BASIC INTELLIGENCE FACTBOOK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01051A000700010002-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 359
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 18, 2008
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: July 1, 1974
• Content Type: NIS

BASIC INTELLIGENCE FACTBOOK
JULY 1974
State Dept. review completed
DIA review
completed.
Supersedes the January 1974 issuance of this
Factbook, copies of whicili should be destroyed.
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''lie Basic Intelligence Factbook, a compilation of basic data on political
.?ntities worldwide, is coordinated and published semiannually is part of the NIS
Program by the Office of Basic and Geographic Intelligenc,?. Central Intelli-
deuce Agency. The data are prepared by Office of the Geographer, Department
of State and by components of the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Central
Intelligence Agency. Comments and suggestions should be .Addressed to the
Office of Basic and Geographic Intelligence (Attn: NIS Factbook), Central
intelligence Agency, Washington. D.C. 20505.
Additional copies of the Factbook are obtainable through established
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
July 1974
MEMORANDUM FOR: All Factbook Recipients
SUBJECT User Questionnaire for new Factbook
1. Publication of the NIS Factbook will terminate with
this issue. It will be replaced by a new USIB-approved basic
intelligence factbook. The new publication will closely
resemble the NIS Factbook in scope and will be produced semi-
annually. The first issue of the new factbook will appear in
January 1975.
2. The attached questionnaire is designed to assist us
in determining how future issues of the factbook can best serve
user needs. Your response is earnestly solicited. Please
return the completed questionnaire as soon as possible, using
the envelope provided.
/JOHN KERRY KING i~/
Director
Basic and Geographic Intelligence
Attachment:
Factbook Questionnaire
STAT
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1. Below is a listing of individual faetbook entries under the major subject headings. Please indicate your use or non-use of each
item in the column provided.
Land
Area
Usage
International boundaries
Water
Claimed limits of territorial seas
Claimed limits for fishing
Coastline
People
Population
Ethnic divisions
Religion
Language
Literacy
Labor force
Organized labor
Government
Legal name
Type
Capital
Political subdivisions
Legal system
Branches of government
Government leaders
Suff rage
Elections (frequency)
Political parties and leaders
Voting strength
Communists
Other political or pressure groups
Member of what international associations
Economy
GNP or GDP
------ Agriculture
Fishing
Major industries
Shortages in foods, minerals, fuels
Crude steel
Electric power
Exports
Imports
Major trade partners
Aid
Economic
Military
Budget
Monetary conversion rate
Fiscal year
Communications
Railroads
Highways
Inland waterways
Freight carried
Pipelines
Ports
Merchant marine
Civil air
Airfields
Telecommunications
2. Please state how many people in your office or unit use the same copy of the Factbook. .........
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L. Answering spot queries
2. Briefings
3. Research, analysis, and production
4. Planning and operations
5. General background and orientation
6. Other (specify)
4. Would a reorganization of the Factbook text on a regional basis- possibly to conform with the State Department's regional
bureaus---facilitate your use of the volume? A small foldout map of each region would follow each area grouping of countries.
Yes
No
5. What additional suggestions can you make for improving the Factbook?
Component/location
Purpose of principal activity (military planning, foreign aid, briefing, research, etc.)
Your position (job title) Your fields of responsibility (geographic area and/or specialty) -_.-_-
2
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Office of Basic and Geographic Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C.
20505
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Iq
Next 6 Page(s) In Document Denied
STAT
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AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation of
French-speaking Countries
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFDB African Development Bank
ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand,
and the United States
ASA Association of Southeast Asia
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
CACM Central American Common Market
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association
CEAO West African Economic Community
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
Colombo Plan
Council of Europe
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
EAMA African States associated with the EEC
EC European Communities (EEC, ECSC, EURATOM)
ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far'East
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EEC European Economic Community (Common Market)
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
ELDO European Launcher Development Organization
EMA European Monetary Agreement
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ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast,
Dahomey, Niger, Upper Volta, and Togo
ESRO European Space Research Organization
EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community
IADB Inter-American Defense Board
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade Unions
IHB International Hydrographic Bureau
IPU Inter Parliamentary Union
IRC International Red Cross
LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Association
LICROSS League of Red Cross Societies
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA Organization of Central American States
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
SEATO South-East Asia Treaty Organization
UEAC Union of Central African States
UDEAC Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
WEU Western European Union
WCL World Confederation of Labor
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC World Peace Council
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UNITED NATIONS (U.N.): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES
Principal Organs:
SC Security Council
GA General Assembly
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
TC Trusteeship Council
ICJ International Court of Justice
Secretariat
Operating Bodies:
UNCTAD U.N. Conference for Trade and Development
TDB Trade and Development Board
UNICEF U.N. Children's Fund
Regional Economic Commissions:
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America
Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the U.N.:
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO International Labor Organization
IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMF (FUND) International Monetary Fund
ITU International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
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UNITED NATIONS (U.N.): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES
UPU Universal Postal Union
UNCTAD U.N. Conference on Trade and Development
WHO World Health Organization
WM0 World Meteorological Organization
Autonomous Organization Under the U.N.:
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Committees:
Seabeds Committee United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the
Sea-Bed and Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National
Jurisdiction
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Political, sociological, and economic data, including monetary
conversion rates, generally reflect information through mid-May
1974, except for population estimates, which have been projected to
1 July 1974. Military manpower estimates are as of 1 January 1974
except for average number of males reaching military age, which
are projected averages for the 5-year period 1974-78. Military and
communications data are as of 30 April 1974 unless otherwise indicated.
Most of the land utilization estimates are rough approximations,
and most of the statistical data are rounded (thousands and millions).
Figures for "arable" may reflect only the area actually under crops
rather than the potential cultivable. Fishing limits are included
only when they differ from the territorial limits.
For some countries GDP, rather than GNP, is shown. The difference
between the two is in the addition or subtraction of the value of
return on foreign investment. GDP equals GNP plus income earned
in the country but sent abroad, minus income earned abroad but
sent into the country. GDP thus tends to exceed GNP in debtor
countries, and the reverse is true in creditor countries.
Major ports are the largest maritime ports of the country,
relative to other ports of the same country, on the basis of
estimated port capacity, alongside berthing accommodations, and
commercial or naval importance. Minor ports are the remaining ports
of a country which have, relative to the major ports, significantly
lower estimated port capacity, fewer alongside berthing accommodations,
are of less commercial or naval importance. Major transport aircraft
are those weighing over 20,000 pounds. Military budgets are in U.S.
dollar equivalents. The dollar sign refers to U.S. dollars unless
otherwise stated. The abbreviation FY stands for U.S. fiscal year;
all years are calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
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LAND:
250,000 sq. mi.; 22% arable (12% cultivated, 10%
pasture), 75% desert, waste or urban, 3% forested
(1970)
Land boundaries: 3,425 mi.
Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% 30 minor languages
(primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism
Literacy: under 10%
Labor force: about 4.3 million (official est.); 75%-80% agriculture and animal
husbandry, 20%-25% commerce, small industry, services; massive shortage of
skilled labor
Organized labor: none
PEOPLE:
Population: 18,714,000, average annual growth rate
2.3% (7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pushtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9% Uzbeks,
9% Hazaras, minor ethnic groups include Chahar,
Turkmen, Kizelbashes, and others
Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pushtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Afghanistan
Type: republic
Capital: Kabul
Political subdivisions: 28 provinces with centrally appointed governors
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution nullified July 1973; independent
judiciary also abolished and powers transferred to the Council of Justice,
chaired by Minister of Justice; legal education at University of Kabul;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Parliament abolished July 1973; all powers of the parliament and the
monarchy transferred to the President
Government leaders: President Mohammad Daud who also serves as prime minister,
foreign minister, and defense minister; Naim Khan, Daud's brother and
personal adviser; young, mostly unidentified, military officers serving
on the ruling Central Committee
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: promised but no date set
Political parties and leaders: no political parties permitted
Communists: there are 2 pro-Moscow Communist groups, with about 350-500 active
members; several other groups, further to left, with several hundred members
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: with the mullahs and the military supporting
the new government, no known organized opposition
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO. FUND, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.1 billion (FY72), well below $100 per capita; real growth rate
about 4-5% in FY72
Agriculture: agriculture and animal husbandry account for over 50% of GNP and
occupy nearly 80% of the labor force; main crops -- wheat and other grains,
cotton, fruits, nuts; largely self-sufficient; food shortages -- wheat,
sugar, tea
Major industries: cottage industries, food processing, textiles, cement, coal
mining
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ECONOMY (cont'd);
Exports: $81.8 million (f.o.b., FY72); fruits and nuts, natural gas, karakul,
cotton, carpets and rugs, wool
Imports: $127.1 million (c.i.f., FY72); wheat, textiles, chemicals, tea,
petroleum, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S.S.R., India, U.K., Pakistan; imports --
U.S.S.R., Japan, India, U.S.
Monetary conversion rate: 45 Afghanis=US$l (official); 60 Afghanis=US$l
(August 1973)
Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 0.4 mi. (single track) 5'0"-gage, government-owned spur of Soviet line
Highways: 12,970 mi.; 420 mi. concrete, 1,100 mi. bituminous surfaced, 2,430 mi.
gravel, 5,420 mi. improved earth, and 3,590 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: total navigability 760 mi .; steamers use Amu Darya
Ports: only minor river ports
Airfields: 72 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 6 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 10 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services,
barely sufficient to meet civil and military requirements; 22,674 telephones;
110,000 radio receivers; no TV receivers; 2 AM, no FM, no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 4.7 million; 2.5 million fit for military
service; about 165,000 reach military age (22) annually
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively the U.S.S.R.
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LAND:
11,100 sq. mi.; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural, 43%
forested, 14% other
Land boundaries: 445 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed). 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 260 mi. (including Sazan Island)
Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catholic (observances
prohibited; Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state)
Language: Albanian, Greek
Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics available, but probably
greatly improved
Labor force: 911,000 (1969); 60.5% agriculture, 17.9% industry, 21.6% other
nonagricultural
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,387,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian, remaining 4% are Greeks,
Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirane
Political subdivisons: 27 rethet (districts), including capital, 200 localities,
2,600 villages
Legal system: based on Soviet law; constitution adopted 1950; judicial review
of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the People's Assembly, which
is not a true court; legal education at State University of Tirane; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Chairman of Council of Ministers, Mehmet Shehu; President,
Presidium of the People's Assembly, Haxhi Lleshi
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: national elections theoretically held every 4 years; last elections
December 1973
Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party only; First Secretary,
Enver Hoxha
Voting strength (1973 election); 99.9% Communist
Communists: 75,637 party members (1970)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ILO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO; has not participated
in CEMA since rift with U.S.S.R. in 1961; officially withdrew from Warsaw Pact
13 September 1968
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.2 billion in 1972 (at 1972 prices), $530 per capita
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops -- corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets,
cotton; food shortages -- wheat; caloric intake, 2,100 calories per day per
capita (1961/62)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and
extractive industries
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment, wheat
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $91 million (1970 est.); 1964 trade -- 55% minerals, metals, fuels;
17% agricultural materials (except foods); 23% foodstuffs (including
cigarettes); 5% consumer goods
Imports: $159 million (1970 est.); 1964 trade -- 50% machinery, equipment, and
spare parts; 16% minerals, metals, fuels, construction materials; 7%
fertilizers, other chemicals, rubber; 4% agricultural materials (except
foodstuffs); 16% foodstuffs; 7% consumer goods
Monetary conversion rate: 5 leks=US$l (commercial); 12.5 leks=US$l (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year
1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 142 mi. standard gage, single track; government owned (1973)
Highways: 3,100 mi.; 300 mi. paved, 1,200 mi. crushed stone and/or gravel, 1,600
mi. improved or unimproved earth (1973)
Inland waterways: 27 mi. plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid,
and Lake Prespa (1974)
Freight carried: rail -- 3.1 million short tons, 123.3 million short ton/mi. (1971);
highways -- 43.0 million short tons, 616.4 million short ton/mi. (1971)
Ports: 2 major (Durres, Vlore), 2 minor (1973)
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 mi.
Civil air: no major transport aircraft (1974)
Airfields: 11 total; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 6 with runways 8,000-
11,999 ft., 5 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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LAND:
950,000 sq. mi.; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and meadows,
1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 3,890 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 735 mi.
Labor force: 2.8 million; 47% agriculture, 8% industry, 24% other (military,
police, civil service, transportation workers, teachers, merchants,
construction workers); 40% of urban labor unemployed
Organized labor: 17% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian
Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the
National Liberation Front
PEOPLE:
Population: 16,271,000, average annual growth rate 3.2%
(7/68-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1% Europeans
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian and Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 15 Wilayas (departments or provinces)
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with socialist principles;
constitution adopted by referendum 1963 but suspended since June 1965;
judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed
of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme
Court divided into 4 chambers; legal education at Universities of Algiers,
Oran and Constantine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive dominant, unicameral legislature has not met since June
1965 coup d'etat but was never formally suspended, judiciary
Government leader: Houari Boumediene, President of Council of the Revolution
and President of the Council of Ministers, overthrew elected President
Ahmed Ben Bella 19 June 1965
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections: presidential 15 September 1963; departmental assemblies 25 May 1969;
local councils 14 February 1971
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front (FLN)
Voting strength (1963 election): 100% FLN
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party illegal (banned 1962)
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $6.3 billion (est. 1972), $410 per capita, average annual increase
since 1968 (current prices), 11%
Agriculture: main crops -- wheat, barley, grapes, citrus fruits
Major industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical
and steel plants under construction
Electric power: 1,770,000 kw. capacity (1972); 2.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 178 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,473 million (f.o.b., 1972); crude petroleum 75%, other items -- wine,
citrus fruit, iron ore, vegetables; to France 24%, West Germany 24%, Benelux
9%, Italy 8%, U.S.S.R. 7%
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $1,760 million (c.i.f., 1972); major items -- capital goods 37%,
semi-finished goods 27%, foodstuffs 13%; from France 38%, West Germany 9%,
Italy 9%, U.S. 8%
Monetary conversion rate: 4.547 dinars=US$l in 1972, and 4.093 dinars=US$l
through January 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,414 mi.; 1,660 mi. standard gage, 663 mi. 3'5 9/16" gage, 91 mi.
meter gage; 188 mi. electrified; 120 mi. double track
Highways: 42,100 mi., of which 17,950 mi. are concrete or bituminous and the
remainder gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth
Ports: 9 major, 8 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,250 mi.; refined products, 180 mi.; natural gas, 1,785 mi.
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 252 total, 196 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways; 21 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 112 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international facilities in the north,
primarily radio communications in the desert; 211,250 telephones; 1,150,000
radio receivers; 250,000 TV receivers; 16 AM and 13 TV stations; 3 submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,840,000; 2,200,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (19) annually 150,000
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LAND:
180 sq. mi.
Land boundaries: 65 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 19,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1969)
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 30% Andorrans, 61%
Spanish, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan, many also speak some French and
Castilian
Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Valleys of Andorra
Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of President of France and
Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials
called veguers
Capital: Andorra
Political subdivisions: 6 districts -- Andorra la Vella, Sant Julia de Loria,
Encamp, Canillo, La Massana, and Ordino
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted
1866 serves as constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature (General Council) of 24 members with one-half elected
every 2 years for 4-year term; executive -- syndic and a deputy sub-syndic
chosen by General Council for 3-year terms; judiciary chosen by coprinces
who appoint 2 civil judges, a judge of appeals, and 2 Batles (court
prosecutors)
Suffrage: males of 21 or over who are third generation Andorrans vote for
General Council members; same right granted to women in April 1970
Elections: half of General Council chosen every 2 years, last election December
1973
Political parties and leaders: no political parties but only partisans for
particular independent candidates for the General Council, on the basis of
competence, personality and orientation toward Spain or France; various small
pressure groups developed in 1972
Communists: none known
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barle ,
oats, and some vegetables (only 25% of land can be used for agriculture
Major industries: tourism ($1 million annually), one cigarette factory (annual
output $1 million), handicrafts, smuggling (tobacco to France; manufactured
items, including automobiles and cameras, to Spain)
Shortages: food
Electric power: 25,000 kw. capacity (1973); 100 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
370 kw.-hr. per capita; power is mainly exported to Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: about 60 mi.
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international circuits to Spain and France; 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV
station; about 1,800 telephones; 8,000 radio receivers, 2,900 TV receivers
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DEFENSE FORCES:
Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are responsible for protection
as needed
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LAND:
481,000 sq. mi .; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22% meadows
and pastures, 33% other (including fallow)
Land boundaries: 3,150 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi. (navy)
(fishing 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,000 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,003,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(12/60-12/70)
Ethnic divisions: 93.6% African, 5% Europeans, 1.4% mulatto (1960)
Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman Catholic, 4% Protestant
Language: Portuguese (official), many native dialects
Literacy: 10%-15%
Labor force: 2.6 million economically active (1964); 531,000 wage workers (1967)
Organized labor: approx. 65,000 (1967)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Angola
Type: overseas state of Portugal
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 16 administrative districts including the coastal
exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: Portuguese civil codes and customary law; legal education
obtained in Portugal
Branches: Governor General appointed by Ministry of Overseas in Lisbon is
executive officer responsible for internal administration; he also has
prescribed legislative functions which he shares with Legislative Assembly
of directly and indirectly elected members; all action in state may be
vetoed by Minister of Overseas; independent judiciary
Government leader: Governor General Fernando Santos e Castro
Suffrage: all adults able to read and write Portuguese and in full possession
of political and civil rights
Elections: Legislative Assembly elections held every 4 years; last held March 1973
Political parties and leaders: only legal group is Portuguese National Popular
Action (ANP), formerly the National Union (UN), headed by Gustavo Neto Miranda
Other political or pressure groups: principal opposition groups which are
carrying out insurgency are Revolutionary Government of Angola in exile
(GRAE), led by Holden Roberto; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
(MPLA), led by Agostinho Neto; and National Union for the Total Independence
of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas Savimbi
Communists: none known
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.2 billion (1972 est.), about $210 per capita, 6.1% real growth (1970-72)
Agriculture: cash crops -- coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, and
tobacco; food crops -- cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and
other local foodstuffs; largely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 368,000 metric tons, $8.4 million (1970); exports $18.7 million;
imports $5.5 million (1971)
Major industries: mining (oil, iron, diamonds), fish processing, brewing, tobacco,
sugar processing, cement, food processing plants, building construction
Electric power: 443,000 kw. capacity (1973); 865 million kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 145 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $650 million (est. f.o.b., 1973); coffee, oil, diamonds, sisal, fish and
fish products, iron ore, oil, timber, and corn
Imports: $500 million (est. c.i.f., 1973); capital equipment (machinery and
electrical equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel and metals,
vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines
Major trade partners: main partner Portugal, followed by West Germany, U.S.,
U.K., Japan
Mid: Portugal only donor
Budget: balanced at $453.3 million (1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 25.96 escudos=US$l as of December 1973 (floating since
February 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,918 mi.; 1,724 mi. 3'6" gage, 194 mi. 1'11 5/8" gage
Highways: 45,000 mi.; 4,970 mi. bituminous-surface treatment, 28,000 mi. crushed
stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,000 mi. navigable
Ports: 3 major, 15 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 111 mi.
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 495 total, 417 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 6 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 54 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: simple network of low-capacity open-wire and radio-relay
facilities; 32,300 telephones; 115,000 radio receivers; 21 AM, 7 FM, and no
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,475,000, fit for military service, 735,000;
average number reaching military age (20) annually about 60,000
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Supply: dependent on Portugal
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LAND:
108 sq. mi.; 54% arable, 5% pasture, 14% forested,
9% unused but potentially productive, 18% wasteland
and built on
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 95 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 78,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro
Religion: Church of England (predominant), other Protestant sects and some
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Organized labor: 18,000
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Antigua
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: St. Johns
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 dependencies (Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal has
exclusive original jurisdiction and an appellate jurisdiction, consists of
Chief Justice and 5 justices
Branches: legislative, 21-member popularly elected House of Representatives;
executive, prime minister and cabinet
Government leaders: Prime Minister George Herbert Walter; Governor Wilfred
Ebenezer Jacobs
Suffrage: universal suffrage age 21 and over
Elections: every 5 years; last general election 11 February 1971; last by-election
August 1968
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird;
Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), George Herbert Walter; Antigua People's
Party (APP), J. Rowan Henry
Voting strength: 1971 election -- House of Representative seats -- ALP 4, PLM 13
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: Afro-Caribbean Movement (ACM), a small black
nationalist group led by Timothy Hector; Antigua Freedom Fighters (AFF), a
small black radical group, leaders unknown
Member of: has been invited to join CARICOM
ECONOMY:
GDP: $27.6 million (at market prices, 1970), $430 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar, cotton
Major industries: oil refining, tourism
Shortages: electric power
Electric power: 22,440 kw. capacity (1972); 45 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
540 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., 1968); sugar, molasses, cotton
Imports: $20.0 million (c.i.f., 1968); food, clothing, oil, wood
Major trade partners: U.K. 30%, U.S. 25%, Commonwealth Caribbean countries
18% (1966)
Aid: economic -- U.S. (FY46-71), $1.5 million in loans
Monetary conversion rate: 2.08 East Caribbean dollars=US$l (February 1974), now
floating with pound sterling
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 49 mi. narrow gage (2'6"), employed almost exclusively for handling
cane
Highways: 235 mi.; 150 mi. main, 85 mi. secondary
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 1 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 9,000 ft.; 1 seaplane
station
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 2,950 telephones; tropospheric
scatter links with Tortola and St. Lucia; 21,000 radio receivers, 12,000 TV
sets; 2 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
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LAND:
1,070,000 sq. mi.; 57% agricultural (11% crops, improved
pasture and fallow, 46% natural grazing land), 25%
forested, 18% mountain, urban, or waste
Land boundaries: 5,850 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
(continental shelf, including sovereignty over
superjacent waters)
Coastline: 3,100 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 24,656,000, average annual growth rate 1.5%
(7/70-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15% mestizo, Indian, or other
nonwhite groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant,
2% Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 85% (90% in Buenos Aires)
Labor force: 9.5 million; 19% agriculture, 25% manufacturing, 20% services,
11% commerce, 6% transport and communications, 19% other
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic; elected government took over 25 May 1973 from military regime
in control since coup in June 1966; it resigned on 13 July and new election
was held on 23 September bringing Peron back to power
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: based on Spanish and French civil codes; constitution adopted
1853 partially superseded in 1966 by the Statute of the Revolution which
takes precedence over the constitution when the two are in conflict,
further changes may be made by new government; judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at University of Buenos Aires and other
public and private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: presidency; national judiciary; legislature dismissed after June
1966 coup was reopened when new government was inaugurated on 25 May
Government leader: President, Juan Peron
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over
Elections: general elections held on 11 March 1973; congressional and
gubernatorial runoffs were held on 15 April; next election in 4 years
Political parties: Justicialistas, the official Peronist party; Radical Civic
Union, moderate leftist and nationalist, Ricardo Balbin; Federal Popular
Alliance, Francisco Manrique; Movement of Integration and Development (MID),
small left of center party, former President Frondizi; New Force, conservative
business party, organized by Alvaro Alsogaray for the 1973 elections;
Intransigent Party, formerly the Intransigent Radicals (UCRI), small
nationalist party, Oscar Alende; Union Popular, neo-Peronist or Peronism
without Peron, generally more moderate than orthodox Peronism, Rodolfo
Tecera del Franco; Popular Conservative Party, not conservative but a member
of Peron's Civic Front, Vicente Solano Lima; smaller parties include the
Revolutionary Christian Party and the Popular Christian party (both are
factions of the Christian Democratic Party), the Progressive Democrats,
the Socialist Party, and the Democratic Socialist Party; several provincial
parties not organized on a national basis
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Voting strength: Justicialista Front, 61%; Radicals (former People's Radical
Civic Union, UCRP), 24%; Federal Popular Alliance, 12%; others, 3%
Communists: some 60,000 members in various party organizations, including a small
nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Argentine armed forces, Peronist-dominated
labor movement, National Meeting of the Argentines (loose grouping of
Communist and leftist politicians), General Economic Confederation
(Peronist-leaning association of small businessmen) Argentine Industrial Union
(manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'
association), business organizations, students, and the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO. IMF, ITU, LAFTA,
OAS, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, Non-Aligned Nations Group
ECONOMY:
GDP: $33.5 billion (at average theoretical parity exchange rate, 1973) $1,370
per capita; 73% consumption, 24% investment, 1.0% net foreign balance
(1973); real growth rate 1973, 4.8%
Agriculture: main products -- cereals, oilseeds, livestock products; Argentina
is a major world exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 290,000 metric tons (1971), $20.2 million; exports $25 million
(1973), imports $3.6 million (1970)
Major industries: food processing (especially meatpacking), motor vehicles,
consumer durables, textiles, chemicals, printing, and metallurgy
Crude steel: 2.5 million metric tons produced (1973)
Electric power: 7,262,000 kw. capacity (1972); 28.5 billion kw.-hr.
produced (1973), 1,174 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.05 billion (f.o.b., 1973) -- meat, wheat, corn, wool, hides, oil-
seeds
Imports: $2.09 billion (c.i.f., 1973) -- machinery, fuel and lubricating oils,
iron and steel, intermediate industrial products
Major trade partners (1972): exports -- EC 48%, LAFTA 26%, U.S. 10%, Japan 3%;
imports -- EC 33%, LAFTA 20%, U.S. 20%, Japan 8%
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), $847.3 million in loans; $17.9
million in grants; from international organizations (FY46-72), $1,248.2
million; from other Western countries (1960-66), $315.5 million; from
Communist countries (1954-73) $54.7 million (drawn, $40.0 million);
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-72), $162.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: commercial -- 5.00 pesos=US$1; financial -- floating,
9.98 pesos=US$1, parallel market 12.40 pesos=US$l (March 1974)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 25,000 mi.; 2,000 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/2"), 13,750 mi. broad
gage (5'6") 8,750 mi. meter gage (3'3 3/8"), 500 mi. 2'5 1/2" gage;
about 1,035 mi. double and multiple track; 76 mi. electrified
Highways: 136,800 mi., of which 21,100 mi. paved, 40,700 mi. gravel, 72,400
mi. improved earth, and 2,600 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 6,800 navigable mi.
Ports: 7 major, 21 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,310 mi.; refined products, 1,370 mi.; natural gas,
5,500 mi.
Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2,807 total, 1,997 usable; 76 with permanent-surface runways;
1 with runway over 12,000 ft., 22 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 269 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 10 seaplane stations
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: one of best systems in South America; telephone network has
2,047,000 sets, radio relay widely used, 2 communications satellite ground
stations; estimated 7.5 million radio receivers and 3.7 million TV sets; 129
AM, 11 FM, and 55 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,242,000; 4,620,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (20) annually about 215,000
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1974,
$639,990,000 about 12.8% of total central government budget
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Iq
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STAT
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LAND :
32,400 sq. mi.; 20% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures,
15% waste or urban, 38% forested, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,605 mi.
FEG.t
REP. 'G
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,490,000, average annual growth rate 0.1%
(1/72-1/73)
Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, 0.7% Croatian, 0.3% Slovene, ALGERA
0.9% other
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 8% none or
other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2,614,600 (1972); 18% agriculture and forestry, 49% industry and
crafts, 18% trade and communications, 7% professions, 6% public service,
2% other; 2.4% registered unemployed; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are
employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in Austria number
more than 200,000 (1972); unemployment 2.1% (1972)
Organized labor: about 2/3 of wage and salary workers (1971)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (Laender) including the capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; constitution adopted 1920,
repromulgated in 1945; judicial review of legislative acts by a Constitutional
Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal education
at Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and Linz; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral Parliament, directly elected President whose functions are
largely representational, independent federal judiciary
Government leaders: Chancellor Bruno Kreisky; office of federal president currently
vacant (elections scheduled for 23 June 1974)
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every 6 years (next 1980); parliamentary, every 4
years (next 1975)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria (SPOe), Bruno Kreisky,
Chairman; Austrian People's Party (OeVP), Karl Schleinzer, Chairman; Liberal
Party (FPOe), Friedrich Peter, Chairman; Communist Party, Franz Muhri, Chairman
Voting strength (1971 election): 50.2% SPOe, 43.0% OeVP, 5.4% FPOe, 0.4% dissident
Socialist, 1.4% Communist
Communists: membership 26,000; activists 7,000-8,000; 60,705 votes in 1971 election
Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry;
Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily socialist); three composite leagues
of the Austrian People's Party (OeVP) representing business, labor, and farmers;
the OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church,
including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action
Member of: Council of Europe, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, ICAO, OECD, Seabeds Committee, U.N.,
UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $28.1 billion (1973), $3,760 per capita (1972); 55.1% consumption, 31.4%
investment, 4.4% government, -0.4% net foreign balance, -0.5% net errors and
omissions (1972); 1973 growth rate 5.7% constant prices
Agriculture: livestock, cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient;
caloric intake 3,230 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery, textiles, chemicals,
electrical, paper and pulp
Crude steel: 4.6 million metric tons produced (1973), 610 kilograms per capita
(1973)
Electric power: 9,500,000 kw. capacity (1972); 31.2 billion kw.-hr produced
(1973), 4,174 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5.2 billion (f.o.b., 1973); iron and steel products, machinery and
equipment, lumber, textiles and clothing, paper products, chemicals
Imports: $7.1 billion (c.i.f., 1973); machinery and equipment, chemicals,
textiles, coal, petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (1973) West Germany 38%, Italy 10%, Switzerland 10%,
U.K. 7%, U.S. 4%; EC 67%; EFTA 17%; Communist countries 11%
Aid:
economic -- authorized - U.S. $1,188.2 million through FY73; IBRD $106.3
million through FY73, none since FY62;
military -- U.S., $147.3 million (FY52-73); net official economic aid delivered
to less developed areas and multilateral agencies -- $205 million (FY62-72),
$17 million in FY72
Budget: expenditures, $7,340 million; receipts, $6,546 million; deficit, $794
million (1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 19.54 shillings=US$l, average 1973 (floating rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 4,073 mi.; 3,673 mi. government owned; 3,373 mi. standard gage of which
1,408 mi. electrified and 833 mi. double tracked; 300 mi. narrow gage (2'6")
of which 57 mi. electrified; 400 mi. privately owned; 229 mi. standard gage
of which 109 mi. electrified; 171 narrow gage (2'6" and 3'3 3/8") of which
55 mi. electrified
Highways: 20,346 mi. total; 6,056 mi. federal (5,656 mi. bituminous, concrete,
stone block, 400 mi. crushed stone, gravel, improved earth); 14,290 mi.
provincial (4,340 mi. bituminous, concrete, stone block, 9,950 mi. crushed
stone, gravel, improved earth); additionally about 38,000 mi. of communal
roads, mostly of gravel, crushed stone, and improved earth
Inland waterways: 267 mi.; carries 5% freight, 6% passengers
Ports: 2 major river
Pipelines: crude oil, 500 mi.; natural gas, 1,000 mi.
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 55 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 10 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; extensive TV and radio-
broadcast systems with 100 AM, 80 FM, and 220 TV stations; 1.81 million
telephones; 2.56 million radio receivers; 1.84 million television receivers;
COMSAT station is planned
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,686,000; 1,355,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (19) annually about 55,000
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1974, $241 million; about
3.8% of the federal budget
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r-`BAFTAMA$
LAND:
4,400 sq. mi.; 1% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built
on, wasteland, and other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 2,200 mi. (New Providence Is. 47 mi.)
1 VENEZUELA
iOMEIA
BRAZIL
PEOPLE:
Population: 194,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(4/70-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro, 10% white, 10% mixed
Religion: mainly Church of England; some Protestant, Greek Orthodox, and
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Labor force: 60,000 (1963); 25% organized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Commonwealth of the Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth since July 1973, recognizing Elizabeth II as
chief of state
Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: bicameral legislature (appointed Senate, elected House); executive
(Prime Minister and cabinet); judiciary
Government leaders: Prime Minister Lynden 0. Pindling
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly (9 September 1972)
Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly
Negro, Lynden 0. Pindling; Free National Movement (FNM) formed by a merger
of United Bahamian Party (UBP) and Free Progressive Liberal Party (Free PLP)?
Kendall Isaacs
Voting strength (1972 election): PLP 29 seats, FNM 9 seats
Communists: none known
ECONOMY:
GNP: $390 million (at market prices, 1970 est.), $1,920 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- fruits, vegetables
Major industries: tourism, cement, oil refining, lumber, salt production
Electric power: 228,000 kw. capacity (1972); 538 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 3,100 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $342 illion (f.o.b., 1972); fuel oil, cement, rum, pulpwood, fruits,
and vegetables
Imports: $487 million (c.i.f., 1972); foodstuffs, manufactured goods, crude oil
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 65%, U.K. 9%, Canada 12%; imports -- U.S.
49%, U.K. 25%, Venezuela 6%, Italy 5%, Canada 3%, (1972)
Aid: economic -- authorizations from U.S. (FY56-72) -- $23.7 million in loans,
$0.3 million in grants
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian dollar (B$)=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,150 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 9 minor
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 58 total, 51 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 22 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly developed, including 54,300
telephones in totally automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with
Florida; 90,000 radio receivers and 28,000 TV sets, 1 AM and 2 FM stations;
3 coaxial submarine cables
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LAND:
230 sq. mi. plus group of smaller Islands; 5% cultivated,
negligible forested area, remainder desert, waste,
or urban
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 100 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population-: 237,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(2/65-4/71)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 7% Iranian, Pakistani, and
Indian, 3% other
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: about 30% (1965)
Labor force: 53,274 (1965)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in 1971
Capital: Al Manamah
aA0 IRAN
EGYPT BAHRAIN
SAUDI
Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law; constitution will take
effect December 1973
Government leader: Emir 'Isa ibn Salman Al-Khalifah
Suffrage: granted to all native-born or naturalized males 20 and over
Elections: elections for new national assembly will be held December 1973
Political parties and pressure groups: political parties prohibited; no significant
pressure groups although numerous small clandestine groups are active
Communists: few known
Member of: Arab League, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $200 million (1973 est.), $870 per capita, dominated by oil industry;
crude oil production in 1974 estimated at the rate of approx. 70,000 bbls.
per day; refinery produced about 90 million bbls. in 1971; government oil
revenues for 1974 are estimated at $165 million including refinery income and
Saudi Arabia's payment for the Abu Saf'an field production
Agriculture: produces dates, alfalfa, vegetables; dairy and poultry farming;
fishing; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum refining, boatbuilding, shrimp fishing, and
sailmaking on a small scale; major development projects include aluminum
smelter, flourmill, and ISA town
Electric power: 108,000 kw. capacity (1972); 270 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
1,180 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: non-oil exports $55 million 1972 rev.; total exports $280 million
1972 (est.)
Imports: including oil, $34 million (1972 est.)
Major trade partners: U.K., Japan, U.S., EC
Aid: economic -- multilateral Western $360,000 (annual average 1967-69)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahrain dinar=US$2.52 (since January 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 120 mi. bituminous surfaced; undetermined mileage of natural surface
tracks
Ports: 1 major
Piplines: crude oil, 35 mi.; refined products, 10 mi.; natural gas, 20 mi.
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft (all registered in the U.K.)
Airfields: 5 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway over
12,000 ft; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: excellent international telecommunications; limited
domestic services; 14,800 telephones; 80,000 radio receivers; 10,000 TV sets;
1 AM radiobroadcast station; satellite earth station; tropospheric scatter
Bahrain to Qatar and United Arab Emirates
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000; fit for military service 34,000
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LAND:
55,000 sq. mi.; 66% arable (including cultivated and
fallow), 18% not available for cultivation,
16% forested
Land boundaries: 1,575 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi
Coastline: 360 mi.
Religion: about 83% Muslim, 16% Hindu; less than 1% Buddhist and other
Language: Bengali
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: about 25 million; majority are unemployed or part-time employees;
over 80% of labor force is in agriculture
PEOPLE:
Population: 78,496,000*, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Bengali; fewer than 1
million "Biharis" and fewer than 1 million tribals
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of Bangladesh
Type: independent republic since December 1971
Capital: Dacca
Political subdivisions: 19 districts, 413 thanas (counties), 4,053 unions (village
groupings)
Legal system. based on English common law; constitution adopted December 1972
Branches: parliamentary government; constitution provides for unicameral
legislature, strong prime minister; independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: First Parliament (House of the Nation) elected in March 1973;
elections to be held at least every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Awami League, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President;
National Awami Party/Bhashani, Maulana Bhashani, President; National Awami
Party/Muzaffar, Muzaffar Ahmed, President; National Socialist Party
(Jatiyo Samjtantrik Dal), Abdur Rab, General Secretary, and M.A. Jalil,
President; Communist Party of Bangladesh, Moni Singh, leader, and Abdus
Salam, General Secretary; Bangladesh National League, Ataur Rahman Khan,
leader; various communist party splinter groups and other small radical
leftist groups some calling themselves Communists
Voting strength: (1973 election) 73.1% Awami League; 8.6% NAP/M; 6.5% JSD;
5.4% NAP/B; 6.4% independents and others
Communists: no information available on membership or degree of popular support
Other political or pressure groups: student groups, bands of former guerrillas
Member of: Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
ECAFE, IBRD, IDA, IMF, ILO, IPU. UNCTAD. UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $5.0 billion FY72 est. (1970 prices), less than $100 per capita; real
growth (FY72 est.) -7%
Agriculture: large subsistence farming, heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall;
main crops are jute and rice; shortages -- rice, wheat, and cotton
*Does not take account of refugees who entered India from Bangladesh during 1971, most
of whom presumably have returned.
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Fishing: catch 273 thousand etric tons, $115 million (1969 est.)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food processing and cotton textiles
Exports: $297 million (f.o.b., 1972); raw and manufactured jute, tea, paper and
paperboard, hides and skins
Imports: $694 million (c.i.f. 1972); chemicals, machinery and other manufactured
products, transport equipment, foodgrains, fuels, oils and fats
Major trade partners: West Pakistan (until December 1971), U.S., U.K., Japan,
India (since December 1971)
Aid: Bangladesh received roughly one-third of the estimated $8 billion in total
economic aid received by Pakistan between 1950 and 1971; since independence
(17 December 1971-1 January 1973), economic aid: total $1.3 billion extended,
$634 million drawn; US $347 million extended; U.S.S.R. $136 million extended;
Eastern Europe $36 million extended
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 takas=US$l (effective April 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,776 mi.; 1,202 mi. meter gage, 574 mi. broad gage, 87 mi. double
track; government owned
Highways: 28,350 mi.; 2,450 mi. paved; 1,750 mi. gravel, 24,150 mi. earth
Inland waterways: 4,600 mi.; river steamers navigate main waterways
Ports: 1 major; 5 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 62 total, 20 usable; 19 with permanent surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 9 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Teleconmunications: inadequate international radiocomnunications and landline
service; fair domestic wire and radiocommunication service; fair broadcast
service; 52,000 (est.) telephones; 630,000 (est.) radio sets; 30,000 (est.)
TV sets; 8 AM, 5 FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,677,000; 8,425,000 fit for military service
Ships: 4 river patrol boats, 1 seaward defense boat
Supply: military supplies consist of those captured from West Pakistani forces
and materiel provided by India and U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1974, $58 million; about 15% of
the central government budget
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LAND:
166 sq. mi.; 60% cropped, 10% permanent meadows, 30% built
on, waste, other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 60 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 239,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1973)
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 15% mixed, 5% European
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, and Moravian
Language: English
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 97,000 (1973 est.) wage and salary earners
Organized labor: 32%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Barbados
Type: independent state since November 1966, recognizing Elizabeth II as chief
of state
Capital: Bridgetown
Political subdivisions: 11 parishes
Legal system: English common law; constitution came into effect upon
independence in 1966; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature consisting of a 21-member appointed Senate and a
24-member elected House of Assembly; cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leader: Prime Minister Errol Barrow
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members have terms no longer than 5 years;
last general election held 9 September 1971
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow;
Barbados Labor Party (BLP), J. M. G. "Tom" Adams
Voting strength (1971 election): Democratic Labor Party (DLP), 57.5%; Barbados
Labor Party, 42.5%; Independent, negligible; House of Assembly seats -- DLP
18, BLP 6
Communists: none
Other political or pressure groups: People's Progressive Movement (PPM), a
small black-nationalist group led by Calvin Alleyne
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, ICAO, IMF, OAS, Seabeds Committee (observer),
U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $185.6 million (1972), $780 per capita; real growth rate 1972, 0.6% (est.)
Agriculture: main products -- sugar, subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling, manufacturing, edible oils and fats
Electric power: 48,000 kw. capacity (1972); 164 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 580 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $44 million (f.o.b., 1972); sugar, molasses, rum
Imports: $142 million (c.i.f., 1972); foodstuffs, lumber, machinery,
manufactured goods
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K. 32%, U.S. 13%, CARIFTA 27%, other 22%;
imports -- U.K. 30%, U.S. 18%, Canada 10%, CARIFTA 12%, other 27% (1971)
Aid: economic -- U.S. (FY67-72), $0.7 million in grants; from international
organizations (FY63-72), $1.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.08 Barbados dollars=US$l (February 1974), now floating
with pound sterling
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 850 mi.; 800 mi. paved, and 50' mi. gravel, and earth
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft ft.; 1 seaplane station
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway 8,000-11,999
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 39,600
telephones; tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; VHF links to St. Vincent
and St. Lucia; 98,000 radio and 30,000 TV sets, 2 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV stations;
1 telegraph submarine cable; communications satellite earth station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 49,000; 36,000 fit for military service; average
number reaching military age, (18) annually, 3,000; no conscription
Ships: 4 patrol boats (PB) -- one 65-foot Guardian and three 40-foot vessels
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LAND:
11,800 sq. mi.; 28% cultivated, 24% meadow and pasture,
28% waste, urban, or other; 20% forested
Land boundaries: 856 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 40 mi.
ED.~ E ~POL.
w~-~ E AGE R.
O' ZECR
(:ER I
FRANCE
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,766,000, average annual growth rate 0.2%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 55% Flemings, 33% Walloons, 12% mixed or other
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% none or other
Language: French, Flemish (Dutch), German, in small area of eastern Belgium;
divided along ethnic lines
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 4.0 million; approximately 95% is found in the following sectors:
32% manufacturing, 24% services, 16% commerce, banking, and insurance, 8%
construction, 7% transportation and communication, 5% agriculture, forestry,
and fishing, 1.5% mining, .8% public utilities and sanitary services; 4.1%
unemployed, early 1974
Organized labor: 48% of labor force (1969)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces
Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory;
constitution adopted 1831, since amended; judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at 4 law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: executive branch consists of King and cabinet; cabinet responsible to
bicameral parliament; independent judiciary; coalition governments are usual
Government leader: Head of State, King Baudouin; Prime Minister Leo Tindemans
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: held 10 March 1974 (held at least once every 4 years)
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian, Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb and
Wilfred Martens, co-presidents; Socialist, Andre Cools and Joris Van Eynde,
co-presidents; Liberty and Progress, Senator P. Deschamps, national president;
Liberal Democratic and Pluralist Party, Rolland Gillet, party president;
Francophone Democratic Front-Walloon Rally (Walloon nationalist), Leo Defosset,
national president; Volksunie (Flemish Nationalist), Hugo Schlitz, party
president; Communist, Louis Van Gent, president of political bureau
Voting strength (1974 election): 72 seats Social Christian, 59 seats Socialist,
30 seats Liberty and Progress, 22 seats Volksunie, 22 seats Francophone
Democratic Front-Walloon Rally, 4 seats Communist
Communists: 12,000 members; pro-Peking splinter groups, 400
Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; the
Federation of Belgium Industries; numerous other associations representing
bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical
professions; two major organizations represent the cultural interests of
Flanders and Wallonia
Member of, Benelux, BLEU (Belgium-Luxembourg Economoc Union), Council of Europe,
ECE, ECOSOC, EC, EMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IMF, NATO, OECD, Seabeds Committee,
U.N., UNESCO, WEU, WHO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $46.1 billion (1973), $4,730 per capita (1973); 1972 -- 60% consumption,
24% investment, 14% government, 2% net foreign balance; 1973 real GNP
growth rate 5.7%
Agriculture: livestock production predominates; main crops -- grains, beets,
potatoes; 80% self-sufficient in food; caloric intake, 3,230 calories per
day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 59,000 metric tons, $25,120,000 (1972); exports $29.0 million (1972)
imports $110.6 million (1972)
Major industries: engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages,
chemicals, basic metals, textiles, and petroleum
Shortages: iron ore, nonferrous minerals, petroleum
Crude steel: capacity 17.2 million metric tons (1972); 15.5 million metric tons
produced (1973); 1,590 (1973 est.) kilograms per capita
Electric power: 8,710,000 capacity (1973); 39.4 billion kw.-hr. produced (1973),
3,400 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $22.3 billion (f.o.b., 1973) motor vehicles, finished or semifinished
precious stones, textile` products
Imports: $21.8 billion (c.i.f., 1973), nonelectrical machinery, motor vehicles,
textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, 1972) EC-nine 73%
(West Germany 25%, France 20%, Netherlands 18%, U.K. 5%, Italy 4%); U.S. 6%,
Communist countries 2%
Aid:
economic -- received - U.S., $983.8 million authorized (FY46-73); $12.5 million
in FY73; IBRD, $200.8 million (1949-73)
military -- received - $1,260.8 million authorized (FY46-73); net official
economic aid to less developed areas and multilateral agencies -- $1,092
million (FY60-70), $231 million in 1972
Ordinary budget, 1973: revenue $9.2 billion, expenditures $9.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate (trade conversion factor, 1973): 1 franc=US$0.0257
(as of 28 September 1973 floating)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,746 mi.; 2,573 mi. standard gage and government owned, 1,585 mi.
double track, 765 mi. electrified; 173 mi. privately owned, electrified
narrow gage (3'3 3/8")
Highways: 57,700 mi.; 26,550 mi. bituminous, stone block, or concrete; 31,150
mi. crushed stone, gravel, earth
Inland waterways: 1,270 mi., of which 950 are in regular use by commercial
transport
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 600 mi.; crude, 100 mi.; natural gas, 145 mi.
Civil air: 55 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 42 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 6 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international telephone and telegraph
facilities; 2.43 million telephones; 3.83 million radio receivers; 2.61 million
TV receivers; 7 AM, 11 FM, and 21 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables;
communications satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,23,000; 1,790,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (19) annually 74,000
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BELIZE (formerly British Honduras)
LAND:
8,870 sq. mi.; 38% agricultural (5% cultivated), 46%
exploitable forest, 16% urban, waste, water,
offshore islands or other
Land boundaries: 320 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 240 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 135,000, average annual growth rate 2.%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: 51% Negro, 22% mestizo, 19% Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Seventh-day Adventist, Methodist,
Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English, Spanish, Maya, and Carib
Literacy: 70%-80%
Labor force: 34,500; 39% agriculture, 14% manufacturing, 8% commerce, 12%
construction and transport, 20% services, 7% other; shortage of skilled
labor and all types of technical personnel; over 15% are unemployed
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Belize
Type: former British crown colony; obtained full internal self-government in
January 1964
Capital: Belize City; seat of government in Belmopan
Legal system: English law; constitution came into force in 1964, although
country remains a British colony
Branches: 18-member elected National Assembly and 8-member Senate (either house
may choose its speaker or president, respectively, from outside its elected
membership); cabinet; judiciary
Government leader: Premier George Price
Suffrage: universal adult (probably 21)
Elections: before 1 December 1974
Political parties and leaders: People's United Party (PUP), George Price;
National Independence Party (NIP), Philip Goldson; People's Development
Movement (PDM), Dean Lindo; United Black Association for Development (UBAD),
Evan Hyde; Liberal Party (LP)
Voting strength (1969 election): 57.6% PUP, 39.8% NIP, 2.6% void ballots
Communists: none identified
Other political or pressure groups: Christian Workers' Union (CWU) which is
connected with PUP
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY:
GDP: $72.8 million (1972 est.), $570 per capita; 78% private consumption, 17%
public consumption, 36% domestic investment, -31% net foreign balance
(1968); real growth rate 1971 3.5%
Agriculture: main products -- sugar, citrus fruits, corn, rice, beans, livestock
products; net importer of food; caloric intake, 2,500 calories per day per
capita
Major industries: timber and forest products, food processing, furniture, rum,
soap
Electric power: 6,400 kw. capacity (1973); 26.2 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
210 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $19.0 million (f.o.b., 1971 est.); sugar, lumber, citrus fruits, fish
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $35.4 million (c.i.f., 1970); vehicles, petroleum, food, textiles,
machinery
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 30%, U.K. 24%, Mexico 22%, Canada 13%;
imports -- U.S. 34%, U.K. 25%, Jamaica 7% (1970)
Aid: economic -- U.S. (FY46-72), $6.3 million, grants; from international
organizations (1946-72), $1.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: $BH1.54=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,400 mi.; 200 mi. paved, 500 mi. gravel, 550 mi. improved earth
and 150 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 514 mi. river network used by shallow-draft craft
Ports: 1 major, 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 52 total, 31 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 3,700 telephones in automatic and manual network; radio-relay
system under construction; over 67,500 radio receivers; 2 AM stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 29,000; 17,000 fit for military service; 1,500
reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
21 sq. mi.; 8% arable, 60% forested, 21% built on,
wasteland, and other, 11% leased for air and
naval bases
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 64 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 56,000, average annual growth rate 2.1%
(10/60-10/70)
Ethnic divisions: approximately 63% African, 37% white
Religion: 47.5% Church of England, 10.2% Catholic, 38.2% other Protestant, 4.2%
other
Language: English
Literacy: virtually 100%
Labor force: 24,700 (1970)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of Bermuda
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: elected House of Assembly; appointed Legislative Council; Executive
Council (cabinet)
Government leaders: Governor Sir Edwin Leather; Government Leader (equivalent
to Prime Minister) Sir Edward Richards
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: at least once every 5 years; last general election, June 1972
Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), Sir Henry Tucker;
Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Walter N.H. Robinson
Voting strength (1972 elections): UBP 61.2%, PLP 38.8%; House of Assembly seats
-- UBP 30, PLP 10
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU)
ECONOMY:
GNP: $190 million (at market prices, 1970), $3,580 per capita
Agriculture: main products -- bananas, vegetables, Easter lilies, dairy products,
citrus fruits
Major industries: tourism, finance, ship repair, small boat building
Electric power: 66,340 kw. capacity (1971); 226 million kw.-hr. produced (1971),
4,245 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $93.0 million (f.o.b., 1971); mostly reexports of drugs and bunker fuel
Imports: $111 million (f.o.b., 1971); fuel, foodstuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: U.S. 45%, U.K. 22%, Canada 9% (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 130 mi., all paved
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with concrete runway 9,660 ft.; 1 seaplane station
J SR,AZI~
1+:~-1J
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: modern telecom system suited to island needs, includes fully
automatic telephone system with 34,900 instruments; 49,000 radio and 21,500
TV receivers, 2 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
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LAND:
18,000 sq. mi.; 15% agricultural, 15% desert, waste,
urban, 70% forested
Land boundaries: about 540 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,148,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhotias, 25% ethnic Nepalese,
15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-influenced
Hinduism
Language: Bhotias speak various Tibetan dialects, most
widely spoken dialect is Druk-ke, the official language; Nepalese speak
various Nepalese dialects
Literacy: insignificant
Labor force: 300,000; 99% agriculture, 1% industry; massive lack of skilled
labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
Capital: Thimphu
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central, west, south), further
divided into 15-18 subdivisions
Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; in 1964 the
King assumed full power -- no constitution existed beforehand; a supreme
court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: appointed minister and indirectly elected assembly consisting of
village elders, monastic representatives, and all district and senior
government administrators (electoral reform provides for direct elections
in near future)
Government leader: King Jigme Singhi Wangchuk
Suffrage: each family has one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level held every 3 years
Political parties: all parties illegal
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy
Member of, oolombo Plan, UPU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: under $100 per capita
Agriculture: rice, barley, wheat, potatoes, fruit
Major industries. handicrafts (particularly textiles)
Exports: about $1 million annually; rice, dolomite, and handicrafts
Imports: about $1.4 million annually
Major trading partner: India
Aid. economic -- India (FY61-72) $180 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 Indian rupees=US$1 (official rate); now floating
with U.K. pound
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways. 810 mi.; 260 mi. surfaced, 320 mi. improved, 230 mi. unimproved earth
Freight carried: not available, very light traffic
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Airfields: 1 asphalt runway 4,500 ft.
Telecommunications: facilities almost nonexistent; 570 telephones; 6,000 radio
sets; no TV sets; data not available on AM; no FM; and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 233,000; 121,000 fit for military service;
about 8,000 reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on India
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LAND:
424,000 sq. mi.; 2% cultivated and fallow, 11% pasture
and meadow, 45% urban, desert, waste, or other,
40% forest, 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 3,780 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,140,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 50%-75% Indian, 20%-35% mestizo,
5%-15% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; active protestant
minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Aymara, Quechua
Literacy: 35%-40%
Labor force: 2.5 million (1972); 69.1% agriculture, 3.3% mining, 9.6% services
and utilities, 8% manufacturing, 10% other
Organized labor: 150-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction,
and transportation
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic; de facto military-civilian coalition government
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (judicial capital)
Political subdivisions: 9 departments with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967;
constitution in force except where contrary to dispositions dictated by
governments since 1969; legal education at University of San Andres and
several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; congress of two chambers (Senate and Chamber of Deputies),
congress disbanded after 26 September 1969 ouster of President Siles;
judiciary
Government leaders: President Hugo Banzer Suarez
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if married, 21 if single
Elections: postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) Ciro
Humboldt and Victor Paz Estenssoro (in exile); Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB)
Mario Gutierrez; other political parties, although numerous, exert little
influence; activist groups include the Nationalist Leftist Revolutionary Party
(PRIN) Juan Lechin Oquendo (in exile), Socialist Party (PS) Marcelo Quiroga and
Alberto Baily (in exile), and Leftist Revolutionary Movement (MIR) Pablo Ramos
Sanchez (in exile); more moderate parties include the Authentic Revolutionary
Party (PRA) Walter Guevara Arze, Popular Christian Movement (MPC) Hugo Bozo,
Leftist Revolutionary Party (PIR) Ricardo Anaya, Social Democratic Party (PSD)
Hugo Sandoval, and Christian Democratic Party (PDC) Benjamin Miguel
Voting strength (1966 elections): Frente de la Revolucion Boliviana (a coalition
composed of the MPC, PIR, PRA, PSD, and two interest groups, the campesinos
and Chaco War Veterans) 61%, FSB 12%, MNR 10%, other 17%
Communists: three parties; PCB/Soviet led by Jorge Kolle Cueto, about 1,500
members; PCB/Chinese led by Oscar Zamora, 500 members (est.); POR (Trotskyist)?
about 200 members divided between three factions led by Hugo Gonzalez Moscoso,
Guillermo Lora Escobar, and Amadeo Arze
Member of: IAEA, IADB, ICAO, International Tin Council, LAFTA and Andean
Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, U.N.
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.17 billion (in 1972 dollars, 1973) $240 per capita; 78% private
consumption, 11% public consumption, 13% gross domestic investment, -2%
net foreign balance (1970); real growth rate 1973, 6.0%
Agriculture: main crops -- potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane, yucca, bananas;
imports significant quantities of foodstuffs including lard, vegetable oils,
and wheat; caloric intake, 1,800 calories per day per capita (1971)
Major industries: mining, smelting, petroleum refining, food processing, textiles,
and clothing
Electric power: 270,000 kw. capacity (1972); 870 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 180 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $306.7 million (f.o.b., 1973); tin, petroleum, lead, zinc, silver,
tungsten, antimony, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton
Imports: $266.7 million (f.o.b., 1973 est.); foodstuffs, chemicals, capital goods,
pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K. 46%, U.S. 39%, WWest Germany 5%, Argentina 2%;
imports -- U.S. 41%, West Germany 12%, Japan 11%, Argentina 6% (1970)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-73) $283.5 million in loans, $304.4
million in grants; from international organizations (FY46-73), $273.6
million; from other Western countries (1960-72), $53.3 million; Communist
countries (1970-71), $60.2 million; military -- assistance from U.S. (FY52-72),
$31.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 20 pesos=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,310 mi., single track; 2,290 mi., meter gage, 20 mi., 2'6" gage;
all government owned except 60 mi. of meter-gage track; 5.6 mi. of meter-
gage track electrified
Highways: 17,600 mi.; 700 mi. paved, 4,100 mi. gravel, 3,700 mi. improved
earth, 9,100 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be 6,250 mi. of commercially
navigable waterways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,040 mi.; refined products and crude 930 mi.; natural gas
350 mi.
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and
Matarani, Peru)
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 546 total, 471 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 3 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 92 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: poorest telecom facilities on continent; radio-relay station
under construction; 49,000 telephones; est. 750,000 radio and 12,000 TV
receivers; 80 AM, 14 FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49 1,194,000; 750,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (19) annually about 75,000
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LAND:
220,000 sq. mi.; about 6% arable, less than 1%
under cultivation, mostly desert
Land boundaries: 2,345 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 661,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% European
Religion. 85% animist, 15% Christian
Language: Africans speak Tswana vernacular
Literacy: about 22% in English; about 32% in Tswana;
less than 1% secondary school graduates
Labor force: 385,000; most are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence
agriculture; about 51,000 in internal cash economy, another 60,000 spend
at least 6 to 9 months per year as wage earners in South Africa (1971)
Organized labor: eight trade unions organized with a total membership of
approximately 9,000 (1972 est.)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic since; independent member of commonwealth since 1966
Capital: Gaborone
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; constitution
came into effect 1966; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation;
legal education at University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (2 1/2 years)
and University of Edinburgh (2 years); has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- President appoints and is the chief minister in the
cabinet which is responsible to Legislative Assembly; legislative --
Legislative Assembly with 31 popularly elected members and 4 members elected
by the 31 representatives, House of Chiefs with deliberative powers only;
judicial -- local courts administer customary law, High Court and
subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of
Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: President Seretse Khama
Suffrage: universal, age 21 and over
Elections: general elections held 18 October 1969
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Seretse Khama;
Bechuanaland People's Party (BPP), Philip Matante; Botswana Independence
Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma
Voting strength: (October 1969 election) 68% BDP (24 seats); 13.5% BPP (3 seats);
12% BNF (3 seats); 6% BIP (1 seat)
Communists: no known Communist organization; Koma of BNF has long history of
Communist contacts
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, OAU, U.N., WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $142.6 million (April 1971-March 1972), about $210 per capita, growth in
current prices about 25% annually (FY's 1968-72)
Agriculture: principal crops are corn and sorghum; livestock raised and exported
Major industries: livestock processing, mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal,
asbestos, and manganese
Electric power: 8,000 kw. capacity (1973); 29 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
44 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $47 million (FY71/72); cattle, animal products, minerals
Imports: $88 million (FY71/72); foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: South Africa and U.K.
Budget: balanced at $127.5 million in FY 1974
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1.42 (par value; Botswana uses the
South African Rand), 0.70 SA Rand=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 400 mi. 3'6" gage, single track; owned and operated by the Rhodesia
Railroads
Highways: 4,835 mi.; 483 mi. crushed stone or gravel; remainder improved earth
and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: native craft only; of local importance
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 84 total, 70 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: the system is a minimal combination of a single main wire
line and a few radiocommunication stations; Gaborone is the center; 5,620
telephones; 50,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 154,000; 80,000 fit for military service; 8,000
reach military age (18) annually
No military; police, 1,400
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LAND:
3,290,000 sq. mi.; 4% cultivated, 13% pastures, 23%
built-on area, waste, and other, 60% forested
Land boundaries: 8,125 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
Coastline: 4,655 mi.
Ethnic divisions: 60% white, 30% mixed, 8% Negro, and 2% Indian (1960 est.)
Religion: 93% Roman Catholic (nominal)
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 67% of the population 15 years or older (1970)
Labor force: about 30 million in 1970 (est.); 44.2% agriculture, livestock,
forestry, and fishing, 17.8% industry, 15.3% services, transportation, and
communication, 8.9% commerce, 4.8% social activities, 3.9% public administra-
tion, 5.1% other
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force; only about 1.5 million pay dues
PEOPLE:
Population: 105,911,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(current)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; military-backed presidential regime since April 1964
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 4 territories, federal district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual system of courts, state and federal;
constitution adopted 1967 and extensively amended in 1969; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: strong executive with very broad powers; bicameral legislature
(powers of the two bodies have been sharply reduced); 11-man Supreme Court
Government leader: President Ernesto Geisel
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except illiterates and those stripped of their
political rights; approximately 30 million registered voters in October 1970
Elections: President Medici's successor was chosen by a 505-member electoral
college, composed of the members of Congress and delegates selected from the
state legislatures, on 15 January 1974 and took office on 15 March 1974;
Geisel was the choice of Medici and top military chiefs
Voting strength: (November 1970 congressional elections): 46% ARENA, 25% MDB,
28.5% blank and void
Political parties and leaders: National Renewal Alliance (ARENA), pro-government;
Petronio Portella, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), opposition,
Ulisses Guimaraes, president
Communists: less than 6,000, with less than 3,000 militants; 100,000 sympathizers
(est.)
Other political or pressure groups: excepting the military, the Catholic Church
is the only active nationwide pressure group, however, divisions within the
Church often prevent it from speaking with one voice; labor and student
groups have almost no influence on the government
Member of: FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA,
OAS, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $60 billion (1973), $590 per capita; 22% gross investment, 80% consumption,
-2% net foreign balance (1973); real growth rate 1973, 11.4%
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Agriculture: main products -- coffee, rice, beef, corn, milk, sugarcane, soybeans;
nearly self-sufficient; caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita (1962)
Fishing: catch 650,000 metric tons (1971); exports (f.o.b.) $26.7 million, imports
(f.o.b.) $27.5 million (1971)
Major industries: textiles and other consumer goods, cement, lumber, steel,
motor vehicles, other metalworking industries
Crude steel: 8.0 million metric tons capacity (1973 est.); 7.15 million metric
tons produced (1973); 70 kilograms per capita (1973)
Electric power: 15.8 million kw. capacity (1973 est.); 65.8 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 880 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $6,198 million (f.o.b., 1973); coffee, manufactures, iron ore, cotton,
soybeans, sugar, wood, cocoa, beef, shoes
Imports: $6,016 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
petroleum, wheat
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 24%, West Germany 8%, Italy 7%,
Netherlands 6%, Japan 5%, U.K. 4%; imports -- U.S. 29%, West Germany 11%,
Japan 7%, U.K. 6%, Italy 4% (1972)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72) -- loans $3,483.4 million,
grants $636.0 million; from international organizations (FY46-72) $2,628.2
million; from other Western countries (1960-71) -- $617.0 million; from
Communist countries (1959-72) $330.6 million; drawings (February 1973)
$110 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.455 cruzeiros=US$l (April 1974, changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 19,935 mi.; 17,586 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 2,085 mi. 5'3" gage, 121 mi.
4'8 1/2" gage, 143 mi. narrow gages; 1,621 mi. electrified
Highways: 591,000 mi.; 31,000 mi. paved, 560,000 mi. gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 31,000 mi. navigable
Ports: 6 major, 25 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 770 mi.; refined products, 290 mi.; natural gas, 24 mi.
Civil air: 138 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4,043 total, 3,558 usable; 140 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 378 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 18 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: moderately good telecom system; radio relay widely used;
communications satellite ground station; 2.5 million telephones; est. 12.25
million radio and 8.65 million TV receivers; 920 AM, 150 FM, and 165 TV
stations; 6 submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 23,606,000; 15,405,000 fit for military service;
1,170,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
About 11,500 sq. mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
Coastline: about 3,300 mi.
RITISX S(}LOMON
~+gtAND$
}dUSTR{4ti.:k..
PEOPLE:
Population: 184,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(7/68-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesians, 4.0% Polynesians,
1.5% Micronesians, 0.3% Chinese, 0.8% Europeans,
0.4% others
Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Roman Catholic, Anglican, and
Methodist churches dominant
Literacy:. 60%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: British Solomon Islands Protectorate
Type: British protectorate administered as crown colony
Capital: Honiara
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates Courts, also a system of native
courts throughout the islands
Branches: executive authority in High Commissioner; a legislative Governing
Council of 24 elected members
Government leader: High Commissioner M. C. Luddington
Suffrage: Universal age 21 and over
Elections: every 4 years, latest May-June 1973
Political parties and leaders: United Solomon Islands Party, Benedict Kinika,
Chairman
ECONOMY:
GDP: $31 million (1970) $195 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops
of yams, taro, bananas; self-sufficient in rice
Electric power: 12 million kw.-hr. produced (1973), 72 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $10 million (1971); copra, timber, cocoa
Imports: $15 million (1971)
Major trade partners: exports -- Japan, Australia; imports -- Australia, U.K.
Monetary conversion rate: 0.67 Australian dollar=US$l
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroad: none
Highways: 518 mi.; 150 mi. sealed or all-weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 3 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 26 total, 1 permanent surface runway 6,300 ft.; 7 natural surface
runways 4,000-7,999 ft., 12 natural surface runways less than 3,999 ft.; 3
seaplane stations
Telecommunications: 3 AM broadcast stations, 7,680 radio receivers, 1,434
telephones; international connections with London, England, via cable
broadcasts
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LAND:
2,230 sq. mi.; 3% cultivated; 22% industry, waste,
urban or other; 75% forested
Land boundaries: 237 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi
Coastline: 100 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 155,000, average annual growth rate 4.5%
(8/60-8/71)
Ethnic divisions: 52% Malays, 28% Chinese, 15% indigenous
tribes, 5% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official religion); 8% Christian; 32% other (Buddhist
and animist)
Language: Malay and English official, Chinese
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 32,155; 30.5% agriculture, 32.8% industry, manufacturing, and
construction, 33.8% trade, transport, services, 2.9% other
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Brunei
Type: British protectorate; constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution promulgated by the Sultan in
1959
Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised by appointed Privy Council) who
appoints Executive Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; 3-tiered system of indirect elections;
popular vote cast for lowest level (district councilors)
Elections: last elections -- March 1965; further elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: antigovernment People's Independence Front
(Baker), Pengiran Dato Ali, chairman
Communists: information not available
ECONOMY:
GNP: $177 million (1971 est.), $1,430 per capita, average annual growth rate
(1969-71) 6%
Agriculture: main crops -- rubber, rice, pepper, must import most food
Major industry: crude petroleum
Exports: $167 million (f.o.b. 1972); 96% crude petroleum
Imports: $107 million (c.i.f. 1972); 47% machinery and transport equipment,
30% manufactured goods, 8% food
Major trade partners: exports of crude petroleum go to Sarawak for refining
and reexport; imports from Japan 30%, U.S. 24%, U.K. 15%, Singapore 9%
Monetary conversion rate: 2.54 Brunei dollars=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
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LAND:
42,800 sq. mi.; 41% arable, 11% other agricultural,
33% forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 1,170 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 220 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,712,000, average annual growth rate 0.7%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarians, 8.5% Turks, 2.6%
Gypsies, 2.5% Macedonians, 0.3% Armenians, 0.2% Russians, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious background of population is 85%
Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5%
Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 4.4 million (July 1970); 38% agriculture, 33% industry, 29% other
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofiya
Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts), including capital city of Sofia
Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; new
constitution adopted in 1971; judicial review of legislative acts in the
State Council; legal education at University of Sofiya; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative (National Assembly), Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Todor Zhivkov, Chairman, State Council (chief of state);
Stanko Todorov, Chairman, Council of Ministers (premier)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: theoretically held every 4 years for National Assembly; last elections
held on 27 June 1971; 99.8% of the electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, First
Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, a puppet party, Georgi Traykov,
secretary
Communists: 699,000 party members (April 1971)
Mass organizations and front groups: Fatherland Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth
League, Central Council of Trade Unions, National Committee for Defense of
Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism, Committee of
Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, Seabeds Committee, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, Warsaw Pact, International Organization of Journalists,
International Medical Association, International Radio and Television
Organization
ECONOMY:
GNP: $15.7 billion, 1973 (at 1972 prices), $1,810 per capita; 1973 growth rate
6.3%
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main crops--grain, vegetables; no food
shortages; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1969/70)
Fishing: catch 103,000 metric tons (1972)
Major industries: agricultural processing, machinery, textiles and clothing,
mining, ore processing, timber
Shortages: meat and dairy products; metal products; fodder
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LAND:
262,000 sq. mi.; 28% arable, of which 12% is cultivated,
62% forest, 10% urban and other (1969)
Land boundaries: 3,630 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 1,900 mi.
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Literacy: 70% (official claim)
Labor force: 10 million; 67% agriculture, 13% industry, 20% services, commerce,
and transportation
Organized labor: no figure available; old labor organizations have been
disbanded, and government is forming one central labor organization
PEOPLE:
Population: 29,698,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/68-7/70)
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen, 6% Shan, 2% Kachin,
2% Chin, 2% Chinese, 3% Indian, 6% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Type: republic under new 1974 constitution
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: seven divisions and seven constituent states; subdivided
into townships, villages, and wards
Legal system: People's Justice system and People's Courts instituted under 1974
constitution; legal education at Universities of Rangoon and Mandalay; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: State Council rules through a Council of Ministers; People's Assembly
has legislative power
Government leader: Chairman of State Council and President, Gen. U. Ne Win
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: People's Assembly and local People's Councils elected in 1974
Political parties and leaders: government-sponsored Burmese Socialist Program
Party only legal party
Communists: estimated 5,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Parliamentary Democracy Party; Kachin
Independence Army; Shan State Army; Karen Nationalist Union
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ITU, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $2.3 billion (FY73), $80 per capita; real growth rate 3% (FY72)
Agriculture: main crops -- paddy, sugarcane, peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient;
most rice grown in deltaic land
Fishing: catch 443,000 metric tons, $80 million (1971)
Major industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear, wood and
wood products; petroleum refining
Exports: $118 million (f.o.b., 1972); rice, teak
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LAND:
11,000 sq. mi.; about 37% arable (about 66% cultivated),
23% pasture, 10% scrub and forest, 30% other
Land boundaries: 605 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,837,000, average annual growth rate 2%
(7/70-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: Africans -- 86% Hutu (Bantu), 13% Tutsi
(Hamitic), 1% Twa (Pigmy); non-Africans include (late
1968) 3,000 Europeans, 1,000 Asians
Religion: over 60% Christian (50% Catholic, 10% Protestant);
rest mostly animist plus small number of Muslims
Language: Kirundi and French official
Literacy: about 55% in Kirundi, 10% in Swahili, or 6% in French
Labor force: 1,865,471 (1970 est.)
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB), membership
about 30,000, affiliated with government party
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; military government since November 1966; no constitution
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, subdivided into 18 arrondissements and 78
communes
Legal system: based on German and French civil codes and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: presidential cabinet with Council of Ministers; no legislature
Government leader: President Michel Micombero
Elections: last legislative election May 1965
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA),
a predominantly Tutsi party, was declared sole legitimate party in 1966
Communists: no Communist party; resumed diplomatic relations with The People's
Republic of China in October 1971 following a six-year suspension; U.S.S.R.
and North Korea have diplomatic missions in Burundi
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, ECA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMO, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: about $204.7 million (1971 est.), $60 per capita; estimated real GDP
growth 1%
Agriculture: major cash crops -- coffee, cotton; main food crops -- manioc,
yams, corn, sorghums, bananas, haricot beans; not self-sufficient
Industries: light consumer goods such as beverages, shoes, soap
Electric power: 13,100 kw. capacity (1973); 26 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
7 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $29 million (f.o.b., 1972); coffee, cotton, hides, skins
Imports: $35 million (c.i.f., 1972); textiles, foodstuffs, transport equipment,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.S., Belgium, Congo; much trade unrecorded
Aid: $17.7 million (1970) includes Belgium $7.4 million, U.N. $3.1 million, EDF
$2.9 million; France $2.0 million (1970); U.S. $9.7 million FY61-72
Budget: FY72 -- revenue $32.8 million, expenditure $29.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 78.75 Burundi francs=US$l (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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LAND:
70,000 sq. mi.; 16% cultivated, 74% forested, 10% built-on
area, wasteland, and other
Land boundaries: 1,515 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: about 275 mi.
NDIA
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,470,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/68-7/69)
Ethnic divisions: 89% Khmer (Cambodian), 3% Vietnamese,
5% Chinese, 3% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% various other
Language: Cambodian
Literacy: 55% (est.)
Labor force: 2.56 million; 80.9% agriculture, 5.5% sales, 4.7% manufacturing,
transport, communications, 3.9% professional, administrative, clerical,
3.5% defense; 1.5% unemployed
Organized labor: .5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Khmer Republic
Type: new constitution provides for strong presidential system; 4-man "Executive
Council" is chief policymaking body
Capital: Phnom Penh
Political subdivisions: 24 provinces with centrally appointed governors,
3 independent municipalities
Legal system: based on French civil law system; constitution adopted 1947 and
amended 1960; no judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: 126-man national assembly and 40-man senate, popularly elected
Government leader: President Lon Nol
Suffrage: universal over age 18, with major exception of Buddhist clergy
Elections: president elected for 5 year term in June 1972; senate for 6 year term
and assembly for 4 year term in September 1972
Political parties and leaders: Social Republican Party, Pan Sothi; Republican
Party, Sirik Matak; Democratic Party, Chau Sau
Communists: party strength unknown; Communist combat troops estimated between
46,000-56,000
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO. IMF, WHO, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $950 million (1971), $140 per capita (1971 prices; no growth rate available)
Agriculture: Mainly subsistence except for rubber plantations; main crops --
rice, rubber, corn; largely self-sufficient prior to the war; food shortages
-- rice, dairy products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, textiles
Shortages: fossil fuels
Exports: $6.9 million (f.o.b., 1972); rubber, food stuffs, kapok
Imports: $71.1 million (f.o.b., 1972); machinery and equipment, chemical products,
metals and metal products, petroleum products, foods, transport equipment
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LAND:
183,400 sq. mi.; 4% cultivated, 18% grazing, 13% fallow,
50% forest, 15% other
Land boundaries: 2,830 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 18 n. mi.
Coastline: 250 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,254,000, average annual growth rate 1.7%
(7/69-7/70)
Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely differing
background; 31% Cameroon Highlanders, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 8% Northwestern
Bantu, 10% Fulani, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 11% Kirdi, 13% other African, less
than 1% non-African
Religion: about one-half animist, one-third Christian; rest Muslim
Language: English and French official, 24 major African language groups
Literacy: South 40%, North 10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and herding;
200,000 wage earners (maximum) including 22,000 government employees, 63,000
paid agricultural workers, 49,000 in manufacturing
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: United Republic of Cameroon
Type: unitary republic; one-party presidential regime
Capital: Yaounde
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided into 39 departments
Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law influence; new
unitary constitution adopted 1972; judicial review in Supreme Court, when a
question of constitutionality is referred to it by the President of the
Republic; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative, and judicial
Government leader: President Ahmadou Ahidjo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: presidential elections held 28 March 1970; parliamentary elections
last held 18 May 1973
Political parties and leaders: single party, Cameroonian National Union (UNC).
President Ahmadou Ahidjo
Communists: no Communist Party or significant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Cameroon People's Union (UPC), an illegal
terrorist group now reduced to scattered acts of banditry with its factional
leaders in exile
Member of: ACCT, AFBD, EAMA, ECA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, OAU, Seabeds
Committee, UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,196 million (1971 est.), per capita about $190; real growth rate about 7%
per annum
Agriculture: commercial and food crops -- cocoa, coffee, timber, cotton, rubber,
bananas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels; root starches, livestock, millet,
sorghum, and rice
Fishing: imports 6,137 metric tons, $2.5 million (1972); exports 1,718 metric
tons (largely shrimp), $2.7 million
Major industries: small aluminum plant, food processing and light consumer goods
industries, sawmills
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STAT
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LAND:
242,000 sq. mi.; 10%-15% cultivated, 5% dense forests,
80%-85% grazing, fallow, vacant arable land, urban,
waste
Land boundaries: 3,095 mi.
Religion: 40% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 27% animist, 5% Muslim; animistic
beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority
Language: French official; Sangho, the lingua franca and unofficial national
language
Literacy: estimated at 5%-10%
Labor force: about half the population economically active, 80% of whom are in
agriculture; approximately 64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,748,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/67-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups, the
majority of which have related ethnic and linguistic
characteristics; Banda (32%) and Baya-Mandjia (29%) are
largest single groups; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 6,000
are French and majority of the rest Portuguese
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Central African Republic
Type: republic; constitution abrogated following military coup in January 1966
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French, Islamic, and tribal law; in 1966 the Chief of
State assumed all power and abrogated the existing constitution; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Gen. Bokassa heads government and rules by decree; assisted by
cabinet called Council of Ministers; judiciary, including Supreme Court,
court of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts
Government leader: President for life Jean-Bede] Bokassa
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none have been held under Bokassa regime
Political parties and leaders: Black African Social Evolution Movement (MESAN),
ruling party under former regime, still in existence but plays little role,
led by President Jean-Bedel Bokassa
Communists: no Communist Party or significant number of sympathizers
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA?
FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $281 million (1972 est.), about $170 per capita
Agriculture: commercial -- cotton, coffee, peanuts, sesame, wood; main food
crops -- manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes, beef; requires wheat, flour,
rice, beef, and sugar imports
Major industries: sawmills, cotton textile mills, brewery, diamond mining and
splitting
Electric power: 16,850 kw. capacity (1973); 50 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
30 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports. $45 million (f.o.b., 1971); diamonds (43%), coffee, cotton, lumber
Imports: $46 million (c.i.f., 1971); textiles, petroleum products, machinery
and electrical equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, chemicals and
pharmaceuticals
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LAND:
496,000 sq. mi.; 17% arable, 35% pastureland, 2% forest
and scrub, 46% other uses and waste
Land boundaries: 3,720 mi.
Religion: about half Muslim, 5% Christian, remainder animist
Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is lingua franca in north, Sara and
Sangho in south
Literacy: estimated 5%-10%
Labor force: only 55% of population in economically active group, of which 90%
are engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing; 47,000
wage earners in industry and civil service
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,948,000, average annual growth rate 2%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: over 240 tribes representing 12 major
ethnic groups -- Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Fulani,
Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and
Wadai) in the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara,
Mayo-Kebbi, and Chari) in the south; some 150,000
nonindigenous, 5,000 of them French
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1962
Capital: N'Djamena
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law;
constitution adopted 1962; judicial review of legislative acts in theory a
power of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, who has sweeping powers, elected by universal adult suffrage
to 7-year term; separate popularly elected unicameral National Assembly
of 105 deputies with 5-year term; independent judiciary
Government leader: President N'Garta Tombalbaye
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: presidential elections held June 1969, parliamentary elections last
held December 1969
Political parties and leaders: National Movement for Cultural and Social
Revolution (MNRCS), only legal party, led by N'Garta Tombalbaye
Communists: no front organizations or underground party; probably a few
Communists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: lightly armed Muslim rebel bands have been
opposing the government since October 1965 in east-central and since August
1969 in northern Chad
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA,
FAO, GATT, ICAO, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission,
OAU, UEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $241 million (1967), about $70 per capita; estimated real annual growth
rate 2.5% (1963-68)
Agriculture: commercial -- cotton, gum arabic, livestock, fish; food crops --
peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, dates, manioc, wheat; imports food
Fishing: catch 120,000 metric tons (1971) $14 million; exports $300,000 (1969)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock processing plants (cotton textile
mill, slaughterhouses, brewery), natron
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LAND:
286,000 sq. mi; 2% cultivated, 7% other arable, 15%
permanent pasture, grazing, 29% forest, 47% barren
mountains, deserts, and cities
Land boundaries: 3,930 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi. (fishing
200 n. mi.)
Coastline: 4,000 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,708,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% chileno (mixture of European and Indian stock), 3%
Indian, 7% European, Asia'astic, and other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: 3.3 million (1973); 19% agricultural, 28% industry and construction,
29% services, 14% commerce, 5% mining, 5% other (1973)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1973)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: 25 provinces
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes
influenced by French and Austrian law; constitution adopted 1925, amended
since then, currently being revised; judicial review of legislative acts in
the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Chile, Catholic University,
and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: president currently replaced by 4-man Military-Police Junta; bicameral
legislature currently dissolved; independent judiciary
Government leader: Junta President, Gen. Augusto PINOCHET Ugarte; other Junta
members, Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO Castro, Gen. Gustavo LEIGH Gusman, Gen.
Cezar MENDOZA Duran
Suffrage: universal (except enlisted military and police) and compulsory at
age 18
Elections: next scheduled presidential election, 1976
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Patricio Aylwin;
National Party (PN), Sergio Onofre Jarpa; Popular Unity coalition parties
(outlawed) -- Communist Party (PCCh), Luis Corvalan; Socialist Party (PS),
Carlos Altamirano; Radical Party (PR); Christian Left (IC); United Popular
Action Movement (MAPU); Independent Popular Action (API)
Voting strength (1970 presidential election): 36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3%
conservative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 Congressional election)
44% Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN)
Communists: 200,000
Other political or pressure groups: organized labor; business organizations;
landowners' associations (SNA -- Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura); extreme
leftist, Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR); rightist, Patria y Libertad
(PyL)
Member of: ECOSOC, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IHB, IMF, LAFTA and Andean Sub-
Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, Seabeds Committee,
U.N.
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LAND:
3.7 million sq. mi.; 11% cultivated, sown area extended by
multicropping, 78% desert, waste, or urban (32% of
this area consists largely of denuded wasteland,
plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3%
could be reclaimed), 8% forested; 2%-3% inland water
Land boundaries: 15,000 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 9,000 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 920,066,000, average annual growth rate 2.4% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 94% Han Chinese; 6% Chuang, Uighur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Pu-I, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities
Religion: most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclectic,
not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucian-
ism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2%-3% Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Chinese (Mandarin mainly; also Cantonese, Wu, Fukienese, Amoy, Hsiang,
Kan, Hakka dialects), and minority languages (see ethnic divisions above)
Literacy: at least 25%
Labor force: 335 million (mid-1966); 85% agriculture, 15% other; shortage of
skilled labor (managerial, technical, mechanics, etc.); surplus of unskilled
labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies with communist party's political bureau;
the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, in
reality merely rubber stamps the party's programs; the State Council is the
actual governing organism
Capital: Peking
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, and
5 autonomous regions
Legal system: before 1966, a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely
criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of administrative
and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court although
legal activity centered in parallel network of Public Security organs; laws
and legal procedure clearly subordinated to priorities of party policy; whole
system largely suspended during Cultural Revolution, but gradually being
revived
Branches: prior to 1966 control was exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through
State Council, which supervised more than 50 ministries, commissions, bureaus,
etc., all technically under the standing committee of the National People's
Congress; this system broke down under "Cultural Revolution" pressures and
is currently in process of being reconsolidated and streamlined
Government leader: Premier of State Council, Chou En-lai; Chairman, People's
Republic of China (chief of state, a ceremonial post currently vacant; party
elder Tung Pi-wu is "acting" chairman); both subordinate to central committee
of CCP, under Chairman Mao Tse-tung
Suffrage: universal over age 18, though this is academic
Elections: no meaningful elections
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Mao
Tse-tung; Mao is Chairman of political bureau, real locus of power in China,
and also Chairman of Central Committee; a new central committee was formed at
the 10th Party Congress held in August 1973
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PEOPLES RE Pl'
OF CHINA
LAND:
14,000 sq. mi. (Taiwan and Pescadores); 24% cultivated,
6% pasture, 55% forested, 15% other (urban, industrial,
denuded, water area)
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 615 mi. Taiwan, 285 mi. offshore islands
PEOPLE:
Population: 15,723,000 (excluding the population of
Quemoy and Matsu Islands and foreigners), average
annual growth rate 1.9% (7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% mainland Chinese, 2% aborigines
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism; 4.5% Christian;
2.5% other
Language: Chinese Mandarin (official language), also Taiwanese and Hakka dialect
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 4.9 million; 33% primary industry (agriculture), 32.1% secondary
industry (including manufacturing, mining, construction), 34.9% tertiary
industry (including commerce and services) 1972
Organized labor: about 12% of 1972 labor force (government controlled)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of China
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 4 cities, 1 special municipality (Taipei)
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1947, amended 1960
to permit Chiang Kai-shek to be reelected, and amended 1972 to permit president
to restructure certain government organs; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: 5 independent branches (executive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional
Chinese functions of examination and control), dominated by executive branch;
President and Vice President elected by National Assembly
Government leaders: President Chiang Kai-shek; Vice President, Yen
Chia-kan; Premier Chiang Ching-kuo
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level -- legislative yuan every 3 years but no general election
held since 1948 election on mainland (partial election for Taiwan province
representatives December 1969 and December 1972); local level -- provincial
assembly, county and municipal executives every 4 years; county and municipal
assemblies every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or National Party, led by Director
General Chiang Kai-shek, has no real opposition; 2 insignificant parties
are Democratic Socialist Party, Young China Party
Voting strength (1972 provincial assembly election): 58 seats Kuomintang,
13 seats independents
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: expelled from U.N. General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October
1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs;
attempting to retain membership in international financial institutions
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LAND:
440,000 sq. mi.; settled area 28% consisting of cropland
and fallow 5%, pastures 14%, woodland, swamps, and
water 6%, urban and other 3%; unsettled area 72% --
mostly forest and savannah
Land boundaries: 3,750 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 1,500 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 24,788,000, average annual growth rate 3.2%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% caucasian, 14% mulatto, 4% Negro, 3% mixed
Negro-Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 47% of population over 15 years old
Labor force: 5.6 million (1966); 47% agriculture, 13% manufacturing, 18% services,
9% commerce, 13% other (1964)
Organized labor: 13% of labor force (1968)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure
Capital: Bogota
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 4 territorial districts, 4 special
districts, 1 federal district
Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and
divorce; constitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President, bicameral legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Misael Pastrana, leaves office 7 August 1974
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: every fourth year; last presidential and congressional elections
April 1974; municipal and departmental elections, April 1972
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, President-elect Alfonso Lopez
Michelsen; Conservative Party, Alvaro Gomez Hurtado; National Popular Alliance
(ANAPO), General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, Maria Eugenia Rojas de Moreno
Voting strength: 1974 presidential election--Alfonso Lopez Michelsen 55%,
Alvaro Gomez Hurtado 32%, Maria Eujenia Rojas de Moreno 9.5%; 1974 congressional
election--Senate: Liberal Party 59%, Combined Conservative Party 34%, ANAPO 6.2%;
Chamber of Deputies: Liberal Party 56%, Combined Conservative Party 31%, ANAPO
9.5%; abstention by approximately 50% of eligible voters
Communists: 3,000-5,000
Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White;
PCC/ML, Chinese Line Communist Party, led by Pedro Lupo Leon Arboleda Roldan
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA and
Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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LAND:
838 sq. mi.; 4 main islands; forests 16%, pasture 7%,
cultivable area 48%, non-cultivable area 29%
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 211 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 284,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(9/66-9/72)
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Malay, Negroid
Religion: predominantly Islamic
Language: French, Arabic, Swahili
Literacy: presumably low
Labor Force: mainly agricultural
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Territory of the Comoro Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: 4 prefectures, 4 district councils
Legal system: French and Muslim law
Branches: High Commissioner appointed by French government; assisted by elected
Chamber of Deputies of 39 members, and an 8-man Council of Ministers,
President elected by Chamber of Deputies
Government leader: Ahmed Abdallah, President of Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: at discretion of Council of Ministers, on advice of President; must
be held before expiration of 5-year electoral mandate
Political parties and leaders: Comoran Democratic Union, Mohammed Dahlani;
Democratic Assembly of Comoros People, Said Mohamed Jaffar; Comoros Socialist
Party; Umma, Prince Said Ibrahim; Mahorais Movement, Marcel Henry
Voting strength: in elections for Chamber of Deputies in 1972, independence
coalition of CDU and DACP won 34 seats, Mahorais Movement won 4
Communists: information not available
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: food crops -- rice, manioc, potatoes, fruits, vegetables; export
crops essential oils for perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, copra,
sisal
Exports: $6.1 million (1971) perfume oils, vanilla, copra, sisal
Imports: $11.1 million (1971) foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals, textiles
Major trade partners: France, Malagasy Republic, Italy, Kenya, Tanzania and U.S.
Electric power: est. 1,000 kw. capacity (1973); est. 2 million kw.-hr. produced
(1973); 7 kw.-hr. per capita
Aid: French aid in 1971 was about $2.7 million, or about 50% of the island's
entire budget
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l
as of February 1973 (floating since February 1973)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 621 mi.; approximately 183 mi. bituminous, remainder crushed stone or
gravel
Ports: 1 minor (Moroni on Grande Comore)
Civil air: 4 major transports (registered in France)
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LAND:
135,000 sq. mi.; 63% dense forest or woodland, 33%
cultivable or grazing (2% cultivated est.), 4% urban
or waste
Land boundaries: 2,805 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 n. mi.
Coastline: 105 mi.
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all
Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in south, Teke (17%) in
center, M'Bochi (12%) and Sangha (20%) in north; about 8,500 Europeans,
mostly French
Religion: about half animist, half nominally Christian, less than 1% Muslim
Language: French official, many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo
most widely used
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: about 40% of population economically active, most engaged in
subsistence agriculture; 79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 16% of total labor force (1965 est.)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of the Congo
Type: republic; military regime established September 1968
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: 9 regions divided into districts
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1963 and 1969
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Council of State; National Assembly; judiciary
presumably still functions according to provisions of 1963 constitution; all
policy made by Congolese Workers Party Central Committee and Politburo
Government leaders: President, Major Marien Ngouabi; Prime Minister Henri Lopes
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last legislative elections June 1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers Party (PCT) is only legal party;
President, Marien Ngouabi
Communists: unknown number of Communists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC),
Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese
Union (URFC), General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA,
IBRD, FAO, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, UDEAC, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $277 million (1970 est.), $310 per capita, real growth rate
about 4% per year
Agriculture: cash crops -- sugarcane, wood, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts,
tobacco; food crops -- root crops, rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish
Fishing: catch 13,800 metric tons (1971); imports $3.3 million (1969)
Major industries: sawmills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 43,600 kw. capacity (1973); 88 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
91 kw.-hr. per capita
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,029,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(current)
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LAND:
About 93 sq. mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
Coastline: about 75 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 21,000, official estimate for 1 July 1972
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7%
Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and other,
2.4% European, 0.9% other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of
Cook Islands Christian Church
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in "free association" with New Zealand; Cook Islands
government fully responsible for internal affairs and has right at any time
to move to full independence by unilateral action; New Zealand retains
responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands
government
Capital: Rarotonga
Branches: New Zealand Governor General appoints High Commissioner of Cook Islands,
who represents the Queen and the New Zealand government; High Commissioner
appoints the Premier; Legislative Assembly of 22 members, popularly elected;
House of Arikis (chiefs), 15 members, appointed by High Commissioner, an
advisory body only
Government leader: Premier Albert Henry
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 4 years, latest in 1972
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Albert Henry; Democratic
Party, Dr. Thomas Davis
Voting strength (1972): Cook Islands Party, 15 seats; Democratic Party, 7 seats
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: export crops include copra, citrus fruits, pineapple, tomatoes, and
bananas, with subsistence crops of yams and taro
Industry: fruit processing
Exports: $3.0 million (1970); fruit juice, clothing, citrus fruits
Imports: $6.5 million (1970)
Major trade partners: (1970) exports -- 98% New Zealand, imports -- 76% New
Zealand, 7% Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 0.68 NZ$=US$l
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 162 mi.: 12 mi. paved, 68 mi. gravel, 52 mi. improved earth, 30 mi.
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total; 1 with composite surface runway 7,240 ft., 3 with natural
surface runways 4,000-7,900 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 2 AM broadcast stations, 8,000 radio receivers, and 614
telephones; microwave relay station provides connection with New Zealand
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LAND:
19,700 sq. mi.; 30% agricultural land (8% cultivated, 22%
meadows and pasture), 60% forested, 10% waste, urban,
and other
Land boundaries: 415 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (fishing
200 n. mi.; "specialized competence" over living
resources to 200 n. mi.)
Coastline: 800 mi.
ly
L ENEZUE LA
~oLOMR
fiGUAOR
PERU BRAZIL
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,955,000, average annual growth rate 3%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 98% white (including mestizo), 2% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 85%
Labor force: 530,000 (1970); 46.3% agriculture; 13.2% manufacturing; 11% commerce;
8% construction, transportation, and communications; 21.5% other; shortage
of skilled labor (1968)
Organized labor: about 6% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:.
Legal name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: unitary republic
Capital: San Jose
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; constitution adopted 1949;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education
at University of Costa Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, unicameral legislature, Supreme Court elected by legislature
Government leader: President Daniel Oduber
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over
Elections: every 4 years; next, February 1978
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN), Daniel Oduber,
Jose Figueres; National Unification (UN), Francisco Calderon Guardia, Guillermo
Villalobos Arce; National Independent Party (PNI), Jorge Gonzalez Marten; Democratic
Renovation Party (PRD), Rodrigo Carazo; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge
Monge Zamora; Socialist Action Party (PASO), Marcial Aguiluz; Popular Vanguard
Party (PVP, Communist, illegal), Manuel Mora
Voting strength (1974 election): National Unification (coalition of PUN, PR, and
PURA), 30.4%--16 seats; PLN, 43.5%--27 seats; PNI, 11%--6 seats; PRD, 9%--3 seats;
PASO, 2.3%--2 seats
Communists: 3,200 members, 10,000 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic
Workers (CCTD). General Confederation of Workers (CGT), Chamber
of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic Development (ANFE)
Member of: CACM, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1,130 million (1972 est.), $620 per capita; real growth rate 1972, 4.9% (est.)
Agriculture: main products -- bananas, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa,
livestock products; caloric intake, 2,610 calories per day per capita (1966)
Fishing: catch 8,400 metric tons, $4.8 million (1971); exports, $1.8 million
(1970), imports $0.5 million (1970)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction
materials, fertilizer
Electric power: 250,000 kw. capacity (1973); 1.2 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 640 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $281 million (f.o.b., 1972 prel.); coffee, bananas, sugar, beef,
fertilizers, cacao
Imports: $374 million (c.i.f., 1972 pre].); manufactured products, machinery,
transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports -- 41% U.S., 21% CACM, 9% West Germany, 3% Japan;
imports -- 32% U.S., 22% CACM, 8% West Germany, 11% Japan (1971)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), $121.1 million loans, $98.8
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-72), $191.8 million;
from other Western countries (1960-71), $7.7 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY60-72) $1.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 colones=US$l (official buying rate); 6.65
colones=US$1 (official selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 407 mi.; 395 mi. 3'6" gage, 12 mi. 3'0" gage, all single track, 72 mi.
electrified
Highways: 13,700 mi.; 1,000 mi. paved, 3,800 mi. otherwise improved, 8,900 mi.
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 455 mi. perennially navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 80 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 214 total, 130 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: good domestic telephone service; 85,400 telephones;
connection into Central American microwave net; 345,000 radio and 130,000 TV
receivers; 44 AM, 8 FM, and 11 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 424,000; 290,000 fit for military service; average
number reaching military age (18) annually about 24,000
Supply: dependent on imports from U.S.
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LAND:
44,200 sq. mi.; 35% cultivated, 30% meadow and pasture,
20% waste, urban, or other, 15% forested
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 2,320 mi.
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 96%
Labor force: 2.36 million; 34% agriculture, 17% industry, 6% construction, 6%
transportation, 29% services, 8% unemployed and underemployed
Organized labor: 46% of total force
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,121,000, average annual growth rate 2.1%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% Negro,
1% Chinese
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of
Communist legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 replaced constitution
of 1940; legal education at Universities of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas;
does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; no legislature; controlled judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Fidel Castro Ruz
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Communist Party (PCC), First Secretary
Fidel Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro Ruz
Communists: approx. 155,000 party members
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA, ICAO, IHB, ILO,
IMCO, International Rice Commission, International Sugar Council, International
Wheat Agreement, ITU, OAS (nonparticipant), Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $4.7 billion (1972 est. at 1972 prices), $540 per capita; 60% private
consumption, 20% public consumption, 20% gross investment; real growth
rate 1972, -2%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice, potatoes, tubers,
citrus fruits
Fishing: catch 150,229 metric tons (1973); exports $42.5 million (1973), imports
$11.9 million (1971)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing,
textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 0.35 million metric tons capacity (planned); 220,600 metric tons
produced (1973); 20 kg. per capita
Electric power: 1,137,000 kw. capacity (1972); 5.9 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 660 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,345 million (f.o.b., 1973 est.); sugar, nickel, tobacco
Imports: $1,530 million (c.i.f., 1973 est.); capital goods, industrial raw
materials, food, petroleum
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S.S.R. 42%, China 4%, other Communist
countries 15%, Japan 17%; imports -- U.S.S.R. 61%, China 5%, other
Communist countries 13% (1973 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1.21 (nominal)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 9,150 mi. government owned; 3,150 mi. common carrier lines (8 mi.
double track and 95 mi. electrified) and about 6,000 mi. plantation-
industrial lines; common carrier lines comprise 3,100 mi. 4'8 1/2" standard
gage, and about 50 mi. 3'0" and 2'6" narrow gage; plantation-industrial
lines comprise about 4,000 mi. standard gage and 2,000 mi. narrow gage
Highways: 12,800 mi.; 5,400 mi. paved, 7,400 mi. gravel and earth surfaced
Inland waterways: 150 mi.
Pipelines: natural gas, 50 mi.
Ports: 8 major (including U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo), 44 minor; Guantanamo
under U.S. control
Civil air: 33 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 378 total, 194 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 27 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 11 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: modern facilities adequately serve military and most civil
needs; excellent international facilities, satellite ground station; 325,000
telephones; 1.8 million radio and 600,000 TV receivers; 100 AM, 25 FM, and
23 TV stations; 6 submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
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LAND:
3,572 sq. mi.; 47% arable and land under permanent crops,
18% forested, 10% meadows and pasture, 25% waste,
urban areas, and other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 400 mi. (approx.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 669,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(7/71-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% British,
Armenian, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox, 18% Muslim, 4% Armenian Orthodox and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: about 82% of population 7 years or older
Labor force: 267,000 (1970 est.), 38% agriculture, 23% industry, 9% commerce,
2% mining, 28% other; 3,130 registered unemployed (December 1968)
Organized labor: 24% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic since March 1961; separate de facto Greek Cypriot, and Turkish
Cypriot governments have evolved since outbreak of communal strife in 1963
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts
Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications; constitution
came into force upon independence in 1960, but has often been in abeyance
since then; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: currently a rump government consisting basically of Greek Cypriot parts
of bodies provided for by constitution; headed by President of the Republic
and comprised of Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and
Supreme Court
Government leaders: President, Archbishop Makarios III (Greek); Vice President,
Rauf Denktash (Turk)
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: held every 5 years; 1965 elections suspended; 1968 elections only for
President and Vice President; 1970 parliamentary elections demonstrate notable
increase in voting strength of Communist Party (AKEL); 1972 elections only for
President and Vice President
Political parties and leaders: Reform Party of the Working People (AKEL)
(Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Unified Party (UP), Glafkos Clerides;
Progressive Movement (PM) (pro-Makarios), Andreas Azinas; Democratic
National Party (DEK), Takis Evdokas; United Democratic Union of the Center
(EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; Turkish National Union Party (TNUP), Rauf Denktash
Voting strength: (1968 presidential and vice presidential elections) Greek
Cypriot President Makarios 90%; Turkish Cypriot Vice President Fazil Kucuk
unopposed; (1970 parliamentary elections) 39% of Greek Cypriot vote for
Reform Party of the Working People, 21% of the Greek Cypriot vote for the
Progressive Movement, 9% of the Greek Cypriot vote for the Democratic National
Party as well as 9% for the United Democratic Union of the Center, 4% of the
Greek Cypriot vote for independents, 76% of the Greek Cypriot electorate
voted; 80% of the Turkish Cypriot community voted and overwhelmingly elected
15 of Rauf Denktash's supporters to the Turk Cypriot House contingent in a
separate election; 1972 elections - Makarios unopposed and Rauf Denktash
unopposed
Communists: 12,000; sympathizers estimated to number 60,000
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON)
(Communist-controlled); Pan Cyprian Confederation of Labor (PEO)
(Communist-controlled); Cyprus Confederation of Labor (SEK) (pro-U.S.);
Cyprus Turkish Federation of Trade Unions (KTBIF)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $835.6 million (1972), $1,300 per capita; 1972 real growth rate 5%
Agriculture: main crops -- vine products, citrus, potatoes, other vegetables;
food shortages -- grain, dairy products, meat, fish; caloric intake, 2,460
calories per day per capita (1964-66)
Major industries: mining (cupreous and iron pyrites, asbestos), manufactures
principally for local consumption -- food, beverages, footwear
Shortages: water, petroleum
Electric power: 204,000 kw. capacity (1973); 716 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
980 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $180 million (f.o.b., 1973 -- converted at average trade conversion
factor of 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.85); principal items -- copper, pyrites, citrus,
raisins, and other agricultural products
Imports: $449 million (c.i.f., 1973 -- converted at average trade conversion factor
of 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.85); principal items -- manufactured goods, machinery
and transport equipment, petroleum products, foods
Major trade partners: (1973) imports -- U.K. 25%, West Germany 9%, Italy 8%,
France 7%, U.S. 7%; exports -- U.K. 42%, West Germany 7%, Netherlands 4%,
U.S.S.R. 4%
Aid: economic -- U.S., $32.4 million authorized FY46-72; IBRD, $63.1 million
(FY46-73); U.N. Technical Assistance, $1.7 million (FY46-72); U.N. Special
Fund, $9.9 million (FY46-72)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.61 (December 1971 through January
1973), 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.895 (trade conversion factor as of December 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,000 mi.; 2,100 mi. bituminous surface treated; 2,900 mi. gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20 total, 12 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft.; 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: moderately good telecommunication system; 58,100 telephones;
182,700 radio receivers; 71,300 TV receivers; 12 AM, 6 FM, and 4 TV stations;
tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey
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LAND:
49,400 sq. mi.; 42% arable, 14% other agricultural, 35%
forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 2,200 mi.
Labor force: 7.1 million; 18% agriculture, 37% industry, 11% services, 34%
construction, communications and others
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,688,000, average annual growth rate 0.7%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 65.0% Czechs, 29.2% Slovaks, 4.0% Magyars,
0.6% Germans, 0.5% Poles, 0.4% Ukrainians, 0.3% others
(Jews, Gypsies)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox,
1% other
Language: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian
Literacy: almost complete
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 separate autonomous republics (Czech Socialist
Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands,
three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of Prague and Bratislava have
regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on German codes, modified by Communist
legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960 amended in 1968 and 1970;
no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universita
Komenskeho School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive --- President (elected by Federal Assembly), cabinet
(appointed by President); legislative -- Federal Assembly (elected directly),
Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on
limited area of Czech and Slovak affairs; judiciary -- Supreme Court
(elected by Federal Assembly); entire governmental structure dominated
by Communist Party
Government leaders: President Ludvik Svoboda (reelected March 1973),
Premier Lubomir Strougal
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies every 5 years (last election, November 1971);
President every 5 years
Dominant political party and leader: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC),
Gustav Husak, General Secretary; Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status
of "provincial KSC organization"
Voting strength (1971 election): 99.81% Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.2 million party members
Other political groups: puppet parties -- Czechoslovak Socialist Party,
Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, Seabeds Committee, U.N., Warsaw Pact
ECONOMY:
GNP: $39.5 billion in 1973 (at 1972 prices), $2,710 per capita; 1973 real growth
rate 4.2%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops -- wheat, rye, potatoes, sugar
beets; net food importer -- meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and
vegetables; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per day per capita (1967)
Major industries: machinery, food processing, metallurgy, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: ores, crude oil, grain
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Crude steel: 13.2 million metric tons produced (1973), 910 kg. per capita
Exports: $6,479 million (f.o.b., 1973); 49% machinery, equipment; 28% fuels,
raw materials; 4% foods, food products, and live animals; 19% consumer goods,
excluding foods (1972)
Imports: $6,303 million (f.o.b., 1973); 34% machinery, equipment; 45% fuels, raw
materials; 13% foods, food products, and live animals; 8% consumer goods,
excluding foods (1972)
Major trade partners: $12,783 million (1973); 68% Communist countries, 32% with West
Monetary conversion rate: noncommercial 11.88 crowns=US$l, commercial 5.68
crowns=US$1 in 1973; in 1972, 7.2 crowns=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
Note: foreign trade figures were converted at the 1973 rate
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 8,262 mi.; 8,080 mi. standard gage, 70 mi. broad gage, 110 mi. narrow
gage; 1,713 mi. double track; 1,610 mi. electrified; government owned (1974)
Highways: 45,558 mi.; 808 mi. concrete; 28,700 mi. bituminous; 2,400 mi.
cobblestone, brick sett, stone block; 13,650 mi. crushed stone, gravel,
improved earth (1973)
Inland waterways: 517 mi. (1974)
Pipelines: crude oil, 900 mi.; refined products, 535 mi.; natural gas, 3,000 mi.
Freight carried: rail -- 248.9 million short tons, 41.2 billion short ton/mi.
(1972); highway -- 901.4 million short tons, 8.1 billion short ton/mi. (1972);
waterway -- 9.4 million short tons, 2.4 billion short ton/mi. (incl. int'l.
transit traffic) (1973)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdansk, Stettin in Poland; Rijeka,
Yugoslavia; Hamburg, West Germany; Rostock, East Germany; principal river
ports are Prague, Melnik, Usti nad Labem, Decin, Komarno, Bratislava (1974)
Civil air: 50 major transport aircraft (1974)
Airfields: 134 total; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 49 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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LAND:
44,700 sq. mi.; southern third of country is most fertile;
arable land 80% (actually cultivated 11%), forests and
game preserves 19%, non-arable 1%
Land boundaries: 1,220 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (100 n.
mi. mineral exploitation limit)
Coastline: 75 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,020,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(8/68-8/72)
Ethnic divisions: 99% Africans (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 12% Muslim, 8% Christian, 80% animist
Language: French official; Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south,
at least 6 major tribal languages in north
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 85% of labor force engaged in agriculture; 15% civil service,
artisans, and industry
Organized labor: approximately 75% of wage earners, divided among two major
and several minor unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Dahomey
Type: republic, under military rule since 26 October 1972
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46 districts
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; legal education
generally obtained in France; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive and legislative power vested in 12-man military revolutionary
government headed by a president; National Revolutionary Council of 67 soldiers
and civilians advises the government
Government leader: Lt. Col. Mathieu Kerekou, President and Minister of National
Defense and Planning
Suffrage: universal for adults whenever elections or referendums are held
Elections: current government has held no elections and none are scheduled
Political parties: none
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, ECA, EAMA, Entente, FAO, ICAO, ILO, ITU, Niger
River Commission, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $272 million (1972 est.) $90 per capita; real growth rate, 4.6% per annum
(1967-71)
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms; peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and
tobacco also produced commercially; main food crops -- corn, cassava, yams,
sorghum and millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 32,900 metric tons (1971); exports 122.2 metric tons, imports
4,000 metric tons
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil processing
Electric power: 11,310 kw. capacity (1973); 50 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
18 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: about $47 million (f.o.b., 1971); palm products (34%); other
agricultural products
Imports: $85 million (c.i.f., 1971); clothing and other consumer goods,
cement, lumber, fuels, foodstuffs, machinery, and transport equipment
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc zone; preferential tariffs to EC and
franc zone countries
Aid:
economic (1970) -- France, $8 million; EC, $4.2 million; U.N., $2 million;
West Germany, $1 million; Taiwan, $1 million; U.S., (FY60-72) $13.7 million;
China, (1973) $44 million
Budget: 1974 est. -- receipts $48 million, expenditures $52.2
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as
of February 1973, floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 360 mi., all meter gage (3'3 3/8")
Highways: 4,300 mi.; 547 mi. paved, 2,665 mi. gravel and/or improved earth,
remainder unimproved
Inland waterways: 400 mi. navigable
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 10,600 GRT, 13,300 DWT (C)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 10 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 4 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telephone service concentrated in south; telegraph limited,
but more extensive than telephone; 6,500 telephones; 54,000 radio receivers;
2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 700,000; 335,000 fit for military service; about
30,000 males and 29,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes
liable for military service
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LAND:
16,600 sq. mi. (exclusive of Greenland and Faeroe Islands);
64% arable, 8% meadows and pastures, 11% forested, 17%
other
Land boundaries: 42 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi. (fishing
12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 2,100 mi.
NORWAY
SWEDEN
,w'~= FEO~ E .PO L.
REP, ~G E R.
OF CZECH.
GER
FRn N CE
YUG.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,043,000, average annual growth rate 0.4%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Danish; small German-speaking minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 14.5% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 29.4% mining and
manufacturing, 8.1% construction, 15.0% commerce, 6.6% transportation and
communications, 23.6% services, 0.2% other; 3.7% unemployed
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 communes, 88 towns
Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Copenhagen and Arhus;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament
(Folketing); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet
responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts
Government leaders: Queen Margrethe II; Prime Minister, Poul Hartling
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four years (last election
4 December 1973)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Anker Jorgensen; Moderate
Liberal, Poul Hartling; Conservative, Erik Haunstrup Clemmensen; Radical
Liberal, Asqer Baunsbak-Jensen; Socialist Peoples, Sigurd Omann; Communist,
Knud Jespersen; Left Socialist, a triumvirate consisting of Ernst Dahl, Leif
Sondergaard Andersen, and Niels Finn Christiansen; Center Democratic, Erhard
Jakobsen; Progressive, Mogens Glistrup; Christian People's, Jens Miller;
Justice, Ib Christiansen
Voting strength (1973 election): 22.6% Social Democratic, 14.0% Progressive,
10.8% Moderate Liberals, 9.9% Radical Liberal, 8.1% Conservative, 6.8% Center
Democratic, 5.2% Socialist Peoples, 3.6% Christian Peoples, 3.2% Communist,
2.5% Justice, 13.3% other
Communists: 5,000; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 39,344 Communist
votes cast in 1971 elections
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, Seabeds Committee (observer),
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $20.9 billion (1972), $4,210 per capita; 58% private consumption, 20%
investment, 22% government; 1972 growth rate 4%, constant prices
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry;
main crops -- cereals, root crops; food shortages -- oilseeds, grain,
feedstuffs; caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1968-69)
Fishing: catch 1,408,000 metric tons (1972), exports $159 million, imports $37.2
million (1971)
Major industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemical products, electronics, transport equipment, metal products, brick
and mortar, furniture and other wood products
Shortages: most industrial raw materials and fuels
Crude steel: 498,000 metric tons produced (1972), 100 kg. per capita
Electric power: 5,590,000 kw. capacity (1973); 17.6 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 2,850 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $6,247 million (f.o.b., 1972); principal items -- meat, dairy products,
industrial machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products,
transport equipment, fish, furs, and furniture
Imports: $7,681 million (c.i.f., 1973); principal items -- industrial machinery,
transport equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel
products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
Major trade partners: EC-nine 48.1% (U.K. 17.0% West Germany 17.1%);
Sweden 17.2%; U.S. 8.2%; Communist countries 3.7% (1972)
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $342.7 million authorized FY46-73 IBRD, $85.0 million
through 1973, none since 1963; net official economic aid given to less
developed areas and multilateral agencies, $250.5 million (1960-70), $58.3
million (1969), $63.2 million (1970), $80 million (1971 provisional)
Military: U.S., $626.3 million (FY49-72)
Budget: (FY72) expenditures $8,595 million, revenues $9,325 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kroner=US$0.1659, 1973, average exchange rate
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,810 mi. Danish State Railways (DSB); 1,461 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/2"),
52 mi. electrified and 453 mi. double tracked; remaining 349 mi. of standard
gage lines are privately owned and operated
Highways: 38,295 mi.; 31,196 mi. concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 5,645 mi.
gravel and crushed stone; 1,454 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: 259 mi.
Pipelines: refined products, 260 mi.
Ports: 16 major, 44 minor
Civil air: 102 major transport aircraft (including 4 belonging to Greenland)
Airfields: 140 total, 116 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services;
2,007,000 telephones; 1,676,000 radiobroadcast receivers; 1,660,000 TV
receivers; 4 AM, 13 FM, and 30 TV stations; 14 submarine coaxial cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,195,000; 1,050,000 fit for military service;
38,000 reach military age (20) annually
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GUYANA
LAND:
305 sq. mi.; 24% arable, 2% pasture, 67% forests, 7%
other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 92 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 75,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: mostly of African Negro descent
Religion: Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist
Language: English; French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: est. at 23,000 in 1960; about 50% in agriculture
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
VENEZUELA
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Dominica
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 10 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; three local magistrate courts and
the British Caribbean Court of Appeals
Branches: legislature, 11 member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive,
cabinet headed by Premier
Government leaders: Premier Edward 0. LeBlanc; U.K. Governor Sir Louis Cools-Lartigue
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; most recent October 1970
Political parties and leaders: Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Edward 0. LeBlanc;
Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), Miss M. Eugenia Charles
Voting strength: House of Assembly seats -- DFP 2 seats, DLP 8 seats, indepen-
dent 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY:
GDP: $21.0 million (1971 est.), $270 per capita; 8.8% increase in 1971 -- including
price changes
Agricultural products: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa
Major industries: agricultural processing, tourism
Electric power: 5,420 kw. capacity (1971); 15 million kw.-hr. produced
(1971 est.), 220 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $6.1 million (f.o.b., 1970); bananas, lime juice and oil, cocoa,
reexports
Imports: $16.3 million (c.i.f., 1970); foodstuffs, manufactured articles
Major trade partners: U.K. 53%, Commonwealth Caribbean countries 15%, Canada
10%, U.S. 7% (1963)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.08 East Caribbean dollars=US$l (February 1974), now
floating with pound sterling
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 460 mi.; 230 mi. paved, 160 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth surface, 70 mi. unimproved
Ports: 2 minor
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with asphalt runway 4,830 ft.
Telecommunications: 2,860 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF link to
St. Lucia; 15,000 radio receivers; 100 TV receivers; 1 AM station
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LAND:
18,800 sq. mi.; 14% cultivated, 4% fallow, 17% meadows
and pastures, 45% forested, 20% built-on or waste
Land boundaries: 224 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi. (fishing
12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 800 mi.
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
PERU BRAZIL
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,562,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(7/69-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: 73% mulatto, 16% white, 11% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 35% to 40% of adult population
Labor force: 1.3 million; 73% agriculture, 8% industry, 19% services and other
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966 constitution
Branches: President popularly elected for a 4-year term; bicameral legislature
consisting of Senate (27 seats) and Chamber of Deputies (74 seats) elected
for 4-year terms; members of Supreme Court elected by Senate
Government leader: President Joaquin Balaguer
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or married, except members of the
armed forces and police, who cannot vote
Elections: national, May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Reformist Party (PR), Joaquin Balaguer; Dominican
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Francisco Pena Gomez; Democratic Quisqueyan
Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Revolutionary Social Christian Party
(PRSC), Alfonso Moreno Martinez; Movement for National Conciliation (MNC),
Jaime Manuel Fernandez Gonzalez; Anti-reelection Movement of Democratic
Integration (MIDA) Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN), Pedro
Guillermo Urraca; Fourteenth of June Revolutionary Movement (MR-1J4), split
into several factions, illegal; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), central
committee, illegal; Dominican Popular Movement (MPD), Rafael Taveras Rosario,
illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican Republic (PCRD), Luis Montas
Gonzalez, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal
Voting strength (1970 election): 57% PR, (abstained) PRD, 5% PRSC, 14% PQD, 3%
MCN, 21% MIDA
Communists: an estimated 1,500 to 1,800 members in six different factions;
effectiveness limited by ideological differences and organizational
inadequacies
Member of: CARICOM, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.3 billion (1973), $520 per capita; real growth rate 1973, 7.0%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn; self-
sufficient in rice; caloric intake, 2,200 calories per day per capita (1966)
Major industries: sugar processing, nickel mining, bauxite mining, peanut
processing, textiles, cement
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 257,000 kw. capacity (1971); 1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 250 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $348 million (f.o.b., 1972); sugar, nickel, tobacco, coffee, cocoa,
bauxite
Imports: $338 million (c.i.f., 1972); foodstuffs, petroleum, industrial raw
materials, capital equipment
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 67%, EC 17% (1972); imports -- U.S. 54%
(1972)
Aid:
economic -- from U.S. (FY46-72), $217.2 million in grants, $279.5 million
in loans; from international organizations (FY46-72), $103.3 million; from
other western countries (1960-71), $11.7 million
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY53-72), $31.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,000 route mi. of which 65 mi. government-owned common carrier
(3'6" gage) and 935 mi. privately owned plantation network (approximately 4
different gages ranging from 1'10 1/2" to 4'8 1/2", with 2'6" predominating)
Highways: 6,700 mi.; 3,250 mi. paved, 3,450 mi. gravel and improved earth
Pipelines: product lines (1.5 mi. and 43 mi.) under construction
Ports: 5 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 43 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide
radio relay network; 74,700 telephones; 500,000 radio and 180,000 TV receivers,
101 AM, 31 FM, and 11 TV stations; 3 submarine cables, including 1 coaxial;
planned COMSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,036,000; 655,000 fit for military service; 52,000
reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
106,000 sq. mi. (including Galapagos Islands); 11%
cultivated, 8% meadows and pastures, 55% forested,
26% waste, urban, or other (excludes the Oriente
and the Galapagos Islands, for which information is
not available)
Land boundaries: 1,200 mi.
WATER:
z x?
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
Coastline: 1,390 mi. (includes Galapagos Is.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,951,000 (excluding nomadic Indian tribes),
average annual growth rate 3.4% (7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 40% mestizo, 40% Indian, 10% white, 5% Negro, 5% Oriental and
other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish, Quechua
Literacy: 57%
Labor force: 2 million, of which 56% agriculture, 13% manufacturing, 4%
construction, 7% commerce, 4% public administration, 16% other services and
activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Ecuador
Type: republic; under military regime since February 1972
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces and 1 territory (Galapagos Islands)
Legal system: based on civil law system; modified 1945 constitution re-instituted
in February 1972; legal education at 4 state and 2 private universities; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President and government council assumed power February 1972; government
decisions announced by decree over the president's signature; judiciary system
supervised by Supreme Court; six special tribunals established in July 1972
Government leader: President, General Guillermo Rodriguez Lara
Suffrage: universal for literates over age 18
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: National Velasquista Front, personalistic, Jose
Maria Velasco Ibarra (in exile); Radical Liberal Party, Ignacio Hidalgo
Villavicencio; Social Christian Party, generally conservative, Camilo Ponce;
Conservative Party, Galo Pico Mantilla; Concentration of Popular Forces, populist,
Assad Bucaram; National Revolutionary Party, leftist, Carlos Julio Arosemena
Voting strength: in June 1968 national elections, Velasquistas, a center-left
coalition, and a rightist coalition each got approximately one-third
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow, Pedro Saad - secretary-
general), 500 members plus an estimated 2,500 sympathizers; Communist Party of
Ecuador (pro-Peking), 250 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party (pro-Castro),
450 members
Member of: ECOSOC, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group
(formed in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.0 billion (1972), $310 per capita; 66% rivate consumption, 14% public
consumption, 20% gross investment (1972 est.); real growth rate 1972, 10%
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, cotton, corn,
potatoes, rice; caloric intake, 1,970 calories per day per capita (1970)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Fishing: catch 99,700 metric tons (1971); exports $18 million (1971), imports
negligible
Major industries: food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 238,000 kw. capacity (1971); 1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 170 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $311 million (f.o.b., 1972); bananas, petroleum, coffee, cocoa,
sugar, fish products
Imports: $329 million (c.i.f., 1972); agricultural and industrial machinery,
wheat, petroleum products, chemical products, transportation and communication
equipment
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 39%, EC 20%, Japan 17%; imports -- U.S.
34%, EC 21%, Japan 12% (1971)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), $211.7 million loans, $110.0
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-72), $236.1 million;
from Communist countries (1967-73), $15.4 million loans;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY49-72), $63.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 25.25 sucres=US$l (official selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 660 mi.; 615 mi. 3'6" gage, 45 mi. 2'5 1/2" gage; all single track
Highways: 14,200 mi.; 1,900 mi. paved, 5,000 mi. gravel, 1,800 mi. improved
earth, 5,500 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 960 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 390 mi.; refined products, 50 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 11 minor
Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft (includes 5 military/commercial transports)
Airfields: 200 total, 178 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways; 6 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 18 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: facilities adequate only in largest cities; satellite ground
station; 126,000 telephones; 690,000 radio and 160,000 TV receivers; 240 AM,
38 FM, and 15 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,606,000; 1,020,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (20) annually 66,000
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LAND:
386,200 sq. mi. (including 22,200 sq. mi. occupied by
Israel); 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% multiple
cropped); 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 0.7% inland
water
Land boundaries: 1,570 mi. (1967), excludes occupied area
1,534 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (plus
6 n. mi. "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,140 mi. (1967), excludes occupied area 1,340 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 36,418,000, average annual growth rate 2.2% (7/70-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim, 6% Copt and other
Language: Arabic official, English and French widely understood by educated
classes
Literacy: around 40%
Labor force: 8 to 12 million; 45% to 50% agriculture, 10% industry, 10% trade
and finance, 30% services and other; serious shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 1 to 3 million
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic; under presidential rule since June 1956
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 25 governorates
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes;
permanent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in
Supreme Court, also in Council of State which oversees validity of administrative
decisions; legal education at Cairo University; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive power vested in President, who appoints cabinet; People's
Assembly has little actual power (serves mainly for discussion and automa-
tic approval); independent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice
Government leader: President Anwar Sadat
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to People's Assembly every 5 years (most recent October
1971); presidential elections every 6 years (next scheduled in 1976)
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned except for the government-
sponsored sociopolitical grouping, Arab Socialist Union (ASU)
Communists: approximately 500, party members
Member of: AAPSO, Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, OAU, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WPC
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main cash crop -- cotton; other crops -- rice, onions, beans, wheat,
corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food, but agriculture a net earner of
foreign exchange
Major industries: textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction,
cement
Electric power: 4,555,000 kw. capacity (1972); 8 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 330 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid:
economic -- Communist countries, $2.1 billion in credits through 1973; U.S.,
$1,017 million in credits and grants through FY72 (diplomatic relations and aid
suspended June 1967); sizable credits from international agencies, West Germany,
Italy; large grants from Libya since 1969; $250 million annual subsidy from
Arab states while canal is closed;
military -- Communist countries, about $3.5 billion through 1973
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Egyptian pound=US$2.54 (selling rate); 0.394 Egyptian
pound=US$l (selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning in 1973
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,358 mi.; 570 mi. double track; 15 mi. electrified; 2,976 mi. 4'8 1/2"
gage, 156 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 226 mi. 2'5 1/2" gage
Highways: 29,000 mi.; 5,190 mi. paved, 7,130 mi. gravel, crushed stone, and
improved earth, 16,680 mi. unimproved earth, additional 1,150 mi. (mostly
paved) in territory (Sinai) occupied by Israel
Inland waterways: 2,100 mi.; Suez Canal, 100 mi. long, temporarily closed to
navigation because of sunken vessels; normally used by ocean-going vessels
drawing up to 38 ft. of water; Alexandria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges
of 500-ton capacity; Nile and large canals by barges of 420-ton capacity;
Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300-ton capacity; secondary canals by
sailing craft of 10- to 70-ton capacity
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1966) -- 242 million tons of which 175.6 million
tons were POL
Pipelines: crude oil, 185 mi.; refined products, 390 mi.; natural gas, 30 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 8 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 159 total, 79 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways; 42 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 21 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: second best system of coaxial and multiconductor cables,
open-wire lines, and radio communication stations in Africa; principal centers
Alexandria and Cairo, secondary centers Al Mansurah, Ismailia, and Tanta;
365,000 telephones; 5.1 million radio and 600,000 TV receivers; 12 AM, 1 FM,
and 26 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,347,000; 5,280,000 fit for military service;
about 375,000 reach military age (20) annually
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LAND:
8,260 sq. mi.; 32% cropland (9% corn, 5% cotton, 7%
coffee, 11% other), 26% meadows and pastures, 31%
nonagricultural, 11% forested
Land boundaries: 320 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
Coastline: 190 mi.
cxIc
EL A yeOR
LVENEZUELA
~oLOM
6~ttAOO R
ERU J BRAZIL
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,920,000, average annual growth rate 3.5%
(5/61-6/71)
Ethnic divisions: 84%-88% mestizo; Indian and white minorities, 6%-8% each
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic, probably 97%-98%
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 50% of population 10 years of age and over (1973 est.)
Labor force: 1,395,000 (est. 1973); 57% agriculture, 14% services, 14%
manufacturing, 6% commerce, 9% other; shortage of skilled labor and large
pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation
Organized labor: 3.5% of total labor force; 6.6% of nonagricultural labor force
(1972 est.)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; constitution
adopted 1962; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
legal education at University of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: traditionally dominant executive, fairly independent unicameral
legislature, Supreme Court
Government leader: President Arturo Armando Molina
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative elections every 2 years; presidential elections every 5
years; presidential elections March 1977, legislative and municipal elections
March 1976
Political parties and leaders: National Conciliation Party (PCN), President
Arturo A. Molina, Dr. Enrique Mayorga Rivas Christian Democratic Party (PDC)?
Juan Ramirez Rauda, Dr. Pablo Mauricio Alvergue, Roberto Lara Velado; Dr.
Abraham Rodriguez, Jose Napoleon Duarte; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Benjamin
Wilfredo Navarrete, Roberto Quinonez Meza, Dr. Jose Antonio Guzman; Communist
Party of El Salvador (PCES), illegal, Jorge Shafick Handal; National
Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo; National Democratic
Union Party (PUDN), Jorge Shafisk Handal, Francisco Roberto Lima, Julio Ernesto
Contreras, Julio Castro Belloso; Independent Democratic United Front (FUDI),
Gen. Jose A. Medrano, Raul Salaverria
Voting strength: February 1972 presidential election -- PCN 43.4%, PDC, PUDN,
and MNR coalition, 42.1%; FUDI, 12.3%; PPS 2.2%; March 1974 legislative
election -- PCN5 36 seats; PDC, MNR, and PUDN coalition, 15 seats; FUDI, 1
seat (unofficial returns)
Communists: 100 to 200 active members; sympathizers, 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: the military; the "14" prominent families;
General Confederation of Trade Unions (CGS); Unifying Federation of Salvadoran
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Other political or pressure groups (cont'd):
Trade Unions (FUSS), Communist dominated; Federation of Construction and
Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Catholic Church;
Salvadoran National Association of Educators (ANDES)
Member of: Central American Common Market, IADB, IAEA, OAS, ODECA, Seabeds
Committee, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.2 billion (current prices, 1973 est.), $320 per capita; 76% private
consumption, 11% government consumption, 13% domestic investment (1973 est.);
real growth rate 1973 est., 4.0%
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, rice, beans; caloric
intake, 2,000 calories per day per capita (1963-64)
Fishing: catch 16,200 metric tons (1971); exports $6.0 million (1971), imports
$0.5 million (1972)
Major industries: food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 220,000 kw. capacity (1972); 840 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 220 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $306 million (f.o.b., 1973 est.); coffee, cotton, sugar, chemicals,
textiles and clothing, other manufactures
Imports: $331 million (c.i.f., 1973 est.); machinery, automotive vehicles,
petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 23%, CACM 35%, EC 23%, Japan
13%; imports -- U.S. 28%, CACM 25%, EC 16%, Japan 11% (1972)
Aid:
economic -- from U.S. (FY46-72), $90.6 million loans, $63.4 million grants;
from international organizations (FY46-72), $127.2 million; from other Western
countries (1960-71) $9.8 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY53-72), $7.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=US$l (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 375 mi., 3'0" gage; single-tracked; 285 mi. privately owned, 90 mi.
government owned
Highways: 5,400 mi.; 750 mi. bituminous, 950 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 3,700 mi.
earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially navigable
Ports: 3 major, 1 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 151 total, 123 usable; 8 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio relay system; connection into Central
American microwave net; 45,100 telephones; 500,000 radio and 110,000 TV
receivers; 57 AM, 6 FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 895,000; 545,000 fit for military service;
44,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
10,800 sq. mi.; Rio Muni, about 10,000 sq. mi., largely
forested; Fernando Po, about 800 sq. mi.
Land boundaries: 335 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 184 mi.
IIW04RIM .-,
6GiNEA c
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Province Francisco Macias Nguema
primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of Rio Muni primarily Fang; some 300-400
Nigerians, mostly on Fernando Po; less than 1,000 Europeans, primarily Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some
pagan practices retained
Language: Spanish official language of government and business; also pidgin
English, Fang
Literacy: 12% (est.)
Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans involved in subsistence agriculture
PEOPLE:
Population: 312,000, average annual growth rate 1.8%
(7/68-7/69); Rio Muni, 221,000, average annual growth
rate 1.5% (7/68-7/69); Fernando Po, 91,000, average
annual growth rate 2.6% (7/68-7/69)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime since 1968
Capital: Malabo, Province Francisco Macias Nguema
Political subdivisions: 2 provinces (Province Francisco Macias Nguema and
Rio Muni)
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system and customary law, new constitution
adopted July 1973; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: there are legislative and judicial branches but president exercises
virtually unlimited power
Government leader: President for life, Francisco Macias Nguema
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: parliamentary elections held December 1973
Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT) is the sole
legal party, led by President Macias
Communists: no significant number of Communists or sympathizers
Member of: Conference of East and Central African States, ECA, IBRD, IMF, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $63.7 million (1970 est.); $220 per capita
Agriculture: major cash crops -- Rio Muni, timber, coffee; Fernando Po, cocoa;
main food products -- rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, and
livestock
Fishing: catch 4,000 metric tons (1970); exports $86,000 (1970)
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 2,800 kw. capacity (1973); 9 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
about 30 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $24.9 million (1970); cocoa, coffee, and wood
Imports: $21.0 million (1970); foodstuffs, chemicals and chemical products,
textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Aid: Spain, $14.0 million (1969); Libya, $1 million (1971)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Budget: 1970 budget receipts $14.7 million, expenditures $10 million, capital
expenditures $10 million
Monetary conversion rate: 64.47 Guinean pesetas=US$l (official)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni -- 1,553 mi., including approx. 115 mi. bituminous,
remainder gravel and earth; Fernando Po -- 186 mi., including 91 mi.
bituminous, remainder gravel and earth
Inland waterways: Rio Muni has approximately 104 mi. of year-round navigable
waterway, used mostly by pirogues
Ports: 2 major, 3 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for the size and stage of development of the
country; international communications by radio From Bata and Santa Isabel
to Cameroon, Nigeria, and Spain; 1,500 telephones; 76,000 radio receivers;
2 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 73,000; 37,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
455,000 sq. mi.; 10% cropland and orchards, 55% meadows
and natural pastures, 6% forests and woodlands,
29% wasteland, built-on areas, and other
Land boundaries: 3,230 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
sedentary fisheries extends to 'limit of fisheries
Coastline: 680 mi. (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE:
Population: 27,279,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(7/68-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: Galla 40%, Amhara and Tigrai 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Religion: 35%-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 40%-45% Muslims, 15%-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic official; many local languages and dialects; English major
foreign language taught in schools
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal husbandry; 10% government, military,
and quasi-government
Organized labor: 60,000 registered labor union members
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Empire of Ethiopia
Type: monarchy, in which once absolute powers of Emperor were weakened in aftermath
of a military revolt in early 1974
Capital: Addis Ababa
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also referred to as governorates-general)
Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, common and customary law
influences; constitution adopted 1955; constitutional review committee estab-
lished early 1974 to recommend changes (due in late 1974) that are expected to
enhance powers of cabinet at expense of Emperor; no specific constitutional
provision for review by courts but all legislation inconsistent with the
constitution is declared null and void; legal education at Haile Selassie I
University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Emperor Haile Selassie reigns but is no longer all-powerful although he
wields some influence because he is viewed as a symbol of national unity and
still commands the loyalty of many Ethiopians; cabinet and Prime Minister
exercise authority in Emperor's name, but hold office at suffrance of
unorganized group of military reformists; legislature composed of elected
Chamber of Deputies and appointed Senate; judiciary at higher levels based
on Western pattern, at lower levels on traditional pattern, without jury
system in either
Government leader: Emperor Haile Selassie I
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: lower house of Parliament election in June 1973
Political parties and leaders: only amorphous reform groups especially among
younger, better educated Ethiopians
Communists: none
Other political or pressure groups: some dissident ethnic groups, most important
of which is Eritrean Liberation Front, separatist group operating in
northeastern Ethiopia
Member of: ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $2,050 million (1971), $80 per capita; average annual real growth rate
4% (FY67-71)
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, teff, durra, barley, wheat, corn, sugarcane,
cotton, pulses, oilseeds; livestock
Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles, food processing,
oil refinery
Electric power: 306,000 kw. capacity (1972); 673 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 25 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $168 million (f.o.b., 1972); coffee 55.8%, hides and skins 8.2%,
oilseeds, oilcakes, and nuts 10.2%, cereals 7.4%; $4.6 million to Communist
countries (1971)
Imports: $189 million (c.i.f., 1972); metals, machinery and vehicles 47.1%,
petroleum and chemicals 17%, foodstuffs, live animals, and beverages 7.3%;
$9.7 million from Communist countries (1970)
Major trade partners: imports -- Italy, Japan, West Germany, and U.S.;
exports -- U.S., West Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian dollars=US$l (official since 1973)
Fiscal year: 8 July - 7 July
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 630 mi.; 420 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 20 mi. 3'6" gage, 190 mi. 3'1
3/8" gage; all single track
Highways: 14,500 mi.; 1,250 mi. bituminous, 3,000 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized earth, 10,250 mi. earth
Inland waterways: navigation possible on Lake Tana and on approx. 140 mi. of
unconnected and basically unimproved waterways, of which only 71 mi. are
navigable year round
Ports: 2 major, 1 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 204 total, 114 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 4 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 48 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: system better than most African countries; composed of
open-wire lines, radiocommunication stations, and small number of multi-
conductor cable and radio-relay links; principal center Addis Ababa, secondary
center Asmara; 54,500 telephones; 500,000 radio receivers; 20,000 TV receivers;
5 AM, no FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,869,000; 3,550,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (18) annually 265,000
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LAND:
540 sq. mi.; less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction
cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 inhabited
islands and a few uninhabited islets
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.;
fishing, 12 n. mi. (from extended base lines)
Coastline: 475 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 40,000, average annual growth rate 0.9%
(4/66-11/70)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Languages: Faeroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 15,000; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation,
and commerce
FARQE
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Faeroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives
in Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 communes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home Rule Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown, acting through appointed
High Commissioner, and provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly
Faeroese concern; executive power vested in Crown, acting through High
Commissioner, but exercised by provincial cabinet responsible to provincial
parliament
Government leaders: Queen Margrethe II; Prime Minister, Atli Dam; Danish
Governor, Leif Groth
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years; next election 1975
Political parties and leaders: Peoples, Hakun Djurhuus; Republican, Erlendur
Patursson; Home Rule, Samuel Petersen; Progressive, Kjartan Mohr; Social
Democratic, Atli Dam; Union, Kristian Djurhuus
Voting strength (1970 election): Peoples 20.0%, Republican 20.0%, Home Rule
5.6%, Progressive 3.5%, Social Democratic 27.2%, Union 21.7%
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
ECONOMY:
GDP: $78.7 million (1970), about $2,020 per capita
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Fishing: catch 179,300 tons (1972)
Major industry: fishing
Electric power: 28,000 kw. capacity (1973); 76 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
1,750 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $37.6 million (f.o.b., 1971); fish and fish products
Imports: $40.6 million (c.i.f., 1971); machinery and transport equipment, pet-
roleum and petroleum products, food products
Major trade partners: (1971) Denmark 47%, EC-six 12%, U.K. 9%, U.S. 8%, Norway 7%,
Sweden 4%
Budget: (FY72) expenditures $22.1 million, revenues $22.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Danish Kroner=US$0.1659 (1973 average)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway, less than 4,000 ft.
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: good internationational communications; fair domestic
facilities; 9,500 telephones, 12,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, and 3 FM stations
3 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49 included with Denmark
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FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)*
LAND:
Colony -- 4,700 sq. mi.; area consists of some 200 small
islands, chief of which are East Falkland (2,580 sq.
mi.) and West Falkland (2,038 sq. mi.); dependencies--
consists of the South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia,
and the Shag and Clerke Rocks
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 800 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,000 (official est. for 1 July 1971)
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Church of England
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: 1,100 (est.); over 95% (est.) in agriculture, mostly sheepherding
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of the Falkland Islands
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Stanley
Political subdivisions: local government is confined to capital
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor, Executive Council, Legislative Council
Government leader: Governor and Commander in Chief Sir Cosmo Haskard (also
High Commissioner for British Antarctic Colony)
Suffrage: universal
ECONOMY:
Government budget: Colony -- revenues, $1.0 million (FY68); expenditures,
$1.1 million (FY68)
Agriculture: Colony -- predominantly sheep farming; dependencies -- whaling
and sealing
Major industries: Colony -- wool processing; dependencies -- whale and seal
processing
Electric power: 1,000 kw. capacity (1972); 2.5 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
1,085 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: Colony -- $2.28 million (1969); wool, hides and skins, and other;
dependencies -- no exports in 1968 or 1969
Imports: Colony -- $1.22 million (1969); food, clothing, fuels, and machinery;
dependencies -- $8,368 (1969); mineral fuels and lubricants, food,
and machinery
Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the U.K., 77% of imports from the
U.K.; dependencies -- exports to the Netherlands (63%) and Japan (37%),
imports from Curacao, Japan, and the U.K.
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Falkland Island pound=US$2.60
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 22 mi.; 10 mi. paved, 12 mi. gravel, and earth; no other made-up roads
in the islands beyond the immediate vicinity of Stanley
Ports: 1 major, 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
*The possession of the Falkland Islands has been disputed by the U.K. and Argentina
(which refers to them as the Malvinas) since 1833.
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Airfields: 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: government-operated open-wire and radiotelephone networks
providing effective service to almost all points on both islands; approx-
imately 600 telephones; 1 AM station and 1,100 est. radiobroadcast receivers
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LAND:
7,055 sq. mi.; landownership -- 83.6% Fijians, 1.7% Indians,
6.4% government, 7.2% European, 1.1% other; about 30%
of land area is suitable for farming
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 700 mi. (est.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 561,000, average annual growth rate 1.8%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 42% Fijian, 50% Indian, 8% European,
Chinese and others
Religion: Fijians mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minority
Language: English and Fijian (official), Hindustani widely spoken among Indians
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: 95,000; over 50% in agriculture, no breakdown on remainder
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force organized into 22 unions; unions
organized along lines of work, breakdown by ethnic origin causes further
fragmentation
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Dominion of Fiji
Type: independent state within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recognized as head
of state
Capital: Suva
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on British
Branches: executive -- Prime Minister; legislative -- 52-member House of
Representatives; Alliance Party 33 seats, National Federation Party 19 seats
Government leader: Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years unless House dissolves earlier, last held March-April 1972
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National
Federation, primarily Indian, headed by S. M. Koya
Communists: few, no figures available
Member of: Commonwealth, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $270 million (1972), $490 per capita; 6% average annual growth rate (1969-72)
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar, coconut products, bananas, rice; major
deficiency, grains
Major industries: tourism, sugar processing
Exports: $78 million (f.o.b., 1972 excluding reexports); sugar, copra, copper
Imports: $158 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery, manufactured goods, food
Major trade partners: U.K., Australia, U.S., Japan, New Zealand
Aid: disbursed 1968 -- Australia $1.5 million, U.S. $600,000, U.K. $4.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 0.77 Fijian dollar=US$l (September 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,599 mi.; 172 mi. paved, 1,427 mi. gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: 126 mi.; 76 mi. navigable by motorized craft and 200-ton barges
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MEW No
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20, 15 usable; 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999
ft., 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio
integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter
facilities; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between
U.S./Canada and New Zealand/Australia, et al; 21,552 telephones; 250,000
radio receivers; 10 AM, 2 FM and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 143,000; 76,000 fit for military service; 6,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: the defense of the Fiji Islands was the responsibility of the
U.K. until 10 October 1970; military budget for 1971, $314,000
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LAND:
130,000 sq. mi.; 8% arable, 58% forested, 34% other
Land boundaries: 1,575 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 n. mi.;
Aland Islands, 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 700 mi. (approx.) includes islands
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,663,000, average annual growth rate 0.4%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small
Lappish minority
Religion: 93% Evangelical Lutheran, 1% Greek Orthodox, 1% other, 5% no affiliation
Language: Finnish 92%, Swedish 7%; small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2.3 million; 28.1% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 24.2% mining
and manufacturing, 9.0% construction, 13.7% commerce, 6.6% transportation and
communications, 16.5% services; 2.8% unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces; 443 communes, 78 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919;
Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal
education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament
(Eduskunta); executive power vested in President and exercised through
cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 4 superior courts,
193 lower courts
Government leader: President Urho K. Kekkonen; Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every 4 years (next in 1976); presidential, every
6 years (extra ordinary parliamentary legislation extended President
Kekkonen's term, which normally expires in 1974, to 1978)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Rafael Paasio; Center,
Johannes Virolainen; Peoples Democratic League (Communist front), Ele
Alenius; Conservative, Harri Holker; Liberal, Pekka Tarjanne; Swedish Peoples
Party, Kristan Gestrin; Rural, Veikko Vennamo; Finnish People's Unity Party,
Eino Haikala; Communist, Aarne Saarinen
Voting strength (1972 election): 25.8% Social Democratic, 17.5% Conservative,
17.1% People's Democratic League, 16.5% Center, 9.2% Rural, 5.3% Swedish
Peoples, 5.1% Liberals, 2.5% Christian Peoples, 1.0% other
Communists: 47,000; an additional 65,000 persons belong to Peoples
Democratic League; a further number of sympathizers, as indicated by
421,000 votes cast for Peoples Democratic League in 1970 elections
Member of: CEMA (special cooperation agreement), EC (free trade agreement), FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Nordic Council, OECD,
Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $14.3 billion (1972), $3,050 per capita; 53% consumption, 26.2%
investment, 21.9% government, -1.1% net exports of goods and services; 1972
growth rate 4.8%, constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry
important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops -- cereals,
sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages -- food and fodder
grains; caloric intake 2,940 calories per day per capita (1970-71)
Major industries: include metal manufacturing and shipbuilding, forestry and
wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materials, except wood, and iron ore
Crude steel: 1.4 million metric tons produced (1972), 300 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 6,000,000 kw. capacity (1973); 24.3 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 5,700 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3,715 million (f.o.b., 1973); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery,
iron and steel, clothing and footwear
Imports: $4,221 million (c.i..f., 1973); foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum
products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile
yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners (1973): 46% EC-nine (15% West Germany, 15% U.K.); 18% Sweden;
12% U.S.S.R.; 5% U.S.
Aid: U.S. $182 million authorized FY46-72, $22.1 million in FY71, none in 1972, 1.5
million (prelim.) in 1973; IBRD -- $296.8 million authorized through 1946-72,
$33 million in 1971; Finnish foreign aid programs have amounted to $23 million
1961-69, $15,000 in 1970
Budget: (1973) expenditures $4.4 billion, revenues 4.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: new markka (Fmk) 1=US$0.2543 (average daily exchange
rate 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,676 mi.; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total
3,658 mi. broad gage (5'0"), 288 mi. multiple track, and 68 mi. electrified;
14 mi. narrow gage (2' 5 1/2") and 4 mi. broad gage are privately owned
Highways: 44,660 mi.; 12,060 mi. bituminous, 31,900 mi. stablized gravel, 700
mi. gravel and earth; 12,400 mi. of private roads (surface type na)
Inland waterways: 4,100 mi. total (including Saimaa Canal); 2,300 mi. suitable
for steamers; canal locks (275 ft. by 42 ft. with a 16.7 ft. depth over sill)
can accommodate vessels of up to 225 ft. in length, 36 ft. beam, and 14.5
ft. draft
Pipelines: natural gas, 100 mi.
Ports: 11 major, 14 minor
Civil air: 31 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 98 total, 79 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 22 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: facilities provide essential services for government, public,
and industry; 1,519,000 telephones; 2,023,000 radiobroadcast receivers;
1,252,000 TV receivers; 11 AM, 41 FM, and 60 TV stations; 4 submarine cables,
including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,196,000; 960,000 fit for military service;
38,000 reach military age (17) annually
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LAND:
213,000 sq. mi.; 35% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures,
14% waste, urban, or other, 25% forested
Land boundaries: 1,795 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 2,130 mi. (includes Corsica, 400 mi.)
NORW4~
Religion: 83% Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African
workers), 11% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional patois --
Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 21,200,000 (1972 est.); 47% services, 39% industry, 12% agriculture,
2% unemployed
Organized labor: 17% of labor force, 23.4% of salaried labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 52,638,000, average annual growth rate 0.9%
(7/68-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 45% Celtic; remainder Latin, Germanic,
Slav, Basque
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: French Republic
Type: republic, with president having wide powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 95 metropolitan departments, 21 regional economic
districts
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; new constitution
adopted 1958, amended concerning election of President in 1962; judicial
review of administrative but not legislative acts; legal education at over
25 schools of law
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers,
which is formally responsible to National Assembly; bicameral legislature
-- National Assembly (490 members), Senate (283 members) restricted to a
delaying action; judiciary independent in principle
Government leader: President Valery Giscard d'Estaing
Suffrage: universal over age 21; not compulsory
Elections: National Assembly -- every 5 years, last election March 1973, direct
universal suffrage, 2 ballots; Senate -- indirect collegiate system for 9
years, renewable by one-third every 3 years; President -- direct, universal
suffrage every 7 years, 2 ballots, last election May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR);
Independent Republicans (IR), Valery Giscard d'Estaing; Communist (PCF),
George Marchais; Progress and Modern Democracy (PDM), Jacques Duhamel;
Left Radical Party, Robert Fabre; Movement for Reform, coalition of Center
Democratic Party, Jean Lecanuet and Radical Socialists, Jean Jacques
Servan-Shreiber; Socialist Party, Francois Mitterrand; Unified Socialist
Party (PSU), Michel Rocard
Voting strength (first ballot, 1974 election): 43.2% Communist Socialist Alliance,
32.6% IR, 15.1% UDR, 9.1% other
Communists: 250,000-300,000 (est.); Communist voters, 5 million average
Other political or pressure groups: Communist-controlled labor union
(Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly 1,500,000 members (est.),
National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat
Francais -- CNPF or Patronat)
FED' E ~POL
REP. 'G Eq.
DF C2E C H.
GI:R I
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
NATO (signatory), OECD, Seabeds Committee, SEATO, South Pacific Commission,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $254.9 billion (1973 est.), $4,880 per capita; 60% consumption, 27% investment
(including government), 12% government consumption; 1% net foreign balance (1972);
1973 real growth rate 6.1% (est.)
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost producer; main products -- beef, cereals,
sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone
foodstuffs; food shortages -- fats and oils, tropical produce; caloric intake,
3,270 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 657,800 metric tons, $380 million (1972); exports $64 million,
imports $300 million (1972)
Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemicals, food processing, metallurgy
Shortages: crude oil, textile fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats
and oils
Crude steel: 25.3 million metric tons produced (1973), 480 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 43,200,000 kw. capacity (1973); 174.5 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973) 2,900 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $36.0 billion (f.o.b., 1973); principal items -- textiles and clothing,
iron and steel products, machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs
and agricultural products, alcoholic beverages
Imports: $37.5 billion (c.i.f. 1973); principal items -- machinery and
equipment, crude petroleum, iron and steel products, textile fibers, coal
and coke, foodstuffs, alcoholic beverages
Major trade partners: (1972) West Germany 24%; Belgium-Luxembourg 12%; Italy 12%;
Netherlands 6%; U.K. 6%; U.S. 7%; Eastern Europe 3%; U.S.S.R. 1%; franc zone 8%
Aid:
economic (received) -- U.S., $5,397 million authorized (FY46-73), $41
million in FY73 (prelim.);
military -- U.S., $4,355 million authorized (FY46-72); net official economic
aid to less developed areas and multilateral agencies -- $8,400 million
(FY60-70), $1,125 million in 1971, $1,337 million in 1972
Budget: (1973) expenditures 204.1 billion francs, revenues 204.5 billion francs,
surplus 0.4 billion francs
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2253 (1973 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 23,870 mi.; 23,022 mi. standard gage, 848 mi. other gages (3' 3 3/8"
to 4' 9"); 5,824 mi. electrified, 9,892 mi. double or multiple track
Highways: National, Departmental, and Communal roads total 487,600 mi. comprising
292,600 mi. paved, 190,000 mi. crushed stone and gravel, and 14,600 mi.
improved earth; in addition, there are approximately 434,000 mi. of local
farm and forest roads
Inland waterways: 9,320 mi.; 4,820 mi. heavily traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,400 mi.; refined products, 2,700 mi.; natural gas,
9,300 mi.
Ports: 22 major, 165 minor
Civil air: 310 major transport aircraft (including 10 foreign owned but French
registered)
Airfields: 536 total, 444 usable; 191 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 21 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 133 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 10 seaplane stations
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: highly developed system provides satisfactory telephone,
telegraph, and radio and TV broadcast services; 11.1 million telephones; 17.6
million radiobroadcast receivers; 14.2 million TV receivers; 51 AM, 74 FM,
and 1,220 TV stations; 18 submarine cables (17 coaxial); 3 communication
satellite ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,715,000; fit for military service 10,250,000;
424,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
35,100 sq. mi.; 90% forested, 10% wasteland, built-on,
inland water and other, of which .05% is cultivated
and pasture
Land boundaries: 735 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 235 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 54,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(7/68-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: 95% Negro or mulatto, 5% caucasian, 10,000 East Indian, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 17,012 (1967 census); services 49%, construction 21%, agriculture
18%, industry 8%, transportation 4%; information on unemployment unavailable
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Department of French Guiana
Type: overseas department of France; represented by one deputy in French National
Assembly and one senator in French Senate
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19 communes each with a locally elected
municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is Court of Appeal based in
Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive: prefect appointed by Paris; legislative: popularly elected
16-member General Council; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial
system
Government leader: Prefect Herve Bourseiller
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: General Council elections coincide with those for the French National
Assembly, normally every 5 years; last election March 1973; local elections
last held September 1973
Political parties and leaders: Parti Socialiste Guyanais (PSG), Leopold Heder,
Senator; Union du Peuple Guyanaise (UPG), weak leftist allied with, but
also reported, to have been absorbed by the PSG; Union of Democrats for the
Republic (UDR), Hector Rivierez, delegate to French National Assembly
Communists: Communist party membership negligible
ECONOMY:
GNP: $40 million (at market prices, 1970), $800 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugarcane
Fishing: catch 900 metric tons, $378,000; shrimp exports $3.9 million;
imports $2.3 million (1969)
Major industries: timber, rum, gold mining, production of rosewood essence, and
space center
Electric power: 18,560 kw. capacity (1971); 55 million kw.-hr. produced (1971),
1,060 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.7 million (f.o.b. 1971); shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence
Imports: $39.8 million (c.i.f., 1971); food (grains, processed meat), other
consumer goods, producer goods and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 78%, France 11%, Martinique 5%; imports --
France 49%, U.S. 10%, Trinidad and Tobago 3% (1969)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: 4.708 French francs=US$l (1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 20 mi. private plantation line, 1'11 5/8" gage; 8 mi. abandoned
narrow-gage line
Highways: 450 mi.; 250 mi. paved, 200 mi. improved earth or gravel
Inland waterways: 290 mi., navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river
and coastal steamers; 2,110 mi. possibly navigable by native craft
Ports: 1 major, 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: limited open-wire telecom system with about 6,700
telephones; 7,100 radio receivers and 2,900 TV receivers, 1 AM, 2 FM
and 2 TV stations; satellite communications station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,000; 10,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
About 1,544 sq. mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
Coastline: about 975 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 137,000, average annual growth rate 4.2%
(11/62-2/71)
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chinese, 6% local
French, 4% metropolitan French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Catholic
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Territory of French Polynesia
Type: overseas territory of France, administered by French Ministry for
Overseas Territories
Capital: Papeete
Political subdivisions: 5 districts
Legal system: based on French; lower and higher courts
Branches: 30-member Territorial Assembly, popularly elected; 5-member Council of
Government, elected by Assembly; popular election of one deputy to National
Assembly in Paris, also one Senator
Government leader: Pierre Angeli, Governor, appointed by French government
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Pupu Here Ai'a, Senator Pouvanna a Oopa, John
Teariki; Te E'a Api, Francis Sanford; Union Tahitienne-Union pour la
Defense de la Republique, Te Autahoera'a
ECONOMY:
GDP: $265 million (1970), $2,200 per capita
Agriculture: coconut main crop
Major industries: maintenance of French nuclear test base, tourism
Exports: $20 million (1970); principal products - coconut products (79%),
mother-of-pearl (14%)
Imports: $160 million (1971)
Major trade partners: imports - 59% France, 14% U.S.; exports - 86% France
Monetary conversion rate: 70 CFP=US$l
COMMUNICATIONS:
Telecommunications: 10,233 telephones
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LAND:
9,000 sq. mi.; 89% desert wasteland, 10% permanent pasture,
and less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 321 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 195 mi. (includes offshore islands)
citizens of territory), 53,650 Afars, 6,000 Arabs, 7,000 French (inclusive
of French military forces)
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: Somali, Afar, French, Arabic, all widely used
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers at port
Organized labor: some 3,000 railway workers organized
PEOPLE:
Population: 125,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1967)
Ethnic divisions: 59,350 Somalis (large number of the
Somalis are temporary immigrants from Somalia, not
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Territory of Afars and Issas
Type: overseas territory of France; represented by one deputy in French National
Assembly and by one senator in French Senate
Capital: Djibouti
Legal system: based on French civil law system, traditional practices and
Islamic law
Branches: President of Council of Government; 8-member Council of Government
appointed by 40-member Chamber of Deputies; ultimate political authority
exercised by Paris-appointed President of the Council of Government, sometimes
referred to as Prime Minister
Government leader: Ali Aref Bourhan
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Chamber of Deputies election held November 1973
Political parties and leaders: Rassemblement Democratique Afar, All Aref Bourhan;
Union Democratique Afar; Union Populaire Africaine; Union Democratique
Issa, Oman Farah Iltireh; African People's League, Hassan Gouled
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
ECONOMY:
Gross territorial product: $68 million (1970)
Agriculture: livestock; desert conditions limit commercial crops to about 15
acres, including fruits and vegetables
Industry: ship repairs
Electric power: 18,000 kw. capacity (1973); 20 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
160 kw.-hr. per capita
Imports: $54 million (1972), almost all domestically needed goods
Exports: $27 million (1972), hides and skins
Aid: $2.4 million in 1967 from France
Monetary conversion rate: 177.72 Djibouti francs=US$l
Fiscal year: probably same as that for France (calendar year)
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 60 mi. meter gage
Highways: 1,180 mi.; 62 mi. paved, 1,118 mi. improved earth
Ports: 1 major
Airfields: 27 total, 9 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 5 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft (registered in France)
Telecommunications: fair telephone services; poor telegraph facilities; 2,590
telephones; 10,200 radio receivers; 2,550 TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, and
1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 30,000; about 17,000 fit for military
service
Defense is responsibility of France
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LAND:
102,000 sq. mi.; 75% forested, 15% savanna, 9% urban and
wasteland, less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 1,505 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100 n. mi.
Coastline: 550 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 534,000, average annual growth rate 1.7%
(7/66-7/70)
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes
includin
4
,
g
major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Mbede, Okande); about 21,000 expatriate
Africans and Europeans, including 14,000 French
Religion: 55% to 75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French official language and medium of instruction in schools; Fang
is a major vernacular language
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: about 280,000 of whom 74,000 are wage earners in the modern sector
Organized labor: less than 30% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: 9 regions, 6 communes, 4,500 villages
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber
of the Supreme Court; legal education at Center of Higher and Legal Studies
at Libreville; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
Branches: power centralized in President, elected by universal suffrage for
7-year term; unicameral 70-member National Assembly has limited powers;
judiciary
Government leader: President Omar Bongo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Presidential and parliamentary elections last held February 1973
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) led by President
Bongo is only legal party
Communists: no organized party; probably some Communist sympathizers
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, FAO,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $407 million (1972, est.), $790 per capita; real GDP growth 8.5%
Agriculture: commercial -- cocoa, coffee, wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops
-- bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops; imports food
Fishing: catch 4,000 metric tons (1970); exports $600,000 (1970)
Major industries: sawmills, petroleum refinery, natural gas, agricultural
processing; mining of increasing importance; major minerals -- manganese,
uranium, gold, and iron
Electric power: 34,200 kw. capacity (1973); 134 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
255 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $217.5 million (f.o.b., 1972); wood and wood products 40%; minerals
(manganese, uranium concentrates, gold, crude oil) 60% (1970)
Imports: $137.2 million (c.i.f., 1972) excluding UDEAC trade; mining, roadbuilding
machinery, electrical equipment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: France, U.S., West Germany, and Curacao; preferential
tariffs to EC and franc zone
Budget: 1971 -- receipts $93.9 million, current expenditures $72.8 million,
investment expenditures $20.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$l as
of February 1973, (floating since February 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,815 mi.; 140 mi. paved, 3,268 mi. gravel and/or improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approximately 1,000 mi. perennially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 40 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 187 total, 101 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 17 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fair telephone and telegraph services; good broadcast
coverage in vicinity of Libreville; 2 AM and 2 TV stations; 7,000 telephones;
90,000 radio receivers; 5,100 TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 129,000; 65,000 fit for military service;
5,000 reach military age (20) annually
Supply: dependent on France
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LAND:
4,000 sq. mi.; 25% uncultivated savanna, 16% swamps, 4%
forest parks, 55% upland cultivable areas, built-up
areas, etc.
Land boundaries: 460 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 n. mi.
Coastline: 50 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 507,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/66-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: over 99% Africans (Malinke 40.8%, Fulani 13.5%, Wolof 12.9%,
remainder made up of several smaller groups), fewer than 1% Europeans and
Lebanese
Religion: 85% Muslim, 15% animist and Christian
Language: English official; Malinke and Wolof most widely used vernaculars
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: approx. 165,000, mostly engaged in subsistence farming; about
15,000 are wage earners (government, trade, services)
Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor force at most
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since February 1965
Capital: Banjul
Political subdivisions: Banjul and 5 divisions
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution came
into force upon independence in 1965, new republican constitution adopted in
April 1970; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: cabinet of 10 members; 41-member House of Representatives, in which
4 seats are reserved for chiefs, 4 are appointed, 32 are filled by election
for 5-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the House, and the Attorney
General is an ex-officio member; independent judiciary
Government leader: Dawda K. Jawara, President
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Secretary
General Dawda K. Jawara, and United Party (UP), John Forster
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general elections held March 1972; PPP 28 seats, UP 3 seats, 1
independent seat
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Commonwealth, ECA, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $64 million (FY72 est.), about $160 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- peanuts, rice, palm kernels
Fishing: catch 6,000 metric tons (1971); exports $108,000 (1971)
Major industry: peanut processing
Electric power: 7,100 kw. capacity (1973); 17 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
44 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $17.2 million (FY72); peanuts and peanut products 90% to 95%, palm
kernels
Imports: $17.8 million (FY72); textiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K. and France; imports -- U.K. and Japan
Aid: economic -- U.K. (1968-71) about $8 million commitment
Budget: (FY73 est.) expenditures $11 million, receipts $11.5 million
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: floating with sterling since June 1972; new fixed
relationship as of March 1973 was 1 pound sterling=4 Gambian Dalasis
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 775 mi.; 185 mi. bituminous surface treated, 320 mi. gravel/laterite,
270 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 377 mi.
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 1 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station (non-operational)
Telecommunications: good telephone and telegraph services; 1,900 telephones;
60,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 93,000; 43,000 fit For military service
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LAND:
41,800 sq. mi.; 43% arable, 15% meadows and pasture, 27%
forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 1,435 mi.
-.A Y)
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 560 mi. (including islands) {r~"''
MOROOOO
PEOPLE:
Population: 16,916,000 (including East Berlin), average
annual growth rate -0.4% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, .3% Slavic and other
ALGERIA fLiBVA
Religion: 53% Protestant, 8% Roman Catholic, 39% unaffiliated or other; less than
5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics actively participate
Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic) minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8.2 million; 34.1% industry; 4.7% handicrafts; 6.8% construction;
11.9% agriculture; 6.8% transport and communications; 10.1% commerce; 16.8%
services; 2.5% other
Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: German Democratic Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recognized by U.S., U.K., and France, which
together with the U.S.S.R. have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Berlin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218
counties (Kreise), 8,777 communities (Gemeinden)
Legal system: Civil law system modified by Communist legal theory; new constitution
adopted 1968 by approx. 95% of the voters in national "referendum;" court
system parallels administrative divisions; no judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Universities of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle and Jena;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more stringent penal code
adopted 1968
Branches: legislative -- Volkskammer (elected directly); executive -- Chairman
of Council of State, Chairman of Council of Ministers, Cabinet (approved by
Volkskammer); judiciary -- Supreme Court; entire structure dominated by
Socialist Unity (Communist) Party
Government leaders: Chairman, Council of State, Willi Stoph (Head of State);
Chairman, Council of Ministers, Horst Sindermann (Head of Government)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national and local alternating every 2 years; prepared by an electoral
commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters
permitted to strike names off ballot; more candidates than offices available;
parliamentary elections held 14 November 1971; local elections, 22 March 1970
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED), headed
by First Secretary Erich Honecker, dominates the regime; 4 token parties
(Christian Democratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic
Party, and Democratic Peasants' Party) and an amalgam of special interest
organizations participate with the SED in National Front
Voting strength: 1971 parliamentary elections: 98.33% voted the regime slate; 1970
local elections: 99.85% voted the regime slate
Communists: 1.9 million party members
Other special interest groups: Free German Youth, Free German Trade Union
Federation, Democratic Women's Federation of Germany, German Cultural
Federation (all Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, IPU, U.N., Warsaw Pact
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $48.8 billion in 1973 (1972 prices), $2,860 per capita, 1973 growth rate
4.7%
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops -- potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats,
industrial crops; shortages in grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef; caloric
intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1970-71)
Fish catch: 323,000 metric tons (1972)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemicals, light industry, brown coal,
uranium, and shipbuilding
Shortages: coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 5.67 million metric tons produced (1972), approx. 330 kg. per capita
Electric power: 14,772,000 kw. capacity (1973); 76.9 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 4,530 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $6,298 million (f.o.b. delivering country, 1972)
Imports: $6,014 million (f.o.b. delivering country, 1972)
Major trade partners: $12,312 million (1972); 38% U.S.S.R., 34% other
Communist countries, 29% non-Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 2.6 DME=US$l (1973 rate; for 1972, 3.8 DME=US$l; prior
to 1972, 4.2 DME=US$l)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
except for caloric intake, which is reported for the consumption year
1 July - 30 June
NOTE: prelim. 1973 trade turnover, $19,100 million (converted at 2.8 DME=US$l)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 8,920 route mi.; 8,680 mi. standard gage, 240 mi. meter or other narrow
gage, 1,390 mi. double track standard gage; 860 mi. overhead electrified (1972)
Highways: about 28,300 mi. classified highways; 7,680 mi. state highways including
910 mi. autobahn; 20,600 mi. district roads; additionally about 34,465 mi.
unclassified minor unpaved roads (1972)
Inland waterways: 1,562 mi. (1974)
Freight carried: rail -- 301.8 million short tons, 30.5 billion short ton/mi.
(1972); highway -- 570.1 million short tons, 9.3 billion short ton/mi. (1972);
waterway -- 20.2 million short tons, 2.0 billion short ton/mi. (incl. int'l.
transit traffic) (1973)
Pipelines: crude oil, 420 mi; refined products, 150 mi.; natural gas 300 mi.
Ports: 5 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz, Peenemunde), 12 minor
(1974)
Airfields: 152 total; 54 with permanent-surface runways; 49 with runways 8,000-
11,999 ft., 44 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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Iq
STAT
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LAND:
92,000 sq. mi.; 19% agricultural, 60% forest and brush,
21% other
Land boundaries: 1,420 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 n. mi. (undefined
protective areas may be proclaimed seaward of territorial
sea, and up to 100 n. mi. seaward may be proclaimed
fishing conservation zone)
Coastline: 335 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,563,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% Negroid African (major tribes Ashanti, Fante, Ewe),
0.2% European and other
Religion: 45% animists, 43% Christian, 12% Muslim
Language: English official; African languages include Akan 44%, Mole-Dagbani 16%,
Ewe 13%, and Ga-Adangbe 8%
Literacy: about 25% (in English)
Labor force: 3.4 million; 61% agriculture and fishing, 16.8% industry, 15.2%
sales and clerical, 4.1% services, transportation, and communications,
2.9% professional; 400,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 350,000 or approximately 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; independent since March 1957; Military regime since January 1972
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: 8 administrative regions and separate Greater Accra
Area; regions subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution
suspended January 1972; legal education at University of Ghana (Legon);
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive and legislative authority vested in National Redemption
Council (NRC); independent judiciary
Government leaders: chief of state, chairman of NRC Colonel I.K. Acheampong
Suffrage: universal over 21 under previous constitution, now suspended
Elections: no elections since 1969; none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: parties banned by military junta which took
power 13 January 1972
Communists: a small number of Communists and sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $2.6 billion (1971) at current prices, about $290 per capita; real growth
rate about 3.6%
Agriculture: main crop -- cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum
and millet, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can become so
Fishing: catch 220,000 metric tons (1971), $35 million, imports $9.3 million
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 893,000 kw. capacity (1972); 3.49 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 380 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $570 million (f.o.b., 1972); cocoa (about 75%), wood, gold, diamonds,
manganese, bauxite, and aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance
of payments data)
Imports: $396 million (c.i.f., 1972); textiles and other manufactured goods,
food, fuels, transport equipment
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, and U.S.
Budget: FY71 (Provisional) -- expenditure $319 million, capital expenditure
$102 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cedi=US$0.87 (official, March 1973); fixed in terms
of SDR's
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 592 mi. -- all 3'6" gage; 20 mi. double track; diesel locomotives
gradually replacing steam engines
Highways: 21,450 mi., 3,000 mi. concrete or bituminous surface, 5,250 mi. gravel
or laterite, 3,600 mi. improved earth, 9,300 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers provide 145 mi. of perennial
navigation for launches and lighters; additional routes navigable seasonally
by small craft; Lake Volta reservoir provides 700 mi. of arterial and
feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 2 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 1 naval base (Sekondi), 4 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 22 total, 19 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 8 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone fair to good in urban areas; fairly good telegraph
services; 49,100 telephones; about 1,057,500 radio receivers; 25,000 TV
receivers; 2 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV station; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,190,000; 1,825,000 fit for military service;
114,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
2.5 sq. mi.
Land boundaries: 1 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 7.5 mi.
lRELANG". ;'
PEOPLE: MOROCCO ALGERIA
Population: 27,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1971) _
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese,
Portuguese and Spanish descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and
Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for all official purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-Gibraltarian laborers
Organized labor: over 6,000
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of Gibraltar
Type: U.K. colony
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in July 1968; new system
effected in 1969 after electoral enquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprised of the Gibraltar House of the Assembly
(15 elected members and 3 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers
headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Governor is
appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Governor and Commander in Chief, Adm. of the Fleet Sir
Varyl Begg; Chief Minister, Maj. Robert Peliza; Deputy Chief Minister,
Peter Isola
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other U.K. subjects resident 6 months
or more
Elections: every 5 years; last held in July 1969
Political parties and leaders: Association for Advancement of Civil Rights
(AACR), Sir Joshua Hassan; Labor, Sir Joshua Hassan; Independents, Peter
Isola; Integrationists (IWBP), Maj. Robert Peliza
Voting strength: (1969) AACR 7 seats, IWBP 5 seats, Independents 3 seats; a
coalition between the latter two parties was formed
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: the Housewives Association; the Chamber
of Commerce
ECONOMY:
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and large British naval and
air bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit trade and
port serves also as important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships' wares;
recently built dockyards and machine shops provide maintenance and repair
services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each year.
U.K. military establishments and civil government employ nearly half the insured
labor force; local industry Is confined to manufacture of tobacco, roasted
coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, and canned fish; some factories for
manufacture of clothing are being developed; a small segment of local
population makes its livelihood by fishing; in recent years tourism has
increased in importance.
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FED.
REP.
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 17,000 kw. capacity (1972); 47 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
1,500 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., 1971); principally reexports of tobacco,
petroleum, and wine; principally to the EC (31%) and the U.K. (16%)
Imports: $23.1 million; principally from the EC (21%) and the UK (49%)
Major trade partners: U.K., Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gibraltar pound=US$2.414 (as of September 28, 1973,
floating)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 19 miles, all paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 permanent-surface runway, 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: international radiocommunication facilities; automatic
telephone system serving 6,100 telephones; 7,100 radio receivers; 6,950
TV receivers, 1 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 13 submarine telegraph cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 6,000; about 3,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom
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LAND:
About 376 sq. mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
Coastline: about 725 mi.
PEOPLE: Le
Population: 60,000, average annual growth rate 1.9%
(7/63-7/70)
Ethnic divisions: 83.9% Micronesian, 13.9% Polynesian,
0.9% European, 0.1% Chinese, 1.2% mixed and other races
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestants, 42% Catholics
Literacy: less than 50%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony
Type: British crown colony with large measure of self-government
Capital: Tarawa
Political subdivisions: 4 districts
Branches: 10-member Executive Council advises Governor; 33-member Legislative
Council
Government leader: Governor John H. Smith
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese National Party, Christian Democratic
Party
ECONOMY:
GNP: $8.5 million (1968), $155 per capita
Agriculture: subsistence crops of copra, vegetables, supplemented by domestic
fishing
Industry: phosphate production, expected to cease in 1976
Exports: $8 million (1969 est.); 75% phosphate, copra
Imports: $3 million (1969 est.); foodstuffs, fuel
Monetary conversion rate: 0.67 Australian $=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 30 mi.
Inland waterways: none
Ports: none
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 2 AM broadcast stations; 8,000 radio receivers and 369
telephones; connected with Lisbon, Portugal, via cable broadcasts
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LAND:
51,200 sq. mi.; 29% arable and land under permanent crops,
40% meadows and pastures, 20% forested, 11% wasteland?
urban, other
Land boundaries: 740 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
Coastline: 8,500 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,995,000, average annual growth rate 0.4%
(3/61-3/71)
Ethnic divisions: 96% Greek, 2% Turkish, 1% Albanian, 1% other
Religion: 97% Greek Orthodox, 2.5% Muslim, 0.5% other
Language: Greek; English and French widely understood
Literacy: males about 92%; females about 73%; total about 82%
Labor force: 3,866,000 (1969 est.); 50% agriculture, 15% industry, 9% trade,
26% other; unemployment and underemployment, 20% total in all fields;
shortage of skilled labor in nonagricultural sectors aggravated by large-
scale emigration
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential republic; power in hands of ex-military leaders since April
1967 but there is a civilian Prime Minister and a civilian cabinet
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi) constitute basic administrative
units for country; each nomos headed by officials appointed by central
government and policy and programs tend to be formulated by central ministries;
degree of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding programs
imposed by Athens depends upon tradition (Thessaloniki and other areas
exercise considerable traditional autonomy in local administrative decisions)
and influence which prominent local leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis
key figures in central government; Government installed November 25, 1973,
scrapped decentralization and regionalization goals of former Papadopoulos
regime.
Legal system: 1968 Constitution amended substantially in July 1973 and subsequently
entire constitution suspended November 1973 with promise of further major
revisions in future before its re-institution
Branches: military junta combines legislative executive and judicial functions;
rules by decree
Government leaders: President General Phaidon Gizikis; Prime Minister Adamandios
Androutsopoulos; Military Police Chief Brig. Gen. Dimitrios Ioannidis is
strong man of the regime
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: suspended indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: political activities suppressed; party leadership
and organization in disarray
Communists: 12% of electorate in February 1964; hard-core elements imprisoned;
Communist Party (KKE) outlawed since 1947
Member of: EC (associate member), FAO, FUND, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, ITU, NATO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $15.9 billion (1973), $1,780 per capita; 66.4% consumption, 28.8% investment;
12.7% government; net foreign balance 7.9%; 1972 growth rate 26.8%, current
market prices
Agriculture: subject to droughts; main crops -- wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton;
nearly self-sufficient; food shortages -- livestock products; caloric intake,
2,960 calories per day per capita (1963)
Major industries: food processing, tobacco, chemicals, textiles, petroleum
refining, aluminum processing
Shortages: petroleum, minerals, feed grains
Crude steel: 900,000 metric tons produced (1973), 100 kg. per capita
Electric power: 3,200,000 kw. capacity (1973); 13.5 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 1,400 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,230 million (f.o.b., 1973); principal items -- tobacco, cotton, fruits,
textiles
Imports: $4,047 million (c.i.f., 1973); principal items -- machinery and
automotive equipment, manufactured consumer goods, petroleum and petroleum
products, chemicals, meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (1972) -- 50% EC, 13% sterling area, 17% U.S.,
10% CEMA countries
Aid:
economic (authorized) -- U.S., $1,992.2 million (FY46-73); International
Finance Corporation, $36 million through FY72; U.N. Technical Assistance,
$4.3 million through FY72; U.N. Special Fund, $63.1 million through 1972;
IBRD, $119.8 million (FY68-73), $24 million in 1972; Consortium, $40
million in 1966; EC (FY64-72) $69.2 million; U.S.S.R. $7.7 million (1954-73)
military -- U.S., $2,339.0 million (1946-73)
Budget: (1973) expenditures $3,389 million, revenues $2,718 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 drachma=US$0.033
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,598 mi.; 969 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/2"), 597 mi. meter gage
(3'3 3/8"), 20 mi. 1'11 5/8" narrow gage, 10 mi. 2'5 1/2" narrow gage; all
government owned
Highways: 24,200 mi.; 10,000 mi. paved, 8,500 mi. crushed stone and gravel
3,500 mi. improved earth, 2,200 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of 3 coastal canals and 3 unconnected rivers
which provide navigable length of just less than 50 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 16 mi., refined products, 340 mi.
Ports: 17 major, 37 minor
Airfields: 67 total, 59 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 20 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft (including 6 withdrawn from service)
Telecommunications: adequate modern networks reach all areas on mainland and
islands; 1.62 million telephones; 2.8 million radio receivers; 950,000 TV
receivers; 30 AM, 9 FM and 25 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables;
2 communications satellite ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,215,000; 1,780,000 fit for military service;
about 74,000 reach military age (21) annually
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LAND:
840,000 sq. mi.; less than 1% arable (of which only a
fraction cultivated), 84% permanent ice and snow,
15% other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi. (fishing,
12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 27,400 mi. (approx., includes minor islands)
PEOPLE:
Population: 52,000, average annual growth rate 3.0%
(1/71-1/72)
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danes
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12,000; largely engaged in fishing and sheep breeding
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Greenland
Type: province of Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament;
separate Minister for Greenland in the Danish cabinet
Capital: Godthaab (administrative center)
Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 communes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed from colony to province in 1953
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and Danish parliament;
executive power vested in Crown, acting through provincial governor
responsible to Minister for Greenland; local affairs handled by provincial
council (Landsrad) subject to approval of provincial governor; 19 lower courts
Government leader: Queen Margrethe II; Governor N.O. Christensen
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years (next 1975)
Political parties: Inuit (advocating close ties with Denmark); Sukaq (moderate
socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland identity)
ECONOMY:
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep grazing; garden produce
Fishing: catch 38,400 tons, $6.3 million; exports $16.0 million (1971)
Major industries: mining, slaughtering, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 49,400 kw. capacity (1971); 86 million kw.-hr. produced (1971),
1,650 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $18.8 million (f.o.b., 1970); fish and fish products, nonmetallic minerals
Imports: $61.0 million (f.o.b., 1971); machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum and petroleum products, food products
Major trade partners: (1970) Denmark 91%, U.S. 3%, Venezuela 3%
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Danish Kroner=US$0.1659, (1973 average)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 7 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (registered in Denmark)
Airfields: 11 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 7 seaplane stations
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international service provided by
cables and radio; 6,400 telephones; 7,500 radiobroadcast receivers; 5 AM,
2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, included with Denmark
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LAND:
133 sq. mi. (Grenada and southern Grenadines); 44%
cultivated, 4% pastures, 12% forests, 17% unused but
potentially productive, 23% built on, wasteland,
other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 75 mi.
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA
PEOPLE:
Population: 97,000, average annual growth rate 0.6%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African-Negro descent
Religion: Church of England; other Protestant sects; Roman Catholic
Language: English; some French patois
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 27,314 (1960); 40% agriculture, 30% unemployed or underemployed
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Grenada
Type: independent state since February 1974, recognizes Elizabeth II as Chief
of State
Capital: St. Georges
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law
Branches: legislative branch consists of 10-member elected House of Representatives
and 13-member Senate appointed by the Governor; executive branch is cabinet led
by Premier
Government leaders: Premier Eric Matthew Gairy; U.K. Governor General Leo de Gale
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent election 28 February 1972
Political parties and leaders: Grenada United Labor Party (GULP), Eric Matthew
Gairy; Grenada National Party (GNP), Herbert A. Blaize
Voting strength (1972 election): GULP 58.7%, GNP 41.3%; Legislative Council
seats, GULP 14, GNP 1
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY:
GDP: $21 million (at market prices, 1970) $200 per capita; 3.2% increase in 1970
(including price changes)
Agriculture: main crops -- cocoa, spices, bananas
Fishing: 1,700 metric tons, $806,000 (1971)
Electric power: 7,000 kw. capacity (1971); 15.2 million kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 140 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5.2 million (f.o.b., 1972 est.); cocoa beans, bananas, nutmeg, mace
Imports: $20.5 million (c.i.f., 1972 est.); textiles, flour, clothing,
miscellaneous manufactured goods
Major trade partners: U.K. 37%, U.S. 9%, Canada 9% (1966)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.08 East Caribbean dollars=US$l (February 1974), now
floating with pound sterling
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 600 mi.; 380 mi. paved, 100 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or earth
surface; 120 mi. unimproved
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 5,000 ft.
Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide telephone system with 4,630 telephones;
VHF links to Trinidad and Carriacou; 20,000 radios and 100 TV receivers;
3 AM stations
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LAND:
687 sq. mi.; 24% cropland, 9% pasture, 4% potential
cropland, 16% forest, 47% wasteland, built on; area
consists of two islands
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 190 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 347,000, average annual growth rate 1.5%
(7/69-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Negro or Mulatto, less than 5% East
Indian, Lebanese, Chinese, 5% Caucasian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
Language: French, creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; 25% agriculture, 25% unemployed
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department of France; represented by 3 deputies in the French
National Assembly and 2 Senators in the Senate
Capital: Basse-Terre
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally
elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based
in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris; legislative, popularly elected
General Council of 36 members; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial
system
Government leader: Prefect Pierre Brunon
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: General Council elections coincide with those for the French National
Assembly, normally every 5 years; last General Council election took place
in March 1973; local election last held September 1973
Political parties and leaders: Union of Guadeloupean Democrats for the Republic
(UDG), Gabriel Lisette; Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG) Henri Bangou;
Socialist Party (MSG), leader unknown; Progressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG),
Henri Rodes; Independent Republicans; Federation of the Left
Voting strength: MSG, 1 seat in French National Assembly; UDG, 2 seats;
(1973 election)
Communists: 3,000 est.
Other political or pressure groups: Group of National Organization of Guadeloupe
(GONG)
ECONOMY:
GDP: $302 million (1971), $880 per capita; real growth rate (1971) 5.9%
Agriculture: main crops, sugarcane and bananas
Major industries: agricultural processing, sugar milling and rum distillation
Electric power: 24,000 kw. capacity (1971); 110 million kw-hr. produced
(1971), 318 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $40 million (f.o.b., 1972), sugar, bananas, rum
Imports: $152 million (c.i.f., 1972), foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer
goods, raw materials and supplies, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports -- France 71%, U.S. 17%, Germany 7%, other
5%; imports -- France 70%, U.S. 9%, Germany 3%, Netherlands Antilles 3%,
Netherlands 3%, other 12% (1968)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: 4.708 French francs=US$l (1972)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gage plantation lines
Highways: 1,200 mi.; 780 mi. paved, 420 mi. gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable, 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 19,000 telephones;
inter-island VHF radio links; 2 AM radio and 3 TV transmitters; about
30,000 radio and 10,500 TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, included with France
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LAND:
42,040 sq. mi.; 14% cultivated, 10% pasture, 57% forest,
19% other
Land boundaries: 1,010 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 250 mi.
LVENEZUELP
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as
a primary tongue
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force: 1.7 million (1973); 63.2% agriculture, 12.4% manufacturing, 11.8%
services, 12.6% other, 2% unemployed; severe shortage of skilled labor;
oversupply of unskilled labor; of this total 15 to 20% are unemployed
at any one time
Organized labor: 4% of labor force (1973)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,889,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 41.4% Indian, 58.6% Ladino (mestizo and
westernized Indian)
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at University of San Carlos of
Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: traditionally dominant executive; elected unicameral legislature;
7-member (minimum) Supreme Court
Government leader: President Carlos Arana; Kjell Laugerud assumes presidency on
July 1, 1974
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for literates, optional for illiterates
Elections: next elections (President and Congress) 1978
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Donaldo
Alvarez Ruiz; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos Sagastume Perez (Sec. Gen.);
National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon; Guatemalan
Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Danilo Barillas Rodriguez, Rene de Leon
Schlotter
Voting strength: for President -- MLN-PID 298,953 (44.6%), DCG 228,067 (34.0%),
PR 143,111 (21.4%); for congressional seats -- MLN-PID 36, DCG 15, PR 10
Communists: communist party outlawed; underground membership estimated at 750
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed (Communist) Guatemalan Labor Party
(PGT), Bernardo Alvarado; United Democratic Revolutionary Front (FURD) Manuel
Colom Argueta
Member of: CACM, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, OAS, ODECA, U.N.
7CONOMY:
GDP: $2,250 million (1973 est.), $390 per capita; 79% private consumption, 8%
government consumption, 14% domestic investment, -1% net foreign balance; real
growth rate 1973, 7%
Agriculture: main products -- coffee, cotton, corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas,
livestock; caloric intake, 2,200 calories per day per capita (1967)
Fishing: catch 5,000 metric tons (1970); exports $1.6 million (1970), imports
$0.5 million (1970)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals,
nonmetallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 212,000 kw. capacity (1971); 830 million kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 150 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $446 million (f.o.b., 1973 prelim.); coffee, cotton, meat, bananas, sugar,
textiles, tires
Imports: $421 million (c.i.f., 1973 prelim.); manufactured products, machinery,
transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1972) -- U.S. 30%, CACM 30%, West Germany 10%,
Japan 7%; imports (1972) -- U.S. 32%, CACM 21%, West Germany 9%, Japan 9%
Aid:
economic -- from U.S. (FY46-72), $191.1 million loans, $185.4 million grants;
from international organizations (FY46-72), $146.8 million; from other
western countries (1960-71), $12.3 million; military -- assistance from
U.S. (FY53-72), $26.9 million
Central government budget (1973): total appropriations $291.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$l (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 592 mi., 3'0" gage; single-tracked; 520 mi. government owned, 72 mi.
privately owned
Highways: 7,600 mi., 1,300 mi. bituminous, 4,200 mi. gravel, 2,100 mi. improved
or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 164 mi. navigable year-round; additional 458 mi. navigable
during high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 30 mi.
Freight carried: rail (1960) -- 191.8 million ton/miles, 1.1 million tons
Ports: 2 major, 3 minor
Airfields: 498 total, 333 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 18 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: modern telecom facilities limited to Guatemala City;
49,000 telephones; 360,000 radio and 105,000 TV receivers; 86 AM, 20 FM,
and 5 TV stations; connection into Central American microwave net
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,432,000; 720,000 fit for military service;
about 65,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
95,000 sq. mi.; 3% cropland, 10% forest
Land boundaries: 2,160 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 130 n. mi.
Coastline: 215 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,311,000, average annual grow rate 2.5%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (3 major tribes - Fulani,
Malinke, Susu; and 15 smaller tribes)
Religion: 75% Muslim, 25% animist, Christian, less than 1%
Language: French official; each tribe has own language
Literacy: 5% to 10%; French only significant written language
Labor force: 1.8 million, of whom less than 10% are wage earners; most of
population engages in subsistence agriculture
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage labor force loosely affiliated with the
National Confederation of Guinean Workers, which is closely tied to the PDG
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Guinea
Type: republic; under one-party presidential regime
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 29 administrative regions, 209 arrondissements, about
8,000 local entities at village level
Legal system: based on French civil law system, customary law, and presidential
decree; constitution adopted 1958; no constitutional provision for judicial
review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive branch dominant, with power concentrated in President's
hands and a small group who are both ministers and members of the party's
politburo; unicameral National Assembly and judiciary have little independence
Government leader: President Ahmed Sekou Toure, who has been designated
"The Supreme Leader of the Revolution"
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: approximate schedule -- 5 years parliamentary, latest in 1968;
7 years Presidential, latest in 1968
Political parties and leaders: only party is Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG),
headed by Sekou Toure
Communists: no Communist party, although there are some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, FAO, ICAO, ILO, ITU, Niger River Commission, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $275 million (1965), $80 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- coffee, bananas, palm products, peanuts, and pine-
apples; staple food crops -- cassava, rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes;
livestock raised in some areas
Major industries: alumina, light manufacturing and processing industries,
bauxite
Electric power: 99,700 kw. capacity (1972); 310 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
77 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: export receipts, $51 million (FY71); alumina, bauxite, coffee,
pineapples, bananas, palm kernels
Imports: $80 million (FY71); petroleum products, metals, machinery and
transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: Communist countries, Western Europe (including France),
U.S.
Budget: FY72 ordinary budget (est.) -- $113 million
Monetary conversion rate: 22.7 syli=US$1 (October 1972)
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 500 mi. meter gage, 5 mi. standard gage
Highways: 4,725 mi.; 465 mi. paved, 2,610 mi. all weather, 1,650 mi. unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 1,115 mi.; 310 mi. navigable by small oceangoing vessels,
805 mi. navigable by shallow-draft steamers and barges
Ports: 1 major, 3 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20 total, 16 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane landing areas
Telecommunications: inadequate system of open-wire lines, small radio
communication stations, and 1 radio-relay link; principal center Conakry,
secondary center Kankan; 8,300 telephones; 101,000 radio receivers; 1 AM,
no FM, and no TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 872,000; 465,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
83,000 sq. mi.; 1% cropland, 3% pasture, 8% savanna,
66% forested, 22% water, urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 1,600 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 285 mi.
Labor force: 201,000; about 25% agriculture, 14% manufacturing, 16% services,
11% commerce, 3% mining and quarrying, 10% other; 21% unemployed
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 792,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indians, 43% Negro and Negro
mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% white and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other
Language: English
Literacy: 86%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-
Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers presided over by Prime Minister; 53-member
unicameral legislative National Assembly (elected); Supreme Court
Government leader: Prime Minister L.F.S. Burnham
Suffrage: universal over age 18 as of constitutional amendment August 1973
Elections: last held in July 1973; next election must be called within 5 years
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan;
People's National Congress (PNC), L.F.S. Burnham; United Force (UF),
Feilden Singh
Voting strength (1973 election): 70.2% PNC, 26.2% PPP, 3.6% other
Communists: unknown; top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive Youth Organization,
militant wing of the PPP) include many Communists, but rank and file is
non-Communist
Other political or pressure groups: Liberator Party (LP), Guyana National
Liberation Front (GNLF), People's Democratic Movement (PDM), African Society
for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa (ASCRIA), Afro-Asian-American
Association (AAAA)
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAS (observer),
Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $257 million (1972), $340 per capita; real growth rate 1972 est.
-2.5%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, rice, other food crops; food shortages --
wheat flour, potatoes, processed meat, dairy products; caloric intake, 2,180
calories per day per capita (1967)
Fishing: catch 18,140 metric tons (1971), $10 million (1972); exports $4.8
million (1972), imports $1.2 million (1971)
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina production, sugar and rice milling
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 115,000 kw. capacity (1971); 340 million kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 460 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $142 million (f.o.b., 1972); bauxite, sugar, alumina, rice shrimp,
molasses, timber, diamonds, rum
Imports: $146 million (c.i.f., 1972); manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 22%, U.K. 28%, CARIFTA 23%, Canada 3%;
imports -- U.S. 24%, U.K. 31%, CARIFTA 17%, Canada 5% (1972)
Aid: economic -- from U.S. (FY53-72), $56.3 million loans, $24.7 million grants;
from U.K. (CY60-70), $73.9 million; from China (1972), $26.0 million extended;
from international organizations (FY46-72), $32.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: floating with pound, 1 pound=G$5.21
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 103 mi., all single track; 85 mi. 310" gage, 18 mi. 3'6" gage
Highways: 1,800 mi.; 450 mi. paved, 850 mi. otherwise improved, 500 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: 3,700 mi.; Demerara River navigable to Mackenzie by ocean
steamers, others by ferryboats, small craft only
Ports: 1 major, 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 102 total, 89 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system with radio relay network and
over 17,500 telephones; tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; 260,000 radio
receivers, 2 AM and 1 FM stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 183,000; 125,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
10,700 sq. mi.; 31% cultivated, 18% rough pastures,
7% forested, 44% unproductive
Land boundary: 224 mi.
OSTA RICA
PANA
I IJ 'IEZNELA
GOLO``MEE,1 `
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(fishing 15 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,100 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,953,000, average annual growth rate 2.1%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: over 90% Negro, nearly 10% mulatto,
few whites
Religion: 10% Protestant, 75% to 80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming
majority also practice Voodoo)
Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole
Literacy: 10% to 12%
Labor force: 2.6 million (est. January 1968); 86% agriculture, 12% industry,
2% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic under the 14-year dictatorship of Francois Duvalier who was
succeeded upon his death on 21 April 1971 by his son, Jean-Claude
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: 5 departments (despite constitutional provision for 9)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; constitution adopted 1964 and
amended 1971; legal education at State University in Port-au-Prince and private
law colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes, Gonaives, and Jeremie; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: lifetime President, unicameral 58-member legislature of very limited
powers, judiciary appointed by President
Government leader: President-for-life Jean-Claude Duvalier
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: constitution as amended in 1971 provides for lifetime president to be
designated by his predecessor and ratified by electorate in plebiscite;
legislative elections, which are held every 6 years, last held February 1973
Political parties: National Unity Party, only legal party; United Haitian
Communist Party (PUCH), illegal (Communist)
Voting strength (1967 legislative elections): 100% National Unity Party
(Duvalier)
Communists: strength unknown; party leaders believed in exile
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, IMF, IBRD, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $487 million (1972), $100 per capita; real growth rate 1972 5.1%
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, sugarcane,-rice, corn, sorghum, pulses;
caloric intake, 1,850 calories per day per capita
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing,
bauxite mining, tourism, light assembly industries
Electric power: 64,440 kw. capacity (1973 est.); 162 million kw.-hr produced
(1973), 33 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $43 million (f.o.b., FY72); coffee, light industrial products, bauxite,
sugar, essential oils, sisal
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $70 million (f.o.b., FY72); consumer durables, foodstuffs,
industrial equipment, petroleum products, construction materials
Major trade partners: U.S. 52% (FY71)
Aid:
economic -- from U.S., $34.5 million loans, $93 million grants (FY46-72);
international organizations, $31.2 million (FY46-72); from other Western
countries (1960-71) $2.4 million;
military -- U.S., $4.2 million (FY53-72)
Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 50 mi. 2' 6" gage, single-track, privately owned industrial line; 5
mi. dual-gage 2' 6"-3' 6"; government line, dismantled
Highways: 2,000 mi.; 200 mi. paved, 900 mi. otherwise improved, 900 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: negligible; about 60 mi. navigable
Ports: 2 major, 12 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft; 4 owned by the air force
Airfields: 31 total, 15 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 5 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: all domestic facilities inadequate, international facilities
slightly better; telephone expansion program underway; only 5,000 telephones,
290,000 radio and 13,000 TV receivers, 30 AM, 3 FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,231,000; 635,000 fit for military service;
about 51,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
43,300 sq. mi.; 27% forested, 30% pasture, 36% waste
and built-up, 7% cropland
Land boundaries: 950 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 510 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,835,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(7/68-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo, 7% Indian, 2% Negro, and
1% white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 57.4% of persons 10 years of age and over (est. 1970)
Labor force: approx. 900,000 (est. mid-1972); 66% agriculture, 12% services, 8%
manufacturing, 5% commerce, 6% unemployed, 3% unspecified
Organized labor: 7% to 10% of labor force (mid-1972)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English
common law; constitution adopted 1965; judicial review of legislative acts
in Supreme Court; legal education at University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: constitution provides for elected President, unicameral legislature,
and national judicial branch
Government leader: General Oswaldo Lopez Arellano
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: next general election February 1977
Political parties and leaders: all parties, even legal ones, are dormant at
present; Liberal Party (PLH), Modesto Rodas Alvarado, Carlos Roberto Reina
Idiaguez, Jorge Bueso Arias; National Party (PNH), Alejandro Lopez Cantarero,
Ricardo Zuniga Augustinus; Mario Rivera Lopez, Martin Aquero; Popular
Progressive Party (PPP-uninscribed), Gonzalo Carias Castillo; National
Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), non-communist, (uninscribed), Miguel
Andonie Fernandez; Workers Party of Honduras (PTH), illegal, Rogue Ochoa;
Communist Party of Honduras/Soviet (PCH/S-outlawed), Dionisio Ramos Bejarano;
Communist Party of Honduras/China (PCH/C-outlawed), Agapito Robledo Castro
Voting strength (1971 elections): National Party (PNH) 306,028; Liberal Party
(PLH) 276,777
Communists: about 800; 2,000 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran Campesinos
(ANACH); Council of Honduran Private Enterprise (COHEP); Confederation of
Honduran Workers (CTH)
Member of: CACM, IADB, ICAO, ILO, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $785 million (1972 pre].), $280 per capita; 74% private consumption, 12%
government consumption, 15% domestic investment; -1% net foreign balance
(1972); real growth rate 1972, 4.3%
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, coffee, corn, beans, cotton, sugarcane,
tobacco; caloric intake, 2,300 calories per day per capita (1964-65)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Fishing: exports $1.7 million (1972); imports $0.5 million (1970)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, clothing, wood products
Electric power: 156,000 kw. capacity (1972); 370 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 130 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $206 million (f.o.b., 1972); bananas, coffee, corn, cotton, lumber,
minerals, beef
Imports: $193 million (c.i.f., 1972); manufactured products, machinery,
transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 55%, West Germany 13%, CACM 3%; imports
-- U.S. 43%, CACM 11%, Japan 8%, West Germany 5% (1972)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), $65.0 million loans, $65.2
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-72), $175.1 million;
from other Western countries (1960-71), $7.0 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-71), $9.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=US$l (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 357 mi.; 202 mi. of 3'6" gage, 155 mi. of 3'0" gage
Highways: 5,400 mi.; 700 mi. bituminous surfaced, 1,550 mi. gravel surfaced or
improved earth, 3,150 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 750 mi. navigable by small craft
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 255 total, 180 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-
ways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central
American microwave net; 19,000 telephones; 300,000 radio and 46,000 TV
receivers; 102 AM, 10 FM, and 7 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 680,000; 400,000 fit for military service;
about 30,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
400 sq. mi.; 14% arable, 10% forested, 76% other (mainly
grass, shrub, steep hill country)
Land boundaries: 15 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 455 mi.
PEOPLE: I
Population: 4,229,000, average annual growth rate 1.7%
(7/70-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 10% Christian, 90% eclectic mixture of local religions
Language: Chinese, English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force (1971 est.): 1.58 million; 43% manufacturing, 20% services, 11%
construction, mining, quarrying and utilities, 13% commerce, 4% agriculture,
forestry, fisheries, and hunting, 7% communications, 2% other; under-
employment is a serious problem
Organized labor: 12% of 1969 labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of Hong Kong
Type: U.K. crown colony
Capital: Victoria
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Executive Council; he legislates with
advice and consent of Legislative Council; Urban Council which alone includes
elected representatives, responsible for health, recreation, and resettlement;
independent judiciary
Government leader: C.M. MacLehose, Governor and Commander in Chief
Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional or skilled persons
Elections: every 2 years to select one-half of elected membership of Urban
Council; other Urban Council members appointed by the Governor
Political parties and leaders: Civic Association, Hu Pai-fu; Reform Club, B. A.
Bernacchi; Socialist Democratic Party, Sun Po-kong; Hong Kong Labour Party,
Tang Hon-tsai
Voting strength: (elected Urban Council members) Civic Association 4, Reform
Club 3, and 1 independent
Communists: an estimated 2,000 hard core cadres affiliated with Communist Party
of China
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Trade Unions (Communist
controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese
dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber
of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong Industries,
Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong
ECONOMY:
GNP: $4.8 billion 1973 (est.), $1,160 per capita (est.)
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main products
rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food
shortages -- rice, wheat
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tourism, plastics, electronics, light
metal products, food processing
Shortages: industrial raw materials, water, food
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1973), including $1.3 billion reexports; principal
products clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs,
footwear, light metal manufactures
Imports: $5.7 billion (c.i.f., 1973)
Major trade partners: 1972 exports -- U.S. 40%, U.K. 14%, West Germany 10%; imports
-- Japan 23%, China 18%, U.S. 12%
Monetary conversion rate: HK$5.085=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: modern facilities are adequate for domestic and international
requirements; excellent coverage is provided by radiobroadcast; limited
wired television reception is available; 691,616 telephones; 725,000 radio
receivers; 300,000 TV receivers; 2 AM; 1 wired broadcast network; 1 FM;
2 TV stations (1 closed circuit); 4 submarine cables; 2 international
satellite stations in operation; radio relay links to the Republic of China
and to Canton, China; coaxial cable link under construction to Canton, China
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,062,000; 790,000 fit for military service;
about 48,000 reach military age (18) annually
Defense is the responsibility of U.K.
Ships: Hong Kong Marine Police, 38 police boats; U.K. naval ships homeported
in the U.K. operate in the Indian Ocean, Gulf, and Far East; they rotate
assignments within the area; one destroyer escort permanently assigned as the
Hong Kong guard ship; a varied number of auxiliary/service craft are assigned
to the Commander Hong Kong
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LAND:
35,900 sq. mi.; 60% arable, 14% other agricultural, 16%
forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 1,395 mi.
Labor force: 5 million (1 January 1971); 26% agriculture, 44% industry and
building, 30% other nonagricultural
PEOPLE:
Population: 10,451,000, average annual growth rate 0.3%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Magyar, 2.5% German, 2.4% Gypsy,
0.7% Jews, 1.1% other
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0%
Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other
Language: 98.2% Magyar, 1.8% other
Literacy: 97%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5 autonomous cities in county
status, 97 jaras (districts)
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory, with both civil law system (civil
code of 1960) and common law elements; constitution adopted 1949 amended 1972;
Supreme Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes have the effect of
declaring legislative acts unconstitutional; legal education at Lorand Eotvos
Tudomanyegyetem School of Law in Budapest and 2 other schools of law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- Presidential Council (elected by Parliament); legislative
-- Parliament (elected by direct suffrage); judicial -- Supreme Court
(elected by Parliament)
Government leaders: Jeno Fock, Chairman, Council of Ministers; Pal Losonczi,
President, Presidential Council
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every 4 years; national and local elections are held separately, two
years apart
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers Party
(sole party); Janos Kadar is First Secretary of Central Committee
Voting strength (1971 election): 7,260,856 (98%) for Communist-approved candidates;
76,725 (1.4%) invalid and negative votes; total eligible electorate about
7.3 million
Communists: about 693,000 party members (June 1971)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, ITU, UNESCO, U.N., UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $19.2 billion in 1973 (at 1972 prices), $1,840 per capita; 1973 growth
rate 4.9%
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops -- corn, wheat, potatoes,
sugar beets, wine grapes; caloric intake 3,140 calories per day
per capita (1970)
Major industries: minim?, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods,
textiles, chemicals especially pharmaceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest
products
Crude steel: 3.33 million metric tons produced (1973), 320 kg. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $4,594 million (f.o.b., 1973); 27% machinery, 20% industrial consumer
goods, 28% raw materials and semimanufactures, 24% food and raw materials
for the food industry, energy sources 1% (distribution for 1973)
Imports: $4,076 million (1973); 21% machinery, 10% industrial consumer goods,
51% raw materials and semimanufactures, 10% food and raw materials for the
food industry, energy sorces 8% (distribution for 1973)
Major trade partners: $8,670 million (1973); 66% with Communist countries, 34%
with non-Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 9.15 forints=US$l (commercial); 23.4
forints=US$l (noncommercial); old commercial rates: 10.81 forints=US$l in
1972; 11.74 forints=US$l prior to 1972
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
NOTE: Foreign trade figures were converted at the 1973 rate
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 5,275 route mi.; 4,465 mi. standard gage, 790 mi. narrow gage
(mostly 2' 5 7/8"), 22 mi. broad gage (5'0"), 637 mi. double track, 580
mi. electrified; government owned (1972)
Highways: 18,455 mi.; 564 mi. concrete, 11,218 mi. bituminous, 280 mi. stone block,
5,713 mi. gravel, 680 mi. earth (1972)
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 mi.; refined products, 180 mi.; natural gas, over
1,500 mi.
Inland waterways: 1,320 mi. (1974)
Freight carried: rail -- 130.5 million short tons (1972), 14.2 billion short ton/mi.
(1972); highway -- 489.5 million short tons, 4.85 billion short ton/mi. (1972);
waterway -- 15.6 million short tons, 5.7 billion short ton/mi. incl. int'l
transit traffic (1973)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are
Rostock, East Germany and ports in Poland
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft (1974)
Airfields: 85 total; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with runways 8,000-
11,999 ft., 20 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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LAND:
39,750 sq. mi.; arable negligible, 22% meadows and
pastures, forested negligible, 78% other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 n. mi. (fishing,
50 n. mi., effective 1 September 1972)
Coastline: 3,100 mi.
PEOPLE: F AaA
PgA ~~.
Population: 215,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(12/66-12/72)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2%
no affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 85,000; 22.6% agriculture and fishing; 25.6% mining and manufacturing;
10.7% construction; 12.8% commerce; 7.8% transportation and communications;
15.2% services; and 5.7% other; unemployment is insignificant
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215 parishes, 14 incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; constitution adopted 1944;
legal education at University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament
(Althing); executive power vested in President but exercised by cabinet
responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts
Government leaders: President Kristian Eldjarn; Prime Minister Olafur Johannesson
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every 4 years (next in 1975); presidential, every
4 years (next in 1976)
Political parties and leaders: Independence (conservative), Geir Hallgrimsson;
Progressive, Olafur Johannesson; Social Democratic, Gylfi Gislason; People's
Alliance (Communist front), Ragnar Arnalds; Organization of Liberals and
Leftists, Hannibal Valdimarsson
Voting strength (1971 election): 36.2% Independence, 25.2% Progressive, 10.4%
Social Democratic, 17.1% People's Alliance, organization of leftists and
liberals 8.9%
Communists: 1,000; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 18,055 votes cast
for Labor Alliance in 1971 election
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement pending resolution of fishing
limits issue), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, [TU,
NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $988 million (1973), $4,680 per capita; 62.6% consumption, 31.5%
investment, 10.4% government, -4.5% net foreign balance (1973); 1973 growth
rate 5.1%, constant prices
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, potatoes, turnips; food shortages
grains, sugar, vegetable and other fibers; caloric intake, 2,900 alories
per day per capita (1964-66)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Fishing: catch 880,000 metric tons; exports $205 million est. (1973)
Major industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, diatomite production
Shortages: grain, fuel, wood, minerals, vegetable fibers
Electric power: 454,000 kw. capacity (1972; 1.8 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 7,700 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $291 million (f.o.b., 1973); fish and fish products, animal products,
aluminum, diatomite
Imports: $359 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery and transportation equipment,
petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1972) Exports: EFTA 36%, U.S. 30%, EC 14%, U.S.S.R. 7%
Imports: EFTA 43%, EC 29%, U.S. 8%, U.S.S.R. 6%
Aid: economic -- U.S. authorized (1949-73) $90.1 million, $1.2 million in FY72,
$0.9 million (1973 prelim.); IBRD $30 million through September 1973
Budget: (1973 est.) expenditures $260 million, revenues $303 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 kronur=US$0.0115 (spot rate on 31 July 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 7,400 mi.; 4,760 mi. crushed stone (including lava) and gravel, 2,593
mi. unsurfaced roads and motorable tracks, 47 mi. concrete (some bituminous
stretches)
Ports: 4 major, and about 50 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 108 total, 93 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 12 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic service, wire and radio communication
system; 81,000 telephones; 75,000 radio and 49,250 TV receivers; 17 AM,
14 FM, and 77 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 51,000; 44,000 fit for military service (Iceland
has no conscription or compulsory military service)
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LAND:
1,211,000 sq. mi. (includes Indian part of Jammu-
Kashmir, Sikkim, Goa, Damao and Diu); 50% arable,
5% permanent meadows and pastures, 20% desert,
waste, or urban, 22% forested, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 7,880 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (fishing,
12 n. mi.; additional 100 mi. is fisheries conservation
zone, December 1968; archipelago concept baselines)
Coastline; 4,378 mi. (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE:
Population: 588,733,000 (including the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir),
average annual growth rate 2.2% (7/65-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh, 2.6% Christian, 0.7% Buddhist,
0.7% other
Language: 24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous
other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible;
Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people;
English enjoys "associate" status but is the most important language for
national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular
variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India
Literacy: males 39%; females 18%; both sexes 29% (1971 census)
Labor force: about 184 million; 70% agriculture, more than 10% unemployed and
underemployed; shortage of skilled labor is significant and unemployment is
rising
Organized labor: about 2.5% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Political subdivisions: 21 states, 9 union territories, 1 protectorate (Sikkim)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; judicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: parliamentary government, national and state; independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordinarily held every 5 years; may be
postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses
confidence vote; next general election to be held by March 1976; 16 states
held state elections in 1972; 4 states in 1974
Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress split into two factions
in 1969, largest faction (the Ruling Congress) loyal to Prime Minister Gandhi
led by S.D. Sharma, and smaller faction (the Organization Congress) led by
Ashoka Mehta; Communist Party of India (CPI), S. A. Dange, chairman; Communist
Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), P. Sundarayya, general secretary; Communist
Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), L.K. Advani, chairman; Swatantra,
P. Mody, chairman; Bharatiya Jana Sangh, A. B. Vajpayee, president; The
Socialist Party, Kappori Thakur, chairman; Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK),
N. Karunanidhi, president; Samyukta Socialist Party, Raj Narain, chairman
Voting strength (1971 election): 43.7% Ruling Congress, 10.5% Organization Congress,
7.4% Bharatiya Jana Sangh, 3.1% Swatantra, 4.8% CPI, 5.2% CPI/M, 3.5% Socialist
Parties, 3.7% DMK, 18.1% other
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Communists: 70,000 members of CPI (est.), 70,000 members of CPI/M; Communist
sympathizers, 13 million
Other political or pressure groups: Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), M.G.
Ramachandran, president, opposing DMK in Tamil Nadu; splintered Akali Dal
representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab; various separatist groups
seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or militant/chauvinistic
organizations, including Shiv Sena in Bombay, and the Anand Marg
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $59 billion in current prices est. (year ending 31 March 1973), $100 per
capita; real growth (FY73), 6% est.
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, other cereals, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute,
sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and coffee; must import foodgrains; caloric intake
is low and diet is deficient in protein
Fishing: catch 1.9 million metric tons (FY71-72); exports $52 million (FY71-72),
imports $100,000
Major industries: textiles, food processing
Crude steel: 6 million metric tons produced (FY73)
Exports: $3.0 billion est. (f.o.b., FY72); tea, jute manufactures, iron ore, cotton
textiles, leather and leather products
Imports: $3.2 billion est. (c.i.f., FY73); machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum, iron and steel, grains and flour
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 rupees=US$l (effective April 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 April, stated year - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 38,076 mi.; 16,259 mi. meter (3'3 3/8") gage, 18,892 mi. broad gage,
2,796 mi. (2'6" and 2'0") narrow gage government owned; 129 mi. 2'6" and
2'0" gage privately owned; 7,188 mi. double track; 2,455 mi. electrified
Highways: 795,539 mi.; 148,303 mi. paved, 111,876 gravel or crushed stone, 216,044
improved earth, 319,316 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,750 mi.; 1,600 mi. navigable by river steamers
Ports: 8 major, 80 minor
Civil air: 115 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 624 total, 354 usable; 185 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 49 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 126 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fair domestic telephone service where available; telegraph
facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; TV limited to Bombay and New Delhi;
international radio communications adequate; 1,479,475 telephones; 13,500,000
radio and 71,368 TV sets; about 163 AM stations at 75 locations, 2 TV stations,
one earth satellite station; submarine cables extend to Malaysia, Sri Lanka,
and Aden
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 138,974,000; 79,105,000 fit for military service;
about 6,194,000 reach military age (17) annually
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LAND:
736,000 sq. mi.; 12% small holdings and estates, 64% for-
ests, 24% inland water, waste, urban, and other
Land boundaries: 1,700 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under an archipelago
theory, claim is 12 n. mi., measured seaward from
straight baselines connecting the outermost islands
Coastline: 34,000 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 127,175,000 (including West Irian), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (7/67-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% Coastal Malays,
26% other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 4% Christian, 2% Buddhist, 2% Hindu, 2% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of Malay) official; English, and Dutch
leading foreign languages
Literacy: 60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group
Labor force: 41 million; 70% agriculture, 15% industry, 15% miscellaneous and
unemployed
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Political subdivisions: 26 first-level administrative subdivisions or provinces
which are further subdivided into 281 second-level areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of government; legal education
at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive headed by President who is chief of state and head of
cabinet; cabinet selected by President; unicameral legislature (Parliament),
of 460 members (100 appointed, 360 elected); second and larger body (Congress)
of 920 members and includes the legislature and 460 other members (chosen by
several processes, but not directly elected) elects President and Vice
President, and theoretically determines national policy
Government leader: President Suharto (elected by Congress March 1973)
Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age
Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official "party" based on functional
groups), Amir Moertono; Indonesian Democratic Party (federation of former
Nationalist and Christian parties), Mohammed Isnaeni; Unity Development
Party (federation of former Islamic parties), Idham Chalid
Voting strength (1971 election): Golkar 236 seats, Indonesian Democratic 30,
Unity Development 94
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current
strength est. at 1,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre--
October 1965 hard-core membership has been estimated at 1.5 million
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ECAFE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMF, OPEC, U.N.,
UNESCO
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $10.9 billion (1972), less than $100 per capita; real average annual growth
(1965-70) 5.1%
Agriculture: subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation
production for export; main crops -- rice, rubber, copra, other tropical
products; substantially self-sufficient; food shortage -- rice
Fishing: catch 1.26 million tons (1972); exports $4.5 million (1970), imports $0.3
million (1970)
Major industries: processing agricultural products and petroleum, textiles,
mining
Exports: $1,778 million (f.o.b., 1972); rubber, tin, copra, tea, coffee, tobacco,
palm oil; petroleum, $1,134 million (510 million bbls.) (1972)
Imports: $1,458 million (f.o.b., 1972); rice, other foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals,
iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables
Major trade partners: exports (1972) -- 15% U.S., 50% Japan, 8% Singapore, 4%
Netherlands; imports -- 15% U.S., 35% Japan, 8% West Germany, 6% Singapore
Budget: (1973-74) expenditures $2.1 billion; 60% current, 40% development
expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 415 rupiah=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 4,364 mi.; 3,990 mi. 3'6" gage, 317 mi. 2'5 1/2" gage, 57 mi.
I'll 5/8" gage; 132 mi. double track; 74 mi. electrified; government owned
Highways: 57,460 mi.; 12,600 mi. paved, 25,200 mi. gravel or crushed stone,
19,660 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 13,410 mi.; Sumatra 3,400 mi., Java and Madura 510 mi., Borneo
6,500 mi., Celebes 150 mi., and Irian Barat 2,850 mi.
Ports: 10 major, 63 minor
Civil air: 95 major transport aircraft (includes 2 leased)
Airfields: 366 total, 252 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 64 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 11 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: extensive police net for interisland service; international
and domestic service fair but improving; radiobroadcast coverage adequate
but TV limited to Java only; 240,210 telephones; 5 million radio and 236,828
TV sets; AM stations at over 50 locations; 1 FM and 13 TV stations; 1 earth
satellite station on Java; 2 submarine cables to Singapore no longer in service
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LAND:
636,000 sq. mi.; 14% agricultural, 11% forested, 16%
cultivable with adequate irrigation, 51% desert,
waste, or urban, 8% migratory grazing and other
Land boundaries: 3,305 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(fishing, 50 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,980 mi., including islands, 420 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 32,222,000, average annual growth rate 3%
(1/71-1/72)
Ethnic divisions: 63% Ethnic Persians, 3% Kurds, 13% other Iranian, 18% Turkic,
3% Arab and other Semitic, 1% other
Religion: 93% Shia Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim; 2% Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians
and Baha'is
Language: Farsi (Persian), Turki, Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: about 33% of those 10 years of age and older (1972 est.)
Labor force: 7.5 million; 47% agriculture, 53% industry, commerce and services;
shortage of skilled labor substantial
Organized labor: 1.1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Empire of Iran
Type: constitutional monarchy, controlled by the Shah
Capital: Tehran
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces and 4 chief-governorates, subdivided
into districts, sub-districts, counties, and villages
Legal system: based largely on French law, with elements drawn from other
continental systems; personal law based on Islamic practice generally with
residual traces of Roman law; constitution adopted 1906 and constitutional
law of 1907; High Court of Appeal may judge disputes relating to government
departments acting according to law; legal education at University of Teheran;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive power rests in Shah who appoints a Prime Minister; Prime
Minister must be approved by lower house (Majlis); while Cabinet theoretically
responsibility of Prime Minister, Shah usually exerts strong influence over
its selection; bicameral legislature; Majlis has 268 members elected to
4-year terms, and Senate 60 members serving 4-year terms; half of Senate
members appointed by Shah, other half elected; no provision for judicial
review of constitutionality of legislative acts
Government leaders: Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Prime Minister Amir
Abas Hoveyda
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: Majlis every 4 years; Senate every 4 years; latest national elections
July 1971, district and municipal elections in October 1972
Political parties and leaders: New Iran Party, Manuchehr Kalali; Mardom (Peoples)
Party, Nasser Ameri; Iranians Party, Dr. Fazlollah Sadr; Pan Iranist Party,
Mohsen Pezeshkpur
Voting strength (1971 election): Majlis -- New Iran Party, 230 seats; Mardom
Party, 37 seats; Iranians Party, 1 seat; Senate -- New Iran Party, 28 seats;
Mardom Party, 2 seats; plus 30 seats appointed by the Shah; all candidates
government approved
Communists: 1,000-2,000 (hard-core, est.); sympathizers (15,000-20,000 est.);
mostly pro-U.S.S.R. but pro-Chinese faction developing
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Other political or pressure groups: Tudeh Party (Communist, illegal); National
Front (coalition of neutralist urban elements virtually discredited because
of opposition to Shah's reform program); Confederation of Iranian Students
(illegal)
Member of: CENTO, Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, OPEC, RCD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $22.5 billion (1973), $720 per capita; real GNP growth, 14%
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets, cotton, dates, raisins, tea,
tobacco, sheep, and goats
Electric power: 2,851,000 kw. capacity (1972); 10.2 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 330 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $4,151 million (non-oil, f.o.b. Iranian FY72/73); 88% petroleum; also
carpets, raw cotton, fruits, and nuts, hide and leather items, ores; Communist
countries (primarily U.S.S.R.) took about 41% of non-oil exports
Imports: $2,840 million (c.i.f., FY72/73); machinery, iron and steel products,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electrical equipment; Communist countries
supplied about 7% of commodity imports
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S., Japan, West Germany, U.S.S.R. and other
Communist countries; imports -- U.S., West Germany, U.K., Japan, U.S.S.R.
Budget: (FY73-74) $16.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 68.17 rials=US$l
Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,373 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage, 57 mi. 5'6" gage
Highways: 27,000 mi.; 7,500 mi. bituminous and bituminous treatment, 14,250 mi.
gravel and crushed stone, 5,250 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: 565 mi., excluding the Caspian Sea, 64.6 mi. on the Shatt
al Arab
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,640 mi.; refined products, 2,235 mi.; natural gas,
1,440 mi.
Ports: 7 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 245 total, 146 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 16 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 53 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: advanced system of high-capacity radio-relay links, open-wire
lines, cables, and tropospheric links; principal center Teheran, secondary
centers Isfahan, Meshed, and Tabriz; 447,100 telephones; 1.9 million radio
and 400,000 TV receivers; 20 AM, 1 FM, and 9 TV stations; satellite earth
station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,469,000; 4,455,000 fit for military service;
about 327,000 reach military age (21) annually
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LAND:
172,000 sq. mi.; 18% cultivated, 68% desert, waste, or
urban, 10% seasonal and other grazing land, 4% forest
and woodland
Land boundaries: 2,280 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 36 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 10,663,000, average annual growth rate 3.4%
(10/72-10/73)
Ethnic divisions: 70.9% Arabs, 18.3% Kurds, 0.7% Assyrians, 2.4% Turkomans,
7.7% other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 8% Christian, 2% other
Language: Arabic, Kurdish minority speaks Kurdish
Literacy: 20% to 40%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 70% agriculture, 6.5% industry, 6.7% government,
16.8% other; rural underemployment high, but not serious because low
subsistence levels make it easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage
of technically trained personnel
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Iraq
Type: republic; National Front Government consisting of Ba'ath Party (BPI), and
Iraq Communist Party (CPI) formed in July 1973 (Kurds invited to join National
Front government but have refused pending solution of Kurdish autonomy issue)
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 16 provinces under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system
elsewhere; provisional constitution adopted in 1968; judicial review was
suspended; legal education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup
Government leaders: President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr; Deputy Chairman of the
Revolutionary Command Council Saddam Husayn 'Abd-al-Majid al-Tikriti
Suffrage: no elective bodies exist
Elections: no national elections since overthrow of monarchy in 1958
Communists: Communist Party allowed token representation in cabinet
Political or pressure groups: political parties banned, major opposition to
regime is from disaffected members of the regime and army officers
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OPEC,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $5.8 billion (1973 est.), $560 per capita
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock; largely self-sufficient
in food
Major industry: crude petroleum (fourth largest producer in Middle East); 1.9
million b/d (1973); petroleum revenues projected for 1974, $6.4 billion
Electric power: 958,000 kw. capacity (1973); 4.1 billion kw.-hr. produced (1973),
393 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,392 million (1972 est.); net receipts from oil, $1,317 million; non-oil
$75 million est.
Imports: $800 million (1973 est.); 24% from Communist countries (1972)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 2%, Italy 22%, France 19%, Netherlands 6%,
U.K. 4%; imports -- U.S. 4%, U.K. 9%, U.S.S.R. 7%, Czechoslovakia 7%,
France 6%
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Iraqi dinar=US$3.38 (end of July 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,408 mi.; 698 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage, 710 mi. meter (3'3 3/8") gage;
10 mi. meter gage double track
Highways: 12,919 mi.; 4,033 mi. paved; 2,886 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth; 6,000 mi. earth and sand tracks
Inland waterways: 635 mi.; Shatt al Arab navigable by maritime traffic for
about 65 mi.; Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers
Ports: 3 major
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,660 mi.; 25 mi. refined products; 430 mi. natural gas
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 178 total, 75 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 42 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 18 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: fair international radiocommunication service; poor
domestic telephone and telegraph service; 121,500 telephones; 1.25 million
radio receivers; 251,000 TV receivers; 4 TV and 4 AM stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,395,000; 1,295,000 fit for military service;
about 122,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
26,600 sq. mi.; 17% arable, 51% meadows and pastures,
3% forested, 2% inland water, 27% waste and urban
Land boundaries: 224 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi . (fishing,
12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 900 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,052,000 average annual growth rate 0.6%
(7/62-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Celts
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other
Language: English and Gaelic official; English is generally spoken
Literacy: 98%-99%
Labor force: about 1,130,000; 28% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 19% manufac-
turing; 15% commerce; 6% construction; 5% transportation; 4% government;
18% other
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in
Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: elected President; bicameral parliament reflecting proportional and
vocational representation; judiciary appointed by President on advice of
government
Government leaders: (President) Erskine Childers, Taoiseach (Prime Minister)
Liam Cosgrave; Tanaiste (Deputy Prime Minister) Brendan Corish
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every 5 years -- last election February
1973; President elected for 7-year term -- last election May 1973
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, John (Jack) Lynch; Labor Party,
Brendan Corish; Fine Gael, Liam Cosgrave; Communist Party of Ireland,
Michael O'Riordan
Voting strength: (1973 election) Fianna Fail 46% (69 seats), Fine Gael 35% (54
seats), Labor Party 14% (19 seats), other 5%; Independents hold 2 seats
Communists: approximately 300
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $5.5 billion (1972), $1,880 per capita; 64.8% consumption, 23.9% investment,
15.0% government; -3.7% net export of goods and services; 1972 real growth rate 3%
Agriculture: about 2/3 of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture;
main products -- livestock and dairy products, barley, potatoes, sugar beets,
wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages -- grains, fruits, vegetables;
caloric intake 3,510 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 89,500 metric tons; exports of fish and fish products $13.3 million
(1971), imports of fish and fish products $4.4 million (1971)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, machinery and
transportation equipment
Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals,
fertilizers, cereals and animal feeds, textile fibers and textiles
Crude steel: 77,000 metric tons produced in 1972, 30 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 1,797,500 kw. capacity (1973); 7.2 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 2,150 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,135 million (f.o.b., 1973); live animals, meat, textile products,
clothing, machinery, dairy products, chemicals
Imports: $2,736 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery, chemicals, textiles,
transportation equipment, petroleum, metal manufactures, cereals
Major trade partners: 72.5% EC-nine (U.K. 55.4%, West Germany 6.3%);
8.4% U.S.; 1.3% Communist countries (1972)
Aid: economic -- U.S., $187.8 million authorized (FY49-72), no activity (FY55-66),
$4.3 million authorized (FY67-72), $12.6 million authorized in FY69, none
authorized in FY70-72; IBRD $72.5 million authorized (FY64-72) $28 million
authorized (FY72)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Irish pound=US$2.453 (1973 average)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,361 mi., 5'3" gage; government owned
Highways: 53,700 mi.; 46,950 mi. surfaced, 6,750 mi. earth
Inland waterways: approx. 650 mi.
Ports: 6 major, 38 minor
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 37 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: small, modern system; all cities interconnected for telephone
and telegraph service; 359,000 telephones; 850,000 radiobroadcast receivers;
560,000 TV receivers; 6 AM, 5 FM, and 20 TV stations; 4 coaxial submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 663,000; 520,000 fit for military service;
about 28,000 reach military age (17) annually
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LAND:
116,300 sq. mi.; 50% cultivated, 17% meadow and pasture,
21% forest, 3% unused but potentially productive,
9% waste or urban
Land boundaries: 1,058 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi. (fishing,
12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 3,105 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 55,254,000, average annual growth rate 0.7%
(1/66-1/73)
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of
German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and of Albanian-Italians
in the south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic (de facto state religion)
Language. Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige Region (e.g., Bolzano) are
predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle
d'Aosta Region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area
Literacy: 5%-7% of population illiterate (1972); illiteracy varies widely by region
Labor force: 19,019,000 (April 1972); 17.7% agriculture, 42.5% industry, 36.5%
other, 3.3% unemployed; underemployment, particularly in southern Italy,
remains widespread; 1.5 million Italians employed in other Western European
countries
Organized labor: 20% (est.) of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Political subdivisions: constitution provides for establishment of 20 regions;
5 (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle
d'Aosta) have been functioning for some time and the remaining 15 regions
were instituted on 1 April 1972; 94 provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence;
constitution came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial review under certain
conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- President empowered to dissolve Parliament and call national
election; he is also Commander of the Armed Forces and presides over the
Supreme Defense Council; otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council
of Ministers; legislative power invested in bicameral, popularly elected
Parliament; Italy has an independent judicial establishment
Government leaders: President Giovanni Leone; Premier Mariano Rumor
Suffrage: universal over age 21 (except in Senatorial elections where minimum
age of voter is 25)
Elections: national elections for Parliament held every 5 years (most recent,
May 1972); provincial and municipal elections held every 5 years with some
out of phase; regional elections every 5 years (due 1975)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Amintore Fanfani
(party secretary), Mariano Rumor, Aldo Moro, Emilio Colombo; Communist Party
(PCI), Luigi Longo, Enrico Berlinguer; Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Francesco
De Martino, party secretary, Pietro Nenni, Giacomo Mancini, Mario Tanassi,
Giuseppe Saragat; Italian Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Flavio Orlandi
Liberal Party (PLI), Giovanni Malagodi; Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio
Almirante; Republican Party (PRI), Ugo La Malfa
Voting strength (1972 election): 38.8% DC, 27.2% PCI, 9.6% PSI, 3.9% PLI, 8.7%
MSI, 2.9% PRI, 5.1% PSDI, 3.8% other
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Communists: 1,613,525 members; (as of 20 August 1973); number of sympathizers
cannot be determined
Other political or pressure groups: the Vatican; three major trade union
confederations (CGIL -- Communist dominated, CISL -- Christian Democratic,
and UIL -- Social Democratic and Republican); Italian manufacturers
association (Confindustria); organized farm groups
Member of: ECSC, EC, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO. IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, OECD
Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $125 billion (1973), $2,290 per capita; 65.6% private consumption, 21.8%
gross investment, 14.3% government, net foreign balance -1.7% (1973 provisional);
1972 growth rate 3.2%, 1973 growth rate 5.1%, 1963 constant prices
Agriculture: important producer of fruits and vegetables; main crops -- cereals,
potatoes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food shortages -- fats, meat, fish,
and eggs; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 391,200 metric tons (1971), $251.8 million (1971); exports $22
million (1972), imports $132 million (1972)
Major industries: machinery and transportation equipment, iron and steel,
chemicals, food processing, textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 19.7 million metric tons produced (1972), 3F0 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 37,000,000 kw. capacity (1972); 133 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 2,430 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $20.0 billion (f.o.b., 1973); principal items -- machinery and
transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear
Imports: $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1973); principal items -- machinery and transport
equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum
Major trade partners: (1972) 46% EC-six (22% West Germany, 15% France, 5%
Netherlands, 4% Belgium-Luxembourg); 3% Switzerland; 9% U.S.; 5% U.S.S.R. and
other Communist countries of Eastern Europe
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $4,064.8 million (FY46-73), $78.2 million authorized FY73;
IBRD, $400 million authorized through FY72, none since FY65; International
Finance Corporation, $1 million authorized through FY72, none since FY60;
military -- U.S., $2,491.1 million (FY46-73), $11.6 million (prelim.)
authorized in FY73
Monetary conversion rate: smithsonian rate as of December 1971, 581.5 lira=US$1;
average of Friday closing rates in 1974 to April -- 647 lira=US$2
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 12,857 mi.; 9,907 mi. government owned; 9,805 mi. standard gage; 4,906
mi. electrified; 102 mi. narrow gage (3' 1 1/8"); 2,950 mi. non-government
owned; 1,567 mi . standard gage; 794 mi. electrified; 1,383 mi. narrow gage;
323 electrified
Highways: 179,000 mi.; autostrade 3,000 mi., state highways 25,750 mi., provincial
highways 57,000 mi., communal highways 93,250 mi.; 159,000 mi. concrete,
bituminous, or stone block, 15,500 mi. gravel and crushed stone, 4,500 mi.
earth
Inland waterways: 1,538 mi. navigable routes; 708 mi. rivers, 529 mi. canals,
307 mi. are lake routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,100 mi.; refined products, 900 mi.; natural gas, 6,324 mi.
Ports: 16 major, 22 significant minor
Civil air: 141 major transport aircraft (including 1 foreign owned but Italian
registered)
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Airfields: 230 total, 150 usable; 81 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 28 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 45 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 11 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: well engineered, well constructed, and efficiently operated;
12.3 million telephones; 12.7 million radio and 11.6 million TV receivers;
82 AM, 600 FM, and 870 TV stations; 10 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communication
satellite ground stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,705,000; 11,485,000 fit for military service;
423,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
125,000 sq. mi.; 40% forest and woodland, 8% cultivated,
52% grazing, fallow, and waste, 200 mi . of lagoons
and connecting canals along eastern coast
Land boundaries: 2,005 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 320 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,262,000 (resident African population only),
average annual growth rate 3.3% (1/66-1/71)
Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no single tribe more than
20% of population; most important are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo;
approx. 1 million foreign Africans, mostly Voltaics; about 33,000 non-Africans
(25,000 French)
Religion: 66% animist, 22% Muslim, 12% Christian
Language: French official, over 60 native dialects, Dioula most widely spoken
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock
raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agricul-
ture, remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Ivory Coast
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime established 1960
Capital: Abidjan
Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdivided into 127 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, amended 1963; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber
of the Supreme Court; legal education at Abidjan School of Law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral legislature, separate judiciary
Government leader: President Felix Houphouet-Boigny
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: uncontested Presidential and legislative elections held in November
1970 for 5-year term
Political parties and leaders: Parti Democratique de la Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI),
(only party); official party leader is Secretary General Philippe Yace, but
Houphouet-Boigny is in control
Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, Entente, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1.8 billion (1972), $360 per capita (1971); average annual growth
rate 1960-70, 8.3%
Agriculture: commercial -- coffee, wood, cocoa, bananas, pineapples, palm oil;
food crops -- corn, millet, yams, rice; other commodities -- cotton, rubber?
tobacco, fish; self-sufficient in most foodstuffs, but rice, sugar, and meat
imported
Fishing: catch 62,600 metric tons (1971); $14.7 million, exports $2.6 million
(1970), imports $5.2 million (1971)
Major industries: food and lumber processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly
plant, textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer
plant, and battery factory
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 238,900 kw, capacity (1972); 788 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
157 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $553 million (f.o.b., 1972); coffee, tropical woods, cocoa, 80% of total;
bananas, pineapples, palm oil
Imports: $454 million (c.i.f., 1972); consumer goods about 40%, raw materials and
fuels 10%, manufactured goods and semi-finished products, about 50%
Major trade partners: France and other EC countries about 65%, U.S. 13%, Communist
countries about 1%
Aid:
economic -- France (1960-69) $312 million; EC $123 million, including 1971
commitments; U.S. (FY61-72), $110 million; others (1960-71), $76 million,
including $18.5 million comitted; no Communist aid programs
military -- non-Communist countries, $7.3 million (1954-67)
Budget: 1972 est. -- revenues $369.1 million, current expenditures $280.3 million,
investment expenditures $136.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
as of February 1973, floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 408 mi. of the 728 mi. Abidjan to Ouagadougou, Upper Volta line, all
single track meter gage; only diesel locomotives in use
Highways: 24,600 mi.; 1,045 mi. bituminous and bituminous-surface treatment;
21,385 mi. gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 12,600
mi. unimproved earth roads
Inland waterways: 460 mi. navigable rivers and numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major, 3 minor
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 44 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 feet; 8 with runways 4,000-7,999 feet; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: system only slightly above African average; consists of
microwave relays, open-wire lines and radio relay links, which provide
incomplete coverage of country; Abidjan is only center; 24,800 telephones;
202,000 radio and 100,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, 2 FM, and 4 TV stations; 2
submarine cables; satellite earth station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,134,000; 545,000 fit for military service;
63,000 males reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
4,410 sq. mi.; 21% arable, 23% meadows and pastures, 19%
forested, 37% waste, urban, or other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 635 mi.
1 YENEZUELN
COLOMBIA
EGVAOOR
PERU BRAZIL
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,990,000, average annual growth rate 1.5%
(7/69-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%,
Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, East Indian and
Afro-East Indian 3.4%, white 3.2%, other 0.9%
Religion: predominantly Protestant, some Roman Catholic, some piritualist cults
Language: English
Literacy: Ministry of Education estimates between 43% and 57% of adult population
functionally literate
Labor force: 808,300; 26% in agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining, 10%
manufacturing, 8% public administration, 5% construction, 10% commerce, 3%
transportation and utilities, 15% services, 23% unemployed (seasonal unemploy-
ment In agriculture can push the unemployment figure to 25%); shortage of
technical and managerial personnel
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force (1966)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Commonwealth since August 1962, recognizing
Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: cabinet headed by Prime Minister; 53-member elected House of Represent-
atives; 21-member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister, 8 by opposition
leader); judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leader: Prime Minister Michael Manley
Suffrage: universal, age 18 and over
Elections: at discretion of Governor-General upon advice of Prime Minister but
within 5 years; latest held 29 February 1972
Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Sir Alexander
Bustamante, Hugh Shearer; People's National Party (PNP), Michael Manley
Voting strength (1972 general elections): 56.55% PNP, 43.21% JLP, 0.24% other
Communists: a few hundred Marxist and Communist sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: New World Group (Caribbean regionalists,
nationalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro
religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists); New Creation International
Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group)
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, OAS, Pan
American Health Organization, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1,356 million (1972), $700 per capita; real growth rate 1972, 6% est.
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, citrus fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts,
coffee, cocoa
Major industries: bauxite, textiles, food rocessing, light manufactures, tourism
Electric power: 556,000 kw. capacity (1971p); 1.6 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 860 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $386 million (f.o.b., 1973); alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus
fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $621 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery, transportation and electrical
equipment, food, fuels, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 44%, U.K. 22%, Canada 5%, Norway 11%;
imports -- U.S. 37%, U.K. 19%, Canada 7% (1972)
Aid:
economic -- from U.S. (FY56-72), $80.2 million in loans; $47 million grants;
from international organizations (FY46-72), $94.8 million; from other Western
countries (1960-71), $90.2 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY63-72), $1.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jamaican dollar=US$1.10
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 204 mi. government-owned, 43 mi. privately owned, all standard gage,
single track
Highways: 7,100 mi.; 1,500 mi. paved, 4,100 mi. gravel, 1,500 mi. unimproved
earth surfaces
Pipelines: refined products, 6 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 10 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 48 total, 39 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
way 8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network with 86,900
telephones; satellite ground station; 600,000 radio and 92,000 TV receivers;
8 AM, 8 FM, and 8 TV stations; 5 submarine cables, including 2 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 416,000; 280,000 fit for military service; no
conscription; average number currently reaching minimum volunteer age (18),
22,000
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NOTE: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967
ended with Israel in control of West Jordan. Although
approx. 930,000 persons resided in this area prior to the
start of the war, fewer than 750,000 of them remain there
under the Israeli occupation, the remainder having fled
to East Jordan. Over 14,000 of those who fled were
repatriated in August 1967, but their return has been
more than offset by other Arabs who have crossed and are
continuing to cross from West to East Jordan. These and
certain other effects of the Arab-Israeli war are not
included in the data below.
LAND:
37,100 sq. mi. (including about 2,100 sq. mi. occupied by Israel); 11%
agricultural, 88% desert, waste, or urban, 1% forested
Land boundaries: 1,100 mi. (1967, 1,037 mi. excluding occupied areas)
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 16 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,,611,000 (includin West Bank and East Jerusalem), average annual
growth rate 3.6% (11/72-11/73)
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1% Armenian
Religion: 95% Sunni Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: Arabic official, English widely understood among upper and middle
classes
Literacy: about 40% in East Jordan; somewhat less than 50% in West Jordan
Labor force: 564,000; 33% unemployed
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: 'Amman
Political subdivisions: 8 districts (3 are under Israeli occupation) under
centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; constitution adopted 1952;
judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King holds balance of power; Prime Minister exercises executive authority
in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King and responsible to parliament;
bicameral parliament with Chamber of Deputies last chosen by national elections
in April 1967, Senate last appointed by King in September 1971; each house
contains equal representation from East and West Jordan; present parliament
subservient to executive as a result of rigged elections (April 1967);
secular court system based on differing legal systems of the former
Transjordan and Palestine; law Western in concept and structure; Sharia
(religious) courts for Muslims, and religious community council courts for
non-Muslim communities; desert police carry out quasi-judicial functions
in desert areas
Government leader: King Husayn ibn Talal al-Hashimi
Suffrage: all citizens over age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party activity illegal since 1957;
Palestine Liberation Organization and Fatah, Yasir Arafat; various smaller
fedayeen groups; Ba'th Party of Jordan, Dr. Mun'if Razzaz; National
Socialist Party, Sulayman al-Nabulusi; Muslim Brethren
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Communists: party actively repressed, active membership less than 100
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IATA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $800 million (1973 est.), $320 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- wheat, fruits, vegetables, olive oil; not self-
sufficient in many foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, and cement production
Electric power: 46,300 kw. capacity (1973); 158 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
62 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $53 million (f.o.b., 1973); major items -- fruits and vegetables,
phosphate rock; Communist share 5% of total (1971)
Imports: $233 million (c.i.f., 1973); major items -- petroleum products, textiles,
capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 17% of total (1971)
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $676 million economic assistance (FY49-72), of which $34
million loans, $642 million grants;
military -- $195 million total from U.S. (FY49-72) including $120 million in
MAP grants
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jordanian dinar=US$3.12, freely convertible; 0.321
Jordanian dinar=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 227 mi. 3'5 3/8" gage, single track
Highways: 4,400 mi.; 3,486 mi. bituminous, 249 mi. improved, 665 unimproved earth
(these mileages include approximately 670 mi. -- mostly bituminous -- of
Jordanian territory held by Israel)
Pipelines: crude oil, 130 mi.
Ports: 1 major
Airfields: 53 total, 20 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 10 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: adequate telecommunication system for the needs of the
country; 37,100 telephones; 300,000 radio and 132,000 TV receivers; 1 AM
and 1 TV stations; 1 earth satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 608,000; 460,000 fit for military service;
average number currently reaching military age (18) annually 30,000
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LAND:
225,000 sq. mi.; about 21% forest and woodland, 13%
suitable for agriculture, 66% mainly grassland
adequate for grazing (1971)
Land boundaries: 2,093 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 333 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 12,911,000, average annual growth rate 3.4%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 97% native African (including Bantu, Nilotic, Hamitic and
Nilo-Hamitic); 2% Asian; 1% European, Arab and others
Religion: 56% Christian, 36% animist, 7% Muslim, 1% Hindu
Language: English and Swahili official; each tribe has own language
Literacy: 27%
Labor force: 2.5 million; about 977,000, (39%) in monetary economy (1967)
Organized labor: about 215,000
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth since December 1963
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nairobi Area
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law and Islamic law;
constitution enacted 1963; judicial review in Supreme Court; legal education
at University Kenya School of Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature (National
Assembly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by constituencies and 12
appointed by the President; Assembly must be reelected at least every
5 years; High Court, with Chief Justice and at least 11 justices, has
unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal
proceeding; provision for systems of courts of appeal with ultimate appeal
to East African Court of Appeals
Government leader: President Jomo Kenyatta
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: general election (December 1969) elected present National Assembly;
next elections promised for 1974
Political party and leaders: Kenya Africa National Union (KANU), president,
Jomo Kenyatta; next party election scheduled for 1974
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the National Assembly
Communists: may be a few Communists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions
Member of: EAC, IAEA, ICAO, OAU, Seabeds Committee, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,574 million at 1967 prices (1972), $130 per capita; 7% real growth (1972)
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, sisal, tea, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock;
food crops -- corn, wheat, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: $4.2 million (1970)
Major industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,
textiles, soap, agricultural processing, cigarettes, flour), oil refining,
cement
Electric power: 217,000 kw. capacity (1972); 875 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
70 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $339 million (f.o.b., 1972); coffee, tea, livestock products, pyrethrum,
soda ash, wattle-bark tanning extract
Imports: $518 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery, transport equipment, crude oil,
paper and paper products, iron and steel products, and textiles
Major trade partners: U.K. and EC, also Uganda and Tanzania, which are part of
East African Economic Community
Budget: FY73 current expenditure $372 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kenya shilling=US$0.14 (official); 6.90 Kenya
shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,275 mi.; meter gage
Highways: 29,075 mi.; 2,075 mi. paved, 27,000 mi. gravel and/or earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria and Lake Rudolph are within boundaries
of Kenya
Ports: 1 major, 3 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 272 total, 214 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 1 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 43 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: in top group of African systems; consists of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Nairobi, secondary centers Mombasa and Nakuru; 85,200 telephones; 774,000
radio and 37,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, 1 FM, and 5 TV stations; 1 submarine
cable; satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,809,000; 1,365,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
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LAND:
47,000 sq. mi.; 17% arable and cultivated, 74% in forest,
scrub, and brush; remainder wasteland and urban
Land boundaries: 1,440 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 1,550 mi.
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Literacy: 90% (est.)
Labor force: 6.1 million; 47.7% agriculture, 52.3% non-agricultural; shortage of
skilled and unskilled labor
PEOPLE:
Population: 16,005,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: Pyongyang
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 3 special cities (P'yongyang, Hamhung,
Ch'ongjin), and 1 special district (Kaesong)
Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and
Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1948; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Supreme Peoples Assembly theoretically supervises Legislative and
Judicial function
Government and party leaders: Kim Il-song, President and General Secretary
of the Korean Labor Party; Kim 11, Premier
Suffrage: Universal at age 17
Elections: election to SPA every 4 years, but this constitutional provision not
necessarily followed -- last election December 1972
Political party: Korean Labor (Communist) Party; claimed membership of about
1.6 million, or about 12% of population
Member of: IPU, U.N. (observer status only), UNCTAD, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $5.3 billion (1972), $40 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, corn, vegetables; food shortages -- meat,
cooking oils; production of foodstuffs adequate for domestic needs at low
levels of consumption
Major industries: machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy,
textiles, food processing
Shortages: heavy machinery and equipment, bituminous and coking coal, petroleum,
rubber
Exports: $400 million; minerals, chemical and metallurgical products (1972)
Imports: $640 million; machinery and equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, coking
coal (1972)
Major trade partners: total trade turnover $1 billion (1972); about one-fourth
with non-Comunist countries, three-fourths with Communist countries (almost
one-half with the U.S.S.R.)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid:
economic and military aid from the U.S.S.R. and China
Monetary conversion rate: 2.15 won=US$1 (arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,782 route mi. operating in 1968; 2,369 mi. standard gage, 413 mi.
2'6" narrow gage; 99 mi. double tracked; about 588 mi. electrified; government
owned
Highways: about 12,600 mi., 95% gravel or earth surface
Inland waterways: 1,400 mi.; mostly navigable by small craft only
Freight carried (1969): rail -- 13 billion metric ton/km., 62 million metric
tons; highway -- 765 million metric ton/km., 116 million metric tons;
waterway -- 540 million metric ton/km., 7.7 million metric tons; coastal --
170 million metric ton/km., 0.4 million metric tons
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,520,000; 2,090,000 fit for military service;
174,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
38,000 sq. mi.; 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10% urban
and other, 67% forested
Land boundaries: 150 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 20-200
n. mi., continental shelf including sovereignty over
superjacent waters)
Coastline: 1,500 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 33,451,000, average annual growth rate 1.7%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese minority
(approx. 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism);
vigorous Christian minority (5.5% of population); Buddhism (including
estimated 20,000 members of Soka Gakkai); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly
way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century,
claims about 1.5 million adherents
Language: Korean
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: about 10.2 million (1971); 46.2% agriculture, fishing, forestry,
32.3% services, 14% mining and manufacturing, 3% construction, 4.5% unemployed
Organized labor: about 10% of nonagricultural labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a strong executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 2 special cities; heads centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law systems,
Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; constitution approved
1972; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative (unicameral), judiciary, National Conference
of Unification
Government leaders: President Pak Chong-hui; Prime Minister Kim Chong-pil
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: presidential every 6 years indirectly by the National Conference of
Unification, last election December 1972; two-thirds of the 219-member
National Assembly is elected directly for the same period within six
months of the presidential election, remaining third nominated by the
President and elected by the National Conference for a three-year term;
last election February 1973, Revitalization Group - 73 seats, Democratic
Republican Party - 73 seats, New Democratic Party - 52 seats, Democratic
Unification Party - 2 seats, Independents - 19 seats
Political parties and leaders: pro-government -- Revitalization Group (appointed)
(Chairman, Pak Tu-Chin) and Democratic Republican Party (Acting Chairman,
Yi Hyo-sang); New Democratic Party (Chairman, vacant); Democratic Unification
(Chairman, Yang I1-tong)
Voting strength: (1973 election) popular vote 11,896,484; DRP 38.8%, NDP 32.8%,
DUP 10.2%, Independent 18.1%, 0.1% invalid
Communists: Communist activity banned by government; an estimated 37,000-50,000
former members and supporters
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean
Veterans' Association; large potentially volatile student population
concentrated in Seoul
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: ADB, Asian Parliamentary Union, Asian People's Anti-Communist League
(APACL), ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ECAFE, FAO, GATT, Geneva Conventions of 1949
for the protection of war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, IMCO, IMF,
INTELSAT, Inter-Parliamentary Union, INTERPOL, ITU, UNESCO, U.N. Special Fund,
UPU, WHO, WMO, World Anti-Communist League (WACL); official observer at U.N.,
does not hold U.N. membership
ECONOMY:
GNP: $12.3 billion (1973), $370 per capita; real growth 16.9% (1973)
Agriculture: 45% of the population live on the land, but agriculture, forestry
and fishery constitute 23% of GNP; main crops -- rice, barley, wheat; not
self-sufficient; food shortages -- barley, wheat, dairy products, rice, corn
Fishing: catch 1,343,000 metric tons, $262 million (1972 est.)
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food processing, chemical fertilizers,
chemicals, plywood, coal
Shortages: base metals, fertilizer, petroleum, lumber and certain food grains
Exports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1973); clothing and textiles, veneer and plywood,
wigs, fish products, electrical products, iron and steel scrap
Imports: $3.9 billion (c.i.f., 1973)
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 31%, Japan 40%; imports -- Japan 38%,
U.S. 30% (1973)
Aid:
economic -- U.S. (FY46-73), $5.9 billion committed; Japan (1965-71), $730
million extended;
military -- U.S. (FY46-72), $5.7 billion committed
Monetary conversion rate: rate fixed at 400 won=US$l since end of 1972
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,964 mi.; 1,915 mi. standard gage, 32 mi. (216") narrow gage; 280
mi. double track; 96 mi. electrified; government owned
Highways: 25,250 mi.; 3,597 mi. paved, 17,673 mi. gravel, 2,013 mi. improved
earth, 1,967 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,000 mi.; use restricted to small native craft
Freight carried: rail (1968) 4.5 billion short ton/mi., 30.4 million short
tons; highway 24 million short tons; air (1959) 796,260 lbs. carried
Pipelines: 255 mi., refined products, under construction
Ports: 10 major, 18 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 265 total, 119 usable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 15 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,056,000; 5,100,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (18) annually 340,000
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LAND:
6,200 sq. mi. (excluding neutral zone but including islands);
insignificant amount forested; nearly all desert, waste,
or urban
Land boundaries: 285 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 310 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 930,000, average annual growth rate 5.4%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 87% Arabs, 12% Iranians, Indians, and Pakistani, 1% other
Religion: 95% Muslim, 5% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, other
Language: Arabic; English commonly used foreign language
Literacy: about 55% (1965)
Labor force: 250,000 (1969); 9% manufacturing, 16% construction, 45% services,
13% commerce
Organized labor: labor unions, first authorized in 1964, formed in oil industry
and among government personnel
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Al Kuwayt
Political subdivisions: 3 governorates, 10 voting constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters;
constitution took effect 1963, judicial review of legislative acts not yet
determined; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers; National Assembly
Government leader: Emir Sabah al-Salim Al Sabah
Suffrage: native born and naturalized males age 21 or over
Elections: held every 4 years for National Assembly; scheduled for January 1975
Political parties and leaders: political parties prohibited, some small
clandestine groups are active
Communists: insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
OPEC, OAPEC, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $4.4 billion (1973 est.), $4,380 per capita est.
Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on imports for food; approx. 75% of
potable water must be distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum production averaging 2.9 million b/d (includes
Kuwait's share of neutral zone) (1973); government revenues from taxes and
royalties on production, refining, and consumption $7.3 billion est. for
1974; refinery capacity 504,000 b/d est. (1970); other major industries
include fishing, processing of building materials, fertilizers, chemicals,
and flour
Electric power: 1,070,800 kw. capacity (1972); 3.2 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 3,280 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,785 million (FY71-72), of which petroleum accounted for about 98%;
nonpetroleum exports are mostly reexports, $137 million (f.o.b., FY71-72)
Imports: $819 million (FY71-72); major suppliers -- U.S., Japan, U.K., West
Germany
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Budget: (FY74-75) $26 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kuwaiti dinar=US$3.38 (October 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,550 mi.; 465 mi. bituminous; 1,085 mi. earth, sand, light gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 255 mi.; refined products, 25 mi.; natural gas, 75 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 4 minor
Merchant marine: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 651,100 GRT, 1,105,500
DWT; includes 24 cargo, 1 container, 6 tankers, 3 specialized carriers (C)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 13 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunications; adequate
domestic telecommunication facilities; 85,100 telephones; 200,000 radio
and 130,000 TV sets; 3 AM and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 308,000; about 185,000 fit for military
service
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LAND:
91,430 sq. mi.; 8% agricultural, 60% forests, 32% urban,
waste, and other; except in very limited areas, soil
is very poor; most of forested area is not exploitable
Land boundaries: 3,140 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,257,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 47% Lao; 14% Tribal Tai; 25% Phoutheung
(Kha); 14% Meo, Yao, and other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other
Language: Lao official, French predominant foreign
language also used in administration
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: about 1,268,000; 80%-90% agriculture; 159,286 engaged in
manufacturing and services; 11,864 government employees
Organized labor: only civil servants are organized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Laos
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vientiane (Luang Prabang royal capital)
Political subdivisions: 16 provinces subdivided into districts, cantons, and
villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution of 1947 has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King, 12-member King's Council; 24 member cabinet provided for by new
provisional coalition government formed on April 5, 1974; (new 42-member Joint
National Political Council is equal with and independent of the government);
most of the cabinet and council seats are evenly divided between Communists and
non-communists with remainder occupied by neutralist politicians (the "Qualified
Group") acceptable to both Lao sides. The 59-member cabinet of the former
government has no legislative role to play in the new coalition government
Government leaders: King Savang Vatthana; Premier Souvanna Phouma; Council
Chairman, Prince Souphanouvang
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: The 1973 Lao Accords specify that general elections for new National
Assembly and permanent government of national union should be held as soon as
possible after the formation of the provisional coalition government
Political parties and leaders: Neo Lao Hak Sat, Communist-front organization
which includes the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Communist), only
party active
Communists: Lao People's Revolutionary Party (clandestine) membership unknown
Other political or pressure groups: non-Communist political groups are
informal and associated with regional family and military leaders;
Royal Armed Forces (FAR) leaders, Commander in Chief Bounpone
Makthepharack, and Generals Kouprasith Abhay, Phasouk Somly, Vang Pao,
Soutchay Vongsavanh, and Ret. Gen. Ouan Rathikoun
Member of: Colombo Plan, ECAFE, ICAO, IMF, Mekong Committee, SEAMES, U.N., UNCfAD
ECONOMY:
GNP: $220 million, $70 per capita (1972 est.)
Agriculture: main crops -- rice (overwhelmingly dominant), corn, coffee, cotton
and tobacco; largely self-sufficient; food shortages (due in part to
distribution deficiencies) including rice
Fishing: catch data unavailable; imports fish and fish products 200 tons,
$128,000 (1970)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: tin mining, timber
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum, transportation system
Electric power: 54,500 kw. capacity (1973); 240,000,000 kw.-hr. produced (1973),
75 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.6 million (f.o.b., 1972); tin concentrates; forest products, coffee,
undeclared exports of opium significant but value unknown
Imports: $44 million (c.i.f., 1972); rice and other foodstuffs, petroleum
products, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles
Major trade partners: imports from Thailand, Japan, U.S., France, U.K., Indonesia,
Hong Kong; exports to Malaysia and Thailand; trade with Communist countries
insignificant; Laos a major transit point in world gold trade; value
of 1972 gold imports $2.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 840 kip=US$l for most transactions
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: about 9,600 mi. (including Communist-held areas); 800 mi. bituminous
or bituminous treated, 3,100 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth;
5,700 mi. unimproved earth and often impassable during rainy season
mid-May to mid-September
Inland waterways: about 2,850 mi., primarily Mekong and tributaries; 1,800
additional miles are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 1.5 ft.
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 414 total, 127 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft., 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft.
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 769,000; 410,000 fit for military service;
average number currently reaching usual military age (18) annually, 34,000;
no conscription age specified
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LAND:
4,000 sq. mi.; 27% agricultural land, 64% desert, waste,
or urban, 9% forested
Land boundaries: 285 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): no specific laims
(fishing, 6 n. mi.)
Coastline: 140 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,149,000 (including Lebanese nationals living
outside the country who are on the population register,
but excluding registered Palestinian refugees numbering
188,000 on 30 June 1973), average annual growth rate 3.1% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1% other
Religion: 55% Christian, 44% Muslim and Druze, 1% other (official estimates);
Muslims believed to constitute slight majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely spoken
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: about 1 million economically active; 49% agriculture, 11% industry,
14% commerce, 26% other; moderate unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 5 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, and civil law system; consti-
tution mandated in 1920; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at University of Lebanon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: power lies with President elected by parliament (Chamber of Deputies);
Cabinet appointed by President, approved by parliament; independent secular
courts on French pattern; religious courts for matters of marriage, divorce,
inheritance, etc.; by custom, President is a Maronite Christian, Prime
Minister a Sunni Muslim, and president of parliament a Shia Muslim; each of
9 religious communities represented in parliament in proportion to national
numerical strength
Government leader: President Sulayman Franjiyah
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21; authorized for women over 21 with
elementary education
Elections: for Chamber of Deputies, held every 4 years or within 3 months of
dissolution of Chamber; held April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized along
sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual
political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic
considerations; political stability dependent on maintenance of balance
between religious communities
Communists: one of largest Communist parties in Middle East; legalized in 1970;
members and sympathizers estimated at 6,000
Other political or pressure groups: Palestinian guerrilla organizations
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, potatoes, tobacco, olives, onions; not
self-sufficient in food
Major industries: service industries, food processing, textiles, cement, oil
refining, chemicals, some metal fabricating, tourism
Electric power: 560,900 kw. capacity (1972); 1.5 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 500 kw.-hr. per capita
Major trade partners: exports $355 million (f.o.b., 1972); most to Arab
countries; imports $850 million (c.i.f., 1972); chiefly from EC, U.K., and
Arab countries; trade deficit covered by large net receipts from invisibles
(particularly tourism and transportation) and private capital inflow
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Lebanese pound=US$0.44 as of April 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 238 mi.; 184 mi. 4'8 1/2", 51 mi. 3'5 3/8"; all single track
Highways: 5,160 mi.; 3,850 mi. paved, 310 mi. gravel and crushed stone, 404 mi.
improved earth, 596 mi. unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 45 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 3 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: excellent international telecommunication facilities include
satellite ground station; good domestic telephone and telegraph service;
192,000 telephones; 1.3 million radio and 321,000 TV receivers; 7 TV, 2 FM,
and 1 AM radiobroadcast stations; 1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 734,000; 435,000 fit for military service;
average of about 27,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
11,700 sq. mi.; 15% cultivable; largely mountainous
Land boundaries: 500 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,016,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(7/72-773)
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho, 1,600 Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: 70% or more Christian, rest animist
Language: all Africans speak Sesotho vernacular; English
is second language for literates
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 87.4% of resident population engaged in
subsistence agriculture; 150,000 to 250,000 spend 6 months to many years
as wage earners in South Africa
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Type: constitutional monarchy under King Moshoeshoe II; independent member of
commonwealth since 1966
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and
Court of Appeal; legal education at University of Botswana, Lesotho, and
Swaziland (located in Lesotho); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, divided between a largely ceremonial King and a Prime
Minister who leads cabinet of at least 7 members; Prime Minister dismissed
bicameral legislature in early 1970 and subsequently has ruled by decree; Prime
Minister convened Interim National Assembly in April 1973 in order to devise
new constitution; judicial -- 63 Lesotho courts administer customary law for
Africans, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over
all residents, Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections held in January 1970; nullified allegedly because of election
irregularities; subsequent elections promised at unspecified date
Political parties and leaders: Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokhele;
National Party (BNP), Chief Leabua Jonathan
Voting strength: in 1970 elections for National Assembly, BNP won 32 seats;
BCP, 22 seats; minor parties, 4 seats
Communists: Communist Party of Lesotho banned in early 1970
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, ILO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $90 million (FY71 est.), about $100 per capita; growth rate (incurrent
prices), 6% annually (FY67-71 est.)
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock;
principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley
Major industries: none
Electric power: 2,820 kw. capacity (1973); 6 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
6 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances $11 million est. in FY72); $6 million
(f.o.b., FY73), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, diamonds, peas, beans, corn,
hides, skins
Imports: $55 million (f.o.b., FY73); mainly corn, building materials, clothing,
vehicles, machinery, POL
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic aid; U.K. $9.4 million (plan FY71-75); other $17.5 million (plan
FY71-75); U.S. $13.4 million authorized; no military aid
Budget: (FY74) expenditures $31 million, revenues $29 million
Monetary conversion rate: Lesotho uses the South African rand; 1 SA rand=US$1.42
(par value); .7046 SA rand=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1 mi.; owned, operated, and included in the statistics of the Republic
of South Africa
Highways: approx. 1,370 mi.; 120 mi. paved; 580 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
stablized soil; 670 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 37 total, 20 usable; 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: system a modest one consisting of a few landlines, a small
radio-relay system, and minor radiocommunication stations; Maseru is the
center; 3,200 telephones; 10,500 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 203,000; fit for military service 105,000
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LAND:
43,000 sq. mi.; 20% agricultural, 30% jungle and swamps,
40% forested, 10% unclassified
Land boundaries: 830 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 360 mi.
Negroes; 95% indigenous Negroid African tribes including Gola, Kissi, Vai,
Kpelle, Kru, and Mandingo
Religion: probably more Muslims than Christians; 70%-80% animist
Language: English official; 28 tribal languages or dialects, pidgin English used
by about 20%
Literacy: about 24% over age 5
Labor force: 500,000, of which 150,000 are in modern economy; about 2,000 non-
African foreigners hold about 95% of the top level management and
engineering jobs
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,712,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 5% coastal descendants of immigrant
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Liberia
Type: republic; dominated by strong executive
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into 9 counties; President appoints all
officials of significance
Legal system: based on U.S. constitutional theory; recent codes drawn up by
Cornell University; constitution adopted 1847; amended 1907, 1926, 1934,
and 1955; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of
Liberia; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President, elected by popular vote initially for 8-year term and
eligible for successive 4-year terms, controls through appointive powers and
authority over national expenditures; 2-house legislature elected by popular
vote; judiciary consisting of Supreme Court and variety of lower courts
Government leader: President William R. Tolbert
Suffrage: universal 18 years and over
Elections: members of House of Representatives elected for 4-year terms, most
recently in May 1971; Senate members elected for 6-year terms, one-half
elected in May 1971; President Tolbert, constitutional successor to President
Tubman who died in July 1971, is eligible to complete the four year term to
which Tubman was elected in May '1971; next scheduled presidential election May
1975
Political parties and leaders: True Whig Party, in power since 1878, only
political party; President Tolbert is leader
Voting strength: 1971 elections uncontested; True Whig Party won all but a
handful of votes
Communists: no Communist Party and only a few sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, Seabeds
Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $459.6 million (1972 est.), 5.0% current annual growth rate, $280 per capita
Agriculture: rubber, oil palm, cassava, coffee, rice; imports of rice, wheat,
and meat are necessary for basic diet
Fishing: catch 22,500 metric tons, $6.1 million (1969)
Industry: rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture,
palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds), 10,000 b/d oil refinery
Electric power: 225,200 kw. capacity (1972); 788 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
483 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $244 million (f.o.b., 1972); iron ore, diamonds, rubber, palm
kernels, coffee, cocoa
Imports: $179 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery, transportation equipment,
foodstuffs, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: U.S., West Germany, Japan, U.K.
Aid:
economic -- (FY46-72) U.S., $296.2 million;
military -- (FY53-72) U.S., $11.3 million; other aid sources include IBRD,
U.N., IMF, and West Germany
Budget: (FY73) expenditures $88 million, revenues $91 million
Monetary conversion rate: Liberia uses U.S. currency
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 312 mi.; 220 mi. standard gage, 90 mi. narrow gage (3'6"); all lines
single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial
interests in conjunction with Liberian Government
Highways: 4,950 mi.; 340 mi. bituminous treated; remainder improved and
unimproved laterite, gravel, and/or earth
Inland waterways: 230 mi. navigable
Ports: 3 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 88 total, 77 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph limited; main center is Monrovia;
3,180 telephones; 260,000 radio and 8,500 TV receivers; 5 AM, no FM,
5 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 401,000; 215,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
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LAND:
679,000 sq. mi.; 6% agricultural, 1% forested, 93%
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 2,700 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(except for Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is claimed
and northern limit of jurisdiction fixed at 32? 30' N.
and the unilaterally proclaimed 100 n. mi. zone around
Tripoli)
Coastline: 1,100 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,241,000, average annual growth rate 3.7% (7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with some Negro stock; some Greeks, Maltese,
Jews, Italians, Egyptians
Religion: 97% Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities
Literacy: 35%
Labor force: 485,000; between ages 15-64, 405,000-430,000; 61% of labor force
in agriculture (1964)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Libyan Arab Republic
Type: republic; under military control following ouster of king on 1 September
1969; provisional constitution promulgated December 1969; loosely confederated
with Egypt and Syria in Confederation of Arab Republics (CAR) on 1 September '1971
Capital: Tripoli (defacto)
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative provinces closely controlled by
central government; district commissioners appointed by Revolutionary
Command Council
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious
courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at Law School, at University of Libya at Banghazi; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: paramount political power and authority rests with the 11-man
Revolutionary Command Council (RCC); cabinet of 13 ministers; Parliament has
been dissolved
Government leaders: Revolutionary Command Council Chairman Colonel Mu'ammar
Qadhafi; Prime Minister, Major Abdal-Salam Jalud
Suffrage: universal
Elections: parliamentary elections last held in May 1965; election for CAR assembly
in March 1972
Political parties and leaders: Libyan Arab Socialist Union, RCC member Major Hawad,
Secretary General; Mu'ammar Qadhafi, President
Communists: no organized party, negligible membership
Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements and the
Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) Party with small, almost negligible
memberships may be functioning clandestinely
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
OPEC, OAPEC, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $4.8 billion (FY72), $2,400 per capita, little real per capita change
since 1969
Agriculture: main crops -- wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts;
not self-sufficient in food
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: petroleum production averaged 2.2 million b.p.d. (1972);
oil revenues for 1972 about $1.6 billion; food processing, textiles, handicrafts
Electric power: 280,000 kw. capacity (1972); 640 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
310 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,938 million (1972); over 99% petroleum
Imports: $1,104 million (1972, c.i.f.)
Major trade partners: imports -- Italy, West Germany, U.S.; exports -- Italy,
West Germany, U.K., France
Aid: economic -- no Communist country assistance; U.S. aid extended $212.5
million (FY49-72)
military -- arms obtained by cash purchase; chief suppliers France, U.S.S.R.,
Czechoslovakia; U.S. suspended since September 1969
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Libyan pound=US$3.38, February 1973
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 9,450 mi.; 4,300 mi. bituminous or bituminous treated, 5,150 mi.
improved and unimproved earth and gravel
Pipelines: crude oil 1,520 mi.; natural gas 175 mi.; refined products 140 mi.;
liquid petroleum gas 135 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft; an additional 30 major transports are
operated by external carriers engaged in charter work for several oil companies
Airfields: 124 total, 81 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 7 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 35 with runways 4,000-7,999
ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: system is just within top one-third of African systems; con-
sists of radio-relay and tropospheric-scatter links, open-wire lines, and
radiocommunication stations; principal centers are Tripoli and Banghazi;
49,800 telephones; 225,000 radio and 5,000 TV receivers; 7 AN, 1 FM, and
2 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 489,000; 285,000 fit for military service;
about 20,000 reach military age (17) annually; conscription now being
implemented
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LAND:
65 sq. mi.
Land boundaries: 47 mi.
rI FE O. E
\PO-NO
J AST
REP. J
'GERMANV~
G OF ~
GERMANY CZECH.
PEOPLE:
Population: 23,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(12/60-12/70)
Ethnic divisions: 95% Germanic, 5% Italian and other
Religion: 92% Roman Catholic
Language: German (dialect)
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 7,000, 3,500 foreign workers (mostly from
Austria and Italy); 59% industry, 20% trade and
commerce, 13% professional and other, 8% agriculture
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 11 districts
Legal system: based on Swiss law; constitution adopted 1921; judicial review of
legislative acts in a special Constitutional Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral Parliament, hereditary Prince, independent judiciary
Government leaders: Head of State, Prince Franz Joseph II; Chief of Government,
Dr. Walter Kieber
Suffrage: males age 20 and over
Elections: every 4 years; next elections 1974
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union Party (VU), Dr. Alfred Hilbe;
Progressive Citizens Party (FBP), Dr. Gerard Batliner
Voting strength (1974 election): FBP over 50%
Communists: none
Member of: IAEA, IPU, ITU; considering U.N. membership; under a 1923 treaty,
Switzerland handles Liechtenstein's post and telegraph systems, customs, and
foreign relations
ECONOMY:
Despite its small size and sparse natural resources, Liechtenstein has a
prosperous economy based primarily on small-scale light industry and farming.
Textiles, ceramics, precision instruments, pharmaceuticals, and canned foods
are the principal manufactures produced, almost entirely for export. Live-
stock raising and dairying are the main sources of farm income; cereals and
potatoes are the most important farm crops. The Liechtenstein economy is
tied closely to that of Switzerland in a virtual customs union. No national
accounts data are available.
Major trade partners: exports (1972) -- $138.6 million; 34% Switzerland, 35% EC,
48% EFTA
Electric power: 22,600 kw. capacity (1972); 55 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
1,800 kw.-hr. per capita; power is exchanged with Switzerland, but net
exports average 35 million kw.-hr. yearly
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 9.94 mi. 418 1/2" gage, electrified; owned, operated, and included in
statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
Highways: no information on total mileage
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serving about 13,050 telephones;
no broadcast facilities; 5,300 radio and 4,700 TV receivers (programs from
Switzerland)
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
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LAND:
1,000 sq. mi.; 25% arable, 27% meadows and pasture, 15%
waste or urban, 33% forested, negligible amount of
inland water
Land boundaries: 221 mi.
TN J EAST \OLAND
REP. J -
'GERMANY~
@~ of L Y/
PEOPLE:
Population: 352,000, average annual growth rate 0.6% SFAiN k
(1/66-1/73)
Ethnic divisions: 83% Luxembourger, including an estimated
5% of Italian descent; remainder French, German,
Belgian, etc.
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, remaining 3% Protestant
and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgirh, German, French; most educated Luxembourgers also speak
English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: (1972) 151,400; 10% agriculture (including forestry and fishing),
48% industry, 42% services, no significant unemployment; 27% of labor force
is foreign, comprising workers from neighboring areas of Belgium, France,
and West Germany, as well as Italy and Portugal
Organized labor: 45% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for administrative purposes has 3
districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1868; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Cassation Court only; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven ministers comprise Council of Government
headed by President, which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to
the unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State,
appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house;
judicial power exercised by independent courts
Government leaders: Grand Duke Jean, Head of State; Gaston Thorn, President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every 5 years for entire Chamber of Deputies; latest elections May 1974
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Union, Pierre Werner and Nic Mosar
(Party President); Socialist, Antone Wehenkel (Party President); Social
Democrat, Henry Cravatte (Party President); Democratic, Gaston Thorn (Party
President and Foreign Minister); Communist, Dominique Urbany
Voting strength in Chamber of Deputies (1974): Christian Socialist, 18; Socialist
Workers, 17; Democrats, 14; Social Democrats, 5; Communists, 5
Communists: 439 party members (1971)
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries representing iron
and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers;
Christian and Socialist labor unions, Federation of Industrialists; Artisans
and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union), Council of Europe,
EC, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, NATO, OECD, U.N., UPU, WEU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $1,635 million (1973), $4,720 per capita; 1973 growth rate 7.2% at constant
prices; 60% consumption, 12% investment, 30% government, -2% net exports of
goods and services (1972)
Agriculture: mixed farming; main crops -- grains, potatoes, fodder beets; food
shortages -- sugar, bread grains, fats; caloric intake, 3,150 calories per
day per capita (1968-69)
Major industries: iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products and
engineering, tires
Crude steel: 5.9 million metric tons produced (1973), 17,100 kg. per capita
Electric power: 1,210,000 kw. capacity (1973); 2.3 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 6,930 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $999 million (f.o.b., 1972)
Imports: $959 million (c.i.f., 1972)
Major trade partners: Luxembourg and Belgium form an economic and customs union
and report their foreign trade jointly (see Belgium); Luxembourg's principal
exports are iron and steel products; principal imports are coal and consumer
products; most foreign trade is with Germany, Belgium, and other EC countries
Aid: foreign aid to Luxembourg is included in aid to Belgium
Budget: (1974) expenditures $5.1 million, revenues $5.5 million, surplus $0.4
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1973 average 1 franc=US$0.0257 floating; under the BLEU
agreement, the Luxembourg franc is equal to the Belgian franc which circulates
freely in Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 169 mi. standard gage; 100 mi. double track; 85 mi. electrified
Highways: 3,070 mi.; all paved
Pipelines: refined products, 30 mi.
Inland waterways: 23 mi.; Moselle River
Port: Mertert
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft (includes 4 registered in Iceland)
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system; 132,300 telephones; 184,000
radiobroadcast receivers; 92,600 TV receivers; 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 78,000; 62,000 fit for military service; about
3,000 reach military age (19) annually
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LAND:
6 sq. mi.; 10% agricultural, 90% urban
Land boundaries: 220 yds.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi;
fishing, 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 25 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 249,000 (census of 15 December 1970)
Ethnic divisions: 99% Chinese, 1% Portuguese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics, about one-half are Chinese
Language: Chinese 98%, Portuguese 2%
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese; no data on Chinese
population
Labor force: 5% agriculture, 30% manufacturing, 3% construction, 1% utilities,
27% commerce, 8% transportation and communications, 26% services (1960 data)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Macao
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of Macao, and 2 islands
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: Governor, who dominates legislative and executive branches, assisted
by Legislative Council with unknown number of appointed and 8 elected
members; the Urban Council with 3 governor-appointed and 4 elected members;
all high-ranking officials appointive under provisions of revised Organic
Overseas Law; new organic law to have come into effect in January 1973 to
replace legislative council with a legislative assembly
Government leader: Brigadier Jose Manuel Nobre De Carvalho, Governor
Suffrage: restricted to Portuguese citizens
Elections: conducted every 4 years; last held December 1972
Political parties and leaders: Portuguese National Union (Uniao Nacional) only
legal party, as in Portugal; Governor is leading political figure
Communists: numbers unknown
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing
local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing China's
interests; in January 1967 Macao Government acceded to Chinese demands which
gave Chinese veto power over administration of the enclave
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, vegetables; food shortages -- rice, vegetables,
meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirements
Major industries: textiles, fireworks
Exports: $50 million (f.o.b., 1971); textiles and clothing, foodstuffs, fireworks
Imports: $77 million (f.o.b., 1971)
Major trade partners: exports -- Portuguese colonies 21%, Hong Kong 16%, West
Germany 17%; imports -- Hong Kong 65%, China 27% (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.486 patacas=US$1 (June 1972)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern facilities provide adequate services for
domestic and international requirements; excellent coverage is provided
by AM and FM radiobroadcasts; 5,576 telephones; 65,000 radio receivers;
2 AM, 2 FM, and no TV stations; no submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 69,000; 43,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
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LAND:
230,000 sq. mi.; 5% cultivated, 58% pastureland, 21%
forested, 8% wasteland, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 n. mi.
Coastline: 3,000 mi.
of Merina (1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000), on the one hand, and
coastal tribes with mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on
the other; coastal tribes include Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000,
Sakalava 375,000, Antaisaka 415,000; there are also 38,000 French, 66,000
other
Religion: more than half animist; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
Literacy: 45% of population age 10 and over
Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90% are nonsalaried family workers
engaged in subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners,
26% agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11%
construction, 9% services, 6% transportation, 2% miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,385,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(7/69-7/70)
Ethnic divisions: basic split between highlanders of
predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin, consisting
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Malagasy Republic
Type: republic; military-civilian government established May 1972; given 5-year
mandate in popular referendum October 1972
Capital: Tananarive
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law;
constitution of 1959 modified in October 1972 by law establishing
provisional government institutions; legal education at National School of
Law, University of Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- Gen. Ramanantsoa heads government assisted by cabinet
called Council of Ministers; National Popular Development Council
created to replace the legislature in October 1972; regular courts are
patterned after French system, and a High Council of Institutions reviews
all legislation to determine its constitutional validity
Government leader: General Gabriel Ramanantsoa
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: government in October 1972 postponed all political elections
indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: Parti Social Democrate (PSD), led by Philibert
Tsiranana; Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar (AKFM), led by
Richard Andriamanjato; National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar
(MONIMA), led by Monja Jaona; parties are permitted to exist but are barred
from positions of political authority because of postponement of elections
Voting strength: number of registered voters (1972) -- 3.5 million; (1972
presidential election) President Tsiranana, running unopposed, received
99.7% of votes cast; in 1970 National Assembly elections, PSD candidates
won 94%; AKFM 3%
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Communists: Communist party of virtually no importance; small and vocal group
of Communists has gained strong position in leadership of AKFM, the rank and
file of which is non-Communist
Other political or pressure groups: Joint Struggle Committee (KIM), association
of students, teachers, workers, and unemployed youth
Member of: ACCT, EAMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, OAU, Seabeds Committee,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $970 million (1971), about $140 per capita; a real increase of 4.5% between
1967 and 1971
Agriculture: cash crops -- coffee, vanilla, sugar, tobacco, sisal, rice, cloves,
raphia; food crops -- rice, cassava, cereals, potatoes, corn, beans, bananas,
coconuts, and peanuts; animal husbandry widespread; self-sufficient in food-
stuffs, but some milk and cereals imported
Fishing: catch 48,000 metric tons (1971); exports $4.4 million (1971), imports
$800,000 (1971)
Major industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories,
brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer goods industries
(textiles, glassware), cement plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil
refinery
Electric power: 58,000 kw. capacity (1973); 213 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
30 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $164 million (f.o.b., 1972); coffee 26%, rice 5%, vanilla 9%, sugar
3%, petroleum products 4%, cloves 14%, mineral products (graphite, mica, and
chromite) 4%; agricultural and livestock products account for about 85% of
export earnings
Imports: $202 million (c.i.f., 1972); consumer goods 30%, foodstuffs 14%, primary
products (crude oil, fertilizers, metal products) 28%, capital goods 28% (1971)
Major trade partners: France (in 1971 accounted for 34% of exports and 56% of
imports); U.S., preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone countries; trade
with Communist countries remains a minute part of total trade
Budget: (FY73) revenues $222 million, expenditure, $330 million
Monetary conversion rate: 255.78 Malagasy francs=US$l (as of February 1973,
floating since then); member of French franc zone
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 549 mi. of meter gage
Highways: 5,300 mi.; 1,875 mi. paved, 2,225 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or stabi-
lized soil; 1,200 mi. improved and unimproved earth; remainder are tracks
Inland waterways: 600 mi. perennially navigable; Lac Alaotra (200 sq. mi.)
Ports: 4 major, 13 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 366 total, 129 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 46 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 6 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: system above African average; includes open wire lines, some
radio-relay and coaxial links and a communication satellite ground station;
29,000 telephones; 600,000 radio and 7,000 TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, and
1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,650,000; 975,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (20) annually about 79,000
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LAND:
36,700 sq. mi.; about 31% of land area arable (of which
less than half is cultivated), nearly 25% forested,
6% meadow and pasture, 38% other
Land boundaries: 1,790 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,903,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1%
European and Asian
Religion: majority animist; rest Christian and Muslim
Language: English and Chichewa official; Lornwe is second
African language
Literacy: 6% of population over 21 years old
Labor force: 180,000 wage earners employed in Malawi (1971); 6,000 Europeans
permanently employed; 300,000 Malawians live and work in Rhodesia, South
Africa, and Zambia; 30% agriculture, 11% construction, 10% commerce, 13%
manufacturing, 10% administration, 26% miscellaneous services
Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Malawi
Type: republic since July 1966; independent member of Commonwealth since July 1964
Capital: Zomba
Political subdivisions: 3 administrative regions and 23 districts
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution
adopted 1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of
Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: strong presidential system with cabinet appointed by President; uni-
cameral National Assembly of 60 elected and 15 nominated members; High
Court with Chief Justice and at least 2 justices
Government leader: Life President H. Kamuzu Banda
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: scheduled for April 1971 but not held since MCP candidates were unopposed
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda
Communists: no Communist Party; may be a few Communist sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $420 million (1972), $90 per capita; real growth rate 7.7% (1972)
Agriculture: cash crops -- tea, tobacco, peanuts, cotton, tung; subsistence
crops -- corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice
Electric power: 65,000 kw. capacity (1973); 228 million kw.-hr. produced (1973);
47 kw.-hr. per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling,
cement, consumer goods
Exports: $81 million (f.o.b., 1972); tobacco, tea, groundnuts, cotton
Imports: $130 million (c.i.f., 1972); manufactured goods, machinery and
transport equipment, food, fuels
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K., Zambia, Rhodesia, U.S.; imports -- U.K.,
Rhodesia, South Africa
Aid:
economic -- U.K. provides both budgetary and development support, about
$96 million (1966-71); U.S. aid commitments, $29.6 million (FY56-72);
military -- U.K., $0.9 million (1954-68)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Budget: FY74 current expenditure $75 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Malawi kwacha=US$1.26 (as of November 1973, floating
with the average value of the pound sterling and the U.S. dollar)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 352 mi. (3'6" gage)
Highways: 6,710 mi.; 540 mi. paved; 4,040 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 2,130 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi), 800 route mi. and Shire River, 90 mi.
Ports: 3 lake
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 46 total, 43 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 7 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: the system is barely above average for African countries
and consists of thinly spread open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; principal centers are Blantyre and Zomba;
15,200 telephones; 112,000 radio receivers; 5 AM, 4 FM and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,009,000; about 510,000 fit for military service
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NOTE:
Malaysia, which came into being on 16 September 1963,
consists of West Malaysia, which includes 11 states
of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East
Malaysia, which includes the 2 former colonies of
North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak
LAND:
West Malaysia: 50,700 sq. mi.; 20% cultivated, 26%
forest reserves, 54% other
Sabah: 29,400 sq. mi.; 13% cultivated, 34% forest
reserves, 53% other
Sarawak: 48,300 sq. mi.; 21% cultivated, 24% forest
reserves, 55% other
Land boundaries: West Malaysia 315 mi., East Malaysia 1,110 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: West Malaysia, 1,285 mi., East Malaysia 1,620 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 11,551,000 average annual growth rate 2.7% (current)
West Malaysia: 9,714,000, average annual growth rate 2.6% (6/57-8/70)
Sabah: 754,000, average annual growth rate 3.7% (8/60-8/70)
Sarawak: 1,083,000, average annual growth rate 2.7% (6/60-8/70)
Ethnic divisions:
Malaysia: 44% Malay, 36% Chinese, 8% tribal, 10% Indian and Pakistani,
2% other
West Malaysia: 50.1% Malay, 36.9% Chinese, 11% Indian and Pakistani,
2% other
Sabah: 23.1% Chinese, 67.3% indigenous tribes, 9.6% other
Sarawak: 31.5% Chinese, 50% indigenous tribes, 17.5% Malay, 1% other
Religion:
West Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists,
Indians predominantly Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other
Sarawak: 23% Muslim, 24% Buddhist.and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 35%
tribal religion, 2% other
Language:
West Malaysia: Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects
predominate among Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages
Li teracy:
West Malaysia: about 48%
Sabah and Sarawak: 23%
Labor force:
Malaysia: 3.45 million (1967)
West Malaysia: 2.9 million; 55% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 11%
manufacturing and construction, 34% trade, transport, and services
Sabah: 213,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manu-
facturing and construction, 13% trade and transportation, 1% other
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PEOPLE (cont'd):
Sarawak: 341,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manu-
facturing and construction, 13% trade, transportation, and services,
1% other
Organized labor: 370,000 (official 1967 est.) about 10.5% of total labor force;
28% of wage labor force; unemployment about 8% of total
labor force, but higher in urban areas
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Malaysia
Type:
Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally headed by Paramount Ruler (King ;
a bicameral Parliament consisting of a 58-member Senate and a 144-member
House of Representatives
West Malaysian states: hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Malacca where
Governors appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments
limited by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 16 seats in
House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal security,
and other powers delegated to federal government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 24 seats in
House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and internal security,
and other powers are delegated to federal government
Capital:
West Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu (formerly Jesselton)
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: 13 states (including Sabah and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into force 1963;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of
Supreme Head of the Federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: 9 state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for 5-year terms; locus of
executive power vested in Prime Minister and cabinet, who are responsible
to bicameral parliament; following communal rioting in May 1969, govern-
ment imposed state of emergency and suspended constitutional rights of all
parliamentary bodies; parliamentary democracy resumed in February 1971
West Malaysia: executive branches of 11 states vary in detail but are similar
in design; a Chief Minister, appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor,
heads an executive council (cabinet) which is responsible to an elected,
unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by Governor appointed by central
government, largely ceremonial role; executive power exercised by Chief
Minister who heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to unicameral
legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system
Government leader: Head of State, Tun Abdul Razak
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: minimum of every 5 years, last elections 1969
Political parties and leaders:
West Malaysia: Alliance Party consisting of United Malays National Organiza-
tion (UMNO), Tun Abdul Razak; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Lee Sen
Choon; and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), V.T. Sambanthan; major opposition
parties -- Pan Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP), Dato Asri bin Haji
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Political parties and leaders (cont'd):
West Malaysia (cont'd):
Muda (acting); Democratic Action Party (DAP); Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GRM);
minor opposition parties -- Party Rakyat (PR), People's Progressive Party
(PPP), Labor Party of Malaya (LPM) Partai Keadilan Masharakyat (KEMAS),
United Malaysian Chinese Organization (UMCO); Communist Party illegal
Sabah: United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tun Mustapha bin Dato
Harun; Sabah Chinese Association (SCA), Khoo Siak Chiew; no organized
opposition
Sarawak: coalition, Sarawak Alliance composed of the Pekaka/Bumipatra Party,
the United Peoples Party (SUPP), Ong Kee Hui and Sarawak Chinese Association;
opposition, Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Stephen Ningkan
Voting strength:
West Malaysia: (1969 election) Alliance Party controls 9 of 11 state
legislatures, won estimated 49% of total vote; Pan-Malaysian Islamic
Party polled 24%; Democratic Action Party polled 12%; Gerakan 7%
Sabah: (October 1971 Assembly Elections) Alliance unopposed, opposition
candidates disqualified
Sarawak: (1970 elections) Alliance 24 seats, SNAP 12 seats, SUPP 11 seats;
SUPP has joined the Alliance to form a coalition state government
Communists:
West Malaysia: approx. 1,500 armed insurgents on Thailand side of Thai/
Malaysia border; approx. 300 on Malaysian side
Sarawak: 960 armed insurgents in Sarawak; armed element of SCO in Indonesian
West Borneo estimated at 300
Sabah: insignificant
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC,
ILO, IMF, ITU, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP:
Malaysia: $6.6 billion (1973), $600 per capita; average annual real growth
(1968-73) 5.6%
Agriculture:
West Malaysia: mixed plantation and subsistence; main crops -- rubber, rice,
oil palm; 25% of rice requirements imported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops -- rubber, timber, coconut, rice; food
deficit -- rice
Sarawak: main crops -- rubber, timber, pepper; food deficit -- rice
Fishing: catch 390,000 tons, $114 million; exports $22 million, imports $7 million
Major industries:
West Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light
manufacturing industry, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing
timber
Sabah: logging
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
Exports: $2,741 million (f.o.b., 1973); 27% rubber, 19% tin, 18% timber
Imports: $2,287 million (c.i.f. 1973)
Major trade partners: exports -- 22% Singapore, 18% Japan, 13% U.S.;
imports -- 20% Japan, 15% U.K., 8% Singapore
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid:
economic -- U.K. (1946-69) $260 million disbursed; Japan (1966-68) $50
million extended; IBRD (1959 - July 1972) $317 million (committed); U.S.
(1954-72) $107 million;
military -- U.S. (FY65-72) $30 million committed
Monetary conversion rate:
Malaysia: 2.4 Malaysian dollars=US$l (December 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads:
West Malaysia: 1,014 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage; 8 mi. double track; government-owned
East Malaysia: 96 mi. meter gage in Sabah
Highways:
West Malaysia: 10,500 mi.; 8,925 mi. hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface
treatment), 1,150 mi. crushed stone/gravel, 425 mi. improved or unimproved
earth
East Malaysia: about 3,140 mi. (1,608 in Sarawak, 1,532 in Sabah); 520 mi.
hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 1,853 mi. gravel or
crushed stone, 767 mi. earth
Inland waterways:
West Malaysia: 1,985 mi.
East Malaysia: 2,540 mi. (975 mi. in Sabah, 1,565 mi. in Sarawak)
Ports:
West Malaysia: 3 major, 10 minor
East Malaysia: 4 major, 7 minor (3 major, 3 minor in Sabah; 1 major, 4 minor
in Sarawak)
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft (including 1 Boeing 707 leased from U.K.)
Pipelines: crude oil, 90 mi.; refined products, 35 mi.
Airfields:
West Malaysia: 107 total, 71 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways;
2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 12 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3
seaplane stations
Sabah: 41 total, 33 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000 to 11,999 ft.; 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Sarawak: 52 total, 47 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications:
West Malaysia: good intercity service provided mainly by microwave relay;
international service good; good coverage by radio and television broad-
casts; 179,633 telephones; 420,000 radio and 293,600 TV receivers; 9 towns
have AM stations; no FM, 29 TV stations; submarine cables extend to India,
Ceylon, and Singapore; connected to SEACOM submarine cable terminal at
Singapore by microwave relay
Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sarawak via Brunei;
14,141 telephones; 60,000 radio receivers; 2,000 TV receivers; 5 AM, 1 FM,
4 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sabah via Brunei;
16,834 telephones; 80,000 radio and no TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, no TV
stations
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DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: West Malaysia: males 15-49, 2,242,000; 1,420,000 fit for
military service; Sabah: males 15-49, 172,000; 108,000 fit for military
service; Sarawak: males 15-49, 248,000; 157,000 fit for military service;
conscription age for Malaysia is 21 -- an age reached by about 116,000
annually
External defense dependent on loose Five Power Defense Agreement (FPDA) which
replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense Agreement of 1957 as amended in 1963; FPDA,
effective as of 1 November 1971, also provides for small ANZUK Joint Force
composed of Australia, New Zealand, and U.K. ground, naval, and air elements,
headquarters in Singapore
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1973, $281 million; about 15%
of central government budget
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LAND:
115 sq. mi.; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls, about
220 islands inhabited
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the land and
sea between latitudes 7?9'N. and 0?45'S. and between
longitudes 72?30'E. and 73?48'E; these coordinates
form a rectangle of approximately 37,000 sq. n. mi.
Coastline: 400 mi. (approx.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 117,000, average annual growth rate 2% (current)
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab and Negro
Religion: official Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala)
Literacy: largely illiterate
Labor force: fishing industry employs most of the male population
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts corresponding to atolls
Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primari-
ly in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: popularly elected unicameral national legislature (Majlis) (members
elected for 5-year terms); elected President, chief executive; appointed
Chief Justice responsible for administration of Islamic law
Government leaders: President Ibrahim Nasir; Prime Minister/External Affairs
Minister Ahmed Zaki
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country governed
by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries
Communists: negligible number
Member of: Colombo Plan, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: under $100 per capita
Agriculture: crops -- coconut and millet; shortages -- rice, wheat
Fishing: catch 32,000 tons (1970)
Major industries: fishing; some coconut processing
Electric power: 2,500 kw. capacity (1973); 9 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
76 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.4 million (f.o.b., 1968); fish
Imports: $2 million (c.i.f., 1968)
Major trade partner: Sri Lanka
Aid: U.K. (1960-65), $1.4 million drawn; Sri Lanka (1967), $1 million committed
Monetary conversion rate: 6.39 rupees=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways:?none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: minimal domestic and international telecommunication
facilities; 300 telephones; 2,300 radio sets; 1 AM station
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LAND:
465,000 sq. mi.; only about a fourth of area arable,
forests negligible, rest sparse pasture or desert
Land boundaries: 4,635 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,498,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African including tribes of
both Berber and Negro descent
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% animist, 1% Christian
Language: French official; several African languages,
of which Mande group most widespread
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: approximately 100,000 salaried, 50,000 of whom are employed by the
government; most of population engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry
Organized labor: UNTM, which claimed all eligible employees, dissolved; thirteen
national unions currently directed by a government controlled Coordination
Committee of Mali Trade Unions (CCSM)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; under military regime since November 1968
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative regions; 42 administrative districts
(cercles), arrondissements, villages; all subordinate to central government
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, amended 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitu-
tional Section of Court of State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by Military Committee of National
Liberation (MCNL) composed of 11 army officers; under MCNL functional
cabinet composed of civilians and army officers; judiciary
Government leaders: Col. Moussa Traore, president of MCNL, Chief of State and
head of government
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: political activity proscribed by military government
Elections: MCNL promises elections at unspecified date
Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, CEAO, ECA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, Niger
River Commission, OAU, OMVS, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $380 million (1972), $70 per capita; annual growth rate 5% (1969-72)
Agriculture: main crops -- millet, sorghum, rice, corn, peanuts; cash crops --
peanuts, cotton, livestock
Fishing: catch 90,000 metric tons (1971) exports $670,000 (1971)
Major industries: small local consumer goods and processing
Electric power: 22,716 kw. capacity (1973); 52 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
10 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $29.1 million (f.o.b., 1972); livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton,
skins
Imports: $61.1 million (c.i.f., 1972); textiles, vehicles, petroleum products,
machinery, and sugar
Major trade partners: mostly with franc zone and Western Europe; also with U.S.S.R.,
China
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Budget: 1971 est. -- receipts $44.9 million, current expenditures $43.6
million, investment expenditures $5.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 470.85 Mali francs=US$l, December 1973
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 400 mi. meter gage
Highways: approximately 8,200 mi.; 1,010 mi. bituminous, 1,050 mi. improved
earth, 6,140 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,141 mi. navigable
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 38 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: system poor and provides only minimum service to government,
business, and public; open-wire and radiocommunication used for long distance
telecommunications; radio sometimes only link to outlying points; 7,800
telephones; 75,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,278,000; 720,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
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LAND:
121 sq. mi.; 45% agricultural, negligible amount forested,
remainder urban, waste, or other (1965)
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 87 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 319,000 (official estimate for 30 September 1973)
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman,
Spanish, Italian, British
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: English and Maltese
Literacy: about 83%; compulsory education introduced in 1946
Labor force: 111,000; 33% services, 20% government, 21% manufacturing, 7%
agriculture, 6% unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 35% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, independent state within the Commonwealth since
September 1964
Capital: Valletta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated islands, Malta and Gozo, divided into
10 electoral districts (divisions)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1961, came into
force 1964; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdication, with reservations
Branches: executive, consisting of prime minister and cabinet; legislative,
comprising 55-member House of Representatives; independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Dom Mintoff
Suffrage: universal over age 21; registration required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime Minister, but must be held before the
expiration of a 5-year electoral mandate; last election June 1971
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party, Georgio Borg Olivier; Malta
Labor Party, Dom Mintoff
Voting strength (1971 election): Labor, 29 seats (52.7%); Nationalist, 26 seats
(47.2%)
Communists: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, GATT, ICAO, ILO, IMF, Seabeds
Committee, TDB, U.N., UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $339 million (1971 constant prices), $1,030 per capita; 71% private
consumption, 29% gross investment; 1973 real growth rate, 10.6%
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; adequate supplies of vegetables, poultry,
milk and pork products; shortages in beef, grain, animal fodder, and fruits at
various seasons; main products -- potatoes, cauliflowers, grapes, wheat,
barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs;
2,680 calories per day per capita
Major industries: ship repair yard, building industry, food manufacturing,
textiles, tourism
Shortages: most consumer and industrial needs (fuels and raw materials) must be
imported
Electric power: 115,000 kw. capacity (1972); 312 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
910 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $98 million (f.o.b., 1973); textiles, scrap metal, wine, agricultural
products, and footwear
Imports: $240 million (c.i.f., 1973)
Major trade partners: U.K. 44%, Italy 15.7%; EFTA 48%; EC 28.2%; Communist
countries 2.5%; North and Central America 3.8% (1971)
Aid: economic -- U.S., $34 million (FY49-73), of which $0.1 million authorized in
1970, $0.2 million authorized in 1971, $10.5 million in 1972, and $14.9 million
in 1973; Agreement (loans and grants) (1964-74), $140 million; U.N. Special
Fund, $2.2 million through FY72; U.N. Technical Assistance, $1.4 million
through FY72; China, $45 million (1972)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Maltese Pound=US$2.67 (Smithsonian Agreement),
December 1971; the Maltese pound began floating in June 1972, with the rate
being determined between that of sterling and that of the currencies of
Malta's major trading partners; average trade conversion factor, December 1973:
1 Maltese pound=US$2.603
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 760 mi., 650 mi. paved (asphalt), 80 mi. crushed stone or gravel,
30 mi. improved and unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 2 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: modern automatic telephone system centered in Valletta;
47,000 telephones; 124,000 radio and 68,000 television receivers; 3 AM, 3 FM,
and 1 TV stations; 8 submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 87,000; 65,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
425 sq. mi.; 31% cropland, 16% pasture, 29% forest, 24%
wasteland, built on
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi
Coastline: 180 mi.
Labor force: 100,000; 23% agriculture, 20% public services, 11% construction
and public works, 10% commerce and banking, 10% services, 9% industry, 17%
other
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 351,000, average annual growth rate 1.0%
(7/70-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-Caucasian-Indian
mixture, less than 5% East Indian Lebanese, Chinese,
5% Caucasian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department of France; represented by 3 deputies in the French
National Assembly and 2 Senators in the Senate
Capital: Fort-de-France
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally
elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based
in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches:
executive, prefect appointed by Paris; legislative, popularly elected
council
of 36 members; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government
leader:
Prefect Jean Terrade
Suffrage:
universal
over age 21
Elections:
General
Council elections coincide with those for the French National
Assembly, normally every five years; last General Council election took place
in March 1973; last local election held September 1973
Political parties and leaders: Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), Emile
Maurice; Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime Cesaire; Communist
Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand Nicolas; Democratic Union of Martinique
(UDM), Leon-Laurent Valere; Socialist Party, leader unknown;' Federation of the
Left, leader unknown
Voting strength: UDR, 2 seats in French National Assembly; PPM, 1 seat (1973
election)
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP)
ECONOMY:
GNP: $328 million (at market prices, 1971), $930 per capita; real growth rate
(1971) 8.5%
Agriculture: bananas, sugarcane, and pineapples
Major industries: agricultural processing, particularly sugar milling and rum
distillation; cement, oil refining and tourism
Electric power: 32,000 kw. capacity (1972); 128 million kw.-hrs. produced (1972),
360 kw.-hrs. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $42 million (f.o.b., 1972), bananas, sugar, rum, pineapples
Imports: $173 million (c.i.f., 1972), foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer
goods, raw materials and supplies, and petroleum
Major trading partners: exports -- France 82%, Italy 9%, other 9%; imports --
France 70%, United States 6%, Netherlands Antilles 3%, Netherlands 3%, other
18% (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.708 French francs=US$l (1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,100 mi.; 600 mi. paved, 500 mi. gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major, 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport
Airfields: 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway 8,000-11,999
ft; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 24,300 telephones, inter-island
VHF radio links; satellite earth station; 1 AM, 1 FM, and 5 TV stations; about
38,000 radio and 14,210 TV receivers
)EFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, included in France
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LAND:
419,000 sq. mi.; less than 1% suitable for crops, 10%
pasture, 90% desert
Land boundaries: 3,180 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 n. mi.
(fishing, 6 n. mi. exclusive rights, 6 n. mi.
contiguous zone)
Coastline: 490 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,288,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 70% Moor, 30% Negro
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: French and Arabic official
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 18,000 wage earners (1973); remainder of population in
farming and herding
Organized labor: 18,000 union members claimed by single union, Mauritanian
Workers' Union
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Type: republic; one-party presidential rule since 1960
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 8 regions and a capital district
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution
adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: president; unicameral National Assembly of 50 elected members;
separate judiciary (appointed by president)
Government leader: President Moktar Ould Daddah
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: presidential and parliamentary election every 5 years; most recent
August 1971
Political parties and leaders: Mauritanian People's Party is only legal party,
Secretary General Moktar Ould Daddah
Communists: no Communist Party, but there is a scattering of Maoist sympathizers
Member of: ACCT, CEAO, EAMA, FAO, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, OAU, Organization
for the Development of the Senegal River Valley (OMVS), Seabeds Committee,
U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO, Arab League
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $230 million (1972), average annual increase in current prices about
5.0% (1968-72), about $190 per capita
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads or subsistence farmers; main products
-- livestock, small grains, dates; cash crop -- gum arabic; livestock
Fishing: catch, traditional river fishing, 15,000 metric tons (1969), traditional
sea fishing, 2,750 metric tons (valued at $437,000); fish supplied to processing
plants by foreign fishing fleets from France, Spain, Canary Islands using
Mauritanian waters; exports 22,100 metric tons, $8 million (1970)
Major industries: mining of iron ore, salt fishing, exploitation of copper
resources planned
Electric power: 38,000 kw. capacity (1973); 78 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
64 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $99 million
(f.o.b.,
1972); iron ore, fish, gum arabic
Imports: $89 million
(c.i.f.,
1972); sugar, cloth, tea, and fuels
Major trade partners:
(trade
figures not complete because Mauritania has a form
of customs union with Senegal and much local trade unreported) France and
other EC members, U.K., and U.S. are main overseas partners
Budget: 1974 est. -- receipts $67.9 million, current expenditures $67.4 million,
investment expenditures $7.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 CFA francs=US$l as of February 1973
(currency floating since February 1973) (official); since June 1973, 46.04
ouguiya=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 400 mi. standard gage, single track, privately owned
Highways: 3,790 mi.; 350 mi. paved; 380 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise
improved; 3,070 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: 500 mi.
Ports: 3 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 29 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000 to 11,999 ft.; 15 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone poor, telegraph fair; 1,300 telephones; 81,000
radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 274,000; 135,000 fit for military service;
conscription law not implemented
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LAND:
720 sq. mi. (excluding dependencies); 50% agricultural, in-
tensely cultivated; 39% forests, woodlands, mountains,
river, and natural reserves; 3% built-up areas; 5%
water bodies, 2% roads and tracks, 1% permanent
wastelands
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 110 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 872,000, average annual growth rate 1.2%
(1/72-1/73)
Ethnic divisions: Indians 67%, Creoles 29%, Chinese 3.5%, English and French 0.5%
Religion: 51% Hindu, 33% Christian (mostly Catholic with a few Anglican
Protestants), 16% Muslim
Language: English official language; Hindi, Chinese, French Creole
Literacy: estimated 60% for those over 21, and 90% for those of school age
Labor force: 175,000; 50% agriculture, 6% industry; 20% government services;
14% are unemployed, under-employed, or self-employed, 10% other
Organized labor: about 35% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Mauritius
Type: independent state since 1968, recognizing Elizabeth II as chief of state
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 "organized municipalities" and various island
dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English common
law in certain areas; constitution adopted 6 March 1968
Branches: executive power exercised by Prime Minister and 21-man Council of
Ministers; unicameral legislature (National Assembly) with 62 members elected
by direct suffrage, 8 specially elected, and one nominated
Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Seewoosagur Ramgoolam
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: last held in August 1967; next scheduled in 1972 postponed at least
4 years by constitutional amendment
Political parties and leaders: a loose government coalition consisting of Labor
Party (S. Ramgoolam) and Muslim Committee of Action (A. R. Mohamed); Parti
Oauricien Social Democrate (G. Duval); Independent Forward Bloc (S.
Bissoondoyal); Mauritius Democratic Union (M. Lesage); Mouvement Militant
Mauritian (P. Berenger)
Voting strength: Muslim Committee of Action, 4 seats; Independent Forward Bloc,
6 seats; Mauritius Labor Party, 33 seats; Mauritius Democratic Union, 5 seats;
Parti Mauricien Social Democrate, 19 seats; 4 seats vacant
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Communist organizations; Mauritius
Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist
Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist League,
Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association,
Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: Tamil United Party, Mauritius Workers Party
Member of: ACCT, ICAO, Commonwealth, OAU, OCAM, U.N.
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $224 million (July 1972-June 1973), $260 per capita
Agriculture: sugar crop is major economic asset; about 40% of land area is planted
to sugar; tea production rising slowly; most food imported -- rice is the
staple food -- and since cultivation is already intense and expansion of
cultivable areas is unlikely, heavy reliance on food imports except sugar
and tea will continue
Shortage: land
Industries: mainly confined to processing sugarcane, tea; some small-scale,
simple manufactures; tobacco fiber; some fishing; tourism, diamond cutting,
weaving and textiles, electronics
Electric power: 61,340 kw. capacity (1973); 174 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
200 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $106 million (f.o.b., 1972); mainly sugar, tea, molasses
Imports: $120 million (c.i.f., 1972); foodstuffs 30%, manufactured goods about 25%
Major trade partners: all EC-nine countries and U.S. have preferential treatment,
U.K. buys over 50% of Mauritius' sugar export at heavily subsidized prices;
small amount of sugar exported to Canada, U.S., and Italy; imports from U.K.
and EC primarily, also from South Africa, Australia, and Burma; some minor
trade with China
Monetary conversion rate: 5.74 Mauritian rupees=US$l in December 1973 (floating
with pound sterling)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 1,100 mi.; 990 mi. paved, 110 mi. earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: 20,400 telephones; radio telegraph service with Reunion,
Malagasy Republic, Seychelles, Zanzibar, and other places in Africa; 1 AM,
no FM, and 4 TV stations; 160,000 radio and 25,300 TV sets; submarine cables
extend to Republic of South Africa and Seychelles Islands
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 200,000; 100,000 fit for military service
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STAT
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LAND:
0.6 sq. mi.
Land boundaries: 2.3 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi . (fishing
12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 2.6 mi.
FED. ( EAST \OIAND
E1 J
E~-G~ OF ERMANYI
GERMANY CZE
SPAIN .....
PEOPLE:
Population: 24,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1972)
Ethnic divisions: Rhaetian stock
Religion: Roman Catholicism is official state religion
Language: French
Literacy: almost complete
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Political subdivisions: 4 sections
Legal system: based on French law; new constitution adopted 1962; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: National Council (18 members); Communal Council (15 members, headed
by a mayor)
Government leader: Prince Rainier III
Suffrage: universal
Elections: National Council every 5 years; most recent 1973
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Entente, Democratic Union
Movement, Monagasgue Actionist (1973)
Voting strength: figures for 1973 election not available; National Democratic
Entente, 16 seats; Democratic Union Movement and Monagasque Actionist, 1 seat
each
Member of: IAEA, IHB, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: 55% tourism; 25%-30% industry (small and primarily tourist oriented); 10%-15%
registration fees and sales of postage stamps; about 4% traceable to the Monte
Carlo casino
Major industries: chemicals, food processing, precision instruments, glassmaking,
printing
Electric power: 8,000 kw. capacity (1973); 80 million kw.-hr. supplied by France
(1973), 2,000 kw.-hr. per capita
Trade: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan
trade duties
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2253
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1 mi. (see France)
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major aircraft
Airfields: none
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: served by the French communications system; automatic
telephone system with about 18,100 telephones; international AM broadcast;
FM and TV facilities; 11,000 radio and 16,000 TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES:
France responsible for defense
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LAND:
604,100 sq. mi.; almost 90% of land area is pasture or
desert wasteland, varying in usefulness, less than
1% arable, 10% forested
Land boundaries: 4,975 mi.
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages
include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half the population is in the labor
force, including a large percentage of Mongolian women; acute shortage of
both skilled and unskilled labor (no reliable information available)
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,400,000, average annual growth rate 3%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2%
Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim,
limited religious activity because of Communist regime
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Mongolian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 2 autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar
and Darhan)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; constitution
adopted 1940; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: constitution provides for a Great People's Hural (national assembly)
and a highly centralized administration
Party and government leader: Y. Tsedenbal, First Secretary of the MPRP and
Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: national assembly elections held every 4 years; last elections held
in June 1973
Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party (MPRP);
estimated membership, 58,000 (claimed 1972)
Member of: CEMA, ECAFE, IAEA, U.N., WHO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: livestock raising predominates; main crops -- wheat, oats, barley
Industries: processing of animal products; building materials; mining
Exports: beef for slaughter meat products, wool, fluorspar, other minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum, clothing, building materials, sugar,
and tea
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with Communist countries (approx. 80%
with U.S.S.R.); total turnover over $400 million (1972)
Aid: heavily dependent on U.S.S.R.
Monetary conversion rate: 3.31 tugriks=US$l (arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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C0NF1UNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,130 route mi.; 885 mi. broad gage (5'0") (1973)
Inland waterways: 585 mi. navigable; used primarily for local transport
Freight carried: rail -- 5.1 million short tons, 1,046 million short ton mi.
(1972); highway -- about 10 million short tons (1970); 415.1 million short
ton/mi. (1970); waterway -- 2.5 million short ton/mi. (1970)
Airfields: 42 total; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 25 with runways 8,000-
12,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft., 6 additional airfields under
4,000 ft.
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LAND:
158,100 sq. mi.; about 32% arable and grazing land,
17% forest and esparto, 51% desert, waste, and urban
Land boundaries: 1,240 mi.
GER \ U SVA ~EGY
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(fishing, 70 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,140 mi.
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber, .2% Jewish, .7% non-Moroccan
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is language of much
business, government, diplomacy, and postprimary education
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 6.3 million (1971 est.) 69% agriculture, military, police,
civil service, transportation, mines, teachers, merchants, construction
workers, 10% industry and mining, 10% commerce and government
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan
Workers (UMT)
PEOPLE:
Population: 16,731,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(current)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution adopted 1972)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions. 23 provinces and 2 prefectures
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme
Court; modern legal education at branches of Mohamed V University in Rabat
and Casablanca and Karaouine University in Fes; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: constitution provides for Prime Minister and ministers named by and
responsible to King; King has paramount executive powers; unicameral
legislature in abeyance until elections are held (two-thirds to be directly
elected, one third indirectly); judiciary independent of other branches
Government leaders: King Hassan II; Prime Minister Ahmed Osman
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: last parliamentary elections held 21 and 28 August 1970 for Council
of Representatives which was dissolved in March 1972; elections for new
parliament created by Constitution adopted 15 March 1972 have not been held
Political parties and leaders: Istiqlal Party, Allal el-Fassi; Popular Movement
(MP), Mahjoubi Aherdan; Constitutional and Democratic Popular Movement
(MPCD), Dr. Abdelkrim Khatib; National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP), split
into competitive factions under Abdallah Ibrahim and Mahjoub Ben Seddik of
Casablanca-based faction and Abderrahim Bouabid of Rabat-based faction (Rabat
faction of UNFP was suspended in April 1973); Democratic Constitutional Party
(PDC), Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani; Party for Liberation and Socialism (PLS),
established in June 1968 and banned September 1969, is front for Moroccan
Communist Party (MCP), which was proscribed in 1959, Ali Yata; Istiqlal and
the UNFP formed a National Front in July 1970 to oppose the new constitution,
boycotted the parliamentary elections and the 1972 constitutional referendum
Voting strength: August 1970 elections were nonpolitical; 1 March 1972
constitutional referendum tallied 98.7% for new constitution, 1.25% opposed
and National Front abstained from voting
Communists: 300 est.
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: Arab League, EC (association until 1974), FAO, IAEA, IBRD. ICAO, IDA,
ILO, IMC, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $5 billion (1973 est. in 1972 prices), about $310 per capita; average annual
real growth 4% during 1970-73
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; main products --
wheat, barley, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; some fishing
Fishing: catch 229,000 metric tons, $18.7 million (1971); exports $37.9
million (1971)
Major sectors: mining and mineral processing (phosphates, smaller quantities
of iron, manganese, lead, zinc, and other minerals), food processing, textiles,
construction and tourism
Electric power: 858,000 kw. capacity (1972); 2.3 billion kw.-hr. produced (1972),
140 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $894 million (f.o.b., 1973); agricultural goods 56%, phosphates 23%.
other 21%
Imports: $1,015 million (f.o.b., 1973); food 24%, raw material and semi-finished
goods 42%, equipment 20%, consumer goods 14%
Major trade partners: exports -- France 32%, West Germany 8%, Italy 8%, Benelux 7%,
U.K. 2%; imports -- France 31%, U.S. 8%, West Germany 7%, Italy 6% (1972)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.2 dirhams=US$1, trade rate January 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,100 mi. standard gage, 93 mi. double track; 493 mi. electrified
Highways: 32,180 mi.; 11,203 mi. bituminous, 3,244 mi. gravel, crushed stone, and
improved earth, 17,733 mi. unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 85 mi.; refined products, 305 mi.; natural gas, 60 mi.
Ports: 8 major (including Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Mellila), 11 minor
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 144 total, 85 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 11 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 36 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: superior system by African standards composed of open-wire
lines, coaxial, multiconductor and submarine cables and radio-relay links;
principal centers Casablanca and Rabat, secondary centers Fes, Marrakech,
Oujda, Sebaa Aioun, Tangier and Tetouan; 175,000 telephones; 1.5 million radio
and 225,000 TV receivers; 24 Moroccan AM, 1 Voice of America AM, 3 FM, 17 TV
stations; 11 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,879,000; 2,640,000 fit for military service;
about 180,000 reach military age (18) annually; limited conscription
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LAND:
303,769 sq. mi.; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated, 56%
woodland and forest, 14% wasteland and inland water
Land boundaries: 2,875 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,535 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,887,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(9/60-12/70)
Ethnic divisions: 97% African, 3% European, Asian, and Mulatto
Religion: 65.6% animist, 21.5% Christian, 10.5% Muslim, 2.4% other
Language: Portuguese (official); many tribal dialects
Literacy: 7%-10% (est.)
Labor force: (1963 est.) 610,000; 50,000 non-African wage earners, 560,000
African wage earners in Mozambique; 290,000 additional African wage earners
temporarily working in Rhodesia and South Africa; unemployment serious
problem; most native Africans provide unskilled labor or remain in
subsistence agricultural sector
Organized labor: approx. 47,000 (end of 1970); 75% are white
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Mozambique
Type: overseas state of Portugal
Capital: Lourenco Marques
Political subdivisions: 10 districts administered by district governors;
municipalities governed by appointed official
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
Branches: Governor General appointed by Lisbon is chief executive officer for
internal administration; he also has certain legislative powers which he
exercises with Legislative Assembly; all action in state may be vetoed
by Minister of Overseas in Lisbon; judiciary is constitutionally independent
Government leader: Governor General Manuel Pimentel dos Santos
Suffrage: all adults able to read and write Portuguese and in full possession of
political and civil rights
Elections: Legislative Assembly elections held every 4 years; last held March 1973
Political parties and leaders: National Popular Action (ANP), formerly the
National Union (UN), state president Jorge Morais Barbosa; no legal opposition
political parties
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), 'led
by Moises Samora Machel, operates from Tanzania and Zambia; less significant
Mozambique Revolutionary Committee (COREMO), led by Paulo Gumane, based in
Zambia
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.3 billion (1972), about $250 per capita; average annual growth rate
(current prices, 5.8% 1970-72)
Agriculture: cash crops -- raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal;
other crops -- corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, and cassava;
self-sufficient in food except for wheat which must be imported
Major industries: food processing (chiefly sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew
kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap, paints); petroleum
products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass,
asbestos, cement products); tobacco
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 232,000 kw. capacity (1972); 563 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
64 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $180 million (f.o.b., 1972); cashew nuts, cotton, sugar, mineral products,
timber products, tea, copra, petroleum products
Imports: $336 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery and electrical equipment, cotton
textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, wine, iron and steel
Major trade partners: over one-third of foreign trade with Portugal; South Africa,
U.S., U.K., West Germany
Aid: from Portugal only
Budget: (FY73) balanced at $429 million
Monetary conversion rate: 27.25 escudos=US$l (approximate realigned rate)
until February 1973, floating since then
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,965 mi.; 1,877 mi. 3'6" gage (6 mi. double track), 88 mi. 2'S 1/2"
gage
Highways: 20,000 mi.; 1,740 mi. paved; 18,260 other (mostly earth)
Inland waterways: approx. 2,330 mi. of navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 190 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 2 significant minor
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 363 total, 315 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft.; 34 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: above African average system of open-wire lines,
radiocommunication stations, and radio-relay and tropospheric-scatter links;
principal center Lourenco Marques, secondary centers Beira, Nampula, and
Quelimane; 49,200 telephones; 176,600 radio receivers; 9 AM, 2 FM, and no
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,147,000; 1,035,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
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LAND:
8.2 sq. mi.; insignificant arable land, no urban areas,
extensive phosphate mines
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 15 mi.
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island tongue; English, the language of
school instruction, spoken and understood by nearly all
Literacy: nearly universal
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,000 (official estimate for 30 June 1969)
Ethnic divisions: 2,921 Nauruans, 1,167 Chinese, 428
Europeans, 1,532 other Pacific Islanders
Religion: Christian (2/3 Protestant, 1/3 Catholic)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic; independent since January 1968
Capital: no capital city per se; government offices in Uaboe District
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
Branches: President elected from and by Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly
elected unicameral legislature, the Parliament; Cabinet to assist the
President, four members, appointed by President from Parliament members
Government leader: President Hamner De Roburt
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in January 1971
Political parties and leaders: there are no political parties; De Roburt is only
significant political figure
Member of: no present plans to join U.N.; enjoys "special membership" in
Commonwealth; South Pacific Commission, INTERPOL, ECAFE
ECONOMY:
GNP: $28 million (1970), $4,000 per capita (est.)
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food, water
Major industries: mining of phosphates, about 2 million tons per year (1966)
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1968), consisting entirely of phosphates
Imports: $5 million (c.i.f., 1968)
Major trade partners: Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar=US$1.4875 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: about 17 mi.; 13 mi, paved, 4 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1, coral-surfaced, 5,270 ft.
Telecommunications: adequate interisland and international radiocommunications
provided via Australian facilities; 525 telephones; 3,561 radio receivers,
1 AM, but no TV or FM radiobroadcasting facilities
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DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 1,800; fit for military service, about
950; average number reaching military age (18) annually, 1971-75, less
than 100
No formal defense structure and no regular armed forces
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LAND:
54,600 sq. mi.; 16% agricultural area, 14% permanent meadows
and pastures, 38% alpine land (unarahle), waste, or
urban; 32% forested
Land boundaries: 1,720 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 12,296,000, average annual growth rate 2.1%
(6/61-6/71)
Ethnic divisions: two main categories, Indo-Nepalese
(about 80%) and Tibeto-Nepalese (about 20%),
representing considerable intermixture of Indo-Aryan
and Mongolian racial strains; country divided among
many quasi-tribal communities
Religion: only official Hindu Kingdom in world, although no sharp distinction
between many Hindu and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians
Language: 20 mutually unintelligible languages divided into numerous dialects;
Nepali official language and lingua franca for much of the country; same
script as Hindi
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 95% agriculture, 5% industry; great lack of skilled
labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: constitutional monarchy; King Birendra exercises autocratic control over
multitiered panchayat system of government
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; legal
education at Nepal Law College in Kathmandu; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by the King; indirectly elected
National Panchayat (Assembly)
Government leader: King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva; Prime Minister Nagendra
Prasad Rijal
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village and town councils (panchayats) elected by universal suffrage;
district, zonal, and National Panchayat members indirectly elected, most
for 6-year terms; 15 National Panchayat members elected from five class
organizations (women, workers, youth, and ex-servicemen), four directly
elected by all voters possessing a B.A. or its equivalent, and 16 are
appointed by the King
Political parties and leaders: all political parties outlawed
Communists: the combined membership of the two wings of the Communist Party
of Nepal (CPN) may be on the order of 6,500, the majority (perhaps 5,000)
in the pro-Chinese wing; the CPN continues to operate more or less openly,
but internal dissension has greatly hindered its effectiveness
Other political or pressure groups: proscribed Nepali Congress Party led by
B.P. Koirala from exile in India
Member of, ADB, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $920 million (FY72 at FY71 prices), less than $100 per capita, annual growth
rate 2% in recent years
Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged in agriculture; main crops -- rice,
corn, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds; largely self-sufficient
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; match, cigarette,
and brick factories
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $35 million (FY72); rice and other food products, jute, timber
Imports: $73 million (FY72); manufactured consumer goods, food grains and
food products
Major trade partner: over 90% India
Monetary conversion rate: 10.2 Nepalese rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 15 July - 14 July
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 105 mi., all narrow gage (2'6"); mostly government owned; all in Terai
close to Indian border; only 33 mi. sector from border to Bizalpura presently
in use; a 28 mi. segment has been abandoned and 44 mi. utilized to transport
rock from quarry near Dharau to Kosi Dam near Rajbiras
Highways: 1,686 mi.; 510 mi. paved, 270 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 906 mi.
improved and unimproved earth, 200 mi. of seasonally motorable tracks
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 49 total, 42 usable; 5.with permanent-surface runways; 6 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph service; good radiocommunication
and broadcast service; international radiocommunication service is poor; 7,647
telephones, 75,000 radio and no TV sets, 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,108,000; 1,510,000 fit for military service;
140,000 reach military age (17) annually
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LAND:
13,100 sq. mi.; 70% cultivated, 5% waste, 8% forested,
8% inland water, 9% other
Land boundaries: 635 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 280 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 13,523,000, average annual growth rate 0.6%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian and other
Religion: 41% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic, 19% unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4.7 million; 30% manufacturing, 24% services, 16% commerce, 10%
agriculture, 9% construction, 7% transportation and communications, 4%
other; average unemployment rate 3% (Jan.-Aug. 1973); no shortage of skilled
labor but shortage of semi-skilled labor; 129,000 unfilled vacancies reported
by employers in January 1971
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at The Hague
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces governed by centrally appointed commissioners
of Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution
of 1815 frequently amended, reissued 1947; judicial review in the Supreme
Court of legislation of lower order than Acts of Parliament; legal education
at six law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive, (Queen and Cabinet of Ministers), which is responsible to
bicameral states general (parliament); independent judiciary
Government leader: Head of State, Queen Juliana; Johannesden Uyl, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 21
elections: must be held at least every 4 years for lower house (most recent
November 1972), and every 3 years for upper house (most recent March 1974)
Political parties and leaders: Catholic People's Party (KVP), Dr. D. de Zeeuw;
Antirevolutionary (ARP), A. Veerman; Labor (PvdA), Andre van der Louw; Liberal
(VVD), Mrs. H. van Sommeren-Downer; Christian Historical Union (CHU), Otto
W. A. Barou Van Verschuer; Democrats '66 (D-66), Jan ter Brink; Communist (CPN),
Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist (PSP), P. A. Burggraff; Political Reformed
(SGP), H. G. Abma; Reformed Political Union (GVP) G. Veurink; Radical Party
(PPR), Marcel Van Dam; Democratic Socialist'70 (DS-70), Fred L. Polak; Farmers'
Party (BP), Hendrik Koekoek; Roman Catholic Party (RKPN), leader unknown
Voting strength (1972 election): 17.7% KVP, 14.4% VVD, 8.8% ARP, 4.8% CHU, 27.4%
PvdA, 4.2% D-66, 4.1% DS-70, 4.5% CPN, 1.5% PSP, 4.8% PRP, 2.2% SGP, 1.8% GVP,
1.9% BP, .9% RKP
Communists: 9,000 members; 329,973 votes in 1972 election
Other political or pressure groups: great multinational firms; Socialist, Catholic,
and Protestant trade unions; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers
Associations; the non-demoninational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: Benelux, Council of Europe, ECE, ECSC, EC, EMA, EURATOM, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IHB, IMF, NATO, OECD, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO,
WEU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $55.1 billion (1973), $4,090 per capita; 57% consumption, 20% investment,
21% government; 2% foreign balance; 1973 growth rate 5%, in constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops -- horticultural crops,
grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food shortages -- grains, fats, oils; calori
intake, 3,186 calories per day per capita (1970-71)
Fishing: catch 324,000 metric tons est., $158 million (1973); exports 19,200 metric
tons, imports 83,750 metric tons (1972)
Major industries: food processing, metal and engineering products, electrical and
electronic machinery and equipment, chemicals, and petroleum products
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood,
lumber, feedgrains, and oilseeds
Crude steel: 5.7 million metric tons produced (1973), 420 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 10,900,000 kw. capacity (1972); 49,6 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 3,400 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $16782 million (f.o.b., 1972); foodstuffs, machinery, transportation
equipment, consumer manufactures, chemicals, petroleum products, textiles
Imports: $17,421 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery, transportation equipment,
consumer manufactures, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw cotton,
base metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (1972) 60% EC, 31% W. Germany, 15% Belgium-Luxembourg,
6% U.S.
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $1,359 million authorized (FY46-73); IBRD, $244 million
authorized (FY46-73), none since 1958;
military -- U.S., $1,255 million authorized (FY49-73), none since FY65; net
official aid delivered to less developed areas and multilateral agencies --
$1,458 million (FY62-72), $315 million (1972)
Budget: (1974 projected) revenues $14.2 billion, expenditures $15.2 billion,
deficit $1.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.781 guilders=US$l, average 1973, floating
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,956 mi., standard gage; 970 mi. double track; 1,022 mi. electrified
Highways: 47,845 mi.; 27,800 mi. paved, 4,045 mi. crushed stone and gravel,
16,000 mi. earth
Inland waterways: 3,940 mi.; less than 962 mi. is natural river; more than 1,400
mi. navigable by craft of 1,000-ton capacity; 1,011 mi. will take 1,500-ton
vessels
Pipelines: crude oil, 260 mi.; refined products, 600 mi.; natural gas, 2,790 mi.
Ports: 8 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft (including 4 foreign-owned but registered
in the Netherlands)
Airfields: 30 total, 26 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: highly developed, excellently maintained, and well integrated;
extensive system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio-relay links;
4.3 million telephones; 4.81 million radiobroadcast and 4.0 million TV
receivers; 5 AM, 12 FM, and 10 TV stations; 11 coaxial submarine cables;
communications satellite ground station
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LAND:
394 sq. mi.; 5% arable, 95% waste, urban, or other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 226 mi.
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; sizable Protestant, smaller Jewish
minorities
Language: officially Dutch; predominantly English; colloquial "papiamento," a
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English mixture
Literacy: 75%-80%
Labor force: 66,000; 1% agriculture, 21% industry, 21% unemployed, 8%
construction, 41% government and services, 8% other
Organized labor: approx. 15% of labor force
PEOPLE:
Population: 236,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(1/71-1/73)
Ethnic divisions: 85% largely mixed Negro stock except on
Aruba where 12% Negro and approx. 55% mixed Carib
Indian and European; rest European with some Chinese,
especially on Aruba
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands, enjoying complete domestic
autonomy
Capital: Willemstad; Curacao, center of government
Political subdivisions: 4 island territories -- Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, and the
Windward Islands -- St. Eustatius, southern part of St. Martin (northern
part is French), Saba
Legal system: based on civil law system, with some English common law influence;
Dutch Country Statute of 1955 serves as constitution
Branches: executive power, under nominal head of Governor (appointed by the
Crown), exercised by 8-member Council of Ministers or Cabinet; legislative
power rests with 22-member Legislative Council; independent court system
under control of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Justice (administrative
functions under Minister of Justice); each island territory has island
council headed by Lieutenant Governor for local administration
Government leaders: Minister-President Juan Evertsz
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held every 4 years, last held August 1973
Political parties and leaders: the Democratic Party (DP); Antilles Social Progress
Movement (MASA) led by Ciro Kroon; the Aruba Patriotic Party (PPA) led by S.J.
Trompe; the National People's Party (NVP), S.D. Abbad; the Aruba People's Party
(AVP) led by Dominico Guzman Croes; the National Aruban Union Party/Independent
Aruban Party (UNA/PIA) led by A. Werleman/M. Croes; Bonaire Democratic Party
led by L.A. Abraham; Windward Island Democratic Party led by A. C. Wathey;
Social Progressive Action Party, S. R. Goeloe; Antillean Reform Union (URA),
Roberto Suriel; Curacao Independent Party (COP), Peter Vander Hoven; Radical
Peoples Party (PRP), Max de Castro; Workers' Party (Frente Obrero); People's
Electoral Movement (MEP), separatist party
Voting strength (1973 general election): DP/PPA, 8 seats; NVP, 5 seats; Frente
Obrero, 3 seats, MEP, 5 seats; labor coalition, 1 seat
Communists: no Communist Party
Member of: EC (associate), WHO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $250 million (1967), $1,170 per capita; real growth rate 1967, 3.6%
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petroleum refining on Curacao and Aruba; tourism on Curacao,
Aruba, and St. Martin; phosphate mining on Curacao
Electric power: 295,000 kw. capacity (1972); 1.4 billion kw.-hr. produced (1972),
5,550 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $724 million (f.o.b., 1971); petroleum products, phosphate
Imports: $1,024 million (c.i.f., 1971); crude petroleum, food manufactures
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 43%, EC 16%, Latin America 13%, U.K. 10%,
Canada 7%; imports -- Venezuela 72%, U.S. 10%, Netherlands 4% (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.79 Netherlands Antillean florins (NAF)=US$l, official
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 700 mi.; 350 mi. paved, 220 mi. otherwise improved, 130 mi. unimproved
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, all usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: generally adequate telecom facilities; extensive inter-
island VHF links; 41,000 telephones, 130,000 radio and 34,000 TV receivers,
11 AM and 3 TV stations, 5 telegraph submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 60,000; 30,000 fit for military service;
about 2,000 reach military age (20) annually
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LAND:
8,500 sq. mi.; 6% cultivable, 22% pasture land, 15% forests,
57% waste or other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(fishing, 3 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,400 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 126,000, average annual growth rate 3.6%
(7/70-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian-Polynesian admixture, over
28,000 Europeans of French extraction
Religion: natives 90% Christian
Language: Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: size unknown; Javanese and Tonkinese laborers were imported for
plantations and mines in pre-World War II period; immigrant labor now
coming from Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French Polynesia
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Territory of New Caledonia
Type: French overseas territory; represented in French parliament by one deputy
and one Senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island group dependencies -- Isle of Pines,
Loyalty Islands, Huon Islands, Island of New Caledonia
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by Governor, who is also High Commissioner for France in
the Pacific; responsible to French Ministry for Overseas France and Governing
Council; Assemblee Territoriale
Government leader: Jean Risterucci, Governor and French High Commissioner
Suffrage: restricted (1957 election roll listed 32,370 males and females over
21 years of age, of whom 18,964 were classed as indigenous inhabitants)
Elections: Assembly elections in 1972
Political parties: Union Caledonienne, Entente Democratique et sociale, Union
Multiraciale, Mouvement Liberal Caledonien, Union Democratique, Mouvement
Populaire Caledonien
Voting strength (1972 election): Union Caledonienne, 12 seats; Entente Sociale
et Democratique, 6 seats; Union Multiraciale, 5 seats; Mouvement Liberal
Caledonien, 5 seats; Union Democratique, 4 seats; Mouvement Populaire
Caledonien, 2 seats; Caledonie Francaise, 1 seat
Communists: number unknown; Union Caledonienne strongly leftist; some politically
active Communists were deported during 1950's; small number of North Vietnamese
Other political parties and pressure groups: several lesser parties
ECONOMY:
GNP: $193 million, $1,800 per capita (1971 est.)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; major products -- coffee and
vegetables; 60% self sufficient in beef; must import grains and vegetables
Industry: mining of nickel
Exports: $212 million (f.o.b., 1971) 98% nickel
Imports: $248 million (c.i.f., 1971) machinery, transport equipment, food
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: (1971) exports -- France (42%), Japan (47%), U.S. (9%);
imports -- France (48%), Australia (14%)
Monetary conversion rate: 70 CFP francs=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,572 mi.; 184 mi. paved; 838 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
surface; 550 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major, 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 36 total, 31 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 airfield over 8,000 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 12,438 telephones; 30,000 radio and 12,000 TV sets; 1 AM,
no FM, and 3 TV stations
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LAND:
About 5,700 sq. mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
Coastline: about 1,570 mi.
PEOPLE: ,,
Population: 90,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(7/66-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: 92% indigenous Melanesian, 3% European,
remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific
Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Literacy: probably 10%-20%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: New Hebrides Condominium
Type: Anglo-French condominium
Capital: Vila
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: 3 sets of courts; one each for French and British subjects, one for
New Hebrides native affairs
Branches: Advisory Council of 30 members with no real legislative powers, majority
elected
Government leader: two resident commissioners, one French, one British
Political parties and leaders: New Hebrides National Party, founded 1971,
chairman, Walter Lini
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa, coffee, some livestock and fish
production; subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams
Exports: $16 million (1971); copra, frozen fish
Imports: $23 million (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound=US$2.50 (official currency), 0.67 Australian
$=US$1, 70 Colonial Franc Pacifique (CFP)=US$l
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 150 mi. sealed or all-weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast station; 9,000 radio receivers, and 650
telephones
DEFENSE FORCES:
Personnel: no military forces maintained, however, the French and British maintain
constabularies of about 70 men each
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STAT
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LAND:
57,100 sq. mi.; 7% arable, 7% prairie and pasture, 50%
forest, 36% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 760 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
(fishing, 200 n. mi.; continental shelf, including
sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 565 mi.
(L VENEZUELA
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,123,000, average annual growth rate 3.3%
(4/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 75% mestizo, 15% white, 10% Negro, Indian or mulatto
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); small English-speaking minority on Atlantic coast
Literacy: 50% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: 620,000 (1974 est.); 50% agriculture, 12% manufacturing, 14%
services, 24% other; shortage of skilled labor, but underemployment of un-
skilled labor except during harvest
Organized labor: about 2.5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic
Capital: Managua
Political subdivisions: 1 national district and 16 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; constitution adopted in 1950,
now being revised; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
legal education at Universidad Nacional de Nicaragua and Universidad
Centroamericana; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President from 1 May 1972 to 1 December 1974 replaced by a triumvirate,
bicameral legislature, judiciary elected by legislature, and Supreme Electoral
Tribunal (4th branch)
Government leaders: Triumvirate members -- Roberto Martinez, Alfonso Lovo Cordero
and Edmundo Paguaga
Suffrage: universal over age 18 if married or literate, otherwise 21
Elections: every 6 years; however, due to agreement between liberal and conservative
parties, next elections will be held 1 September 1974; municipal elections every
3 years
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN), Anastasio Somoza,
Ramiro Sacasa; Nicaraguan Conservative Party (PCN), Edmundo Paguaga and
Fernando Aguero Rocha; Independent Liberal Party (PLI), not legal, Roberto
Robelo, Juan Manuel Gutierrez; Social Christian Party (PSC), not legal,
Ignacio Zelaya, Manolo Morales Peralta (President) and Roberto Ferrey
(Secretary General); National Conservative Action (ANC), not legal, Pedro
J. Chamorro
Voting strength (1972 elections): PLN 534,171 votes (75.4%), PCN 174,897 votes
(24.6%)
Communists: Communist movement split into hard-line Nicaraguan Socialist Party
(PSN) illegal, 60 members; soft-line Nicaraguan Communist Party (PCN) ille al,
40 members, and small pro-Castro Sandinist National Liberation Front (FSLN)
activist, 50-60 members; about 1,000 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy families; businessmen
Member of: CACM, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, ICJ, ILO, INTELSAT, ITU, OAS,
ODECA, Seabeds Committee (observer) U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,030 million (current prices, 1972), $520 per capita; 73% private
consumption, 10% government consumption, 19% domestic investment, -2% net
foreign balance (1970); real growth rate 1973 est. 3%
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, beans, cattle;
caloric intake, 2,300 calories per day per capita (1966)
Fishing: catch 9,800 metric tons (1970); $9.6 million (1970); exports $6.1
million (1971)
Major industries: food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles and clothing
Electric power: 175,000 kw. capacity (1972); 660 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972 est.), 340 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $276 million (f.o.b., 1973 prelim.); cotton, meat, coffee, sugar, chemical
products
Imports: $325 million (c.i.f., 1973 prelim.); food and non-food agricultural
products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, transportation equipment, machinery,
construction materials, clothing, fuel
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 30%, Japan 21%, CACM 22%, West Germany 7%;
imports -- U.S. 31%, CACM 28%, Japan 8%, West Germany 8% (1972)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (U.S. FY46-72) $117.0 million loans, $69.2
million grants; international organizations (U.S. FY46-72) $172.9 million;
military -- from U.S. (U.S. FY46-72), $15.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7 cordobas=US$l (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 220 mi.; 200 mi. of 3'6" gage, government owned; 20 mi. narrow gage,
privately owned
Highways: 8,500 mi.; 900 mi. paved, 3,250 mi. otherwise improved, 4,350 mi.
unimproved
Inland waterways: 1,380 mi., including 2 large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 40 mi.
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 471 total, 417 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
way 8,000-11,999 ft., 6 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: low-capacity wire and radio-relay network; connection into
Central American microwave net; satellite ground station; 19,500 telephones;
est. 700,000 radio and 62,500 TV receivers; 80 AM, 30 FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 515,000; 305,000 fit for military service;
24,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
489,000 sq. mi.; about 3% cultivated, perhaps 20% somewhat
arable, remainder desert
Land boundaries: 3,570 mi.
Language: French official, many African languages; Hausa used for trade
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: 26,000 wage earners; bulk of population engaged in subsistence
agriculture and animal husbandry
Organized labor: negligible
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,397,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: main Negroid groups 75% (of which, Hausa
50%, Djerma and Songhai 21%); Caucasian elements
include Tuareg, Toubous, and Tamacheks; mixed group
includes Fulani
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder largely animists and a
very few Christians
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power since April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 7 departments, 32 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, suspended 1974; judicial review of legislative acts in Consti-
tutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by Provisional Supreme Military Council
(SMC) composed of 12 army officers
Government leader: President Lt. Col. Kountche Seyni
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: political activity banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, Entente, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $514 million (1971 est.), $120 per capita
Agriculture: commercial -- peanuts, cotton, livestock; main food crops --
millet, sorghum, niebe beans, vegetables
Major industries: cement plant, brick factory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil
presses, slaughterhouse, and a few other small light industries; uranium
production began in 1971
Electric power: 61,200 kw. capacity (1973); 55 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
13 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $54 million (f.o.b., 1972); about 60% peanuts and related products,
rest largely livestock, hides, skins; exports badly understated because much
regional trade not recorded
Imports: $66 million (c.i.f., 1972); fuels, machinery, transport equip-
ment, foodstuffs, consumer goods (largely for European residents); sizable
imports unrecorded
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: France (over 50%), other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC
countries, U.S.; preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Aid:
economic -- France (1960 to mid-1967) $68 million; EC (1961-72) $92.7 million;
U.S. (FY61-72) $20.5 million; West Germany, Israel, Republic of China, and U.N.
have also extended aid;
military -- $2.8 million (1954-68)
Budget: (1970) revenues $61.6 million (1972); current (1972) expenditures (includes
extra budgetary transactions) $46.1 million; investment expenditures $15.6
million
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine=US$l as of
February 1973, floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 4,440 mi.; 425 mi. bituminous, 1,800 mi. gravel, 2,215 mi.
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable 185 miles from Niamey to Gaya on the
Dahomey frontier from mid-December through March
Ports: Niger landlocked; outlet to sea is Cotonou, Dahomey
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 74 total, 58 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 15 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: principal telecommunication center Niamey; telephone poor,
telegraph fair, 3,300 telephones; 100,000 radio and 500 TV receivers; 4 AM,
no FM, and 1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,028,000; 565,000 fit for military service;
about 45,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
357,000 sq. mi.; 24% arable (13% of total land area
under cultivation), 35% forested, 41% desert, waste,
urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,507 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 n. mi.
Coastline: 530 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 61,275,000, average annual growth rate
2.8% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 250 tribal groups, of which most important are Hausa-Fulani
(north), Ibo and Yoruba (south); these 3 tribes total over 60% of population;
about 27,000 non-Africans
Religion: 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, 19% other
Literacy: est. 25%
Language: English official; Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo also widely used
Labor force: approx. 22.5 million; about 41% of total population; roughly
1.3 million wage earners, of whom 560,000 work in modern enterprises
Organized labor: about 530,000 wage earners, approx. 2.4% of total labor force,
belong to some 700 unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: federal republic since 1963; under military rule since January 1966
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 12 states, 11 headed by a military governor, 1 by a
civilian administrator
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; new
constitution to be prepared; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with
reservations
Branches: Federal Military Government; decrees issued by Supreme Military Council,
advised by largely civilian Federal Executive Council; effective
administrative power held by senior civil servants
Government leader: Gen. Yakubu Gowon, Head of Federal Military Government and
Commander in Chief of Nigerian Armed Forces
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (except for women in former Northern Region)
Elections: expected to be held by 1976
Political parties and leaders: political parties and politically active tribal
societies were dissolved by decree on 24 May 1966; some sub rosa political
activity continues
Communists: the banned Socialist Workers and Farmers Party and the Nigerian Trade
Union Congress have a limited political following, no influence on government
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, OAU, OPEC, Seabeds
Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $7.1 billion (1972), $120 per capita; 9% growth rate 1972
Agriculture: main crops -- peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava,
sorghum, palm kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock; almost self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 156,000 metric tons (1970); imports $3.7 million (1971)
Major industries: mining -- crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite;
processing industries -- oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber, petroleum, wood,
hides, skins; manufacturing industries -- textiles, cement, building materials,
food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 1,111,000 kw. capacity (1972); 1.8 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 36 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1973); oil (85%), peanuts, palm products, cocoa,
rubber, cotton, timber, tin
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1973); machinery and transport equipment, manu-
factured goods, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, U.S.
Budget: FY74 est. -- current revenue $2.14 billion, current expenditure $1.86
billion, capital expenditure $115 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Naira=US$1.52 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,180 route mi.; 3'6" gage
Highways: 55,400 mi.; 9,500 mi. paved (mostly bituminous surface treatment);
45,925 mi. laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 5,330 mi. consisting of Niger and Benue rivers and smaller
rivers and creeks; additionally, the newly formed Kainji Lake has several
hundred miles of navigable lake routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 645 mi.; natural gas, 40 mi.; refined products, 3 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 10 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 91 total, 78 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 25 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: composed of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radio-
communication stations; principal center Lagos, secondary centers Ibadan
and Kaduna; 96,800 telephones; 5 million radio receivers, 85,000 TV
receivers; 25 AM, 6 FM, and 8 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,770,000; 6,675,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
Norway: 125,000 sq. mi.; Svalbard, 24,000 sq. mi.;
Jan Mayen, 144 sq, mi.; 3% arable, 2% meadows
and pastures, 21% forested, 74% other
Land boundaries: 1,603 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: mainland 2,125 mi.; islands 1,500 mi. (excludes
long fjords and numerous small islands and minor
indentations which total as much as 10,000 mi. overall)
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,990,000, average annual growth rate 0.7% (7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small Lappish minority
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Norwegian, small Lapp and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 1.6 million; 19.5% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 27.0% mining and
manufacturing, 9.5% construction, 13.3% commerce, 11.9% transportation and
communication, 17.7% services; 1.0% unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 20 counties, 404 communes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions;
constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory
opinions to legislature when asked; legal education at University of Oslo;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Storting);
executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible to
parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts
Government leaders: King Olav V; Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years (next in September 1977)
Political parties and leaders: Anti-Tax Party, Anders Lange; Conservative, Kare
Willoch; Christian People's, Lars Korvald; Center, John Austrheim; Liberal,
Hallvard Eika; New Liberal People's, Helge Seip; Labor, Trygve Bratteli;
Democratic Socialist, Berit As; Socialist People's, Finn Gustavsen; Communist,
Reidar Larsen
Voting strength (1973 election): 5.0% Anti-Tax; 7.3% Conservative; 11.8% Christian
Peoples; 6.8% Center; 3.4% Liberal; 2.3% New Liberal People's; 35.5% Labor;
11.2% Socialist Electoral Alliance (includes Democratic Socialist, Socialist
People's, and Communist parties); 1.0% Communist
Communists: 2,000; a number of sympathizers as indicated by the 22,500 Communist
votes cast in the 1969 election
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (Free Trade Agreement), FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $14.4 billion (1972), $3,650 per capita; 55.3% private consumption; 28.8%
investment; 16.6% government; net foreign balance -0.7%; 1972 growth rate 4.0%,
in constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops -- feed grains, potatoes,
fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food shortages -- food grains, sugar;
caloric intake, 2,940 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 2,885,000 metric tons (1972); exports $325 million
Major industries: food processing, wood pulp, paper products, metals, machinery,
chemicals, shipbuilding
Shortages: feed and bread grains, coal, cotton, wool
Crude steel: 963,000 metric tons produced (1973), 240 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 14,120,000 kw. capacity (1972); 67.5 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 15,000 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $4,761 million (f.o.b., 1973); principal items -- fish and fish
products, metal and metal products, pulp and paper, chemicals, ships
Imports: $6,634 million (c.i.f., 1973); principal items -- ships, machinery,
fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: EC 46.2% (U.K. 13.6%, West Germany 12.7%, Denmark 6.9%);
Sweden 16.4%; U.S. 5.8%; communist countries 2.9% (1973)
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $482.4 million authorized (FY46-73), $39.7 million in 1973;
IBRD, $145 million authorized through 1973, none since 1964; net official
economic aid delivered to less developed areas and multilateral agencies,
$134.2 million (1960-69); $36.8 million (1970); $42.4 million (1971)
military -- U.S., $914.4 million authorized (FY46-73), none since 1967
Budget: (1973) revenues $4,440 million, expenditures $4,382 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 kroner=US$0.1725. 1973 average
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,662 mi.; State (NSB) operates 2,636 mi. standard gage, 2,589 mi.
single track, 1,516 mi. electrified, 47 mi. double track; 10 mi. standard
gage electrified privately owned; 16 mi. meter (3'3 3/8") gage electrified
privately owned
Highways: 44,180 mi.; 7,135 mi. paved, 37,045 mi. crushed stone and gravel
Inland waterways: 980 mi.; 5' draft vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 33 mi.
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Civil air: 52 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 93 total, 87 usable; 41 with permanent-surface runways; 11 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 14 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 24 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph,
and telex service; 1.32 million telephones; 2.1 million radiobroadcast receivers;
1 million TV receivers; 36 AM, 253 FM, and 550 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 915,000; 740,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (20) annually, 32,000
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LAND:
About 82,000 sq. mi.; negligible amount forested,
remainder desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 860 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(fishing 50 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,300 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 483,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab with small groups
of Iranians, Baluchis, and Indians
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: very low
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; nominally independent but under strong U.K. influence
Capital: Muscat
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; no constitution;
ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Government leader: Sultan Qabus ibn Said Al Bu Sa'id
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: Arab League, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $500 million (1973 est.), $1,060 per capita est.
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming (fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels,
fish) and trade
Major industries: petroleum discovery in 1964; production began in 1967; production
1973 equaled 293,000 b/d; pipeline capacity 400,000 b/d; revenue for 1974 est.
at $687 million
Electric power: 24,000 kw. capacity (1972); 70 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
100 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $240 million (1972 est.); most of which is petroleum; non-oil exports
$1.8 million
Imports: $118 million (1973)
Major trade partners: U.K., Gulf states, India, Australia, China, Japan
Aid: multilateral annual average 1967-69 $350,000
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Riyal Omani=US$2.90 (as of October 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 1,750 total; 3 mi. bituminous surface, remainder motorable natural-
surface track
Pipelines: crude oil 230 mi.
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 214 total, 131 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 47 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: poor international radioconenunications (service to Bahrain
only); very poor domestic wire service; 2,200 telephones; 1 AM station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 115,000; 66,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
310,000 sq. mi. (includes Pakistani part of Jammu-Kashmir)
40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 23% unsuitable
for cultivation; 34% unreported, probably mostly waste
3% forested
Land boundaries: 3,650 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (fishing
50 n. mi.; plus right to establish 100 n. mi. con-
servation zones beyond territorial sea)
Coastline: 650 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 68,119,000 (excluding Junagardh, Manavadar, Gilgit, Baltistan, and
the disputed area of Jammu-Kashmir), average annual growth rate 2.7% (current)
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% other
Language: official, Urdu; total spoken languages -- 7% Urdu, 64% Punjabi, 12%
Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 9% other; English is lingua franca
Literacy: about 14%
Labor force: 12.7 million (est. 1961); 60% agriculture, 16% industry, 7% commerce,
15% service, 2% unemployed
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: parliamentary, federal republic; constitution adopted April 1973, effective
August 1973, provides for bi-cameral legislature; strong prime minister
Capital: Islamabad
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces -- Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, and Northwest
Frontier -- with the capital territory of Islamabad and certain tribal areas
centrally administered; Pakistan claims that Azad Kashmir is independent
pending a settlement of the dispute with India, but it is in fact under
Pakistani control
Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Government leaders: President Fazal Elahi; Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: elections for National Assembly based on one-man/one-vote formula,
and for provincial assemblies were held in December 1970; with independence
of Bangladesh, National Assembly consists of 144 West Pakistanis and 2 East
Pakistanis
Political parties and leaders: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Z.A. Bhutto;
United Muslim League (UML), Shaukat Hayat Khan and Pir of Pigaro; National
Awami Party (NAP), Abdul Wali Khan; All Pakistan Muslim League (QML), Abdul
Qaiyum Khan; Markazi Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan (MJUP), Khamaja Qamar-u-Din
Sialvi; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Mufti Mahmud
Communists: 750; 3,000-5,000 sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: military remains potentially strong
political force
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, ITU, RCD, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $5.7 billion (FY73) at exchange rate of 9.9 rupees=US$1 prevailing June 1973,
less than $100 per capita; real growth 5.8% (FY73)
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main crops -- wheat and cotton; largely
self-sufficient; foodgrain shortage due to increased consumption level
Fishing: catch 172,800 metric tons (1970 est.)
Major industries: cotton textiles, food processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals,
natural gas
Exports: $766 million (f.o.b., FY73); cotton (raw and manufactured)
Imports: $775 million (c.i.f., FY73) machinery, transport equipment, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., Japan, West Germany
Monetary conversion rate: 9.9 rupees=US$l (since February 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 5,465 mi.; 277 mi. meter gage, 4,808 broad gage, 380 narrow gage;
635 double track; 178 mi. electrified; government owned
Highways: 43,500 mi.; 10,306 mi. paved, 7,792 mi. gravel, 1,163 mi. improved earth;
24,239 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,150 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 143 mi.; natural gas, 1,200 mi.
Ports: 1 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 203 total, 110 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 21 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 54 with runways 4,000-
7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunication service over
CENTO links; domestic wire and radiocommunication and broadcast service very
good; 175,026 (est.) telephones; 1,010,000 radio and 125,000 TV sets; 19 AM,
no FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,048,000; 7,550,000 fit for military service;
689,000 reach military age (17) annually
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LAND:
29,208 sq. mi. (excluding Canal Zone, 553 sq. mi.); 24%
agricultural land (9% fallow, 4% cropland, 11%
pasture), 20% exploitable forest, 56% other forests,
urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 390 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
(continental shelf including sovereignty over super-
jacent waters)
Coastline: 1,545 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,618,000, average annual growth rate 3.1% (7/70-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% Negro, 9% white, 7% Indian and other
Religion: over 90% Roman Catholic, remainder mainly Protestant
Language: Spanish; about 14% speak English as native tongue; many Panamanians
bilingual
Literacy: 82% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: 482,200 (1972 est.); 39.5% commerce, finance and services; 33.9%
agriculture, hunting and fishing; 9.7% manufacturing and mining; 6.8%
construction; 5% Canal Zone; 3.9% transportation and communications; 1.2%
utilities; national average of 6.8% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor
but an oversupply of unskilled labor
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force (1972 est.)
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
RE RU AIRAZIL
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Panama
Type: republic
Capital: Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1 intendancy
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted in 1972; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at
University of Panama; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: popularly elected unicameral legislature which elects the President;
presidentially appointed Supreme Court
Government leaders: Demetrio Lakas is Constitutional President and Chief of
State, but subordinate to Gen. Omar Torrijos, the National Guard Commandant
who was given special powers for 6 years by the Constitutional Assembly in 1972
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21
Elections: elections for assembly of representatives of the corregimientos
August 1972; next election August 1978
Political parties and leaders: political parties suspended pending revision of
electoral code; Communist Party illegal but allowed to operate
Voting strength (1968 election): 55% Arnulfo Arias Madrid (National Union
Coalition), 42% David Samudio (People's Alliance), 3% Antonio Gonzalez
Revilla (Christian Democratic Party); no parties were active in the 1972
elections
Communists: 100 active and several hundred inactive members People's Party (PdP);
Communist; 1,000 sympathizers; National Liberation Movement (MLN) and
Vanguard of National Action (VAN) inactive as pro-Castro organizations,
40-60 members
Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP)
Member of: IADB, IAEA, ICAO, OAS, U.N.
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,408 million (1973 est.), $900 per capita; 72% private consumption, 11%
government consumption, 26% gross fixed investment, -9% net foreign balance
(1970); real growth rate 1973, 6.5% (prelim.)
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; self-sufficient
in most basic foods; 2,450 calories per day per capita (1969)
Fishing: catch 62,400 metric tons, $11 million (1971); exports $13.3 million (1971);
imports $2.0 million (1971)
Major industries: food processing, metal products, construction materials,
petroleum products, clothing
Electric power (including Canal Zone: 378,000 kw. capacity (1972); 1.3 billion
kw.-hr. produced (1972), 710 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $132 million (f.o.b., 1973 prelim.); bananas, petroleum products, shrimp,
sugar, meat, coffee
Imports: $473 million (f.o.b., 1973 prelim.); manufactures, transportation equipment,
crude petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 38%, Canal Zone 32%, West Germany 20%;
imports -- U.S. 33%, Venezuela 15% (1972 est.)
Aid:
economic -- from U.S. (FY46-72), $210.6 million loans, $125.6 million grants;
from international organizations (FY46-72), $55.5 million; from other Western
countries (1960-71), $28.9 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-72), $5.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 305 mi.; 48 mi. 5'0" gage, 107 mi. 3'0" gage; 150 mi. plantation
feeder lines
Highways: 4,400 mi.; 1,300 mi. paved, 1,000 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 2,100 mi.
improved and unimproved earth; Panama Canal Zone 145 mi.; 140 mi. paved;
5 mi. gravel
Inland waterways: 500 mi. navigable by shallow draft vessels; 51-mile
Panama Canal
Pipelines: refined products, 60 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 10 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 238 total, 121 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft.; 10 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: domestic and international telecom facilities well developed,
including nearly nationwide radio-relay system; connection into central
American microwave net; communications satellite ground station; 115,000
telephones; 550,000 radio and 230,000 TV receivers; 80 AM, 22 FM, and 13 TV
stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 354,000; 245,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
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LAND:
183,540 sq. mi. (Papua 90,540 sq. mi., New Guinea
93,000 sq. mi.)
Land boundaries: 600 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: about 3,200 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,728,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(7/66-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan, some Negrito, Micronesian,
and Polynesian types
Religion: over one-half of population nominally Christian (490,000 Catholic,
320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder animist
Language: 700 indigenous languages; pidgin English and 2 or 3 native languages
are linguae francae for over one-half of population; English spoken by
1% to 2% of population
Literacy: 1%; in English, 0.1%
Labor force: no available figures; mostly subsistence farmers
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Papua New Guinea
Type: dependent territory under Administrator appointed by Australia
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 18 administrative districts (12 in New Guinea, 6 in Papua);
New Guinea (including Bismarck archipelago and Bougainville) is a U.N. Trust
Territory
Legal system: based on English common law; highest judicial organ is High Court
of Australia
Branches: executive -- Administrator and Executive Council; legislature --
House of Assembly (94 members, including 10 appointed); judiciary -- court
system consists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and various inferior
courts (District Courts, Local Courts, Children's Courts, Wardens' Courts);
Supreme Court decisions may be appealed to High Court of Australia
Government leader: Administrator, L. W. Johnson; Chief Minister, Michael Somare
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: preferential-type elections for 100-member House of Assembly every
4 years
Political parties: Pangu Party is principal political group; 5 or 6 other
small parties and numerous independents
Voting strength (1972 election): Pangu Party and allies won 52 seats, United
Party 42 seats, Independence 6 seats
Communists: no significant strength
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1 billion (1972 estimate), $380 per capita; real average annual growth
rate (1960-69) 7.5%
Agriculture: main crops -- coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber processing, copper mining (Bougainville)
Exports: $260 million (f.o.b., FY72); principal products -- copper, coconut
products, coffee beans, timber
Imports: $400 million (f.o.b., FY72)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: Australia, U.K., Japan
Aid: economic -- Australia (FY46-69) $909 million extended; World Bank group
(1968-September 1969) -- $7.5 million committed
military -- U.S. $28.7 million extended
Monetary conversion rate: Australian $1=US$1.4875
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Papua:
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 2,480 mi.; about 1,360 mi. suitable for heavy and medium
traffic, and about 1,120 mi. suitable for light traffic
Inland waterways: 800 mi., not including minor rivers
Ports: 1 principal (Port Moresby), 1 secondary
Civil air: see New Guinea (below)
Airfields: see New Guinea (below)
Telecommunications: see New Guinea (below)
New Guinea:
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 6,430 mi.; approx. 3,865 mi. suitable for heavy and medium
traffic, and 2,565 mi. suitable for light traffic only
Inland waterways: 1,350 mi., northeast New Guinea; minor rivers not included
Pipelines: crude oil, 87 mi.
Ports: 4 principal (Rabaul, Lae, Madang, Kavieng), 4 minor
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft; Air Niugini, new national airline,
began operations in November 1973
Airfields: 655 total, 456 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 46 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 with runway 8,000 ft. -- Nadzab
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea telecom services are adequate and are
being improved; principal telecom centers include Goroka, Lae, Madang,
Mount Hagen, and Wewak in New Guinea; and Daru, Port Moresby and Samarai
in Papua; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph,
coastal radio, aeronautical radio and international radiocommunication
services; numerous privately owned radio facilities exist; submarine
cables extend from Madang to Australia and Guam; 25,300 telephones, 100,000
radios, but no TV sets; 29 AM, no FM and no TV facilities
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 637,000 (Papua 168,000, New Guinea 469,000);
about 325,000 fit for military service (Papua 85,000, New Guinea 240,000)
Defense is responsibility of Australia
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LAND:
157,000 sq. mi.; 2% under crops, 24% meadow and pasture,
52% forested, 22% urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 2,140 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,481,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(10/62-7/72) ?
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo, 5% white and Indian i
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish and Guarani
Literacy: officially estimated at 74% above age 10, but
probably much lower (40%)
Labor force: 800,000 (1971 est.); 55% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 8% transport
and other services; 19% manufacturing and construction; 13% commerce and
professions; 5% miscellaneous (est. 1962)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncion
Political subdivisions: 16 departments and the national capital, 154 municipalities
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; constitution
promulgated 1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal
education at National University of Asuncion and Catholic University of Our
Lady of the Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President heads executive; bicameral legislature; judiciary headed
by Supreme Court
Government leader: President (General) Alfredo Stroessner
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between ages of 18-60
Elections: President and Congress elected together every 5 years; last election
held in February 1973
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chavez; Liberal
Party (Levi-Liberal Party), Carlos Levi Ruffinelli; Febrerista Party, Manuel
Benitez; Radical Liberal Party (regular Liberal Party), Justo Pastor Benitez;
Christian Democratic Party (not officially inscribed), Dr. Hermogenes Rojas
Silva
Voting strength (February 1973 general election): 84% Colorado Party, 13% Radical
Liberal Party, 3% Liberal Party, Febrerista Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal);
perhaps a few thousand party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very
few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply divided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by
Epifanio Mendez Fleitas, in exile
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IMF, LAFTA, OAS, U.N., WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $644.3 million (1973, in 1972 dollars), $270 per capita; 88% consumption; 16%
gross domestic investment; -4% net foreign balance (1972); real growth rate 1973
est., 5.8%
Agriculture: main crops -- oilseeds, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes,
tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most foods; caloric
intake, 2,580 calories per day per capita (1963-64); protein intake,
70 grams per day per capita (20 grams of animal origin)
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles,
light consumer goods, cement
Electric power: 159,000 kw. capacity (1971); 257 million kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 104 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $127 million (f.o.b., 1973); meat, timber, oilseeds, tobacco, cotton,
quebracho extract, hides, yerba mate, coffee
Imports: $122 million (c.i.f., 1973); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment,
fuels and lubricants, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.S. 15%, Argentina 14%, West Germany 13%, U.K. 9%
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), $87.2 million loans, $62.8 million
grants; from international organizations (FY46-72), $189.3 million; from other
Western countries (1960-70), $21.9 million
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY57-72), $15.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies=US$l (official rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 652 mi.; 273 mi. standard gage, 85 mi. 3'3 3/8'' gage, 294 mi. various
narrow gage (privately owned)
Highways: 9,900 mi.; 400 mi. bituminous treated, 3,100 mi. otherwise improved,
6,400 mi unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,970 mi.
Ports: 1 major, 9 minor (all river)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,111 total, 863 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 25 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: local telecom facilities in Asuncion good, intercity microwave
net; 31,000 telephones; est. 730,000 radio and 60,000 TV receivers; 25 AM, 7
FM, and 1 TV station; COMSAT station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 624,000; 430,000 fit for military service;
average number currently reaching military age (17) annually, 25,000
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LAND:
496,000 sq. mi. (other estimates range as low as 482,000
sq. mi.); 2% cropland, 14% meadows and pastures, 55%
forested, 29% urban, waste, other
Land boundaries: 3,810 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
Coastline: 1,500 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,401,000 (excluding Indian jungle population
which was estimated at 101,000 in 1961), average annual
growth rate 2.9% (7/61-6/72)
Ethnic divisions: 46% Indian; 38% mestizo (white-Indian); 15% white; 1% Negro,
Japanese, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
Literacy: 45% to 50%
Labor force: 4.4 million (1973); 46% agriculture, 17% services, 14% manufacturing,
9% trade, 4% construction, 4% transportation, 2% mining, 4% other
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic; under military regime since October 1968
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 23 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional
Province of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system; military government rules by decree;
legal education at the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Arequipa,
and Cuzco; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative, judicial; congress disbanded after 3 October
1968 ouster of President Fernando Belaunde Terry
Government leader: President, General (ret.) Juan Velasco Alvarado
Suffrage: obligatory for citizens (defined as adult men and women and married
persons over age 18) until age 60
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Carlos Quiroga
Gutierrez, supports the government; opposition parties include Popular Action
Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry (in exile); American Popular Revolutionary
Alliance (APRA), Victor Raul Haya de la Torre; and Popular Christian Party (PPC),
Luis Bedoya Reyes
Voting strength (1963 election): 39% AP-PDC, 34% APRA, 25% UNO, 1% Communist,
1% other
Communists: pro-Soviet (PCP/S) 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 factions) under 500
Other political or pressure groups: government-sponsored social mobilization
system (SINAMOS)
Member of: GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, LAFTA and Andean Pact, OAS, Seabeds Committee, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $8.0 billion (1973, in 1972 dollars), $570 per capita; 73%
private consumption, 10% public consumption, 12% gross investment (1972); 5%
net foreign balance; real growth rate 1973 5.6%
Agriculture: main crops -- wheat, potatoes, beans, barley, coffee, cotton,
sugarcane; imports wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake,
2,300 calories per day per capita (1964)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Fishing: catch 1.7 million metric tons (1973); exports $136.0 million (1973)
Major industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing,
food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, ship-building, metal
fabrication
Electric power: 1,815,000 kw. capacity (1972); 6.2 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 428 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,118 million (f.o.b., 1973); fish and fish products, copper, silver,
iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $1,029 million (1973); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment,
iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 33%, Western Europe 30.2%, Japan 14%,
Communist Bloc countries, 10.2%, Latin America 7%; imports -- U.S. 29%,
Western Europe 34%, Latin America 15%, Japan 8% (1972)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), $513.3 million loans, $206.4
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-70), $494.3 million;
from other Western countries (1960-72), $136.1 million; Communist countries
(1969-73) $234.7 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY49-72), $142.4 million; from Communist
countries (1973), $14 million
Monetary conversion rate: 38.70 soles=US$l (trade); 43.38 soles=US$1 (non-trade)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: approx. 1,560 mi.; 1,227 mi. 4' 8 1/2" gage; 41 mi. gage less than
3'0"; 282 mi . 3' 0" gage; 9 mi. double track
Highways: 31,300 mi.; 3,050 mi. paved, 6,250 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 8,900
mi. improved earth, 13,100 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 5,400 mi. of navigable tributaries of Amazon River system and
130 mi. Lake Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 200 mi.; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 40 mi.
Ports: 7 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 340 total, 295 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 20 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 47 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; new radio-relay system
under construction; communications satellite ground station; 289,000 telephones;
2.2 million radio and 490,000 TV receivers; 215 AM, 7 FM, and 30 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,256,000; 2,205,000 fit for military service;
average number currently reaching military age (20) annually, 144,000
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LAND:
116,000 sq. mi.; 53% forested, 30% arable land, 5%
permanent pasture, 12% other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300 n. mi
(under an archipelago theory, waters within straight
lines joining appropriate points of outermost islands
are considered internal waters; waters between these
baselines and the limits described in the Treaty of
Paris, December 10, 1898, the U.S.-Spain Treaty of
November 7, 1900, and the U.S.-U.K. Treaty of January 2,
1930 are considered to be the territorial sea)
Coastline: about 14,000 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 41,449,000, average annual growth rate 3% (7/67-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Filipino (Malay), 4% Moros (Malay), 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, 4% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Tagalog (renamed Pilipino) is the national language of the Philippine
Republic; English is the language of school instruction and government
business
Literacy: about 83%
Labor force: 11 million; 60% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 12% manufacturing,
10.5% commerce, 10.5% government and services (business, recreation, domestic,
personal), 3.5% transport, storage, communication, 3% construction; 0.5% other
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Quezon
Political subdivisions: 70 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and Anglo-American law; parliamentary
constitution passed 1973; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; legal education at University of the Philippines, Ateneo
de Manila University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; currently being ruled under martial law
Branches: new constitution (currently suspended) provides for unicameral National
Assembly, and a strong executive branch under a prime minister; judicial
branch headed by Supreme Court with descending authority in a Court of
Appeals, courts of First Instance in various provinces, municipal courts in
chartered cities, and justices of the peace in towns and municipalities;
these justices have considerably more authority than do justices of the
peace in the U.S.
Government leader: President Ferdinand E. Marcos
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections suspended for the indefinite future
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, Gerardo M. Roxas; Nacionalista
Party, Gil J. Puyat (political parties currently in limbo because of martial
law)
Communists: about 1,300 armed insurgents
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ECAFE, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, Seabeds
Committee (observer), SEATO, U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $9.0 billion (1973), $225 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, bananas abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.2 million metric tons, (1973)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, chemicals and chemical
products
Exports: $1,683 million (f.o.b., 1973); copra, sugar, logs and lumber, coconut
oil, copper concentrates, abaca
Imports: $1,408 million (c.i.f., 1973)
Major trade partners: (1972) exports -- 37% U.S., 37% Japan; imports -- 27%
U.S., 33% Japan
Aid:
economic -- U.S. (FY46-72), $1.8 billion committed; Japan (reparations),
$550 million extended in 1956, $337 million drawn through July 1969; IBRD
(1953-71), $239 million committed; IBRD (FY53-72), $268 million
military -- U.S. (FY46-72), $673 million committed
Monetary conversion rate: 6.78 pesos=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,177 mi.; 2 common-carrier systems (3'6" gage) totaling about 727
mi.; 19 industrial systems with 4 different gages totaling 1,450 mi.; 34%
government owned
Highways: 45,690 mi.; 8,886 mi. paved; 23,770 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or
stabilized soil surface; 13,034 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: 2,000 mi.; limited to shallow-draft (less than 5 ft.) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 157 mi.
Ports: 11 major, 100 minor
Civil air: 75 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 425 total, 314 usable; 45 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 24 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 8 seaplane stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,209,000; 6,020,000 fit for military service;
about 392,000 reach military age (20) annually
Supply: produces some small arms ammunition; other materiel obtained almost
exclusively from U.S.; naval ships and equipment from Australia, Japan, and
Italy; aircraft and helicopters from West Germany, Italy, and U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1974, $294 million; about 20%
of total budget
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LAND:
120,600 sq. mi.; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural, 27%
forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 1,920 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 305 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 33,653,000, average annual growth rate 0.8%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainians, 0.5% Belorussians, less than
0.05% Jews, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox,
Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: about 98%
Labor force: 16.3 million; 38% agriculture, 26% industry, 36% other non-
agricultural
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Polish People's Republic (PRL)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 17 provinces, 5 city provinces, 391 districts
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal
theory; constitution adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative
divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 7 law schools; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative, executive, judicial system dominated by parallel
Communist party apparatus
Government leader: Piotr Jaroszewicz, Premier; Henryk Jablonski, chairman
of Council of State (President)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: parliamentary and local government every 4 years
Dominant political party and leader: Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR)
(Communist), Edward Gierek, First Secretary
Voting strength (1972 election): 97% voted for Communist-approved single slate
Communists: 2,320,000 party members (January 1974)
Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Front (FJN), including United
Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-Catholic
Pax Association and Christian Social Association, Catholic independent Znak
group; powerful Roman Catholic Church, Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski, Primate
Member of: CEMA, GATT, ICAO, IHB, Indochina Truce Commission, Korea Truce
Commission, Seabeds Committee, U.N. and all specialized agencies except IMF
and IBRD, Warsaw Pact, Vietnam ICCS (International Commission for Control
and Supervision)
ECONOMY:
GNP: $60.8 billion in 1973 at 1972 prices, $1,830 per capita; 1973 growth rate
7.6%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum requirements; main crops -- grain,
sugar beets, oilseeds, potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar;
importer of grains; 3,200 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 549,000 metric tons (1972)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: chemistry, food processing, transportation equipment, machine
building, iron and steel, textiles, and shipbuilding
Crude steel: 14.1 million metric tons produced (1973), about 420 kg. per capita
Exports: $6,432 million (f.o.b., 1973); 42% machinery and equipment, 34% fuels,
raw materials, and semi manufactures, 15% agricultural and food products,
9% light industrial products
Imports: $7,862 million (f.o.b., 1973); 45% machinery and equipment; 37% fuels,
raw materials, and semimanufactures; 13% agricultural and food products;
5% light industrial products
Major trade partners: $14,295 million (1973); 56% with Communist countries, 44%
with West
Monetary conversion rate: 3.32 zlotys=US$l (commercial); 19.92 zlotys=US$l
(noncommercial); old commercial rates 4.00 zlotys=US$1 prior to 1972, 3.68
zlotys=US$l in 1972
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data are reported for calendar
years except for caloric intake which is reported for the consumption year,
1 July - 30 June
Note: foreign trade figures were converted at the 1973 rate
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 16,470 route mi.; 14,380 mi. standard gage, 2,090 mi. narrow gage;
4,645 mi. double track; 2,400 mi. electrified; government owned (1972)
Highways: 190,095 mi.; 40,390 mi. paved; 39,480 mi. crushed stone, gravel;
110,225 mi. earth (improved and unimproved) (1972)
Inland waterways: 3,158 mi. navigable streams and canals (1973)
Pipelines: 2,100 mi. for natural gas; 875 mi. for crude oil; 200 mi. for refined
products
Freight carried: rail -- 458.5 million short ton, 75.2 billion short ton/mi.
(1972); highway 1,264.0 million short tons, 14.5 billion short ton/mi. (1972);
waterway -- 11.3 million short tons, 1.3 billion short ton/mi. excl. int.
transit traffic (1973)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie), 6 minor (1974)
Civil air: 51 major transport aircraft (1974)
Airfields: 146 total; 76 with permanent-surface runways; 37 with runways 8,000-
11,999 ft., 70 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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LAND:
Metropolitan Portugal: 36,400 sq. mi., including the Azores
and Madeira Islands; 48% arable, 6% meadow and pasture,
31% forested, 15% waste and urban, inland water, and
other
Cape Verde Islands: 1,560 sq. mi., divided among 10 islands
and several islets (not a part of Metropolitan Portugal)
Land boundaries: 750 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 535 mi. (excludes Azores, Maderia, and Cape
Verde Islands, 1,180 mi.)
LII N.
FRANCE
SWITZ LAND
PEOPLE:
Population: metropolitan Portugal 8,550,000, average annual growth rate -0.2%
(7/70-7/72); Cape Verde Islands 304,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(12/60-12/70)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira
Islands; small, but growing number of black workers principally from the
Cape Verde Islands
Religion. 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 65% (a figure considered very high by some sources)
Labor force: 3.3 million (1970); 32% agriculture, 34% industry, 34% services;
unemployment virtually nil, but some underemployment widespread
Organized labor: 33.4% of labor force in syndicates subject to varying degrees
of government control
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Portugal
Type: republic, provisional government formed May 1974, after military coup
resulted in overthrow of the old regime
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in mainland Portugal and 4 "autonomous
districts" in Azores and Madeira Islands; 7 overseas provinces in Africa
and Asia, plus the state of Portuguese India whose 1961 occupation by
India is not recognized by Lisbon; Angola and Mozambique designated states
of Portugal in 1972
Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1933, frequently amended
since; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities
of Lisbon and Coimbra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive with President overshadowed by Prime Minister and Council of
Ministers; legislative with National Assembly dominated by executive and a
Corporative Chamber, the latter consultative and advisory; and judicial
controlled by executive branch
Government leaders: President Antonio de Spinola; Prime Minister, Palma Carlos,
appointed May 1974
Suffrage: all citizens over age 21 who are literate and have not been deprived
of their civil rights
Elections: National Assembly, new Free elections promised by March 1975;
local direct parish board elections held every 4 years, next in 1975;
President, by government-controlled electoral college every 7 years, latest
in July 1972
Political parties and leaders: numerous political parties are being organized--
the Communist Party (PCP) whose secretary, is Alvaro Cunhal, and the
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Political parties and leaders (cont'd):
Portuguese Socialist Action (ASP), led by leader Mario Soares, are
the best organized
Voting strength (1973 election): former government's National Action Party won
all 150 seats in National Assembly after opposition candidates withdrew
to protests election restrictions
Communists: 2,000-7,000 est.; sympathizers cannot be determined
Other political or pressure groups: Association for the Study of Economic and
Social Development (SEDES) authorized in October 1970 as a discussion group
with political overtones
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (restricted membership), IHB, ILO, IMF, ITU,
NATO, OECD, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: continental Portugal -- $9,770 million (1972), $1,130 per capita; 75.6%
consumption, 16.9% investment, 14.7% government, -7.2 net exports of goods
and services (1971), growth rate 6.8% (1972) in constant prices
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped; main crops -- grains, potatoes, olives,
grapes for wine; food shortages -- sugar, wheat; caloric intake, 2,730
calories per day per capita (1969)
Fishing: catch 349,000 metric tons, $96 million (1971); exports $51 million,
imports $61 million (1972)
Major industries: cotton textiles, cork processing, fish canning, petroleum
refining, pulp and paper, chemical fertilizer
Shortages: coal, petroleum, cotton, steel
Crude steel: 0.42 million metric tons produced (1972), 50 kg. per capita (1972)
Electric power: 3,129,000 kw. capacity (1973) 9.0 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 950 kw.-'hr. per capita
Exports: $1,820 million (f.o.b. 1973); principal items -- cotton textiles, cork
and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin
Imports: $2,980 million (c.i.f., 1973); principal items -- petroleum, cotton,
industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: (1973) 16.1% U.K., 11.9% West Germany, 8.8% U.S., 6.3%
Angola, 6% France, 5% Norway, 4% Spain, 0.8% E Europe; 44.1% EC-nine
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $227.8 million (FY1949-72), $30.4 million authorized FY72;
IBRD, $57.5 million authorized (1964-66), none since 1966; net official
aid to less developed areas and multilateral agencies $578 million (1961-70),
$79.5 million (1969), $57.1 million (1970);
military -- U.S., $344.0 million authorized (FY1949-72)
Budget: 1973--receipts 52 billion escudos, expenditures 59.8 billion escudos,
deficit 7.8 billion escudos
Monetary conversion rate: 1 escudo=US$0.0407 (1973 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,230 mi.; 472 mi. meter gage (3'3 3/8"), 1,758 mi. broad gage
(5'5 9/16"); 265 mi. double track; 482 mi. electrified
Highways: 18,500 mi.; 11,000 mi. bituminous, bituminous treatment, concrete and
stoneblock; 7,200 mi. gravel and crushed stone; 300 mi. improved earth; plus
an additional 10,500 mi. of unimproved earth roads (motorable tracks)
Inland waterways: 508 mi. navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy,
used by shallow-draft craft limited to 330-ton cargo capacity
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Pipelines: crude oil 7 mi.
Ports: 7 major, 33 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Azores, Cape Verde Islands, and Madeira Islands): 54 total,
ft.,
4,000 71,999 ft ; 6 12,000
runways with
seaplane
44 usable; 1f,OO0Y11,999 ft., 9e with runways;
10 with runways 8
stations
Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 931,700 telephones; 1.67
million radio receivers; 606,500 television receivers; 37 AM, 34 FM, and 36
TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; COMSAT station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,080,000; 1,610,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching age (20) annually, about 71,000
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LAND:
14,000 sq. mi. (includes Bijagos archipelago)
Land boundaries: 460 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi
(fishing 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 170 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 491,000, average annual growth rate 0.2%
(7/68-7/69)
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (Balanta 30%, Fulani
20%, Mandyako 14%, Malinke 13%, and 23% other tribes); less than 1% European
and mulatto
Religion: 66% animist, 30% Muslim, 4% Christian
Language: Portuguese official, numerous African languages
Literacy: 3% to 5%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Guinea
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3 circumscriptions (predominantly
indigenous population)
Legal system: based on Portuguese law
Branches: Governor General appointed by Ministry of Overseas has wide local
authority; he is assisted by an appointed Secretary-General and a 9-man
consultative Council; a 17-member Legislative Assembly, 12 of whose members
are elected by various groups, represents economic and tribal interests of
province; Minister of Overseas can nullify any provincial legislation or
Governor's decision; judiciary based on Portuguese system
Government leader: Governor General and military commander is Gen. Jose Manuel
Bettencourt de Rodrigues
Suffrage: limited to those satisfying fairly rigid economic and cultural
requirements
Elections: Legislative Assembly elections held every 4 years in March, last
held in 1973
Political parties and leaders: National Popular Action (ANP) of Portugal only
legal party sends one representative to National Assembly in Lisbon; opposition
parties (illegal) include Partido Africano da Independencia da Guinee e Cabo
Verde (PAIGC), led by Aristide Pereira, a Communist-supported nationalist party
which is chief political force conducting current rebellion against Portuguese
rule and which operates mainly from Republic of Guinea and the Republic of
Senegal; Front de Lutte pour 1'Independence Nationale de la Guinee (FLING),
a largely dormant, loose coalition of Senegal-based nationalist elements
opposed both to the Portuguese and the PAIGC, leadership fragmented;
other nationalist factions
Communists: none known
ECONOMY:
GNP: $107 million (1969, in 1963 constant prices), $200 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- palm oil, root crops, rice, coconuts, peanuts
Electric power: 1,200 kw. capacity (1973); 3 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
6 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.6 million (f.o.b., 1969); principally peanuts, coconuts
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $23.3 million (c.i.f., 1969); manufactured goods, fuels, transport
equipment, rice
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, also immediate neighbors
Aid: Portugal, small amounts
Monetary conversion rate: 25.5 escudos=US$l, (fixed, February 1973)
Fiscal year: probably is the calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 2,000 mi. (260 mi. bituminous, remainder earth)
Inland waterways: 994 mi.
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 60 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: limited telephone and telegraph service; 2,700 telephones;
9,800 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 115,000; 65,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
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LAND:
7,000 sq. mi.; 34% forest, 33% grassland, and 33%
cultivated
Land boundaries: 90 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 400 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 648,000, average annual growth rate 1.7%
(12/60-12/70)
Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous Timorese belonging to the Malay racial group;
9 ethnic divisions, each speaking a distinct dialect of Malay structure;
approx. 4,600 Chinese and 10,000 halfcastes
Religion: 17% Christian (almost equally divided between Catholic and
Protestant), remainder practice animism
Language: an estimated 9-15 dialects, of Malay origin but mutually unintelligible;
75% of the population speaks the Tetum dialect
Literacy: rate of literacy is unknown, but is very low; in 1971 total school
enrollment was 35,000 out of total school-age population of 80,000; 5% of
natives can speak Portuguese
Labor force: 90% engaged in primitive village subsistence economy, 10% engaged
as town laborers and domestics
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Timor
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Dili
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative townships
Legal system: based on Portuguese law
Branches: Governor appointed by overseas Minister in Lisbon, has wide local
authority; he is advised by a 12-member Consultative Council; a 21-member
Legislative Assembly (10 directly elected and 11 indirectly chosen) can pass
laws in restricted fields; Overseas Minister can veto any provincial legis-
lation or governor's decision; judiciary based on Portuguese system
Government leader: Governor, Colonel Fernando Alves Aldea (appointed 1972)
Suffrage: Portuguese citizen for 5 years, 21 years old
Elections: Provincial Legislative Assembly elections every 4 years, last in March
1973; National Assembly in Lisbon elections every 4 years, last in October 1973
Political parties and leaders: single party only, the National Popular Action
on Timor
Voting strength: limited to Portuguese on Timor and small group of Timorese
who fulfill requirement
Communists: prior to 1 October 1965, 'infiltration by Indonesian Communist Party
from Indonesian Timor, especially in the Oe-Cusse enclave
ECONOMY:
GNP: less than $100 per capita
Agriculture: principal crops -- corn, rice, rubber, coffee, copra
Exports: $5.3 million (f.o.b., 1971); 90% coffee, 6% copra
Imports: $8.5 million (c.i.f., 1971); textiles, beer and wine, petroleum
Major trade partners: 25.7% EC; 16.9% Portugal; 15.3% Portuguese possessions
Budget: 1971 -- receipts 279 million escudos, expenditures 249 escudos, deficit
30 million escudos
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: Portuguese escudo known in Timor as pataca; 28.75
patacas=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 463 mi.; 293 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 170 mi. improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 12 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 3, with, runways, ,4,000-7,,999, ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: domestic and international radio stations used primarily
for administrative and military purposes; 1 low-power radiobroadcast station;
unreliable open-wire lines and 58 small manual switchboards serve 794
telephones; 13,200 radio sets
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LAND:
About 4,000 sq. mi.; negligible amount forested; mostly
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 35 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 350 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 167,000, average annual growth rate 10.8%
(7/64-7/69)
Ethnic divisions: 56% Arab; 23% Iranian; 14% Pakistani;
7% other
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 10%-15%
Labor force: 48,000 (1969)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence.declared in 1971
Capital: Ad Dawhah
Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the ruler, although new
civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal
matters; a constitution was promulgated in 1970
Government leader: Amir Khalifa ibn Hamad Al-Thani
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for part of State Advisory Council,
semi-legislative body, but none have been held
Political parties and pressure groups: none; a few small clandestine organizations
are active
Branches: Council of Ministers
Member of: Arab League, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $500 million (1973) $3,330 per capita
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale; commercial fishing increasing
in importance; most food imported; rice and dates staple diet
Major industries: oil production and refining; crude oil production from onshore
and offshore averaged 550,000 bbls. per day in 1973; oil revenues $1.5
billion in 1974, representing 91% of government/royal family income; major
development projects include $7 million harbor at Ad Dawhah, fertilizer plant,
2 desalting plants, refrigerated storage for fishing, and a cement plant
Electric power: capacity 80,000 kw. (1972); 200 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
1,400 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: crude oil dominates; non-oil exports $22 million (1972)
Imports: $192 million in 1972
Aid: multilateral annual average $170,000 (1967-69)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar-Dubai riyal=US$0.25 (as of October 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 275 mi. bituminous; 225 mi. gravel surfaced; undetermined mileage of
earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 105 mi.; natural gas, 60 mi.
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Airfields: 10 total, 1 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway over 12,000 ft.
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, registered in the U.S.
Telecommunications: all international telecom traffic is by tropospheric scatter
through Bahrain; fair domestic wire facilities; 14,600 telephones; 35,000 radio
and 28,000 TV receivers; 1 AM and 1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 39,000; about 22,000 fit for military
service
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LAND:
970 sq. mi.; two-thirds of island extremely rugged,
consisting of volcanic mountains; 120,000 acres (less
than one-fifth of the land) under cultivation
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed). 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 125 mi.
intermixed ancestry of French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, and Indian origin
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official), Creole widely used
Literacy: over 80% among younger generation
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers; high seasonal unemployment
PEOPLE:
Population: 487,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/69-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of thoroughly
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; represented in French Parliament by three
Deputies and two Senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Prefect appointed by the French Minister
of Interior, assisted by a Secretary-General and an elected 36-man General
Council
Government leader: Prefect Paul Cousseran
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal elections in 1971; parliamentary election March 1973
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Communist Party (RCP) led by Paul Verges,
only organized political movement on island; other political candidates
affiliated with metropolitan French parties, which do not maintain permanent
organizations on Reunion
Voting strength (parliamentary election 1973): Union of Democrats for the Republic
elected, one senator and two deputies; Centrist Union, one deputy; one Senator
independent
Communists: Communist Party small -- probably only 15-20 hard-line Communists but has support among sugarcane cutters and in Le Port district
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: cash crops -- almost entirely sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla
and perfume plants; food crops -- tropical fruit and vegetables, manioc,
bananas, corn, market garden produce, also some tea, tobacco, and coffee;
food crop inadequate, most food needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills, rum distilling plants, cigarette
factory, 2 tea plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a slaughterhouse,
and a number of small shops producing handicraft items
Electric power: 54,400 kw. capacity (1973); 108 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
246 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $50 million (f.o.b., 1972); 90% sugar, 4% perfume essences, 5% rum and
molasses, 1% vanilla and tea
Imports: $196 million (c.i.f., 1972); manufactured goods, food, beverages,
and tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials and
petroleum products
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: France (in 1970 supplied 62% of Reunion's imports, purchased
76% of its exports); Mauritius (supplied 12% of imports)
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as
of February 1973 (floating since February 1973)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,366 mi.; 1,056 mi. paved, 310 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: adequate system for size of island of fairly modern open-wire
lines and radiocommunication stations; principal center Saint-Denis; external
radiocommunications to Comoro Islands, France, Malagasy, and Mauritius;
19,300 telephones; 90,000 radio and 30,000 TV receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and
8 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: military age males included with France
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LAND:
151,000 sq. mi.; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated); 60%
available for extensive cattle grazing; European
alienated lands (farmed by modern methods) 39%,
African 48%, national land 7%, 6% not alienated
Land boundaries: 1,875 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,108,000, average annual growth rate 3.5%
(7/68-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, less than
1% Coloreds and Asians
Religion: 51% syncretic (part Christian, part animist),
24% Christian, 24% animist a few Muslim
Language: English official; Chishona and Sindebele also widely used
Literacy: 25%-30%; of whites, nearly 100%
Labor force: (1972) 778,000 Africans (including some migrants from Zambia and
Malawi), 108,000 Europeans, Asians, and coloreds (people of mixed heritage);
35% agriculture, 25% mining, manufacturing, construction, 40% transport and
services
Organized labor: about one-third of European wage earners are unionized, but
only a small minority of Africans (1966)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of Southern Rhodesia
Type: self-proclaimed independent state since 1965 (not recognized by U.S.);
provisional settlement with U.K. in November 1971 cancelled by U.K. in
May 1972 in response to Pearce Commission's conclusion that its terms were
unacceptable to the majority of black Rhodesians
Capital: Salisbury
Political subdivisions: 11 magisterial districts
Legal system: Smith government implemented a republican constitution on 2 March
1970 which institutionalized white rule
Branches: President Dupont is ceremonial head of state; executive council
(cabinet) lead by Prime Minister Smith; National Assembly gives highly
disproportionate representation to white minority -- 50 white constituency
seats and 16 black constituency seats
Government leaders: Prime Minister Ian Smith and President Clifford Dupont
Suffrage: franchise is based on income, property holdings, and education; there
are separate rolls for Africans and non-Africans
Elections: must be held every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Rhodesian Front, Prime Minister Smith; Rhodesian
Party, Allan Savory; Rhodesia National Party, Leonard Idensohn; African
National Council, Abel Muzorewa; African Progressive Party, Chad Chipunza
Voting strength (1970 elections): Rhodesian Front won all 50 white constituency
seats in Parliament
Communists: negligible
Other pressure groups and leaders: African nationalist organizations banned
from political activity -- Zimbabwe African People's Union, Joshua Nkomo;
Zimbabwe African National Union, Ndabaningi Sithole; these leaders detained
by government; exiled leaders in Lusaka, Zambia, are Jasopo Moyo (ZAPU) and
Herbert Chitepo (ZANU); Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (FROLIZI),
James Chikerema
Member of: no international bodies
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,918 million (1972), $340 per capita; real growth rate 6% (1965-71)
Agriculture: main crops -- tobacco, corn, sugar, cotton; livestock; self-
sufficient in foodstuffs except wheat
Major industries: mining and steel, textiles
Electric power: 1,323,000 kw. capacity (1972); 7.94 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 1,350 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $490 million (f.o.b., 1972), including net gold sales and reexports;
tobacco, asbestos, copper, meat, chrome, gold, nickel, clothing, sugar
Imports: $408 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery, petroleum products,
wheat, transport equipment
Major trade partners: South Africa, Portugal, and Portuguese territories
Aid: no substantial military or economic aid
Budget: FY1974 -- revenues $434 million, expenditures $461 million, deficit $27
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian dollar=US$1.40; 0.714 Rhodesian dollar=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,610 mi. narrow gage (3'6"); 26 mi. double track
Highways: 48,733 mi.; 4,968 mi. paved, 20,415 mi. crushed stone, gravel,
stabilized soil, or improved earth; 23,350 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 175 mi. on Lake Kariba
Airfields: 336 total, 231 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
way over 12,000 ft., 23 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: system is one of the best in Africa; consists of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Salisbury, secondary center Bulawayo; 151,200 telephones; 225,000 radio
and 57,000 TV receivers; 8 AM, no FM and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,343,000; 840,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (18) annually, 63,000
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LAND:
91,700 sq. mi.; 44% arable, 19% other agriculture, 27%
forested, 10% other
Land boundary: 1,845 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 140 mi.
Religion: 14 million Romanian Orthodox, 1 million Roman Catholic, 1 million
Protestants, 100,000 Jews, 30,000 Muslims
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%-99% of total population
Labor force: 10.4 million (est. 1 July 1966); 57% agriculture, 19% industry,
24% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Socialist Republic of Romania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 39 counties and 46 municipalities, including Bucharest
that has administrative status equal to a country
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory which
increasingly reflects Romanian traditions; constitution adopted 1965; legal
education at University of Bucharest and two other law schools; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers; the Grand National Assembly, under
which is Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme Court; Council of State
Government leaders: Manea Manescu, President of the Council of Ministers, head of
government; Nicolae Ceausescu, President of the Socialist Republic, head of
state
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
Elections: elections in Romania held every 4 years for the local people's
councils and every 5 years for Grand National Assembly deputies
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Romania only functioning party,
Nicolae Ceausescu, General Secretary
Voting strength (1969 election): overall participation reached 99.96%; of those
registered to vote (13,577,143), 99.75% voted for party candidates
Communists: 2,366,000 party members (November 1973)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, Seabeds Committee, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WMO, GATT
ECONOMY:
GNP: $34.1 billion in 1973 (at 1972 prices), $1,630 per capita; 1973 growth rate
8.3%
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops -- corn, wheat, oilseed; livestock --
cattle, hogs, sheep; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
Fish catch: 75,000 metric tons (1971)
Major industries. machinery, metals, fuels, chemicals, textiles, food processing,
timber processing
Shortages; iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural
rubber
Crude steel: 8.2 million metric tons produced (1973), 390 kg. per capita
PEOPLE:
Population: 21,059,000, average annual growth rate 1.0%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 87% Romanian, 8% Hungarian, 2% German,
3% other
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $3,783 million (f.o.b., 1973); 25% machinery and equipment; 36% fuels,
raw materials, semifinished products; 20% foodstuffs; and 19% consumer goods
(1972)
Imports: $3,458 million (mixture f.o.b. and c.i.f., 1973); 46% machinery and
equipment; 44% fuels, raw materials, semifinished products; 5% foodstuffs;
and 5% consumer goods (1972)
Major trade partners: 7,241 million in 1973; 48% non-Communist countries, 52%
Communist countries (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.97 lei=US$1 (commercial) 14.4 lei=US$1 (tourist);
old commercial rates: in 1972, 5.53 lei=US$l, prior to 1972 6.00 lei=US$l
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year, 1 July -
30 June
Note: foreign trade data converted at 1973 rate
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 7,464 mi.; 6,442 mi. standard gage, 1,014 mi. narrow gage, 8 mi.
broad gage; 404 mi. electrified, 852 mi. double track; government owned
(1973)
Highways: 48,000 mi.; 7,600 mi. paved; 16,300 mi. other improved surfaces,
24,100 mi. earth (1970)
Inland waterways: 1,445 mi. (1974)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,600 mi.; refined products, 888 mi.; natural gas, 3,100
mi.
Freight carried: rail -- 218.3 million short tons, 33.8 billion short ton/mi.
(1972); highway -- 515 million short tons, 5.3 billion short ton/mi. (1971);
waterway -- 16.4 million short tons, 6.9 billion short ton/mi. (incl. intl.
transit traffic) (1972)
Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia), 2 minor (1974)
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft (1974)
Airfields: 165 total; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 11 with runways 8,000-
11,999 ft.; 24 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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LAND:
10,000 sq. mi.; almost all the arable land, about 1/3
under cultivation, about 1/3 pastureland
Land boundaries: 545 mi.
ETHy
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,121,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Hutu, 9% Tutsi, 1% Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 45% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1% Muslim, rest
animist
Language: Kinyarwanda and French official; Kiswahili used
in commercial centers
Literacy: 10% in French and Kinyarwanda
Labor force: less than 5% in cash economy
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic, military government since July 1973; no constitution
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdivided into 141 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law;
constitution adopted 1962; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, Committee for Peace and National Unity (composed of high
military command), and 13-member cabinet
Government leader: General Juvenal Habyarimana, Head of State
Suffrage: none
Elections: last legislative election September 1969; none allowed by present
government
Political parties and leaders: none; all political activity banned and elections
cancelled by military government after its July 5, 1973 coup
Communists: no communist party; U.S.S.R. and People's Republic of China have
diplomatic missions in Rwanda
Member of AFDB, EAMA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OCAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $240 million (1971), $60 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- mainly coffee, tea, cotton, some pyrethrum; main
food crops -- bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency increasing
but country still imports some foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore), agricultural processing, and
light consumer goods
Electric power: 21,460 kw. capacity (1973); 100 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
28 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $18.9 million (f.o.b., 1972); mainly coffee, tea, pyrethrum, cassiterite
Imports: $34.7 million (c.i.f., 1972); textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment
Major trade partners: U.S., Belgium, Zaire
Aid: U.S., FY62-72, $8.0 million; Belgium, France, West Germany, and Canada,
FY64-67, $33.4 million obligated
Budget: balanced at $25.8 million (FY1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 92.84 Rwanda francs=US$l (official) since January 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,815 mi.; 36 mi. paved, 19 mi. gravel, 1,367 mi. improved earth,
2,393 mi. unimproved; 2,485 mi. secondary roads; most roads improved or
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by steamers and barges
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20 total, 14 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft., 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph limited; main center is Kigali;
2,450 telephones; 55,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 935,000; 450,000 fit for military service; no
conscription; 38,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
150 sq. mi.; 40% arable, 10% pasture, 17% forest, 33%
wasteland and built-on
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 120 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 67,000, average annual growth rate 1.2%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Religion: Church of England, other Protestant sects,
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 19,616 (1960 est.)
Organized labor: 6,700
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State ; Anguilla formally seceded in May 1967 but has not been recognized
as an independent state by any government; in July 1968 a legislative
council headed by Ronald Webster was elected to govern Anguilla; in March
1969 the U.K. sent troops to Anguilla, placing the island again under
colonial rule; in 1971, Anguilla reverted to its former colonial relationship
with the U.K. although nominally remaining part of the Associated state of
St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Capital: Basseterre
Political subdivisions: 10 districts
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive,
cabinet headed by prime minister
Government leaders: Premier, Robert L. Bradshaw; U.K. Acting Governor, M. P. Allen
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every 5 years; most recent 10 May 1971
Political parties and leaders: St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party, Robert
L. Bradshaw; People's Action Movement (PAM), William Herbert; Nevis Reformation
Party (NRP), Ivor Stevens
Voting strength (1971 election): St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party won
7 seats in the House of Assembly, PAM won 2, 1 seat remains open for Anguilla
which did not participate in the election
Communists: none known
Member of: has been invited to join CARICOM
ECONOMY:
GDP: $15.2 million (1969), $260 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar on St. Christopher, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, salt extraction
Electric power: 6,400 kw. capacity (1972); 17 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 525 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $4.2 million (f.o.b., 1971); sugar, molasses, cotton, salt, copra
Imports: $15.8 million (c.i.f., 1971); foodstuffs, fuel, manufactures
Major trade partners: U.K. 45%, Canada 14%, U.S. 12% (1966)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.08 East Caribbean dollars=US$l (February 1974); now
floating with pound sterling
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 36 mi., narrowgage (2'6") on St. Kitts for sugar cane
Highways: 180 mi.; 60 mi. paved, 90 mi. otherwise improved, 30 mi. unimproved
earth
Ports: 3 minor (1 on each island)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 5,700 ft.
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF radio connections and international
link via Antigua; about 1,700 telephones; 5,000 radio and 1,500 TV receivers;
5 AM and 5 TV stations
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LAND:
238 sq. mi.; 50% arable, 3% pasture, 19% forest, 5%
unused but potentially productive, 23% wasteland
and built-on
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 98 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 108,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English, French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 38,000 (1969); 50% agriculture
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
~N
i418
BAC.O
VENEZUELA 1'
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of St. Lucia
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 16 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive,
cabinet headed by prime minister
Government leaders: Premier John Compton; U.K. Governor Ira Si Mons (acting)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent April 1969
Political parties and leaders: United Worker's Party (UWP), John Compton; St.
Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Kenneth Foster; Saint Lucia Labour Action movement
(SLAM), George Odlum, St. Lucia Labor Party United Front (LPUF) led by
George Charles
Voting strength (1969 election): UWP won 6 of the 10 elected seats in House of
Assembly; SLP won 3 seats; LPUF won 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY:
GDP: $33.2 million (1971 est.), $290 per capita; real growth rate 1971, 5.8%
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, copra, sugar, cocoa, spices
Major industries: tourism, lime processing
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Ele i-c--power: 11,800 kw. capacity (1971); 26 million kw.-hr. produced (1971
est.); 22Q kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $4.4 million (f.o.b., 1970); sugar, bananas, cocoa
Imports: $27.3 million (c.i.f., 1970); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment,
fertilizers, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.K. 49%, Canada 9%, U.S. 8% (1964)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.08 East Caribbean dollars=US$l (February 1974, now
floating with pound sterling
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 415 mi.; 175 mi. paved; 240 mi. otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 airfields with permanent surface runways; one with a 9,000 foot
runway; one with a 5,700 foot runway; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system with 5,500 telephones; direct
radio link with Martinique; interisland tropospheric links to Barbados and
Antigua; 20,000 radio and 500 TV receivers; 2 AM, and 1 TV station
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LAND:
150 sq. mi. (including northern Grenadines); 50% arable,
3% pasture, 44% forest, 3% wasteland and built-on
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 52 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 93,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(4/60-4/70)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent; remainder
mixed with some white and East Indian and Carib Indian
Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Roman Catholic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 50,000 (1972 est.); about 60% unemployed
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of St. Vincent
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest
judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Government leader: Premier James F. Mitchell; Governor General (U.K.) Sir Rupert
G. John
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (18 years old and over)
Elections: every 5 years; most recent 7 April 1972
Political parties and leaders: People's Political Party (PPP), Ebenezer Joshua;
St. Vincent Labor Party (LP), R. Milton Cato
Voting strength (1972 election): LP 6 seats, PPP 6 seats, independent 1 seat in
the Legislative
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY:
GDP: $20 million (1971 est.), $200 per capita; 6.9% growth in 1971
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, arrowroot, coconut
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 4,700 kw. capacity (1971); 15 million kw.-hr. produced (1971
est.), 160 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.7 million (f.o.b., 1969); bananas, arrowroot, copra, cotton
Imports: $12 million (c.i.f., 1969); fertilizer, flour, transportation
equipment, lumber, textiles
Major trade partners: U.K. 39%, U.S. 10%, Canada 10% (1967)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.08 East Caribbean dollars=US$l (Februaryl974), now
floating with pound sterling
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 600 mi.; 200 mi. paved; 200 mi. otherwise improved; 200 mi. unimproved
earth
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total; 2 usable, 1 with asphalt runway 4,800 ft.
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system with 4,000
instruments; VHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines; 10,000
radio and 500 TV receivers; 2 AM stations
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LAND:
24 sq. mi.; 74% cultivated, 22% meadows and pastures,
4% built-on
Land boundaries: 21 mi.
FR. ITALY YUGOSLAVIA
SAN MAPINO.,.
PEOPLE:
Population: 19,000 (official estimate for 30 June 1973) ALGERIA LIBYA
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Literacy: illiteracy relatively insignificant
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: General Democratic Federation of
Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has about
1,800 members; Communist-dominated Camera del Lavoro, about 1,000 members
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.); in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy
concluded a treaty guaranteeing the independence of San Marino; although
legally sovereign, San Marino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian
Government
Capital: San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided into 9 sections: Guaita, Fratta,
Serravalle, Domagnano, Acquaviva, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Faetano,
Chiesanuova
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; electoral
law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: the Grand and General Council is the legislative body elected by popular
vote; its 60 members serve 5-year terms; Council in turn elects two Captains-
Regent who exercise executive power for term of 6 months, the Council of
State whose members head government administrative departments and the Council
of Twelve, the supreme judicial body; actual executive power is wielded by
the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for
Internal Affairs
Government leaders: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Gian Luigi Berti
(Christian Democratic party); Secretary of State for Internal Affairs
Giuseppe Lonferini (Christian Democratic party); Secretary for finance Remy
Giacomini (Socialist)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and General Council required at least every
5 years; next elections 1974
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic party (DCS), Gian Luigi Berti;
Social Democratic Party (PSDSM), Alvaro Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Remy
Giacomini; Communist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli
Voting strength (1969 election): 45% DCS, 25% PCS, 18.3% PSDIS, 11.7% PSS
Communists: approx. 300 members (number of sympathizers cannot be determined);
PSS, in government with Christian Democrats since March 1973, formed a
government with the PCS from the end of World War II to 1957
Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced by
policies of their counterparts in Italy, the two Socialist parties are
not united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for Unification of Private Law,
International Relief Union, IRC, UPU
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ECONOMY:
Principal economic activities of San Marino are farming, livestock raising, light
manufacturing, and tourism; the government's total budget for FY71 was about
$12 million, with the largest share of revenue derived from the sale of
postage stamps throughout the world and from payments by the Italian
government in exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing tobacco, gasoline,
and a few other goods; main problem is finding an additional $3 million to
finance badly needed water and electric power systems expansions
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (average annual output about 4,400 metric
tons/year) and grapes (average annual output about 700 metric tons/year);
other grains, fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are also grown;
livestock population numbers roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese
and hides are most important livestock products
Electric power: obtained from Italy, 1973
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton textile production at Serravalle, brick
and tile production at Dogane, cement production at Acquaviva, Dogane, and
Fiorentino, and pottery production at Borgo Maggiore; some tanned hides,
paper, candy, baked goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs are
also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism; in summer months 20,000 to 30,000
foreigners visit San Marino every day; a number of hotels and restaurants
have been built in recent years to accommodate them; remittances from
Sanmarinese abroad also represent an important net foreign inflow; commodity
trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
manufactures
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: about 65 mi.
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serving 4,020 telephones; no
radiobroadcasting or television facilities, 3,200 radio and 650 TV receivers
(Italian broadcasts)
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LAND:
618,000 sq. mi. (boundaries are poorly defined); 1%
agricultural, 1% forested, 98% desert, waste, or
urban
Land boundaries: 2,820 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (plus
6 n. mi. "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 1,560 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,924,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(current
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian (est.)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: about 25% of population; 40% agriculture and herding, 12% construction,
12% service, 12% government, 11% commerce, 13% other
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh; foreign ministry and foreign diplomatic representatives located
in Jiddah
Political subdivisions: 18 amirates
Legal system: largely based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been
introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King Faysal (Al Saud, Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz) rules in consultation
with ruling family, Council of Ministers, and religious leaders
Government leader: King Faysal
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IATA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, OAPEC,
OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $8.8 billion (1973 est.), $1,530 per capita
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum production 8.4 million barrels per day (current);
payments to Saudi Arabian Government, 21 billion (1974 est.) cement production
and small steel-rolling mill and oil refinery; several other light industries,
including factories producing detergents, plastic products, furniture, etc.;
PETROMIN, a semipublic agency associated with the Ministry of Petroleum, has
recently completed a major fertilizer plant
Electric power: 316,600 kw. capacity (1973); 1.1 billion kw.-hr. produced (1973),
189 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1973 est.); 99% petroleum and petroleum products
Imports: $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1973 est.); manufactured goods, transportation
equipment, construction materials, and processed food products
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S., Western Europe, Japan; imports U.S.,
Japan, West Germany
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Saudi riyal=US$O.28 as of August 1973 (IMF par value,
freely convertible)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1973-74 Saudi fiscal year covers the
period 30 July 1973 through 1 July 1974
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 350 mi., 418 1/2" gage
Highways: 8,700 mi.; 5,400 mi. bituminous, 3,300 mi. gravel and improved earth,
undetermined mileage of earth roads and tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,435 mi.; refined products, 95 mi.; natural gas, 95 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 239 total, 78 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 42 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft., 1 with runway over
12,000 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radio communications; fair domestic
service; 84,100 telephones; 250,000 radio and 150,000 TV receivers; 11
TV, 1 FM, and 4 AM stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,410,000; 755,000 fit for military service;
about 62,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
76,000 sq. mi.; 13% forested, 40% agricultural (12%
cultivated), 47% built-up areas, waste, etc.
Land boundaries: 1,665 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (fishing
110 n. mi.; fisheries zone beyond territorial sea)
Coastline: 330 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,212,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/67-7/69)
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5% Fulani, 16.5% Serer, 9% Tukulor, 9% Dyola,
6.5% Malinke, 4.5% other African, 1% Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 80% Muslim, 15% animist, 5% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Language: French official, but regular use limited to literate minority; most
Senegalese speak own tribal language; use of Wolof vernacular spreading --
now spoken to some degree by nearly half the population
Literacy: 5%-10% (est.) in 14 plus age group
Labor force: 1,732,000; about 80% subsistence agricultural workers; about 125,000
wage earners
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however,
dues-paying membership very limited
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic; only one legal party since 1966
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 7 regions, each subdivided into 18 departments, 90
districts, and 34 communes
Legal system: based on French civil law system; constitution adopted 1960,
revised 1963 and 1970; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme
Court (which also audits the government's accounting office); legal
education at University of Dakar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Government dominated by President who is assisted by Prime Minister,
appointed by President and subject to dismissal by President or censure by
National Assembly; 80-member National Assembly, elected for 5 years
(effective 1973); President elected for 5-year term (effective 1973) by
universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Supreme Court, with members appointed
by President
Government leaders: Leopold Sedar Senghor, President; Abdou Diouf, Prime Minister
Suffrage; universal adult
Elections: uncontested presidential and legislative elections held February
1973 for 5-year term
Political parties and leaders: Union Progressiste Senegalaise (UPS), ruling
party led by President Leopold Senghor, has absorbed all major opposition
parties; illegal parties include Communist-backed Parti Africain
de l'Independence (PAI) and Parti Communiste Senegalais (PCS), a splinter
group
Communists: a few Communists and sympathizers; PAI is pro-Moscow; PCS is
pro-Peking
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions are controlled by party;
students and teachers occasionally strike
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ITU, OCAM, OMVS, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $1.2 billion (1972 est.); $290 per capita; real growth rate less than 1%
(1966-71)
Agriculture: main crops -- peanuts, millet, sorghum, manioc, rice; peanuts
primary cash crop; production of food crops increasing but still insufficient
for domestic requirements
Fishing: catch 240,000 metric tons, $48 million, (1971); exports $12 million
(1971), imports (not available)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural processing plants, light manufacturing,
mining
Electric power: 134,200 kw. capacity (1973); 354 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
88 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $215 million (f.o.b., 1972); approx. 35% peanuts and peanut products;
phosphate rock; canned fish
Imports: $279 million (c.i.f., 1972); food, consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC (other than France), and franc zone
Aid: economic -- France (1966-70) $115 million; China (1973) $49.1 million;
U.S. (FY1961-72) $42.8 million; U.S.S.R. $7.1 million; EC (1961-72) $40.7 million;
military -- U.S. (FY61-72) $2.8 million
Budget: 1972 est. -- receipts $215 million, current expenditure $193 million,
investment expenditure $19.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: francs; 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine
francs=US$l as of February 1973, floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 640 mi. meter gage; 40 mi. double track
Highways: 8,725 mi.; 1,335 mi. bituminous, 990 mi. gravel, 400 mi. improved
earth, 6,000 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 935 mi.
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 27 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 19 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: relatively advanced for Africa; 29,300 telephones; 280,000
radio receivers; 1,600 TV receivers; 3 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations; 3
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 942,000; 455,000 fit for military service;
50,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
156 sq. mi.; 54% arable land, nearly all of it is under
cultivation, 17% wood and forest land, 29% other
(mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for
agriculture); 40 granitic and 43 coral islands
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (admixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic
Language: English official; Creole most widely spoken
Literacy: limited
Labor force: 22,000 agriculture
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi. (fishing
12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 305 mi. (Mahe Island 58 mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 58,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(7/68-7/72)
LES
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of the Seychelles
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law system, and
customary law
Branches: Governor, Council of Ministers, Legislative Assembly
Government leader: Governor Sir Bruce Greatbatch
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: April 1974, held every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), James R.
Mancham, President; Seychelles Peoples United Party (SPUP). France Albert
Rene, President
Voting strength: SDP won 3 seats in Legislative Assembly with 52.4% popular
vote in 1974 election; SPUP won 2 seats with 47.6% of votes
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions which are appendages of
political parties
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coconut production and export of copra;
cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for perfumes) are other cash crops;
food crops -- small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava, sugarcane, and
bananas; islands not self-sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the
supply must be imported
Major industries: processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, small-scale
manufacture of consumer goods, coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 3,500 kw. capacity (1973); 9 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
171 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.1 million (f.o.b., 1970); cinnamon (bark and oil) and vanilla account
for almost 50% of the total, copra accounts for about 40%, the remainder
consisting of patchouli, fish, and guano
Imports: $10.1 million (c.i.f., 1970); food, tobacco, and beverages account for
about 40% of imports, manufactured goods about 25%, machinery and transport
equipment, petroleum products, textiles
Major trade partners: exports -- India, U.S.; imports -- U.K., Burma, India,
South Africa, Kenya, Australia
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u t~....:.I RAN
EGYAT
SA?ulDl~
SUDANi"` ARABIA J
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid: $1.2 million in aid in both 1965 and 1966 from U.K.; US (FY53-72) $0.4 million
Budget: FY73 -- revenues $9 million, expenditures 10 million (approx.)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.4 Seychelles rupees=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 141 mi.; 78 mi. bituminous, 63 mi. crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 minor port (Victoria)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 1 usable on Prasin Island, 1 usable on Astove Island, 1
permanent surface 8,000-11,999 ft. on Mahe Island; former RAF seaplane
station at Victoria, Mahe Island, although not in present use, could be
used in emergency
Telecommunications: direct radiotelegraph communications with other adjacent
islands and African coastal countries; 2,000 telephones; 15,000 radio sets;
no TV sets; 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; submarine cables extend to
Aden, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,000; 7,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
27,900 sq. mi.; 65% arable (6% of total land area under
cultivation), 27% pasture, 4% swampland, 4% forested
Land boundaries: 580 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
Coastline: 250 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,707,000, average annual growth rate 1.5%
(7/71-7/72)
IZAIRE
Y'A
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, rest European and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 70% animist, 25% Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: English official, but regular use limited to literate minority;
principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; "Krio," a
form of pidgin English, is also widely spoken
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of population engages in subsistence
agriculture; only small minority, some 70,000, earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime since April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided into 12 districts with 146 chief-
doms, where paramount chief and council of elders constitute basic unit of
government; plus western area, which comprises Freetown and other coastal
areas of the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local
tribes; constitution adopted April 1971; highest court of appeal is the
Sierra Leone Court of Appeals; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by President; parliament consists of 97
members, 85 of whom are elected representatives and 12 paramount chiefs
representing tribal councils in provincial districts; independent judiciary
Government leader: Siaka Stevens, President, heads APC government composed
of members of his political party
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the maximum life of an elected parliament is 5 years, but it may be
dissolved earlier by the President; parliamentary election held in May 1973;
President is elected by parliament for 5 year term; next presidential election
1976
Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress (APC), headed by Stevens;
Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) is the opposition party
Communists: no party, although there are a few Communists and a slightly larger
number of sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $435 million (FY71), approx. $170 per capita; real growth rate 1970, 2%-3%
Agriculture: main crops -- palm kernels, coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger,
cassava; much of cultivated land devoted to subsistence farming; food crops
insufficient for domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 30,600 metric tons, $4.3 million, imports $2.7 million (1971)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: mining -- diamonds, iron ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing
-- beverages, textiles, cigarettes, construction goods; 1 oil refinery
Electric power: 57,000 kw. capacity (1973); 208 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
77 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $118 million (f.o.b., 1972); 60% diamonds; iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa,
coffee
Imports: $121 million (c.i.f., 1972); machinery and transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.K., EC, Japan, U.S., Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 1 leone=US$1.30 (official), as of December 1971;
floating with pound sterling since then
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June (since 1 July 1966)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 370 route miles; 310 mi. narrow gage (2'6") Sierra Leone Government
Railroad (SLR), 60 mi. narrow gage (3'6") privately owned mineral line
operated by the Sierra Leone Development Company
Highways: 5,130 mi.; 550 mi. bituminous (including some bituminous treatment),
1,470 mi. laterite (some gravel), and 3,110 mi. earth
Inland waterways: 500 mi.; 372 mi. navigable year-round
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 15 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph are adequate; 6,200 telephones;
60,000 radio and 6,000 TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations;
3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 632,000; 303,000 fit for military service; no
conscription
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LAND:
2,800 sq. mi.
Land boundaries: 265 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 221,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(3/61-4/71)
Ethnic divisions: 75% Nepalese; 25% Bhotias, Lepchas, and
a few tribal groups
Religion: Tibetan or Lamaist Buddhism (the state religion)
33.3%; Nepalese majority are primarily Hindu
Language: English, official; Nepali, lingua franca; Bhotias
and Lepchas speak Tibeto-Burman dialects
Literacy: probably less than 15%
Labor force: predominantly agricultural; minimal skilled
labor
PEOPLE'S REP.
OF CHINA
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Sikkim
Type: autonomous protectorate of India ruled by a hereditary maharaja as
titular ruler; tied to India by 1950 treaty and brought under further
control by 1973 agreement; ruler controls only palace affairs; external
relations, defense, and communications are India's exclusive responsibility
Political subdivisions: none known
Legal system: constitution in preparation
Branches: Executive Council appointed from elected legislature with Indian
chief executive as head of administration
Government leader: Maharaja Paldem Thondup Namgyal, known as the Chogyal of
Sikkim
Suffrage: universal suffrage
Elections: to be held every 4 years beginning in April 1974
Political parties and leaders: Sikkim National Congress Party; Sikkim National
Party; Sikkim State Congress/Janta Congress
Communists: no overt presence
ECONOMY:
GNP: about $100 per capita
Agriculture: animal husbandry, cardamon, foodgrains, tea, and oranges
Industry: food processing and handweaving
Foreign trade: conducted and regulated by India
Exports: cardamon and preserved fruits
Imports: consumer goods
Major trade partner: India
Aid: India (1955-66) $19.8 million committed and drawn; India (1967-72) $14.3
million committed (excludes $17.3 million spent on the development of
military roads)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 Indian rupees=US$l (official rate); now floating
with U.K. pound
Fiscal year: 1 April stated year - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 575 mi.; 252 mi. paved, 129 mi. crushed stone or gravel, 194 mi. earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 gravel runway 600 ft.
SIKKIM
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LAND:
225 sq. mi.; 31% built up area, roads, railroads, and
airfields, 22% agricultural, 47% other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 120 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,223,000, average annual growth rate 1.8% -
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 76.2% Chinese, 15% Malay, 7% Indians
and Pakistani, 3% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim;
minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists
Language: national language is Malay; Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English are
official languages
Literacy: 70% (1970)
Labor force: 474,718; 0.5% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 0.4% mining and
quarrying, 32.2% manufacturing, 30.4% services, 5.2% construction, 21.5%
commerce, 9.8% transport, storage, and communications, 6% other
Organized labor: 24% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth since separation from Malaysia in August 1965
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution based on preindependence
State of Singapore constitution; legal education at University of Singapore;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: ceremonial President; executive power exercised by Prime Minister and
cabinet responsible to unitary legislature
Government leaders: President, Dr. Benjamin Sheares; Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew
Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting compulsory
Elections: normally every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: government -- People's Action Party (PAP), Lee
Kuan Yew; opposition -- Barisan Sosialis Party (BSP), Dr. Lee Siew Choh;
Workers' Party, J.B. Jeyaretnam; Communist Party illegal
Voting strength (1972 election): PAP won all 65 seats in parliament and received
70% of vote; remaining 30% to four opposition parties
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis Party infiltrated by Communists
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, Colombo Plan, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $4.0 billion (1973), $1,800 per capita; 12% average annual real growth
(1966-73)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy, self-sufficient
in pork, poultry, and eggs, must import much of its other food requirements;
major crops -- rubber, copra, fruit and vegetables
Fishing: catch 14,700 metric tons (1972), imports -- 47,000 metric tons (1972)
Major industries: petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products,
processed food, and beverages, electronics, ship repair, entrepot trade
Exports: $3.58 billion (f.o.b., 1973); 60% reexports; petroleum products, rubber,
manufactured goods
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LAND:
246,000 sq. mi.; 13% arable (0.3% cultivated), 32%
grazing, 14% scrub and forest, 41% mainly desert,
urban, or other
Land boundaries: 1,406 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi
Coastline: 1,880 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,081,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(7/65-7/72)
ALGERIA
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hamitic, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans,
800 Asians
Religion: almost entirely Muslim
Language: Somali (written form recently instituted by government); Arabic, Italian,
English
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: 965,000 (1968 est.); very few are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral
nomads, 30% agriculturists, government employees, traders, fishermen,
handicraftsmen, other
Organized labor: law providing for government-controlled labor union promulgated
in June 1971, but union so far not established
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic; under military rule since October 1969
Capital: Mogadiscio
Political subdivisions: 11 regions, 56 districts
Organization: the junta has assumed all authority, calling itself the Supreme
Revolutionary Council, membership of which consists of 18 army and 3 police
officers; the Council has abrogated the constitution, dissolved the parliament,
and banned political parties
Government leader: President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, Gen. Mohamed
Siad Barre
Communists: possibly some Communist sympathizers in the government hierarchy
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF,
UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $210 million (1963 est.), about $70 per capita
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country; main crops -- bananas,
sugarcane, cotton, cereals; livestock
Major industries: a few small industries, including a sugar refinery, tuna
and beef canneries, iron rod plant
Electric power: 9,000 kw. capacity (1973); 38 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
12 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $43 million (f.o.b., 1972); bananas, livestock, hides, skins
Imports: $73 million (c.i.f., 1972); textiles, cereals, transport equipment
Major trade partners: Italy and U.K.; Arab countries; $6.9 million imports from
Communist countries (1970 est.)
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LAND:
472,000 sq. mi . (includes enclave of Walvis Bay,
434 sq. mi.); 12% cultivable, 2% forested, 86%
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,270 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,790 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 24,216,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 17.8% white, 69.9% African, 9.4% Colored, 2.9% Asian
Religion: primarily Christian except Asian and African; 60% of Africans are
animists
Language: Afrikaans and English official, Africans have many vernacular languages
Literacy: almost all white population literate; government estimates 35% of
Africans literate
Labor force: 8.7 million (total of economically active, 1970); 53% agriculture,
8% manufacturing, 7% mining, 5% commerce, 27% miscellaneous services
Organized labor: about 7% of total labor force is unionized (mostly white
workers); nonwhites have no bargaining power
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each headed by centrally appointed
administrator; provincial councils, elected by white electorate, retain
limited powers
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; constitution
enacted 1961, changing the Union of South Africa into a Republic; possibility
of judicial review of Acts of Parliament concerning dual official languages;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President as formal chief of state; Prime Minister as head of
government; Cabinet responsible to bicameral legislature; lower house
elected directly by white electorate; upper house indirectly elected and
appointed; judiciary maintains substantial independence of government
influence
Government leader: Prime Minister Johannes J. Vorster
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites over 18 (17 in Natal Province)
Elections: must be held at least every 5 years; last elections April 1974
Political parties and leaders: National Party, B. J. Vorster, P. W. Botha,
C. Mulder, M. C. Botha, Jan De Klerk; United Party, Sir De Villiers graaff;
Progressive Party, Colin Eglin, Helen Suzman; Herstigte Nasionale party,
Albert Hertzog
Voting strength (1974 general elections): of 166 legislative seats, National
Party 122, United Party 41, Progressive Party 6
Communists: small Communist Party illegal since 1950; party in exile maintains
headquarters in London; Dr. Yasuf Dadoo, Michael Harmel, Joe Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in exile) African National Congress (ANC),
Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), leadership in dispute
Member of: IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB, IMF, ITU, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N.,
UPU, WHO, WMO
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LAND:
318,000 sq. mi.; mostly desert except for interior
plateau and area along northern border
Land boundaries: 2,360 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 925 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 808,000, average annual growth rate 1.9%
(7/60-7/65)
Ethnic divisions: 14% white, 81% Africans, 5% Colored
(mulattoes); almost half the Africans belong to Ovambo tribe; Damara tribe
has almost 45,000 members; Herero, Okavango, Nama tribes have about 30,000
members each
Religion: whites predominantly Christian, nonwhites either animist or Christian
Language: Afrikaans principal language of about 70% of white population, German
of 22%, and English of 8%; several African languages
Literacy: high for white population; low for nonwhite
Labor force: 203,300 (total of economically active, 1970); 68% agriculture, 15%
railroads, 13% mining, 4% fishing
Organized labor: no trade unions, although some white wage earners belong to
South African unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Territory of South-West Africa
Type: administered as part of Republic of South Africa, since a League of nations
mandate in 1920; U.N. formally ended South Africa's mandate, and status now
in dispute
Capital: Windhoek
Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands, mostly in northern sector, and zone
open to white settlement with administrative subdivisions similar to a pro-
vince of South Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law
Branches: administrator, appointee of South African Government, has jurisdiction
over zone of white settlement with white-elected Legislative Assembly handling
some local matters; white residents also elect representatives in South African
Parliament; tribal homelands are under South African Department of Bantu
Administration and Development with tribal chiefs exercising limited autonomy;
popularly elected legislative councils for Ovamboland and Kavangoland estab-
lished in August 1973
Government leader: B.J. van der Walt, Administrator
Suffrage: limited to white adults
Elections: last general election, 1970
Political parties and leaders: white parties -- National Party (NP), led in
South-West Africa by A. H. du Plessis; United National South-West Party
(UNSWP), J. P. Niehaus; nonwhite parties -- South-West Africa People's
Organization (SWAPO), almost exclusively based on Ovambo tribe led by Sam
Nujoma, in exile; South-West Africa National Union (SWANU), primarily based
on Herero tribe, leaders in exile; National Unity Democratic Organization
(NUDO), primarily based on Herero tribe led by Clements Kapuuo
Voting strength: NP (1970 election) won all 10 seats in Republic legislature
and all 18 seats in South-West Africa Legislative Assembly
Communists: no Communist Party, but some influence by South African Communists
and other Communists on South-West African Bantu outside territory
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LAND:
195,000 sq. mi., including Canary (2,900 sq. mi.) and
Balearic Islands (1,940 sq. mi.); 41% arable and
land under permanent crops, 27% meadow and pasture,
22% forest, 10% urban or other
Land boundaries: 1,180 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 3,085 mi. (includes Balearic Islands, 420 mi.,
and Canary Islands, 720 mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 35,225,000 (including the Balearic and Canary Islands; also including
Alhucemas, Ceuta, Chafarinas, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera),
average annual growth rate 1.1% (current)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects
Language: Castilian Spanish spoken by great majority; but 17% speak Catalan,
7% Galician, and 2% Basque
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force (1973): 12.7 million; 25% agriculture, 36% industry, 39% services;
registered unemployment is 1.5% of labor force
Organized labor: 90% of labor force in compulsory government-controlled
syndicates
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: (The) Spanish State
Type: nominally a monarchy, but without a king; actually an authoritarian regime
under Generalissimo Franco with Prince Juan Carlos designated to succeed him
as chief of state and become king
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain, including the Canaries and Balearics:,
divided into 50 provinces with governors appointed by the central government;
also 1 province and 5 places of sovereignty (presidios) in Africa; Ifni
province ceded by Spain to Morocco in June 1969; 2 former provinces com-
prising Equatorial Guinea were granted independence in October 1968
Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications of customary law;
7 basic laws including Organic Law of the State of January 1967 serve as
a constitution; legal education at 14 schools of law; does not accept
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, with chief of government dominating all branches of
government through his appointive powers and authority to legislate by
decree; legislative with unicameral Cortes dominated by executive; judicial,
independent in principal but generally limited to interpretation of laws
Government leader: Generalissimo Francisco Franco -- Chief of State, commander
in Chief of the armed forces, and head of the National Movement (formerly
called the Falange)
Suffrage: universal in national referendums, over age 21
Elections: only two types of direct election other than referendum provided:
representatives to municipal councils for which only heads of households
vote (latest election November 1973) and, under new constitutional law of
1967, 104 members of the Cortes elected by heads of households and married
women for a 4-year term (last election September 1971)
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads:
10,484 mi.; 8,374 mi.; (5'6" gage), 2,110 mi. other gages (4'8
1/2"
to I'll
5/8"), 1,346 mi., double track; 2,368 mi. electrified
Highways: 86,600 mi.; national -- 35,175 mi. bituminous treatment, 9,400 mi.
crushed stone, 4,225 mi. bituminous, stone block and concrete; provincial
-- 18,200 mi. bituminous treatment, crushed stone, 1,200 mi. bituminous,
concrete, and stone block
Inland waterways: about 650 mi.; of minor importance as transport arteries and
contribute little to economy
Pipelines: crude oil, 230 mi.; refined products, 515 mi.; natural gas, 90 mi.
Ports: 23 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 171 major transport aircraft (including 2 foreign owned but Spanish
registered)
Airfields (including Balearic and Canary Islands): 122 total, 83 usable; 47
with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 12,000 ft., 18 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 34 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 6.24 million telephones;
8.2 million radio and 5.42 million television receivers; 170 AM, 230 FM, and
650 TV stations; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communication satellite ground
stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 8,544,000; 6,560,000 fit for military service;
275,000 reach military age (20) annually
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FRANCE
SPAIN
LAND:
103,000 sq. mi., nearly all desert
Land boundaries: 1,296 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 690 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 102,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1973)
Ethnic divisions: 51.2% Arab, Berber, and Negro nomads;
48.8% Spanish
Religion: 51% Muslim, 49% Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), local Arabic or Hassania
Literacy: among Spanish, probably nearly 100%; among nomads, perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% agriculture, 50% other
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Sahara
Type: province of Spain, subordinate to Ministry of the Presidency
Capital: El Aaiun
Political subdivisions: two regions -?- Rio de Oro and Saguia el Hamra
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system and customary law
Branches: Governor General, responsible to Directorate General of the Promotion
of the Sahara (a division of the Ministry of the Presidency, administers;
General Assembly, elected by the natives, can submit proposals to Spanish
government
Government leader: Governor General (Brig. Gen.) Fernando de Santiago y Diaz
de Mendivil
Suffrage: heads of families only
Elections: 40 members of General Assembly, February 1973; 2 deputies to Spanish
Cortes, November 1971
Political party: National Movement
Communists: party proscribed; Communist sympathizers, few (if any)
Other political or pressure groups: various small "Liberation Movements"
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit
and vegetables in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep,
and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for
the garrison forces
Major industries: confined to fishing and handicrafts; exploitation of huge
phosphate deposit is planned
Shortages: water
Electric power: 3,450 kw. capacity (1973); 8.4 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
110 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $445,600 (1968); dried fish, goatskins
Imports: $1,443,000 (1968); fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: monetary trade largely with Spain and Spanish possessions
Aid: small amounts from Spain
Monetary conversion rate: 58.03 pesetas=US$l (official), set February 1973
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,790 mi.; 305 bituminous treated, 3,485 mi. unimproved earth roads
and tracks
Ports: 2 major, 2 minor
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 17 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telephone poor, telegraph poor to fair; 600 telephones;
16,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,000; 7,000-8,000 fit for military service
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SRI LANKA (formerly Ceylon)
LAND:
25,300 sq. mi.; 25% cultivated; 44% forested; 31% waste,
urban, and other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi. plus pearling in the Gulf of
Mannar, and right to establish 100 n. mi. conservation
zone)
Coastline: 835 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 13,505,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(7/63-10/71)
Ethnic divisions: 71% Sinhalese, 21% Tamil, 6% Moor, 2% other
Religion: 64% Buddhist, 20% Hindu, 9% Christian, 6% Muslim, 1% other
Language: Sinhala official, spoken by about 70% of population; Tamil spoken by
about 22%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the
population
Literacy: 82% (1970 est.)
Labor force: 4 million; 17% unemployed; employed persons -- 53.4% agriculture,
14.8% mining and manufacturing, 12.4% trade and transport, 19.4% services
and other
Organized labor: 43% of labor force, over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber,
and coconut estates
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 22 administrative districts, and four
categories of semiautonomous elected local governments
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch,
Muslim and customary law; new constitution 22 May 1972; no judicial review
of legislative acts; legal education at Sri Lanka Law College and University
of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: unitary parliamentary form of government; unicameral legislature
and independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike
Suffrage: universal over age 18, but most Indian Tamils, who comprise 10.6% of
population, are not enfranchised
Elections: national elections, ordinarily held every 6 years; must be held more
frequently if government loses confidence vote; last election held May 1970,
but new constitution postpones deadline for next election until May 1977
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias
Bandaranaike, President; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Trotskyite), N. M. Perera,
President; Tamil United Front, S. J. V. Chelvanayakam, leader; United national
Party, J. R. Jayewardene, leader of "hardline" faction, Pieter Keuneman, leader
of "softline" faction; Communist Party/Moscow, S. A. Wickremasinghe, General
Secretary; Communist Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan, General Secretary;
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front), M. B. Ratnayaka, President
Voting strength (1970 election): 37% Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 38% United
National Party, 9% Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 3.5% Communist Party/Moscow,
5% Federal Party, minor parties and independents accounted for remainder
Communists: approximately 169,000 voted for the Communist Party in the May 1970
general election; Communist Party/Moscow approximately 2,000, Communist
Party/Peking 532 (1968 est.)
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay
groups; far-left violent revolutionary groups; labor unions
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, ITU, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.1 billion in 1973 (1972 prices), $160 per capita; real growth rate 3.5%
(1973)
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 35% of GNP; main crops -- rice,
rubber, tea, coconuts; 60% self-sufficient in food; food shortages -- rice,
wheat, sugar, fish
Fishing: catch 190,000 metric tons, $64 million (1970); exports $1.4 million,
imports $13.1 million (1972)
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and other agricultural commodities;
consumer goods manufacture
Exports: $310.7 million (f.o.b., 1972); tea, rubber, coconut products
Imports: $327.2 million (c.i.f., 1972), machinery and equipment, sugar, flour,
rice, textiles, and clothing
Major trade partners: (1972)
exports
-- U.K.
14.1%,
China 8.2%,
Pakistan 8.0%,
U.S. 7.2% U.S.S.R. 1.8%;
U.S. 7.6%, USSR 1.0%
imports
-- U.K.
10.4%,
China 4.9%,
India
7.0%,
Monetary conversion rate: 6.7 rupees=US$l (effective December 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December (starting 1973)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 938 mi.; 851 mi. 5'6" gage, 87 mi. 2'6" gage; 63 mi. double track;
no electrification; government owned
Highways: 25,580 mi.; 11,700 mi. paved (mostly bituminous treated), 11,500 mi.
crushed stone or gravel, 530 mi. improved earth, 1,850 mi. unimproved earth;
in addition several thousand mi. of tracks, mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 270 mi.; navigable by shallow-draft craft
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport (including 1 leased)
Airfields: 18 total, 11 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 6 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: an inadequate telephone and a less extensive but more
efficient telegraph system serves most areas, with greatest concentration
around Colombo and Kandy; all areas are served by radio and/or wire
broadcast; excellent international service; 65,329 (est.) telephones; 515,000
radio sets, no TV sets; 7 AM stations, no FM, and no TV stations; submarine
cables extend to India, Malaysia, Seychelle Islands, and Aden
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,362,000; 2,528,000 fit for military service;
153,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
967,000 sq. mi.; 37% arable (3% cultivated), 15% grazing,
33% desert, waste, or urban, 15% forest
Land boundaries: 4,850 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (plus
6 n. mi. "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 530 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 17,323,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 52% Negro, 2%
foreigners, 1% other
Religion: 73% Sunni Muslims in north, 23% pagan, 4% Christian (mostly in south)
Language: Arabic, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic;,
and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process
Literacy: 5% to 10%
Labor force: 5.8 million; 85% agriculture, 15% industry, commerce, services,
etc.; labor shortages exist for almost all categories of employment
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic under military control since coup in May 1969
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, provincial and local administrations
controlled by central government; limited regional autonomy in 3 southern
provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; some separate
religious courts; permanent constitution promulgated April 1973; Revolutionary
Command Council established in 1969 dissolved in October 1971 with the in-
stallation of Ja'far al-Numayri as president and chief executive; Numayri has
reorganized government through a series of Republican decrees; legal education
at University of Khartoum and Khartoum extension of Cairo University at
Khartoum; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Government leader: President and Prime Minister Ja'far al-Numayri
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: most recent parliamentary elections held in April 1968; presidential
plebescite held in September 1971; elections to constituent assembly held in
September-October 1972; elections for southern regional assembly held in
November 1973; elections for first national assembly under Numayri scheduled
for 1974
Political parties and leaders: all parliamentary political parties outlawed since
May 1969; the ban on the Sudan Communist Party was not enforced until after
abortive coup in July 1971; the government's mass political organization, the
Sudan Socialist Union, was formed in January 1972
Voting strength: not tabulated by party
Communists: party decimated following July 1971 coup and counter-coup, several
top leaders including Secretary-General Mahjub executed; actual hard-core
membership down to lowest point in years; party control over labor unions,
professional groups and university student groups ended; Communists purged
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
from government; party is being reorganized underground under leadership of
Secretary-General Muhammad Nujud, 3,500 CP members
Other political or pressure groups: Muslim Brotherhood; Ansar Muslim sect, at odds
with the military regime since the May coup, defeated in fighting in spring 1970;
Sudan Opposition Front, composed of former political party elements and other
disgruntled conservative interests, operates in exile
Member of: AFDB. Arab League, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
Seabeds Committee, U.N., UPU, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1.6 billion (1972), under $100 per capita; 8% growth at current prices 1968-69
Agriculture: main crops -- sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans,
barley; not self-sufficient in food production; main cash crops -- cotton,
gum arabic
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery, cement, edible oils, soap,
distilling, shoes, pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 197,000 kw. capacity (1972); 590 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
35 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $357 million (f.o.b., 1972); cotton (63%), gum arabic, peanuts,
sesame; $102 million exports to Communist countries (FY71)
Imports: $321 million (c.i.f., FY72); textiles, petroleum products, vehicles,
tea, wheat; $75 million imports from Communist countries (FY71)
Major trade partners: U.K., West Germany, Italy, India, U.S.S.R., China
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound=US$2.87 (official); 0.348 Sudanese
pound=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,950 mi.; 2,730 mi. 3'6" gage, 440 mi. 2' gage plantation line
Highways: 6,550 mi.; 190 mi. bituminous-treated, 680 mi. crushed stone or gravel,
and 5,680 mi. improved and unimproved earth roads; in addition, there are an
undetermined number of tracks
Inland waterways: 3,3C0 mi. navigable
Ports: 1 major, 7 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 90 total, 69 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 30 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: large system by African standards, but still barely adequate
for size of country; consists of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, multi-
conductor cables, radio communication stations and a tropospheric scatter
link; principal center of Khartoum, secondary centers at Al Fashir and
Port Sudan; 51,800 telephones; 650,000 radio and 62,500 TV receivers; 2 AM,
no FM, and 1 TV stations; 5 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,889,000; 2,310,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (18) annually, 160,000
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LAND:
55,100 sq. mi.; negligible amount of arable land, meadows
and pastures, 76% forest, 8% unused but potentially
productive, 16% built-on area, wasteland, and other
Land boundaries: 970 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi
Coastline: 240 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 463,000, average annual growth rate 3.5%
(7/64-7/70)
Ethnic divisions: 35.5% Creole (Negro and mixed), 34.7% Hindustani (East Indian),
14.9% Javanese, 8.5% Bush Negro, 2.2% Amerindian, 1.6% Chinese, 1.3% Europeans?
1.3% other and unknown
Religion: Muslim, Hindu, Moravian, Roman Catholic, other -- in order of size
(% figures unknown)
Language: Dutch official; English widely spoken; Taki-Taki (Surinam Creole)
is native language of Creoles and lingua franca; Hindi; Japanese
Literacy: 70% to 75%
Labor force: 100,000 (1973); 20% agriculture, 7% mining, 12% industry and
construction, 10% trade, banking and transport, government, 3% other; 25%
unemployed employees, 13% other
Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Surinam
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands, enjoying complete domestic
autonomy
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each headed by district commissioner
responsible to Minister of Internal Affairs
Legal system: Dutch civil law system; country statute of 1955 serves as
constitution
Branches: Council of Ministers headed by a Minister-President, which constitutes
the Cabinet; 39-member legislative council (Staten) popularly elected for
4-year term; court system administered by Attorney-General under Minister
of Justice and Police
Government leader: Minister-President, Hendrick A. E. Arron
Suffrage: universal over age 23
Elections: every 4 years or earlier upon request of Minister-President; latest
held November 1973 won by National Party Combination (NPK), a creole-based
election coalition in which the National Party of Surinam (NPS) is the
largest party
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Surinam (NPS), Hendrick A. E.
Arron; Nationalist Republic Party (PNR), Edward Bruma (principal leftist
party); United Hindustani Party (VHP), J. Lachmon; Progressive National Party
(PNP), Frank E. Essed; Surinam Democratic Party (SDP), B. F. J. Oostburg;
United Indonesian People's Party (SRI), F. Karsowidijojo; Javanese Farmers'
Party (KTPI), H. I. Soemita; United Peoples Party (VVP), led by apolitical or
Chinese businessmen
Voting strength (1973): NPK 22 seats, VHP 17
Communists: no overt Communist Party; PNP has some Communist sympathizers
Member of: EC (associate), WHO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $308 million (1971); $740 per capita; real growth rate 1971 est., 4%
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, sugarcane, bananas; self-sufficient in major
staple (rice); caloric intake 2,350 calories per day per capita (1968)
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering,
food processing
Electric power: 225,000 kw. capacity (1972); 1.4 billion kw.-hr. production
(1972), 3,700 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $177.6 million (f.o.b., 1972); bauxite, alumina, aluminum, wood and
wood products, rice
Imports: $198 million (c.i.f., 1972); capital equipment, petroleum, iron and
steel, cotton, flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 39%, Canada 2%, Netherlands 14%; imports
-- U.S. 35%, Netherlands 22%, Europe 18% (1971)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY53-72), $5.0 million loans, $4.7 million
grants; from international organizations (FY49-72), $44.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.79 Surinam guilders (S. fl .)=US$l (27 December 1971)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 104 mi.; 54 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage (government owned) and 50 mi.
narrow gage (industrial lines); all single track
Highways: 1,550 mi.; 300 mi. paved, 130 mi. gravel, 370 mi. improved earth,
750 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,850 mi.; most important means of transport; oceangoing
vessels with drafts ranging from 14 to 23 ft. can navigate many of the
principal waterways while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 29 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: international facilities good; domestic radio-relay
system; 12,200 telephones; 108,000 radio and 33,000 TV receivers, 5 AM,
1 FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 109,000; 60,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
6,700 sq. mi.; most of area suitable for crops or
pastureland
Land boundaries: 270 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 474,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, 1% mulatto
Religion: 43% animist, 57% Christian
Language: English and Swati are official languages;
government business conducted in English
Literacy: about 25%
Labor force: 120,000; about 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; 55-60,000
wage earners, many only intermittently, with 31% agriculture, 11% government,
11% manufacturing, 12% mining and forestry, 35% other (1968 est.); 7,900
employed in South African mines (1969)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners are unionized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: monarchy, under King Sobhuza II; independent member of
Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba (royal and legislative)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi
traditional law and custom in traditional courts; legal education at University
of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland (located in Lesotho); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: in April 1973 King abolished the constitution, dismissed parliament, and
assumed personal rule; he intends ruling under a King-in-Council arrangement
with the cabinet being retained as an advisory council; former members of
parliament continue to receive their salaries and new constitution probably
will be drawn up later
Government leader: Head of State and government King Sobhuza II; Prime Minister
Makhosini Dlamini
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: first elections for Legislative Council held in June 1964; latest for
House of Assembly in May 1972
Political parties and leaders: Imbokodvo, the traditionalist party, controlled
by King Sobhuza II; the opposition Ngwane National Liberatory Congress
(NNLC), led by Dr. Ambrose Zwane, has been dissolved
Voting strength: in 1972 elections, Imbokodvo won 21 seats, NNLC won 3 seats in
the House of Assembly
Communists: no Communist Party
Member of: AFDB, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: approx. $114 million (FY71), about $260 per capita; growth rate in current
prices as much as 14.5% (FY68-71)
Agriculture: main crops -- maize, cotton, rice, sugar, and citrus fruits
Major industry: mining
Electric power: 67,800 kw. capacity (1973); 220 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
500 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1972); iron ore, asbestos, sugar, wood and forest
products, citrus, meat products, cotton
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $76 million (f.o.b., 1972); food products, manufactured goods, machinery,
fertilizer, fuel
Major trade partners: Japan, U.K., South Africa
Aid: economic aid -- U.K. $14.7 million (budgeted, 1971-73), U.S. $5.8 million
(FY61-72), others approximately $1.3 million; no military aid
Budget: FY71 -- revenue $22 million, recurrent expenditure $20.1 million,
development expenditure $3.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African Rand=US$1.42 (par value); Swaziland
uses the South African Rand; 0.7046 SA Rand=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 139 mi., 3'6" gage, single track
Highways: 2,100 mi.; 150 mi. paved; 850 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 1,100 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 25 usable; 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: the system consists of a few open-wire lines and low-powered
radiocommunication stations; Mbabane is the center; 5,900 telephones; 51,000
radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 106,000; 60,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
173,000 sq. mi.; 8% arable, 1% meadows and pastures, 55%
forested, 36% other
Land boundaries: 1,365 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 2,000 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,173,000, average annual growth rate 0.4%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority
Religion: 92% Evangelical Lutheran, 7% other Protestant, Roman Catholic, Eastern
Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 3.9 million; 11.8% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 33.5% mining
and manufacturing; 9.6% construction; 15.5% commerce; 7.2% transportation
and communications; 20.9% services; 3.2% unemployed
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 provinces, 624 communes, 224 towns
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; Acts of 1809, 1810,
1866, and 1949 serve as constitution; legal education at Universities of
Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests with parliament (Riksdag); executive power
vested in cabinet, responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts,
108 lower courts
Government leaders: King Carl XVI Gustaf; Prime Minister Olof Palme
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20
Elections: every 3 years (next in September 1976)
Political parties and leaders: Moderate Coalition (conservative), Gosta Bohman;
Center, Thorbjorn Falldin; Liberal, Gunnar Helen; Social Democratic, Olof
Palme; Communist, Carl-Henrik Hermansson; Communist League of Marxists-Leninists
(KFML), Gunnar Bylin
Voting strength (1973 election): 14.3% Moderate Coalition, 25.0% Center, 9.4%
Liberal, 43.7% Social Democratic, 5.3% Communist, 2.3% other
Communists: 17,000; a number of sympathizers as indicated by the 274,929
Communist votes cast in 1973 elections; an additional 8,014 votes cast for
Maoist KFML
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Nordic Council, OECD,
Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $50.4 billion, $6,190 per capita (1973); 53.5% consumption, 22.1% investment,
23.3% government; 1.1% net exports of goods and services (1971); 1973 growth
rate 2.9% in constant prices
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates with milk and dairy products
accounting for 40% of farm income; main crops -- grains, sugar beets,
potatoes; 80% self-sufficient; food shortages -- oils and fats, tropical
products; caloric intake, 2,880 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
Fishing: catch 208,900 metric tons, exports $18 million, imports $105 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
telephone parts, armaments), shipbuilding, wood pulp and paper products,
processed foods, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: coal; petroleum, textile fibers, potash, salt
Crude steel: 5.2 million metric tons produced (1972), 640 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 17,559,000 kw. capacity (1972); 70.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 8,200 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $12,189 million (f.o.b., 1973); machinery, motor vehicles and ships,
wood pulp, paper products, iron and steel products, metal ores and scrap,
chemicals
Imports: $10,643 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and
petroleum products, textile yarn and fabrics, iron and steel, chemicals, food,
and live animals
Major trade partners: (1973) West Germany 15.0%, U.K. 14%, U.S. 6%, Norway
8%, Denmark 9%; EC-9 53%; U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe 5%
Aid: economic -- U.S., $308.6 million authorized (FY46-73); $77.5 million in 1972
prelim.; $24.7 million in 1972; net official aid to less developed countries and
multilateral agencies, $662.4 million (1960-70), $159 million in 1971, $198
million in 1972
Monetary conversion rate: 1 kronor=US$0.2295 average daily exchange rate, 1973
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Budget: 1972/73 -- revenues $13.1 billion, expenditures 14.3 billion
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 7,561 mi.; Swedish State Railways (SJ) -- 7,004 mi. standard gage
(4'8 1/2"), 165 mi. narrow gage (3'6" and 2'11"), 4,373 mi. electrified, 725
mi. double tracked; 294 mi. standard gage (4' 8 1/2"), 98 mi. narrow gage
(2'11"), 284 mi. electrified are privately owned and operated
Highways: 61,000 mi.; 44,550 mi. are crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth;
and 16,395 mi. are bitumen, concrete, stone block, or cobblestone
Inland waterways: 1,268 mi. navigable for small steamers and barges
Ports: 17 major, and 23 significant minor
Civil air: 61 major transports
Airfields: 246 total, 216 usable; 115 with permanent-surface runways; 6 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 82 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 9 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international facilities; 5 million
telephones; 21 AM, 87 FM, and 217 TV stations; 5 million radio and 3.1 million
TV receivers; 10 submarine cables, including 4 coaxial; COMSAT ground station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,884,000; 1,675,000 fit for military service;
56,000 reach military age (19) annually
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 LAND:
16,000 sq. mi.; 10% arable, 43% meadows and pastures, 20%
waste or urban, 24% forested, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,171 mi.
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'FE D.~ E pOL.
REP. ~G EyR.'
OF ICYEC H.
G E R }- N
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,500,000, average annual growth rate 0.9%
(1/72-1/73) MaRO~=~
Ethnic divisions: total population - - 69% German, 19% ALGERIA
French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; Swiss
nationals -- 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian,
1% Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 46% Roman Catholic
Language: Swiss nationals -- 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch,
1% other; total population -- 69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 3.0 million, about one-fifth foreign workers,'mostly Italian;
16% agriculture and forestry, 47% industry and crafts, 20% trade and
transportation, 5% professions, 2% in public service, 10% domestic and
other; no significant unemployment shortage of both skilled and
unskilled labor -- 6,537 unfilled vacancies in April 1972
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
NORWAY
SWEDEN
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions. 22 cantons (3 divided into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; constitution adopted
1874, amended since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with
respect to Federal decrees of general obligatory character; legal education
at Universities of Bern, Geneva and Lausanne, and four other university
schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: bicameral parliament has legislative authority; federal council
(Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice left chiefly to cantons
Government leader: Ernst Brugger (1-year term as president began on January 1974),
President
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years; next elections 1975
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Arthur Schmid,
president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Henri Schmitt, president;
Christian Conservative People's Party (CVP), Franz Josef Kurmann, president;
Farmer, Artisan, and Middle Class Party (BGB), Hans Conzett, president;
Communist Party (PdA), Jean Vincent, leading Secretariat member; Republican
Movement (REP)-National Action (N.A.), James Schwarzenbach
Voting strength (1971 election): 49 seats FDP, 44 seats CVP, 46 seats SPS, 23
seats BGB, 5 seats PdA, 4 seats N.A., 7 seats REP, 22 seats others
Communists: 3,500; 50,831 votes in 1971 election
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, OECD, U.N. (permanent
observer), WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $41.6 billion (1973), $6,490 per capita (1973); 57% consumption, 30%
investment, 11% government, net foreign balance 2% (1973); 1973 growth rate
4.3%, constant prices
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food
shortages -- fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains,
eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat; caloric intake, 3,190 calories per day per
capita (1969-70)
Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw materials except hydroelectric energy
Crude steel: 542,000 metric tons produced (1972), 80 kg. per capita
Electric power: 11,400,000 kw. capacity (1973); 33.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 5,250 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1973); principal items -- machinery and equip-
ment, chemicals, precision instruments, textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $11.6 billion (c.i.f., 1973); principal items -- machinery and trans-
portation equipment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals,
textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: West Germany 23%, France 12%, U.S. 7%, Austria 5%, Italy
9%, U.K. 7%; EC 58%; EFTA 11%; Communist countries 3% (1973)
Aid: economic -- authorized, U.S. $63 million through FY73; net official economic
aid delivered to less developed areas and multilateral agencies $194 million
(FY62-72), $67 million in FY72
Budget: receipts, $9,083 million, expenditures $9,803 million, deficit $720
million (1973)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.15 Swiss francs=US$1 (average 1973, floating)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,186 mi.; 1,809 government owned (SBB), 1,763 mi. 4' 8 1/2" gage,
46 mi. 3' 3 3/8" gage, 837 mi. double track, 972 mi. single track, 99%
electrified; 1,377 mi. non-government owned, 444 mi. 4' 8 1/2" gage, 886
mi. 3' 3 3/8" gage, 47 mi. 2' 7 1/2" gage, 100% electrified
Highways: 37,158 mi., all paved
Pipelines: crude oil, 195 mi.; natural gas, 550 mi.
Inland waterways: 41 mi.; Rhine River-Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to
Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable lakes ranging in size from
Lake Geneva to Hallwilersee
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: 68 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 91 total, 75 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 8 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services;
3.59 million telephones; communications satellite station under construction;
2.01 million radio and 1.66 million TV receivers; 7 AN, 89 FM, and 305 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,531,000; 1,325,000 fit for military service;
45,000 reach military age (20) annually
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LAND:
72,000 sq. mi. including 500 sq. mi. of Israeli-occupied
territory; 48% arable, 29% grazing, 2% forest, 21%
desert
Land boundaries: 1,365 (1967) (excluding occupied area
1,340 mi.)
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (plus
6 n. mi. "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 120 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,104,000, average annual growth rate 3.3% (7/71-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other
Religion: 70.5% Sunni Muslim, 16.3% other Muslim sects, 13.2% Christians of
various sects
Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian; French and English widely understood
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 2 million; 67% agriculture, 12% industry (including construction),
21% miscellaneous services; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under left-wing military regime since March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city of Damascus administered as
separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts;
constitution promulgated in 1973; legal education at Damascus University and
University of Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive powers vested in President and Council of Ministers; legis-
lative power rests in the People's Assembly (election pending);
seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syrian) Command
Government leaders: President Hafiz Al-Asad
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: no electoral laws being drafted; last elections in December 1961;
presidential referendum in 1971; local councils elected in March 1972,
assembly elections pending
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist
(Ba'th) party; a "national front" cabinet formed in March 1972, dominated by
Ba'thists, includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist
Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), and Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering 10,000 to 13,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th parties have little effective
political influence; Communist Party ineffective; greatest threat to Ba'thist
regime lies in factionalism in Ba'th Party itself; conservative religious
leaders
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1.9 billion, est. (1973), $280 per capita; real GDP growth rate -8% 1973 est.
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, wheat, barley and tobacco; sheep and goat
raising; self-sufficient in most foods in years of good weather
Major industries: textiles, petroleum (est. 50,000 b/d production, refining
capacity was 54,000 b/d per day, but reduced by war damage) food processing,
beverages, tobacco
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 277,500 kw. capacity (1974); 690 million kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 100 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $353 million (f.o.b., 1972); cotton, fruits and vegetables, grain,
wool, and livestock
Imports: $616 million (c.i.f., 1973 est.); machinery and metal products,
textiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S.S.R., Italy, and Lebanon; imports -- Lebanon,
West Germany, Italy, U.S.S.R., Japan, and France
Budget: 1974 est. -- revenues $415 million, expenditures $565 million
Monetary conversion rate: 3.80 Syrian pounds=US$l (controlled rate) used
throughout; changed to 3.90 Syrian pounds=US$l in January 1974
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 649 mi.; 459 mi. standard gage, 190 mi. narrow gage.(3'5 3/8")
Highways: 7,150 mi.; 4,300 mi. paved, 810 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 1,540 mi.
improved earth, 497 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 420 mi.; of little importance
Pipelines: crude oil, 810 mi.; refined products, 320 mi.; natural gas 140 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 3 minor
Civil. air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 92 total, 30 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 19 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-
7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: good international and telecommunication service; 131,800
telephones; 1,000,000 radio and 137,000 TV receivers; 5 TV and 5 AM stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,631,000; 880,000 fit for military service;
about 90,000 reach military age (19) annually
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LAND:
362,800 sq. mi. (including islands of Zanzibar and Pemba,
1,020 sq. mi.); 6% inland water, 15% cultivated, 31%
grassland, 48% bush forest, woodland, on mainland; 60%
arable, of which 40% cultivated on islands of Zanzibar
and Pemba
Land boundaries: 2,413 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 n. mi.
Coastline: 885 (this includes Mafia Island, 70; Pemba
Island, 110; and Zanzibar, 132)
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,758,000, average annual growth rate 2.7% (7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 99% native Africans consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1%
Asian, European, and Arab
Religion: Tanganyika -- 40% animist, 30% Christian, 30% Muslim; Zanzibar --
almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili English and official English primary language of commerce,
administration and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally
used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people
is one of the local languages
Literacy: 15%-20%
Labor force: under 400,000 in paid employment, over 90% in agriculture
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:,
Legal name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single parties dominate both on the mainland and on Zanzibar
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 22 regions -- 18 on mainland, 4 on Zanzibar islands
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, customary law, and German
civil law system; interim constitution adopted 1965; judicial review of
legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at
University College, Dar es Salaam; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full executive authority on the mainland;
National Asssembly dominated by Nyerere and the Tanganyika African National
Union (TANU), consists of 120 elected members, 18 ex officio members, and up
to 25 appointed members from mainland, and 3 ex officio members and up to 52
appointed members from Zanzibar; First Vice President Aboud Jumbe and the
Revolutionary Council still run Zanzibar despite the efforts of Nyerere to
integrate the islands into the political system of the mainland
Government leader: President Julius Nyerere
Suffrage: universal adult
Political party and leaders: Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), only main-
land political party, dominated by Nyerere with Prime Minister and Second
Vice President Rashidi Kawawa as his top lieutenant; Afro-Shirazi Party, the
only party in Zanzibar, is supposed to merge with TANU eventually
Voting strength (October 1970 national elections): 5 million registered voters;
Nyerere received 95% of 3.6 million votes cast
Communists: a few Communists and sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, EAC, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU,
OAU, Seabeds Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
Mainland:
GDP: $1,138 million at 1966 prices (1971), about $80 per capita; growth rate in
constant 1966 prices for 1970-71 4.5%
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, coffee, sisal on mainland; largely self-
sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 195,000 metric tons, $15.7 million (1970); exports $1.7 million,
imports $724,000 (1971)
Major industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes,
sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood
products
Electric power: 124,000 kw. capacity (1972); 460 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
34 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $320 million (f.o.b., 1972); coffee, cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat,
diamonds, cloves, tobacco, tea
Imports: $406 million (c.i.f., 1972); manufactured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs (mainly for Zanzibar)
Major trade partners: exports -- China, U.K., Hong Kong, India, Kenya, U.S.;
imports -- U.K., China, Kenya, West Germany, U.S., Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Tanzanian shilling=US$0.14; 6.90 Tanzanian
shillings=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Zanzibar:
GNP: $35 million (1967)
Agriculture: main crops -- cloves, coconuts
Industries: agricultural processing
Electric power: see Tanganyika (above)
Exports: $12.6 million (1968); cloves and clove products, coconut products
Imports: $5.6 million (1968); mainly foodstuffs and consumer goods
Major trade partners: imports -- China, Japan, and mainland Tanzania;
exports -- Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Pakistan
Aid: U.K. principal source of aid until 1964; China is currently major source
Exchange rate: 1 Tanzanian shilling=US$0.14; 7.143 Tanzanian shillings=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,950 mi.; 600 mi. 3'6" gage; 1,638 mi., meter gage, 4 mi. double track;
Tanzania portion of Tan-Zam Railroad completed
Highways: total 30,000 mi., including 390 mi. on Zanzibar Island and 277 mi. on
Pemba and Mafia Islands; about 1,400 mi. bituminous treated, (370 mi. on
Zanzibar and Pemba); 28,600 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or unimproved earth
Pipelines: refined products 610 mi.
Inland waterways: 730 mi. of navigable streams; several thousand mi. navigable
on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Nyasa
Ports: 4 major, 8 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 117 total, 103 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
way 8,000 to 11,999 ft., 42 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph good in main centers, only fair
outside main towns; 40,150 telephones; 230,000 radio receivers; 4 AM, no FM
or TV stations; 4 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,354,000; 1,860,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
198,000 sq. mi.; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20% other
Land boundaries: 3,025 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 2,000 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 39,328,000, average annual growth rate 3.2%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% minorities
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% Christian
Language: Thai; English secondary language of elite
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 88% agriculture, 9% commerce, 3% industry
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 71 centrally controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; provisional
constitution promulgated December 1972; new draft currently in review by interim
National Assembly; legal education at Thammasat University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King is head of state with nominal powers; Prime Minister heads a
22-man cabinet; National Assembly unicameral and appointed by executive
branch; judiciary relatively independent except in important political
subversive cases
Government leaders: King Phumiphon Adundet; Sanya Thammasak, Prime Minister;
Sukit Nimmanhemin, Deputy Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal
Elections: expected within 3-6 months
Political parties and leaders: dissolved under the revolutionary order 17
November 1971 but will be reestablished in time for new elections
Communists: strength of illegal Communist Party is about 1,000; Thai Communist
insurgents throughout Thailand total about 7,000
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: ADB, ASA, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ECAFE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, IHB, ILO, ITU, Seabeds Committee, SEAMES, SEATO, U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $9.4 billion (1973 est. in current prices), $250 per capita; estimated 8%
real growth in 1973 (7% real growth, 1967-72)
Agriculture: world's second largest rice exporter in 1973; main crops -- rice,
rubber, corn; almost 100% self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 1.6 million metric tons, exports, 32,000 tons, $22 million (1971)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, wood and wood products,
cement, tin mining; world's fourth largest tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and petroleum
Electric power: 1,975,000 kw. capacity (1973); 6,570,000 kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 171 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,600 million (f.o.b., 1973); rice, corn, rubber, tin, cassava, kenaf
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $2,100 million (c.i.f., 1973); excluding U.S. military imports;
machinery and transport equipment, textiles, fuels and lubricants, base
metals, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports -- Japan, U.S., Singapore, Hong Kong, Netherlands,
Malaysia; imports -- Japan, U.S., West Germany, U.K.; about 1% or less trade
with Communist countries
Budget: receipts $1,267 million, expenditures $1,526 million, deficit $259
million; 20% est. for defense
Monetary conversion rate: 20.0 baht=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,382 mi. meter gage; 60 mi. double track
Highways: 12,590 mi.; 5,440 mi. paved, 4,820 mi. crushed stone or gravel, 2,330
earth and laterite
Inland waterways: 2,485 mi. principal waterways; 2,300 mi. with navigable depths
of 3 ft. or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 237 total, 178 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 26 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,807,000; 5,930,000 fit for military service;
about 424,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military and internal security budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1974,
$430 million; 25% of central government budget
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LAND:
22,000 sq. mi.; nearly one-half is arable, under 15%
cultivated
Land boundaries: 940 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 35 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,160,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(7/70-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: some 40 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe in south and Cabrais in north; under 1% European and
Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 20% Christian, 5% Muslim, 75% animist
Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages
are Ewe and Mina in south and Dagoma, Tim, and Cabrais in north
Literacy: 5% to 10%
Labor force: over 90% of population engaged in subsistence agriculture; about
30,000 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors
Organized labor: less than half of wage earners divided among 2 major and several
minor unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Togolese Republic
Type: republic; under military rule since January 1967
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 19 circumscriptions
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary practice; no constitution;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: military government, with civilian-dominated cabinet, took over on
14 April 1967, replacing provisional government created after January coup; no
legislature; separate judiciary including State Security Court established 1970
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Etienne Eyadema, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential referendum of January 1972 elected Etienne Eyadema for
indefinite period
Political parties: single party formed by President Eyadema in September 1969,
Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais, structure and staffing of party closely
controlled by government
Communists: no Communist Party; possibly some sympathizers
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, EAMA, ECA, ENTENTE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU,
OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $290 million (1971), about $140 per capita; estimated real growth 1966-70,
5.3% average annual rate
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, cocoa; major food crops -- yams, cassava,
corn, beans, rice, fish; must import some foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, handicrafts,
textiles, beverages
Electric power: 24,300 kw. capacity (1973); 74.4 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
34 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (Cont'd):
Exports: $50 million (f.o.b., 1972); phosphates, cocoa, coffee, palm kernels,
and cassava
Imports: $85 million (c.i.f., 1972); consumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly with France and other EC countries
Aid: (1970 disbursements) France $2.3 million, West Germany $2.0 million, U.S.
$1.0 million (FY59-72 total commitments $19.5 million), EC $3.5 million,
U.N. $1.0 million, others $1.1 million
Budget: 1974 est. revenues and expenditures, $69 million
Monetary conversion rate: Communaute Financiere Africaine 255.785 francs=US$l as
of February 1973; floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 275 mi. meter gage, single track
Highways: approx. 4,475 mi.; 415 mi. paved, 120 mi. gravel, 730 mi.
improved earth, 3,210 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: section of Mono River and about 30 mi. of coastal lagoons
and tidal creeks
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,400 GRT, 4,900 DWT (C)
Civil air: l major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: Togo has poor system based on skeletal network of open-wire
lines, supplemented by a few radiocommunication stations; only center is
Lome; 6,100 telephones; 50,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 453,000; 230,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
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LAND:
385 sq. mi. (150 islands); 77% arable, 3% pasture, 13%
forest, 3% inland water, 4% other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 260 mi. (est.)
Literacy: 90%-95%; compulsory education for children between ages of 6-14
Labor force: agriculture 10,303; mining 599
Organized labor: unorganized
PEOPLE:
Population: 96,000, average annual growth 2.9%
(7/67-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, about 300 Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over
30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Nukualofa
Political subdivisions: 3 main island groups (Tongatapu, Haapi, Vavau)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: Executive (King and Privy Council); Legislative (Legislative Assembly
composed of 7 nobles elected by their peers, 7 elected representatives of
the people, 7 Ministers of the Crown; the King appoints one of the 7 nobles
to be the speaker); Judiciary (Supreme Court, magistrate courts, Land Court)
Government leaders: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV; Premier, Prince Tu'ipelehake
(younger brother of the King)
Suffrage: granted to all literate adults over 21 years of age who pay taxes
Elections: held triennially
Communists: none known
Member of: Commonwealth
ECONOMY:
GDP: $15 million (FY71), $160 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops of
taro, yams, sweet potatoes, and bread fruit
Exports: $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1971); copra, coconut products 65%, bananas 17%
Imports: $7.1 million (c.i.f., 1971)
Major trade partners: (1971) exports -- 31% New Zealand, 20% U.K., 12%
Netherlands; imports -- 34% New Zealand, 20% Australia, 15% U.K., 12% Fiji
Monetary conversion rate: 0.82 Tonga dollar=US$l (1972)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 365 mi.; 132 mi. metalled all-weather, 233 mi. earth
Ports: 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total; 1 usable, with grass runway 7,000 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 1,073 telephones; 9,100 radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM station
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LAND:
1,980 sq. mi.; 41.9% in farms (of which 25.7% cropped or
fallow, 1.5% pasture, 10.6% forests, 4.1% unused or
built-on), 58.1% outside of farms, including
grassland, forest, built-up area, and wasteland
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 225 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,000,000, average annual growth rate 1.3%
(4/60-4-70)
Ethnic divisions: 43% Negro, 40% East Indian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 2% other
Religion: 26.8% Protestant, 31.2% Roman Catholic, 23% Hindu, 6% Muslim, 13%
unknown
Language: English
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: about 361,000 (1971 est.), about 20.4% agriculture, 18.3% mining,
quarrying, and manufacturing, 15.8% commerce; 14.6% construction and utilities;
6.9% transportation and communications; 20.8% services, 3,270 other (1965)
Organized labor: 28% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Trinidad and Tobago
Type: independent state since August 1962; recognizes Elizabeth II as chief
of state
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards, Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into effect
1962; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative branch consists of 36-member elected House of
Representatives and 24-member Senate (13 nominated by Prime Minister,
4 by opposition leader, 7 at discretion of Governor General); executive is
cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary is Supreme Court
Government leader: Prime Minister, Dr. Eric Williams
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: last election 24 May 1971, PNM won all seats
Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM), Dr. Eric
Williams; Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Alloy Lequay and Vernon Jamadar;
United National Independence Party, (UNIP) James Millette; Democratic Action
Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson
Voting strength (1971 election): 32.9% of registered voters cast ballots, 83.7%
PNM, 16.3% other
Communists: not significant
Other political pressure groups: Tapia House Group (headed by Lloyd Best);
National Youth Congress (NYC); Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU), pro-
Marxist leadership; National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), antigovernment,
extremist organization, National Union of Freedom Fighters (NUFF), small
anti-government guerrilla organization; United Revolutionary Organization (URO),
Marxist-led amalgam
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IMF, OAS, Seabeds
Committee, U.N., International Coffee Agreement
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ECONOMY:
GDP: $925 million (1971), $960 per capita; real growth rate 1971, 8.0% est.
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, rice, citrus, bananas;
largely dependent upon imports of food
Fishing: catch 3,977 metric tons (1972); exports $1.0 million (1971), imports
$2.6 million (1971)
Major industries: petroleum, tourism, food processing, cement
Electric power: 290,000 kw. capacity (1972); 1.3 billion kw.-hr. produced (1972),
1,390 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $554 million (f.o.b., 1972); petroleum and petroleum products ($281
million, sugar, cocoa
Imports: $742 million (c.i.f., 1972); crude petroleum ($339 million), machinery,
fabricated metals, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food
Major trade partners: (excludes trade under petroleum agreement) exports -- U.S.
37%, U.K. 11%, CARIFTA 21%; imports -- U.S. 34%, U.K. 23%, CARIFTA 10% (1972)
Aid: economic -- from U.S. (FY56-72) $31.2 million loans, $40.6 million grants;
from international organizations (FY53-72), $74.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: floating with pound sterling; in February 1974,
TT$2.08=U.S.$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 4,200 mi.; 2,500 mi. paved, 1,700 mi. gravel or otherwise improved
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 mi.; refined products, 12 mi.; natural gas, 130 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 6 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter
links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; satellite ground station;
70,600 telephones; 260,000 radio and 82,000 TV receivers; 2 AM, 2 FM, and
3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 247,000; 175,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
63,400 sq. mi.; 28% arable land and tree crops, 23% range
and esparto grass, 6% forest, 43% desert, waste or
urban
Land boundaries: 875 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi. exclusive fisheries zone follows the
50-meter isobath for part of the coast, maximum 65 n. mi.)
Coastline: 710 mi. (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,643,000, average annual growth rate 2.4% (7/70-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less than 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), Arabic and French (commerce)
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force: 1.5 million; 70% agriculture, 10% manufacturing and construction,
20% other; 25% underemployed; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 10% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT),
subordinate to Destourian Socialist Party
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 17 governorates (provinces)
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution
patterned on Turkish and U.S. constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal
education at Institute of Higher Studies and Ecole Superieure de Droit of the
University of Tunis; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislative largely advisory; judicial,
patterned on French system and Koranic law
Government leader: President Habib Bourguiba; Prime Minister Hedi Nouira
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national elections held every 5 years; last elections 2 November 1969
Political party and leader: Destourian Socialist Party, Habib Bourguiba
Voting strength (1969 election): 100% Destourian Socialist Party
Communists: 100 est.; a few sympathizers; Tunisian Communist Party proscribed in
1962
Member of: Arab League, EC (association until 1974), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.1 billion (1972 est.), $390 per capita; 10.6% average annual growth rate
1970-72
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock herding predominate; main crops --
wheat, barley, olives, fruits (especially citrus), viticulture, vegetables,
dates
Major sectors: tourism, mining, food processing, textiles and leather, light
manufacturing, construction materials, chemical fertilizers, petroleum
Electric power: 300,000 kw. capacity (1972); 869 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
155 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $311 million (f.o.b., 1972); 28% petroleum, 14% phosphates, 28% olive
oil, 30% other
Imports: $460 million (c.i.f., 1972); 36% raw materials, 23% machinery and
equipment, 14% consumer goods, 19% food and beverages, 3% energy, 5% other
Major trade partners: exports -- France 19%, Italy 19%, West Germany 13%, Libya
10%; imports -- France 36%, U.S. 15%, Italy 9%, West Germany 7% (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.435 dinar=US$l (trade rate, January 1974)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,273 mi.; 309 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/2"), double 964 mi. meter
gage (3'3 3/8")
Highways: 10,250 mi.; 4,750 mi. mostly bituminous treatment, 500 mi. gravel,
2,050 mi. improved earth, 2,950 mi. unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 495 mi.; refined products, 6 mi.; natural gas, 45 mi.
Ports: 4 major, 8 minor,
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 61 total, 36 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 19 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: the system is above the African average in amount and
capacity of facilities which consist of open-wire lines with multiconductor
cable or radio relay on trunk routes; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte,
and Tunis; 96,300 telephones; 401,000 radio and 80,000 TV receivers; 3 AM,
3 FM, and 7 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,200,000; 640,000 fit for military service;
about 60,000 reach military age (20) annually
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LAND:
296,000 sq. mi.; 35% cropland, 25% meadows and pastures,
23% forested, 17% other
Land boundaries: 1,600 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 n. mi.
except in Black Sea where it is 12 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 4,475 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 39,083,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Turkish, 7% Kurd, 3% other
Religion: 99% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 1% other (mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, English
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: 13.8 million; 68% agriculture, 16% industry, 16% service;
substantial shortage of skilled labor; ample unskilled labor
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republic
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems, with remnants of
Islamic law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts
by Constitutional Court; legal education at Universities of Ankara and
Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President elected by parliament; Prime Minister appointed by President
from members of parliament; Prime Minister is effective executive; cabinet,
selected by Prime Minister and approved by President, must command majority
support in lower house; parliament bicameral under constitution promulgated
in 1961; National Assembly has 450 members serving 4 years; Senate has
150 elected members, one-third elected every 2 years, 15 appointed by the
President to 6-year terms (one-third appointed every 2 years), and 18 life
members; highest court for ordinary criminal and civil cases is Court of
Cassation, which hears appeals directly from criminal, commercial, basic,
and peace courts
Government leaders: President Fahri Koruturk; Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit heads
RPP/NSP coalition government
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: National Assembly and Senate (1/3 of seats), Republican People's
Party won a plurality October 1973; Presidential (1980)
Political parties and leaders: Justice Party (JP), Suleyman Demirel; Republican
People's Party (RPP), Bulent Ecevit; Democrat Party (DP), Ferruh Bozbeyli;
Republican Reliance Party (RRP), Turhan Feyzioglu; National Action Party
(NAP), Alparslan Turkes; Nation Party (NP); Unity Party (UP), Mustafa Timisi;
Communist Party illegal; National Salvation Party (NSP), Necmettin Erbakan
Communists: strength and support negligible
Other political or pressure groups: military forced resignation of Demirel
government in March 1971 and remains an influential force in government
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: CENTO, Council of Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, OECD, Regional
Cooperation for Development, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $19.7 billion (1973), about $520 per capita; 6.3% average annual real
growth 1973, 7.6% average annual real growth 1972
Agriculture: main products -- cotton, tobacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts,
and livestock products; self-sufficient in food in average years, 2,900 calories
per day per capita (1972)
Major industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper,
boron minerals), steel, petroleum
Crude steel: 1.12 million tons produced (1971), 30 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 2,800,000 kw. capacity (1972); 11.1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 280 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,318 million (f.o.b., 1973); cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals,
livestock products, textiles and clothing
Imports: $2,091 million (c.i.f., 1973); machinery, transport equipment, metals,
mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports -- West Germany 21%, U.S. 12%, Switzerland 9%,
Italy 6%; imports -- West Germany 19%, U.S. 12%, U.K. 11%, Italy 11%
Budget: (FY73) revenues $4,112 million, expenditures $4,448 million, deficit
$336 million
Monetary conversion rate: 14 Turkish liras=US$l (average 1973)
Fiscal year: 1 March - 28 February
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 5,075 mi.; 5,055 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage, 89 mi. double track; 45 mi.
electrified; 20 mi. 215 1/2" gage
Highways: 37,282 mi.; 13,049 mi. bituminous, 17,398 mi. gravel or crushed stone,
1,553 mi. improved earth, 5,282 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,050 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 402 mi.; refined products, 1,277 mi.
Ports: 10 major, 35 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 125 total, 101 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 20 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 23 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent international and fair domestic telecommunication
services; 800,000 telephones; 4.27 million radio and 180,000 TV receivers; 40
AM, 2 FM, and 12 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,874,000; 5,820,000 fit for military service;
about 407,000 reach military age (20) annually
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LAND:
91,000 sq. mi.; 21% inland water and swamp, including
territorial waters of Lake Victoria, about 21%
cultivated, 13% national parks, forest, and game
reserves, 45% forest, woodland, and grassland
Land boundaries: 1,665 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 11,172,000, average annual growth rate 3.4%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.3% European, Asian,
Arab
Religion: about 60% nominally Christian, 5%-10% Muslim, rest
pagan
Language: English official; Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and
Nilotic languages
Literacy: about 20%-40%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million, of which 256,799 in paid labor, remaining
in subsistence activities
Organized labor: 123,284 union members
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic independent since October 1962
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34 districts
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution
adopted 1967; present government has abrogated some parts of constitution;
judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Makerere University,
Kampala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: Gen. Amin rules by decree; assisted by Council of Ministers and Defense
Council, a group of military officers
Government leader: Gen. Idi Amin, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: none scheduled by military government
Political party and leader: Uganda People's Congress (UPC), principal party
before 1971 coup, not banned but inactive
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, EAC, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,053 million (1973) at 1966 prices, $100 per capita; 1% real growth
between 1972 and 1973
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, cotton; other cash crops -- sugar,
tobacco, tea, fish, livestock; self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 137,000 metric tons (1970), $26.2 million (1971)
Major industries: agricultural processing (textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood,
beer), cement, copper smelter, corrugated iron sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 170,700 kw. capacity (1972); 817 million kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 78 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $293 million (f.o.b., 1972); coffee, cotton, copper, tea; $13.4 million
to Communist countries (1971)
Imports: $250 million (c.i.f., 1971); petroleum products, machinery, cotton
piece goods, metals, transport equipment; $8.3 million from Communist countries
(1971)
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., Kenya (Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania form
East African Economic Community)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: 6.90 Uganda shillings=US$l; 1 Uganda shilling=US$0.14
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 760 mi.; all meter gage, single track
Highways: 31,330 mi. total; 1,200 mi. bituminous surface treatment; 10,130 mi.
crushed stone, gravel, laterite, and improved earth; 20,000 mi. unimproved
earth roads and tracks
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, and
Lake Edward (6,010 mi.); Kagera River and Victoria Nile (380 mi.)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 42 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999
ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph services fair to good, intercity
connections based on 3 or 12 channel carrier systems; 34,200 telephones;
275,000 radio and 68,000 TV receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and 6 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 2,677,000; about 1,430,000 fit for military
service
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LAND:
8,600,000 sq. mi.; 9.3% cultivated, 37.1% forest and
brush, 2.6% urban, industrial, and transportation,
16.8% pasture and natural hay land, 34.2% desert,
swamp, or waste
Land boundaries: 12,595 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 29,000 mi. (incl. Sakhalin)
PEOPLE:
Population: 252,193,000, average annual growth rate 1%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 74% Slavic, 26% among some 170 ethnic groups
Religion: 70% atheist, 18% Russian Orthodox, 9% Muslim, 3% other
Language: more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1
million speakers); 76% Slavic group, 8% other Indo-European, 11% Altaic,
3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Literacy: 98.5% of population (ages 9-49)
Labor force: civilian 132 million (1974), 26% agriculture, 74% industry and other
non-agricultural fields, unemployed not reported, shortage of skilled labor
reported, no shortage of unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays,
120 oblasts, and 8 autonomous oblasts
Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1936; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 18
universities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers (executive), Supreme Soviet (legislative), Supreme
Court of U.S.S.R. (judicial)
Government leaders: Leonid I. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party; Aleksey N. Kosygin, Chairman of he Council of
Ministers; Nikolay V. Podgornyy, Chairman of the Presidium of the U.S.S.R.
Supreme Soviet
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every 4 years; 1,517 deputies elected in 1970;
72.3% party members
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) only
party permitted
Voting strength (1970 election): 153,237,112 persons over 18; claimed 99.96%
voted
Communists: nearly 14,700,000 party members
Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade unions, and other organi-
zations which facilitate Communist control
Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament Conference, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WMO, Universal Copyright Convention
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: principal food crops -- grain (especially wheat), potatoes; main
industrial crops -- sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and flax; degree of
self-sufficiency depends on fluctuations in crop yields; given normal yields,
U.S.S.R. is self-sufficient; caloric intake, 3,000-3,200 calories per day
per capita in recent years
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Fishing: catch 8,209,000 metric tons (1972); exports 242,200 metric tons (1972),
imports 20,600 metric tons (1972)
Major industries: diversified, highly developed capital goods industries; consumer
goods industries comparatively less developed
Shortages: natural rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum, tin, and tungsten
Crude steel: 136 million metric ton capacity as of 1 January 1973; 126 million
metric tons produced in 1973, 520 kilograms per capita
Exports: fuels (particularly petroleum and derivatives), metals, agricultural
products (timber, grain) and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primarily
capital goods); $21,300 million (f.o.b. 1973)
Imports: specialized and complex machinery and equipment, textile fibers, consumer
manufactures, and any significant shortages in domestic production (for example,
wheat imported following poor domestic harvests); $20,925 million (f.o.b., 1973)
Major trade partners: $42.3 billion (1973); trade 58% with Communist countries,
27% with industrialized West, and 15% with less developed countries
Official monetary conversion rate: 0.715 rubles=US$1; 1 ruble=US$1.3986
(October 1973)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 84,642 mi.; 82,412 mi. broad gage, 2,230 mi. narrow gage; 58,810 mi.
broad gage single track; 21,420 mi. electrified; does not include industrial
lines (1973)
Highways: 845,620 mi.; 128,340 mi. paved, 188,855 mi. gravel, crushed stone,
528,425 mi. improved or unimproved earth (1972)
Inland waterways: 90,000 mi. navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1974)
Pipelines: crude oil, 26,000 mi.; refined products, 6,300 mi.; natural gas,
50,000 mi.
Ports: 63 major (most important: Leningrad, Murmansk, Odessa, Novorossiysk,
Ilichevsk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka); 123 selected minor (1974)
Freight carried: rail -- 3,663.0 million short tons, 1,891.8 billion short
ton/mi. (1973); highways -- 18.8 billion short tons, 178 billion short
ton/mi. (1972); waterway - 435.4 million short tons, 123.3 billion short
ton/mi. (1972)
Airfields: over 3,290 total; 567 with permanent-surface runways; 31 with runways
over 12,000 ft., 432 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 787 with runways 4,000-
7,999 ft.
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LAND:
32,000 sq. mi.; almost all desert, waste or urban
Land boundaries: 680 mi. (does not include boundaries
between adjacent U.A.E. states)
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi. for all
states except Sharjah (12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 900 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 179,000 (census of 15 March - 16 April 1968)
Ethnic divisions: Arabs 72%; others include Iranians,
Pakistanis, and Indians
Religion: Muslim 96%, Christian, Hindu and other 4%
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 20% est. (1968)
Labor force: 77,000 (1968)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: United Arab Emirates (composed of former Trucial States)
Type: federation; constitution signed December 1971, which delegated specified
powers to the United Arab Emirates central government and reserved other
powers to member sheikhdoms
Capital: Abu Zaby
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the U.A.E. government and
in several member sheikhdoms; Islamic law remains very influential
Branches: Supreme Council of Rulers (7 members), from which a President and Vice
President are elected; Prime Minister and Council of Ministers; National
Consultative Council; federal Supreme Court
Government leaders: Sheikh Zayid of Abu Dhabi, President; Sheikh Rashid of Dubai,
Vice President; Sheikh Maktum of Dubai, Prime Minister
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Member states: Abu Dhabi; Ajman; Dubai; Fujairah; Ras al Khaimah; Shdrjah; Umn
al Qaiwain
Member of: Arab League, U.N.
Political or pressure groups: none; a few small clandestine groups are active
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: food imported, but some dates, alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco
raised
Electric power: 46,800 kw. capacity (1973); 117 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
659 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: crude petroleum, pearls, fish; non-oil Abu Dhabi $610 million (1972)
and Dubai $41 million total (1972 rev.)
Imports: food, consumer and capital goods; Abu Dhabi $174 million and Dubai $249
million total (1972)
Major trade partners: Japan, U.K., India, U.S.
Aid: multilateral annual average (1967-69) $1.17 million
Budget: (1974) $215 million; Abu Dhabi (1974) $1.5 billion; Dubai (1973) $151
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar-Dubai riyal=US$0.25; Abu Dhabi, 1 Bahrain
dinar=US$2.52 (as of October 1973)
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 175 mi. bituminous, undetermined mileage of earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 175 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 3 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 96 total, 37 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 13 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telephone system in Dubayy and Ash Shariqah, also links
these towns; Abu Dhabi Petroleum operates a telecom system throughout
the sheikhdom; key centers are at At Tarif, Habshan, and Az Zannah; 14,300
telephones; 50,000 radio and 16,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 43,000; about 22,000 fit for military service
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Iq
STAT
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LAND:
106,000 sq. mi.; 50% pastureland, 21% fallow, 10%
cultivated, 9% forest and scrub, 10% waste and other
uses
Land boundaries: 2,055 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,830,000, average annual growth rate 2%
(7/69-7/70)
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal tribe
is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other important groups
are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: majority of population animist, about 20%
Muslim, 5% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French official; tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken
by 50% of the population
Literacy: 5%-10%
Labor force: about 95% of the economically active population engaged in animal
husbandry, subsistence farming, and related agricultural pursuits; about
30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of male labor force migrates annually to
neighboring countries for seasonal employment
Organized labor: 3 primary and several small specialized unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Upper Volta
Type: republic; military regime in power since January 1966
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 5 departments consisting of 44 cercles
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1970, suspended February 1974; judicial review of legislative acts in
Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President is an army officer; 57-man National Assembly was elected in
December 1970, suspended February 1974
Government leader: Gen. Sangoule Lamizana, president and Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: all political activity has been banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned February 1974
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor organizations are badly splintered,
students and teachers occasionally strike
Member of: ACCT, AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ENTENTE, FAO, ICAO, ILO, ITU, Niger River
Commission, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $325 million (1971 est.), $60 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, cotton; food crops --
sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; largely self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 5,000 metric tons (1971)
Major industries: agricultural processing plants, brewery, bottling, and brick
plants; a few other light industries
Electric power: 15,530 kw. capacity (1973); 53 million kw.-hr. produced (1973):,
9 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $24 million (f.o.b., 1972); livestock (on the hoof), peanuts, shea
nut products, cotton, sesame
Imports: $72 million (c.i.f., 1972); textiles, food, and other consumer goods,
transport equipment, machinery, fuels
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: volume understated because much regional trade is unrecorded;
Ivory Coast and Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France and other EC countries;
preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Aid:
economic -- France (1964-September 1970) $46 million; EC (1960-72) $75.1
million; U.S.S.R., Ghana, West Germany, and Israel have also extended-aid;
U.S. (FY61-72) $21.9 million; international organizations (1960-72) $26.9
million;
military -- France, $3.7 million (1964-70); U.S., $0.1 million (1962-72)
Budget: (1973) balanced at $49.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 255.785 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
as of February 1973, floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 728 mi., 320 mi. meter gage, single track; Ouagadougou to Abidjan,
Ivory Coast line
Highways: 10,380 mi.; 325 mi. paved, 3,425 mi. improved, 6,630 mi. unimproved
Civil air: no majDr transport aircraft
Airfields: 59 total, 51 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: all services generally poor; 1,800 telephones; 100,000 radio
receivers; 6,000 TV receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,357,000; 650,000 fit for military service; no
conscri pti on
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LAND:
72,200 sq. mi.; 84% agricultural land (73% pasture, 11%
cropland) 16% forest, urban, waste and other
Land boundaries: 840 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 n. mi.
(fishing 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 410 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,027,000, average annual rowth rate 1.2%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% white, 5% Negro, 5%-10% mestizo
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church
regularly)
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90.5% for those 15 years of age or older
Labor force: 1,015,500 (1963 census); of those employed in important sectors --
25% government; 34% industry; 10% service; 13% other; 8% agriculture, forestry,
fishing and mining; no shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force (largely Communist influenced)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Type: republic, government under strong military influence
Capital : Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; new constitution implemented
1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, legal education
at University of the Republic at Montevideo; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive, headed by President; since 1973 the military has had
considerable influence in policymaking; bicameral legislature (closed
indefinitely by presidential decree in June 1973); national judiciary headed
by Supreme Court
Government leader: President Juan Maria Bordaberry
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; next in 1976
Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, President of Party
Directorate Homero Murdoch, main factions include Martin Echegoyen's "Alianza"
faction, List 400 (Washington Beltran), Rocha Movement (Carlos Julio Pereyra),
Orthodox Herreristas (Alberto Heber Usher), and Por La Patria (Wilson Ferreira
Aldunate, in self-imposed exile in Argentina); Colorado Party, main factions
include Colorado and Batllista Union (Juan Maria Bordaberry), List 15 (Jorge
Batlle), LList 315 (Amilcar Vasconcellos); Broad Front (Frente Amplio), leftwing
coalition of Leftist Liberation Front (FIDEL),, Communist Front and dissident
factions from both the Blanco and Colorado parties, and including FIDEL, the
Christian Democrats, and other splinter groups
Voting strength (1971 elections): 40.8% Colorado, 40.1% Blanco, 18.6% Frente Amplio,
0.5% Radical Christian Union
Communists: 35,000-40,000 including Communist youth group (6,000-8,000)
Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party (PCU), Rodney Arismendi;
Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Socialist Party of Uruguay (PSU); Revolu-
tionary Movement of Uruguay (MRO) pro-Cuban Communist Party; National
Liberation Movement of Uruguay (MRO) pro-Cuban Communist Party; National
Liberation Movement (MLN-Tupamaros) Marxist Revolutionary terrorist group
Member of: IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, LAFTA, OAS, U.N.
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.42 billion (at 1972 prices, 1973); $810 per capita; 74% private
consumption, 12% public consumption, 14% gross investment (1969); real growth
rate 1973, 1%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing (17 million
sheep, 9 million cattle); main crops -- wheat, rice, corn; self-sufficient
in most basic foodstuffs; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita,
with high protein content
Major industries: meat processing, wool and hides, textiles, footwear, cement,
petroleum refining
Crude steel: 24,000 metric tons produced (1966), 10 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 576,000 kw. capacity (1972); 2.4 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 855 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $319 million (f.o.b., 1973); beef, wool, hides
Imports: $294 million (c.i.f., 1973); fuels, metals, machinery, transportation
equipment
Major trade partners: exports -- EC 34%, U.K. 14%, U.S. 7%, LAFTA 15%;
imports -- LAFTA 30%, U.S. 14%, U.K. 6%, EC 19% (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), loans $123.2 million, grants
$26.0 million; from international organizations (FY46-72), $242.8 million;
from other western countries (1960-71), $14.2 million; from Communist countries
(1966-73) $46.4 million;
military -- U.S. (FY46-72), $58.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: (buying) 1,073 pesos=US$1; (selling) 1,084 pesos=US$l;
financial -- floating (1,250 pesos=US$l on April 30, 1974)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,870 mi., all standard gage and government owned
Highways: 32,200 mi.; 3,700 mi. paved, 4,600 mi. otherwise surfaced, 9,600 mi.
improved earth, 14,300 mi. earth tracks
Inland waterways: 1,070 mi.; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Freight carried: highways 80% of total cargo traffic, rail 15%, waterways 5%
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 101 total, 80 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 10 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; 252,000
telephones; 1.5 million radio and 320,000 TV receivers; 68 AM, 3 FM, and 17
TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 733,000; 565,000 fit for military service; no
conscription
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VATMIM
A
LAND:
0.169 sq. mi.
Land boundaries: 2 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1964)
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many
other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various modern languages
Literacy: virtually complete
Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City employees divided
into 3 categories -- executives, officeworkers,
and salaried employees
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace
and Museum and neighboring buildings covering more than 13 acres; 13
buildings in Rome, although outside the boundaries, enjoy extraterritorial
rights
Legal system: Canon law; constitutional laws of 1929 serve some of the functions
of a constitution
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive, legislative, and judicial powers;
he delegates these powers to the governor of Vatican City, who is subject
to pontifical appointment and recall; high Vatican offices include the
Secretariat of State, the College of Cardinals (chief papal advisers), the
Roman Curia (which carries on the central administration of the Roman
Catholic Church) the Presidence of the Prefecture for the Economy, and
the synod of bishops (created in 1965)
Government leader: Supreme Pontiff, Paul VI, (Giovanni Battista Montini, born
26 September 1897, elected Pope 21 June 1963)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 in age
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence exercised
by other church officers in universal Roman Catholic Church)
Member: IAEA
ECONOMY:
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is supported financially by contributions
(known as Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world; some
income derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tourist mementos,
fees for admission to Vatican museums, and sale of publications; industrial
activity consists solely of printing and production of a small amount of
mosaics and staff uniforms
The banking and financial activities of the Vatican are worldwide; the Institute
for Religious Agencies carries out fiscal operations and invests and transfers
funds of Roman Catholic religious communities throughout the world; the
Cardinal's Commission controls the administration of ordinary assets of the
Holy See and a Special Administration manages the Holy See's capital assets
Electric power: obtained from Rome city grid; standby diesel powerplant with
2,100 kw. capacity
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 1 AM and 1 FM radiobroadcasting stations; 2,000-line
automatic telephone exchange
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Italy
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LAND:
352,000 sq. mi.; 4% cropland, 18% pasture, 21% forest,
57% urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 2,598 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 1,740 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 11,645,000 (excluding Indian jungle population
estimated at 32,000 in 1961), average annual growth
rate 3.0% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% Negro, 2% Indian
Religion: 94% nominally Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 74% (claimed, 1970 est.)
Labor force: 3 million (1969); 24% agriculture, 6% construction, 17% manufacturing,
6% transportation, 18% commerce, 25% services, 4% petroleum, utilities, and
other
Organized labor: 45% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal district, 2 federal territories
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system with influence of U.S. law;
constitution promulgated 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in
Cassation Court only; dual court system, state and federal; legal education
at Central University of Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Carlos Andres Perez
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; last held 9 December 1973
Political parties and leaders: Accion Democratica (AD), Carlos Andres Perez, and
Gonzalo Barrios; Social Christian Party (COPEI), Rafael Caldera, and Lorenzo
Fernandez; People's Electoral Movement (MEP), Jesus Angel Paz Galarraga;
Cruzada Civica Nacionalista (CCN), Marcos Perez Jimenez, leader; Union
Republicana Democratica (URD), Jovito Villalba; Partido Comunista de
Venezuela (PCV), Secretary-General Jesus Faria; Fuerza Democratica Popular
(FDP), Jorge Dager; Frente Nacional Democratico (FND), Pedro Segnini La Cruz;
Movement to Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, and Pompey Marquez
Voting strength (1973 election): 49% AD, 37% COPEI, 5% New Force (MEP & PCV),
4% WAS, 3% URD, 2% others
Communists: minuscule in numbers and effectiveness
Other political or pressure groups: APEL (a conservative business group); PRO
VENEZUELA (leftist, nationalist economic group); DESARROLLISTAS (group of
wealthy, independent businessmen led by former finance minister Pedro Tinoco
and historian Guillermo Moron)
Member of: Andean Pact, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFC, ILO, ITU,
OAS, OPEC, Seabeds Committee (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $14.0 billion (1973 est. in 1972 prices), $1,240 per capita; 56% private
consumption, 15% public consumption, 29% gross investment (1972), real growth
rate 1973 est. 9%
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, sugarcane, corn, coffee, rice; self-sufficient
in rice and chicken, imports wheat (U.S.) and meat (Colombia); caloric intake
2,600 calories per day per capita (1972)
Fishing: catch 138,900 metric tons, $28.7 million (1971); exports $10.1 million
(1970), imports $5.6 million (1970)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction, food processing,
textiles
Crude steel: 923,000 metric tons produced (1970), 90 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 3.18 million kw. capacity (1971); 13.4 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1971), 1,230 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5,259 million (f.o.b., 1973 est.); petroleum $2,783 million (1971), iron
ore, coffee
Imports: $2,894 million (f.o.b., 1973 est.); industrial machinery and equipment,
chemicals, manufactures, wheat
Major trade partners: imports -- U.S. 44%, West Germany 11%, Japan 9%; exports --
U.S. 41%, Canada 13%, Aruba 12%, Argentina 9%
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-72), $388.0 million loans; $66.7
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-72), $672.7 million;
from Communist countries (1954-73), $10 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-72), $122.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.30 bolivares=US$l (selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:-
Railroads: 233 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage; all single track; 107 mi. government owned,
126 mi. privately owned
Highways: 37,500 mi.; 11,900 mi. paved, 10,200 mi. gravel, 5,400 mi. improved
earth, 10,000 unimproved (including trails)
Inland waterways: 4,450 mi.; Orinoco River and Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing
vessels
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,800 mi.; refined products, 250 mi.; natural gas,
1,550 mi.
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 463 total, 232 usable; 92 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 70 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: modern expanding telecom system; satellite ground station;
502,000 telephones; 3 million radio and 1.1 million TV receivers; 150 AM, 50 FM,
and 40 TV stations; 3 submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,491,000; 1,710,000 fit for military service;
130,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
61,300 sq. mi.; 14% cultivated, 50% forested, 36% urban
inland water, and other
Land boundaries: 1,850 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 490 mi. (excluding islands)
PEOPLE:
Population: 20,131,000, average annual growth rate 1.4%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% predominantly Vietnamese; ethnic
minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, and Man
Religion: Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism
Language: closely corresponds to the breakdown of ethnic groups
Literacy: claimed to be 95% (1964)
Labor force: (1 January 1970) 9.6 million, not including military; about 70%
agriculture and 10% industry
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 2 autonomous regions (of 3 and 5 provinces, respectively),
17 other provinces, 2 centrally governed municipalities, 1 special zone
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system;
constitution enacted 1960
Branches: constitution provides for a National Assembly and highly centralized
executive nominally subordinate to it
Party and government leaders: Ton Duc Thang, President of DRV; Le Duan, First
Secretary; Truong Chinh, Chairman, Standing Committee of National Assembly;
Pharr Van Dong, Premier; Vo Nguyen Giap, Minister of National Defense
Suffrage: over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for national and local assemblies
Political parties: ruled by Lao Dong Party (Communist) with membership of
approximately 900,000; minor subordinate parties
Member of: no international bodies
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: mainly subsistence; main crops -- rice, corn, sweet potatoes,
manioc, sugarcane; food shortages -- rice, meat, sugar; caloric intake,
1,700-2,200 calories per day per capita
Major industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement
Shortages: petroleum, complex machinery and equipment, fertilizer, foodstuffs
Monetary conversion rate (nominal): 3.0 dong=US$l (1972)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 602 usable route mi., consists of about 25 mi. of standard gage
(4'8 1/2"), 438 mi. of meter gage (313 3/8"), and 139 mi. of dual gage
(4'8 1/2" and 3'3 3/8"); all single track, none electrified; all government
owned and operated; work is again underway to complete the rail line between
Kep and port of Hon Gai
Highways: 13,500 mi., including 900 mi. bituminous surface-treated, 2,100 mi.
gravel, 10,000 mi. improved earth, 500 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 4,200 mi.; 1,800 mi. navigable perennially by craft drawing 6 ft.
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Airfields: 16 total; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runway 8,000-
11,999 ft., 12 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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LAND:
66,000 sq. mi.; 25% arable (15% cultivated), 33% forested,
42% other
Land boundaries: 1,025 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
(fishing, 50 n. mi.)
Coastline: 1,650 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 20,315,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(7/65-7/71)
Ethnic divisions: 87.7% Vietnamese, 6% Chinese, 3.2% mountain tribesmen, 2.9%
Khmer, 2% Cham
Religion: 70% Buddhist (at least 5% Hoa Hao), 5% Cao Dai, and 10% Catholic; others
include animist, and small numbers of Protestant, Muslim and Hindu; most
Buddhists are of Mahayana school or practice combination of Buddhism, Taoism,
and Confucianism
Language: Vietnamese, French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian), Cham (Malayo-Polynesian dialect)
Labor force: civilian work force 5.8 million (not including armed forces);
67% agriculture, fishing, and forestry; 15% industry and commerce; 3%
domestic and personal services; 5% government; 10% unemployed
Organized labor: 500,000
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Viet-Nam
Type: republic
Capital: Saigon
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (corresponding to 4 military regions), 1 special
region (corresponding to Capital Special Zone), divided into 44 provinces and
11 autonomous municipalities
Legal system: based on French civil law system; legal education at Universities
of Saigon and Hue
Branches: constitution provides for modified presidential system with executive,
legislative, and judicial branches
Government leaders: President Nguyen Van Thieu; Vice President Tran Van Huong;
Prime Minister Tran Thien Khiem
Elections: next presidential election scheduled for 1975
Suffrage: all citizens 18 and older are eligible to register to vote
Political parties and leaders: under a December 1972 law, President Thieu's
Democracy Party is the only fully qualified legal party; a new independent
coalition, the Social Democratic Alliance will have provisional status until
early 1975
Communists: The People's Revolutionary Party operates through and within he
National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) and the Alliance of
National, Democratic, and Peace Forces (ANDPF), and the Provisional Revolu-
tionary Government (PRG) designed to rival the legal government
Other political or pressures groups: religious groups often have more influence
than parties; the An Quang Buddhists are the most important opposition group;
Catholic groups range from progovernment to opposition; the independent Hoa
Hao and Cao Dai politico-religious sects exert strong influence in local areas
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, U.N. (certain specialized
U.N. agencies and maintains observer team), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.3 billion (1972 est.), $120 per capita; no real growth estimated for 1972;
5% to 7% real decline estimated for 1973
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, rubber, fruits and vegetables, copra; major food
imports -- rice, wheat, dairy products, sugar
Fishing: catch 677,000 metric tons (1972); growing trade in fish and fish products
Major industries: manufacturing on small scale, mainly light manufacturing and
processing of local agricultural and forest products; factories produce
textiles, beer, cigarettes, glass, tires, sugar, paper, cement, soft drinks
Shortages: capital goods
Electric power: 883,000 kw. capacity (1973); 1,900,000,000 kw.-hr. produced (1973),
95 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $60 million (f.o.b., 1973); major commodities -- rubber, fish and fish
products, forestry products, scrap metal
Imports: $716 million (c.i.f., 1973); major commodities -- machinery and trans-
portation equipment, rice, textile fabrics and yarn, petroleum products, base
metals and manufactures
Major trade partners: exports -- France, U.K., West Germany, Japan; imports --
U.S., Japan, Taiwan; no trade with Communist countries
Aid:
economic -- U.S. (including P.L. 480), $414 million (FY69), $477 million
(FY70), $576 million (FY71, $475 million (FY72), $500 million (FY73); numerous
other non-Communist countries providing assistance;
military -- U.S., $1,432 million (FY70), $1,526 million (FY71), $1,985 million
(FY72), $2,270 million (FY73)
Monetary conversion rate: in January 1974 a unified, flexible exchange rate for
all imports and exports was instituted which as of 24 March, was 605 piasters=
US$1; exporters now receive a subsidy of 40 to 78 piasters per US$1, depending
on the commodity; importers of US-financed goods receive a rebate of 60
piasters per US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 770 mi.; limited section operated by GUN; remainder out of service due
to sabotage and lack of security
Highways: 15,700 mi.; 3,000 mi. bituminous, 3,600 mi. gravel and crushed stone,
3,100 mi. improved earth, 6,000 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 6,800 mi. navigable; more than 1,400 mi. navigable at all
times by vessels up to 6 ft. draft
Ports: 6 major, 20 minor
Airfields: 341 total, 160 usable; 63 with permanent-surface runways, 8 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 19 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,597,000; 3,005,000 fit for military service;
173,000 reach military age (18) annually
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LAND:
About 80 sq. mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n, mi.
Coastline: about 80 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 10,000, official estimate for 1 July
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Matu Utu
Political subdivisions: 3 districts
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 members; popular election of one deputy to
National Assembly in Paris, and one Senator
Government leader: Superior Administrator Jacques de Agostini
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops of yams, taro,
bananas
Trade: exports consist almost entirely of copra; imports are largely foodstuffs
and some equipment associated with development programs
Monetary conversion rate: 70 Colonial Franc Pacifique (CFP)=US$l
COMMUNICATIONS:
Airfields: 3 total, all usable; 1 4,000-7,999 ft., 1 seaplane station
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LAND:
1,100 sq. mi.; comprised of 2 large islands of Savai'i and
Upolu and several smaller islands, including Manono
and Apolima; 65% forested, 24% cultivated, 11% industry,
waste, or urban
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi.
Coastline: 250 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 153,000, average annual growth rate 1.8%
(11/66-11/71)
Ethnic divisions: Polynesians, about 12,000 Euronesians (persons of European
and Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the London
Missionary Society)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: 85%-90% (education compulsory for all children from 7-15 years)
Labor force: agriculture 19,148; mining and manufacturing 1,716 (1961)
Organized labor: unorganized
,WE;TERN
SAMOA .?
Ntw
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Independent State of Western Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief; special treaty relationship
with New Zealand
Capital: Apia
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; constitution came
into effect upon independence in 1962; judicial review of legislative acts
with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Head of State and Executive Council; Legislative Assembly; Supreme
Court, Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, village courts
Government leaders: Head of State, Malietoa Tanumafili II; Prime Minister,
Fiame Mata'afa
Suffrage: 45 Samoan members of Legislative Assembly are elected by holders of
matai (heads of family) titles (about 5,000); 2 European members are elected
by universal adult suffrage
Elections: held triennially, last in February 1973
Political parties and leaders: no clearly defined political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ECAFE, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $38 million (1971), $260 per capita
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods include coconut, bananas, taro,
and yams
Exports: $6.3 million (1971); copra, cocoa, bananas
Imports: $12.8 million (1971); machinery and equipment, manufactured goods, food
Major trade partners: exports -- New Zealand, West Germany, the Netherlands;
imports -- New Zealand, Australia, US
Aid: New Zealand, $2.5 million committed; U.S., $2 million extended (FY67-70)
Monetary conversion rate: WS Tala=US$1.65 (August 1973), 0.61 WS Tala=US$l
Major industries: timber, tourism
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 477 mi.; 80 mi. bituminous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone,
or earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, all usable; 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane
station
Telecommunications: 2,183 telephones; 10,000 radio receivers; 1 AM station
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YEMEN (ADEN)
LAND:
111,000 sq. mi. (border with Saudi Arabia undefined); only
about 1% arable (of which less than 25% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,120 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (300
meters plus exploitability, plus 6 n. mi. "necessary
supervision zone")
Coastline: 860 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,597,000*, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans in Aden
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: probably no higher than 10%; Aden 35% (est.)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling National Front Party
Capital: Aden; Madinat ash Sha'b, administrative capital
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English common
law (for commercial matters); highest judicial organ, Federal High Court,
interprets constitution and determines disputes between states
Branches: Presidential Council; cabinet; Supreme People's Council
Government leaders: Chairman of Presidential Council, Salim Rubay Ali; Prime
Minister All Nasir Muhammed al-Hasani; NF Secretary General Abd Al-Fattah
Ismail
Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citizens 18 and over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Supreme People's Council, called for
in constitution; none have been held
Political parties and leaders: National Front (NF), only legal party
Communists: few known
Member of: U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $100 million (1973 est.), $60 per capita
Agriculture (all outside Aden): cotton is main cash crop; cereals, dates, kat
(qat), coffee, and livestock are raised and there is a growing fishing
industry; large amount of food must be imported (particularly for Aden);
cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish are exported
Major industries: petroleum refinery (production 150,000 b/d) mid 1971; capacity
178,000 b/d at Little Aden operates on imported crude; oil exploration activity
Electric power: 128,000 kw. capacity (1972); 448 million kw.-hr. produced (1972),
290 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $130 million (FY71-72)
Imports: $196 million (FY71-72)
Major trade partners: Yemen, East Africa, but some cement and sugar imported from
Communist countries; crude oil imported from Persian Gulf, exported mainly to
U.K. and Japan
*Excluding the islands of Perim and Kamaran for which no data are available
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: 1 S. Yemeni dinar=US$2.90
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,360 mi.; 200 mi. bituminous treated, 180 mi. crushed stone and gravel,
2,920 motorable track
Ports: 1 major
Pipelines: refined products, 20 mi.
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 140 total, 64 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 33 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: small system of open-wire line, milticonductor cable, and
radiocommunications stations; only center Aden; 9,900 telephones; 250,000
radio and 26,000 TV receivers; 3 TV and 1 AM stations; 4 submarine cables
(2 operational)
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 380,000; 205,000 fit for military service
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YEMEN (SANA)
LAND:
about 75,000 sq. mi. (parts of border with Saudi Arabia
and Southern Yemen undefined); 20% agricultural,
1% forested, 79% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 950 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi. (plus
6 n. mi. "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 325 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,376,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(7/71-7/72)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: almost entirely agriculture and herding
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June 1974
Capital: San'a'
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law; first
constitution promulgated December 1970, suspended June 1974; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Military Command Council, Prime Minister
Government leaders: Head of Military Command Council, Col. Ibrahim Hamdi; Prime
Minister Muhsin al Ayni
Communists: few known
Political parties or pressure groups: Yemeni Union, a small inactive government
party formed in February 1973; some pro-Iraqi Baathists, other small
clandestine groups supported by Yemen (Aden)
Member of: Arab League, FAO, ICAO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $300 million (1973 est.), $50 per capita
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits
and vegetables; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather goods produced on a small scale;
handicraft and some fishing; small aluminum products factory
Electric power: 4,000 kw. capactiy (1973); 14 million kw.-hr. produced (1973),
2 kw.-hr. per capita
Major trade partners: China, Yemen (Aden), U.S.S.R., Japan, U.K., Australia,
Saudi Arabia
Aid:
economic -- $398 million credits extended through August 1972, $170 million
drawn through 1970; major donors include U.S.S.R., China, U.S., West
Germany, Saudi Arabia;
military -- $77 million from U.S.S.R.; $30 million from Eastern Europe;
$7 million western military aid through 1971
Budget: (1973/74 est.) $62 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Yemeni rial=US$0.22 as of October 1973
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,160 mi.; 290 mi. bituminous; 270 mi. crushed stone and gravel;
1,600 mi. earth, sand, and light gravel
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 35 total, 20 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 4 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 9 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: systems among mideast's worst; consists of meager open-wire
lines and low-power radio communication stations; principal center Sana,
secondary centers Al Hudaydah and Taizz; 4,600 telephones; 86,000 radio
receivers; 1 AM radio-broadcast station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,520,000; 810,000 fit for military service;
about 67,000 reach military age (18) annually; univeral military conscription
law (10 January 1963) makes military service obligatory for all Yemeni
males 18-30
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LAND:
98,800 sq. mi.; 32% arable, 25% meadows and pastures,
34% forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 1,865 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 10 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
Coastline: 945 mi. (mainland), plus 1,500 mi. (offshore
islands)
PEOPLE:
Population: 21,140,000, average annual growth rate 1%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 39% Serb, 22.1% Croat, 9.2% Slovene, 5.8% Macedonian, 2.5%
Montenegrin, 6.4% Albanian, 3% Hungarian, 9% other (1971 census)
Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Roman Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12%
none (1953 census)
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian, and Italian
Literacy: 80.3% (1961)
Labor force: 13.5 million (1970); 49.6% agriculture, 16% mining and manufacturing,
34.4% other nonagricultural activities; reported unemployment averaged 8% of
registered labor force (social sector) in 1967
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: 6 republics with 2 autonomous provinces (within the
Republic of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1963 and amended in 1967, 1968, and 1971 (a new constitution will be
adopted and implemented in early 1974); in early stage of development is a
system of judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (a
quasi-judicial body); legal education at several law schools; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: parliament (Federal Assembly) constitutionally supreme; executive
includes cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the federal administration;
independent judiciary; the State Pesidency is a collective policymaking body
based on proportional representation of all the republics an' provinces, Tito
presides as President of the Republic
Government leader: Josip Broz Tito, President of Republic and President of
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every 4 years by a complicated, indirect
system of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only;
leaders are President Tito and influential presidium members Edvard Kardelj,
Veljko Vlahovic, Mijalko Todorovic, Vladimir Bakaric, and Stane Dolanc
Voting strength: Voter participation in national elections has declined, as
follows -- 1963, 95.5%; 1965, 93.6%; 1967, 89%; 1969, 88%
Communists: 1,076,711 party members (1973)
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People of
Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization for the LCY;
Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of
Yugoslavia (UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War Veterans (SUBNOR)
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), EC (5-year
non-preferential trade agreement signed in May 1973), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OECD (participant in some activities), Seabeds
Committee, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $24.8 billion (1973 est. at 1972 prices), $1,180 per capita; 1973 real growth
rate approx. 3.7%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with many small private holdings and large
agricultural combines; main crops -- corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and
sunflowers; generally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live animals; self-
sufficient in food except for tropical products, cotton, wool, and vegetable
meal feeds; caloric intake, 3,210 calories per day per capita (1967)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, textiles, wood
processing, food processing
Shortages: fuels, steel, textile fibers, chemicals
Crude steel: 2.7 million metric tons produced (1973), 130 kg. per capita
Electric power: 8,200,000 kw. capacity (1972); 35.1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 1,665 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,852 million (f.o.b., 1973); 16% foodstuffs and tobacco; 17% raw
materials, fuels, and chemicals; 25% machinery and equipment; 29% other
manufactures
Imports: $4,511 million (c.i.f., 1973); 12% foodstuffs and tobacco; 29% raw
materials, fuels, chemicals; 31% machinery and equipment; 28% other
manufactures
Major trade partners: $7,363 million (1973); 71% non-Communist countries (39%
EC, 7% U.S., 25% other non-Communist countries), 29% Communist countries
Aid: postwar credits extended mainly by the U.S. (about $2.4 billion, including
grants and $700 million in military aid); Western Europe (over $950 million);
IBRD ($660 million); IMF (over $400 million); Communist countries extended
credits totaling $464 million in 1956 ($125 million drawing balance suspended
in 1958) and $576 million during 1962-70 and $540 million in 1972; Yugoslavia
has extended credits totaling about $600 million to 27 less developed countries
of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Monetary conversion rate: 17.0 new dinars=US$l
Fiscal year: same as calendar year (all data refer to calendar year or to middle
or end of calendar year as indicated)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 6,393 route mi.; 5,710 mi. standard gage, 683 mi. narrow gage;
463 mi. double track; 940 mi. electrified (1972)
Highways: 59,742 mi.; 379 mi. concrete, 17,429 mi. bituminous, 752 mi. stone
block, 24,873 mi. gravel, 16,309 mi. earth (1972)
Inland waterways: 1,231 mi. (1974)
Freight carried: rail -- 79.2 million short tons, 15.0 billion short ton/mi. (1972);
highway -- 81.4 million short tons, 5.6 billion short ton/mi. (1972);
waterway -- 28.6 million short tons, est. 9.3 billion short ton/mi. (incl. intl.
transit traffic) (1973)
Pipelines: crude oil, 200 mi.; natural gas, 320 mi.
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Solit), 24 minor (1974)
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft (including 4 leased) (1974)
Airfields: 93 total; 35 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways 8,000-
10,999 ft., 28 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
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LAND:
905,000 sq. mi.; 22% agricultural land (1% cultivated),
45% forested, 33% other
Land boundaries: 6,153 mi.
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 n. mi.
Coastline: 23 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 24,166,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the
majority are Bantu; four largest tribes -- Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu),
and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
Religion: 51% Christian, 45% animist, 4% other
Language: French, English, Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, and Chiluba are all
classified as official languages
Literacy: 5% fluent in French, about 35% have an acquaintance with French
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about 13% in wage structure
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Zaire (until October 1971 known as Democratic Republic
of the Congo)
Type: republic; constitution establishes strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: 8 regions and federal district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; new constitution
promulgated 1967; legal education at National University of Zaire; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: president elected 1970 for seven-year term; National Legislative
Council of 420 members elected for five-year term; the official party is
the supreme political institution
Government leaders: Lt. Gen Mobutu Sese Seko, President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: presidential and legislative elections in October and November 1970
Political parties and leaders: Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution (MPR), only
legal party, organized from above with actual grassroots popularity not
clearly definable
Voting strength: MPR slate polled 96.3% of vote in 1970 elections
Communists: no Communist Party; U.S.S.R. and People's Republic of China have
diplomatic missions in Zaire
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, ILO, ITU, OAU, UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $2.3 billion (1972 provisional est.), $100 per capita; real growth rate
6.3% p.a. 1968-72
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, palm oil, rubber; main food crops --
manioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 146,000 metric tons (1971); imports $18 million (1972 est.)
Major industries: mining, mineral processing, light industries
Electric power: 861,380 kw. capacity (1972); 3.5 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1972), 126 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $690 million (f.o.b., 1972); copper, cobalt, diamonds, other minerals,
coffee, palm oil
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $643 million (c.i.f., 1972); consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and
other machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, U.S., and West Germany
Aid:
economic -- U.S. (FY61-72) $452 million; (1971 estimated disbursements)
Belgium, $31.4 million; France, $6.6 million; other bilateral aid $5.4 million;
U.N., $9.4 million; EC, $18.9 million; China (1973) $100 million
military -- U.S., $43.2 million (FY62-72)
Budget: 1972--- revenue $598 million, current expenditure $547 million, investment
expenditure $143 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 zaire=US$2
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,218 mi.; 2,419 mi. 3'6" gage, 78 mi. 3' 3 3/8" gage, 85 mi.
2' 0 1/4" gage, 636 mi. 1' 11 5/8" gage; 532 mi. of 3'6" gage electrified
Highways: 87,800 mi.; 1,200 mi. bituminous, 11,300 mi. gravel or crushed stone,
75,300 mi. earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes,
the waterway system affords over 9,320 mi. of navigable routes
Ports: 2 major, 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 460 mi.
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 499 total, 329 usable; 320 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 54 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: limited, barely adequate telephone service, telegraph service
good; 24,200 telephones; 100,000 radio receivers; 7,100 TV receivers; 12 AM,
1 FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,816,000; 2,795,000 fit for military service
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LAND:
288,000 sq. mi.; 5% under cultivation, 5% arable, 10%
grazing, 13% dense forest, 6% marsh, 61% scattered
trees and grassland
Land boundaries: 3,730 mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,758,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(7/72-7/73)
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European, .2% other
Religion: 82% animist, about 17% Christian, and under
1% Hindu and Muslim
Language: English official; wide variety of indigenous
languages
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000 Africans, 27,000 non-Africans;
15% mining, 9% agriculture, 9% domestic service, 19% construction, 9% commerce,
10% manufacturing, 23% government and miscellaneous services, 6% transport
Organized labor: 100,000 wage earners, primarily in industrial sector, are
unionized (early 1968)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Zambia
Type: republic since October 1964
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; new constitution
adopted September 1973; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc
constitutional council; legal education at University of Zambia in Lusaka; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: modified presidential system; unicameral legislature; judiciary
Government leader: President Kenneth Kaunda; prime minister to be appointed by
President under new 1 party system
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last general election December 1973
Political parties and leaders: United National Independence Party (UNIP),
Kenneth Kaunda; former opposition party banned in December 1972 when
1 party state proclaimed
Voting strength (1973 election): in first presidential and parliamentary elections
under single-party system, 43% of eligible voters went to polls; Kaunda was
only candidate for President; National Assembly seats were contested by members
of UNIP
Communists: no Communist Party, but sympathizers of socialism in upper levels
of government, UNIP, and labor unions
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.8 billion (1972 est.), $410 per capita; real growth rate 11% between 1965
and 1970
Agriculture: main crops -- corn, tobacco, cotton; net importer of all major
agricultural products
Fishing: catch 48,400 metric tons, $4.2 million (1970); imports $5.3 million (1970)
Major industries: copper mining and processing
Electric power: 788,200 kw. capacity (1972); 2.2 billion kw.-hr. produced (1972),
484 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $758 million (f.o.b. 1972); copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $718 million (c.i.f., 1972); consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Major trade partners: U.K., South Africa, Japan, Western Europe
Aid:
economic -- China $228 million (1967-73); (1964-67) U.K. $63 million; IBRD $99
million (1965-70); U.S. $68 million (FY53-72); U.S.S.R. $6 million; Eastern
Europe $50 million
military -- $9 million (1964-69), mainly U.K. and Canada
Budget: 1974 -- revenue $779.5 million, current expenditure $680.1 million,
investment expenditure $246.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Zambia kwacha=US$1.555 (official), 0.643 Zambia
kwacha=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 664 mi., government owned, all narrow gage (3'6"); 8 mi. double track
Highways: 21,375 mi.; 2,145 mi. paved, 4,690 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized soil; 14,540 mi. improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,409 mi. including Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake Kariba,
Lake Bangweulu, Lake Tanganyika; principal port on Lake Tanganyika is Mpulungu
Pipelines: 450 mi. refined
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 203 total, 163 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 21 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: all services being modernized and increased; presently
adequate but must be expanded to permit growth; high-capacity wire and
radio relay connect centers of Kitwe in northern mining region and Lusaka
along axial north-south route; 59,300 telephones; 100,000 radio and
20,000 TV receivers; 4 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,140,000; 545,000 fit for military service
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This "Factsheet" on the U.S. is provided solely as a service to those
wishing to make rough comparisons of foreign country data with a U.S.
"yardstick." Information is from U.S. open sources and publications
and in no sense represents estimates by the U.S. intelligence community.
LAND:
3,615,211 sq. mi. (contiguous U.S. plus Alaska and Hawaii); 19% cultivated,
27% grazing and pasture, 32% forested, 22% waste, urban, and other
WATER:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 211,881,000, average annual growth rate 0.8% (current)
Ethnic divisions: 87.2 white, 11.3 negro, 1.4 other
Religion: total membership in religious bodies, 128,470,000; Protestant
69,424,000, Roman Catholic 47,873,000, Jewish 5,780,000, other religions
5,393,000
Language: English, predominantly
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 86 million (1972)
Organized labor: 28.8% of total
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: United States of America
Legal system: based on English common law; dual system of courts, state and
federal; constitution adopted 1789; judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Voting strength (1972 presidential election): Republican Party (Nixon),
45,767,000; Democratic Party (McGovern), 28,358,000; minor parties, 1,121,000
Communists: Party membership, 10,000-11,000 (est.); General Secretary, Gus Hall
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, CENTO, Colombo Plan, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, OAS, OECD, SEATO, Seabeds Committee,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1,289 billion (1973); 62% consumption, 16% private investment, 21% government;
$6,130 per capita; 1973 growth rate 5.9% (constant 1958 dollars)
Fishing: catch 2.8 million metric tons (1971); imports $914 million (1971); exports
$136 million (1971)
Crude steel: 121 million metric tons produced (1972), 580 kg. per capita
Electric power: 451,000,000 kw. capacity (1973); 1.8 trillion kw.-hr. produced
(1973), 8,400 kw.-hr. per capita est.
Exports: $70.8 billion (f.o.b., 1973); machinery and transport equipment,
chemicals, cereals, mineral fuels
Imports: $73.2 billion (c.i.f., 1973); transport equipment, machinery, mineral
fuels, steel, nonferrous metals, metal ores
Major trade partners: (1973) Canada 23%, Japan 13%, West Germany 6%, U.K. 5%
Official development assistance (aid): obligations and loan authorizations (FY72),
economic $5.4 billion, military $4.6 billion
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 207,000 mi. (1969)
Highways: 3,730,000 mi. (1970); 2,411,000 mi. surfaced (1970)
Inland waterways: 25,260 mi. of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the
Great Lakes; freight carried 951 million short tons (1970)
Pipelines: petroleum, 176,000 mi.
Ports: 25 major
Merchant marine: 1,478 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,474,000 DWT (1971)
Civil air: 3,970 major transport aircraft (1970)
Airfields: 12,000 (1971)
Telecommunications: 4,370 AM, 2,722 FM, 1,035 TV operating stations (1970);
120,155,000 telephones (1970), 58.6 telephones per 100 population (1970)
DEFENSE FORCES:
Personnel: army 1,386,000, navy and marines 1,151,000, air force 1,048,000 (1971)
Military budget: $78 billion (1972 est.)
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