THE ETHYL ALCOHOL INDUSTRY IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A000300100002-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 18, 1999
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: February 27, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

4,
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PRO'.tsx tL
TEE LIZ tWWOL MUSM IN TO USSR
CU/RR PR-27
27 February 1.953
CLASS, CH
'The data and conclusims contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
CM and should be regarded as provisional only and
oabject to revision. Additional. data or comments
which may be available to the user are solicited.
1S DC CMAM TOMMTHM AL *EM WE NATICRAL
DPE C? THE 5MES 1 ri t ME M OF THE
~ESSP~ I W- /LAN t T:~'~~iLfZE~,yni~~8 , / a, SE S . 7IN 93 J~ W 79 +,
.a7 yt~
AIyY-~7E~iS~ ss~t'Ol{ ci RETE' is w Oyt4.P t,.^m~wYw~Ve+sA~6y'Sla yy~y A MANES l ~Y.S a
MUM== ri ED PERMN i;J~s P E33IO+r.D B LAW.
CE!lTR \L I I
Office of Research and Reports
ENTIAL
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Ethyl allobol has long been an important basic chemical in the
econoW of ir4ustrialtze&t nations . It is a solvent of great im-
peortance . It is used as an intermediate raw material for many otber
chemical products and as an ingredient or carrier for drugs,
pharmw.eutieals, cosmetics, and perfuayB. This is particularly true
in the USSR, there large quantities of synthetic rubber are 1 azp1 actured
using alcohol as a rear material. 'idle purpose of this report is to
present a study of the more important aspects of the ethyl a lobol
Industry in the USSR based on a technical study of the information
available. It should be remembered that the data available are a v rely
limited-both g?a1itatively and quantitatively and are rarely e0ject to
checking or confii matiou. Consequently, it must be emphasized that
estimates made throughout the report can be only tentative and are probably
accurate within no lens than plus or minus 15 to 20 percent.
Ethyl alcohol,, normally produced by the fermentation of any organic
product, is produced and consumed by every nation in the world In the
forams c+f wine, beers, and all types of spirituous liquors for comercial
or Industrial uses and is easily recovered as pure alcohol by distillatiaaa.
Fox industrial purposes, it is usually made from grains and is therefore
sometimes called grain alcohol. With the pestly increased demand for
ethyj alcohol for come rcial uses, for exempla, in solvents and in rubber
ma'aa:tuxe, ethyl .alcohol is synthetically produced in greatly in-
areemd percentages from petroleum refinery gases and natural gases.
Etbyrl alcohol produced it the . synthetic process an for techn1cal purposes
is called ethanol. The chemical compositions of ethyl alcohol and ethanol
are identical, and all types of ethyl alcohol can be used interchangeably.
Sthyl alcohol for spirituous liquors and mediair als must be of high purity.
For commercial purposes, etbyrl alcohol, is denatured by the additim
of any one of mL'ny chemicals, so that the material is not potable. The
potable ethyl alcohol can be used for all purposes, but the "denatured"
cau be used only for aonpotable purposes. Ethyl alcohol, ethanol,, S rain
ccobo1., wise; spirits, etc., are all chemically the same product In
this report,, ethyl alcohol means every type of alcohol, with the fortuula
C2S20H.
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SY ?? o 0 o e o D?? e a r p o? a
Introduction a? w c o o s m e o 0 o m o D? o? n rM D a
A.
U story awd of YUii ? ? sln~D ?. e ? O O a a 9 0 d i 9 ,6 p 6
B. Ustoxy of stry a e O O O ? ? tll e 1 L O
~LY~ O chno1 O ? ? O O ? O ? (~ ? O t4 ~D b ? ? a 9 O a L O 8
A. 1i r utaation of Stexch exil Sugar o @ ? o ? s a ? o a
j. f ro2.p*iea of Wood as ftrmstatioo of Su.iLPit Wssto
? o e a a ?
Liquor.
1O 3)dro yrlai*3 of Woos o ? @ . . a O . . O V . O O .
2? FFaa at4tiom of Bulfits ft to Liquor v . . . ? . ii
C cavar ioyagaof ztkwle t' fa?cm 1P tro1 i entries or
3 tu? s.1. O sq o e a o a o n o o e o u ~e e m q e e iF
211. Input Aa;?q uiY aaa eats D . . O D n a . . . 6 e o 7 . 7 n 411a
I a Supply a a 0 o ? u o e ? . a o o e~ o, o- a a a o @ 3 n i
A. Production + o . a o o . o . o e e a o e, 0 0 0 0 o AY
a. Stockpiles O . ? . . . . . 4~ ? D O G r o O O , O a 16
4N A ~r D O ~a i O O e . . : e . O a @ O O O n 9 : ~i O 5: $I
f.. ~. VMIV A 11 J e ? e e . ? A f @ O e b 6 ? . 9 O 4g 6
g~ Ipotts . . .s . a . . a . . . o . ? . . . . o o . ?M16
-D p pO supply a o 0 4 o a ? e > > a ti :o a a m s a a . ~
V. @ . ? ? e a . . a . . . . . a . .. .
11. Ca ymbiU-iti ts, ?uirerabilition.. a tootions
a . b s a @ A. A. ~."as~peabii?ities . n.. o.? t s a o o@ n o@? o e b X8
(2. f7gy~e~,~Y~4e~ t?He.~/i atiea~ ''. v . a o q D 7 a o ? v a O r . O t $9
ell ~qia liw- !4 + s a O C D 9 i. 8 s e O e w O O 19
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Apprn dix A. Caps in la llignew. . o . m m a . a a c . . 4 moo
/
#pp ix S. MO do1Of.. n o v r m o 0 0 o a o 0 0 0 b. C o ?,
Appendix C. Sources and valuation of Bouunme s a a p e
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TRE hTI A WWL Z OTRtN US,R .
LUMMU_u
Et9ayl all l is manufactured in the US ,predomln=tl.y by the
termentat on of agricultural products, particul..ar r grain, sugar-beet
molaeces, and potatoes. :tea r amounts are made by the fermentation
of su 'iLte-pulp waste liquor., by the bydrolysis of wood, and by the
conversion of ethylene gas from petroleum refineries.
Srie w production of ethyl. alcohol in 1952 is estimated at
approximately 30!+ million ge4brans. In add tiou, about mi11ien gladohs
w%ra import d from ffii t Gem, giving a tom- ottpply of M6 mt inm
galla s. Roughly 100 million gat ions of this supply were earmarked as
raw materjmal, for the production of synthetics rubber,, and 75 m ,ion
gallons were destined to be consumed as beverages. ':te remainder was to
be utilized in the sn nufacture of explosives, solvents, and other
industrial. chemicals .
:.lar1e volume of raw mzteriel. is regfxired in order to produce this
TAMitLt,) ' alcohol, the most important be lug 1, 880, 000 tons of gran,
,11670j,000 tons of potatoes, and 875,000 to a of sugar-beet molasses for
fer. .ntation ethyl alcohol, and. ,717,000 tons of oei. Letter ante
of wow., ethylene from petroleum refining and natural gases, and
sulfuric acid are consuma:d for the manut+ ture of syn tin O yi a lcobol ,
It is felt that suff: lent ethyl alcehol is available in the Ott
for peacetime requirements. to the event of a major war, the reduction
of beverage allotments, the reallocation for industrial uses, and the
utilization of state reserves should satisfy needs until p oduction
capat ity can be expanded.
t o report contains iaf tion avei).able to Ma as of 1 aauazy 1953.
Ethyl. alcohol.., the alcohol with the formula Ct$5oR, Is the only alcohol
considered As this report. 2he terms alzaho$ industrial alcohol an_ d sin
alcabol all refer oniy to ethyl alcohol,.
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Z. Intx due tiono
A. Watut and Uscs.
bAustrial alcobol., a term Vaerally' applied to ethyl a14cbol
used for tmbnical and industrial purposes rather teen as a bsverap,
occupies an important pi in the cbeaeioa1 economy of most nations,
be standard eec rci&I ,product is a higb1y purified liquid of "-'to
96-pare"t t cos c tration (190 to I L92 the remaining fav part nt
being pure water. It is noraes.l practice. in the W to ren6er industrial
alcohol nonpotabe by tt1 addition of suitable cbsseiaals called 4w
na-turents o Thus daeaaturod, ethyl daca), is not subject to the lhd*ra l
tax on berraragc ethyl alcohol
to thecae case where the standard deeoe-turants wauxd int*rfs,
with a ioule-r presmass, one of a series of specis4 daenstuuantee
autborised by t1w US Goverment may hr. used Acobot also is sold un=
dsaestuyrld and + r bond for those via w no donatux*ut could bee
suitably.
Perhaps tb b mat fray to i 1ustrato the various uses of indus-
trial alcohol is to prerernt the US use pattern for a recant ' '(st9!
Table 0.0 It should be realized that this pattern is not appiieab1*
as such to any other country but is shown only for purposes of
illustration.
The consumption pattern of ethyl alcohol in 6urops, and par-
ticularly in tba USSR, differs considerrably from that indicated in
Table to In the BSS a much larger proportion of ethyl alcobal is
t oalsumad in ' the manufacture of butadien s sync tie rubber, and enena-
tively 'less is used sae a obamica1 rev material.
From t 1w US use T att. n, illustrated in Rabla 1, it is appaar-
snct tb&t tba two aaea joo ueees of industrial a1 ohol . sear as a solvent and
ale a cbcaical rev material,. Less iaapq tent uses am as a fuel In
autonoobille engines and rockets and as a liquid for'brake fluids, cutting
oils,, and the bike.
as Nip lga of t Ynduebtx r0
Prior to World War 1, Russian production of ethyl alcohol
amounted to about 135 mi ...ios gallons per ym r. Approximately 1,6
disti lleries a reported to have W.,n in operst crm, "W1oying as
racv materials mo-inly potatoes (50 to 70 peerotnt of tbee totems materials),
WV,; T? Q lLows an p, 3a
ea Footnote form a in .rabic numerals are to iourc s listed in
Appendix C
Q _~1 !U K 'TM
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Table 1
US Conethnption of Specially Denatured Ethyl .Alcohol
1949 3/
Thousand Gallons of
Percent Alcohol.
Vsrniaaheaa, and Enaw,18
Lacquers
3,530
,
Plastics
3,200
F-c0prietary Solvents
x8,650
Toilet Preyorations
5o570
INitrocc11ulose
k,000
Rosin and Syntbatic Resins
1 140
,
Drugs rand Phar ceuticalls
8140
2
Rubbing{ Alcohol
2,1x40
Cleaning, Preserving,, and Flivoring i
parstions
1,1320
Viner
3,970
Acetic Acid
3,250
methyl Acetate
5,330
Chloride
Etta 1
10,170
.
Mar Ethyl Eaters
2,70
Alde2s
68,250
Lfthyl Ether
1,000
Glyco18, etc.
Mars
12900
,
Etbyl er& Dibramidae (for TEL)
1,100
aztbet1c Rubber
S
1,1,p0
y
76D
is and Intezdiaates
l411 -vt oua (including Brake Fluids, Fuels,
sce
00
Cutting oils, etc.)
7,3
Total gain (25 to 40 percent), and molasses (5 to 10 percent). k/ According
to official statements.* about 94+ percent of this production was umd in
the preparation of vodka. / During 1.928-29, production vas at the
level of only l6 million gallons per y*ar. / This low production may
heave bfcen due in part to the dentruction of facilities during than war
and subsequent fighting in the USM and to reduced crop yields of the
principal raw materials for etbyl aalcohol: gin, potatoes,, and auger
eats. By 1932, production had risen to 960 miUion salons, / or
about 71 percent of UP,, pr v r level.
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Production of ethyl alcohol during the y_ *ras of the Second
Fiva!s Tear Plan (1933-37) is shown in Table 2
: oductiosn of Xftl Alcohol it the
*and Five Your Plana (193S-17)
Million 441100A
`Oar
Production -
1933
100
1932
12408
1935
16602
1936
185,
1937
909
During thin period, 19 alcohol plants are reported to i ve
gong; Into operation. Fourteen of tike ve ~ distilleries with a total
capity of 309 million gallons per yearn 19 mo -ining, five were
wood-hydrolysis p11.xnts with m total capeaityy of 2 million gallons per
yarn 2 Cbviou+ely, the gnat incree of production realized can-
not be accounted for by sa production increase of 5.9 million . gaUlonn
.Although the masons for this incre a not definitely known, re-
rortruction of damv4pd plants, greater availability of raw materin.A*,
nand increasingly efficient use of existing eqjuipwnt were probably
the wQor contributing factors.
The Third Five: Year Plan (1936-h2)esrvirs d a doubling of pro-
ductiono This increase was to take pace through greater efficiency;
construction of additional cap ,city; ` increased' utilization of nca
food rakes materials such as wood chips, aavdussnt, sulfite waste liquor;
and petrolew refining and natural &*Aos.. The Plan st*tsA: ".`1`'be pro-
duction of ethyl alcohol in to be expsudod considerably by completa
utilization of sulfite. waste li;ors from paper and callulaw plants
and by dvvvlo of -of hood b ro)tyix production eopscity of
ethy 17 alcohol, from wood is to be incx med. 9 to to times during the
Third Five Yekr Plwa " The Plan went on to ' th ,t "Then amount of
alcohol obtained from 1 ton of stsrcb (ct rbdaydrato rreattrial) will be
rsaieed fran 60.96 dece-1iteras (161 ge oars) to .66.8 decaliters (166
gallons) and that five row alcohol plants viii start operations,, and
+xp eion and reconstruction of the existing p1sate are p1% nneC" L01
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Table 3 shows the plm d production, capacity, and, where
possible, the. actuuasl production for the period of the Third Fivt~ Tear
elan (1938-42).
Table 3
Planned :production, Capacity, and Actual 1Production
of Ethyl Alcohol in the USSR
Third Five year Plan ",1938-42)
Actual
`Ioatr Production
1938 243.8 11/
P1 ned
Production;
ity
3.3.(Actu-lJ)
1939 245 1.2 N.A.
1940 235.1 ' PIMA.
1~9y4~11 N.A. 267,1 14
1942 NaA. 409 U/
,. ~hAo
l~,aA
401 (Planned)
It is apparent from "'Able 3 that the. high hopes of th+e Third
Five fear Plan failed to mabcriolizee. The annual rats of production
increase dropped 'alga cply in 1939 from the aver of 24.5 million Wl-
lons of them 'preceding 6 years, and a decrease of 10 million ga11ona
from the preceding, year was registered in 19hO. Tb reasons for this
decrease are not known. The likelihood of war with Germany, however,
vats recognised in the USSR, and possibly a food-stockpiling program
gams instituted. Such a program., by taking grain and potatoes out of
than norm, channelmm, could haves seriously affected ethyl alcohol pro-
duction. Th reduction in ethyl alcohol production because of such aa,
program cWld have been offset by reducing this quantity allocated to
vodka and other beverages.
ply the planned production is known for the yearns 1941 ,arid L9
It is obvious, however, that ethyl alcohol production must bAv been
seriously reduced during thane years and throughout the whole var period
as well because of both the loss of plants and the Lose of agricultural
production. Approximately 116 million gallons of alcohol were shipped
by the US to the USSR under the Land-Lease arrang nt. /.
With respect to e t h y l alcohol production, the F o u r t h Five Year
Plan (1946-50) appears to have been an attfnpt to boost output to the
prewar level, in particular'to the pled production for 1941. The
planned production :t.n 1950 of 266.1 million g.ll.ons was only slightly
under the planned output in 1941 of 26792 million gs1lonp.
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The following statement is quoted frcm the Fourth Five Year
Pl : 1168 new and 1k2 rehabilitated alcohol distilleries, plus ex-
psM1on of the facilities of the distilleries now In operation, wild.
increase the output of the alcohol industry-" In addition, the Plan
stated: "Inn 1950, the production of fe-tby7 alcohol by hyrlrois
(of wood) shall be eight times greater than prewar, Vow plants with
a capacity of 't million dec liters (18.5 million gallons) shall :be
built for the sulfite-alcohol and hydrolysis industries-... ."
Since alcohol production by hydrolysis before that caes~ a ut of the
Third Five fear ?1 n was already about 2 million gallons, it is V-
parent that the planned expansion of the hydrolysis industry under the
Third Five Year Plan failed to s terializon G
Also outlined in the Fourth Five Fear Plan were the production
goals for several of the Soviet republics. The planned production for
these areas is given in 'able 4.
Table 4
Planned Production of Ethyl Alcohol
in Certain Areas of the USSR
1950
Pillion Gallons
Pf
d Production in Y950
RSVSR
158.0
Belorussian SSR
20.2
Uzbek SSR '
3.5
Lithuanian SSR
1.3
Latvian SSR
4.5
Estonian SSR
1.6
Bubtotal
2211
77.0
Total 266J.
-.rrrr..+
ceaz xiso+n with the platy o production figuren in 1950,
given in Table 4, the pl=ed production figures for the same Soviet
republics annmwed in t1 1941 State Plan care given in Table 5 ..
WON Lows on p~ 7.
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Table 5
pisxaned Production of Ethyl Alcohol
in Certain Areas of the USSR
191+1
Pis'nned production in 1941
RS7'SR
1560
00
loruseian SSA,
,
2742
Uzbek SSR
1.7
Lithuanian SSR
1.3
LLtvian So
3.5
Estonian SSS
106
Subtotal
1 Xm
The similarities between the 1941 Stag PlAn and the .fuu for
1950 e'e apparent. It appears safe to coneb:kde, tbere.fora, that very
iittlp nnw capacity was added to the nonoccupied regions of tb a t3S
during World War 11.
Using this conclusion as a basis, the 1946 production has bon
estimated at 130 iniUion gallons by eliminating the output of those
ax'ees overrun by the Germans from the 1941 planned production.* No fi..g??
ures or parcentag a are ssvailable regarding the I 1 pra~c ctioa~ In
1946, according to the USSR Information 9ulletin: "A severe drought
played havoc -with the crops in t southern and western regions,' which
include; those that Bare still in the process of rob bilitation attar for
enormous dsaw4ge inflicted by the German inv&sion and occupation n
the total harvest of grain, sugar beet and sunflower dropped subsstsn-
tisUy'below the 1945 levelo" L
A poor harvest of grain and sugar beets in 1946 could have
aeriouuly affected the, 1947 production of ethyl alcohol. Furthermore,
the faf.lure to report the 1947 production even peroftntaeowise, al-
though the production of the previous year and all subsequent years
was reported, suggests that production was not substantially above that
realized in 1946. For the reasons, it is assumed that the 1947 pro-
duction is equal to that in 1946. The production of then yaws from
* h1t c culation is explained in detail in Appendix So
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19W to 1951 bas been reported by the Russians in term of percent s
of the previous year's production. Table 6 shows estimated ethyl
alcohol production in the USSR for t} s postwar years.
Table 6
Estimated Production of Ethyl Alcohol in the 1SSR
1946-52
1946
1947
Is"M
1949
1950
1952
Minion canons
130
130
191 20/
239 TV
254 22/
282 /
derivation of this figure is IOXV
Appendix D.
The 1950 production (planned in 1946 under the Fourth Five
feet Plan) was to have been 26601 minion gallons. This figur ira
in reasonably close agrez nt with the estimated production shown
above - aud, aasswaning that the Plan was realistic, indirectly con-
firms the 1946 and 1947 production figures.
IL Technology0
Four basic processes for the production of ethyl alcohol sra
presently employed in the USSR. Three of these processes -- h'dro---
ysis of woody fermentation of sulfite waste liquor, and synthetic
production from ethylene -- currently *ccowst for only as minor portion
of total production. By far the most important process is tho fer-
mentation of starch and sugar materials from orgnic products.
A. Fermentation of Starch and Sago 2 /
The principal rew materials employed in the USSR for the pro-
duction of fermentation alcohol are gcAine, potatoes., and molassse
Among the grains, corn is preferred becaue. of its high starch content
(49 to 54 percent). Scores of other mater We such ea chicory,
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Jerusalem artichokes, vetch, dried fruits, and kok-eagyz (alcohol is
a by-product from the production of natural rubber) may be used.
Production from such items, however, is rare and ggrera lly uneconomic.
The production of ethyl alcohol using grain or potatoes dif-
fers from that using mot aces in that an additional stop is required
to convert the starch content of the gamin or potatoes to .sugar.
After this conversion is accomplished, the processes are similar.
Clean min or potatoes are subjected to a cooking treatment,
under a pressure of up to 5 at aoapheree, in order to render the carbo-
hydrates soluble. The cooked mixture is cooled, and M t containing
an enzyme is aid which converts the starch to sugars. (? malt is
produced in separate "houses" by the-controlled germination or barley,
wheat, millet, or oats.) The conversion of the starch may also be
accomplished accomplished by the use of molds ~the wylo process) or by hydrolysis
with mineral acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric.
The resulting sugar solution, or "wort," containing 20- to 15-
percent fermentable sugars, is then run to the fermentation tanks.
The tanks may vary in size up to 250 cubic meters. If molasses is -
the raw material employed, it is diluted to a sugar concentration of
10 to 15 percent and charged directly to the fermentation tanks. From
here on, the processes for grain or potatoes and for molasses are
s imilaaar .
In the fermentation tanks the sugar solution is inoculated with
yeast to the extent of about 5 percent by weight. The yeast,enzymres
convert tbo sugars to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, the latter being
vented or recovered for other uses. The fermentation may run from 1
to 3 days, and the resulting "beer" ha as am alcohol concentration of
6 to 9 percent. Since 1924, Soviet alcohol plants, in order to in-
crease. production, have cut the fermentation period to 1.5 to 2 dayss,
although it is known that a period of 3 days increases the alcohol
yield by approximately approximately 2.5 percent
the "beer" is passed to a distillation column from which 50-
to 60-percent aalloW 3s drawn. Me residue, or "slop," from this operation
is generally concentrated and used as cattle food, core binder in
foundrieas, or possibly as a raw material for vitamin production.
The ethyl alcohol is passed on to another distillation column
where Lease-boiling impurities are run off and than to the rectifying
column where the fusel oils and most of the water are removed., The
resulting product is asa 95- to 96-percent concentration of astbyl alcohol.
Mention is zee in Soviet literature of "new distillation unites * which
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provide for separation of fusel oils during the first distillation, ..
which enable 90 to 96 percent t y 8,1eohol to be obtained directly
and continuously from a beer o 7 to l0 parent alcohol content."
Anhydrous alcohol (1W-paarceent ethyl alcohol) may be obtained
frcan the 95 to 96-percent product by adding a third oenaponent, usually
beenzeene- , and distilling the mixture. The benzene and water are dis-
tilled off, leaving pure ethyl alcohol.
A number of process improvements are in use in the USN. These
improvemente we continuous fermentation of molasses, closed and her-
metically sealed fermentation tanks, and as rapid fermentation process
for mclasseao The extent of application of these advances is not known.
The efficiency of the ferment ttion process in the USSR is be-
tween 85 and 90 percent of the tlaeoreticaa1 yield,depegding on the raw
material.. One metric ton of potatoes will yield ca rciall about
29.5 gallons of alcohol, and 1 ton of corn will yield about 87 moons
Molasses for ethyl alcohol is a by-product fran the processing of
sugar betas and yields about 75 to 80 dons of alcohol per metric ton,,
These yielcla ass comparable to those obtained in the US.
m
B. Hydr olysis of Wood and Fermentation of Sul Cite Waste Liquor
The production of ethyl alcohol from wood by a now technology
is a subject of much discussion in the five Year Plans of the USSR.
As previously noted, the planned expansion of this field under the
Third rive 'ear Plan did not materialize. In accordance with the post-
war plan, new plants will be constructed having as capacity of 18.5 all-
lion gallons of ethyl alcohol based on wood. This capacity is raxported
to be eight tines the prewar production. It is apparent that wood is
not a large-scale source of industrial alcohol in the USSR. It is of
definite interest, however, an as field on ra'hich heavy amphtssiet is being
placed and as a nonfood material source of ethyl alcohol.
. Although the two processes discus@ad in this section we not
similar, they both referred to as hydrolysis processes in Soviet
literatures Presumaably the figures cited above apply to both methods,
but the breakdown between them is not known.
1oc3ro2rain of Wood.
The hydrolysis of wood in the form of chips, shavings, or
sawdust is accomplished by dilute sulfuric acid in aauccassivP stoop@ to
yield the following-. besmicellulosaa, cellulose-., and fermentable sugars
This is the Schollaer process developed in Oer nany.
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The "wort" from the hydrolysis contains about 4-percent
fermentable sugars, and the "beer" resulting from the fermentation
contains about 2-percent ethyl alcohol by weight. Distillation and
rectification are carried out in the usual manner. The yield of
sthyl alcohol per metric ton of dry wood waste varies between 40 to
55 gallons, depending on the amount of bark present. 25
2. Fermentation of Sulfite Waste Ligr o
.~ .nnr+ r r
Sulfite waste liquor is the spent liquid from the maatnu-
faaaturo of sulfite wood pulp, Aside from lignin and residual pulp
fibers, it also contains between 1e3 and 1.8 percent of fermentable
sugars. That liquor is screened to remove the tibars, stripped of
sulfur dioxide, and thin pumped into a series of fermentation tanks.
The resulting "beer" containing about 1-percent alcohol by volume
is passed to a beer still and then to a rectifying column. The pro-
duct is stripped of both low- said high-boiling impurities and then
condensed to 95-percent ethyl alcohol. A yield of 1 ,gallon of alcohol
per 130 ge.Uone of sulfites waste liquor is generally obtained. 26
C . Conversion of Ethylene from I troleum Reif fineries or Natural ?as*
Very little information has cane out of tha USSR concerning
the production of ethyl alcohol from ethylene. The Third Five Near
Plan stated that production from petroleum gasses would be mastered.
At leaaaat one plant has been reported as operating on the basis of ethylene
from vtroleum Sues. In addition, a Soviet textbook on the produc-
tion of alcohol., Issued in 1950, stated: "Also of future importance
is thae preparation of alcohol by synthetic methods, i.e. from ethylene,
a coioneent of coke-oven gas, and tram gases obtained in the cracking
of petroleum."
The first and most widely applied method of producing ..tcohol
from ethylene is the absorption of ethylene in sulfuric acid to giv
a mixture of ethyl sulfates, which are then hydrolyzed to crude ethyl
alcohol and dilute sulfuric acid. The alcohol is purified by distil-
lation, and the acid concentrated for re-use.
Recently as process of hydrating ethylene to ethyl alcohol di-
rectly with the aid-of a catalyst and under high pressure (1,000
pounds per square 'inch) has been developed in the US. Whether this
method is being used or will be used in the USSR is not known. Pre-
sumably the plant presently operating is using the sulfuric-acid
procee&ao 27
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In. Input wire s
Before determining the input re quirements for Soviet ethyl al-
cohol production, a breakdown of the output by process first must be
established. Although very little information is available relating
to this subject, it is possible to derive a rough estimate of this
breakdown.
In introduction it was noted that the Fourth Five fear Plan
called for an increase of cs ity in the hydrolysis industry (in-
cluding eulritee liquor) of W minion gallons. This increased as.
paaity was reported to be eight time the prewar level of production,
Assuming that this Plan has been emplietsd,, the production of ethyl
alcohol from wood should be about 21 million gallons per year, or
roughly 7 percent of the 1952 total production of ethyl alcohol 4
The production of ethyl alcohol from eethyletac is receiving at-
tention in the USSR. Present information,, haaeeaver, indicates that
only one plant is actually producing alcohol by this process. This
plant, in Sumgait, provides ethyl alcohol for the production of
synthetic rubber. J Although the output of this plant is not known,
it le believed' that the synthastic rubber p1.nt manufactures about
12,000 tons per year. / Assuming that all alcohol required comes
from the ethylene plant, a production of synthetic rithyl alcohol of
about 8',7 million Mllone is indicated. Lacking information on other
possible plants, it also is assumed that this quantity represents
total synthetic output. This assuaged output equals 3 percent of the
1952 production.
Postwar information is not available regarding the proportion of
ethyl alcohol produced from grain, potaatoes, or molasses. The Third
Five Tear Plan reported that, in 1937, 37.4 percent of all ethyl olco-
hol was produced from potatoes and molasses and that by 1912 this
figure would be 50.8 percent. In addition,, ea reported 15 percent of
production in 1940 was from potatoes. 3o Using the 1937 combined
figura>, the raw material pattern of the ]Rate 1930's would be &aa followsn
potatoes, 15 percent; molasses, 22 percent; and grain, 63 percent.
The 1942 combined figure of 50.8 percent has not been seelected,
for reasons which will be eexplaaitxaad shortly.
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Sind World War 11 the nonfood sources have b(-aen developed to tbo
extant at' about .10 percent of tbm total raw materials. Assuaging that
.this Moving of food m%tnr1 .1e would be applied to groin, t2 poetwmr
pert patteurn of tot !161 alcohol production d,trived from the toto_a
raw a ateric.1e would be as shown in fble 7.
Table 7
postwar Input fttt rn for the production
of Ethyl .Alcohol. in that C
Material keregut of d utp~a
Grain 53
Mol-seses 22
?otatoe&
Wood a/
EtbyA`en
a.. Iti cludib both bydroi.y ii
wto-r1iquor processes.
15
3
Thh. estimated 1951 production of suer boots in thh US was
13 ab30,000 metric tons. IIJ A maxim= of !~pproxiacately 181,000 metric
tons of alcohol, or 21 percent of tbt 1951 production, could be pro-
dQct~d from this amount of beets. This figur eb mks fairly e1oeely
with the c sui to givau abova. The 1942 combit ^d figure of 50.8
percent for potatoes and molasses would give a figure for production
from molcoes which is unrealistic compared with the eugRr-beet pro-
duction. Tho 1937 figure,' tlrr,-fore, v selected.
With an approximate breakdown of tko production processes, it its
now possible to astimut the input of mtoriaals, for Soviet alco +o1;
production. 'tb11 8* t rizaa this intormtion.
Th Fifth Five lQv r Plk7-n (193lo55) rnyii an i=NW&M in
production from molaeaaes, potoococs, wood, vnd ett iar so: follows-.
"...To incre ; production of , eug ar-bact root by 65 to 70
percents.. .n
Table "0.1 curs on p, .14 z
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%W ?-- ar w
o O 0 O V
A Ica
co
a
0 0.
iNi-I-If
41
T1 4& 0 -r-4 A I,- 01 3
I
Q
ills
lit
00i 01QQ 100002-3
40 .0 a ,'6
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"... To increase during the five years the production of po-
tatoes in the zones of the distilleries and starcb and moXa ses
factories roughly by 50 percent ... ."
"To insure every development of the ... hydrolysis into stry ...
"41'o provide for an exp%nnion in the production capacities of
... synthetic alcohol."
I a 1 o
A. Production.
TTh anasaal production of ethyl alcohol in the USSR has been
presented pieceaeeal in a previous section of this report. "fable 9
summarizes the production information sand also includes estinsstes
for future output throu& 1955.
Table 9
Production of Ethyl Alaohwl in the OM
1913, 1928-29, 1932-40. 1946+55
Million 0s-1lons
Vear,
Production
1913
135,
1928?.19
46
1932
96.4
1933
100
1934
124.8
1935
1.66.,2
1936
183
197
209
1938
243.8
1939
245
1940
235;1
3.946
130
1947 48
191
1950
254
1951
28P
1952
304
-
1953
26-
3
1954 awl
348
1955
370
a. The
rivation or those figuroa in
explained in Appendix D.
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B. Stockpilees,
No informaation Is available rrgzrding t1 4tockpi .iag of
skeobal in t O. It is reasonable to behove that a certain
amot t 4&a begin set in reserve, particularly in view of its ueae
spa a rocket fuel and as a raw material for synth tie rubbar and
athrr "a utial military prodwts. If tt is arbit ri).y a+ swr-.4 Ua%
a stockpiling program started ih 1950, the first year in which
production was above the prewar level, and that 5 percent of the
annul dome tic production was withdrevn to state reserves, then
th+e amount in reserve would be s-s shown in Table 10.
Table 10
Estimated Stockpiles of Alcohol in the USSR
Million 11ons
Stockpiles
Eyed of X9 P
13
End of 1951
27
End of 1952
42
End of 1953
48
End of 3954
75
End of 1955
94
A reserve of 94 million gallons of alcohol would require
25 to 30'tanks of 80,000-barrel capacity, a type used frequently
for petroleum storms.
10 ortso
No information is presently available indicating that
alcohol has been or vill be exported from the TEM
2. 7Gnports .
Present information shows only Fast Germany to b ex-
porting ethyl alcohol to the USSR. In 1 and 1949, approximately
2.6 million gallons per year were shipped as a form of reparations.
During 1954, 1951, and 1952, very littlo . evidence of
ethyl alcohol shipments sus such can be found. 1n s11 3 years, however,
large quantities of paraldehyde-s-lcohol mixture, were shipped to the
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(SSH for the production of synthetic rubber. alcohol content
of this mixture varies from 50 to 70 percent and can be recoverr i. 33/
Shipments of ethyl alcohol in this fas-ahion during these years vere
as follows:
Shipments
leer (Millions lone)
1951 6/
1952 12 d) 16/
No information on future shipnsantss of ethyl alcohol
from East Germany to the USSR is presently available. Statements
of pUnned exports to all countries am available, but it is re-
ported in these plans that large segments of the toted shiyments
are Pearled for Western countries. 7
D, Total SuppY?
'flea total supply of alcohol available to the Lei. in
1952 vas as' follows: production, 3014 million gnu. one; imports.,
million gallons; and toted supply, 316 million m1lon6.
.12 Inthe past, East Germany has exported sizable qusemtitios
of ethyl alcohoi to Western countries and, as indicated &ovv, ply
to continue this policy. In view of this fact, it is believed
that the Soviet supply of alcohol must be sufficient for present
requirements.
Eesluirsnnaents.
Soviet requir nts for ethyl alcohol have been calculated
partly oa the basis of what would be needed to supply other sectors
of Soviet industry and pmrtly from the known VS use"- pattern of in
ds-atrial. alcohol.- The iploymant of the use pattern wag necessary
in the solvents and chemicals categories becau of the myriad
uses of alcohol in these fields. In the ewe of rubber,, beverages,
reserve, explosives, and ethyl chloride, reasonable estimates of
re;qui: me ? could be calculated. Table 111 presents the astimate?d
requi:rer, tints of alcohol during 1952.
Soviet remA rats for ethyl, a .cobol, wa )A be altered., of course, in ,tau
event of a general war. The r* uirementss for explosive probably
would increase several tires. ''b utilization of alcohol s a
rocket fuel, which at present is estimated to be negligible, would
* le 11 follows on P. 18.
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Table 11
Alcohol Requirawnts of the USSR
1952
Million Gallons
State Reserve
15
vereagen
75
Synthetic Rubber
100
Explosives
7
Eftyl Chloride
2
Solvents
47
Chemicals
58
Miscellaneous
12
Total ji6
aao- IM meth o arriving e
these figures is explained in Ap-
pendtx B,
consum substantial q*ntitieso 0hemicala, ethyl chloride, rubbers
and solvents also would show increased requirements. These ad-
ditiozial descends could be mat by reducing the quantity of atcohol
ar located to beverage manufacture and by withdrawals from the state
reserve, .at least until sufficient additional capacity could be
constructed.
The Fifth Live ;dear plan ovidas "for an increase in the out-
put of ,.o synthetic rubber hry 82 percent." Such a program world.
require substantial additional quantities of ethyl alcohol by
I,955,, but the planned increase would fall probably well within t
increase of 88 million S&I-l.ons indicated by Table 90
Y$o 01pabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intention,
A. Ctinbilitieesb
The supply of ethyl alcohol in the USSR is considered suf-
ficient for peacetimes requirements. With reduction in the allotment
to beverages,, enough alcohol should be available for. essential war-
time use until additional capacity is built. Sufficient raw ma-
terials -- namely, wood and ethylene for synthetic production --
are available to provide for a considerable increase in ethyl 61ro-
hol output. Assuring the availability of construction materials
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e-nd equipment a.nd ignoring the effects of wartime destruction, an
wdequ ate supply of alcohot. shou.1d be av%ilable in the USSR to
support: & ma-3or war.
B. Vulnerabilities.
The Soviet ethyl alcohol industry comprises a laurg number
of r3Atively 0= 11 pmts scattered throughout the country. None
of these lnetallations appears large enough to justify aerial
attack. The industry is not dependent on imports for any of its
input requirements and thus is not open to oconaaeic warfare. Large-
scale destruction of crops -- namely, grain, sugar beets, and po-
tatoes -- would, however, seriously reduce the availability of
natural raw materials and, consequently, would lower the output of
ethyl alcohol.
C. 'intentions.
it is not believed that any ree.lisitic conclusions regarding
Soviet intentions can be drawn from a study of. tea ethyl alcohol in-
duetry without additional Information on ethyl alcohol requirvaeznts,
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ro
rcllaarimg ins a list of gaps in f rat*llig oa ; + Lch, U MUAq
xoatAd st1y iacprora ttm wr y and u fvlmsm of this repardv
~o S t t postwar produa%icn of ipdY tri&. o f *4*dwlL
~o l-u mquta rots (psa tteus1,wly thr po' astis12.y
use as roc t l1AO?.~) c
3@ R ov'of production by prooaessom.
Stockpilts.
Production plans.
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T
~. fe~lcualaetioa of 1946 production.
Ttm 196). pinned produation of ethyl alcohol in the ! U by
regions me es toll. ova:
Radon
Million Gallons
...
1,ithusniasn SSR
Istvi%n SSR
3.5
Estonian SSR
l.6
Relorussiaua S5R
27.2
Central Region RSf
2
76.7
Wra-iniaan SSR
70.0
Moldsviaan $SR
0.9
?tsrksaan SSR
0.1
Uzbek MR
1.7
K"Gkh SSR
41.14
Tranicaucam
0.4
regions, of 2'ar ft at and Est Siberia
6.7
.Urols and mast, S1beris
25.8
Seattlla ;st. Raagions
44.1
North sod Northwest Regions
2.7
Total.
26?.l
it vas assu=d tftt the production of the fo8.1awing regions
vea ~ lost became of the Coarsen, Inv "Ion; .itht uian SSR, 1mtvisn
Sit, Caitonian $$R, 3o1oruesiaa S51i, ono-third of the Ceatr%Z Rpgion
of t e Rs M, Ukrainian SSR, and Ro]4avian SSR. The total host
production easounts to 130 million O1lons
Since t r c*inda?r, or 137 million 5011ons Wsa a plan -eigutre,
it vas rounded to 130 million gaIlons to give at a more coneervs-
tive estimate, and it was assumed to be a to t! 1946 production.
11., Estimabt1.on of M-55 Production.
Insuffta:'Ient postwr date axe sve-i1*blo on which to ban on
estimate of future production. An estimate may be = *O,* homer,
based on prewar proetaetion whftn it is recalled that little capacity
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ws* odd@d during tb we, r, that' +t years until. X950 wsro awnt i n
r constlruwtiof# sad that the production grits fox )LOX and 3.950
were virtuaffy identical. ltn other words, for the purpo" or &n
,ontyiam4,e, t ht prcaduc,tion fide for the yea rice 1950 on bane been
"owed to be an extension of the pr+?tt r. merits of production
f figures o Tac production for the yes from 1932 to 1939 vas platted
and- extrapo1stead, The a zwml production incre moce indicated by
that extension of the figures gars wed to estimate 1952-55 production,
911 Mthods Used in gstiiti Pi . $ in f b1 8.
A. min Z .
recent Soviet toxtbock (Technal of Alcohol Production, by
DGL., X1imovskti end. V,g, Stabni~Crnr, t osca r, st - s aorn
hams an wmrso st4rah content of 52.2 percent and, that I ton of
starch Melds sfprcxixeacatrly 62 d liters of cabola
otato~e- ]Ctt
19"
Tbe, Raxbber 1 ,*oa r of the soviet Union, Wirtscb ttsgrtppe
C Y a e mi cn u s ; states , e rag o the Soviet sa-, 12
metric toxin of potatoes sro reaquirr ad to produce 3. asstric ton of
aohola
n ftrkz ~Mlt,
tWi4c of Aalcohol Productioni. by A,A. Puts 14oacaw, 1951,
states that the r4quirament of grin 7 gec r*lly barley) for "at in
8 percent of tb waeight of corn (wbasn corn is tt raw materiaat for
alcohol production)-and 2.5 paercent of tb weight of potatoes ~when
potato~rs arm the rrsw emmtrrial)o
Do r_s -F t.
A.A 3 Puke states that 100 kilogrs of bit molasses yield
about 28 to 30 liters of alcohol-
3o Sulfite Waste *iautor Ixity
-Y V P 111
No Soviet information mw available on the yield of alcohol
from aulfitq liquor. ludustrial C t nic 1o, by with, Keyes., %ad
'lark, hawver, st&ts. t , oas of liquor yictld 1,000
a1la rs of 95-parent 61cobolo
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P. Wood jWt,
Faith, Keyes, *ad Clark states that 39,000 pouf of wood
wsote yield 1,000 gallons of 95-percent aicoho]L.
0. Itb, len n t.
yb-ith, Keyes, and Clark give a yield of 1;,000 ga1lans of
95-percent alcohol from h8000 gallon of othyleanoo.
a. Coa sit0
Tbs Rubber Econ of the Soviet Union states that, secorUng
to t1s; G4v-lat press ocal conompt oh is a+s 31$oysg gamin? 9
metric tou per ton of e1ccbol; potatoes, 2.5 sertric tons per ton
of 1c obol; and molasses,, 1 metric ton per ton of alcohol..
No Soviet information um avai1sble corning the coasesaption
of coal by th hydro ,eis of suttite-waste, processeera Fecith, mss,
and Clark mentioned that ttr. hydrolysis process re4uires 125,000
pounds of stem per 1,000 g 3tons of 95-percent alcohol and that the
sulf ite-liquor process requires 150,000 pounds of stem per 1,000
1llons. Assuming that the averep energy content of Soviet bittm-
inaus heal is 4400 kilocalories par kilograxa,e tie se figures can
be converted to 7e8 metric tone of cool per 1,000 gallons' of alcohol
and 9.2 metric tons per 1,000 gallons of alcohol, respectively.
L Sulfuric Acid Input.
E~ roz n;r3 sveklasskhierno told
no spirt on moos on -r ng Conversion on Sugazw-amt
to Alcohol), by F.S Oladkii, Moscow 191+9, gives a sulfuric
acid consumption for the molasses process of 400-kil,grams per 1,000
dec ,liters of alcohol.
Faith? Keyes, and Clark give sulfuric acid consumption per
1,000 gellono of 91-percent alcohol as 2?00 pounds for hydro io,
150 pounds for sulfite waste liquor, and 504 pounds for ethylene.
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X. labor I Put
An estimate of the production of alcohol per man-hour was
made for four plants on which suitable information was available.
" restate were as fo11ovs:
Daily so. of gallons per
Plant Callous Workers NSA-'sour __--
Dok hukino 40/ 150800 370 5.3
Per le]/ 16.1 3M 450 406
Blagovesaa6nak / 9,900 21.2 $,8
Kbabarovsk / .." 7,100 31.3
Averer, Avs+r
For luk of other information, the avers" of 4.75 .orm
per can-hour va applied across the board to 611 procosses.,
A4aohol
1'. Estimation of tts r..-
A uir ntso -
/$ -1rIM ~~INY}Ylry, ..yl. Synthsbic Rub? ero
A d on s C1t estimate for 195k Soviet butadiene synthetic
rubber production of 140,000 to 15,000 metric tons. This output
would require, 100 million plIons of alcohol.
L E lomivcsa
laged on a CIA estimate of current Soviet ammunition pro-
duction u follows : artillery +unttion, 12 million rounds; mortar
ammunition.. 3 million rounds; rocket ammunition, 300,000 rounds;
smell axras ammunition, 500 million rounds; mince, 1e75,000 pie a;
and gr+saa as, 2.3 -mill.xor pier,
This output of ammunition would require 47,000 tons of
smokeless powder propellent, and tbh manufacture of the propellent
would consume 21,000 tons, or 7 million g4lIons, of alcohol.
C. Ethyl Chloride.
ased on a CIA coti atee for 19 t t tbyl led (TM) pro.
duOtion of $, toaa. ` million 11 of alvrabol you . b .
quir'd to pr+4ume this &noum-t gf
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.ea aM. w r w w~
D. So)v ntu ca10, and Hieellt ou .
'After ,loastitg alcohol for rubber, rotagrvo, bovccr s,
taplaoivees, mad mtbyi chloride, tbo i s itir this soportiomd
usUDR tbo US um pmt rrn an x Pads. - Tor $ 9 V%ttrmn.wma
aWaxia tc. )0 percent to uolvcnta, 60 percent to cb ias s,
and 10 percent to w1mvilpew ouesm A oubstoltial pmrt of tb
44co u d for cbtmicals, however, wcat to the wa aaf tur of
teal4a . It is act felt ' t the Rus!i would u o Wg
c a titiot$ cf alcaba for this pArpoce. 7ba px%%Qrn, rt for&,
+ tid to 50 porctut to c icviis, 40 p*rcont to so1,v ;nte,,
1p p??rcwnt to misc*ll ous.
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6-34.14-3-17 w r ar ~'
S ' a A! z A- ATI (Z SMW-'ZS
0 8've~.u tton o
va4ario ~ d in tb r pr*tion of this tom
by tl r Wirt* tl'
~c~t to u t~? pwlb3iob~d SM10t sCtoce$, fr? 1 b w
it d *&l of t inf ;stian contaiaacd in this report t ob?
fn , uub t to cortnin iimit tiane- utormtion iffib
4ptbbcl d frai Or m t cDnico1 expprto vbo visit#d the
in tb earl' 1930"9 iu bb1i6d to be rrYLabi:e
x .t of the oa "o ext ddpecdtnt on YjAn and M ftl-
f ti nt f igurea whit vexe pub11tbz d tbrai&
p ea r+ ou w r r f s disoo^ rcd for consittring tip, fi s to
be urn ciiab .oro On t cosntr , tho cv(r-ill d rrasiopae n~ of tb
,*t*q/i. tt1c IL indu*trp *a indice~,ted by t mst fi a s &Waxed to
bd ioajicer3 and attu.i.
tLom s t r.,S used for th- gmn 'r jart of t t chnic@l: dt0-
amus ion ' ligvcd to be rceliM30, Sims tbr' o Lt7 ofit1 tbc scur,cs,a~ Roviat toxtboabcu d~+n1it with
indu$tI70
20 SCUMS.
Drro ftgarvitter wA Dr.. SaMn. Rubber mpen
i-
i uuts?
t bpi
Soviat lEnia n, Wir
di x A
W F m2facturinS chtsi,s
It
AA %eL'C#;L rt1
a, -70" y ,h .
C, 1# port KO. 337, ox ndu on Seviot Foo induutr r,
S uniboLuL, Cbiw6p Vhffslrcs moio, Ri L, l*tvl&,
25X1A2gln 20 Y 1939-
6, ' rt o- 337, +a dA on So+riet
St., '
70 tiro t .rwittcr &ad Dr., Z*00,, Vw, Nubl r ftonow of
sovilt,..VR?ion" 22, '
26 S4-c 6-l9-1,
25X1A2g
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S-B-C-ft-ii/ IT .
NIS 26, 1jS i, See. , Px-S 1951; Dr. tnjrwitter and Dr.
fin, 7be Rubber Lcon y of tbv Soviet Union, _%. cit.,
9. Dr0 n~ rvit ar e>na irsm Z in, ? ' bwr onM cat tb--
Soviet Union, Icit9
3 rd 7 Y r 3&E-T3,938- ), pLniz"t, 1939-
11. Dr. Unprwittor ems, Dr. `e an, .' ' ftSbber $con o t
Soviet Union, -q. it.
32. IM
3. V"`?orth Five ,1?eear 7-104 (1946-90).
14~ 1h1 state Pisa tar the #erveiossent of the tior :1
$eon v of tbh UM,, art X11, FD 21, Is 29W.
15. 'T'hird Five 1+ar P1*n (.1938-49).
$6. Ibid.
I?. .
Ia. W g6, ussm, sec. 6l , =r taros state, Ang 195L
19. USSR' ormation EM.11*tir., 16 Apr i. +:..p. 9.
20. 1z VMMM MMID US :g 195.1.
$I. DOW 1ntornwtion .i3 lotin, 10 ft b 19", 67.
2$. 991-1 aurae rvieo, , o , 29 to 1959.
Ibid.
$3.
.
$b a , ' ~Cbno1 i e 1rtcv of svods (' hno1c:
of Aloobol vatt> o i , Pisob pramizdA , pbeoow, ~95I
D.L. lmovskii tz4 '* .V. 8t&bnikov, 'I khpol i
s irtov roiZvodst , timbepromizast, av, t~9
~1 > y Ait~t and Aor &1d L. t1*rk,
notsri Cb miea.p, an Wiley a Sons, Inc., v'
*ork-,1'
26. laic.,
27.
28. heel Industrie $o. 9, 1950# CIA G U-W-~ It .i.8, 1v
19to o ita!?ar Lion, 19 i8Ag)
29. SDS 27, 19l2; SD5 539, &-p 194; SDS 2OO1 SD!S POOP;
.
809 2163, Special Dacwec nt 136 Tc4, UM,
30- X901 in, Swvwy of SSoviet otsn A iaudt , tStA A
1951, ra
31^ (J,D/M,WAD.
32c VMS Intelligence Report RT-306-50 (91-178), 24 Mar
25X1A2g 1950 (d&tp of information, 19h8-49). S.
33-
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 25X1A2g
L Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300100002-3
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300100002-3
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300100002-3
L
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01093A000300100002-3