-mamlitude estimntes for this item are presented in
Appendix Al Section 4,
Frmn 1-11P data presented in Table 1 and the accompaeying chart, it
maybe noted that consumption of petroleum products by the agricultural
machines indicated is estimated to have increased from a total of 5,5 million
metric tons in 1940 to approximately 706 million metric tons in 19511 an
increase of about 36 percent. Projected consumption in 1955, based on data
from the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55), reaches a level of almost 13,5
million metric tons. This level would represent an increase of 145 percent
over the prewar level and of about 105 percent over the 1950 level,
Consieerable confidence may be placed in the estimates of past ana
present consumption of petroleum products by aericelltural tractors, az
presented in Table 1. This is especially true for the estimates for 1940,
1947, and 1951, where the range of error should not exceed plus or minus
5 percent, since these estimates are based on Soviet figures conzernine
consumption of petroleum products (see Appendix A). In the case of estimates
* Table 1 folloes on
*I* The chart, Estimated Consumption of Petroleueertoducts by Agriculture
In the USSR, 1940, 1947-55, follows p,
2 e
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13
0
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0-
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Table 1
Estimated Consumption /* of Petroleum Products
by Agricultu_e in the USSR *b.' by Types of Msehinei
1940, 1947, and 1950-55
91 Million Metric Tons
X
aT 1940 1947 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955
m
m
0
m Agricultural Tractors
_.%
CAD
CAD Gasoline
CAD Licroine
8 Kerosene
CAD
8 Diesel
K3 Lubricants
..
0
5;
Subtotal 5.09 4,38 6.16 7,07 8.34 2t,12 11.14 12,71
33
0 Combines
-a
.4 , Gasoline 0.35 0.26 0.30 0.41 0.51 0.57 0.62 0.66
CAD
O lubricants 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0,01
_.%
CAD Sabtotal 0.36 0.27 0.31 0,42 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.67
c)
GI
I>
c) Stationary Motors and the Timber
c) Industry
c)
4b.
c)
c) Gasoline0,05 0.05 0.05
D
c) iesel D.A.
0,05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0?05
K3 ISI,A- 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0.05 0,05
c)
c)
c) Subtotal 0,05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0,10 0,10 0.10
l')
-a
0.06 0.07 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27
0.88 0.53 0.38 0.39 0.44 0.47 0.52 0.56
3.51 3.32 4.01 4.40 4.84 5.43 6.02 6.65
0.17 0.05 1.00 1.40 1.98 2.52 3.13 3.81
0.47 0.41 0.64 0.74 0.90 1.06 1.23 1.41
* Footnotes to Table I follow on p,
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RESMICTED
Table 1
<
Estimated Consumption W of Petroleum Products
by Agriculture in the USSR 12/ by Types of Machines'
1940,, 1947, and 1950-55
(Contimed)
Million Metric Tons
CD
a.
11
0
CD
ET'
C,)
CD
194o
1947
195o
1951
1952
1954
1955
-a
.1953
CAD
CAD
Total
CAD
25
Gasoline
o.46
0.38
0.48
0.60
0.74
0.83
0,91
0.98
CAD
Ligroine
o.88
0.53
0.38
0.39
0.44
0.47
0.52
0.56
Kerosene
3.51
3.32
4.01
4.40
4.04
5.43
6.02
6.65
Diesel
0.17
0.05
1_05
1.45
2.03
2.57
3,18
3,86
Libricants
0.48
0.42
0.65
0.75
0,91
1.07
1.24
1.43
Tots/ All Products
5.50
4.70
6.57
7.59
8.96
10.37
11.87
13.46
a, z:sed on consumption of petroleum products
and solvents used for maintenance and overhaul
used by motor transport in agriculture.
b. See Appendix A for the derivation of these
during operation.
of machines, nor does
1 ? -
figures.
MSTRICTED
s not incluije fuels, lu ricants,
it incluLe petroleum products
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Millions of Metric Tons
14
12
10
RESTRICTED
ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
BY AGRICULTURE IN THE USSR
1940,. 1947-55*
8
6
4
2
Gasoline
Ligroine
Kerosene
Diesel
FT Lubricants
? Data Point
/
/
P
/ /
/ /
/
/
/
fi /
/
14
12
10
1940
1947
1948
1949
I I-
1950 1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
Based on Fifth Five-Year Plan
Excludes consumption of Motor Transport in Agriculture
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concerning present and pant consumption. by combines, the range of error
should not exceed plus or minus 10 percent, Care ehould be exercised ia
'using the estimates covering stationary motors and tractors in the tinher
industry. It seenn probable, however, that the over-all estimates of con-
sumption by agriculture should not be in error by more than plus or mines
10 percent for east and present periodo. Since estimates for the period
1952-55 are based largely on. Fifth Five Year Plan data, it is not poasible
to estimate the degree of error which may-be present,
The accompanying chart presents eraphicaliy the total consumption
of petroleum products by the agriculturalnmchines Chown ia Table 1. From
the chart it eay be noted that the consumption of all types of petroleum
products by them agricultural machines decreased between 1940 and 1947,
This decrease vas largely a result of the depletion of the Soviet tractor
park ,during World War /I. Since 1947, consumption of all typee of petroleum
products has been increasing anent-illy, although the rates of groeth in the
denend for varioun products home differed. Between 1950 and 1955 the upward
trend in the consumption of almost all petroleum products is expected to
continue,
b. litzle_t?Es.y_ma_92:12110x,
An mill be seen from the chart, kerosene was the prineipal
agricultural fuel in the prewar period and is expected to continue to be the
most important feel, epantitatively. The relative importance of kerosene,
however, is expected to decline. In 1940, kerosene accounted for 63 percent
of all petroleum products coneumed by agriculture: By 1951 this percentage
had fallen to about 58 percent, and by 1955 it is expected to decline to
Just under 50 percent,
Diesel fuel, on the other band, has become more important as an
agricultural fuel in the postwar period because the proportion of the tractor
park which is diesel-powered has been steadily increaninge in 1940, diesel
feel accounted for only 3 percent of all petroleum products consumed by
agriculture, by 1951 it accounted for 19 percent, and by 1955 it is expected
to account for almost 29 percent.
?
The demand for both fuels increases absolutely during the periods
considered, but the denand for kerosene is expected to increase by only 89
percent between 1940 and 1955, whereas the demand for diesel fuel In
agriculture is expected to increase by almost 2,200 percent during the same
period, This increase reflects the increasing number of diesel tractors used
in agriculture,
Ligroine is becoming progressively less important as an agricultural
fuel. In 1940, ligroine accounted for about 16 percent of the total
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agricultural reqairements. By 1951, 'Igraine accounted for only 5 percent
of the total agricultural consumption. The decreased importance of ligroin
tractors accounts for this decreased consumption.
The consumption of gasoline end lubricants accounts for the remainder
of the consumption of petroleum products by agricultural tractors, combines,
ann stationary motors. Gasoline consumption, never quantitatively an
important part of the total consumption of these units, nevertheless shows a
significant inerease between 1940 and 1955. This is a result of increased
revirements for gasoline as a starter fuel for tractors consuming heavier
petroleum products and of the inereased consumption of gasoline by combines.
The consumption of lubricants also shows a significant increase, particularly
because diesel tractors, which account for an increasingly large part of
the tractor park, consume a higher percentage of lubricants in relation to
basic fuels.
e, REIRE2E1LEszlon
Table 2** presents a breakdown of total consumption of fuel by
agricultural tractors, combines, and stationary motors in the USSR by economic
regions for 19400 1950, and 1955. Because the breakdown wad made on the basis
of 1951 Plan data and is not considered .-tb be accurate, only the total con-
sumption of all petroleum products by these agricultural machines has been
prorated to the various economic regions. These estimates must be regarded as
having a ?range of possible error of plus or minus 10 percent for 1940 and a
progressively larger range thereafter.
on this breakdown it may be noted that Ecommic Regions Ins 1Vs VI,
and VII account for the greatest coneamption of fuel by these agricultural
machines.
Thee four regions, taken together, account for over 61 percent
of the total consumption of petroleum products by Soviet agriculture.
* The term region in this report refers to the economic regions defined
and nudoered SETIKNiall 12408, 9-51, USSR: Economic Regions.
** Table 2 follows on p.7.
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RESMICTED
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RESTRIMED
Table 2
Estimated Regional Consumption of Petroleum. Products
by Agriculture in the USSR
1940, 1950, and 1955
Amount .
111111a112I1.19....201/
Economic Region 1950 1955
Percent
of
Total Consumption
Northwest (Ia)
,100.0
10.03
o.c4
o.o8
o.6
Northern European USSR (Ib)
0.03
0.04
o.o6
0.6
Baltic MO
0.18
0.21
0.43
3,2
Belorussia (Ilb)
0,08
0,09
0.19
1,4
Ukraine (III)
1.16
1.38
2.83
21.0
Lower Don-North Caucasus (IV)
0,61
0.74
1.51
11.2
Transcaucasus (V)
0.07
0.09
0.18
1.3
Volga (VI)
Central European USSR (Vn)
Urals (VIII)
0.91
0.69
0.53
1.08
0.83
0.63
2.22
1.70
1.29
16.5
12,6
9.6
West Siberia (10
0.44
0.53
1.08
8.0
Kazakh SSR (Xa)
0.28
o.33
0.69
5.1
Central Asia (Xb)
0,27
0.32
0.66
4.9
East Siberia (XI)
0.16
0.19
0.39
2,9
Far East (XII)
0.06
0.07
0,15
1.1
Total
5.50
6.57
13.48
IP+
-g Footnote references in arabic numerals aro to sources listed in Appendix C.
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APPENDIX A
METHODOLOGY
1, Agricultural Tractors,
a, 121122.1211aLeS1-1951?
Consumption of petroleum products by agricultural tractors is
calculated by multiplyieg the average consumption of petroleum products per
hectare* of tractor work by the numbers of hectares of tractor work per-
formed, Ia order to do this, it is necessary to know the total number of
hectares of tractor work performed in a year, broken down into hectares
worked by kerosene, diesel, and ligroine tractors, together with the average
feel expenditure per hectare by each of these types of tractor in the same
year, Fortunately, Soviet sources have supplied all the factors necessary
for making these calculations for tree-Ws in machine tractor stations (ITS's)
during 1940, 1947, and 1951. The teak has been simplified by the fact that
Soviet reports of tractor performance for all types of tractor work are Con-
verted by Soviet statisticians into a standard accounting unit -- the hectare
of soft plowing -- so that there is no neceseity to take into account the
effect of different types of tractor work on fuel consumption.
Table 3** details the celculation of the consumption of faels and
lubricants:by agricultural tractors located in the MTS's in 1940, 1947, and
1951. Consumption of lubricants and consumption of gamoline used for starting
tractors using heavy fuels are calculated from Soviet norm for expenditure
of these products as a percentage of total fuel expenditure.
All data supplied by Soviet sources deal only with the tractors
located in the MTS's, and no similar data were found for tractors on State
farms. In order to eetimate the fuel consumption of all agricultural tractors
in the USSR, it waz necessary to WC estimates of the percentage of ;total
agricultural horsepower owned by the NT S's. This task was made easier by the
fact that Soviet sources usually discuse tractors in terms of an accounting
unit -- the 15-horsepower tractor -- and because Soviet sources provide data
on the productivity of this accounting unit. %le validity of this metbed
also depends on the unverified assumption that on the land worked by the State
farms there in the same percentage breakdown between hectates worked by -
kerosene, ligroine, and diesel tractors.
* One hiCtarj equals 2.471 acres.
401 Table 3 follows on p. 9.
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Table 3
culation of the Consumption of Petroleum Products by Agricultural
Tractors in Machine Tractor Stations
1940, 1947, and 1951
alti JoA panoiddy
73
m Types of
m? Tractor
1.40
0,
MOSene
CD
0,
arOrZ 2:/*
MY Model
MZEATI c/ Model
al for Kerosene
oTractors
-0
Ligtoine
CD
Diesel
CD
up
%Anal for 1940 100
E5
CD
Experienced
Total Fuel
Laricant
lubricant
Gasoline
Gasoline
m
VollapP of Work 2
Volume of Work 3./
Ebel Consumption II/
Consumption
Norms 2/
Consumption
. Norma ?/
Consumption -A
(Percent of
(Million Hectares
(Kilograms
(Million Metric
(Percent of
(Million Wtric
(Percent of
Metrickt
Tata Tractor Work)
of Soft Plowing)
per Hectare )
Tons'
Fuel)
Tons)
Fuel)
Tons)
Z13
CD
h,
54
12
20
6
* footnotes for Table 3 follow on p.11.
CD
CD
N3
CD
CD
CD
121.5
27.0
18.0
16.5
17.8
15.3
15.9
15.9
10.4
2.16
0.41
0.29
2.86
0.72
0.14
3.72
10.0
10.0
11.5
10.0
17.0
0.22
0.04
0.03
2422
0.07
0.02
0.38
1.5
1.5
3.0
1.5
3,0
0.03
0,01
Negligible
0.04
0
)
2)
1)
-4
CO
4)
CD
CD
G3
CD
CD
CD
4=6
45.0
13.5
225.0
0.01
Negligible
0.05
- 9 -
RESTRICMD
HESTItICTED
Table 3
C lculation of the Consumption of Petroleum Products by Agricultaral
Tractors in Machine Tractor Stations
1940, 1947, and 1951
(Continued)
0
CD
0
CD
U3
tID
Types of
Tractor
Volume of Work Ei
(Percent of
Total Tractor Work)
Volume of Work
(Million Hectares
of Soft Plowing
a
?
19217
54
17
97.5
14.5
30.7
ha
Kerosene
C)
)8DTZ Mbdel
*Model
3TZNATI Model
.4
TTotal for Kerosene
c3 Tractors
c)
likroine
79
13
142.7
23..5
12.
Zesei
a
2
3.6
Total for 1947
a
51
rosene
160.6
SK1TTZ Model
26.7
102.1
U Model
5.8
22.2
STNATI Model
30.3
115.9
Total for Kerosene
Tractors
62.8
240.2
1/
CD
0.
Experienced
Total Fuel
Lubricant
Laricant
Gasoline
Gasoline
Fuel Consumption ig
Consumption
Norms 2/
Consumption
Norms/
Consumption pp
(Kilograms
(Million Metric
(Percent of
(Million Mstric
(Percent of
(Million Metric 2.
per Hectari,..
Tons)
Fuel)
Tons)
Fuel
Tons)
19.5
17.3
17.9
18.2
12.3
16.4
14.0
15.2
1.90
0.25
0.55
2.70
10.0
10.0
11.5
10.0
17.0
10.0
10.0
U.S
0.19
0.03
0.06
0.28
1.5
1.5
3.0
1.5
3.0
1.5
1.5
3.0
0.03
Negligible
0.02
0,05
0.01
Negligible
0.06
CoCD
UD
4,
c)
UD
25
Ks
? .
0
-0
(1)
(4)
C.)
fJ
0.43
0.04
3.17
0.04
0.01
0.33
1.67
0.31
1.76
3.74
0.17
0.03
0.20
0.40
.03
Negligible
0.5
.08
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Table 3
Ca)cUlatiOfl of the Consumption of Petr olein Products by Agricultural
Tractors in Machine Tractor Stations
.1940, 1947, and 1951
(Continued)
X
m
ET
m
0 Types of
m
Tractor
Volume of Work 2/
(Percent of
Total Tractor Work)
Volume of Work .3./
(Million Hectares
2illatultaLml_
Experienced
Fuel Consumption Lt/
(Kilograms
per HectareL
Total Fuel
Consumption
(Million Metric
Tons)
Lubricant
Norms 2/
(Percent of
Fuel)
Lubricant
Consumption
(Million Metric
Tons)
Gasoline
Norms y
(Percent of
Fuel)
CD
Gasoline CD
Consumption w
(Million MetriT.
......A.
CAD
1 1
5,7
99.6
21.8
119.0
352,5
15.2
9.98
0.33
1.19
5.26
10.0
17.0
0.03
0.20
0.63
1.5
3.0
? CD
CD
K.1
Negligible
0
0.04
.12
mintinuel)
LiaMine
D120e1
I>
ilotal for 1951
OFTEZIreiaTTEEREav.Traktor
bP Universal,
0.40 Stalingrad Traktor Zavod, Nauchno
dowThere is a discrepancy in the total
e.g There is a discrepancy in the total
CD
CD
4=k
a
a
a
K.1
a
a
a
Zavod,
Autotraktornyy Institut (Scientific Automobile and. Tractor Institute),
because of a discrepancy in the source material.
because it was taken from a separate source.
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3oviet sources 'indicate that in 1940, 81,4 percent of the
horsepower of the Soviet agricultural tractor park was located in the
MTS's. I/ It has been assumal that this percentage lit8 the same in 1947.
It has been estimated that by 19512 85 percent of the total acricultural
tractor park:was located in the MS's. Table 4 presents estimates of
the consumption of petroleum products by all agricultural tractors in the
USSR derived by applying these percentage estimates to the data incluaed
In Table 3.
Table 4
Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products
by all Agricultural Tractors in the USSR
1940,
1947, and 1951
Million Metric Tons
Petroleum Products
1940
4947
1951
Kerosene
3.51
3.32
4.4o
Ligroine
0.86
0.53
0.39
Diesel
0.17
0.05
1.4o
LUbricants
0.47
0.41
0.74
'Gasoline
0.06
0.07
0.14
Total
2.za.
-4.38
7.07
Since the data in Table 3 were supplied completely from Soviet
sourcen, the estimates of fuel consumption by tractors in the MTS 's are as
reliable as the Soviet data themselves. In preparing Table 4 it is possible
that the estirnte of the percentage of total agricultural tractor horsepower
located in the MT S's is not accurate, but the error introduced by the use of
this percentage should not exceed plus or rinse 5 percent. The estimates of
consumption of,lUbricants and gasoline maybe sometihat law, since they are
derived from Soviet norms, uhich may be optimistic. The effect of this
error on the total consumption of petroleum products ahould be negligible,
since lubricanta and gasoline constitute only a small part of total petroleum
consumption.
13, 27221.m112.2117,2.,
The,hectere.PPW0Pah Used above ia aloo used in estimatiag
the consumption of petroleum products by agricultural tractors during the
base year used, 1950, and the period 1952-55. Data supplied by the Fifth
Five Year Plan permit this approach. The hectares workel by the different
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types of tractor were, however, computed by a. different method. The size
and breakdown of the park of agricultural tractors has been attempted and
used in conjunction with the average output per tractor.
In 1950 the USSR had an estimated tractor park of 800,000 15-horse-
power unite (see Table 5),* and the average yearly ,output per tractor was
469 hectares Of soft plowing. According to the Fifth Five Year Plan the
agricultural tractor park is to grow 50 percent, and the yearly output per
15-horsepower tractor unit is to increase 50 percent between 1950 and 1955.
The increase in the tractor park seems to be quite feasible, since an in-
crease in the park of 50 percent over 5 years represents a slower rate of
net growth than was the case during the last years of the Fourth Five Year
Plan (1946-50), The planned increase in the productivity of the 15-horse-
power tractor unit also seems within the realm of possibility, since overage
prewar tractors can be expected to drop out of the park through depreciation,
and new, more efficient ti-actors will take their place In any event, no
alternative estimates of the productivity of the Soviet tractor perk during
the period 1950-55 are presently available, and, therefore, Fifth Five Year
Plan data were used. in this report.
On this baeis, there is presented in Table 5 the estimated size
of the agricultural tractor park in 15-hor3epower units, as well as the pro-
ductivity per 15-horsepower tractor unit, for the period 1950-55. In
addition to the 1950 and 1955 data, derived as indicated above, 1951 data are
also derived from Soviet sources. During 1952-540 for which no direct evidence
is available, the increases in nutters of 15-horsepower tractor units and
productivity per unit necessary to reach the 1955 planned levels have been
equally prorated to each of these years.
The breakdown of the tractor park into different types of tractors
makes use of the statement from a Soviet source that, in 1950, 25 percent of
the agricultural tractor park horsepower was diesel (1/4 x 800,000 . 2000000) 21/
and that, in 1951, approximately one-third of the horsepower was diesel
(1/3 x 930,000 = 310,000). 22/ This would mean, apparently, that the diesel
tractor park increased from 200,000 to 3100.000,or by 110,000, 15-horsepower
units. From Table 5 it will be seen that the entire tractor park Showed a net
Increase of 130,000 15-horsepower units in 1951. This means that about 85
percent of the net additions of 15-hor8epover tractor units to the park in
1951 were diesel. This percentage has been used in determining the net number
of diesel units which were added to the park between 1951 and 1955. The re-
mining tractor units added In each year are considered to be kerosene-feeled.
In the case of ligroine tractors it is estimated that there were approximately
53,000 15-horsepower units in the park in 1951, since Table 3 indicates that
ligroine tractors performed a total of 21.8 million hectares of work, and the
average 15-horsepower unit perforned 484 hectares of work in the same period.,
These 53,000 ligroine 154iorsepower units are arbitrarily held constant through
the period.
Table 5 follows on p,14.
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Table 5
Estimated Size of the Agricultural Tractor Park of the USSR
am Estimated Average Productivity 3Per 15-Horsepower Tractor Unit
1950-55
Year
Estimated
Tractor Park
115-Horsepower
Unita)
4.1...1?01,....?????????VOIN.4.16?19..
. Estimated Productivity
per 15-Horsepower
Trocter Unit
1E14.2Fes of Softneagil
1950
Wookoo 2/
469 12/
1951
9300000 2/
484 12/
1952
997l000
539
1953
1,065,000
594
1954
1,132,000
649
1955
1,200,003
7o4
, State Department estimate.
Soviet source, 124/
Table 6 presents the estimated composition of the Soviet tractor
park derived from these assumptions. In order to Obtain the nuMbers of
Table 6
Estimated Composition of the Agricultural Tactor Park of the USSR
1950-55
Thousand 12.316112122t211.212EIEEUnits
Dne.L.3 2f_lractor
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
Diesel
200
310
368
426
484
542
Kerosene
547
567
576
586
595
605
Ligroine
53
53
53
53
53
53
Total
Boo
222,
221
2,22..26
1,132
-.--
1 200
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hectares worked well year by each tyre of tractor, the nuMber of 15-1iorse-
power tractors of each type is multiplied by the average output per
tractor. The reeults are presented in Table .7. The year 1951 haa been
omitted from Table 7, since data for thie year have already been preeented
in Table 3,
Table 7
Estimated Hectares Worked by the Agricultural
Tractor Park of the USSR, by Tye a of Tractee.
1950 and 1952-55
Million Hectares of Soft Plowing
IkEfeST.laqa
1.222
1952
1_2,5.1
19
1955
Diesel
94
398
253
314
382
Kerosene
Ligroire
257
25
310
29.
348
31
386
34
426
37.
Total
..4.71
537
632
734
?11.2
Tinally, to arrive .at fuel consumption for t1e. years between 1950
and 1955) the nutber of hectares worked by each type of tractor is multiplied
by the average fuel expenditure per hectare of that particlOar type of
tractor, Fuel consumption factors for 1951 are used for all years between
1950 and 1955. Though fuel consumption per hectare decreased between 1947
and 1951, there is no indication that further decreases will necessarily
occur; since the 1951 fuel Coneumetion per hectare is already below the 1950
level. Table .80 Summarizes the consumption of petroleum products by
agricultural tractors in the USSR calculated from the foregoing discussion,
Consumption of lubricants and starting gasoline was again calculated on the
basis of Soviet norms, with the small dixterence thRt no attempt has been
made to break down the censumption of these products as between the different
types of kerosene tractors, aed an average for all types of kerosene tractors
was used instead,
The range of error present in these estimates would appear to be
somewhat greater than that present in the estimates for 1940, 1947, and 1951,
The estimates for 1950 should not be in error by more than plus or minus
10 percent. The estimates for 1952-55 are subject to progressively greater
possible error, since they are based on the Fifth Five Year Plan. All the
estimates of consumption of lubricants and starting gasoline may be somewhat
law.
4-31-e7rTailows on p. 16,
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Table 8
Estimated Consumption of Fetroleuxa Products by all
Agricultural Tractors in the USSR
1950 and 1952-55
111en Metric Tons
Product
1250
122.
1225.
MIL
1222_
Kerosene
4.ol
4.84
5.43
6,o2
6.65
Ligroine
O.38
O.44
0.47
0.52
O.56
Diesel
1,00
1,98
2.52
3,13
3.81
inbricents
o.64
0,90
1.06
1.23
1,42
Gasoline
0,13
0.18
0.21
O.24
0.27
Total
6.16
99
11.14
Ral
2,
Codbines,
Consumption of petroleum.products by Agricultural combines is estimated
by a method similar to that used for agricultural. tractors, Briefly, cone.
gumption by conbines is calculnted by multiplying the number of hectares
harvested by coMbines by the unit fuel consumption per hectare.. -The prdblem
is simplified by the fact that all coMbines are believed to operate on
gasoline. It 18 eomplicated, however, by the fact that there are tiro basic
types of combine in operation in the USSR: tractor-drawn and self-propelled
coMbines, Both types are motor-driven, but the self-propelled cotbines eon-
eume more fUel-per hectare. It is therefore necessary to break dean the
nuMber of hectares harvested by combines into the amounts harvested by each
of the two types of combine: n Since thic breakdown is not directly available
from Soviet eources? it has been made on the basis of the estimated nuers
and productivities of the different types of coMbine: in the Soviet park,
The nuMber.of tote' hectares of grain crops harvested by coMbines during
1950 and 1951 has been estimated on the basis of Soviet information, Since
the.FiftbeFive Year P1 nn indicates no increase in the nueber of hectares of
grain crops during 1950-55, it has been assumed that for the. period 1952,55
it will remain constant at the 1951 level, Soviet sources aupply the per-
centage of total hectares of grain harvested by coMbinec in 1950 and 1951, and
the planned percentage increase for 1952 and 1955, This increase has been
prorated ovally to each of the years from 1953 through 1955. Table 9* shows
the estimatee which have been made of hectares harvested by codbines during
1950-55.
Table 9 roffous on p, 17,
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Table 9
Estimated Hectares of Grain Crop?. Harvested by Combines
in the USSR
1950-55
1????????1201MAIIIt.MINITIIN.
192o
1251
1952
1953
1954
_______
Total Hectares of
Grain Crops
(Millions) w
101.9
106.0
106.0
106.0
106?0
106.0
Percent Harvested
by Combines
50.0
6o.o 1-
72x 16
78.o
84A)
9ox 2/
Hectares Harvested
by Codbinee
(Millions)
.121/
51.5
63.6
76.3
82.6
89.0
95.4
a, Fifth Five Year Plan.
Table 10* shows the estimates of the composition of the coMbine park used
in calculating fuel consumption by coMbines. Table 10 is prepared on the
basis of the following facts and assumptions.
a. Prewar.
(1) Prewar production of combines is assumed to have been equally
divided-between the Kommunar and S-1** models. 17/
(2) 49,000 prewar combines were destroyed by the Germans. 1g/
(3) Codbinee are assumed to have a service life of 12 years.
b, Postwar.
(1) The nuMber of postwar combines delivered to agriculture, with a
breakdown between self-propelled and tractor-drawn models, is based on CIA
eetimates of production.
(2) Tractor-drawn coMbines produced prior to 1947 are assumed to be
Kommunar modelc. 12/
* Table 10 follows on p..3.60
** S refers to Stalinets.
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Table 10
Estimated Composition of the Combine Park of the USSR
1950-55
Thousand Combines
122L. 1955
pes1950
12.21_
1952
1953
Prewar Combines
Tractor-Drawn Models
S-1
18.7
10.3
7.0
2.3
Kommunar
18.7
10.4
7.1
2.4
Subtotal
37.4
20,7
14,1
/24/
Postwar CoMbines
Tractor-Drawn Mbdels
Kommunar
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
s-6
42.3
65.9
89.9
107.9
Self-Propelled licdels
S-4
27.5
53.5
82.5
103.5
Subtotal
70.1
119.7
172.7
211.1
Tbtal
lma
140.4
186.8
216.4
0
0
Q.3
0,3
119.9
131.9
117.5
131.0
ma 263.2
237.7 263.2
(3) A utilization factor of 50 percent has been applied to coMbines
delivered to agriculture during the year of delivery.
(4) Yearly deliveries of combines to tgriculture during 1953-55 are
assumed to be made at a rate 50 percent lower that that calculated for 1950-52,
This /assumption has been yeen, since Table 9 inaicates that the weber of
hectares harvested by coMbines will increase only 6 percent per year during
1953-550 whereas it increases at aa average of U. percent per year between
1950 and 1952*
Ia determining the number of hectares harvested, by the various types of
combine, use has been made of Soviet data concerning the productivity of
different models of combines .- Table 10 dhows the estimated composition of
the combine park, and Table 11* shows tbn estimated hectares harvested by
various models, The rated productivity of the 6-4 and the &manner models is
1.8 hectares per hour, 22/ and that of the S-6 model is 2.2 hectares per hour,
Table 11 follows on p. 19.
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Table 11
Estimated Hectares of Gain Crops Harvested by
Models of Combines in the USSR
1950-55
Million Hectare e
??????21???.....*???????*?????
Models of CoMbince
12.52
195'
1952
1953
1954
19
s-4
11.7
21.7
30.3
35.5
3.6
42,8
Nonuunar
8.1
4,3
2.7
0.9
0
0
s-6 ana s-1
31.7
37.6
43.3
46.2
49.4?
52,6
Total
511
76.3
82.6
8212
.62.6
or 1.22 times that of the other combines. ?li The productivity of the S-1
model is unknown, but it is assumed to be the an as that of the S-.6? since
both coMbines are powered by the same motor. In preparing Table 11, uee is
made of these productivity weightings. In addition, the assumption hap been
made that each tyee of codbine is in operation for an eqeal period of time
during the year,
In calculating the fuel and lubricant coneumption of combines, Soviet
fuel consumption rates of 4,5 kilogram per hectare for tractor-drawn com-
bines 23/ and 10 kilogram per hectare for self-propelled coMbines .21/ have
been used. The consumption of lubricants has been calculated on the basis
of the Soviet norm for the consumption of lubricants per hectare. Table 12*
details these calculations. 1940 and 1947 estimates are included on a re-
latively arbitrary basis.
Three major possible sources of error enter into this .calculation. First,
If the nuMber of prewar codbines in the park is smaller than that estiented?
a greater proportion of the harvestirgalneda will be done by the self-propelled
codbineslethich have a higher fuel consumption rate. The reverse i eve3ly
true. Second, it is possible that some tractor4irawn coMbine modeis do not
have motors, since it is known that experimento have been rade with this
type of egaiptent. 2L/ If large nutbers of these Models are in use, the
estimated petroleum consumption. will be on the high side. Finally, the pro-
ductivity and consumption factors which have been used may be somewhat in
error, since they are based on Soviet norms and rated capacities, which may
be optimistic. For these reasons, it is felt that the range of error present
in these estimates may be as much as pIus or elms 20 percent.
3. 1912Limsy Motors in /culture and Teactors in the Timber Iadsta,
information on these consumine units is extremely scanty in the Soviet
sources which were examined, It was felt that further research on this
subject would not yield information which would substentially reviae
* Table 12 f011ouo on p.ea, .
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Table 12
Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products
by CoMbines in the USSR
1940-55
Million Metric Tons
1940
1947
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
Gasoline Consumed
S-4 Nbdels
0.12
0.22
0.30
0.36
0.40
0,43
Kommunar Models
0.,04
0.02
0.01
Negli-
gible
0
0
S-6 and S-1 Models
3.14
0.17
0.20
0,21
0.22
0.2
Subtotal
0.35
0.26
0.30
0.41
0.51
0.57-
0.62
0.66
Lubricants Consumed
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Total
0.36
0.27
0.31
0.42
0.52
0.58
0.62
0.67
011.1.3?1011?9I/N?
01101?11....1.0
estimates of consumption which have been used previously. Earlier estimates
of annual consumption by these units have totaled 0,1 million metric tons.
This has been arbitrarily divided into 0.05 million metric tons of diesel and
0,05 million metric tons of gasoline. Lubricant consumption by these units
is considered negligible.
4 Preliminar Estimates of the Consumption of Petroleum Produts_12.xl_otor
ransiOrtin iculture.
The present state of knowledge about the composition and utilization of
the agricultural motor transport park in the USSR is such that no accurate
estimate can be made of the consumption of petroleum products by motor trans-
port, It is possible, however, to hazard a guess on the order of magnitude of
this consumption. (See Table 13.)*
The 1941 Plan dhows that the People's Commissariat of Agriculture was
allocated 3.34 percent of the total ton-kilemeters of motor transport for the
whole of the USSR; the People's Commissariat of State Farms, 5,61 percent;
the People's Commissariat of the TiMber Industry, 3.74 percent; and the People's
Commissariat for Agricultural Procurement, 11.95 percent. Thus the p3enned
ton-kilometers of motor transport involved in Soviet agriculture in 1941 was
the equivalent of 25.04 percent of the total planned ton-kilometers of notor
transport In the USSR.
* Table 13 follows on p. 21,
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Table 13
Calculated Consumption of Petroleum Products
by Motor Transport in Agriculture in the USSR
194_0, 1947, and 1950-55
Ton-Kilometers
Performed by
All Motor
Ton-Kilometers
Performed by
Motor Transport
Calculated Consumption'
of Petroleum Products
by Motor Tzansport in Agriculture
Transport
in Agriculture
(Billion
(Billion
Gasoline
Lubricants
Year
Ton-Kilometers)
.
Ton-Kilometers)
(Thousand Metric Tons)
(Thousand Metric Tons)
1940
8.9
2.2
0.6
Negligible
1947
10.8
2.7
0.7
Negligible
1950
20,1
?5A)
1.4
0.1
1951
23.7
5-9
1.6
0.1
1952
28.0
7.0
1.9
G.1
1953
31.1
7.8
2.2
0.1
1954
34.2
8.6
2,4
0.1
1955
37.2
9-3
?6
0.1
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The total ton-kilometers run by the entire motor transport park of
the USSR have been estimated in an earlier report for 1940, 1947, and
1950-52. ?.5./ In addition, the increase in motor transport planned for
1955 in the Fifth Five Year P/aa is known to be 80 to 85 percent of the
1955 level., It ia therefore possible to interpolate a complete ton-kilo-
meter series for all years between 1950 and 1955. In addition a factor
for expenditure for gasoline per ton-kilometer also has been dLrived --
0.00027742 metric tons per ton-kilometer. .2.?./ If it is assumed that for
all the years under consideration, agricultural motor transport accounted
for 25.04 percent (the 1941 Plan figure) of tbe total ton-kilometers of
motor transport -- it is possible to derive the consumption of petroleum
products by motor transport in agriculture Shown in Table 13. In addition,
it 'is possible to estimate that the consumption lubricants by motor trans-
port in agriculture will be 4. percent of the gasoline consumed. gyi NO
approximation of the eonsumption of diesel fuel by motor transport in
agriculture is presented, since no information is available on which to base
such an approxleetion. The approximations of the consumption of petroleum
products Shown in Table 13 are subject to an extrenely wide range of error,
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APPENDIX B
GAPS IN INTEMTGENCE
The purpose of this appendix is to indicate wherein the material upon
which this report is baised is inadequate and wherein coverage of the
subject is incomplete. This is done both to enable better evaluation of
the estimates presented and to point out where further research may prove
of value,
1. Affasalltyral Tractors.
a. 1940 1947eleel,19..2.1..
Though data on the consumption of petroleum products by the
tractor park of the MTS's for these years have been supplied completely by
Soviet sources and no further research in this area is justified, the lack
of information on consumption by agricultural tractors other than those of
the MTS's creates an important source of error in estimates of total con-
sumption by tractors in agriculture. These data have not been found for
postwar years. They would be of great value if given at some future date
in Soviet pablieations, or if estimated on the basis of intense research.
b. 1950.
The estimates for the year 1950 could be made more accurate
either if an exact breakdown of 1950 nondaesel horsepower between ligroine
and kerosene horsepower could be made, or if Soviet publication subseepently
provide a breakdown of hectares worked by the different fuel-type tractors
that obviates the necessity of estimating the composition of the tractor
park. It should be stressed that all efforts should be made to make this
eatimate ex precise as possible since 1950 will undoubtedly be used as a base
year in Soviet statistics.
c, 1952-55.
Estimates for 1952-55 are based on data from the Firth Five Year
Plan. The Plan figures on increases in tractor horsepower and in output per
tractor unit shculd be revised as further material becomes available.
Important factors not supplied by the Plan are the comparative nuMbers of
diesel tractors end kerosene tractors to be added to the park during the
5-year period, and information as to whether or not the present rates of fuel
consumption per hectare are to decrease. The latter is particularly important,
as is shown by the fact that using 1947 fuel consumption factors for 1951
results in an error of approximately 2 million metric tons,
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2. CoMbines.
The estimates of consumption of petroleum products by combines are
not as reliable as estimates of consumption by tractors. It ie firmly
believed; however, that the amount of tine already devoted to research on
this subject is the maximum that can be spent profitably, It is doubtful
that further research would uncover more accurate information. The present
estimates are the result of considerable research and of a complex meth-
odology, The results obtained are believed to represent the extreme limits
to which estimates of consumption by a single category of petroleum-consuming
equipment can be carried.
Stat imam Motors in Aviculture and Tractors in the TiMber Indutia.
NO over-all statistics have been found on consumption of petroleum .
products by shationary motors in agriculture and tractors in the tiMber in-
dustry. To estimate the inventory of equipment and find consumption factors
in both these fields would require elaborate research which would not
eecessarily produce reliable results. In view of this fact, and since the
amount of petroleum Involved is thought to be extremely small, it was cone
sidered more practical to make aa arbitrary estimate.
4, ----?EM?taeTEEE_W.E 1.11_4Ekre.
Essential prereqeisite to accurate estimates of the petroleum products
consumed by motor transport in Soviet agriculture are accurate data on the
inventory of the truck park in agriculture and on its utilization. Alternatively,
the ton-kilometers performed by trucks in agriculture would be necessary,
These data are not aeallable; nor ie it anticipated that it will be possible
to obtain acceptable estimates of these items except by the most painstaking
and 'lengthy research, This, in Short, is a gap in present intelligence which
will not keadily'befilled
It is fortunate, therefore, that the need for an estimate of the con-
sumption of petroleum products by motor transport in Soviet agriculture is
one which is quite specialized and not generally required for intelligence
purposes, Aa has been implied in this report, estimates of the consumption
of petroleum products by 2131 motor transport in the USSR are presently available,
Presently available intelligence, however, does not permit accurate itemizing
of these estimates for the sectors of motor transport attached to egriculture
or to other economic or political sUbgeoups of the Soviet economy,
5, Possible.nxther RefinementE.
The breakdown of agricultural consumption by regions presented in
Table 2 is beaed on distribution of the MTS's by regicais according to the
1941 Plan. Obviously, more recent information should be used, but it is not
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readily obtainable, and the concentrated research necessary to improve these
estimates would require more time than is available,
No attempt was made to provide a quarterly breakdown of annual
petroleum consumption, by agriculture. This breakdown would be of value in
indicating when agricultural demands for petroleum products would compete
with possible wartime military requirements, 'In order to obtain this break-
down, it would be necessary to find indexes of the distribution of tractor
work and combine work during the year.
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APPENDIX C
SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources.
This report was prepared largely from published Soviet source materials.
Fifth Five Year Plan figures were used in estimating the growth in size -and
productivity of the agricultural tractor and combine parks, since no other
figures are as yet available. Information on the composition, utilization,
and fuel consumption of the Soviet agricultural tractor park was based largely
on data from Soviet technical and agricultural journals. Information from
these publications is considered to be reliable, since it was prepared for
Internal use by Soviet manngement and planners. Where published Soviet
source materials failed to provide the necessary data, recourse was had
to intelligence estimatea based on analysis of Soviet source material.
Among the best of these were reports from the Department of State, particularly
Intellkence Report 5805.
The range of error believed to be present in each component estimate in
this report is discussed in some detail in the sections of the report in which
the estimates are developed.
2, Sources,
entry and designated "Eva1,0"
Information
Evaluations, following the classification
have the following significance:
Source of Information
A - Cempletely reliable
1
- Confirmed by other sources
B
Utually reliable
2
- Probably true
C
Fairly reliable
3
Possibly true
D
Not usnelly reliable
4
- Doubtful
E
Not reliable
5
Probably false
F - Cannot be judged
6
- Cannot be judged
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on the cited
docilmitsnt; those designated "RR" are by the author of this report. No "RR"
evaluation is given when the author agrees with the evaluation of the cited
document,
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1, CIA, N/5 783.3,R92? The 1941 State Plan for the Development of the
National Economy of the USSR. U,
2, Data for 1940 and 1947 taken from Mashinno-Traktssma_aptsio,
No, 9, Sep 1948, U, Eval. BR 2,
Data for 1951 taken from Sotsialisticheskoye Selfskoye Khozyaystvo
(Socialist Agriculture), Aug 1952, p, 10, U, Eval, RR 2,
3, Tetals taken from Department of State, OIRffl AEI21.111ertoma___sL__?02.,
Ma or Develoc?-nts in Soviet iculture in 19 1 20 May 1952, p. 20, R.
Data for l' 0 and 1 7 taken from Mashinno-Traktoraaya Stant2105 No. 9,
Sep 1948, 11%,Itil_ RP 2
Data for 1951 taken from Sotsialisticheskoye Scl'skoye Khozyaystvo?
cit, Eyal. RR 2
5, B.S, Svirshchevskiy, Eksploatatsim,mashinno-traktornogo parka
(Utilization of the Machine-Tractor Park)", 1950, p. 229. U. Eval. RR 2,
6, Ibid,
7. hinno-Ti'ktornaju Stantsi a, No. 11, Nov 1947, p, 2, U. Eval. RR 2,
Piovozjtvc Planned Economy), Mar 1947, p, 49. U. Eval, RR 2,
8, Department of State, OIR,Intellizence Report 8O5, cit,
9. Ibid.
10, linsq? 11 Mar 1952. U.
11, A. Kuropatkin, Iroprosy ekonomiki sel'skokhoz stvenno a trudav SSSR
(Problems of Economics of Agricultural Labor in the USSR 1 1952,
p. 165, U. Eva, RR 2.
12, Department of State, Intelligence Report Draft Power in
LovAtt_AgisL tul_ure, 17 Apr 1952, p, 3, R,
13, Department of State, OIR,Intelligence Report 5805.1 22, cit., p. 11,
14, AL, Khropatkin, sit. cit., p. 199.
15. Plaxiovoye Jan 1952, p. 8. U, Eva]. . RR 2.
16, Sotsialistichesko e Sel'sko Khoz stvo Jun 1952, p. 5. U, EvalL, RR 2,
17, Sel khozmaahina Agricultural Machinery Jul 1950, p, 2, U, Eval, RR 2
18, P. Kolomiitsev, Takhnicheskoye osnashcheni sersko o khoz stva
(The Technical tquipment of Agriculture , 19k7, p, 9. U, Eval, BR 2,
19, 8el'khozmaelpE5 Jul 1950, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
20, M,N. Portnoy, Sammbin (The Self-Propelled Combine), 1950,
p. 4, U. Eval, BR 2,
21, Serkhozmashina, Jul 1950, p. 2. U. Eval. RR 2.
22. Serkhozmashinal Jul 1951, pp. 10 and 11. U, Eva]. . RR 2.
23, Portnoy, a. cit.
24, serkhourollina., Jul 1951, pp. 10 and 11. U. Eval. RR 2,
25, CIA/RR PR-170 Civil Cons= tion of Petroleum Products in the USSR,
19 Jun 1952. TS. Classi.fication of this excerpt, R, Eval, RR 1,
26, Ibid,
27. Blr, Losikovand I.P. Iukashevich? Neftanoye Tovardomsgo_aostoptekhigdat,
1950, Moscow - Leningrad.
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asselfrrer---
In addition to the above specific citations, a general screening was
made of all the issues available in the Library of Congress of the
following Soviet periodicals for the years l96-2
Mashinno:Triqqamolm (Machine Tractor Station)
Sotsialistichesko e StILIti4.4?-Khoz stvo (Socialist Agriculture)
Selckhozmashina Agricultural Machinery
AutomobI1j TraktorlapoLDmalgsaluE. (Automobile and Trac or
Industry
Planovo e Khoz stvo (Planned Economy)
_21E211912Elisi Problems in Economics)
A CO4dLaaeiiailii-niniab7ar of Soviet books and relevant reference material
were also consulted.
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