NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS NATURE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE OF THE NIS PROGRAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01055A000200030001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 12, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1951
• Content Type: NIS

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Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
NATURE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE
OF THE NIS PROGRAM
(cI
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
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JUNE 1951
Nature, Purpose, and Scope of the NIS Program
Authority for the NIS Program
The National Intelligence Survey (NIS) Pro-
gram was established pursuant to National Secu-
rity Council Intelligence Directive No. 3, 13 Janu-
ary 1948. This directive provides that:
An outline of all basic intelligence required
by the Government shall be prepared by the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency (CIA) in collaboration
with other appropriate agencies.
This outline shall be broken down into
chapters, sections, and subsections which shall be
allocated as production and maintenance respon-
sibilities to CIA and those other Government agen-
cies best qualified by reason of their intelligence
requirements, production capabilities, and domi-
nant interest to assume these responsibilities.
This basic intelligence shall be compiled and
continuously maintained in National Intelligence
Survey to cover foreign countries, areas, or broad
special subjects, as appropriate.
The NIS shall be disseminated in such form
as may be determined by the Director of Central
Intelligence (DCI) and the agencies concerned.
The DCI shall be responsible for coordinat-
ing the production and maintenance and for ac-
complishing the editing, publication, and dissemi-
nation of the NIS and shall make such requests
on the agencies as are necessary for the proper
development and maintenance of the NIS.
Departments or agencies to be called on
for contributions to this undertaking may include
agencies other than those represented permanently
in the Intelligence Advisory Committee (IAC).
Basic Concepts of the NIS Program
The NIS is a concise digest of basic intelli-
gence required by the Department of Defense for
strategic planning and high level operational plan-
ning, and by the Department of State for use in
formulating and executing U.S. foreign policy. It
also serves other Government agencies which re-
quire it for the accomplishment of their missions.
In general, the intelligence contained in NIS is
concerned with the relatively permanent features
and fundamental characteristics of a country, area,
or broad special subject, and covers such fields as
the geographical, political, economic, military,
scientific, and sociological aspects of the country
or area or the fundamental aspects of the broad
special subject.
The NIS Program has two phases: 1) the initial
production of NIS on countries or areas in accord-
ance with JCS priorities and Intelligence Agency
capabilities and 2) the continuous maintenance
of such NIS.
The objective of the first phase is to pro-
duce integrated basic intelligence studies of all
pertinent aspects of the countries or areas within
the limits of available information and intelligence
on countries or areas.
The objective of the second phase is to keep
up to date the basic intelligence contained in
the published NIS, to fill gaps in this intelligence,
and to improve the presentation of material in NIS
originally produced. It is the responsibility of
agencies having dominant interest to place each
NIS element actively on a maintenance basis as
soon as the element has been initially produced.
This phase of the program is to continue indefi-
nitely. Revisions will be published as required.
Both phases of the NIS Program require an
over-all collection effort covering all important
foreign countries and areas of the world simul-
taneously.
If information is available to undertake an
NIS of lower priority than one on which ade-
quate material is not available, the NIS of lower
priority will be produced and will not be held in
abeyance pending the availability of material for
the NIS of higher priority.
While the aim of the collection effort will
be to enable the production of complete and re-
liable published NIS, it must be recognized that
the production and maintenance program requires
information in greater detail than the intelligence
which appears in the published NIS.
New information will be continuously processed
so that the intelligence on hand will be constantly
up to date and ready for use.
The NIS Program must be flexible in order
to meet the basic intelligence requirements of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. To this end it may be neces-
sary to produce and disseminate separate chapters
or sections of any NIS.
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NATURE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE
Standard Instructions for NIS
The Standard Instructions for National Intelli-
gence Surveys contain outlines of basic intelligence
requirements, allocations of responsibility for pro-
duction, and instructions for the production of this
intelligence. These Standard Instructions were
prepared by a joint committee of representatives
of the Director of Central Intelligence and the
Chiefs of Intelligence Agencies of the Departments
of State, the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force;
were concurred in by the Intelligence Advisory
Committee; and were approved by the National
Security Council.
The outlines and outline guides are so drafted
as to cover all the basic intelligence aspects of the
most complex foreign country or area. However,
the appropriate treatment of any topic included in
the outlines and outline guides is determined by
the sense in which and the extent to which that
topic applies to the particular country or area
under consideration. Thus, the outlines and out-
line guides should be adapted to the country or
area on which the NIS is being produced.
The Standard Instructions prescribe the basic
procedures to be followed in producing and main-
taining all NIS. They cannot, however, cover all
contingencies. Hence, when cogent reasons exist,
the instructions may be modified or supplemented
to permit appropriate treatment of any topic.
Content of an NIS
An NIS is divided into chapters, each of
which treats a major functional aspect of the coun-
try or area under consideration. These chapters
are divided into sections, each of which treats a
major subdivision of the field covered by the chap-
ter. The section is so designed as to permit it to
serve as the basic unit of production and mainte-
nance and so enhance the flexibility of the NIS
Program. The NIS chapters are as follows:
Chapter
I
Brief
Chapter
II
Military Geography
Chapter
III
Transportation and Telecommunica-
tions
Chapter
IV
Sociological
Chapter
V
Political
Chapter
VI
Economic
Chapter
VII
Scientific
Chapter
VIII
Armed Forces
Chapter
IX
Map and Chart Appraisal
Certain topics involving numerous details
are given general treatment in appropriate sections
of NIS chapters and full treatment in supplements.
Supplements are prepared only if the topic in ques-
tion is sufficiently important in an NIS Area to
warrant this detailed treatment. There are, at
present, the following five supplements :
NIS Supplement No. I Ports and Naval Facilities
NIS Supplement No. II Air Facilities
NIS Supplement No. III Telecommunications
NIS Supplement No. IV Urban Areas
NIS Supplement No. V Petroleum
The Special NIS on Marine Climate and
Oceanography divides the world sea areas into
ocean basins. These ocean basins are further sub-
divided into Parts, each of which is comparable to
a chapter in the other NIS. The production unit
is a Part, each of which will consist of three sec-
tions. Ocean basins are designated as follows:
NIS 104
Atlantic Basin
12 Parts
NIS 105
Pacific Basin
12 Parts
NIS 106
Indian Basin
4 Parts
NIS 107
Arctic Basin
1 Part
NIS 108
Antarctic Basin
1 Part
A gazetteer will be published for
Area.
The geographic areas covered by the NIS
are generally defined by political boundaries. In
CHAPTERS II (Military Geography), however, areas
are determined in terms of natural geographic
units.
In some instances, it is desirable to define
the geographic area in terms of natural boundaries.
For example, since the Iberian Peninsula, includ-
ing the approaches into the Pyrenees from France,
forms a natural geographic concept, it should be
considered geographically as a whole. Thus, the
geographic treatment of this area would serve as
CHAPTER II for both NIS Portugal and NIS Spain.
Conversely, the area included within politi-
cal boundaries may be so extensive as to embrace
several natural geographic units. Examples of
such areas are the U.S.S.R. and China. CHAPTERS
II for these areas would consist of several Parts,
each treating a natural geographic unit.
In addition, it will be necessary to transcend
political boundaries in many instances in order
to obtain comprehensive treatment of certain
functional aspects, such as transportation and
pofts and naval facilities; and such procedure
should be followed wherever necessary.
The scope of each chapter, supplement, and
Special NIS is outlined in detail under the Outline
Guides in this volume. Chapter and section out-
line guides in general include initial comments
relative to content of the unit as a whole which are
not repeated with but are pertinent to the detailed
outlines for individual sections and subsections.
The following standard definitions apply explicitly
to CHAPTERS II-IX and by implication to CHAP-
TER I:
a) The first section of each chapter is uni-
formly entitled Introduction. This section is not
a summary of the basic intelligence contained in
the remainder of the chapter or an explanation of
the organization of the chapter. Rather, it pre-
sents an analysis of the basic intelligence contained
in the chapter. It also presents general aspects
which cannot be treated adequately elsewhere in
I
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JUNE 1951 NATURE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE
the chapter. For example, the organization and
functions of the high command are covered in SEC-
TION 80 (Introduction to CHAPTER VIII, Armed
Forces) because this topic cannot be adequately
treated in the subsequent sections of CHAPTER VIII.
The chapter outline guides indicate the nature and
scope of the treatment to be accorded the Intro-
duction of each chapter.
b) The first subsection of each section is
uniformly entitled General. This subsection is
provided to permit a proper approach to the treat-
ment of material contained in the remainder of
the section.
c) The last subsection of most sections is
uniformly entitled Comments on Principal
Sources. This subsection is to serve the following
purposes:
To provide an evaluation of the principal source mate-
rial used in preparing the section and thereby in-
form the user of the general credibility to be ac-
corded the intelligence contained in the section.
To indicate those aspects of the subject about which
information is deficient or unavailable and thereby
provide collectors of information with collection
targets. In this connection, the principal sources
(not necessarily all sources) actually used should
be indicated.
Summary of agency functions
1. GENERAL
Where one agency is responsible for a sec-
tion of a chapter or a subsection of a section which
is being coordinated by another agency, working
level liaison shall be maintained. All communica-
tions of a policy or requirements nature to the
agency preparing the section or subsection will be
passed through intelligence command channels.
In all instances working level coordination
among agencies concerned will include the follow-
ing:
Exchange, where applicable, of drafts of completed
draft sections in order to resolve inconsistencies
among sections and detect gaps in over-all cover-
age.
Informal coordination in compiling specific subsec-
tions which are assigned as the responsibility of
one agency but impinge upon the field of interest
of another.
2. NIS COMMITTEE
The NIS Committee consists of represent-
atives of the Director of Central Intelligence and
the Chiefs of the Intelligence Agencies of the De-
partments of State, the Army, the Navy, and the
Air Force. The representative of the Director of
Central Intelligence is ex officio, chairman of the
committee. It also includes an advisory member
from the Joint Staff who shall be thoroughly
familiar with the basic intelligence requirements
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), keep the JCS
informed of the progress of the NIS Program, and
keep the NIS Committee informed of changes in
the JCS requirements.
The NIS Committee performs the following
functions :
Considers and recommends for Intelligence
Agency approval over-all policies for the NIS Pro-
gram.
Determines the scope and treatment of each NIS
to be produced.
Allocates responsibility for production and main-
tenance of NIS in accordance with the intelligence
requirements, production capabilities, and domi-
nant interest of the Intelligence Agencies con-
cerned.
Establishes NIS production and maintenance
schedules based upon JCS priorities and agency
capabilities.
Promulgates procedures and instructions for the
preparation, review, editing, and submission of NIS
contributions.
Recommends to CIA measures necessary for the
coordination of the NIS Program.
3. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
The Central Intelligence Agency performs the
following functions:
Provides over-all coordination of the NIS Pro-
gram.
Produces those elements of NIS allocated to it for
production by the NIS Committee.
Furnishes certain common services which can
best be done centrally.
Edits NIS contributions, provides advisory sub-
stantive review, and arranges for the publication
of NIS.
Disseminates NIS in accordance with Intelligence
Agency agreements.
4. IAC AGENCIES
The IAC Agencies (State, Army, Navy, and Air
Force) perform the following functions:
Provide a member and alternate members
of the NIS Committee. This member repre-
sents, and speaks for, the Chief of the Intelligence
Agency of the Department from which he is ac-
credited.
Produce and maintain the NIS elements which
have been allocated by the NIS Committee
as production responsibilities.
Implement collection effort which may be re-
quired for NIS production and maintenance.
5. NON-IAC AGENCIES
The non-IAC Agencies perform the following
functions:
Produce and maintain portions of NIS when
explicitly assigned that responsibility by the
NIS Committee or by an Intelligence Agency with
the approval of that Committee.
Furnish Intelligence Agencies with material
for integration into NIS by those agencies.
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Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR
PREPARATION OF NIS
Washington, D. C.
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JUNE 1951 ('name
Allocation of Responsibility for Preparation of NIS
Neither the following allocations nor any interpretation thereof shall negate
the basic principle that each department is responsible for the production
of that intelligence which is responsive to its departmental mission.
Section 10-Introduction
11-Strategic Significance of the NIS Area
12-Military Geography
13-Transportation and Telecommunications
14-Sociological
15-Political
16-Economic
17-Scientific
18-Armed Forces
19-Map and Chart Appraisal
Section 20-Introduction
21-Military Geographic Regions
22-Coasts and Landing Beaches
23-Weather and Climate
24-Topography
25-Urban Areas
Section 30-Introduction
31-Railway
32-Highway
33-Inland Waterway
34-Petroleum Pipeline (treated in Sub-
section 62, C and Supplement V)
35-Ports and Naval Facilities
36-Merchant Marine
37-Civil Air
38-Telecommunications
Section 40-Introduction
41-Population
42-Characteristics of the People
43-Religion, Education, and Public Information
44-Manpower
45-Health and Sanitation
46-Public Welfare
CIA
CIA (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
State (with joint assistance)
State
State (with joint assistance)
CIA (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
CIA (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army
Navy (with Army assistance)
Joint Meteorological Committee
Army
Army
Army (with joint assistance)
Army
Army
Army
Joint Army-Navy
Navy
Air Force (with Navy participation)
Army
State
State (with Army assistance)
State
State
State
Army
State
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ALLOCATIONS JUNE 1951
Section 50-Introduction
51-The Constitutional System
52-Structure of the Government
53-Political Dynamics
54-Public Order and Safety
55-National Policies
56-Intelligence and Security
57-Subversive
58-Propaganda
59-Biographies of Key Personalities
Section 60-Introduction
61-Agriculture and Food
D. Electric power
63-Minerals and Metals
64-Manufacturing and Construction
A. General
B. Industrial machinery and equipment
C. Motor vehicles (including tanks, self-pro-
pelled guns, etc.)
D. Aircraft production
E. Shipbuilding
F. Explosives, industrial and military
G. Guns, explosive devices, and ammunition
H. Other military equipment and supplies
(including war gases and smoke prep-
arations)
I. Telecommunications, signal and lighting
equipment
J. Chemical industries
K. Agricultural processing industries
L. Fibers, fabrics, and rubber
M. Construction industries
N. Other industries
0. Comments on principal sources
65-Trade and Finance
CHAPTER VII-SCIENTIFIC
Section 70-Introduction
State
State
State
State
State
State (with joint assistance)
CIA (with joint assistance)
State (with joint assistance)
State
State
State (with joint assistance)
State (with the assistance of the De-
partment of Agriculture and the
Fish and Wildlife Service, Depart-
ment of the Interior)
State (with assistance of the Depart-
ment of the Interior)
Army
State (with the assistance of the De-
partment of the Interior)
Army
State
State (primary responsibility)
Army
Air Force (with Navy participation)
Navy
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
Army (with joint assistance)
State
State
State
State
State
State (with joint assistance)
CIA is to produce final draft with con-
tributions from Navy and Air Force;
guidance from Army and State.
CIA to coordinate through the JEIC
the final draft based upon contribu-
tions from all intelligence agencies.
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JUNE 1951 ALLOCATIONS
CHAPTER VII-SCIENTIFIC (Continued)
72-Air, Ground, and Naval Weapons
73-Atomic Energy
74-Biological Warfare (BW)
75-Chemical Warfare (CW)
76-Miscellaneous
CHAPTER VIII-ARMED FORCES
Section 80-Introduction
81-Ground Forces
82-Naval Forces
83-Air Forces
91-Selected Maps, Charts, and Plans
A. General
B. Physical maps, navigation charts of urban
areas
C. Maps of transportation and communica-
tions
D. Sociological, political, and economic maps
E. Special armed forces maps
92-Appraisal of Selected Maps, Charts, and Plans
SUPPLEMENT I-PORTS AND NAVAL FACILITIES
SUPPLEMENT II-AIR FACILITIES
SUPPLEMENT III-TELECOMMUNICATIONS
CIA to coordinate, through SIC work-
ing committees where practicable,
the final draft with contributions
on:
Guided missiles and aircraft from
the Air Force;
Ground weapons from the Army;
Naval weapons from the Navy.
CIA to coordinate through the JAEIC
the final draft with contributions
from other intelligence agencies.
CIA to coordinate through JBWIC
and JCWIC, respectively, the final
drafts based upon contributions
from Army and from other intelli-
gence agencies.
CIA to coordinate through JBWIC
and JCWIC, respectively, the final
drafts based upon contributions
from Army and from other intelli-
gence agencies.
CIA to produce final draft based upon
contributions from other intelli-
gence agencies.
Army (with joint assistance)
Army
Navy
Air Force (with Navy participation)
CIA (as coordinating staff for mate-
rial received from Army, Navy, Air
Force, and MATS)
CIA-SECTION COORDINATOR
CIA
Army, Navy, Air Force, MATS
Army, Navy, Air Force, CIA
CIA
Army, Navy, Air Force
CIA (as coordinating staff for mate-
rial received from Army, Navy, Air
Force, and MATS)
JOINT ARMY-NAVY
AIR FORCE (with Navy participation)
ARMY
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ALLOCATIONS JUNE 1951
STATE (with assistance of the Depart-
ment of the Interior)
Section 1-Introduction
2-Marine Climate
3-Oceanography
Navy
Navy (with assistance of the Air
Force)
Navy
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Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
NIS AREAS
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
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JUNE 1951 9NOWN O
NIS Areas
25
X'6~1E
NIS 2 Ireland (Eire)
NIS 3 France
NIS 4 Netherlands
NIS 5 Belgium
NIS 6 Luxembourg
NIS 7 Denmark
NIS 8 Portugal
NIS 9 Spain
NIS 10 Norway
NIS 11 Sweden
26A Finland
NIS 15 Switzerland
NIS 16 Austria
NIS 17 Italy
NIS 18 Czechoslovakia
NIS 19 Hungary
NIS 20 Albania
NIS 21 Yugoslavia
NIS 22 Rumania
NIS 23 Bulgaria
NIS 24 Greece
NIS 25 Cyprus, Malta,
Gibraltar
NIS 27 Turkey
NIS 28 Syria and Lebanon
NIS 29 Jordan
2A
Iraq
SHORT
Republic of Ireland
France and Monaco
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Denmark, including the Faeroe Islands.
Portugal, including the Azores, Madeira and Cape
Verde Islands.
Spain and Andorra
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Poland, within 1945 boundaries and limits of ad-
ministration, including the former Free City of
Danzig, and the portions of Germany under
Polish administration.
Switzerland and Liechtenstein
Austria
Italy, San Marino, and the Free. Territory of
Trieste.
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Albania
Yugoslavia
Rumania
Bulgaria
Greece
and Cyprus, Maltese Islands, and Gibraltar.
U.S.S.R., within 1945-1047 boundaries and limits
of administration, including the three Baltic
states, northern East Prussia, Taunu 'l'ava, and
the Kuril and Sakhalin Islands.
Turkey
Syria and Lebanon
Jordaii, excluding Arab Palestine.
Iraq
NIS Areas 1-2
NIS Area 3
NIS Areas 4-6
NIS Areas 4-6
NIS Areas 4-6
NIS Area 7
NIS Areas 8-9
NIS Areas 8-9
NIS Areas 10-11
NIS Areas 10-11
NIS Area 12
NIS Areas 15-16
NIS Areas 15-16
NIS Area 17
NIS Area 18
NIS Areas 19-21
NIS Areas 19-21
NIS Areas 19-21
NIS Areas 22-23
NIS Areas 22-23
NIS Area 24
NIS Area 25
NIS Area 26:
Part I-European U.S.S.R. within 1945-
1947 boundaries and limits of adminis-
tration, including three Baltic States,
northern East Prussia.
Part II-Soviet Central Asia.
Part III-Urals and West Siberian Plain
including Tannu Tuva.
/'art I V---Central and Eastern Siberia in-
cluding Kuril and Sakhalin Islands.
Part V---The Caucasus, including Soviet
trans-Caucasus.
NIS Area 27
NIS Areas 28-31
NIS Areas 28-31
NIS Areas 28-31
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Kshkin NIS AREAS JUNE 1951
SHORT
TITLE
NIS 33 Iran
NIS 34 Afghanistan
NIS 35 India
NIS 37 Ceylon
NIS 38 Burma
NIS 39 China
NIS 41 Korea
NIS 42 Thailand
NIS 43 Indochina
NIS 44 British Indonesia
25X6A
NIS 46 Tunisia
NIS 47 Algeria
NIS 48 Morocco
NIS 49 Libya
NIS 50 West Africa
Arabian Peninsula, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone, Iraq-Saudi
Arabia Neutral Zone, Bahrein, Qatar, Trucial
Oman, Muscat and Oman, Yemen, Aden Colony
and Protectorate.
Iran
Afghanistan
India, including Jammu and Kashmir, Nepal,
Bhutan, and Portuguese and French territories
in India, Andaman, Laccadive and Nicobar
Islands.
East and West Pakistan (excluding Jammu and
Kashmir), and including the Oman settlement
of Gwadar.
Ceylon
Burma
China, including Hong Kong and Macao.
Mongolia (Outer Mongolia or the "Mongolian
People's Republic").
Korea
Thailand
Indochina, the Paracel Islands, Spratley Island and
other disputed islands and reefs in South China
Sea south of Paracel Islands.
Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei,
and North Borneo.
Tunisia
Algeria
French Morocco, Spanish Morocco (northern Span-
ish zone in Morocco), Ifni, and International
Zone of Tangier.
Libya
French West Africa, Spanish Sahara (Rio de Oro,
including the southern Spanish zone in Moroc-
co), Portuguese Guinea, Gambia, Sierra Leone,
Gold Coast, British Togoland, French Togoland,
Nigeria and British Cameroons.
NIS Area 33
NIS Area 34
NIS Area 35:
Part I-Northern India, including Jammu
and Kashmir, Nepal, and Bhutan, the
Portuguese territory in northern India,
all of Pakistan and the Oman settle-
ment of Gwadar.
Part II-Peninsular India, including the
Portuguese and French territories in
Peninsular India.
NIS Area 37
NIS Area 38
NIS Area 39:
Part I-Western China and Mongolia
Part II-Manchuria
Part III-North China
Part IV--South China, including Taiwan,
Hong Kong, and Macao
NIS Area 40 (Same as NIS Area 39,
Part I)
NIS Area 41
NIS Area 42
NIS Area 43
NIS Areas 46-48
NIS Areas 46-48
NIS Areas 46-48
NIS Area 49
NIS Area 50:
Part I-French West Africa except terri-
tories listed under Part II below, Span-
ish Sahara (Rio de Oro, including south-
ern Spanish zone in Morocco), Gam-
bia, Portuguese Guinea, Sierra Leone.
Part 11-The following parts of French
West Africa: Ivory Coast and Dahomy
and the following other areas: Liberia,
Gold Coast, British Togoland, French
Togoland, Nigeria and British Camer-
oon.s.
NIS Area 51 (Same as NIS Area 50,
Part II)
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JUNE 1951 NIS AREAS
SHORT
,ITLE
French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroons,
Spanish Guinea (including Rio Muni), and Ca-
binda.
N.IS 53 Egypt Egypt NIS Area 53
NIS 54 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan NIS Area 54
NIS 55 Ethiopia, Eritrea and Ethiopia, Eritrea, British, French and Italian So- NIS Area 55
the Sornalilands maliland.
NIS 56 British East Africa Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Zanzibar Protecto-
rate.
N IS 57 Rhodesia and Nyasa- Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Nyasa-
land land.
NIS 58 Mozambique Mozambique NTS Areas 57-58
NIS 59 Angola Angola NIS Areas 59-00
NIS (30 Belgian Congo Belgian Congo and Rualtda-Urundi. NIS Areas 59-00
N IS 61 South Africa Union of South Africa, South-West Africa, Bech- NIS Area 61
uanaland, Swaziland and Basutoland.
NIS 62 Madagascar Madagascar IS Area 62
NIS 63 Indian Ocean Islands All outlying islands in the Indian Occan, southward NIS Area 63
to 60? S. latitude, except islands covered in NIS
25X6A
32, 35, 37, 55, 56, 62, and 100.
All outlying islands in the Atlantic Ocean between
100 N. latitude and 60? S. latitude and the South
Orkney and South Shetland Island groups, but.
excluding islands covered by NIS 52.
NIS 68
M MA
Greenland
Iceland
North Polar Area
Greenland
Iceland
North Polar Area
NIS Area 67
NIS Area 68
NIS Area 60
NIS 71
Guatemala
Guatemala
NIS Areas 7t-77
NIS 72
British Honduras
British Honduras
NIS Areas 71-77
NIS 73
Honduras
Honduras, including territory north of the Sego-
NIS Areas 71-77
via River and islands possibly subject to Nicara-
guan claims.
Salvador, including small areas claimed by ITon-
NIS Areas 71-77
duras.
Nicaragua, including territory south of the
NIS Areas 71-77
Segovia It.
NIS 76
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
NIS Areas 71-77
NIS 77
Panama
Panama
NIS Areas 71-77
NIS 78
Cuba
Cuba
NIS Areas 78-84:
Part ]-Greater Antilles, Bermuda and
Bahama Is.
Part I1- Lesser Antilles
NIS 79
Haiti
Haiti
NIS Areas 78-84
Nis 80
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
NIS Areas 78-84
NIS 81
British Possessions in
All islands and bays under British sovereignty in
NIS Areas 78-81
the Caribbean
the Caribbean, and the Bahama Is. and Bermuda.
NIS 82
Dutch Possessions in
All Caribbean islands under NeLlierlands sovcreign-
NIS Areas 78-84
the Caribbean
ty, including part of St. Martin I.
NIS 83
French Possessions in
All Caribbean islands under French sovereignty,
NIS Areas 78-84
the Caribbean
including part of St. Martin 1.
NIS 84
U.S. Possessions in the
All Caribbean islands under U.S. sovereignty or
NIS Areas 78-84
Caribbean
claim, and islands where U.S. has lease or treaty
rights.
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NIS AREAS JUNE 1951
SHORT
TITLE
NIS 85 Colombia Colombia NIS Areas 85-86
NIS 86 Venezuela Venezuela NIS Areas 85-86
NIS 87 Ecuador Ecuador and small area on eastern border disputed NIS Areas 87-88
with Peru.
NIS 88 Peru Peru NIS Areas 87-88
NIS 89 Chile Chile, including Pacific Islands east of 90? W. NIS Area 89
longitude and islands south of Tierra del Fuego
disputed with Argentina.
Argentina, including river islands disputed with
Uruguay.
NIS 91
Uruguay
Uruguay
NIS Areas 90-91
NIS 92
Paraguay
Paraguay
NIS Areas 92-93
NIS 93
Bolivia
Bolivia
NIS Areas 92-93
NIS 94
Brazil
Brazil
NIS Area 94:
Part I-Southeast Brazil
Part II-Northwest Brazil
256A
The Guianas
The Guianas (British, French, Dutch)
NIS 98
Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Islands, including Johnston I. but ex-
cluding islands in NIS 103.
NIS 99
Philippine Is.
Philippine Is.
NIS Area 99
NIS 100
Indonesia
Indonesia, including all of the former Netherlands
NIS Area 100
Indies and Portuguese Timor.
NIS 101
West Pacific Islands
All islands in the Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands, and the islands of Marcus and Wake.
NIS 102
Southwest Pacific Is-
Papua, Trust Territory of New Guinea, British
lands
Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, New Cale-
donia and dependencies, Fiji Is., Tonga Is.,
Gilbert and Ellice Is. and lesser adjacent islands,
but not including islands covered by NIS 96,
97, and 103.
NIS 103 South Pacific Islands Phoenix, Tokelau, Samoa, Cook and Line island
groups, and adjacent islands, the French Estab-
lishments in Oceania, Pitcarin and adjacent
British islands, and Chilean islands west of 90?
W. longitude.
(Oceanography and Marine Climate)
NIS 104
Atlantic Basin.
Atlantic Ocean
NIS Area 104
NIS
105 Pacific Basin
Pacific Ocean
NIS Area 105
NIS
106 Indian Basin
Indian Ocean
NIS Area 106
NIS
107 Arctic Basin
Arctic Ocean
NIS Area 107
NIS
108 Antarctic Basin
Antarctic Ocean
NIS Area 108
I
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79-01055A000200030001-5
A-f-% mom
Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79-01055A000200030001-5
JUNE 1951 -
CONTENTS
Page
A. Transmittal of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Letter of transmittal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Manuscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. Graphic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Text specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Typing of text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Text headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. References to figures and text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4. Quotations and extract matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5. Sample pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
6. Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7. Reference to sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Tabular specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Tabulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Typing of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Titles and figure numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Stubs and column headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6. Footnotes and source references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7. Conventional entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
8. Statistical totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9. Table construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D. Graphic specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. NIS Supplement specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Classification and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Treatment of names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Technical terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Statistical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Return of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Editorial style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79-01055A000200030001-5
JUNE 1951
Editorial Instructions
NIS material delivered to the Basic Intelligence
Division (D/B), CIA requires a letter of transmit-
tal (original and 2 copies). The letter itemizes
the number of pages of text and table manuscript,
table of contents and other typed material sub-
mitted, and indicates any omission of material or
other deviation from standard procedure. The let-
ter specifies control aspects of material involved.
The letter of transmittal also indicates the number
of extra copies of insert maps which the contrib-
utor desires run without NIS reference lines (the
number not to exceed 10 copies of each map except
by special arrangement), the minimum classifica-
tion for each map if run without the NIS refer-
ences, and any special restrictions concerning ad-
ditional runs and distribution by CIA for other
than NIS purposes.
2. MANUSCRIPT
NIS manuscript is submitted in 5 complete as-
sembled copies. Each of the 5 assembled sets of
manuscript includes in sequence 1) title page, 2)
table of contents, 3) text, 4) tables, 5) caption list,
and 6) list of any border information.
Pagination begins with the first page of text of
each Section and is consecutive throughout the
manuscript (including each page of the tables,
which follow the text in sequence of figure num-
bers), Pagination is by other means than a num-
bering machine, which is reserved for use in D/B
processing.
Manuscript with more than nominal alterations
is not acceptable. Text or tabular material Photo-
statted or similarly reproduced from printed or
other material must be in positive print form and
legible in approximately typewriter elite size.
The supporting items, typed triple space, are as
follows :
TITLE PAGE, containing Chapter or Supplement
number and title, Section number and title, and
the statement : "This is a preliminary draft of
Section , NIS . It has not been finally
edited or reconciled with other NIS sections and
should not be reproduced. This Section has been
approved for use in the NIS by the (agency),
(month, year). This is the uniform date for the
entire section and will appear on each page of the
published section."
TABLE OF CONTENTS for each section, including all
headings and subheads used in text according to
the style given in "Text specifications." For Sup-
plements, or when entire chapters are submitted,
a separate table of contents extending through No.
2 heads of all sections also is included. Each sec-
tion table of contents is immediately followed by
a LIST OF FIGURES which lists in sequence all figures
with the following details for each: Figure number
as determined by sequence in tentative placement,
category identification (Table, Photo, Aerial, Chart,
Diagram, Plan, Map), and the caption as it ap-
pears with the figure or in appropriate short-title
form. This LIST OF FIGURES is immediately fol-
lowed by a contributor statement, as approved by
the NIS Committee, showing the agency or agen-
cies contributing to and responsible for prepara-
tion of the material.
CAPTION LIST (required for typesetting of all cap-
tions). Figure numbers for all tables and graphics
are listed in sequence with exact wording of the
caption as attached to the figure. When appli-
cable, the list of captions is followed by a border
information list, listing in sequence each insert
map figure number with exact wording of the
border information as specified in "Graphic specifi-
cations," and indicating which maps have apron
material.
3. GRAPHIC MATERIAL
Graphic material, including photographs, is as-
sembled separately from manuscript, in 4 complete
sets with each item in sequence. The 4 copies of
each item consist of an original and 3 copies of all
black and white material, and 4 color proofs for
multicolor graphic material. The original plates
of multicolor maps are retained by contributor
until receipt of memorandum from D/B. These
originals are then forwarded as directed by D/B for
final reproduction.
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EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS JUNE 1951
M-PrBWOROMM
B. Text specifications
1. TYPING OF TEXT
Text is submitted in 5 copies, typed on one side
only, with the original on substantial 8 x 121/2
bond paper. Duplicating process may be used if
submitted copies are thoroughly legible. Text is
typed triple space. All paragraphs without head-
ings begin with 5-space indent. Normal capital-
ization is used throughout (including headings),
without use of continuous capitalization or of un-
derlining except for foreign or other terms to be
italicized. The last word of a typed line is always
a complete word, avoiding ending any line with
a hyphen. Manuscript conforms to the sample
pages, with margins as shown. Each manuscript
page, as shown, includes in top margin the name of
the agency of primary responsibility, date (manu-
script completion date, for processing control pur-
poses only), classification, NIS number and sec-
tion number. The first page of text includes the
section number and title. Text pages are num-
bered consecutively within each section (not using
a numbering machine, which is reserved for D/B
processing).
2. TEXT HEADINGS
Headings used in NIS text material are as fol-
lows :
(Grade of head,
not typed in ms.)
II. Military Geography (Chapter title)
22. Coasts and Landing Beaches (Section title)
A. General (No. 1)
1. Coasts (No. 2)
a. Northern peninsula - Text follows ...... (No. 3)
(1) Williams Bay-Text follows ........ (No. 4)
(a) Vicinity of Port Smith-Text ..... (No. 5)
1) Seaward Approaches -Text ..... (No. 6)
Chapter and section titles are centered. No. 1
heads are typed flush with left margin of text; in-
ferior heads are successively indented 5 typewriter
spaces. No. 1 and No. 2 heads stand alone; text
begins on next line with indentation of 5 spaces and
thereafter flush left. Remaining heads each end
with space, two hyphens, space; text follows im-
mediately on same line, with succeeding lines be-
ginning flush with left text margin.
Each standard heading includes a title in ad-
dition to letter or number. Titles are as brief as
feasible. In No. 1 through No. 5 heads, common
nouns are not capitalized. No. 6 heads are initial
caps except for prepositions, articles, etc.
Headings may stand alone when immediately
followed by the next grade of head. For certain
material (as in Coasts and Landing Beaches), a
heading may be followed on the next line or lines
by coordinates, hydrographic chart references, etc.
No. 5 and No. 6 headings may be modified when
used to introduce a series of similar subsidiary
topics (such as a series of brief descriptive para-
graphs on smaller ports).
Numbers used to itemize a series of items within
text carry a single parenthesis, e.g., 1).
3. REFERENCES TO FIGURES AND TEXT
Figures (including both tables and graphic ma-
terial) must be adequately referred to in the re-
lated text, using figure numbers assigned by the
contributor. Reference may be integral in a sen-
tence, ". . . as shown in FIGURE 32-16 . . . ", or
parenthetical, ". . .(FIGURES 42-3 through 42-
6). . .". It is often desirable to use the reference
flexibly to differentiate types of figures, e.g.,
". . . tabulated in FIGURE 42-7 . ." or ". .
shown on the map, FIGURE 42-8 . . .". Statements
such as ". . . in the following table . . ." or
". . . in the table above . . ." are undesirable be-
cause the relationship may not be retained in
printing. Because figure numbering is subject to
change in publication or maintenance, reference to
tables or graphic material in other sections or
chapters is by abbreviated caption, type of material
and section number in which it appears, e.g., "(see
population density map, SECTION 41) ".
Tentative placement within text of tables and
appropriate graphic items (e.g., line cuts) is in-
dicated by large carets with figure numbers on the
right margin of text pages (see sample pages).
Each figure is caretted only once. Figures expect-
ed to follow printed text, such as half-tone illus-
trations and fold-in maps, are itemized after the
last line of manuscript text.
Because subsection numbering and titles are sub-
ject to change in publication or maintenance, cross
references are made to the highest order of text
topic which will adequately indicate where the ref-
erenced material will be found. Within sections
and especially within lengthy sections, however,
references to subsections may be quite detailed if
desirable. Another section of the same chapter
is referred to by ". . (SECTION 81, this chapter)
. .. or ". . (See section on Ground Forces)
" Reference to a section of another chapter is
as follows: ". . (CHAPTER III, SECTION 31) . .
or ". . . (See Railway) . . .
The words Chapter, Section, and Figure, when
followed by identifying number are typed in capi-
tals and lower case.
4. QUOTATIONS AND EXTRACT MATTER
Quotations up to approximately 3 typewritten
lines are included in text within quotation marks.
Longer quotations, and subordinate material like-
wise to be printed as "extract" in smaller type, are
without quotation marks, indented 5 spaces for all
lines and typed double space.
PAGE 2
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 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS TIAL
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Top
______ Margin
ARMY-January 1948 NIS 21 1~4?
(CLASSIFICATION) Sec-38
Left Right
Margin 38. Telecommunications Margin
4
A. General
During the Japanese occupation telecommunication facilities in
,iIN
N
r-1
Manchuria were rapidly expanded. New radio stations were...
under the control of several agencies and companies licensed by the
'Chinese, Japanese, and Russian governments.
Prior to 1933, telecommunication facilities in Manchuria were
2. Telephone
a. Location of routes of lines -- Telephone land lines
form a rather close pattern around Mukden, Chang-ch'un (Hsinking),
and Harbin, and radiate to all parts of the country (Figure 38-1)..
b. Type of construction -- Construction was completed for
an underground 28-pair nonloaded telephone cable between Mukden and
Antung in 1937 (Figure 38-2). In December 1942....
I 3. Telegraph and cable
a. Location of routes of lines -- Most of the routes are
(parallel to railways and highways; lines are also built along the
I
[valleys. Practically all the major circuits and most of the other.. i
(page number)
Bottom
(CLASSIFICATION)
Margin
14"
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 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
Left
[RMY-January 191_8
(CLASSIFICATION)
Margin -
lilt 1 The offices and agencies that provided telegraph service in they
4
China area in 1939 were:
Telegraph and telephone service 244
Telephone stations 232
Telegraph agencies 103
Wireless agencies 62
Total 941
b. Type of construction -- In general, construction of..
4. Radio
a. Radio communications stations -- From 1933 to 1945 the
major radio communications stations were operated by....*
(broadcasting stations listed in Figure 38-3.
(1) Number of installations -- The number of these
JUNE 1951
%0001-5
p
Margin
lilt
Right
Margin
entirely based on captured Japanese documents, but the significant
Itotals are confirmed by U.S. official reports.
b. Broadcasting -- There are several of the more powerful
*Itemized information for the period 19110 to 1945 is almost
Fig.
38-3
installations is considerably smaller than the total given by the
I
11939 telegraph offices and agencies' tabulations. It is now believed)
that, even with full allowance for the new facilities only a few have)
I
Ishort-wave transmitters. There is very little information about...
I (page number)
Bottom (CLASSIFICATION)
Margin
lilt
- 1055A00020003
SAMPLE PAGE 2
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JUNE 1951 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
5. SAMPLE PAGES
The accompanying two pages are sample pages
of text manuscript for the guidance of typists.
When several works by the same author or
agency are listed, the author's name is not repeated
but is replaced by dashes in subsequent listings.
6. FOOTNOTES
Footnotes to text matter are kept to a minimum.
When footnotes are considered necessary, up to
3 asterisks per page may be used. In manuscript
the footnote is inserted on the line following the
reference, separated from the text by solid lines
above and below; the footnote begins indented 5
spaces from left margin, and is typed double space
(see sample pages).
7. REFERENCE TO SOURCES
References to sources are confined as much as
possible to the topic Comments on Principal
Sources, where the evaluative discussion normally
will be followed by an alphabetical listing of prin-
cipal sources to which consecutive numbers are
assigned. If sources are grouped by subject cate-
gories, they are numbered consecutively rather
than by successive groups. In text, and in both
text and figure footnotes, this facilitates brief ref-
erence, e.g., ".. , based on Source 1 estimates,
. . ." or ". (Source 1) . ." When only a few
principal sources are identified and are not as-
signed source numbers in the Comments subsec-
tion, text or footnote reference thereto is as brief
as feasible. A source cited in text but not included
in Comments on Principal Sources may be de-
scribed in necessary detail but as briefly as possi-
ble. Author, title of source, and date normally is
sufficient, typed in capitals and lower case set off
from text by parentheses.
In the numbered listing of principal sources,
each item is typed double space and is continuous
in the following order and typewriter style :
Author, authors, editor or agency; last name
first, capital and lower case, period. Title of book
or other separate publication; capitals and lower
case, underlined, followed within parentheses by
capitals and lower case translation if required,
period. Title of article from periodical in quotes,
capitals and lower case, comma; followed by name
of periodical, underlined, comma; edition, series,
part, volume, number, selected pages, year of peri-
odical as necessary, separated by commas in that
order, with capital only at beginning of series of
items, abbreviated as ed., ser., pt., vol., no., p.,
period. Arabic numerals used throughout except
Roman after pt. Place of publication in capitals
and lower case, followed by colon and publishing
agency if given, otherwise period. Date, period;
n.d. if not dated, period. Total pages if desired.
Classification in parentheses, capital and lower
case, without period.
C. Tabular specifications
1. TABULATIONS
Relatively simple tabular presentations, gener-
ally with no stubs, less than 3 columns of data, and
not requiring more than a printed column width,
are treated as tabulations. Tabulations are incor-
porated in text manuscript without figure number
or title (see sample pages). They are typed double
space, with no continuous capitalization or under-
lining.
2. TABLES
More complex tabular presentations, generally
with stub and 3 or more vertical columns of data,
are treated as tables. Each table has a descrip-
tive title (caption) preceded by a figure number.
Each table is constructed to stand as an entity,
because of possible separation from text in publica-
tion or use.
3. TYPING OF TABLES
Each table is typed in 5 copies, on one side only,
original on substantial bond paper. Duplicating
process may be used if submitted copies are thor-
oughly checked for legibility. Tables are typed
double space, with no continuous capitals or under-
lining in caption, stubs, column headings, or data
entries. Tables are typed on 8 x 121/2 bond paper
whenever practicable. For more extensive presen-
tations, larger paper may be used, if possible re-
taining the 121/2 inch vertical dimension. Several
separate 8 x 121/2 pages may be used to continue
a table. When more than one page is used to
present a table or when there is significant relation-
ship between columns in separate tables, in typing
it is important to maintain alignment and space
relationship of columns on all pages. Each page
includes in the margin, as in text pages, the name
of the agency of primary responsibility, date, clas-
sification, NIS number and section number.
4. TABLE TITLES AND FIGURE NUMBERS
Table titles (captions) are as brief as possible
consistent with adequate indication of table con-
tent. Date or dates are included in the title un-
less table content is generalized or in itself provides
adequate date information. The area or political
name is incorporated when feasible, in adjective
form ("Value of French imports, 1945-1950") or
in noun form after substance of caption ("Land
use, France, 1950").
The figure number which precedes each table
title is comprised of the section number followed
by a hyphen and the serial number of the table in
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EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS JUNE 1951
the sequence of all figures (including all tables
and graphic items) within a section, according to
caretted location in the submitted manuscript.
5. TABLE STUBS AND COLUMN HEADINGS
Stubs (horizontal descriptive entries normally
to the left of vertical columns of data) and column
headings are carefully worded and coordinated.
Proper selection and description of categories min-
imizes footnotes and exceptions which require ex-
planation.
In general, the heading at the top of a column
covers all material presented in the column with-
out insertion of additional headings farther down
the column. The same applies to side heads and
lines of data. Where intermediate headings seem
necessary, the material generally is presented as
separate tables. However, related categories of
items (such as apply to various weapons) may be
usefully combined in a single table by making col-
umn headings more comprehensive and using sub-
headings in columns and/or indicating a general
change in category. Preliminary consultation
with D/B on such matters is advisable.
6. TABLE FOOTNOTES AND SOURCE REFER-
ENCES
Footnotes to tables are indicated by up to 3
asterisks and thereafter by up to 3 daggers (the
typewriter symbol $k is used fora dagger) . These
symbols are placed at the left of numerical column
data, and at the right of headings, stubs, mixed or
reading column data. Footnotes generally are
typed double space, under the table, starting in-
dented five spaces from left margin of table. The
number of footnotes to tables is minimized by in-
corporation of the material into related text when
feasible, by careful phrasing of stubs and headings,
by consolidation in a reduced number of footnotes,
or by consolidation in a single NOTE carried as a
footnote without symbol.
When source reference or references are con-
sidered necessary and apply for a table as a whole,
they are indicated by "Data from Source 13 . .."
beginning at the left text margin and typed two
spaces below a line at the bottom of the table
proper. If a NOTE item is used it precedes the
conventional abbreviation n a and explanation, if
used (see conventional entries below), which in
turn precedes any symbol footnotes. An entire
table taken verbatim from a source (sometimes as
the only available data, and not necessarily fully
accepted by the contributor), is so indicated in re-
lated text, by explanation within the table, or by
footnote; in such cases it is generally desirable, so
far as feasible, to follow the detailed format of the
original material.
To avoid blank spaces in columns of data, the
following conventional entries are made as ap-
propriate in table columns :
... not applicable; no footnote used
n a data not available, inadequate data, etc;
n and a separated and underlined; until
conventional is well established, explained
as "Data not available", etc., in footnote
0 indicates zero quantity or reading in col-
umns of uniform data such as weather
statistics; no footnote used
none used instead of 0 when data are not uni-
form, e.g., to indicate known lack of pro-
duction of a significant commodity;
underline; no footnote used
insig quantity too insignificant to record;
underline; no footnote used
When exceptional items in a column are esti-
mated they are preceded by est in underlined lower
case, unless symbol and footnote are preferable be-
cause of an otherwise appreciably narrower column
or exceptional items can be feasibly covered in
other footnotes.
Ditto marks are not used in tables. For this pur-
pose do in underlined lower case is used. Gener-
ally, identical entries in figure columns are re-
peated. It is likewise desirable to repeat word en-
tries which have significance.
8. STATISTICAL TOTALS
When n a or insig are included with vertical or
horizontal data entries for which a total is given
that only moderately exceeds the sum of the specific
entries, no footnote explanation may be required.
However, when the total is exactly the sum of the
specific figures, generally it is advisable to indicate
that n a or similar items are not reflected in the
total, e.g., "* Totals are of known data" or
"approx." When totals are not identical with the
sum of specific entries, because of rounding or dif-
ferent sources, indicate by note, e.g., "(Tonnage)
figures rounded to nearest (thousand) are not ad-
ditive".
9. TABLE CONSTRUCTION
Optimum clarity and usefulness require the care-
ful construction of all tables in terms of the nature
and purpose of the material and the characteris-
tics of the NIS format.
Column headings normally are typed and printed
horizontally. They may be vertical when heading
narrow columns of data or generally to facilitate
publishing a table in minimum width. Superior
or consolidating headings are centered over the
appropriate individual column headings.
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JUNE 1951 EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS
To avoid repetition of units of measurement after
items of latitude, longitude, time, distance, weight,
etc., units of measurement (abbreviated as appro-
priate) are put at the head of column, or centered
over appropriate columns. Units common to an
entire table (e.g., thousands of metric tons, or per-
centage of population) are placed in parentheses
beneath the table title.
It is desirable, so far as practicable, for a series
of tables dealing with common or closely related
topics to be expressed in a uniform order of magni-
tude of units of measurement, e.g., all in thousands
of tons or hundreds of tons.
Entries in all columns align horizontally with
top line of the corresponding stub.
Vertical columns of figures are aligned on the
decimal point, dissimilar figures are centered in
the column, and zeros precede the decimal in num-
bers of less than 1. Examples of various figure
items are:
1500
0.15
15.5-17.0
insig
30 (daily)
Generally it is not desirable to carry a column
in which there are no entries. Use of a column
for isolated entries may be avoided by carrying the
entries in a "Remarks" column or by consolidation
in an explanatory note to the table.
Tables generally should be constructed to avoid
extensive use of full-length lines or rules between
columns and particularly between horizontal en-
tries. Lines or boxes around column headings pref-
erably are omitted by contributors unless format
is well established.
Although contributors are not required to con-
form to printing requirements when constructing
tables, general consideration of such requirements
facilitates publication of table material. A printed
NIS single-column width accommodates approxi-
mately 55 units of characters or spaces. A two-
column page width takes approximately 115 units.
A two-page spread takes approximately 230 char-
acters or spaces. Two-page spreads tend to present
page make-up problems in publication, including
separation of tables from related text. Tables
which must be viewed from the side of the page,
and extended tables on fold-in inserts, generally
are not desirable and are used only by arrangement
with D/B. In constructing tables for normal col-
umn or page-width publication, space allowance
must be made for column headings which may be
wider than figure entries in columns, and for stubs.
When it is apparent that the maximum horizontal
lines (allowing for column entries, column head-
ings, stubs, footnote symbols, and adequate space
between columns) will occupy more than the ap-
proximate number of spaces available but will not
utilize more than a nominal additional width, re'-
arrangement of the table warrants consideration.
Vertical printing of heads is one device. When the
number of columns exceeds the number of stub
entries, the lay-out often may be reversed to make
a longer but narrower table. When tables present
problems not previously encountered, contributors
are requested to consult D/B before final typing.
D. Graphic specifications
1. GENERAL
All graphic materials, such as photographs,
maps, charts, graphs, and sketches, regardless of
size, are (in addition to numbered tables) desig-
nated as figures. Each figure carries a separate
figure number comprised of the section number
followed by hyphen and serial number of the figure
in the sequence of all figures within the section.
The page size of the printed NIS, including
binding and other margins, is 91/4" by 121/8". The
type is set in two 31/2" columns spaced 1/4" apart.
Figures of column width are printed 31/2" wide,
and 2-column figures are 71/4" wide. The maxi-
mum height of such figures including space for
caption is 93/4".
All graphic items larger than page size are
treated as fold-in inserts. The maximum paper
size used for NIS inserts is 231/4" V x 393/4" H. The
horizontal dimension normally includes a 91/4"
apron.
Figures are prepared to fit NIS indicated dimen-
sions. Care is required in laying out correct pro-
portions and in selecting sizes of symbols, patterns,
lines, and lettering to allow for reduction com-
mensurate with that permitted by other features
of the figure. When a specific amount of reduc-
tion is desired, it is so marked outside the border.
Otherwise, the amount of reduction will be decided
by D/B.
All charts, graphs, maps and other graphic ma-
terial to be printed with text are constructed as
black and white linecut figures of page size or less.
Photographs and other figures requiring halftone
reproduction normally will be published on coated
paper inserts of page size (excepting large pano-
ramas or mosaics which may be run as fold-in in-
serts), grouped immediately following text and
table manuscript of each section. Multicolor
graphics normally will be inserted at the end of
each section.
All figures, except insert maps, are accompanied
by captions (in lower case and normal word capital-
ization) which are carefully worded to be briefly
but adequately descriptive. The first line of the
caption carries the figure number followed by iden-
tification of the subject or brief descriptive phrase;
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succeeding lines add appropriate amplification, in-
cluding direction of view and indication of the date
(or absence thereof, by "Date unknown") of photo-
graphs. Captions are firmly attached to figures,
affixed to permit reading of the caption while view-
ing the figure but not obscuring the figure image.
Captions must be legible but need not be drafted
since all captions are set in type.
Charts or graphs do not carry titles or caption
material (as distinct from explanatory legend ma-
terial) within the figure image. In the case of a
specially constructed chart or graph, source and
date of information may be drafted within the
figure.
All insert maps carry the title, legend, source
and date of source, and other essential caption in-
formation drafted within the title box or neatline.
Border information, indicated outside the map bor-
der in non-photographic blue but not drafted be-
cause it will be set in type, is as follows: Upper left
corner-agency responsible for map content, and
date to be carried by the section as a unit; center
top-NIS Area number; upper right corner-classi-
fication; lower left corner-file number and agency
responsible for actual map construction (unless
the latter is identical with material in upper left
corner) ; center bottom-abbreviated map title;
lower right corner-figure number.
It is not necessary that all maps or photographs
be oriented with north at the top, but the position
of north is clearly indicated by means of a north
arrow, coordinates, or caption. Names, symbols,
and similar details of figures are oriented for read-
ing from the bottom of the page. In exceptions
where figures must be viewed from the side of the
page, details of the figure are oriented for reading
from the right-hand side of the page.
Printed "stick-up" is preferred for symbols and
lettering. However, Leroy lettering is permissible.
Freehand lettering and symbols are to be avoided
except in such instances as the inclusion of an ex-
istent, printed map or sketch.
It is frequently desirable for graphic material,
such as large-scale aerials of airfields, to be ac-
companied by small-scale line-cut orientation or
location maps.
2. PHOTOGRAPHS
Only clear and distinct photographs are accept-
able, and original prints are supplied insofar as
possible. Except where the original is unwieldy,
prints are supplied at the same scale as originals,
including suggested cropping to be undertaken in
D/B processing.
High-altitude aerial photographs carry a north
arrow and bar scale drafted on the face of the print.
When a photograph originally has foreign annota-
tions on the face of the photograph, the annota-
tions are retained and accompanied by translation
or explanation. Where feasible, the translation is
added to the face of the print in the form of a key
or legend; where space is not available or a key or
legend is not adequately descriptive, the transla-
tion or explanation appears in the caption or on
a separate typed sheet attached to each copy of
the print.
Instructions for selection and preparation of
photographs are set forth in NIS supplementary in-
structions.
3. MAPS
All NIS maps are carefully selected and con-
structed in terms of the purpose and subject ma-
terial of a map or plan, content and positional in-
tegration with text, suitability of color or other
differentiation, and all feasible uniformity in lay-
out, lettering, and other drafted elements.
All maps have a neatline and border, a legend
centered under the map title, a bar scale centered
beneath the legend, and the classification centered
beneath the scale. Legends clearly define all sym-
bols not self-explanatory or generally understood
from common usage. A direction indication, either
coordinates or a north arrow, is included. Maps
prepared as a series (e.g., port and town plans)
have consistent treatment throughout in type style,
zipatone patterns, title and legend layout. Non-
varying plastic (e.g., dyrite, vinylite) is preferable
for the construction of color plates, to facilitate
accurate registry in printing.
A map designed as a black and white line draw-
ing, page size or less, is preferable for many NIS
purposes because it can be printed adjacent to the
related text. When information cannot be ade-
quately presented in black and white, limited use of
one additional color for such maps is possible, upon
consultation with D/B.
A Standard Base Map for each NIS Area is pre-
pared and distributed by Geographic Division,
(D/G), CIA in the following forms : Black and
white and composite color copies on paper; compos-
ite black line and black line copies of each color
separation plate on plastic (dyrite). Specific in-
structions concerning reduction, sizes, etc., are dis-
tributed with the base map for each NIS Area.
Contributors are responsible for drafting their
own overlays, which are keyed to the base plates of
NIS Standard Base Maps.
In addition to the Standard Base Map a small-
scale Page Size Base Map is prepared for each NIS
Area. This map is available to contributors in
black-line and non-photographic blue, paper copies.
Black-line maps or color overlays are prepared by
drafting directly on these bases.
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For purposes where base maps are not applicable
(such as port plans), contributors are responsible
for compiling and constructing their own maps.
Contributors lacking necessary cartographic facili-
ties should consult D/B.
Fold-in maps are printed with a page-size apron,
to permit full view of the map as the text is read.
This apron can be used for printing information
additional to that contained in the legend, such
as lists of installations or regions. Such informa-
tion is submitted on a separate typewritten sheet,
a copy of which is attached to each copy of the
map. Printed material is not carried on the back
of a map.
1. NIS SUPPLEMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Preparation of text and graphic material for
NIS Supplements generally conforms to the indi-
cated procedures for other NIS material, with such
modifications as are developed to meet the require-
ments of the Supplements.
2. CLASSIFICATION AND CONTROL
NIS textual material is classified independently
by section. All pages of each section uniformly
carry the highest classification of material in the
section. All material, however, carries at least
a RESTRICTED classification. Tables of contents,
caption lists, all tables, and all graphics intended
to be printed within text, carry the uniform section
classification and are so stamped when submitted.
Insert maps or other insert graphic items (includ-
ing photographs) are not governed by the over-all
classification, but are individually classified as ap-
propriate.
The agency of primary responsibility is required
to indicate any control aspects of submitted ma-
terial.
All Comments on Principal Sources for all NIS
are controlled for "U.S. Officials Only". Each page
of that portion of manuscript is so stamped, top
and bottom. The control for Comments on Prin-
cipal Sources as such does not govern for related
NIS material and need not be specified in the letter
of transmittal.
Certain other
NIS Areas, as approved and specifically listed by
the NIS Committee, are restricted by control for
"U.S. Officials Only". All NIS material relating
to such Areas, regardless of the content of the ma-
terial, is correspondingly controlled. Each page of
manuscript and each unit of graphic material is
appropriately stamped, top and bottom. All such
material delivered to D/B carries a cover sheet
specifying control, and the control requirements
also are indicated in the letter of transmittal.
When any element or portions of NIS material
(other than Comments on Principal Sources) are
controlled for reasons other than the approved con-
trol character of the Area, the entire section in-
volved is controlled. Each page of manuscript and
each unit of graphic material is appropriately
stamped, top and bottom. All such material de-
livered to D/B carries a cover sheet specifying con-
trol, and the nature of and occasion for the con-
trol requirements are indicated in the letter of
transmittal.
3. TREATMENT OF NAMES
Geographic names used in the NIS are those
approved by the United States Board on Geo-
graphic Names (BGN). Preliminary gazetteers
are issued to contributors for use in the preparation
of text and graphic materials. Pending publica-
tion of a pertinent gazetteer, or in the case of
names not covered by a published gazetteer, lists
of names are submitted according to NIS supple-
mentary instructions.
English conventional names are used insofar as
they are approved by BGN. The approved native
name is added in parentheses the first time the
conventional name is used in a section, and there-
after as desirable for clarity. It is desirable to use
the native name in parentheses after the conven-
tional name on maps whenever practicable.
Approved native names are used where conven-
tional English names are not provided. Transla-
tion of generic parts of native names (except when
the meaning is apparent) is given, in parentheses
or in running text if feasible, the first time a ge-
neric appears in any segment of text. As a reader
aid, English generics may be interspersed in text.
All terms referring to man-made features, such
as Small Boat Harbor, are in English. Military
regions or other regions arbitrarily designated for
convenience in presentation are in English and
are not required to be identical with BGN approved
versions.
Consistency in the use of the conventional or
the native name for the same feature is maintained
throughout each chapter.
In lists of towns and cities, coordinates are given
for each of two or more places having identical
names.
4. TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY
When scientific names are appropriately used in
the interest of accuracy, if possible they are pre-
ceded by a common name or common name ge-
neric; e.g., the colon bacillus (Escherichia coli),
malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles maculipennis, A.
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EDITORIAL INSTRUCTIONS JUNE 1951
hyracanus). The scientific names are enclosed in
parentheses and marked for italics in every case.
In a paragraph discussing malaria mosquitoes,
however, italicized scientific names may be used
without a preceding common name or generic.
Scientific family names (names ending in -idae, as
Stomatidae) are capitalized but not italicized.
Special-use terms, such as names of military
regions, are capitalized (e.g., the Kazakh Hill
Country) to clearly maintain identity.
5. STATISTICAL DATA
Statistical data normally are expressed either
in U.S. units of measure or in the metric system,
and are consistent within a section or the largest
NIS unit feasible, except to conform with common
usage, as in discussing 75 mm and 3" guns. All
contributions, should clearly indicate what system
is used, in tables as well as text. When different
measurement systems unavoidably appear together
in text (e.g., statute and nautical miles) they must
be clearly differentiated. In the case of areas
where available maps or charts use varying meas-
urement systems, the text is expressed in U.S.
units with metric conversion following in parenthe-
ses, and accompanying maps using extensive
metric annotations in their original form carry a
conversion table. Both U.S. and other measure-
ments may be given, as in the case of a table, when
contributing to utility.
Measurements are expressed in terms consistent
with the inherent or required degree of accuracy,
(e.g., 2,340 miles of coast, 16' 61/4" bridge clear-
ance). Conversions are exact when appropriate;
a rounded original figure is not converted into an
inconsistently exact figure; rounded conversions
may be used with a modifying "about" or "approxi-
mate". Units of measurement with varying mean-
ings are clearly defined, e.g., statute miles or nau-
tical miles, short tons or long tons. Both quan-
tity and value may be given when useful for indi-
cating relative importance. In financial data,
conversion factors with date are included.
6. RETURN OF MATERIAL
Detailed procedures governing the return of sub-
mitted material are established in NIS supple-
mentary instructions.
7. EDITORIAL STYLE
Development of style for all forms of NIS content
is a continuing and coordinated result of contribu-
tor and D /B processing of the various types of ma-
terial. For all matters of style not so developed,
and not indicated by specific D/B instructions, the
current Government Printing Office Style Manual
governs.
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Security Information
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SURVEY
STANDARD INSTRUCTIONS
CHAPTER II
MILITARY GEOGRAPHY
Section 20 Introduction
Section 21 Military Geographic Regions
Section 22 Coasts and Landing Beaches
Section 23 Weather and Climate
Section 24 Topography
Section 25 Urban Areas
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, D. C.
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JUNE 1951
Chapter II - Military Geography
OUTLINE
A. Location, size, shape, and boundaries
B. Dominant geographic elements
C. Strategic areas
D. Approaches and internal routes
B. Regional analysis: Regions A, B, etc.
C. Sector 1
1. Subsector 1-A
2. Subsector 1-B
3. Subsector 1-C, etc.
D. Sector 2
E. Sector 3; etc.
X. Comments on principal sources
General
1. Summary
2. Maps and charts
3. Criteria for beach selection
4. Beach tables
5. Reliability index
6. Glossary
Nearshore oceanography
1. General
2. Tides and currents
3. Sea, swell, and surf
4. Coastal bottom sediments
5. Biology
A. General weather and climatic condi-
tions
B. Weather and military operations
1. Air operations
2. Air-ground operations
3. Ground surface operations
4. Amphibious operations
C. Comments on meteorological services
D. Climatic tables
E. Comments on principal sources
SECTION 24. TOPOGRAPHY
A. General
B. Descriptive analysis
1. Landforms, relief and drainage
pattern
2. Drainage characteristics
3. Water resources
4. Soils
5. Lithology
6. Vegetation
7. State of the ground
8. Culture features
9. Special physical phenomena
C. Military evaluation
1. Cross-country movement
2. Constructional aspects
3. Other military aspects
D. Comments on principal sources
SECTION 25. URBAN AREAS
A. General
1. Urbanization
2. Main characteristics of urban areas
B. Principal urban areas
1. Key strategic urban areas
2. Other selected urban areas
C. Comments on principal sources
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CHAPTER II JUNE 1951
OUTLINE GUIDE
The following outline guide indicates substance and general arrangement.
In preparation and typing of manuscript, D/B Editorial Instructions are
to be followed in. detail.
The six sections of CHAPTER II cover the strategic,
regional, and topical aspects of the military geog-
raphy of the NIS Geographic Area. Clear distinc-
tion between these three aspects of military geog-
raphy is essential to the orderly preparation of
these sections and to the efficient use of the
chapter.
SECTION 20, INTRODUCTION, furnishes a strategic
appreciation of the NIS Geographic Area as a whole.
in relation to its surroundings. The Section is a
broad evaluation and although based in consider-
able part on SECTION 21 has much wider scope, in-
cluding discussion of interrelationships between
regions, and evaluations of external approaches,
strategic areas, and internal routes. It should
contain one or more over-all intelligence maps de-
picting such essential elements as strategic areas,
coastal and other approaches, barriers to move-
ment, and corridors and passes favorable to move-
ment.
SECTION 21, MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, is
an integration and analysis of the key military
aspects of SECTIONS 22 through 25. It presents
for each region the significant elements treated in
these sections in terms of their combined effects on
military operations, avoiding over-all strategic con-
siderations on the one hand and unnecessary repe-
tition of topical information on the other. Presen-
tation may be by text, tables, and maps. For each
region, the text summarizes and evaluates in terms
of military significance the outstanding military ge-
ographic characteristics of that region; the text is
supported by individual regional tables, based on
more detailed material in SECTIONS 22 through 25,
presenting the environmental characteristics and
military evaluation of the region and of any sub-
regions and/or distinctive areas into which it is
divided. Intelligence maps and other graphics
present military analysis of the environmental fac-
tors of each region, subregion, or group of regions.
SECTIONS 22 through 25 (and SUPPLEMENT IV)
comprise the detailed topical treatments of the sub-
ject matter necessary for NIS purposes. Within
each topic or subtopic the material is organized
on a regional or locality basis, as for individual
sectors or subsectors of coast, regions characterized
by similarities of climate, terrain, soil, or vegeta-
tion, and individual urban areas.
The outline presented is designed to provide a
basis for appraisal of the military significance of
the geography of any NIS area. It is intended to
be sufficiently flexible to be adaptable to any pecu-
liar situation that the authors of CHAPTER II may
encounter.
Each topical heading in the outline must, how-
ever, be considered by the authors. As indicated in
the guidance for each section, adequate latitude is
provided to permit presentation of each topic in the
clearest and simplest form, where alternative forms
of presentation are practicable.
In the event that modification of the outline, or a
part thereof, is considered by an author to be
desirable for a particular NIS Area, the proposed
modification will not be made without prior ap-
proval by the Chapter Coordinator.
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JUNE 1951 MILITARY GEOGRAPHY f^~!
Section 20. Introduction
This Section is prepared by Army from material
provided by all contributors to CHAPTER II. It is
designed to provide the reader with a succinct
evaluation of (1) the external geographic rela-
tionships of the NIS Geographic Area and (2) its
dominantly significant internal geographic charac-
teristics. The Section will be prepared after SEC-
TIONS 21 through 25 have been completed. It will
not, however, be an abridgement of either these sec-
tions or Of SECTION 12 of CHAPTER I. Photographs
of especially significant aspects of military geog-
raphy covered by SECTION 20 will be included as
pertinent.
A. Location, size, shape, and boundaries
The significant aspects of the location, size,
shape, and boundaries of the NIS Geographic Area
as a whole will be presented in integrated para-
graphs without topical headings, supported by
1) a map on which the NIS Geographic Area is cen-
tered on an azimuthal projection and on which
concentric circles of air distances are included and
2) a map demonstrating the comparative areas of
the NIS Geographic Area and of the United States
or North America.
B. Dominant geographic elements
All facts of the environment as presented in
SECTIONS 21 through 25 will be considered by Army
in preparing this discussion, and those environ-
mental elements that are dominantly significant
will be treated in integrated statements sup-
ported by one or more over-all intelligence maps
and the minimum number of maps from SECTIONS
21 through 25 that are considered desirable to
demonstrate the significance of the selected
factors.
C. Strategic areas
Each strategic area of the NIS Geographic Area
will be defined and briefly described by Army on the
basis of the applicability of one or more of the fol-
lowing factors (or other pertinent factors) which
are of national or international significance : criti-
cal and/or key industries (especially military end-
products plants) ; critical and other strategically
significant mining developments and mineral re-
sources; key transportation and communications
centers and facilities; military installations includ-
ing key offensive, defensive, and supporting facili-
ties; population concentrations (ethnic, religious,
social, including significant minorities) ; key ter-
rain features (passes, corridors, beaches, air-drop
sites) ; food resources, including production and
storage centers; etc. Strategic areas will be delim-
ited on a map with the approaches to and internal
routes of the NIS Geographic Area.
Strategic, for the purposes of evaluating strategic
significance in the NIS Geographic Area, is defined
as: pertaining to the implications of any of the
above factors upon a nation's developing and using
political, economic, and psychological means and/
or armed forces during peace or war to afford the
maximum support to national policies, to increase
the probabilities and favorable consequences of vic-
tory, and to lessen the chances of defeat.
D. Approaches and internal routes
Evaluations of the air, sea, and ground ap-
proaches to the NIS Geographic Area as a whole
will be prepared by Air Force, Navy, and Army re-
spectively and coordinated by Army. Air ap-
proaches will be presented on a quadrant basis. All
approaches will be shown in suitable manner on a
map showing the strategic areas and internal
routes of the NIS Geographic Area. Internal
routes will be evaluated and selected with respect
to the strategic areas within this and adjacent NIS
Areas; first on the basis of current logistical capa-
bilities and second on the basis of potentialities
for logistical development. Routes lacking exist-
ing transportation facilities capable of carrying
military traffic will be evaluated similarly in re-
lation to routes having such facilities. All selected
routes will be delimited and classified on the stra-
tegic areas map which will be supported by concise
tabular or textual evaluation.
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CHAPTER 11 JUNE 1951
Section 21. Military Geographic Regions
This Section will be prepared by Army and will
include material provided by Air Force and Navy.
It will be an analysis of the NIS Geographic Area
in terms of military geographic regions. The
military geographic region as discussed in the NIS
is a region in which the combination of environ-
mental conditions is sufficiently uniform to per-
mit, or to require, throughout its extent the use
of the same general mode of military operations
or kinds of warfare and of the same general types
of equipment and personnel. Minor areas in
which conditions significantly affect but do not
prevent the basic mode of military operations may
be considered either as military geographic sub-
regions or as distinctive areas within the military
geographic region, e.g., a hill belt in a large plain.
The military geographic regions and subregions
for each NIS Geographic Area will be delimited
on a map by the Army agency responsible for pro-
duction of SECTION 21 after topics treated in SEC-
TIONS 22 through 25 have been analyzed sufficiently
to permit fixing of boundaries. All CHAPTER II
contributors concerned will concur on regional and
subregional boundaries previous to any agency's
initiating final production of SECTION 21 material.
A. General
A military geographic regions map will show
boundaries of the various regions, subregions,
and/or distinctive areas. Regional breakdown will
also be presented as a list in the text or as a concise
tabular summary. Introductory integrated text
will summarize significant aspects of each region
as is necessary to relate the regions to the NIS
Geographic Area as a whole and to analagous or
comparable areas in North America. Photographs
and other graphics may be used for illustration.
B. Regional analysis: Regions A, B, etc.
A concise textual analysis and a tabular sum-
mary of each region and its various subregions
and/or distinctive areas will be given. Each re-
gion will appear as a separate numbered heading.
Intelligence-type maps showing interrelated fac-
tors will be presented for each region, group of re-
gions, or important part of a region.
The tabular summary of each military geo-
graphic region or subregion, supporting the map
presentation of the region or subregion, will in-
clude the topics shown in the sample layout.
FIGURE 21-1 . ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MILITARY
Tabular
REGION, SUBREGION,
AND/OR DISTINCTIVE AREA
Landforms, relief, I
and drainage
patterns
Drainage
character-
istics
Weather
and
climate
Water
resources
SOUS
Lithology
Vegetation
GEOGRAPHIC REGION OR GROUP OF REGIONS
Analysis
FACTORS
MILITARY EVALUATION
MILITARY
State
Culture
Coasts and
Special
Cross-
Constructional aspects
Other
OPERATIONS
of
round
features
and towns
landing
beaches
physical
phenomena
country
movement
Airfields
I
Roads
Underground
installations
military
aspects
(KNOWN
TYPES)
)
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JUNE 1951 MILITARY GEOGRAPHY
1) All data in this summary will be presented in tele-
graphic form. The above format will be used, to be
reproduced on a double-page spread, map apron, or
fold-in.
2) Arrange regions in Column I in alphabetical se-
quence (i.e., Region A, Region B, etc.) and identify each
by name. Data included directly under each topic by re-
gions will concern those attributes which are character-
istic of the region as a whole.
3) Arrange subregions and/or distinctive areas in Col-
umn I in alphabetical and numerical sequence under the
appropriate region (i.e., Subregion A-1, Subregion A-2,
etc.).
4) Treat content of all Environmental Factors and
Military Evaluation columns in definitive terms. Use
salient statistics and facts to categorize the regional,
subregional, or distinctive area characteristics when perti-
nent. A high degree of discrimination must be exercised
in the selection of data to be included in the tabular
summary for each topic. Include only those essential
elements treated in other sections. If a particular topic
is not applicable for any region, subregion, or distinctive
area, the words "not applicable" will be included in the
relevant space in the summary.
5) Under the heading of Military Operations include
factual statements on known types of military operations
such as airborne, amphibious, arctic, armored, cavalry,
desert, infantry, jungle, and mountain, conducted in the
region, or identify the region with a geographically
analogous area for which types of modern operations are
known. Statements should particularly bear on the ex-
tent to which specialized forces were employed in opera-
tions and whether such employment was required by en-
vironmental factors. If the success or lack of success
of either conventional or specialized types of operations
in the region can be definitely attributed to environmental
factors, this should be noted.
Section 22. Coasts and Landing Beaches
1. SUMMARY
General description of the entire coastal area
of study, including relations to major geographic
regions and to adjacent NIS Geographic Areas.
State length of coast in statute miles and refer to
footnote on use of nautical and statute miles.*
Stress best and poorest sectors and subsectors;
mention specific beaches or coastal reaches that
offer access to important routes inland. Follow
by tabular description of major coastal divi-
sions, as in example below.
* In text, distances are in statute miles unless nauti-
cal miles is specifically indicated by n., as "14 n.
miles."
2. MAPS AND CHARTS
Refer to maps, charts, and sailing directions used
and discuss any discrepancies involving coastal
outline or distances.
3. CRITERIA FOR BEACH SELECTION
Discuss methods used for selecting beaches and
sources from which selection was made.
4. BEACH TABLES
Discuss wherever necessary headings and terms
used in tables, and types of information to be
included therein.
a. BEACH NUMBERING AND LOCATION - How
numbered in text, on beach location maps, on
photos; how located; reference to photos.
(Example)
FIGURE 22-1. SUMMARY OF COASTS AND LANDING BEACHES
SECTOR SEA APPROACH BEACHES I COASTAL TERRAIN
(Locate by promi- (Characteristics and dangers in both (Number and general dimen- (Characteristics inland 15-20 miles or
nent features or offshore and nearshore zones, in- sions, gradients, and consist- to first major barrier. Indicate
towns. Include eluding ice. Locate 5- and 10- ency of beaches, described in presence of R.R.'s, roads, and
coordinates in fathom curves.) relative terms explained under trails.)
parentheses.) A, 4.)
1
Plum Point to Wil- Offshore approaches generally clear;
son Cove 10-fathom curve 4 to G mi. off-
(33?10'N, 10?34'E; shore; 5-fathom depths within 2
35?06'N, 12?48'E) mi. of shore. Nearshore ap-
proaches generally clear with scat-
tered rocks fringing shore; bottom
slope gentle to mild; bottom sand
and clay.
Four areas of short, narrow, firm Dunes back beaches, in turn backed
sand beaches with moderate to by narrow coastal plain rising to
steep gradients. Good exits rolling hills and mountains about 8
inland from all beaches. mi. inland. Paved highway paral-
lels coast at 500 to 1,000 yds; several
roads and trails lead inland; R.R.
to Plum Point.
2
Wilson Cove to
...............
....... etc.
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r^?r?_w._.---- CHAPTER 11 JUNE 1951
b. LENGTH AND USABLE LENGTH - Definitions of
long and short; total length minus unusable
stretches.
C. WIDTHS: AT L.W.; AT H.W. - Definitions of
L. W. and H.W. limits; reference to beach profile
diagram; wide, medium, narrow.
d. GRADIENTS: L.W. TO H.W.; H.W. ZONE
Definitions of gradients to supplement beach pro-
file diagram; steep to flat.
e. APPROACH - Limits; bottom slopes; refer-
ence to beach profile diagram and beach gradient
scale.
f. SURF AND TIDAL RANGE - Surf scale.
g. MATERIAL AND FIRMNESS - Definitions of
firm and soft.
h. TERRAIN IMMEDIATELY BEHIND BEACH - 15 to
20 miles inland, or to first major barrier.
1. EXITS AND COMMUNICATIONS INLAND - In-
clude routes parallel to shore.
5. RELIABILITY INDEX
6. GLOSSARY
List of common terms relating to terrain, hy-
drography, and political subdivisions.
B. Nearshore oceanography
1. GENERAL
Include note: For offshore oceanography and
marine climate see Special NIS of appropriate
area.
2. TIDES AND CURRENTS
Include table of tidal range constants, chart of
cotidal lines, chart of spring tides, illustration of
typical tidal curve for area, definitions of tidal
terms, and text material on how to apply the tidal
data. Text material on local currents.
BEACH NUMBER AND
LOCATION
LENGTH AND USABLE
LENGTH
(52) * Black Point E. Cove beach, 1.9 mi.
(FIG. 22-66.) long; 1.0 mi. along
* moraine, forming a
point; 1,500 yds. in
cove SE of point in-
tersected by two
streams; all usable.
3. SEA, SWELL, AND SURF
Include histograms and/or sea-and-swell roses
for the coast area, depending on data available,
text description and definitions of terms.
Include a table or a strip chart of the coastal
bottom sediments, also brief text material.
5. BIOLOGY
Include descriptions and illustrations of dan-
gerous marine life, such as poisonous sea snakes,
and fish. Presence or absence of bioluminescence
will be mentioned. Presence of algae that can
conceal water hazards or foul screws and rudders
of landing craft will be noted. All this material
will be in text form with the exception of illus-
trations of dangerous marine life-if present.
C. Sector 1
(Coordinates of limits of sector)
(Reference to Coastal Divisions and Distribu-
tion of Landing Beaches Map (FIGURE 22- ) or
to beach location map if map shows entire sec-
tor; reference to general chart or charts issued
by U.S.H.O.)
Sectors, preferably not exceeding 9 in number,
should be based on clear divisions between dif-
ferent types of coastal terrain, which should agree
with geographic regions presented in SECTION 21.
Sector limits should be described in terms of dis-
tances from prominent geographic features such
as major headlands.
General statement without heading. Brief sum-
mary of hydrography, coast, terrain backing coast,
and number, character, and approximate location
of beach areas. If sector is too varied to be sum-
marized without dividing into subsectors, general
statement may be confined to features common
to whole sector, list of subsectors within sector,
and number and approximate location of major
beaches.
WIDTHS: AT L.W.;
AT H.W.
50 ft. at point to 600
ft. at stream
mouths, L.W.; 25 ft.
at point to 200 ft.
at stream mouths,
H.W.
GRADIENTS: L.W. TO
II.W.; H.W. ZONE
1 on 5 at point, 1 on
50 at stream
mouths, L.W. to
H.W.; 1 on 5 at
point, 1 on 10 at
stream mouths,
H.W. zone.
FIGURE 22-2. BEACH AREAS OF
Beaches physically most suitable for
Nearshore bottom slopes flat to steep;
30-ft. depth 750 to 900 ft. offshore;
anchorage in 54 ft. 2,100 ft. off cove
beach; good holding ground, mud
and shell, approaches clear; offshore
current sets N,2 knots.
NOTE Beach lengths and distances along the coast and inland are expressed -in statute miles; distances across water are expressed
in nautical miles except when referring to beach locations.
* If beach is also described in text, add here "(See also (2) below.)"
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JUNE 1951 MILITARY GEOGRAPHY
1. SUBSECTOR 1-A-SINGLE ISLAND, GROUP
OF ISLANDS, OR STRETCH OF COAST
(Coordinates of limits of subsector.)
(Figure numbers of beach location maps of
subsector; U.S.H.O. Charts of subsector.)
Subsectors should be selected as logical coastal
units in which hydrographic or terrain conditions,
or both, are sufficiently uniform to permit general-
ization. Limiting of subsectors to lengths con-
venient for the making of beach location maps
leads to unnecessary repetition in the description
of the areas covered by such maps.
General statement without heading. Brief de-
scription of general characteristics of subsector;
very brief if covered in generalization under sector
heading.
a. COAST - Progressing along coast, give for
each part brief statement of offshore approach and
shore features, followed by description of coastal
terrain and brief description of anchorages. Give
reference to applicable U.S.H.O. Chart if several
charts cover area of subsector. Leave description
of beaches to heading (b). Avoid duplicating in-
formation that is clearly and correctly conveyed by
the beach location maps (distances, shapes, and
dimensions of bays and islands, spot heights, etc.),
except where such duplication is essential to clear
statement. Coastal description of subsector may
be broken into subdivisions (1), (2), (3), etc., as
plotted on beach location maps. Subdivisions
should be logical coastal units such as a stretch of
fairly uniform coast, an island or group of islands,
a bay or group of similar bays, a prominent penin-
sula.
b. LANDING BEACHES - Exclude general coastal
description. Beach areas are each identified by
reference number in parentheses keyed to encircled
reference number on beach location maps. Co-
ordination of coastal description and beach de-
scription should be maintained in the planning,
writing, and drafting stages so that beaches or
beach areas do not cross sector or subsector bound-
COASTAL SUBSECTOR 1-A)
landing are marked with star (*)
aries, and, if possible, do not cross subdivision
boundaries. (General statement without heading
can be given if desired.)
Example 1
(No beaches.)
b. LANDING BEACHES - "None described."
Example 2
(Beach table but no detailed text description.)
b. LANDING BEACHES - (General statement)
(Beach table: see example below.)
Example 3
(Beach table and detailed text description.)
b. LANDING BEACHES
(1) (General statement) - (Beach table:
see example below.)
(2) Single beach area - If description is
brief it may be run without subheadings. If de-
scription is longer, headings (a), (b), and (c) may
be used as follows.
(a) LOCATION AND CHARACTER - Give loca-
tion of beach, not coastal segment, proximity to
landmarks and developed areas; shape, length, usa-
ble length, width, and gradient; physical composi-
tion, consistency, and bearing capability at L.W.
and H.W.; tidal flats and salt marsh, including
consistency of bottom; surface features and ob-
structions; structures such as groins and bulk-
heads; locations of rivers and streams entering or
crossing beach; local use; areas most suitable for
landings.
(b) SEA APPROACH - Deal briefly with area
shoreward of 40-fathom depth or of 10 miles from
shore, whichever is smaller; anchorage areas; de-
scribe in greater detail area shoreward of 5-fathom
line; bottom gradient and character of bottom;
locations and depths of reefs, bars, rocks, shoals,
and other dangers; local conditions of winds, tides,
currents, surf, waves, and water temperature
ranges.
MATERIAL
ANT)
TERRAIN IMMEDIATELY BEHIND
EXITS AND COMMUNICATIONS
FIRMNESS
BEACH
INLAND
Surf rough to moderate; shore drift Gravel
and
sand; Point backed by steep hills; cove Tr
ail lead
s from cove beach to main
E to W, 1 knot; tidal range 11.5 firm.
beach backed by wide valley ris-
coastal
road and settlements in-
ft., springs.
ing to hills 5 mi. inland.
land.
Coastal R.R. parallel to
road.
Telephone and telegraph at
settlements.
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CHAPTER II JUNE 1951
(C) ADJACENT TERRAIN AND EXITS - Topog-
raphy on flanks of beach, immediately backing
beach, and inland at least 15 to 20 miles or to first
major barrier; nearest cover and concealment;
trafficability; roads, trails, waterways, natural cor-
ridors, and cross-country exits from beach, nearest
fresh water-potable and non-potable; nearest
drop zones and emergency landing places for air-
craft; nearest radio, telegraph, telephone, rail-
roads, power lines, power plants, and habitations.
(3), (4), etc., Single beach area -Group of
closely related beaches.
Stretch of coast, single island, or group
islands.
3. SUBSECTOR 1-C; etc.
E. Sector 3; etc.
NOTE If landing places other than beaches are de-
scribed, or.if descriptions of beach areas and
other landing places are interspersed, use gen-
eral heading, b. Landing places.
X. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses:
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
Of thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
Section 23. Weather and Climate
A. General weather and climatic conditions
This Subsection emphasizes the processes
which control climatic regimes and contains
the bulk of general climatic discussion. In-
clude figures, photos, maps, and those tables
which are necessary to illustrate especially
significant climatic factors. Illustrate destructive
effects of weather and weather phenomena such as
dust storms, tornadoes, fog banks, etc. Discuss
the general weather and climate conditions in
their broad aspects emphasizing those elements
and factors having significance in regard to high-
level military operational planning as specified by
the various agencies of the Department of Defense.
Subdivision of the NIS Geographic Area into mili-
tarily significant climatic regions is desirable de-
pending upon the weather and climatic conditions
in the particular NIS Geographic Area.
B. Weather and military operations (text, il-
lustrations, and significant tables)
1. AIR OPERATIONS (above friction layer)
Discuss climatic factors and conditions which
affect all types of aerial operations, e.g., cloudiness,
visibility, icing, turbulence, thunderstorms, winds
and temperatures aloft, dust and blowing sand in
the upper air, and special upper-air weather phe-
nomena. Tables to contain data significant to
aerial operation.
2. AIR-GROUND OPERATIONS (within friction
layer)
Discuss climatic factors which affect chemical
and biological warfare, control of atmospheric con-
tamination, parachute, aircraft landing, glider, and
similar operations which take place within the
lower layers of the atmosphere. These conclusions
result from analyses of vertical temperature, mois-
ture, density, and wind structure as influenced by
topography and large-scale meteorological condi-
tions and their translation into microclimatic
terms; i.e., distributions (local) of wind, tempera-
ture, humidity, stability, fog, haze, etc., as func-
tions of location and topography. Give full con-
sideration to the periodic (diurnal and seasonal)
and non-periodic variations in stability, visibility,
temperature, humidity, etc.
3. GROUND SURFACE OPERATIONS
Discuss briefly movement of equipment, mobility,
clothing, construction, storage, shelter, etc., in
terms of precipitation, temperature, floods, dry and
wet periods, etc., using illustrative tables when
necessary to emphasize important elements. Make
reference to SECTION 24 for the effect of climate on
state of ground and cross-country movement.
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JUNE 1951 MILITARY GEOGRAPHY
4. AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS
Discuss effects of coastal weather including sur-
face winds and their relation to swell and surf,
cloudiness, visibility, air and sea-water tempera-
tures, and drift ice.
C. Comments on the meteorological services
Discuss the meteorological facilities in the area,
the observational network, types of observation,
equipment, and personnel.
D. Climatic tables
Tables to contain average and extreme climatic
data significant to all types of military operations
within the area.
E. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses :
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
Section 24. Topography
This Section is prepared by Army. It is designed
to be topical treatment for the NIS Geographic
Area as a whole of those environmental factors not
treated in SECTIONS 22, 23, and 25 Of CHAPTER II
and it is intended that maps and tables be used
to the practicable maximum in presenting the in-
formation. Photographs will be used for illustra-
tive purposes within the topical scope of the Sec-
tion. A reliability diagram will accompany each
topical map included in the Section.
A. General
Appraise briefly the relative significance of the
elements which comprise the topography of the
NIS Geographic Area under discussion.
B. Descriptive analysis
Each of the subordinate topics will treat in
factual terms descriptively and definitively those as-
pects of the topic which are known to have military
significance. Statements on military interpreta-
tions or applications will be confined to Subsection
24, C. Subsection 24, B, will include only such eval-
uations as are prescribed in the following para-
graphs. The discussion of each topic as a whole
will be in proportion to its relative significance in
the NIS Geographic Area with respect to other
topics treated in the Section. Seasonal aspects
will be considered wherever significant. Tabular
presentation will be used to a practicable maximum.
A map will be prepared for each topic where appro-
priate.
1. LANDFORMS, RELIEF, AND DRAINAGE
PATTERN
Cover with an integrated discussion developed
around maps, supported by text and tables, which
treat definitively the essential elements of the topic
with emphasis on the larger aspects of the patterns
involved.
2. DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Include the essential following (or other perti-
nent) data in their seasonal aspects for signifi-
cant streams, lakes, and other water features :
depths, widths, banks, bottom conditions, veloci-
ties, gradients, transparency or turbidity, sedimen-
tation, temperatures, and ice conditions. The
treatment will be in tabular and graphic form
supported by essential text.
3. WATER RESOURCES
Definitive information on quantities, qualities,
availability, accessibility, and distribution of sur-
face- and ground-water supplies will be presented
in map(s), table(s), and text. Data on qualities
and quantities will be selected in relation to all
probable military uses of water and not only with
respect to potability.
4. SOILS
The treatment of soils will be developed around
a simplified soils map showing dominant soil units
and supported by a table and text describing their
physical characteristics and evaluating their engi-
neering properties.
5. LITHOLOGY
This topic will be developed around a simplified
geologic map showing significant lithologic units
and supported by a table and text describing their
physical characteristics and evaluating their po-
tential usefulness as construction materials.
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CHAPTER II JUNE 1951
6. VEGETATION
Existing significant vegetation types will be de-
limited on a map supported by table (s) and text
describing physical characteristics such as heights,
density of stand, stem diameters, coloration, cul-
tivation practices, etc., and evaluating their poten-
tial usefulness as construction materials and as
sources of supplies, and their susceptibility to con-
flagration.
7. STATE OF THE GROUND
This topic will be prepared by Army after SEC-
TION 23 and Subsections 24, B, 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 have
been completed. It will be developed around maps
supported by tables and text and will be a syn-
thesis showing the seasonal occurrence and char-
acteristics of the ground when dry, wet, frozen
hard, and snow covered.
8. CULTURE FEATURES
Cover with an integrated discussion of the loca-
tion and distribution of cultural objects which
exist in sufficient concentrations to possess signifi-
cance in planning of major military operations.
Such features as mines, quarries, tombs, burial
mounds, dikes, ditches, transportation nets, hedge
rows, terraces, etc., will be evaluated and pre-
sented in map(s), table(s), and photographs sup-
porting the text.
9. SPECIAL PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
Such factors as permafrost, seismic disturbances,
and volcanic phenomena peculiarly applicable to
the NIS Geographic Area being considered and of
outstanding significance will be presented in map
and table form supported by an integrated textual
discussion. This discussion will give definitive in-
formation on the phenomena within the area con-
cerned; it will not be concerned with general or
theoretical aspects of the subject.
C. Military evaluation
1. CROSS-COUNTRY MOVEMENT
Evaluate all environmental conditions affecting
off-road movement of military vehicles, equipment,
and personnel throughout the year.
2. CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS
Evaluate the feasibility of constructing air-
fields, roads, shelters, and underground installa-
tions during the various seasons as affected by the
collective environmental factors. Where the nat-
ural conditions of the NIS Geographic Area war-
rant, roads may be combined in a single topic with
airfields. Otherwise each topic will be presented
separately in accordance with the outline. Spe-
cific military constructional problems other than
those applicable to airfields, roads, and under-
ground installations will be treated under such
additional subordinate headings as are required.
3. OTHER MILITARY ASPECTS
Evaluate such other military aspects as are not
subject to discussion under Cross-country Move-
ment or Constructional Aspects but that are af-
fected by environmental topics treated in SECTION
D. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses :
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
Section 25. Urban Areas
This Section is designed to be ;a digest of
information on the physical aspects of the
urban areas in the NIS Area supplemented by
pertinent generalized comments concerning their
geographic, political, economic, and military im-
portance. Where the general composition of the
cities and towns in the area lends itself to com-
parison with the cities and towns in a geographic
area of the United States or with those of coun-
tries in the same geographic, political, or economic
group, such comparison is desirable. Data will
be presented for the NIS Area as a whole, except
when such treatment might be misleading for an
included subarea. When the area under consid-
eration is divided into distinctive geographic, po-
litical, or economic subareas, the data may be
presented by appropriate subarea.
Tables and charts will be utilized to a maximum
to supplement descriptive text. Town plans will
emphasize those natural and man-made features
of the urban area and its environs that are of
primary military significance. They will supple-
ment the text and tabulated data. Each key stra-
tegic urban area will be illustrated by suitable
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JUNE 1951 MILITARY GEOGRAPHY
plans, either as functional overlays on an aerial
mosaic, or if no suitable mosaic is available, on a
town plan that emphasizes adequately the salient
urban characteristics having military significance.
Photographs will be used to support the text and
other graphics.
Where there are important deficiencies in the
source data available for the study, cover these
deficiencies in the Comments on Principal Sources.
Summarize the significant features affecting
urban areas collectively including a brief general-
ized treatment of the major collective functions
(industrial, agricultural, mining, etc.).
1. URBANIZATION
a. PATTERN - Ratio of urban population to
total populations; distribution of urban areas; ef-
fects of ethnic and religious groupings where
pertinent.
b. FACTORS AFFECTING URBANIZATION, AND
TRENDS - With respect to economic development
(agricultural, industrial, exploitation of natural
resources).
NOTE Generalized statements with regard to popula-
tion trends will be coordinated with the con-
tributor for CHAPTER IV (SECTION 41).
2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN
AREAS
Discuss typical militarily significant charac-
teristics of cities and towns by area or subareas,
covering:
a. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -Significant
characteristics of town construction as influenced
by tradition, terrain, climate, etc.; of materials
used and their availability; of capacity to resist
shock, inundation, conflagration, etc.
b. COMMUNICATIONS-Generalized statements
on principal types of intertown communications
(rail, road, waterway, and air) ; their adequacy
and effect on the cities and towns of an area.
C. UTILITIES, SERVICES, AND FACILITIES - Evalu-
ate the cities and towns of an area collec-
tively with respect to the extent of development
generally (including lack, prevalence, and ade-
quacy) of those elements of urban economy com-
monly classified as utilities, services or facilities;
such as water supply, sewerage, sanitation (includ-
ing public health conditions), electric power, tran-
sit, telecommunications, storage, hospitals, gas,
refrigeration, etc.
d. PLANNING - Programs for reconstruction in
war-devastated or other devastated areas; future
planning and expansion programs.
NOTE Emphasis will be given to the items discussed
in 25, A, 2, a.
B. Principal urban areas
Principal urban areas include key strategic
urban areas and other selected urban areas (never
more than 100) chosen for consideration because
of their size and their military, political, and eco-
nomic importance. These two categories of urban
areas will be discussed in separate subsections as
indicated below. (Army will submit lists of key
strategic urban areas and other selected urban
areas through the CHAPTER II Coordinator to the
NIS Committee for transmission to IAC agencies
for concurrence and/or comment. In the event of
nonconcurrense (s) only or comment, CHAPTER II CO-
ordinator will arrange a conference of IAC agen-
cies concerned to resolve differences and to obtain
a generally acceptable selection.)
Introductory text should explain the method of
treatment of principal urban areas and high-
light the most important of these areas and their
military significance in the country's political and
economic structure.
1. KEY STRATEGIC URBAN AREAS
Key strategic urban areas are those considered
to be of primary military, political, or economic
significance.
Introductory statement of the number of key
strategic urban areas and their importance gen-
erally (reasons for selecting).
The following indicates the preferred order of
discussion in the detail required for individual
key strategic urban areas.
a. URBAN AREA A - Name to be in the spelling
approved by the Board on Geographical Names, fol-
lowed by variant names and spellings, in paren-
theses, the coordinates, then the figure number of
the town plan in parentheses.
NOTE Normally, only one paragraph will be required
for each of the subheadings, (1) to (5), follow-
ing. If the importance justifies, appropriate
subparagraphs may be used for expanded
treatment. Appropriate references should be
made to the accompanying illustrative mate-
rial.
(1) Significance - Brief statements outlin-
ing the significant facts about the urban area, cov-
ering: its location (political and geographic) ; its
population (as of a stated date) and trend (only
if significant) ; its importance based upon its po-
litical, cultural, military, and economic functions.
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CHAPTER II JUNE 1951
(2) Physical characteristics - Generalized
statements covering : topography of the site (in-
cluding underlying earth structure) and natural
landmarks; general layout of urban area, shape,
and dimensions (illustrated by an annotated aerial
photograph, by town plans with suitable overlays
showing functional and structural patterns and
features, and by photographs, if available) ; ratio of
roof coverage to ground area; street pattern (passa-
bility for military traffic, width of streets, and
clearances), crossings of natural obstacles, and by-
passing of town; predominating types of construc-
tion and man-made landmarks, and heights of
buildings (by stories) ; other pertinent character-
istics.
(3) External communications - Factual
statement of existing rail, road, water and air
communications (including the location of air-
fields serving the urban area) ; the adequacy of
such communicationsand their importance to the
town. Details of road widths, trackage, length of
runways, etc., are not required.
(4) Utilities, services, and facilities - Gen-
eral statements covering: water supply; sew-
erage system; sanitation (including public health
conditions) ; electric power; transit (streetcar,
trolley bus, bus, and cab) ; telecommunications;
billeting capacity (public buildings, schools, insti-
tutions, barracks, etc.) ; storage (open, closed, cold,
petroleum, explosives) ; hospitals (total bed ca-
pacity) ; and any other utilities, services, or facili-
ties.
NOTE Specific items must be correlated and coordi-
nated with the producers of counterparts in
other chapters or sections.
(5) Important industrial and other in-
stallations
Whenever possible the relative national or inter-
national industrial or other importance generally
of the urban area will be indicated. Similarly, the
national or international importance of specific in-
stallations in relation to their respective industries
will be indicated.
b. URBAN AREA B
C. URBAN AREA C, etc.
2. OTHER SELECTED URBAN AREAS
Present information on other selected urban
areas in tabular form. The text will provide an
introduction giving the number and general im-
portance of these areas. In the tabular presenta-
tion, towns may be grouped by subareas, if this
is desirable. Appropriate column headings will be
used for the following information:
Name, followed by variant names and spellings in
parentheses.
Coordinates
Population
Importance-a brief statement of the dominant
facts on which selection is based.
Remarks-other appropriate comment.
C. Comments on principal sources
This Subsection is to serve the following pur-
poses :
1) To provide an evaluation of the principal
source material used in preparing the Section and
thereby inform the user of the general credibility
to be accorded the intelligence contained in the
Section.
2) To indicate those aspects of the subject about
which information is deficient or unavailable and
thereby provide collectors of information with col-
lection targets. In this connection, the principal
sources (not necessarily all sources) actually used
should be indicated.
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