SUPPLEMENT TO SOVIET GEODETIC PHOTOGRAMMETRIC INSTRUMENTATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01083A000100060001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 59
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 17, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 3, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01083A000100060001-2
25X1A5a1
SUPPLEMENT TO
SOVIET GEODETIC PHOTOGBA ME TRIO
INSTRUMENTATION
25X1A5a1
25X1A5a1
November 3, 1953
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Copy N o . -
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25X1A5a1
List of Abbreviations and Reference Keys Used in
Materials on Soviet Science.
25X1A5a1
1. mat AS262.A62 = Library Call Number at the Library of Congress
prefixes other than "DLO" are those used in
25X1A5a1
the Union List of Serials.
2. Refers to a numbered list of approximately
300 Soviet, scientific serials and periodicals,
for each of which a selected table of contents
prepared for use by this project, is available.
25X1A5a1
3. M.F. No. - = Refers to the number of the microfilm
on which the reference may be found.
25X1A5a1
4. ^ Card No. - = Refers to the "Institute?, "Personnel",
"University", or "Bibliographies card,
etc. on which the reference data is re-
corded.
5. Folder No. - = Refers to photostated material of two types:
(1) Folder No. Red 67 (R 67) for instance, is
a reference photoatated directly from an original
manuscript or book, the original of-whi
~l~c~ld
not be made otherwise available to
(2) Folder No. Purple 67 (P 67) is a photostat
2 to from microfilm already available at the
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INTRODUCTION
25X1A5a1
25X1A g1following report is submitted as a supplement
entitled, "Soviet Geodetic and
Photogrammetric Instrumentation". This supplement is forwarded for the
use of technical personnel in the fields of photogrammetry, geodesy,
photography and, to a lesser degree, for technicians working in the
field of may reproduction.
The report consists of lists of references where detailed, opera-
tional diagrams, photographs, optical systems, etc. of instruments used
by the Soviets in the above-mentioned sciences may be found in Soviet
scientific literature. -
Seven, recent Soviet references were selected as being most signifi-
cant for the purpose of this report. They are as follows:
I. Mikhaylov, V. Ya., Fotografiya i Aerofotografiya (Photography
and Aerial Photography), Izdatel'stvo Geodezicheskoy i
Kartograficheskoy Literatury, Moskva, 1952 ...................... 3
II. Drobyshev, F.V., Fotogrammetricheskiye Pribory i Instrumento-
Yedeniye. Moscow, 1951 ...................................... 21
III. Volosov, D.S., Metody rascheta slozhnykh fotograficheskikh
sistem. (The Bating Methods of Complicated Photographic
Systems). OGIZ 1945 ........................................... 30
IV. Tudorovskiy, A.I., Teoriya Opticheskikh Priborov, (The Theory
of Optical Devices). Part II (Part I was checked but did
not contain desired instrumental information). Izdatele-
stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR. Moskva, Leningrad, 1952 ..............
36
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V. Katalog - Spravochnik Laboratornykh Priborov i
Oborudovaniya. Vypusk 34. Mashgiz, 1949 ................ 43
vI. 20th Anniversary of Soviet Geodesy and Cartography,
1919-1939. (Dvadtsat' Let Sovetskoy Geodezii i
Kartografii, 1919-1939.) ..???"?............??............ 50
VIZ. Shershen', A.I., Aerofotos"yemka, Letnos"yemochnyy
Pro tsess (Aerial Photography, Aerial-Surveying Process),
.Izdatel'stvo Geodezicheskoy i Kartograficheskoy
Literatury, Moskva, 1949 52
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Subject: Pictures of Photographic and Photogrammetric Instruments and
Designs and Graphs of Operational Characteristics of Main Optical
Systems, as Abstracted from Soviet Sources.
Source I: Mikhaylov, V. Yap, Fotoarafiva i Aerofotografiva (Photography and
Aerial Photography), Izdatel'stvo Geodezicheskoy i Kartograficheskoy
Literatury, Moskva, 1952.
Page on
Which
Reference
Fig. or
to Text
Figure or
Table is
Description
Table No.
Found
Page 35,
Fig. 10-e
Page 21
Section 8
Information Available
Detail Drawing of the "Ortogoz" Objective.
Camera, "Fotokor" is equipped with this
objective; it is an uncemented four-lens
anastigmat.
Data: Focal Length: 13.5 cm,
Relative Aperture: 1:4.5
Field of View: 550
Pages 35-36 Fig. 1O-d Page 21 Detail Drawing of the "Industar" Objective
(of which there are several). This is an
unsymmetrical semi-cemented anastigmatic
objective. It is manufactured in various
focal lengths.
Page 36 - - "Industar - 11" Objective (No picture).
Used in reproduction cameras. These ob-
jectives are manufactured with focal
lengths: 21, 30, 60, 90, and 120 cm.
Relative Apertures: 1:4.5 for small cameras
1:9 for large cameras
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which
Reference Fig. or
to Text Figure or Table is
Description Table No. Found
Page 36
Page 37
Information Available
"Industar-22" Objective. (No picture).
Data: Focal Length: 50 mm.
Relative Aperture: 1:3,5
Field of View: 46?
Resolving Power, in Center of Field:
40 lines;
Resolving Power, at Edge: 20 lines.
Used in cameras, "FED" and "Zorkiy".
"Industar-23" Objective (No picture).
Data: Focal Length: 110 mm.
Relative Aperture: 1:4.5
Field of View (Diagonally): 52?
Used in camera, "Moskva II"
Page 37 Fig. 21 Page 36 Detail Drawings of External View and Dia-
grams of Internal Arrangement of Lenses of
"Yupiter" Objectives for "Kiyev" Photo-
apparatus. (Camera)
Page 37 Fig. 21-1 Page 36 "Yupiter 3" Objective.
Data: Focal Length: 50 mm.
Field of View:= 45?
Relative Aperture: 1:1.5
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which
Reference Fig. or
to Text Figure or Table is
Descritttion Table No. Found
Fig. 21-2 Page 36
Fig. 21-3 Page 36
Fig. 21-4 Page 36
Fig. 21-5 Page 36
Page 37 Fig. 22 Page 37
Fig. 22-b Page 37
Information Available
"Yupiter-811 Objective.
Data: Relative Aperture: 1:2
Field of View: 45?
"Yupiter-9" Objective.
Data: Focal Length: 85 mm.
,Relative Aperture: 1:2
Field of View: 28?
"Yupiter-11" Objective.
Data: Focal Length: 135 mm.
Relative Aperture: 1:4
Field of View: - 13.5?
"Yupiter-12" Objective. (A wide-angle an-
astigmatic objective with field of view of
63?)
Data: Focal Length: 35 mm.
Relative Aperture: 1:2.8
Detail Drawings of External View of Objec-
tives for "FED" Cameras.
Universal ("Universaltnyy") Objective for
"FED".
Data: Focal Length: 50 mm.
Relative Aperture: 1:3.5
Field of View: 550
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which
Reference Fig. or
to Text Figure or Table is
Descrittion Table No. Found
Page 37 Fig. 22-v Page 37 High Light Power ("Svetosil'nyy") Objective.
Data: Relative Aperture: 1:2
Remaining Characteristics: Same as for the
Universal Objective (above).
Page 37 Fig. 22-a Page 37 Wide-angle ("Shirokougol'nyy") Objective.
Data: Focal Length: 28 mm.
Relative Aperture: 1:4.5
Field of View: 76?
Page 37 Fig. 22-d Page 37 Teleobjective ("Teleob"yektiv").
Data: Focal Length: 100 mm.
Relative Aperture: 1:6.8
Field of View: 24?
Page 38 Fig. 22-g. Page 37 Reproduction ("Reproduktsionnyy") Objec-
tive. This objective "has the same char-
acteristics as the Universal Objective,
but the objective's mounting is made in
the form of two pipes, moving one in the
other, which makes it possible to move the
objective rather far out from the light
sensitive coating and mAke an exposure
from a distance of 15 cm,, increasing by
this means the scale of the representation
up to 1:2, which it is not possible to do
with the ordinary "FED" objective."
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which
Reference
Fig. or
to Test
Figure or
Table is
Description
Table No.
Found
Page 38
Fig. 23
Page 38
Diagrams of Internal Arrangement of Lenses
of Aerial Surveying Wide-angle Objectives.
Note: No further data is given.
-
Fig. 23-a
Page 38
"Russar-19" Objective.
-
Fig. 23-b
Page 38
"Russar-25" Objective.
-
Fig. 23-v
Page 38
"Russar-29" Objective.
-
Fig. 23 g
Page 38
"Rodina-2tt Objective.
Fig. 23-d
Page 38
"Russar-31" Objective.
Page 38
Fig. 24
Page 39
Design of Mirror-Lens: Objectives.
1. Meniscus, 2. Mirror, 3. Concave Mirror,
4. Focal Plane.
Page 38
Fig. 25
Page 39
Pictures (External View) of Various Types
of Objective Mounts.
Page 38
Fig. 25-a
Page 39
"'Industars', used for reproduction, have
the so-called normal mount which is located
entirely outside of the camera. ("Normal'-
naya oprava").
Page 38 Fig. 25-b Page 39 Sunken ("Uglublennaya") Mount. For port-
able and miniature cameras, in which the
mount only partly extends outside.
Page 38 Fig. 25-v Page 39 Sunken with Shutter ("Uglublennaya s
zatvorom") Mount.
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Reference
Fig. or
to Test
Figure or
Table is
Description
Table No.
Found
Information Available
Page 38
Fig. 25-g
Page 39
Worm-screw ("Chervyachnaya") Mount.
Used
in those cases where the focusing is done
by moving the objective along the optical
axis.
Page 49 Fig. 40 Page 49 Pictures (External View) of the "AFA-33"
Series of ("Aerofotoapparat") Aerial-
Photo-Apparatuses = Cameras and Attachments.
These apparatuses are "with cones for ob-
jectives with various focal lengths. In
the case of very short-focus apparatuses
the cone is lacking. The objectives have
a between-the-lens shutter, the threshold
speed of which rarely exceeds 1:120 sec.
Curtain-slot shutters for apparatuses, in-
tended for precision operations, are used
rarely, in view of the distortions produced
by them."
The apparatuses of this series shown in
Fig. 40 include the following: "AFA-33/100,"
"AFA-33/7511, "AFA-33/50," "AFA-33/20."
The labelled parts indicated are as fol-
lows: 1. camera section; 2. cone; 3, cas-
sette; 4. electric power unit; 5. control
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which
Reference Fig. or
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Pages 50-51 Figure 41 Page 50
Page 52.
Fig. 42
Page 51
Page 83
Fig. 56
Page 83
Pages 83-84
Fig. 57
Page 84
Page 85
Fig. 58
Page 84
Pages 85-86 Fig, 59
Page 86
Page 87
Page 87
Fig. 60 Page 87
Fig. 61
Page SS
Information Available
device; 6. electric cord; 7. light filter;
8. mounting; 9. Cardan roller; 10. flexible
rod.
Detail Drawing of the Kinematic System of
an Aerial-Photo-Apparatus (Camera and Aux-
iliary Parts). Parts are labelled, No. 4
is a "Zhalyuzi" ("Jalousie") Shutter.
Design of a Slit ("Shchelevoy") Aerial-
Photo-Apparatus. (Labelled Parts: 1. "Rus-
sar" F - 70. 2. "Plazmat" F - 210.
Design of Golberg's ("Gol'dberga") Denso-
graph ("Denzograf"). Labelled Parts.
Detail Drawing of Densitometer of GOI.
Labelled Parts.
Detail Drawing of Polarized Martens Den-
sitometer.
Detail Drawing of Sensitometer of GOI.
Parts are labelled in both Fig. 58 and
Fig. 59.
Detail Drawing: A Developing Device (Not
named).
A Sensitometric Graph (GOST-2817-45, Soviet
Russian System of Sensitometry). (Note:
This system, GOST-2817-45, is described on
pages 85-91.).
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which
Reference Fig. or
to Text Figure or Table is
Description Table No.Found
Page 87 Fig. 62 Page 88
Page 89 Fig. 63 Page 89
Page 91 Fig. 64 Page 91
Fig. 65 Page 92
Table 11 Page 93
Fig. 66 Page 92
Fig. 67 Page 94
Fig. 68 Page 96
Fig. 69 Page 96
Table (No Page 98
number)
Fig. 70 Page 99
Fig. 71
Information Available
Characteristic Set of Curves (GOST-2817-45,
Soviet-Russian System of Sensitometry).
Characteristic Curve, (GOST-2817-45, Soviet-
Russian System of Sensitometry).
Determination of the Value Y of the Coef-
ficient of Contrast.
Connection Between A D, Y and U.
Values of Recommended Coefficient of Con-
trast for Different Types of Photographic
Materials.
Curve of Dependence of S, Do and Y on the
Time of Developing (Development Time).
Juxtaposition of Luminosity Intervals and
Photographic Width.
Different Methods of Indicating Sensitivity.
Sensitivity's Dependence Upon the Form of
the Characteristic Curve.
Table of Sensitivity Issued by the Main
Directorate of the Motion Picture Film
Industry.
Sensitometric Parameters of Photographic
Paper.
Page 100 Test Object for Paper Examination.
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Reference
Page on
which
Fig. or
to Text
Description
Figure or Table is
Table No, Found
Information Available
Fig. 72
Page 101
Spectrograph.
Fig. 73
Page 102
Spectrograms of an Orthochromatic Film.
Fig. 74
Page 102
Spectrosensitometer.
Fig. 75
Page 103
Curves of Spectral Sensitivity of Differ-
Fig. 76
Page 104
ent Sensitive Materials.
Color Table.
Fig. 77
Page 104
Color Table.
Fig. 78
Page 106
Curve of Filtration through the Light
Fig. 79
Page 107
Filter.
Different Types of Light Filters (Diagram).
Fig. 80
Page 107
Spectral Characteristics of Some Light
Fig. 81
Page 109
Filters (Diagram).
Elements of Spectral Curve of Light Fil-
--
Page 110
ters and Table 12.
Table 13. Filtration Power of Different
Fig. 82
Page 111
Light Filters.
Relation of Different Sensitive Emulsions
to the Ra
s of V
i
W
L
--
Page 111
y
ar
ous
ave
engths.
Table 14. Absorption Power (tlKratnostrU)
--
Page 112
of Aerial Survey Light Filters for Films.
Table 15. Absorption Power of Light Fil-
ters of Films for Land Survey.
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114
83
Curves of Dependence of Granularity g on Coefficient of
115
84
Contrast ,'Y and Optical Density D.
Aureoles: a - Diffusion,8 (b) - Reflection.
116
85
Burmistrov's Resolvometer ("Rezol'vometr F. L. Burmistrova").
117
86
Test Object (Mira).
119
--
Unnumbered Tables Thickness of Emulsion for Plates, Films
120
87
and Papers.
Microphotograph of Emulsion Grains of Different Emulsions.
121
--
Table 16. Table Showing U m,.cteristics of Various Emulsim
122
88
Coatings.
Curve of Disposition of Emulsion by Grain Size.
122
89
Scheme of a Process for Production of Emulsion.
124
90
Spectrograms of Different Sensitized Emulsions Obtained
126
--
During Lighting with 1/2 Watt Bulb.
Table 17. Classification and Sensitometric Features of
129
91
Photographic Plates.
Cross Section of Present-Day Negative of a Motion Picture
130
--
Film.
Table 18. Sensitometric Characteristics of Photographic
130
--
Films.
Table 19. Coefficients of Contrast.
132
--
Table 20. Sensitometric Characteristics of Motion Picture
135
--
Film.
Table 21. Photographic Papers, 6 Kinds.
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Figure
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Information Available
136
--
Table 22. Classification and Sensitometric Characteristics
of Photographic Papers.
136
92
Scheme of Printing on Reflex Paper.
144
--
Table 23. Day Lighting for Different Heights of the Sun and
Cloudiness without Snow (In Lux Thousands) (or Meter-candle
Thousands - Unit of Illumination).
145
93
Diagram of Illumination in Cloudy and Bright Weather, De-
pending on Sunts Height Above the Horizon.
146
--
Table 24. Day Lighting for Different Heights of the Sun and
Cloudiness with Snow (in Lux or Meter-candle Thousands).
147
--
Table 25. Time and Lighting.
148
94
Change of Lighting at Small and Negative Sun Heights.
148
95
Distribution of Energy for Dispersed and Summary Radiation.
149
96
Curves of Spectral Distribution of a Dispersed Radiation of
Daylight.
150
97
Spectral Distribution of Energy by the Spectrum.
150
98
Distribution of Energy by the Spectrum.
152
--
Table 26. Coefficients of Brightness of Different objects.
154
99
Spectrometric Characteristics of Land Formations by Ye. L.
Krinov (Diagram).
155
100
Spectrometric Characteristics of Vegetation (Diagram).
156
--
Table 27. Coefficients of Brightness of Green Objects (Spruce,
Birch, Aspen, Dry Meadow).
159
--
Table 28. Reflection Coefficients of a Forest and a Road.
162
--
Table 29. Change of the Atmospheric Pressure Depending On
the Height.
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163
101
Diagram Showing the Change of Mass of Atmosphere with In-
crease of the Height.
164
102
Change of the Atmospheric Mass with Change of Sun's Height.
165
103
Diagram. Change of Coefficient of Transparency for Different
Wave Lengths.
166
104
Transparency of Water Vapors for Infra-red Rays.
166
105
Dependence (Interdependence) Between the Optical Thickness
of the Atmosphere 'it and the Coefficient of Transmission of
the Atmosphere.Z. (Diagram).
167
--
Table 30. Values of Spectral Characteristics of the Optical
Mass -r for Different Heights.
168
106
Indicatrix of Dispersion of Light for the Ideal Atmosphere.
169
--
Table 31. Characteristics of the Atmosphere by Farness of
Visibility, Coefficient of Transmission in the Visible Part
of the Spectrum and Corresponding Evaluation of Atmospheric
Conditions.
170
107
Indicatrix of Dispersion in Good and Bad Visibility.
172
108
Diagram Showing the Change of Haze Brightness in Connection
with Change of the Atmospheric Mass.
174
--
Table 32. Shows Atmospheric Haze's Increase Proportional to
the Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere.
176
--
Table 33. Effective Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere for
Different Photographic Materials and Light Filters.
176
--
Table 34. Values of the Effective Optical Thickness of the
Atmosphere for Oblique Aerial Surveying from Different Heights.
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178 109 Design of a Device for Determination of Light Dispersion.
181 -- Table 35. Coefficients of Losses Ko and KP and K3 for Cam-
eras AFA-13, with "Industar-13" Objective, AFA-I with "In-
dustar-51" Objective, RMK with "Russar-25" Objective, and
K-17-B, with "Metrogon" Objective.
183 -- Table 36: Values of a Coefficient of Light Dispersion for
7 Different Cameras: 1) "Fotokor", Objective - "Ortogoz"
f = 135 m; 2)"FEDII, Objective with f = 50 mm. (Not named);
3) "Elmar", Unnamed Objective with f = 35 mm.; 4) "Road
Camera", ,iith"Russar-19" Objective, and Lens Shade ("Otteni-
tell"); 5) The Same without Lens Shade; 6) AFA-98, Objective -
"Russar-111 and Lens Shade; 7) AFA-~98, without Lens Shade.
184 110 Influence of Light Dispersion on the Characteristic Curve.
186 111 Resolving Power of Photographic Material for Test Object
with a Changeable Contrast.
186 112 Influence of Location of Density of Image on the Character-
istic Curve for the Resolving Power of a Sensitive Coating.
187 113 Connection Between Resolving Power and Contrast Range of
the Test Object.
190 114 Dependence (Interdependence) Between Admissible Displacement
of Image and Scale of the Aerial Photograph.
192 115 Photo-electric Aerial Exposure Meter. (Picture of External
View).
193 116 Substance of Nomographic Method for Calculation of Luminosity.
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194
117
Front and Back Views of the AEN-IV Exponometer.
197
118
Change of the Optical Mass of the Atmosphere in a Perspective
(Oblique) Survey.
200
--
Table 37. Exposures for Photographing Submerged Objects.
201
119
Spectral Coefficient of Brightness for Deciduous and Conif-
erous Forests.
202
120 a
and b
Aerial Photographs in Visible and Infrared Zones of the
Spectrum.
203
121
Location of Light Source in Night Aerial Photography.
204
122
Sensitometric Curves of Aerial Films with Different Photo-
graphic Width for Night Aerial Surveying.
(Chapter 7: Reproduction Photography).
224
126
Field Set-up for Photographing of a Mosaic.
225
127
Small Reproduction Camera (Diagram) (Not named).
225
128
Picture of External View of Reproduction Camera of "Bol'shevik"
Factory.
226
129
Picture: Wooden Reproduction Camera, (Not named).
226
130
Picture: Two-chamber Camera, (Not named).
227
131
Picture: Vertical Reproduction Camera (Not named).
228
132
Picture: Universal Photostat Apparatus (Not named).
228
133
Inversion of Images (Diagram).
230
--
Table 41. Relation of Blue, Green and Red Rays.
232
--
Table 42. Minimum Assortment of Polygraphic Films.
233
134
Spraying Table for Plates, (Diagram).
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233
135
Drying Chamber for Plates, (Diagram).
236
136
A Grating (or Screen) (Diagram).
(Chapter 8: Theory and Practice of the Negative Process).
243
137
Successive Phases of Crystal Development.
243
138
Developed Crystal of Haloid Silver Enlarged 30,000 times.
244
139
Photolysis of Silver Bromide.
246
140
Design Showing Process of AgBr Restoration.
247
141
Microcuts Through the Developed Coating in the Process of
Developing.
247
142
Scheme of Development of Emulsion Coating.
252
143
Solubility of Silver Bromide in Solutions of Sulfite.
257
144
Displacement of the Characteristic Curve Under the Influence
of Potassium Bromide. (Graph).
265
145
Developing Device with Crimps (Diagram).
266
146
Picture of External View of Spiral Developing Device (Spiral
and Winding Stand).
266
147
Diagram of Conical Spiral.
266
148
Diagram of Spiral Device with Rods.
267
149
Diagram of External View of Developing Device with Rewinding
of Films,
268
150
Diagram of External View of Developing Device, Automatic.
269
151
Lines of Equal Density of the Negative, Developed in a Cuvette.
269
152
Forming of Strips under the Dark Parts of the Negative.
270
153
Graph: Mikhaylov's Nomogram.
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Page
No.
Figure
No.
Information Available
274
154
Graph: Influence of Benzo-triasole.
275
155
Scheme of Developing Process with Conversion.
276
156
Graph: Influence of Size of Crystals of Silver Haloid on
Fixing Speed.
277
157
Comparative Speed of Fixing of Negative and Positive Emulsions.
280
158
Electrolytic Bath of NIKFI.
281
159
Influence of Speed of a Water Flow on Completeness of Washing.
282
160
Influence of Salting on Speed of Film and Print-washing.
282
161
Influence of Temperature on Speed of Film and Print-washing.
284
162
Change of Residual Quantity of Thiosulfate in Paper During
Washing.
285
163
Diagram or Detail Drawing of Drying Drum.
286
164
Diagram of Spiral Drier.
286
165
Diagram of Slot Drier.
289
166
Design of Field Densitometer.
290
167
Field Sensitometric Graph.
292
168
Graph: Different Types of Clearing Agents.
298
169
Determination of Deformation.
(Chapter 9: Theory and Practice of the Positive Process).
303
170
Correlation Between ig Bo and lg Bpos.
304
171
Connection Between 41g Bo, nDneg. and 4Dpos.
306
172
Graphical Method for Construction of the Curve of Reproduction.
308
173
Construction of a Curve of Reproduction for a Particular Case.
308
174
Connection Between A D and L.
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Figure
No.
Information Available
310
175
Determination of Maximum Time for Developing.
311
176
Pneumatic Copying Frame, Picture of External View.
312
177
Design of Copying Device.
313
178
Three Different Types of Printing Machines, Pictures of
317
179
External Views.
Different Types of Illuminators, Diagrams.
320
180
Diagram: A Diminisher.
323
181
Diagram: A Washer for Paper.
324
182
Drawing of External View of a Drier for Paper.
324
183
Picture of External View of a Glossing Device.
330
184
Diagram: Developing of Diazo-paper by Ammonia.
332
185
Diagram: Transferring by the Ozobrom (?) ("0zobromnyy'')
335
186
Process.
(Chapter 10: Basis of Color Photography).
Spectral Sensitivity of Color Perceptible Elements of the
336
187
Eye.
A Color Triangle.
337
188 a,
Additive and Subtractive Synthesis of a Color.
339
and b.
189
Scheme of Subtractive Process.
340
190
A Color-dividing Camera.
342
191
Diagram: Scheme of Construction of a Multi-coated Film and
344
192
Paper.
Characteristic Curves of Colored Films.
346
193
Curves of Filters Used in Colored Photographing.
348
--
Table 43: Light Filters and Coefficients of Increase of the
Exposure.
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No. No. Information Available
348
195
Scheme for Obtaining of Colored Image on Three-Coated Films
with Conversion and Simultaneous Colored Developing.
349 -- Table 44. Processing of 3-coated photographic Materials.
350 -- Table 45. Change of Contrast Range in Separate Coatingw.
352 196 Influence of Different Conditions of Processing on -t and D.
355 197 Device for Lighting of Reversible Aerial Film, Picture of
External View.
356 -- Table 46: Maximum of Spectral Curve.
359 198 Diagram and Picture of External View of a Multiplicator.
360 199 a Lighting Block of Colored Copying Device. Exterior View of
and b
the Copying Device.
361 200 Device for Processing of Paper Prints.
364-369
PRESCRIPTIONS.
Formulas and Components of Solutions.
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Source II. Drobyshev, F.V.: Fotorammetricheskive Pribory i Instrumento-
vedeniye. Moscow, 1951
Section 3: Optical Systems in Photogrammetric Devices
Page
Figure
26
13
Projection Objectives. Detail Drawing: "Ortoniar" f = 100 mm.
"Dagor" 1:6,8 f = 180 mm. "Tessar" 1:4,5 f = 200 mm.
26
14
Objectives and Lenses of Sighting ("Vizirnykh") Systems.
32
26
Detail Drawing of "Optical system for obtaining Luminous
Mark in Stereoplanigraf SPB".
Section 4: Rectifying Devices.
46
33
Design of Autocollimator (Avtokollimator)
47
34
Detail Drawing of Goniometer ("Goniometr")
Section 6: Devices for Photo-rectification.
60
39
System of Photo-rectifier S2 0 ("Fototransformator")
61
40
System of Photo-rectifier S2 m ("Fototransformator") 32 m
61
41
System of Photo-rectifier S2 01 ("Fototransformator") S2 01
62
42
System of Photo-rectifier S2 R ("Fototransformator") S2 R
70
43
Detail Drawing: "Part of Negative's Carriage of Photo-rec-
tifier (Fototransformator) FTM".
71
44
Detail Drawing: "Condenser of Photo-rectifier (Fototrans-
formator) Ml"
Section 9: Automatization of Scaled Coupling.
73
45
Detail Drawing: "Rombic Inverter" ("Rombicheskiy Inversor")
74
46
Detail Drawing: "Angular Inverter".
74
47
Detail Drawing: "Angular Inverter", having Form of a Ruler
in Photo-rectifiers of Broken Design.
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75
48
75
49
77
50
79
51
80
52
81
53
82
54
83
56
84
57
87
58
87
59
90
60
91
61
92
62
95
63
Detail Drawing: Tape Inverter.
Design of Device with Tape Inverter.
Detail Drawing of Gaged Inverter.
Section 10: Automatization of Perspective Coupling
('tperspektivnogo sepryazheniya)
Detail Drawing of "Tangent" ("Kasateltnaya") Inverter.
Detail Drawing of Linear Perspective Inverter ("Lineynyy
Inversor")
Detail Drawing:
Inverter.
Detail Drawing:
Simplified Perspective ("Perspektivnyy")
"Broken-perspective Inverter" ("Uproshchennyy
Perspektivnyy Inversor")
Design of "Tangential-perspective Inverter" ("Skhema Tangent-
sial'nogo-Perspektivnogo Inversora")
Section 11: Constructions of Photo-reducers and Photo-rec-
tifiers. ("Konstruktsii fotoreduktorov i foto-
transformatorov")
Detail Drawing: (External View) Photo-reducer.
Picture: (External View) Photo-epi-reducer. ("Fotoepireduktor")
of F.V. Drobyshev's System.
Detail Drawing: Pantograph with Plunger and Matrix. ("Panto-
graf s puansonom i matritsey") (used under the Photo-epi-
reducer shown in Fig. 58)
Detail Drawing (Stripped View) of "Photo-rectifier r4a".
Design of "Tangent" ("Kasatel'naya") Oblique Inverter.
Picture of Small Photo-rectifier (FTM).
Picture of Large Photo-rectifier (FTB). "With labelled parts).
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Page Figure Chapter 3: Instruments for Linear Stereoscopic Measurements.
104
65
Section 14: Stereocomparators.
Picture: (External View) Horizontal Stereocomparator.
105
67
Detail Drawing: Optical System of Binocular.
106
68
Picture: Oblique Stereocomparator.
107
69
Design of Optical Installation for Reading of Coordinates
108
70
and Parallaxes in Oblique Stereocomparator. (Labelled parts).
Drawing: Optical System of Oblique Stereocomparator.
109
71,
(Labelled parts explained in text)
Picture: (External View) of Stereopantometer of System of
110
72
F.V. Drobyshev
Detail Drawing: "Four-mirror Stereoscope of Stereopantometer.
113
77
Design of Convergent Installation of Topographic Stereometer.
116
79
Detail Drawing of Correction Attachment of Topographic
117
80
Stereometer. (labelled parts)
Detail Drawing of Transfer of Sighting Ray m in Oblique by
118
81
Direction a (movement of binocular's parts is shown by
arrows). (Labelled Parts).
Design of Correctional Device of a Stereometer. (Labelled
119
82
Parts).
Detail Drawing: "Left Carriage of a Stereometer."
119
83
Possible Design of Correctional Device of a Topographic
121
85
Stereometer. (Labelled Parts).
Design of Correctional Device. Based on a change of the
122
86
Value fk. (Labelled Parts).
Design of a System of Two Convergent Devices.
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Figgie
Section 15: Designs ("Constructions") of Stereometric
Instruments.
126
88
Picture: Topographic Stereometer (External View).
126
88 a
Design of Topographic Stereometer (Labelled Parts).
128
89
Picture: Stereometer (External View).
129
90
Picture: Convergent; Arrangement of Stereometer. (External
View).
130
91
Detail Drawing: Correctional Device of Stereometer.
130
92
Detail Drawing: Optical System of Stereometer.
Table 15: Technical Data for (1) Topographic Stereometer,
(2) Stereometer.
132
93
Picture: Kern's Stereometer (External View).
132
94
Detail Drawing: Design of Kern's Stereometer (Labelled Parts).
136
96
Detail Drawing: Design of Correctional Attachments for So-
lution of Fifth and Sixth Terms of Formula (67).
137
97
Detail Drawing: Design of Semi-universal Intersection.
145
98
Detail Drawing of Origination of Errors in Longitudinal
Parallaxes Because of Rotation of the Negative in a Stereometer.
Chapter 4: Devices of Direct Optical Intersection.
Section 20: Double Projection.
150
99
Detail Drawing of Optical Direct Intersection.
152
100
Detail Drawing of Affined Projection of a Vertical (Plane)
Photograph.
153
101
Detail Drawing: Affined Projection of an Oblique Photograph.
Section 21: Sharpness of Image and Observation.
158
Table 19: Comparative Data of Resolving Power of Objectives,
Calculated According to Formula 83. Objectives: "Tessar"
Aerial Survey Objective; "Russar" Aerial Survey Objective;
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Page Figure
"Ortoniar" with f = 100mm. (projection); Multiplex with
f = 20,5 mm. (projection); Glass for monocular view.
Section 22: Basic Elements of Optical Projection Devices.
164
102
Detail Drawing: Simple Type. Photo-reducer. (Labelled Parts)
(External view).
165
103
Detail Drawing: Photo-reducer for Preparing of Diapositives
of the Multiplex. Objective (Labelled Parts)
166
104
Design of Drawing Table
Section 23: Double Projectors.
167
105
Dimensional Data of a Number of Projectors.
168
106
Detail Drawing of Double Projector of TsNIIGAiK. (External
View).
170
107
Detail Drawing of Intersection in Double Projector DPD-2.
172
108
Detail Drawing: Double Projector DPD-2.
173
109
Magazine (Casette) Section of DPD-2.
174
Table 20: Data for Double Projector DPD-2 and DPD-l.
Section 24: Multi-chamber Projectors.
175
110
Picture: Multiplex (External View).
177
ill
Base Installation of Multiplex.
178
112
Optical Design of Ultra-wide Angle Projector.
180
Table of Data for Multiplexes.
Section 25: Adjustment and Checking Optical Projection Devices.
181
113
Detail Drawing of Adjustment of Double Projector DPD-2.
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Figure
182
114
Detail Drawing of Determination of Focal Length of Lens'$ystem
of Projector.
184
115
Detail Drawing of Determination of Difference.'.0f Focal Lengths
of Lens '.Systems of Multiplex.
Section 26: Investigation of Optical Projection Devices.
187
116
Curves of Equal Distortions of Stereomodel Because of Distor-
tion of Projection Objectives.
188
117
Curves of Equal Illumination on Screen of a Multiplex.
Chapter 5. Instruments for Automatization of Special Inter-
section by Optical-mechanical and Mechanical
Methods.
192
118
Section 27: Structure of Devices.
Drawing: Aerial Photographs and Ground-Level Photographs.
193
120
Set up in the System of the First Kind.
Drawing: Aerial Photographs, Set Up in the System of the
193
120
Second Kind.
Drawing: Aerial Photographs, Set Up in the System of the
193
121
Third Kind.
Drawing: Aerial Photographs Established in an Arbitrary
195
122
System.
Detail Drawing of a Typical Design of a Frame with Carriage
196
123
and Supports.
Ball-bearing Coupling.
196
124
Cylindrical Guide on Ball Bearings:,
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Page Figure Section 28: Instruments with Gaging Movements of Sighting
Systems, in Connection with Stationary Photography.
197
125
Drawing (Design) of a Photogrammetric Theodolite.
199
126
Drawing (Design) of a'Stereo-universal.
202
131
Detail Drawing (Showing Part of a Camera and Level Arm) of
a Spatial Mechanical Intersection in the Case of a Movable
Sighting Ray.
Section 29: Devices with Measuring Movements of Photographs
in Connection with Imovable Sighting Axes.
203 132 Detail Drawing of Formation of Distorted Cuts on a Photo-
graph at Its Slopes in Connection with an Immovable Sighting
Ray.
204 133 Detail Drawing of Special Intersection by-Rotating the
Camera. Labelled Parts.
205 134 Construction Design of Mechanization of Intersection when
the Camera is tilted but not rotated.
206 135 Detail Drawing of Mechanization of Intersection when Negatives
Are Displaced in Their Planes.
206 136 Detail Drawing of a Special Mechanical Intersection with
Movement of the Photograph in its Plane in the Case of
Fixed Sighting Ray.
206 137 Detail Drawing of Formation of Intersection in the Case of
an oblique Photograph, Brought Together with the Screen
to a Horizontal Position.
208 138 Detail Drawing of Solution of Spatial Mechanical Intersec-
tion wheh the Photograph and Plane Are in a Horizontal
Position.
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209
209
139
140
211
141
212
142
213
143
213
144
214
145
215
146
217
147
219
148
Detail Drawing: Setting up of Directions in a Stereo Device
when Camera and Sighting Rays are Moved.
Detail Drawing: Construction Solution of Setting up of Di-
rections in a Stereo Device when Camera and Sighting Rays
Are Moved.
Section 31: Incomplete Spatial Intersection.
Detail Drawing: Incomplete Spatial Intersection for Deter-
mination of Heights of Points.
Detail Drawing: Incomplete Spatial Intersection for Deter-
mination of Elements of Mutual Orientation.
Picture: Radial-triangulator (Exterior View),
Detail Drawing of Optical System of a Radial-triangulator.
(Labelled Parts).
Section 32: Problems of Utilization of Spatial Intersection
Devices.
Detail Drawing: Mechanism of a Rotating Prism.
Detail Drawing of Angular Connection of Various Systems of
Setting up of Photographs.
Detail Drawing of Formation of Errors During Adjustment of
a Photogrammetric Theodolite.
Detail Drawing of Determination of Zero Point of Circle in
a Photogrammetric Theodolite.
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Chapter 6: Universal Stereo Devices of Complicated and
Simple Designs.
220
149
Section 33: Design of Stereoplanigraph APB and 3-4.
Detail Drawing of Spatial Intersection which Has the Form
221
150
of a Triangle with a Parallelogram.
Design of Stereoplanigraphs SPB and S-4.
223
151
Section 34: Structure of Mechanical and Optical Parts of
Stereoplanigraphs
Picture: Stereoplanigraph SFB (External View).
224
152
Detail Drawing: Cardan Construction of Nuts of Lead Screws
225
153
of Stereoplanigraph.
Drawing: Reinforcing of Cameras of Stereoplanigraph.
226
154
Drawing: Auxiliary Optical System of SPB.
227
155
Drawing: Structure of Mechanism of Auxilary Optical System
228
156
SPB (Labelled Parts).
Drawing: Observation System ( (Including Objectives, Lenses,
230
157
Prisms, etc.) of Stereoplanigraph SPB. (Labelled Parts).)
Drawing: Observation System (Including Objectives, Prisms,
234
158
etc.) of Stereoplanigraph S-4. (Labelled Parts).
Section 35: Adjustments and Checks of the Stereoplanigraph
Drawing of Determination of Zero Points.
235
159
Drawing of Determination of Zero Points Z and bZ.
240
160
Section 37: Small Form Universal Devices.
Drawing of Intersection with the Unaided Eye.
241
161
Drawing of Intersection in Stereoscopic Drawing Device RP-6.
243
162
Picture: Stereoscopic Drawing Device RP-6. (Labelled Parts).
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Source III. Volosov, D.S., Metody rascheta slozhn kh foto raficheskikh sistem.
The Rating Methods of Complicated Photographic
Systems). OGIZ 1948.
Chapter 2: Method of Classing Coefficients of Aberration of the Third Order
in Symmetrical and Quasi-symmetrical Photographic Systems which
Contain Components of Finite Thickness.
Page
Figure
31
1
1-a
1-b
1-c
DRAWINGS of Optical Anastigmats (Objectives),
Ross's "Ekspress".
udol'f's "Planar".
M. Rusinovts "Russar".
(Note: All of these systems are combinations, consist-
ing of two "halves", separated by air space, in which
the aperture diaphragm is located).
Paragraph 1: Two Possible Cases of "Completing" Symmetrical
Systems.
33
3
Derivation of a System in the Case where
20
1
X
02
Paragraph 2: Synthesis of a Symmetrical System in the Case 1107-
35
3
Combination X Applied as the Second Half of a Complex System.
----> 2
Paragraph 3: Synthesis of a Symmetrical System in the Case 1---
41
4
Combination X Applied as the First Half of a Complex System.
Paragraph 4: Quasi-symmetrical Systems.
47
5
Optical Design of a Quasi-symmetrical Anastigmat (Objective).
Chapter 3. Two-Component Plane-astigmats as Elements of
Complex Systems.
51
6
Optical Design of the Anastigmat (Objective). "Kino-Plazmat".
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Paragraph 1: Two Types of Plane-anastigmats (Objectives)
52
7
Combination of Type XA
52
8
Combination of Type XB
69
12
Paragraph 4: Computation Investigations (Note: Figures 9-11
Computation Graphs)
Optical Design of /+-Lens Objective "Ortagozt".
69
13
Optical Design of Three-Lens Objective with Compensator for
Astigmatism and Curved Field.
(Note: Figures 14-15: Graphs of Computation Curves
for Optical Systems).
92
16
92
16 a
16 b
Chapter 4. Analysis of Several Present Day Types of Complex
Anastigmatic Objectives.
Paragraph 3. Light-Powerful (of great light-gathering power)
of the "Planar" type.
Optical Design of Several Anastigmats (Anastigmatic Objectives)
Variation of "Planar".
Drawings showing Optical Design of a variation of the "Planar"
anastigmatic Objective shown in Figure 1-b of this text.
The variation consists of two-lens cemented components in
place of the outer lens shown in figure 1-b. It is said
that the possibilities of variations (field of possible re-
solvings) of systems of the type of Fig. 16-a are extremely
varied.
Drawing of optical Design of Nerte System (a Variation of
the "Planar" Anastigmat)
16 c Drawing showing Optical Design of another Variation of the
("vtl )
"Planar" Anastigmatic Objective.
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Figure
Chapter 5. Method of Classing Coefficients of Aberrations
of the Third Order in Unsymmetrical Systems,
Containing Components of Finite Thickness.
95
17
Drawing: Optical Design of Anastigmats (Anastigmatic Ob-
jectives) (a) "Zonar", (b) "Biotar" and (c) "Uran".
96-
18-23
Computational Graphs.
156
Chapter 8. Some Remarks on Planning and Calculation of
Complex Photographic and, in Particular, Light-
powerful Systems.
Paragraph 1. Survey of Several Designs
in order of
complexity)
164 24 Drawing: Optical Designs of "Cooke-Anastigmat", "Ekvitar"
and other systems.
164 24 Drawing of "Cooke-Anastigmat", a very simple four-lens
anastigmatic objective, manufactured by the firm of Taylor -
Hobson under the above trade-name. (Technical data for this
objective is also given on p. 163). (Tested in 1937).
24b Drawing of G. G. Slyusarev - N. P. Usanov Objective, of
five-lenses worked out somewhat earlier (in 1934). (Tech-
nical data on p. 164).
24c Drawing of "Ekvitar" Anastigmatic Objective, of five-lenses.
("v")
Said "essentially to have reduced successfully the astigma-
tic curve in the field in 1934 - 1936, under above trade-
name. (Technical data, pp. 164-165).
24d Drawing of Taylor Objective, consisting of six simple lenses,
("g")
of which the two outer lenses are removed. (Technical data
on p. 165).
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164 24e Drawing of Volosov Objective, a five-lens anastigmatic ob-
jective. "Sometime later (in 1937 - 1938) the author of
these lines also undertook an investigation of this rather
unusual design of Taylor, at the same time trying to simplify
it, in particular, investigating the resolving for a five-
lens design of an anastigmat".
166 25 Optical Design of the "Montar" Objective (German System).
(Omitting here the exposition of the results. obtained (ex-
tremely interesting), we shall point out only that a com-
parative and fuller evaluation of them (anastigmats) will
be possible only later, when the construction of the foreign
long-focus complex anastigmats will have become known and,
in particular, the German Systems of the type "Zonar" and
"Montar" (Fig. 17-a and 25) and the American systems of the
type "Aero-Ektar" (Fig. 38)."
183 26a Diagrams of "Dispersion, Formed by Rays of Oblique Pencils..."
etc.
187 27 "Graph of Aberration of Broad Pencils of Rays."
Part 2: Method of Computing Photographic Systems with
Variable Optical Characteristics
189 28 Drawing: Warmisham System. (Br. pat. specif. 398, 807).
Paragraph 1. The Area Paraxial Optics.
196 29 Diagrams: Geometrical Interpretation of Junctions, etc.
230 31
234 32 Drawinf: Optical Design of System of "Idar.", (Objective)
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Figure
234
33
Diagrams of Computations.
268
36
269
37
Drawing: Design of Achromatic Wide-Angle System of the Type
"Hypergon" Containing Lanthanum Glasses.
282
40
Diagrams of Computations
306
46
307.
47
Drawing: Optical Design of Tele-objective "Telekon" (a K.
Zeiss objective) Technical data.
309
48
Drawing: Optical Design of System of "Telefotoanastigmat"
Objective.
314
49
Diagram of Computation.
327
50
Drawing: Optical Design of a Two-lens Objective with an
anastigmatic Compensator.
331
51
Diagram of Computations.
348
56
Chapter 16. Mirror - Lens Systems.
363
Introduction.
364
57
Drawing: Mirror-Lens Double Meniscus System. (Worked out
by D. S.. Volosov in the beginning of 1942).
Paragraph 1. The Meniscus Compensator.
365
58
Drawing: Design of the Meniscus Compensator.
Paragraph 2. The "Meniscus Compensator - Spherical Mirror"
System.
373
59
Drawing: Design of the "Meniscus Compensator Spherical
Mirror System."
377
60
Graph of Dependence of Coefficient K on the Relative Aperture
of the Meniscus System.
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Page Figure Paragraph 4. The "Two-lens Afocal Compensator - Spehrical
Mirror" System.
386 61 Drawing: Design of the "Two-lens Afocal Compensator - Spheri-
cal Mirror System.
389 62 Drawing: The Two-mirror System with Afocal Compensator.
Paragraph 5. Elimination of "Li hting of the Image"
(Parasitic lighting) in Mirror - Lens Photo-
graphic System.
390 63 Drawing: A Meniscus Tele-objective. (Showing a second pos-
sible solution to the problem of eliminating "parasitic"
lighting ( (Absence of direct falling of the rays onto the
photographic film) ). Recommended by D. D. Maksutov by
means of a supplementary reproducing System (D in Figure 63)
391 64 Drawing: Mirror-lens System with Finite Diaphragm.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01083A000100060001-2
Source IV. Tudorovskiy, A.I., Teoriya Opticheskikh Priborov, (The Theory
of Optical Devices). Part II (Part I was checked but did not
contain desired instrumental information). Izdatel'stvo Akad-
emii Nauk SSSR. Moskva, Leningrad, 1952. DLC: QC 355.T832
(P 694, MF #278-A).
Chapter 16. The Photographic Objective
Page Fiore Information Available
106
305
133
320
173
331
Drawing: Design of "Tessar" Type Objective with Focal
Length - 104.74 and Relative Aperture 1:4.5.
Picture of "Universal Device" (for testing objectives and
with special attachments for application of the J. Hartmann
Method) of the "Askaniya" Firm.
Picture: Four Interferograms of "Tvayman" Obtained With a
"Tessar" Objective (Focal Length = 210 mm., Relative Aper-
ture 1:4.5).
Section 228. Survey of the Main Types of Photographic Objectives.
177 332 Drawing: Design of the "Petsval" Objective. Built in 1840
using Petsval's computations. The first "powerful in light-
gathering" objective. Data: f13.5., 2r = 20-300.
177 333 Drawing: Design of Symmetrical Objective of A. Shteyngeyl'
(1865). Consists of 2 meniscuses with a diaphragm between
them.
177 334 Drawing: Design of "Hypergon" Objective. This is a wide-
angle objective manufactured by the firm of Hertz ("Gerts").
The designer, in 1900, was "Gyeyeg." (This is said to be
"the first orthoscopic wide-angle objective").
178 335 Drawing: Design of "Aplanat" Objective. This represents
"a perfectly natural transition from the symmetrical design
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Page Figure of two simple meniscuses, as in Fig. 333 and Fig. 334, to
the similar symmetrical design consisting of two compound
achromatic lenses, made by A. Shteyngeyl' in 1866."
178 336 Drawing: Design of the G. D. Taylor Objective of Three
Simple Lenses (Triplet). "In 1894 the English designer
G. D. Taylor carried out the computation for an objective
of three uncemented lenses, which received the names of
Cooke Lens and triplet. Objectives of this type consist of
two positive lenses, between which is placed a negative one,
as can be seen from the design in Figure 336".
178 337 Drawing: Design of the "Tessar" Objective. This is a "Uni-
versal anastigmat of the compound triplet type." It is said
to be one of the best known objectives of this type, con-
sisting of four lenses, computed by Rudolf in 1902 for the
K. Zeiss firm. Later developments of the "Tessar" objective,
including the modified "Tessar" computed by Merte in 1929
with a relative aperture of 1:2.7 (in this objective the
forward lens consists of two cemented and the rear of a
simple lens), together with technical data for them, are
described on page 179.
180 338 Drawing: Design of the "Dagor" Objective of the Hertz Firm,
computed by "Gyeyeg" in 1892. This objective is listed
under "symmetrical and semi-symmetrical anastigmats" as the
first objective of this type, and is so constructed that
each half consists of three cemented lenses. These objec-
tives are said to be natural developments of the "Aplanat"
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P- g Figure type which could not be corrected for astigmatism. The
double objective has a relative aperture of 1:5.8 and a
field of view of about 600 with full aperture. This objec-
tive enjoyed great popularity and retained its significance
until recently (up to the time when the Hertz firm shut
down); "in the first decade of the 20th Century, it was
manufactured in Russia, in Warsaw, by the 'Fos' firm, which
had received the right to produce it under another name:
'Planastigmat Fos''.
180 339 Drawing: Design of a Double Anrstigmat, Composed of Two Un-
identidal "Protar" Lenses. (As for the "Protar" - "there
exist a large number of symmetrical anastigmats, consisting
of two halves, of which each is cemented out of more than
three lenses").
181 31+0 Drawing: Design of the "Planar" of K. Zeiss, computed in
1896 by Rudolf, which may be considered as the first rep-
resentative of the second group of symmetrical uncemented
anastigmats.
181 341 Drawing: Design of the "Tselor" Objective of the Hertz Firm,
worked out by Gy6yeg in 1898. This is said to be a simpler
design of the symmetrical anastigmats and that type are said
to be very great in number.
Section 229. Objectives with a Large Field of View.
(Wide-angle Objectives).
(Note: See also the "Hypergon", Fig. 334 on Page 177).
183 342 Drawing. Design of the Zeiss "ToRogon". This is a develop-
ment and perfection of the orthoscopic wide-angle objective.
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Page Figure This objective has the following characteristics: f/6.3,
2,e = 900, Focal Length: 150 mm.
183 343 Drawing: Design of "Liar-6" Wide-angle Objective, an M. M.
Rusinov Objective. Data: Focal Length 100 mm., f/5.4 and
2P = 104?.
183 344 Drawing: Design of "Russar-25" (a M. M. Rusinov Objective).
Characteristics: Focal Length 100 mm., f/6.3, 21S = 1100.
183 345 Drawing: Design of "Express" of Ross (a Wide-angle Objective,.
which, in Addition to "Ortometar" of Merte (K. Zeiss) of
Almost Identical Construction, Has a Significant (Rather
High) Light Gathering Power and a Good Correction of Dis-
tortion. Data: f/4.5, 20 = 700.
(Note: On page 183, it is stated: "There are a small group of wide-angle
objectives in which distortion not only is not corrected, but, on
the contrary, occurs up to very great values with the aim of sig-
nificantly diminishing the angle between the main rays and the axis
after their emergence from the center of the outlet pupil in com-
parison with those same angles in space of objects".).
183
346
Drawing: Design of the Hill ("Gill") Objective. Data f/22,
2'61800.
le4
347
Drawing: Design of the Schulz ("Shul'ts") Objective.
Data: Focal Length 35 mm., f/5.6, 2(S = 1350.
184
348
Drawing: Design of the "Pleon" Objective. Data: Focal
Length 72.5 mm., f/8, 216 = 1300. (Six lenses and plane-
parallel plate of colored glass).
Section 230. "Powerful in Light-gathering" ("Svetosil'nyye") Objectives.
Note: The first of these objectives was the very old "Petsval " objective.
See Figure 332, page 177 of this volume.
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Page Figure
185 349 Drawing: Design of the "Biotar" Objective. "In 1911 Rohr
increased the relative aperture of the "Petsval" Objective
to f/2 by the addition of a negative lens, placed almost in
the focal plane in front of the light-sensitive coating, as
can be seen from the design of the objective in Figure 349;
this objective, called "Biotar", had no practical value;
its 2/3 did not exceed 20011.
185 350 Drawing: Design of the "Ernostar" Objective. "In 1924 the
Erneman firm produced the "Ernostar" Objective, computed by
Bertele with f/1.8, of relatively complex design, as can be
seen in Figure 350; about 35-400. The objective occu-
pied a well-known place on the market: the "Ermanoks" camera
with this objective for night exposures was produced by the
firm of Zeiss-Ikon."
185 351 Drawing: Design of the G. G. Slyusarev Objective. "In 1922
such an objective was computed by G. G. Slyusarev; one ex-
perimental model was prepared with a good result. Objectives
which were very close to this design were produced in Europe
and America some time later under the name "Takhar". In
1933 the objective of G. G. Slyusarev, which preserved the
type, was perfected, while its 219 was brought to 45-500;
the design of this objective is given in Figure 351".
185 352 Drawing: Design of the "Kinoplasmat" of Rudoltf. "The sym-
metrical designs were adapted for computation of the "power-
ful in light-gathering" objectives by various firms.. Thus,
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Page Figure
for example, "Kinoplasmat" of Rudolf, of the Hugo Mayer
Firm has a design, represented in Figure 352; Data: -'/2.11
185 353 Drawing. Design of "Biotar" Objective. "In 1927 the K.
Zeiss Firm produced a "powerful in light-gathering" object-
ive under the former name "Biotar", computed by Mertes with
f 4.4 and small 2/3 - not more than 300. As can be seen
in Figure 353, the design of this objective is very complex."
186 354 Drawing: Design of one of the Variants of the Compound An-
astigmat "Uran" Type (D. S. Volosov). Data: Focal Length -
from 25-500 mm., f/2 to f13.5 and 2/3 from 40-63?.
186 355 Drawing: Design of the "Aeroektar" Objective of the "Kodak"
Firm. Data: Focal Length 175 mm., Relative Aperture f/2.5
and 2R = 500.
186 356 Drawing: Design of a Variant of "Ektar" Objective of "Kodak"
Firm. Data: f /1.5.
186 357 Drawing: Design of the "Zonnar" Type Objective of the K.
Zeiss-Ikon Firm. Data: Focal Length 50 mm., f A.5 and 2,6 46?.
Note: These are made also with f/1.4 to f/2 and f/2.8.
187 358 Drawing: Design of a "Mirror-Lens Objective, Computed by
D. S. Volosov, D. Yu. Gal'pern and Sh. Ya. Pechatnikova."
Data: f/1.4, 20 = 15?.
187 359 Drawing: Design of One of the "New Mirror-Lens Objectives
Considered in an Article by J. Fliigge...of the Bush Firm"
Designer: "Veydert"). Data: Nominal f/0.9, Equivalent
(Effective) Aperture f /1:1.15 and 26 = about 340.
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Section 231. Teleobjectives.
Page Figure
188
361
188
362
189
363
189
364
189
365
189
366
Drawing: "Design of Teleobjective of Bush 'Bistellar'."
Data: f/7, 2P = about 300, Focal Distance 1:2.
Drawing: "Design of the 'Magnar' Objective of the K. Zeiss
Firm." Data: f110, 2$ = not above 150, Focal Distance 1:4.
Drawing: "Design of the 'Te'letessar' of the Zeiss Firm."
Data: f /6.3, 2f3 = about 35-400.
Drawing: "Design of the 'Telekon' Teleobjective of the K.
Zeiss Firm." Data: f/6.3, Focal Length 1:2.44, Distortion
does not exceed 0.2%, and 2,8 reaches 300.
Drawing: "Design of Long-focus Teleobjective of the Bausch
and Lomb Firm." Data: Focal Length = 1000 mm., f/8.
Drawing: "Design of Long-focus Teleobjective of the Bausch
and Lomb Firm." Data: Focal Length = 1000 mm.,
Section 233. Objectives for Aerial Photography
f/5.6.
Note: There are no "pictures" or "diagrams" or "drawings" of objectives in
this section but the following statement is made:
193 "Of the objectives mentioned earlier the following are used
for geodetic operations: 'Tessar' with focal length = 250 mm.
and F A.5; 'Dagor' (f' = 150, f /6.8, 2R about 68?);
'@rtometar' Wt ' = 135, f/4-5, 2(3 up to 700) ; Ross 'Ekspress'
(f' = 150 and 200 mm., f/4, 2R up to 800). The use of
wide-angle objectives for geodetic purposes provides great
economic savings (profits), since it makes possible decreas-
ing the number of pictures necessary to obtain a map of a
given section of a locality; therefore, for this purpose the
following are used: 'Metrogon', very near to the 'Topogon',
and the wide-angle objectives of M.M. Rusinov of the 'Russar" Type."
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Source V. Kataloa - Spravochnik Laboratornvkh Priborov i Oborudovaniya.
Vypusk 34. Mashgiz, 1949
Geodezicheskiye i Fotogramnetricheskiye Pribory.
Pages
5-8 Stereoplanigraph ("Stereoplanigraf"). Manufacturer: Armaments Min-
istry of USSR Plant ("Zavod Ministerstva Vooruzheniya SSSR") Text:
Pages 5-8.
5 "Stereoplanigraf" - Picture of Apparatus.
6 "Stereoplanigraf" - Lateral View, Labelled Parts.
7 "Stereoplanigraf" - Detail Drawing of Working Parts.
7 "Stereoplanigraf" - Detail Drawing of Prisms, Numbered.
8 "Stereoplanigraf" - Technical Data.
9-10 Large Ph6ta-rect :er FTB. Manufacturer: Armaments Ministry of USSR
Plant. (Bol'shoy Fototransformator FTB)
9 Picture of above.
10 Technical Data.
11-13 Stereocomparator SK 18 x 18. Manufacturer: Armaments Ministry of
USSR Plant. (Stereokomparator SK 18 x 18)
11 Picture of External View, Labelled Parts.
12 Detail Drawing of Working Parts.
13 Technical Data.
14-17 Precision Stereometer SM -3. Manufacturer: Armaments Ministry of
USSR Plant. (Pretsizionnyy Stereometr SM - 3).
14 Picture of External View, Labelled Parts.
15 Detail Picture, Labelled Parts.
17 Technical Data.
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Pages
18-21 Drobyshev's Stereopantometer SPD -1. ("Stereopantometr SPD -1
Drobysheva")
18 Picture: External View.
19 Detail Drawing of Working Parts, Labelled Parts.
20 Detail Drawing, Labelled Parts.
21 Technical Data. Manufacturer: Plant of Main Administration of Ge-
odesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
22-24 Konshin's Stereoscopic Drawing Device RP - 5. (Stereoskopicheskiy
Risoval'nyy Pribor RP - 5 Konshina). Manufacturer: Plant of Main
Administration of Geodesy and Cartography.
22 Picture: External View.
23 Picture: (Head of View), Labelled Parts.
24 Technical Data.
25-28 Drobyshev's Topographic Stereometer STD -1. ("Topograficheskiy
Stereometr STD - 1 Drobysheva"). Manufacturer: Plant of Main
Administration of Geodesy and Cartography.
29 Picture: External View with Labelled Parts.
30 Technical Data.
31-32 Russar - 29. Aerial Photo Objective with ZV -1 Shutter. ("Aero-
fotoob'yektiv Russar - 29 s Zatvorom ZV-1")
31 Picture: External View.
31 Picture: Internal View with labelled Parts.
32 Technical Data. Manufacturer: Laboratory of Main Administration
of Geodesy and Cartography.
33-36 Multiplex Aeroprojector. ("Aeroproyektor Tl?iultiplex"). Manufacturer:
Laboratory of Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography.
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Pages
33 Picture: External View.
34 Picture: "Stupped" View Showing Labelled Parts.
34 Detail Picture showing Labelled Parts.
35 Detail Drawing and Picture showing Labelled Parts.
36 Technical Data.
37-38 Astronomic Universal 5" ("Astronomicheskiy Universal 5"). Manu-
facturer: Plant of Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography.
37 Picture.
38 Technical Data.
39-40 Optical Theodolite, Medium, "OTS". ("Opticheskiy Teodolit Sredniy
OTS") Manufacturer: Plant of Ministry of Armaments of the USSR.
39 Picture.
40 Technical Data.
41-42 Optical Theodolite Small "OTM". ("Opticheskiy Teodolit Malyy OTM")
Manufacturer: Plant of Ministry of Armaments of the USSR.
41 Picture.
42 Technical Data.
43-45 Optical Theodolite "0T-1O". ("Opticheskiy Teodolit OT-10").
43 Picture.
45 Technical Data.
46-47 Theololite - Tachiometer "TT-2". (Teodolit - Takheometr TT-2")
46 Picture.
47 Technical Data
48-49 ?-Miring Theodolite TG-3. ("Gornyy Teodolit TG-311). Manufacturer:
Plant of Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR.
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Pages
48 Picture.
49 Diagram of Working Parts.
50 Technical Data.
51-52 Pilot Baloon Theodolite "ShT". ("Sharopilotnyy Teodolit ShT").
Manufacturer: Plant of Ministry of Armaments of the USSR.
51 Picture.
52 Technical Data.
53 Mining Compass "KG-1" ("Kompas Gornyy KG-1"). Manufacturer: Plant
of Ministry of Armaments of the USSR.
53 Picture. Technical Data.
54 Orienting Compass, 11BG-1". ("Orientir -Bussol) BG-1"). Manufac-
turer: Plant of the Ministry of Armaments of the USSR.
54 Picture. Text. Technical Data.
55 Large Compass "BSh-111. ("Bussol' BSh-1"). Manufacturer: Plant of
the Ministry of Armaments of the USSR.
55 Picture. Text. Technical Data.
56-57 Large Alidade "KB". ("Kipregell Bol'shoy KB"). Manufacturer:
Plant of the Ministry of Armaments of the USSR.
56 Picture.
57 Technical Data.
58-59 Automatic Alidade VKS-7 of Stodolkevich. ("Kipregel'nyy Vysotomer
VKS-7 Stodolkevicha") Manufacturer: Plant of Main Administration of
Geodesy and Cartography.
58 Picture (External View) and Picture (External View) with Labelled Parts.
59 Labelled Pictures of Working Parts (Internal View). Detail Picture of
the Registering Mechanism. Detail Picture of Optical "Wedge".
59 Technical Data.
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Paces
60-61 Optical Mining Transit. ("Uglomer Opticheskiy"). Manufacturer: Plant
of the Ministry of the Coal Industry of the USSR.
60 Picture (External View). Drawings: Working Parts of this Mining Transit.
61 Technical Data.
62-63 Auxiliary Equipment with Mining Transit KU. "Komplekt Uglomera KU".
Manufacturer: Plant of the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR.
62 Picture (External View) with Labelled Parts.
63 Picture: Labelled Parts. Technical Data.
64-65 Solar Shadow Course Indicator STU-L-5. ("Solnechnyy Tenevoy Ukazatelt
Kursa STU-L5"). Manufacturer: Plant of the Main Administration of
Geodesy and Cartography.
64 Picture: External View with Labelled Parts.
65 Technical Data.
66 Block Plumb Bob BO-1. ("Blochnyy Otves BO-1"). Manufacturer: Plant
of the Ministry of the Coal Industry of the USSR.
66 Picture (External View) with Labelled Parts. Technical Data.
67 Mirror Optical Square (T-square) ("Ekker Zerkaltnyy EG-1") Manu-
facturer: Plant of the Armaments Ministry of the USSR.
67 Picture (External View) Technical Data.
68-70 Precision Dumpy Level NPG. ("Nivelir Pretsizionnyy Glukhoy HFG").
Plant of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography.
68 Picture of External View, Labelled Parts.
69 Drawings of Details. Labelled Parts.
70 Technical Data.
71-72 Precision Level HA-l. ("Nivelir Pretsizionnyy NA-1"). Manufacturer:
Plant of the Armaments Ministry of the USSR.
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Pages
71 Picture of External View.
72 Technical Data.
73 Engineering Level NT. ("Tekhnicheskiy Nivelir NT") Manufacturer:
Plant of the Armaments Ministry of the USSR.
73 Picture of the External View. Technical. Data.
74 Dumpy Level NG. ("Glukhoy Nivelir NG"). Manufacturer: Plant of
the Armaments Ministry of the USSR.
74 Picture of the External View, Labelled Parts.
75 Picture of Internal View , Labelled Parts.
76-77 Mining Level with Removable Tube. ("Gornyy Nivelir s Perekladnoy
Truboy"). Manufacturer: Plant of the Coal Industry Ministry.
76 Picture of the External View. General Drawing with Labelled Parts.
77 Technical Data.
78-79 Artanov's Automatic Level. ("Nivelir Avtomat Artanova"). Manufac-
turer: Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications.
78 Picture of the External View. Picture of Internal View with Labelled
Parts.
79 Picture of External View. Technical Data.
80-81 Profile-graph of Artanov. ("Profilograf Artanova"). Manufacturer:
Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications.
80 Picture: External View. Picture: External View of the Details.
81 Drawing with Labelled Parts. Technical Data.
82-83 Artanov's Planigraph. ("Planigraf Artanova"). Manufacturer: Sci-
entific Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications,
82 Picture of the External View.
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Pages
83 Drawing with Labelled Parts. Technical Data.
84-85 Pantograph. "(Pantograf Gornyy"). Manufacturer: Plant of the
Ministry of Coal Industry.
84 Picture: External View. Drawing with Labelled Parts.
85 Technical Data.
86-87 Road Measurer. ("Putimetr"). Manufacturer: Scientific Research
Institute of the Ministry of Communications.
86 Picture: External View. Drawing with Labelled Parts.
87 Technical Data.
88 Route Measurer. ("Kurvimetr" KBM). Manufacturer: Plant of the
Armaments Ministry of the USSR.
88 Picture: External View. Technical Data.
89 Drobyshevts Rule. ("Lineyka Drobysheva LD-1"). Manufacturer: Plant
of the Ministry of Coal Industry.
89 Picture of External View. Labelled Parts. Technical Data.
90 Straightedge for Plotting of Coordinate Nets. ("Lineyka dlya nan-
eseniya Koordinatnykh Setok LBL"). Manufacturer: Plant of the
Armaments Ministry of the USSR.
90 Picture of External View,
91 Technical Data.
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Source VI. 20th Anniversary of Soviet Geodesy and' Cartography, 1919-1939.
(Dvadtsat' Let Sovetskoy Geodezii i Kartografii, 1919-1939.)
Geodetic Instruments.
Pages
Figures
108
1
Topographical Stereoscope for the Reciprocal Orientation.
"Tors". ("Topograficheskiy Stereoskop dlya Opredeleniya
Elementov Vzaimnogo Orientirovaniya, Tors").
108
1
Picture of External View.
109
2
Aerial Surveying Stereocomparator. ("Aeros'emochnyy
Stereoskop")
109
2
Picture of External View.
111
3
Topographical Stereometer "STD-1". ("Topograficheskiy
Stereometr STD-1")
111
3
Picture of External View.
112
4
Topographical Stereometer "TSD-3". ("Topograficheskiy
Stereoskop TSD-3")
112
4
Picture of External View.
113
5
Stereoscope "Cyclope". ("Stereoskop Tsiclop").
113
5
Picture of External View.
114
6
Precision Stereometer "SM-3". ("Pretsizionnyy Stereometr
SM-3").
114
6
Picture of External View.
115
7
Drawing Device. ("Risoval'nyy Pribor").
115
7
Picture of External View.
190
2
Universal Theodolite of 5" Accuracy.
Tochnosti").
("Universal 5"
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Pages
Fi es
190
2
Picture of External View.
192
3
Triangulation Theodolite of 2" Accuracy. ("Triangulatsionnyy
Teodolit 2" Tochnosti").
192
3
Picture of External View.
194
4
Astronomic Universal of 2" Accuracy. ("Astronomicheskiy
Universal 2" Toehnosti").
194
4
Picture of External View.
195
5
Precision Level. ("Pretsizionnyy Nivelir").
195
5
Picture of External View.
196
6
Topographical Stereometer. ("Topograficheskiy Stereometr").
196
6
Picture of External Vi
ew.
197
7
Four Pendulum Support. ("Chetyrekhmayatnikovyy Shtativ").
197
7
Picture of External View.
199
Table
Data on the Quality of Limb Graduation of Theodolites of
Several Types.
384
Picture: External View of the Comparator of the JItderin
Appeiratus.
392
Picture: General View of the Gravimetric Variometer. (V
Gravimetricheskoy Laboratorii. Rabota s Variometrom).
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Source VII: Shershen', A.I., Aerofotos" emka Letnos" emochn Protsess
(Aerial Photography, Aerial-Surveying Process), Izdatel'stvo
Geodezicheskoy i Kartograficheskoy Literatury, Moskva, 1949.
Tx
(Data) Figure or
Page Table No.
Information Available
23 13 Picture. External View of So-called "Nine-Objective
Aerial Camera 'AD-1' and 'AD-2'" ("Devyatiob"yektivnyy
Aerofotoapparat"). Designed by F. V. Drobyshev in 1932.
The optical axes of the eight lateral lenses of this
camera form 450 angles with the optical axis of the cen-
tral lens. The objectives used are of Soviet manufacture
with a focal length of 135 mm. and a negative size of 12
x 12 cm. The over-all angle of view of the outfit along
the length and width of the course reached 1400. The
distance between the aerial surveying routes with 40% over-
lapping exceeded the flight altitude by two times. After
rectifying the oblique photographs into the projection of
the plane one the over-all photograph of one exposure as-
sumes the form of an octogon with the sides of a square
inscribed in it equal to 50 cm. (See figures 14 and 14a).
The camera is loaded with aerial film for 150 exposures.
The winding of it and the setting into motion of the cen-
tral shutters were accomplished by hand, by means of two
hand wheels. The over-all weight of the camera was about
55 kg.
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26
15
27
16
Information Available
Picture. External View of So-called "Wide-Angle Adapter
for Aerial-Camera RMK C-3" ("Shirokopolosnaya Nasadka k
Aerofotoapparatu RNK C-3").
Drawing Showing the Working Parts of the "Wide-Angle
Adapter", the External View of Which is Shown in Fig. 15.
In 1932, the Leningrad Scientific-Research Institute of
Aerial Surveying (Leningradskiy Nauchno-issledovatel'skiy
Institut Aeros"yemki) worked out an original optical
attachment for a single-objective aerial camera, which
made it possible to do plane-oblique photography without
changing the position of the optical axis of the camera.
This attachement, called by its designer Yu. K. Yutsevich
"a wide-angle adapter", was placed in front of the object-
ive of the usual camera and increased the field of view
along the course up to 1220. A similar wide-angle adapter
for aerial-camera RNK C-3 and its working principle are
shown in figures 15 and 16."
31 22 Picture. External View of Aerial Camera ("Aerofotoapparat")
"AFA-13",
"The first Soviet automatic aerial-camera 'AEA-13', manu-
factured by the 'Geodeziya' plant, was equipped with a
new high-quality aerial photography objective with the
brand name 'Industar-13' with a focal length of 300 man
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and a relative aperture of f/4.5. 'AFA-131 (Fig. 22)
was activated by an electric motor operating on direct
iurrent with a voltage of 12 volts. The cassette con-
tained 150 negatives 18 x 18 cm. in size. The film was
aligned by means of the creation of a vacuum by a special
suction device. The apparatus was equipped with a between-
the-lens shutter of the Jalousie type, with exposure
speeds of from 1/75 to 1/200 sec. and was operated by
means of an intervalometer with a diapason of intervals
between exposures of from 5 to 60 sec. A signal light
for verifying the action of the mechanism of the cassette
and a counter of the number of aerial photographs made
lightened the work. A second counter was included in
the camera and its indications were shown on each picture.
The aerial mount of the Cardan type had rubber shock
absorbers. 'AFA-13' was intended for plane surveying
for purposes of military reconnaissance. It replaced
the 'Potte/ apparatus which had formerly been used for
that purpose."
33 23 Picture. External View of Aerial Camera (and Attach-
ments) ("Aerofotoapparat") "MAFA-13".
"Later the AFA-13 was modernized. It was equipped with
a short-focus objective 'Russar-1', with a corresponding
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alteration of the camera section. Other changes were
also introduced into its design: the Jalousie shutter
was replaced with a central shutter GOM, a liquid stato-
scope (of the D.I. Mendeleyev type) was used, the read-
ings of which were indicated on each photo; the winding
of the aerial film was improved by means of a supplemen-
tary negative system, etc. This apparatus under the
name IMAFA-13' (Fig. 23) was used in such a form in
aerial (flying) survey work until additional improvements
were made. At length the focal plane was moved out of
the cassette into the camera and the GOMZ shutter was
replaced by a central shutter of the IZV-1t type, de-
signed by the Soviet engineer;Vertiporokh."
71 1+3 Drawing. Working Parts of a Two-Slit ca me r?a: (Aerial
Camera) of the "AShchAFA-2" Type.
This type of two-slit camera is said to have "an impor-
tant advantage over the one-slit apparatus. It makes it
possible to photograph at the same time in two scales:
in the larger scale -- with objective O1 of the 'Plazmat'
type, with k = 210 mm (1:n = 1:3.5, 2 - 600), through
slit zl, and in a smaller scale -- with a wide-angle ob-
jective 02 of the 'Russar-2.2' type, through slit z2."
Use of aerial film of a width of 25 cm.
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135
71
Picture. External View of Range Finder "OPB-IM". Field
of View of the order of 300.
136
72
Drawing. Working Parts of the Range Finder "OPB-IM", the
External View of Which is Shown in Fig. 71.
137
74
Drawing. Detail Drawing Showing Gauges and Scales of the
Supporting Installation for the Range Finder "OPB-IM"..
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