BASIC INTELLIGENCE FACTBOOK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01051A000400010001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 348
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 24, 2004
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1971
• Content Type: NIS

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FOREWORD
The Factbook is an integral component of the NIS Program which
provides interim updating of the type of basic data appearing in the Area
Brief of each General Survey and serves as a general ready reference.
The Factbook is prepared by components of the Defense Intelligence
Agency and of the Central Intelligence Agency, and is coordinated and
published semiannually by the Office of Basic and Geographic Intelligence,
CIA.
Additional copies of the Factbook are obtained through established
channels for dissemination of the NIS.
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB
ANZUS
Asian Development Bank
ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand,
and the United States
ASA Association of Southeast Asia
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
CACM Central American Common Market
CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
Colombo Plan
Council of Europe
DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
EAMA African States associated with the EEC
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EEC European Economic Community (Common Market)
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
ELDO European Launcher Development Organization
EMA European Monetary Agreement
ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey,
Niger, Upper Volta, and Togo
ESRO European Space Research Organization
EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community
IADB Inter-American Defense Board
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade Unions
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (cont'd)
IHB International Hydrographic Bureau
IRC International Red Cross
LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Association
LICROSS League of Red Cross Societies
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
OCAM Afro-Malagasy Common Organization
ODECA Organization of Central American States
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
SEATO South-East Asia Treaty Organization
UAM Union Africaine et Malgache
UEAC Union of Central African States
UDEAC Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
WEU Western European Union
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC World Peace Council
UNITED NATIONS (U.N.): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES
Principal Organs:
SC Security Council
GA General Assembly
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
TC Trusteeship Council
ICJ International Court of Justice
Secretariat
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UNITED NATIONS (U.N.): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES (cont'd)
Operating Bodies:
UNCTAD U.N. Conference for Trade and Development
TDB Trade and Development Board
UNICEF U.N. Children's Fund
Regional Economic Commissions:
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America
Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the U.N.:
FAO
GATT
IBRD
Food and Agriculture Organization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO International Labor Organization
IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMF (FUND) International Monetary Fund
ITU International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UPU Universal Postal Union
WHO World Health Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
Autonomous Organization Under the U.N.:
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
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NOTE:
Political, sociological, and economic data generally reflect information
through mid-April 1971, except for population estimates which have been projected
to 1 July 1971.
Most of the land utilization estimates are rough approximations, and most of
the statistical data are rounded (thousands and millions). Figures for "arable" may
reflect only the area actually under crops rather than the potential cultivable.
For some countries GDP, rather than GNP, is shown. The difference between the
two is in the addition or subtraction of the value of return on foreign investment.
GDP equals GNP plus income earned in the country but sent abroad, minus income
earned abroad but sent into the country. GDP thus tends to exceed GNP in debtor
countries, and the reverse is true in creditor countries.
Major transport aircraft are those weighing over 20,000 pounds. Military
budgets are in U.S. dollar equivalents. The dollar sign refers to U.S. dollars
unless otherwise stated. The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are
calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
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NIS 34 AFGHANISTAN
LAND:
250,000 sq. mi.; 22% arable (including 6.5% cultivated),
5% pasture, 71% desert, waste or urban, 2% forested
(1965)
PEOPLE:
Population: about 18 million, average annual growth rate
2.5% (FY65-70); males 15-49, about 4.5 million; 2.4
million fit for military service; about 165,000 reach
military age (22) annually
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pushtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9% Uzbeks,
9% Hazaras, minor ethnic groups include Chahar,
Turkmen, Kizelbashes, and others
Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim, 1% other
Language: 40% Pushtu, 40% Afghan Persian (Dari), 10% Turkic languages (primarily
Uzbeki and Turkmeni), 10% 30 minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai);
much bilingualism
Literacy: under 10%
Labor force: about 3.7 million (official est., considered low); 75%-80%
agriculture and animal husbandry; 15%-25% commerce, small industry,
services; massive shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Afghanistan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kabul
Political subdivisions: 28 provinces with centrally appointed governors
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution adopted 1964; although provided
for in the law on judicial organization, there has as yet been no judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at University of Kabul; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral legislature with cabinet responsible to lower house
(People's Council); although elected Parliament is exerting increasing
influence, it has not as yet established effective control over the
centralized administration and has no real voice in military matters;
progressive forces led by King liberalizing the regime; independent
judiciary established in October 1967, has not yet had a major institutional
impact; it is too early to assess its future role
Government leaders: King Mohammad Zahir Shah; Prime Minister Nur Ahmad Etemadi
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: first free nationwide direct elections by secret ballot and universal
suffrage (under 1964 Constitution) held for Parliament September 1965; second
elections held August and September 1969; lower house of Parliament (216
deputies) and third of upper house (Council of Elders -- 28 Senators)
elected for 4-year terms; 28 Senators appointed by King; remaining 28
Senators to be elected by Provincial Councils when formed
Political parties and leaders: no political parties permitted yet, but enabling
legislation has been passed by Parliament and awaits the King's signature;
several groups have begun to meet informally, extremists of left and right
best organized
Communists: there are 2 nascent Communist groups which are ideologically
pro-Soviet; size is reported to be about 350-500 active members; several
other far leftist groups with a total of 225-250 members and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: progressive forces led by King Zahir and
cabinet dominate current situation with nascent leftist and rightist groups
forming for action when parties are permitted
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, FUND, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO,
ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.4 billion (1967-70), less than $100 per capita; real growth rate 3%
(1969-70)
Agriculture: agriculture and animal husbandry account for over 50% of GNP and
occupy over 80% of the labor force; main crops -- wheat, cotton, fruits,
nuts; largely self-sufficient; food shortages -- sugar, tea, wheat
Major industries: cottage industries, food processing, textiles, cement, coal
mining
Electric power: 254,000 kw. capacity (1969); 410 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 26 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $80.0 million (f.o.b., 1969-70); fruits and nuts, karakul, cotton, wool,
natural gas
Imports: $135.0 million (c.i.f., 1969-70); textiles, sugar, tea, petroleum,
transportation equipment
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R., and India; imports --
about half from U.S.S.R.
Monetary conversion rate: 45 Afghanis per US$1 (official); 81 Afghanis per US$1
(June 1970)
Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 6 mi. (single track) 5'0"-gage, government-owned spur of Soviet line
Highways: 10,740 mi.; 420 mi. concrete, 980 mi. bituminous surfaced, 2,100 mi.
gravel, 3,630 mi. improved earth, and 3,610 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: total navigability 760 mi.; steamers use Amu Darya
Ports: only minor river ports
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 61 total, 33 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services,
barely sufficient to meet civil and military requirements; 10,000 telephones;
76,000 radio receivers; no TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 21 March 1970, $30.4 million; 18.2%
of total budget; latest figures not available, but current budget believed
to be about the same
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NIS 20 ALBANIA
LAND:
11,100 sq. mi.; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural, 43%
forested, 14% other (1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n.
mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,183,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(current); males 15-49, 515,000; 425,000 fit for mili-
tary service; 22,000 reach military age (19) annually
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remaining 4% are Greeks,
Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians
Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman
Catholic (observances prohibited; Albania claims to be the world's
atheist state)
Language: Albanian Greek
Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics available, but probably
greatly improved
Labor force: 911,000 (1967); 60.5% agriculture, 17.9% industry, 21.6% other
nonagricultural
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GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirana
Political subdivisons: 27 rethet (districts), including capital, 200 localities,
2,600 villages
Legal system: based on Soviet law; constitution adopted 1950; judicial review
of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the People's Assembly, which
is not a true court; legal education at State University of Tirana; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: President, Presidium of the People's Assembly, Haxhi Lleshi;
Chairman of Ministers, Mehmet Shehu
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: national elections theoretically held every 4 years; last elections
September 1970
Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party only; First Secretary,
Enver Hoxha
Voting strength (1970 election); 99.9% Communist
Communists: 75,637 (1970)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO; has not participated
in CEMA since rift with U.S.S.R. in 1961; officially withdrew from Warsaw
Pact 13 September 1968
ECONOMY:
GNP: $0.8 billion in 1969 (at 1968 prices), $400 per capita
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops -- corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets,
cotton; food shortages -- wheat; caloric intake, 2,100 calories per day per
capita (1961/62)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and
extractive industries
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment, wheat
Exports: $80 million (1969 est.); 1964 trade -- 55% minerals, metals, fuels;
17% agricultural materials (except foods); 23% foodstuffs (including
cigarettes); 5% consumer goods
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $143 million (1969 est.); 1964 trade -- 50% machinery, equipment, and
spare parts; 16% minerals, metals, fuels, construction materials; 7%
fertilizers, other chemicals, rubber; 4% agricultural materials (except
foodstuffs); 16% foodstuffs; 7% consumer goods
Monetary conversion rate: 5 leks=US$1 (commercial); 12.5 leks=US$1 (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year
1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 127 mi. standard gage, single track; government owned (1971)
Highways: 3,100 mi.; 300 mi. paved, 1,200 mi, crushed stone and/or gravel, 1,600
mi. improved or unimproved earth (1970)
Inland waterways: 27 mi. plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid,
and Lake Prespa (1971)
Merchant marine: 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRI or over) totaling 54,000 GRT, 53,000
DWT
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 mi.
Civil air: no major transport aircraft (1970)
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NIS 47 ALGERIA
LAND:
950,000 sq. mi.; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and meadows,
1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing 12 n.
mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,200,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(FY69); males 15-49, 3,374,000; 1,940,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually 35,000
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1% Europeans
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian and Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both)
Labor force: 2.8 million; 47% agriculture, 8% industry, 24% other (military,
police, civil service, transportation workers, teachers, merchants,
construction workers); 40% of urban labor unemployed
Organized labor: 17% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian
Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the
National Liberation Front
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 15 Wilayas (departments or provinces)
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with socialist principles;
constitution adopted by referendum 1963; judicial review of legislative acts
in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials,
including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court divided into 4
chambers; legal education at University of Algiers; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive dominant, unicameral legislature has not met since June
1965 coup d'etat but was never formally suspended, judiciary
Government leader: Houari Boumediene, President of Council of the Revolution
and President of the Council of Ministers, overthrew elected President
Ahmed Ben Bella 19 June 1965
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections: presidential 15 September 1963; departmental assemblies 25 May 1969;
local councils 5 February 1967
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front (FLN), Ahmed Kaid
Voting strength (1963 election): 100% FLN
Communists: 750; Communist Party illegal (banned 1962)
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main crops -- bread grains, wine, citrus fruits
Major industries: petroleum (1970 crude production 47 million tons), light
industries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical and steel plants under
construction
Electric power: 1,462,000 kw. capacity (1970); 1,536 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 110 kw.-hr. per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 4.937 dinars=US$1 (controlled rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,414 mi.; 1,660 mi. standard gage, 663 mi. 35 9/16" gage, 91 mi.
meter gage; 188 mi. electrified; 120 mi. double track
Highways: 40,600 mi., of which 17,000 mi. are concrete or bituminous and the
remainder gravel or crushed stone
Ports: 9 major, 8 minor
Merchant marine: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,000 GRT, 87,000 DWT;
includes 4 cargo, 1 tanker, 1 bulk, 2 specialized carrier
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,568 mi.; refined products, 177 mi.; natural gas, 494 mi.
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 233 total, 191 usable; 55 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 112 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international facilities in the north,
primarily radio communications in the desert; 169,000 telephones; 1,100,000
radio receivers; 250,000 TV receivers; 14 AM and 9 TV stations; 3 submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $98,000,000;
approximately 5.5% of national budget
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NIS 9 ANDORRA
LAND:
180 sq. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 23,000, average annual growth rate 9.6% (FY65-69)
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 44% Andorrans, 50%
Spanish, 3% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan; many also speak some French and
Castilian
Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Valleys of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Political subdivisions: 6 districts -- Andorra la Vella, Sant Julia de Loria,
Encamp, Canillo, La Massana, and Ordino
Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of President of France and
Spanish Bishop of Lerida, who are represented by veguers
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted
1866 serves as constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature (General Council) of 24 members with one-half elected
every 2 years for 4-year term; executive -- syndic and a deputy sub-syndic
chosen by General Council for 3-year terms; judiciary chosen by coprinces
who appoint 2 civil judges, a judge of appeals, and 2 Batles (court
prosecutors)
Suffrage: males of 25 or over who are third generation Andorrans vote for
General Council members; same right granted to women in April 1970
Elections: half of General Council chosen every 2 years
Political parties and leaders: generally 2 main factions in the General Council
Voting strength: traditional conservatives won easily in election of 12
December 1967
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley,
oats, and some vegetables (only 25% of land can be used for agriculture)
Major industries: tourism (800,000 in 1965), one cigarette factory (annual
output $800,000), handicrafts, smuggling (tobacco to France; manufactured
items, including automobiles and cameras, to Spain)
Shortages: food
Electric power: 25,000 kw. capacity (1970); 100 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
400 kw.-hr. per capita; power is mainly exported to Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: about 60 mi.
Inland waterways: none
Ports: none
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 2 AM and 1 FM radiobroadcast facilities, 1 TV repeater
station; manual telephone system serving about 1,700 telephones; 8,000
radio receivers, 2,500 TV receivers
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DEFENSE FORCES:
Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are responsible for protection
as needed
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NIS 59 ANGOLA
LAND:
481,000 sq. mi.; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22% meadows
and pastures, 33% other (including fallow) (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: Portuguese Foreign Office has
no claim; Portuguese Navy claims 6 n. miles (fishing
12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,575,000, average annual growth rate 1.3%
(FY68); males 15-49, 1,386,000, fit for military
service, 660,000; average number reaching military
age (20) annually about 50,000
Ethnic divisions: 93.6% Negro, 5% Europeans, 1.4% mulatto
(1960)
Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman Catholic,
4% Protestant
Language: Portuguese (official), many native dialects
Literacy: 10%-15%
Labor force: 2.6 million economically
active (1964); 531,000 wage workers (1967)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Angola
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 15 administrative districts including the coastal
exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: Portuguese civil codes and customary law; legal education
obtained in Portugal
Branches: Governor General appointed by Ministry of Overseas in Lisbon is
executive officer responsible for internal administration; he also has
prescribed legislative functions which he shares with Legislative Council
of elected and nominated members; all action in province may be vetoed by
Minister of Overseas; independent judiciary
Government leader: Governor General Lt. Col. Camilo Rebocho Vaz
Suffrage: all adults able to read and write Portuguese and in full possession
of political and civil rights
Political parties and leaders: only legal group is Portuguese National Popular
Action (ANP), formerly the National Union (UN)
Other political or pressure groups: principal opposition groups which are
carrying out insurgency are Angola People's Union (UPA), led by Holden
Roberto; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by
Agostinho Neto; and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
(UNITA), led by Jonas Savimbi
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1,100 million (1969 est.), about $200 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, and
tobacco; food crops -- cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and
other local foodstuffs; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: mining (iron, diamonds), fish processing, brewing, tobacco,
sugar processing, cement, food processing plants, building construction
Electric power: 344,700 kw. capacity (1969); 552 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 100 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $276.8 million (f.o.b., 1968); coffee (50%), diamonds, sisal, fish and
fish products, iron ore, oil, timber, and corn
Imports: $309.6 million (c.i.f., 1968); capital equipment (machinery and electrical
equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and
spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: main partner Portugal, followed by West Germany, U.S.,
U.K., EEC countries (primarily coffee to last three)
Aid: Portugal only donor
Monetary conversion rate: 28.75 escudos.USS1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,918 mi.; 1,724 mi. 3'6" gage, 194 mi. 1'11 5/8" gage
Highways: 29,000 mi.; 3,000 mi. bituminous-surface treatment, 1,000 mi. crushed
stone or gravel, 25,000 mi. earth
Inland waterways: 2,000 mi. navigable
Ports: 3 major
Pipelines: crude oil, 111 mi.
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 447 total, 389 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 5 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 53 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: simple network of low-capacity open-wire and radio-relay
facilities; 25,300 telephones; 95,000 radio receivers; 21 AM, 7 FM, and no
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Supply: dependent on Portugal
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969 $45.7 million; about
16.7% of total budget
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NIS 81A ANTIGUA
LAND:
108 sq. mi.; 54% arable, 5% pasture, 14% forested,
9% unused but potentially productive, 18% wasteland
and built on (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 65,000, average annual growth rate 1.6% (FY69)
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro
Religion: Church of England (predominant), other
Protestant sects and some Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Organized labor: 18,000
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Associated State of Antigua
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: St. John's
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 dependencies (Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal has
exclusive original jurisdiction and an appellate jurisdiction, consists of
Chief Justice and 5 justices
Government leaders: Premier George Herbert Walter; Governor Wilfred Ebenezer Jacobs
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; last general election 11 February 1971; last by-election
August 1968
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird;
Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), George Herbert Walter;
Antigua People's Party (APP), J. Rowan Henry
Voting strength: 1971 election -- Legislative Council seats -- ALP 4, PLM 13,
other 4 unknown
Communists: none known
Member of: CARIFTA
ECONOMY:
GDP: $27.2 million (at factor cost, 1967 est.), $470 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar, cotton
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism
Shortages: electric power
Electric power: 14,040 kw. nameplate capacity (1970); less than 4,000 [04. operating;
12 million kw.-hr. produced (1969 est.); 189 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., 1967); sugar, molasses, cotton
Imports: $22.2 million (c.i.f., 1967); food, clothing, oil, wood
Major trade partners: U.K. 30%, U.S. 25%, Commonwealth Caribbean countries
18% (1966)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 East Caribbean Dollars=US$1
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 235 mi.; 150 mi. main, 85 mi. secondary
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 1 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 9,000 ft.; 1 seaplane
station
Telecommunications: new automatic telephone system recently installed; 1,450
telephones; tropospheric scatter links with Tortola and St. Lucia; 5,000
radio receivers, 1 AM and 2 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
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NIS 90 ARGENTINA
LAND:
1,070,000 sq. mi.; 57% agricultural (11% crops, improved
pasture and fallow, 46% natural grazing land), 25%
forested, 18% mountain, urban, or waste (1968 est.)
Limits of territorial waters: 200 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 23,638,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(September 60-70); males 15-49, 6,091,000; 4,510,000
fit for military service; average number reaching
military age (20) annually about 215,000
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white; 15% mestizo,
Indian, or other nonwhite groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20%
practicing Roman Catholics), 2% Protestant, 2%
Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 85% (90% in Buenos Aires)
Labor force: 9.5 million; 19% agriculture, 25% manufacturing,
35% other, 4%-5% unemployed
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
11% commerce,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic; military regime in control since coup in June 1966
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal Capital), and 1
territory
Legal system: based on Spanish and French civil codes; constitution adopted
1853 partially superseded in 1966 by the Statute of the Revolution which
takes precedence over the constitution when the two are in conflict;
judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of
Buenos Aires and other public and private universities; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: presidency; national judiciary; legislature dismissed after June
1966 coup
Government leader: Gen. Alesandro Lanusse, President until 1 January 1973, when
the Air Force member of the 3-man junta, that removed Brig. Gen. Roberto
Levingston on 23 March 1971, is scheduled to replace him
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over
Elections: present government has announced plans for holding elections
by April 1974
Political parties: ban imposed in 1966 now lifted and parties in process of
reorganizing
Voting strength: the old political groupings probably continue to
command the loyalty of the populace according to the following figures
(est.) -- Peronists (of all types), 35%; Radicals (former People's Radical
Civic Union, UCRP), 25%; Conservatives (former National Federation of
Centrist Parties), 5%; minor parties, 10%; nonaligned, 25%
Other political or pressure groups: Argentine armed forces, Peronist-dominated
labor movement, The Hour of the People (loose grouping of moderate politicians
with various party affiliations), National Meeting of the Argentines (loose
grouping of communist and leftist politicians), Argentine Industrial Union
(manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'
association), business organizations, students, and the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA,
OAS, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $31.3 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $1,340 per capita;
real growth rate 1970, 4.9%; 68% private consumption, 12% public consumption,
18% gross domestic investment, 2% net foreign balance (1968)
Agriculture: main products -- cereals, oilseeds, livestock products; Argentina
is a major world exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Major industries: food processing (especially meatpacking), motor vehicles,
consumer durables, textiles, chemicals, printing, and metallurgy
Crude steel: 1.69 million metric tons produced (1969); 70 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 6,318,000 kw. capacity (1970); 20.9 billion kw.-hr.
produced (1970); 853 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,750 million (f.o.b., 1970) -- meat, wheat, corn, wool, hides, oil-
seeds
Imports: $1,550 million (c.i.f., 1970) -- machinery and vehicles, fuel and
lubricating oils, iron and steel, textiles, intermediate industrial products
Major trade partners: exports -- EEC 37%, LAFTA 25%, U.S. 11%, U.K. 8%;
imports -- EEC 24%, LAFTA 24%, U.S. 23%, U.K. 7%
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $743.2 million in loans;
$16.7 million in grants; from international organizations (FY46-68), $497.2
million; from other Western countries (1960-66), $315.5 million; from
Communist countries (1954-69) $86.0 million (drawn, $41.0 million);
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-69), $134.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.04 pesos=US$1 ("heavy" peso=100 old pesos,
introduced 1 January 1970) -- "crawling pig" exchange rate system established
April 1971
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 25,034 mi.; 2,053 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/2"), 14,215 mi. broad
gage (5'6") 8,018 mi. meter gage (3'3 3/8"), 388 mi. 2'5 1/2" gage, and
36 mi. narrow gage industrial; about 1,035 mi. double track; 76 mi. electrified;
99.6% government-owned
Highways: 125,000 mi., of which 13,800 mi. paved, 16,000 mi. gravel, 49,300
mi. improved earth, and 46,000 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 6,800 navigable mi.
Ports: 7 major, 65 minor
Merchant marine: 177 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,179,000 GRT,
1,614,000 DWT; includes 6 passenger, 98 cargo, 60 tanker, 9 bulk;
4 specialized carriers; 3 tankers and 4 combination cargo-transport ships
are naval vessels sometimes used commercially
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,163 mi.; refined products 1,374 mi.; natural
gas, 4,061 mi.
Civil air: 66 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2,078 total, 1,542 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways;
1 with runway over 12,000 ft., 12 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 232 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 10 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: foremost in telecom facilities in South America; improving
telephone network has slightly over 1.6 million sets, radio relay widely
used, communications satellite ground station; estimated 10 million radio
receivers and 3.3 million TV sets; 116 AM, 4 FM, and 31 TV stations;
8 telegraph submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: produces some weapons, ammunition, and motor transport; past
dependence upon U.S., Canada, and Western Europe being shifted almost
exclusively to Europe
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970,
$514,150,000 about 15% of total central government budget
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NIS 16 AUSTRIA
LAND:
32,400 sq. mi.; 20% cultivated, 27% meadows and pastures,
14% waste or urban, 38% forested, 1% inland water
(1968)
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,421,000, average annual growth rate 0.3%
(FY69); males 15-49, 1,666,000; 1,340,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually about 49,000
Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, .7% Croatian, .3% Slovene,
.9% other
Religion: 88% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 5% none or
other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 3,190,500 (of which 828,200 are self-employed); 18% agriculture
and forestry, 49% industry and crafts, 18% trade and communications, 7%
professions, 6% public service, 2% other; 2.0% registered unemployed; an
estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries; foreign
labor about 87,000 (1970)
Organized labor: about 2/3 of wage and salary workers
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (Laender) including the capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; constitution adopted 1920,
repromulgated in 1945; judicial review of legislative acts by a Constitutional
Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal education
at Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and Linz; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral Parliament, directly elected President whose functions are
largely representational, independent federal judiciary
Government leaders: Chancellor Bruno Kreisky; President Franz Jonas
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every 6 years (next 1971); parliamentary, every 4
years (next 1974)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria (SP0e), Bruno Kreisky,
Chairman; Austrian People's Party (0eVP), Herman Withalm, Chairman; Liberal
Party (FP0e), Friedrich Peter, Chairman; Communist Party, Franz Muhri,
Chairman
Voting strength (1970 election): 48.4% SP0e, 44.7% OeVP, 5.4% FP0e, 0.4% dissident
Socialist, 1% Communist
Communists: membership 26,000; activists 7,000-8,000; 46,700 votes in 1970 election
Member of: Council of Europe, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, ICAO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $12.5 billion (1969), $1,690 per capita; 57% consumption, 27% investment,
16% government; 1969 growth rate 6.4% 1954 constant prices
Agriculture: livestock, cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient;
caloric intake 2,920 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery, textiles, chemicals,
electrical, paper and pulp
Crude steel: 4.080 million metric tons produced (1970), 551 kilograms per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 7,530,000 kw. capacity (1970); 25,793 million kw.-hr produced
(1970); 3,460 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.86 billion (f.o.b., 1970); iron and steel products, machinery and
equipment, lumber, textiles and clothing, paper products, chemicals
Imports: $3.55 billion (c.i.f., 1970); machinery and equipment, chemicals,
textiles, coal, petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (1969) West Germany 33%, Italy 8%, Switzerland 8%,
U.K. 6%, U.S. 4%; EEC 50%; EFTA 22%; Communist countries 14%
Aid:
economic -- received - U.S. $1,166,6 million authorized through FY69, none
since FY64; IBRD $104.9 million authorized, none since FY62;
military -- U.S., $98 million authorized (FY50-64); $0.6 million in FY64;
net official economic aid to less developed areas and multilateral agencies
-- $165 million (FY60-69), $21.3 million in FY69
Monetary conversion rate: 26 shillings=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 4,073 mi.; 3,612 mi. standard gage, 433 mi. 2'5 7/8" gage, and 28 mi.
3'3 3/8" narrow gage; 833 mi. double tracked; 1,612 mi. electrified
Highways: 20,356 mi. total; 6,056 mi. Federal (5,656 mi. bituminous, concrete,
stone block, 400 mi. crushed stone, gravel, improved earth); 14,300 mi.
Provincial (4,340 mi. bituminous, concrete, stone block, 9,950 mi. crushed
stone, gravel, improved earth); additionally about 38,000 mi. of communal
roads, mostly of gravel, crushed stone, and improved earth
Inland waterways: 267 mi.; carries 5% freight, 6% passengers
Ports: 3 major
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) totaling 12,900 GRT, 17,000 DWT;
includes 3 cargo, 1 specialized carrier
Pipelines: crude oil, 450 mi.; natural gas, 535 mi.
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 58 total, 47 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 8 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; excellent national and
international services; extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems with 13 AM,
14 FM, and 19 TV stations; 1.33 million telephones; 2 million radio receivers;
1.38 million television receivers
DEFENSE FORCES:
Major ground units: 7 brigades (4 infantry, 3 armored infantry), 3 artillery
regiments (battalion-size), 3 armored battalions, 1 infantry battalion,
4 engineer battalions, 3 antiaircraft battalions, 1 reconnaissance battalion
Supply: produces some small arms and ammunition, trucks, and tank destroyers;
current sources of other items are the U.S., Western Europe, Sweden,
and the Communist countries
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $165.3 million; about
3.9% of the federal budget and 1.2% of GNP
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NIS 81B BAHAMAS
LAND:
4,400 sq. mi.; 1% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built
on, wasteland, and other (1962)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12
n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 176,000, average annual growth rate 3.4%
(November 63-April 70)
Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro, 10% white, 10% mixed
Religion: mainly Church of England; some Protestant,
Greek Orthodox, and Roman Catholic
Language: English
Labor force: 60,000 (1963)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of the Bahamas
Type: British dependent territory with full internal autonomy under U.K. rule
Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: Governor (appointed by Queen); bicameral legislature (appointed
Senate, elected House); Executive (Premier and cabinet); judiciary
Government leaders: Prime Minister Lynden O. Pindling; Governor Sir Francis
Cumming-Bruce
Elections: House of Assembly (10 April 1968); next elections must be held by
10 April 1973
Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly
Negro, Lynden O. Pindling; National Democratic Party (NDP), Paul L.
Adderley; United Bahamian Party (UBP), white establishment, Sir Roland
Symonette; Commonwealth Labor Party (CLP), M.H.A. Fawkes (opposition party);
Free Progressive Liberal Party (Free PLP), Cecil Wallace Whitefield
Voting strength (1968 election): 73% PLP, 27% UBP; House of Assembly -- PLP
29 seats, UBP 7 seats, LP 1 seat, independent 1 seat
Communists: none known
ECONOMY:
GNP: not available
Agriculture: main crops fruits, vegetables
Major industries: tourism, cement, lumber, salt production
Electric power: 59,750 kw. capacity (1970); 247.5 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 1,095 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $46 million (f.o.b., 1969); cement, rum, pulpwood, fruits, and
vegetables
Imports: $251 million (c.i.f., 1969); foodstuffs, manufactured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: U.S. 67%, U.K. 11%, Canada 7% (1968)
Aid: economic -- authorizations from U.S. (FY56-69) -- $34.8 million in loans
Monetary conversion rate: 1.00 Bahamian dollars (BS)=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 555 mi.; 380 mi. paved, 100 mi. gravel, 20 mi. improved earth; 55 mi.
unimproved earth
Ports: 5 major, 9 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 51 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 21 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane
stations
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly developed, including 53,800
telephones in totally automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with
Florida; 55,000 radio receivers and 16,000 TV sets, 1 AM station; 2 special
coaxial submarine cables; plan TV station for color broadcasts and new cable
connection with the United States
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NIS 32 BAHRAIN
LAND:
230 sq. mi. plus group of smaller islands; 5% cultivated,
negligible forested area, remainder desert, waste,
or urban
Limits of territorial waters: not available
PEOPLE:
Population: 219,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(FY67-68); males 15-49, 58,000; fit for military
service 30,000
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force: 53,274 (1965)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Sheikhdom of Bahrain
Type: ruled by Khalifah family with a special treaty relationship whereby U.K.
conducts all foreign relations; control point for British political com-
mitments in Persian Gulf through British Political Resident; British-
officered police force protects U.K. interests
Capital: Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law
Government leader: Sheikh 'Isa ibn Salman Al-Khalifah
Political parties and pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements;
most important -- National Liberation Front (Communist aligned)
Communists: few known
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: produces dates, alfalfa, vegetables; dairy and poultry farming;
fishing; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum refining, boatbuilding, shrimp fishing, and
sailmaking on a small scale; major development projects include aluminum
smelter, flourmill, and ISA town
Electric power: 108,000 kw. capacity (1970); 270 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
1,250 kw.-hr. per capita
Imports: $109 million (1968)
Major trade partners: U.K., Japan, U.S., EEC
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahrain dinar=USS2.10 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 120 mi. surfaced; undetermined mileage of natural surface tracks
Ports: 1 major
Pipelines: crude oil, 68 mi.; refined products, 81 mi.; natural gas, 18 mi.
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft (all registered in the U.K.)
Airfields: 5 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 2 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunications; limited
domestic services; 10,800 telephones; 56,500 radio receivers; 10,000 TV sets;
1 AM radiobroadcast station; satellite earth station; tropospheric scatter
Bahrain-Qatar
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NIS 81E BARBADOS
LAND:
166 sq. mi.; 60% cropped, 10% permanent meadows, 30% built
on, waste, other (1960)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 257,000, average annual growth rate 0.8% (FY68-
69); males 15-49, 63,000; 45,000 fit for military
service; average number reaching military age annually,
3,000
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 15% mixed, 5% European
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, and Moravian
Language: English
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 60,000 wage and salary earners
Organized labor: 19,300 (32%)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Barbados
Type: independent state since November 1966, recognizing Elizabeth II as chief
of state
Capital: Bridgetown
Regional breakdown: 11 parishes administered by 3 district councils
Legal system: English common law; constitution came into effect upon
independence in 1966; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature consisting of a 21-member appointed Senate and a
24-member elected House of Assembly; cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leader: Prime Minister Errol Barrow
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members have terms no longer than 5 years;
general election held 3 November 1966
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow;
Barbados National Party (BNP), Ernest D. Mottley; Barbados Labor Party
(BLP), H. Bernard St. John, J. M. G. "Tom" Adams
Voting strength (1966 election): Democratic Labor Party.(DLP), 49.5%; Barbados
National Party, 10.1%; Barbados Labor Party, 32.7%; Independent, 7.7%;
House of Assembly seats -- DLP 14, BLP 9, BNP 1
Communists: not significant
Other political or pressure groups: People's Progressive Movement (PPM), a
small pro-Castro black-nationalist group led by Calvin Alleyne
Member of: CARIFTA, Commonwealth, ICAO, IMF, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $117 million (1969 est.), $460 per capita; real growth rate 1969, 3.3%
Agriculture: main products -- sugar, subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling, manufacturing, edible oils and fats
Electric power: 39,950 ION. capacity (1969, est.); 143.7 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 595 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $34 million (f.o.b., 1969); sugar, molasses, rum
Imports: $97 million (c.i.f., 1969); foodstuffs, lumber, machinery, manufactured
goods
Major trade partners: U.K. 33%, U.S. 21%, Commonwealth Caribbean countries 13%,
Canada 11% (1968)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY67-69), $0.1 million in grants; from
international organizations (FY63-69), $0.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.00 East Caribbean Dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 950 mi.; 800 mi. paved, 100 mi. gravel, 50 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: I major, 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway 8,000-11,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 26,100
telephones; key international traffic transit center for Caribbean area;
tropospheric scatter links to Trinidad and St. Lucia; 86,000 radio and
16,000 TV sets, 2 AM and 1 TV stations; 2 telegraph submarine cables; plan
construction of satellite earth station to be operational in two years
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: obtained primarily from the U.K.; some ammunition from Belgium
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NIS 5 BELGIUM
LAND:
11,800 sq. mi.; 53% agricultural land, of which about
half is in crops, the rest meadows and pastures, 27%
waste, urban, or other; 20% forested (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,759,000, average annual growth rate 0.6%
(FY61-69); males 15-49, 2,262,000; 1,805,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military
age (19) annually 71,000
Ethnic divisions: 55% Flemings, 33% Walloons, 12% mixed
or other
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% none or other
Language: French, Flemish (Dutch); divided along ethnic lines
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 3.9 million; 5.5% agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing; 43%
mining, manufacturing and construction; 39% commerce and services; 8%
transportation; 1.8% insured unemployed; shortage of unskilled labor, none
Organized labor: 48% of labor force (1969)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces
Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory;
constitution adopted 1831, since amended; judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at 4 law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: executive branch consists of King and cabinet; cabinet responsible to
bicameral parliament; independent judiciary; coalition governments are usual
Government leader: Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: must be held at least every 4 years (last March 1968)
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian, Senator Robert Houben, party
president; Socialist, Edmund LeBurton and Joris Van Eynde, co-presidents;
Liberty and Progress, Senator P. Descamps, party president; Francophone
Democratic Front-Walloon Rally (Walloon nationalist), Jean Duvieusart,
party president; Volksunie (Flemish Nationalist), Wim Jorrisen, party
president; Communist, Marc Drumeaux, president of political bureau
Voting strength (1968 election): 31.7% Social Christian, 28.0% Socialist, 3.3%
Communist, 20.9% Liberty and Progress, 9.8% Volksunie, 6.6% other
Communists: 12,160; splinter parties (Chinese-oriented) 400; 170,700 votes in
1968 election
Member of: Benelux, BLEU (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union), Council of Europe,
ECE, ECSC, ECOSOC, EEC, EMA, EURATOM, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IMF, NATO, OECD, U.N.,
UNESCO, WEU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $22.5 billion (1970 est.), $2,630 per capita (1970 est.), 64% consumption,
22% investment, 13% government, 1% net exports of goods and services;
1970 growth rate 5.5%, 1963 constant prices
Agriculture: livestock production predominates; main crops -- grains, beets,
potatoes; 80% self-sufficient in food; food shortages -- edible and coarse
grains, fats and oils; caloric intake, 3,150 calories per day per capita
(1967-68 est.)
Major industries: engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages,
chemicals, basic metals, textiles, and petroleum
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Shortages: iron ore, nonferrous minerals, petroleum, cotton, wool, wood
Crude steel: capacity 14.3 million metric tons (1969); 12.8 million metric tons
produced (1969); 1,330 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 6,855,000 kw. capacity (1970); 29,306 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 2,910 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $11,600 million (f.o.b., 1970) motor vehicles, refined copper, iron and
steel products, finished or semifinished precious stones, textile products
Imports: $11,350 million (c.i.f., 1970) crude materials, food, fuels, automotive
parts, nonelectrical machinery and appliances, clothing
Major trade partners: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, 1969) West Germany
22.8%, Netherlands 19.3%, France 20.9%, U.S. 6.9%, U.K. 4.0%, Italy 4.2%;
EEC 64.5%, EFTA 11.3%, Communist countries 1.6%
Aid:
economic -- received - U.S., $751.6 million authorized (FY46-69); none
since FY69;
military -- received - $1,253.6 million authorized (FY46-69), $1.9 million
in FY68, none since FY68; net official economic aid to less developed areas
and multilateral agencies -- $884 million (FY60-69), $116 million in 1969
Monetary conversion rate: 50 francs=US$1 (official rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,873 mi.; 2,645 mi. standard gage, 228 mi. (3'3 3/8") narrow gage;
1,615 mi. double track; 920 mi. electrified
Highways: 57,700 mi.; 26,550 mi. bituminous, stone block, or concrete; 31,150
mi. crushed stone, gravel, earth
Inland waterways: 1,270 mi., of which 950 are in regular use by commercial
transport
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 76 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,028,000 GRT, 1,546,000
DWT; includes 1 passenger, 49 cargo, 13 tanker, 13 bulk
Pipelines: refined products, 400 mi.; crude, 31 mi.; natural gas, 45 mi.
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft, including 6 based in Libya
Airfields: 50 total, 36 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 6 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international telephone and
telegraph facilities; 1,937,000 telephones; 3.2 million radio receivers; 2.1
million TV receivers; countrywide broadcast coverage provided by 7 AM,
10 FM, and 18 TV stations; submarine cables to United Kingdom and to Portugal
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $675.2 million; about
8.3% of total budget
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NIS 81B BERMUDA
LAND:
21 sq. mi.; 8% arable, 60% forested, 21% built on,
wasteland, and other, 11% leased for air and
naval bases (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 53,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(FY69)
Ethnic divisions: approximately 63% African, 37% white
Religion: 47.5% Church of England, 10.2% Catholic,
38.2% other Protestant, 4.2% other
Language: English
Literacy: virtually 100%
Labor force: 19,498 employed (1960)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of Bermuda
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: elected House of Assembly;
Council (cabinet)
Government leaders: Governor Lord Martonmere;
Suffrage: universal over age 21; compulsory
Elections: at least once every 5 years; last general election, May 1968
Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), Sir Henry Tucker;
Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Lois Browne-Evans (PLP parliamentary
leader); Bermuda Democratic Labor Party (BDP), Arnold A. Francis,
Charles W. Mayne
Voting strength (1968 elections): UBP 56.5%, PLP 34.4%, BDP 6.7%, Independents
2.4%; House of Assembly seats -- UBP 30, PLP 10
appointed
Legislative Council; Executive
Prime
Minister
Sir
Henry Tucker
ECONOMY:
GNP: not available
Agriculture: main products -- bananas, vegetables, Easter lilies, dairy products,
citrus fruits
Major industries: tourism, ship repair, small boat building
Electric power: 51,740 ION. capacity (1969); 181.6 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
3,425 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $70.0 million (f.o.b., 1969); mostly reexports of drugs and bunker fuel
Imports: $85.5 million (c.i.f., 1969); fuel, foodstuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: U.S. 46%, U.K. 22%, Canada 9% (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dollar=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 130 mi., all paved
Ports: 4 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with concrete runway 9,660 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: modern telecom system suited to island needs, includes
fully automatic telephone system with 28,100 instruments; 29,000 radio and
17,000 TV receivers, 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 2 submarine coaxial
cables
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NIS 35 BHUTAN
LAND:
19,000 sq. mi.; 15% agricultural; 15% desert, waste,
urban; 70% forested (1963)
PEOPLE:
Population: 750,000 (official est. for 1 July 1968); males
15-49, 195,000; 100,000 fit for military service;
about 8,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhotias, 25% ethnic Nepalese,
15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-influenced
Hinduism
Language: Bhotias speak various Tibetan dialects; most
widely spoken dialect is Druk-ke, the official language;
various Nepalese dialects
Literacy: insignificant
Labor force: 300,000; 99% agriculture,
labor
Nepalese speak
1% industry; massive lack of skilled
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
Capital: Thimphu
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central, west, south), further
divided into 15-18 subdivisions
Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; in 1964 the
King assumed full power -- no constitution existed beforehand; a supreme
court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: appointed minister and indirectly elected assembly consisting of
village elders, monastic representatives, and all district and senior
government administrators
Government leader: King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Suffrage: each family has one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level held every 3 years
Political parties: all parties illegal; some indications of rapproachement
between King and Bhutan Congress Party which operates from Nepal and India
Communist: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy
Member of: Colombo Plan, UPU
ECONOMY:
GNP: under $100 per capita
Agriculture: rice, barley, wheat, potatoes, fruit
Major industries: handicrafts (particularly textiles)
Electric power: 400 kw. capacity
Exports: about $1 million annually; rice, dolomite, and handicrafts
Imports: about $1.4 million annually
Major trading partner: India
Aid: economic -- India (FY61-68) $35.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 Indian rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 810 mi.; 260 mi. surfaced, 320 mi. improved, 230 mi. unimproved
earth
Freight carried: not available, very light traffic
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 composite runway under 6,000 feet
Telecommunications: facilities almost nonexistent; data not available on
telephones; 6,000 radio sets; no TV sets; data not available on AM; no
FM; and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on India
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NIS 93 BOLIVIA
LAND:
424,000 sq. mi.; 2% cultivated and fallow, 11% pasture
and meadow, 45% urban, desert, waste, or other,
40% forest (1967)
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,773,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(current); males 15-49 1,185,000; 750,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age
(19) annually about 57,000
Ethnic divisions: 50%-75% Indian, 20%-35% Mestizo,
5%-15% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Indian (Aymara and Quechua)
Literacy: 35%-40%
Labor force: 1.9 million (1965); 61.9% agriculture,
and utilities, 8% manufacturing, 10% other
Organized labor: 40%-50% of labor force
3.3% mining, 9.6% services
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic; government under military control since September 1969
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (judicial capital)
Political subdivisions: 9 departments with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967;
constitution in force except where contrary to the revolutionary mandate of
the armed forces and to the dispositions dictated by the revolutionary
government; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of San Andres and several others; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; congress of two chambers (Senate and Chamber of Deputies),
congress disbanded after 26 September 1969 ouster of President Siles;
judiciary
Government leaders: President Juan Jose Torres Gonzalez
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if married, 21 if single
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: at least 20 political parties, relatively inactive;
the most important are: Movimiento Popular Cristiano (MPC) Hugo Bozo Alcocer;
Partido Revolucionario Autentico (PRA) Walter Guevara Arze; Partido de la
Izquierda Revolucionaria (PIR) Ricardo Anaya Arze; Partido Social Democratica
(PSD) Hugo Sandoval Saavedra; Falange Socialista Boliviana (FSB) divided into
several factions, one led by Mario Gutierrez Gutierrez and another led by
Juan Jose Loria; Partido Revolucionario de Izquierda Nacionalista (PRIN) Juan
Lechin Oquendo; Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) Victor Paz
Estenssoro (in exile); Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC) and Remodi Natale
Benjamin Miguel
Voting strength (1966 elections): Frente de la Revolucion Boliviana (a coalition
composed of the MPC, PIR, PRA, PSD, and two interest groups, the campesinos
and Chaco War Veterans) 61%, FSB 12%, MNR 10%, other 17%
Member of: IAEA, IADB, ICAO, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in
May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.3 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $270 per capita;
79% private consumption, 11% public consumption, 17% gross domestic
investment, -2% net foreign balance (1970); real growth rate 1970, 3%
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Agriculture: main crops -- potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane, yucca, bananas;
imports significant quantities of foodstuffs including lard, vegetable oils,
and wheat; caloric intake, 2,100 calories per day per capita (1966)
Major industries: mining, smelting, petroleum refining, food processing, textiles,
and clothing
Electric power: 281,000 104. capacity (1970 est.); 710 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 154 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $182 million (f.o.b., 1969); tin, petroleum, lead, zinc, silver,
tungsten, antimony, bismuth, gold, coffee, and sugar
Imports: $167 million (f.o.b., 1969); foodstuffs, chemicals, capital goods,
pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K. 42%, U.S. 37%, Argentina 5%;
imports -- U.S. 43%, West Germany 13%, Japan 11%, Argentina 7% (1968)
Aid
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69) $235.4 million in loans, $293.3
million in grants; from international organizations (FY46-68), $107.2
million; from other Western countries (1960-66), $12.6 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY58-69), $22.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 11.88 pesos.US$1 (selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,310 mi., single track; 2,290 mi., meter gage, 20 mi., 2'6" gage;
all government owned except 60 mi. of meter-gage track; 5.6 mi. of meter-
gage track electrified
Highways: 15,000 mi.; 500 mi. paved, 3,500 mi. gravel, 5,000 mi. improved
earth, 6,000 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be 6,250 mi. of commercially
navigable waterways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,044 mi.; refined products and crude 888 mi.; natural gas
20 mi.
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and
Matarani, Peru)
Civil air: 31 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 456 total, 391 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 3 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 81 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: poorest telecom facilities on continent with local and
intercity networks needing rehabilitation; almost 38,000 telephones; est.
750,000 radio and 1,000 TV receivers; 1 TV, 72 AM, and 6 FM stations;
long-range improvement plans revised and partly implemented
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: totally dependent on foreign sources (primarily U.S.)
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $15.9 million;
about 9% of proposed central government budget
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NIS 61 BOTSWANA
LAND:
220,000 sq. mi.; about 6% arable, less than 1% under
cultivation, mostly desert (1970)
PEOPLE:
Population: 668,000, average annual growth rate 3.0% (FY69);
98.9% Bantu; males 15-49, 150,000; 75,000 fit for
military service; 8,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% European
Religion: 85% animist, 15% Christian
Language: Africans speak Tswana vernacular
Literacy: less than 25% in English; about 33% in Tswana;
less than 1% secondary school graduates
Labor force: most are engaged in sheep raising and
subsistence agriculture (statistics unavailable); about 25,000 in internal
cash economy, another 40,000 spend at least 6 to 9 months per year as
wage earners in South Africa (1964)
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Botswana
Type: republic since independence in September 1966
Capital: Gaberone
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and local customary law; constitution
came into effect 1966; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation;
legal education at University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (located
in Lesotho); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- President appoints and is the chief minister in the
cabinet which is responsible to Legislative Assembly; legislative --
Legislative Assembly with 31 popularly elected members and 4 members elected
by the 31 representatives, House of Chiefs with deliberative powers only;
judicial -- African courts administer customary law, High Court and
subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of
Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: President Seretse Khama
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: general elections held 18 October 1969
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Seretse Khama;
Bechuanaland People's Party (BPP), P.G. Matante; Botswana Independence
Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma
Voting strength: (October 1969 election) 68% BDP (24 seats); 13.5% BPP (3 seats);
12% BNF (3 seats); 6% BIP (1 seat)
Communists: no known Communist organization; Koma of BNF has long history of
Communist contacts
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, OAU, U.N., WMO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: principal crops are corn and sorghum; livestock raised and exported
Major industries: livestock processing, mining of asbestos, manganese
Electric power: 5,000 kw. capacity (1970); 0.3 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
.5 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $10.5 million (f.o.b., 1968); cattle, animal products, minerals
Imports: $29.0 million (f.o.b., 1968); foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles
Major trade partner: South Africa
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1.40 (Botswana uses the South African
Rand) (official); 0.714 SA Rand=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 400 mi. 316" gage, single track; owned and operated by the Rhodesia
Railroads
Highways: 5,016 mi.; 16 mi. paved, 471 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 4,529 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: native craft only; of local importance
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 69 total, 58 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 16 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: the system is a minimal combination of a single main wire
line and a few radiocommunication stations; Gaberone is the center; 3,500
telephones; 20,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Police only
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NIS 94 BRAZIL
LAND:
3,290,000 sq. mi.; 4% cultivated, 14% pastures, 14%
waste, urban, or other, 13% fallow, idle, or
woodlot, 55% forested (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 200 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 94,537,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(September 60-70); males 15-49,
21,500,000; 13,135,000 fit for military service;
1,130,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 61.8% white, 26.6% brown, 11% Negro,
0.6% yellow (Brazilian census color classifications,
1950)
Religion: 93% Roman Catholic (nominal)
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: about 61% over age 14
Labor force: 31 million in 1968 (est.); 54% agriculture and mining, 13%
manufacturing industries, 33% commerce and services
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force; only about 1.5 million pay dues
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; military-backed presidential regime since April 1964
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 4 territories, federal district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual system of courts, state and federal;
constitution adopted 1967 and extensively amended in 1969; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: strong executive with very broad powers; bicameral legislature
(powers of the two bodies have been sharply reduced); 11-man Supreme Court
Government leader: President Emilio Garrastazu Medici
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except illiterates and those stripped of their
political rights; approximately 30 million registered voters in October 1970
Elections: President Medici's successor will be chosen on 15 January 1974 and
will take office in March
Political parties and leaders: National Renewal Alliance (ARENA), pro-government;
Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), opposition
Communists: less than 13,000; 100,000 sympathizers (est.)
Member of: FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA,
OAS, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $42.7 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $450 per capita;
17% gross investment, 83% consumption (est. 1970); real growth rate 1970, 9.5%
Agriculture: main products -- coffee, rice, beef, corn, milk, sugarcane, beans;
nearly self-sufficient; caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita
(1962)
Major industries: textiles and other consumer goods, cement, lumber, steel,
motor vehicles, other metalworking industries
Crude steel: 5.5 million metric tons capacity (1970 est.); 5.4 million metric
tons produced (1970); 58 kilograms per capita (1970)
Electric power: 10.3 million kw. capacity (1969); 45.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 480 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,700 million (f.o.b., 1970); coffee, manufactures, iron ore, cotton,
sugar, wood, cocoa
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $2,300 million (f.o.b., 1970); machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
petroleum, wheat
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 26%, West Germany 10%, Italy 7%, Argentina
7%, Netherlands 6%, Japan 5%, U.K. 4%; imports -- U.S. 30%, West Germany 13%,
Argentina 7%, U.K. 4%, Italy 3% (1969)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69) -- loans $2,915.6 million,
grants $552.7 million; from international organizations (FY46-68) $1,093.6
million; from other Western countries (1960-66) -- $343.6 million; from
Communist countries (1954-69) $335.6 million; drawings $34.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5.0 cruzeiros=US$1 (free rate March 71, changes
frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 19,893 mi.; 17,552 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 2,082 mi. 5'3" gage, 121 mi.
4'8 1/2" gage, 139 mi. narrow gages; 1,522 mi. electrified
Highways: 583,800 mi.; 26,300 mi. paved, 36,700 mi. gravel, and 520,800 mi. of
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 31,000 mi. navigable
Ports: 6 major, 24 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 633 mi.; refined products, 139 mi.; natural gas, 24 mi.
Merchant marine: 207 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,402,000 GRT, 2,071,000
DWT; includes 2 passenger, 131 cargo, 45 tanker, 22 bulk, 7 specialized
carrier; includes 3 naval tankers sometimes used commercially
Civil air: 125 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2,377 total, 2,082 usable; 111 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 308 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 18 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: extensive telecom facility expansion programs; radio relay
widely used; communications satellite ground station; almost 1.8 million
telephones; est. 10.5 million radio and 6 million TV receivers; 850 AM,
145 FM, and 50 TV stations (plus relays); 10 telegraph submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $736,339,520; 19.5%
of federal budget
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NIS 72 BRITISH HONDURAS
LAND:
8,870 sq. mi.; 38% agricultural (5% cultivated), 46%
exploitable forest, 16% urban, waste, water,
offshore islands or other (1966)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 124,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(April 60-70); males 15-49, 27,000; 16,000 fit for
military service; 1,500 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 51% Negro, 22% mestizo, 19% Amerindian,
8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Seventh-day Adventist,
Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English, Spanish, Maya, and Carib
Literacy: 70%-80%
Labor force: 26,000; 41% agriculture, 19% manufacturing, 8% commerce,
12% construction and transportation, 20% services; shortage of skilled
labor and all types of technical personnel; over 15% are unemployed
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
Methodist,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of British Honduras
Type: British crown colony; obtained full internal self-government in January
1964
Capital: Belize City; seat of government in Belmopan
Legal system: English law; constitution came into force in 1964, although
country remains a British colony
Branches: 18-member elected National Assembly and 8-member Senate (either house
may choose its speaker or president, respectively, from outside its
elected membership); cabinet; judiciary
Government leader: Premier George Price
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: within 5 years of last election held 5 December 1969
Political parties and leaders: People's United Party (PUP), George Price;
National Independence Party (NIP), Philip Goldson; People's Development
Movement (PDM), Dean Lindo
Voting strength (1969 election): 57.6% PUP, 39.8% NIP, 2.6% void ballots
Communists: none identified
Other political or pressure groups: Christian Workers' Union (CWU) which is
connected with PUP; United Black Association for Development (UBAD),
Evan Hyde
ECONOMY:
GNP: $46 million (est. 1968), $380 per capita; 78% private consumption, 17%
public consumption, 36% domestic investment, -31% net foreign balance
(1958); real growth rate 1968 4.5% (est.)
Agriculture: main products -- citrus fruits, sugar, corn, rice, beans, livestock
products; net importer of food; caloric intake, 2,500 calories per day
per capita
Major industries: timber and forest products, food processing, furniture, rum,
soap
Electric power: 8,030 kw. capacity (1969 est.); 16 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 132 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $15.1 million (f.o.b., 1968); sugar, lumber, citrus fruits, fish
Imports: $26.5 million (c.i.f., 1968); vehicles, petroleum, food, textiles,
machinery
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K. 32%, U.S. 29%, Mexico 16%, Canada 15%;
imports -- U.S. 33%, U.K. 29% (1967)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-70), $5.8 million, grants; from
international organizations (1946-69), $1.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: $BH1.67=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,350 mi.; 150 mi. paved, 600 mi. improved (gravel, earth), 600 mi.
unimproved
Inland waterways: 514 mi. river network used by shallow-draft craft
Ports: 1 major, 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 49 total, 34 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: meager but adequate facilities; Belize City center of
2,405 telephone network; over 48,000 radio receivers; 2 AM stations; no
submarine cables
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NIS 44 BRUNEI
LAND:
2,230 sq. mi.; 3% cultivated; 3% industry, waste, or
urban; 94% forested (1960)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 124,000, average annual growth rate 3.6%
(FY69); males 15-49, 31,000; 16,000 fit for military
service; about 1,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 52% Malays, 28% Chinese, 15% indigenous
tribes, 5% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official religion); 8%
Christian; 32% other (Buddhist and animist)
Language: Malay and English official, Chinese
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 32,155; 30.5% agriculture; 32.8% industry, manufacturing, and
construction; 33.8% trade, transport, services; 2.9% other
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Brunei
Type: British protectorate; constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Sei Begawan
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution promulgated by the Sultan in
1959, though Brunei remains British protectorate; scheduled to become
independent in late 1970
Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised by appointed Privy Council) who
appoints Executive Council and majority of Legislative Council
Government leader: Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; 3-tiered system of indirect elections;
popular vote cast for lowest level (district councilors)
Elections: last elections -- March 1965
Political parties and leaders: antigovernment People's Independence Front
(Baker), Pengiran Dato Ali, chairman
Voting strength (1965 election): 6 of 10 elective seats won by defunct
antigovernment Partai Ra'ayat members
ECONOMY:
GNP: $132 million (estimated 1968), $1,200 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- rubber, rice, sago
Major industry: crude petroleum
Electric power: 54,000 kw. capacity (1969); 130 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
1,120 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $85 million (1969); almost all crude petroleum
Imports: $72 million (1969)
Major trade partners: exports of crude petroleum go to Sarawak for refining
and reexport; 30% imports from U.K., Singapore 16%, Japan 13%
Monetary conversion rate: 3.06 Brunei dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 6 mi. narrow gage (2')
Highways: 750 mi.; 110 mi. paved (bituminous treated), 220 mi. gravel or stone,
420 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: 130 mi.; navigable by shallow-draft craft
Ports: 2 minor (Bandar Ser Begawan, formerly Brunei, and Kuala Belait)
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Pipelines: crude oil, 84 mi.; refined products, 35 mi.; natural gas, 35 mi.;
crude oil and natural gas, 150 mi. under construction
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 2 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: service throughout country is adequate for present needs;
international service good to adjacent Sabah and Sarawak; radiobroadcast
coverage good; 3,819 telephones; 13,000 radio sets; Radio Brunei
broadcasts from 3 stations and uses 4 mediumwave and 1 shortwave
transmitter
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of U.K.; Brunei has an indigenous military force of
about 1,150; about 1,100 police are maintained
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $9.8 million for the
military and $7.1 million for the police; about 15% of the total budget
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NIS 23 BULGARIA
LAND:
42,800 sq. mi.; 41% arable, 11% other agricultural,
33% forested, 15% other (1966)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,568,000, average annual growth rate 0.8%
(current); males 15-49, 2,259,000; 1,885,000 fit for
military service; about 69,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarians, 8.5% Turks, 2.6%
Qypsies, 2.5% Macedonians, 0.3% Armenians, 0.2%
Russians, 0.3% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious background of population is 85%
Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5%
Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 4.4 million (July 1970); 38% agriculture, 33% industry, 29% other
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts), including capital city of Sofia
Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; constitution
adopted 1947; new constitution to be voted in 1971; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Presidium; legal education at University of Sofia;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative (National Assembly), Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Premier Todor Zhivkov; Georgi Traykov, Chairman, National
Assembly Presidium (chief of state)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: theoretically held every 4 years for National Assembly; last elections
held on 27 February 1966; 99.6% of the electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, First
Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, a puppet party, Georgi Traykov,
secretary
Communists: 637,000 full members (April 1970)
Mass organizations and front groups: Fatherland Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth
League, Central Council of Trade Unions, National Committee for Defense of
Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism, Committee of
Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, Warsaw Pact, International Organization of Journalists, International
Medical Association, International Radio and Television Organization
ECONOMY:
GNP: $11.1 billion, 1970 (at 1970 prices), $1,300 per capita; 1970 growth rate 7.3%
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main crops--grain, vegetables; no food
shortages; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1965/66)
Major industries: agricultural processing, machinery, textiles and clothing,
mining, ore processing, timber
Shortages: petroleum, some raw materials, metal products
Crude steel: 1.80 million metric tons produced (1970), 210 kg. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $2,009 million (f.o.b., 1970); in 1970, 29% machinery, equipment, and
transportation equipment; 13% fuels, minerals, raw materials, metals, and
other industrial material; 8% agricultural raw materials; 35% foodstuffs
and animals; 15% industrial consumer goods
Imports: $1,816 million (f.o.b., 1969); in 1969, 41% machinery, equipment, and
transportation equipment; 38% fuels, minerals, raw materials, metals, other
materials; 10% agricultural raw materials; 6% foodstuffs and animals; 5%
industrial consumer goods
Major trade partners: $3,825 million in 1970; 22% with non-Communist countries;
78% with Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: (commercial) 1.17 leva, (noncommercial) 1.99 leva=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for
caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,592 mi.; about 2,432 mi. standard gage, 160 mi. narrow gage; 116 mi.
double track; 477 mi. electrified; government owned (1971)
Highways: 20,700 mi.; 7,900 mi. paved, 8,100 mi. crushed stone and gravel,
4,700 mi. earth (1971)
Inland waterways: 300 mi. (1971)
Freight carried: rail -- 69 million short tons, 9 billion short ton/mi. (1969);
highway -- 464.2 million short tons, 4.5 billion short ton/mi. (1969);
waterway -- 4.1 million short tons, 1.2 billion short ton/mi. (1970)
Merchant marine: 107 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 655,000 GRT, 950,000
NT; includes 5 passenger, 84 cargo, 18 tanker
Pipelines: crude oil, 41 mi.; natural gas, 29 mi.; refined, 3 mi.
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NIS 38 BURMA
LAND:
262,000 sq. mi.; 23% arable, of which 12% is cultivated,
67% forest, 10% urban and other area (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (extended base
lines 15 November 1968)
PEOPLE:
Population: 28,202,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(FY69); males 15-49, 6,834,000; 2,965,000 fit for
military service; about 275,000 males and 266,000
females reach military age (18) annually; both are
liable for military service
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen, 6% Shan, 2%
Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% Chinese, 3% Indian, 6% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist and other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Literacy: 60% (official claim)
Labor force: 10 million; 67% agriculture; 13% industry; 20% services, commerce,
and transportation
Organized labor: no figure available; old labor organizations have been
disbanded, and government is forming one central tabor organization
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Union of Burma
Type: military dictatorship since suspension of constitution in 1962
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: Burma proper, 4 other constituent states and 1 special
division for the ethnic minorities; subdivided into divisions, districts,
muncipalities, townships, and villages
Legal system: based on English common law and incorporates Buddhist, Hindu,
and Islamic relgious law; constitution of 1947 superseded by acts of the
new Revolutionary Government, which seized power in 1962; legal education
at Universities of Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: Revolutionary Council rules through a Council of Ministers
Government leader: Chairman of Revolutionary Council, Gen. Ne Win
Suffrage: universal over age 18 under suspended constitution
Elections: none held under present regime
Political parties and leaders: government-sponsored Burmese Socialist Program
Party only legal party
Communists: 5,000
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF,
ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $2.2 billion (FY69), less than $100 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- paddy, sugarcane, peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient;
most rice grown in deltaic land
Major industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear, wood and
wood products
Electric power: 253,000 kw. capacity (1969); 580 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
21 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $112 million (f.o.b., 1969); rice, teak
Imports: $180 million (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: exports -- India, Ceylon, Communist China; imports
Japan, U.K., U.S. ?
Monetary conversion rate: 4.76 kyat=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,956 mi.; 195 mi. double track; government owned
Highways: 15,540 mi.; 4,210 mi. paved, 4,770 mi. gravel, 5,810 improved earth,
750 mi unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,000 mi.; 2,000 mi. navigable by large commercial vessels
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 9 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,000 GRT, 71,000
DWT
Airfields: 118 total, 83 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 35 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: provide minimum requirements for local intercity service;
international service is fair; radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the
more populous areas; 24,654 telephones; 500,000 radio sets; 1 AM, 1 FM,
and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: very limited local production; various non-Communist
naval vessels from U.K., U.S., Yugoslavia, and Japan
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1971; $126 million, an
estimated 35% of total budget
countries suppliers;
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NIS 608 BURUNDI
LAND:
11,000 sq. mi.; about 37% arable (about two-thirds of
arable land cultivated), 23% pasture, 10% scrub
and forest, 30% other
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,617,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(FY69); males 15-49, 851,000; 409,000 fit for military
service; 39,000 reach military age (16) annually
Ethnic divisions: Africans -- 86% Hutu (Bantu), 13% Tutsi
(Hamitic), 1% Twa (Pigmy); non-Africans include (late
1968) 3,000 Europeans, 1,000 Asians
Religion: over 60% Christian (50% Catholic, 10% Protestant);
rest mostly animist plus small number of Muslims
Language: Kirundi and French official
Literacy: about 55% in Kirundi, 10% in Swahili, or 6% in
Labor force: 1,865,471 (1970 est.)
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi
about 30,000, affiliated with government party
French
Workers (UTB), membership
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; military government since November 1966; no constitution
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, subdivided into 18 arrondissements and 78
communes
Legal system: based on German and French civil codes and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: presidential cabinet with Council of Ministers; no legislature
Government leader: President Michel Micombero
Elections: latest legislative election May 1965
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA),
a predominantly Tutsi party, is only legitimate party; other parties, mostly
Hutu, since 1961 have been subverted, suppressed, intimidated by UPRONA, and
have ceased to exist
Voting strength (1965 elections): UPRONA won 21 of 33 Assembly seats; Hutu-
dominated People's Party won 10
Communists: no Communist party, but some members of the Tutsi ruling group favor
close ties with Communist China, whose ambassador was expelled from the
country in 1965; U.S.S.R. and North Korea have diplomatic missions in Burundi
Member of: EAMA, ECA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMO, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $177.8 million (1969), $50 per capita
Agriculture: major cash crops -- coffee, cotton; main food crops -- manioc,
yams, corn, sorghums, bananas, haricot beans; not self-sufficient
Industries: light consumer goods such as beverages, shoes, soap
Electric power: 11,000 kw. capacity (1969); 101,000 kw.-hr. produced (1969);
5 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $15.9 million (f.o.b., 1970); coffee, cotton, hides, skins
Imports: official transactions, $15.1 million (c.i.f., 1970); textiles,
foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.S., Belgium, Congo; much trade unrecorded
Aid: mostly free world; U.S., $100,000 (FY70); other free world (Belgium, EEC,
West Germany) $8.5 million (1969); France $1.7 million (1967); U.N. $2.2
million (1968); EDF $4.1 million (1969)
Monetary conversion rate: 87.5 Burundi francs=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,700 mi.; 45 mi. bituminous, 3,655 mi. crushed stone, gravel, laterite,
and improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika navigable for lake steamers and barges
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: -no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 32 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telegraph is principal service, limited telephones; 3,400
telephones, 65,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending December 1970, $3,428,000; about 14.4% of
ordinary budget
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NIS 43A CAMBODIA
LAND:
69,898 sq. mi.; 16% cultivated, 74% forested, 10% built-on
area, wasteland, and other (1958)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,999,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(FY69); males 15-49, 1,572,000; 875,000 fit for
military service; 81,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 89% Khmer (Cambodian), 3% Vietnamese,
5% Chinese, 3% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% various other
Language: Cambodian
Literacy: 55% (est.)
Labor force: 2.56 million; 80.9% agriculture; 5.5% sales; 4.7% manufacturing,
transport, communications; 3.9% professional, administrative, clerical;
3.5% defense; 1.5% unemployed
Organized labor: .5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Government of the Khmer Republic
Type: constitution being revised to support presidential parliamentary system
Capital: Phnom Penh
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces with centrally appointed governors,
3 independent municipalities
Legal system: based on French civil law system; constitution adopted 1947 and
amended 1960; no judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: bicameral legislature; upper house -- Senate; lower house -- National
Assembly; Prime Minister Lon Nol theoretically responsible to lower house
Government leader: chief of state, Cheng Heng
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years; parliamentary reelections postponed until 1971
Political parties and leaders: none
Communists: party strength unknown
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, IAEA, IBRD pending, ICAO, IMF pending, U.N., WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $634 million (1969), $90 per capita (constant 1966 prices, converted at
55.5 riels=US$1); 1960-69 average growth rate 3.6% (constant 1966 prices)
Agriculture: Mainly subsistence except for rubber plantations; main crops --
rice, rubber, corn; largely self-sufficient; food shortages -- dairy products,
sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, textiles
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 101,000 kw. capacity (1969); 175 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
26 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $37.8 million (1970); rice, rubber, corn
Imports: $37.2 million (1970); metals and metal products, transportation equipment,
food, textiles, petroleum products, minerals
Major trade partners: (1970) exports -- France, Hong Kong, Senegal, 24% with
Communist countries; imports -- Japan, France, U.S., 2% with Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 55.5 riels=US$1 (effective 18 August 1969)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 409 mi. meter gage; government owned
Highways: 3,340 mi.; 1,600 mi. bituminous, 1,000 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
laterite; 275 mi. improved earth; and 6,465 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,220 mi. during high water, 1,010 mi. during low water;
90% of total navigability on Mekong system and Tonle Sap
Freight carried: (1968) rail -- 50 million ton-miles; waterway -- approximately
300,000 short tons annually; figures unavailable for highways
Ports: 2 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 ORT or over) totaling 4,000 ORT, 6,400 DWT;
includes 3 cargo, 1 tanker
Airfields: 93 total, 46 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 14 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: service to general public considered poor; barely adequate
for government requirements; international service fair to adjoining countries
and a few other nations; radiobroadcasts and television coverage limited by
small number of stations and receivers; 8,024 (est.) telephones; 102,500
radio receivers; 25,000 (est.) TV receivers; 1 AM, 2 AM relay, no FM, 1 TV,
and 1 TV relay stations; no submarine cables
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NIS 52C CAMEROON
LAND:
183,400 sq. mi.; 4% cultivated, 18% grazing, 13% fallow,
50% forest, 15% other (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 18 n. mi. (fishing, 18 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,938,000, average annual growth rate 1.7%
(FY70); males 15-49, 1,286,000; 670,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually about 55,000
Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely differing
background; 31% Cameroon Highlanders, 19% Equatorial
Bantu, 8% North West Bantu, 10% Fulani, 7% Eastern
Nigritic, 11% Kirdi, 13% other African, less than 1% non-African
Religion: about one-half animist, one-third Christian; rest Muslim
Language: English and French official, 24 major African language groups
Literacy: South 40%, North 10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture; 200,000 wage
earners (maximum) including 22,000 government employees, 63,000 paid
agricultural workers, 49,000 in manufacturing
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Federal Republic of Cameroon
Type: federal republic; one-party presidential regime
Capital: Yaounde
Political subdivisions: East Cameroon and West Cameroon make up two parts of
federation, divided into 9 divisions (West), 30 departments (East),
6 administrative regions
Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law influence;
constitution adopted 1961; judicial review in Federal Court of Justice, when
a question of constitutionality is referred to it by the President of the
Republic; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: federal -- executive, legislative, judicial; East Cameroon and West
Cameroon each has own government as well
Government leader: President Ahmadou Ahidjo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: presidential elections held 28 March 1970; federal parliamentary
elections last held 7 June 1970
Political parties and leaders: single party, Cameroonian Nation Union (UNC),
President Ahmadou Ahidjo
Voting strength: (1970 elections - 98% in presidential; 94% in parliamentary
Communists: no Communist Party or significant sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Cameroon People's Union (UPC), illegal exile
group which has engaged in guerrilla warfare in the past and continues to
carry out sporadic terror against the government
Member of: African Development Bank, EAMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, OAU, UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $946 million (1969), per capita about $160
Agriculture: good agricultural potential; commercial and food crops -- cocoa,
livestock, bananas, peanuts, millet, sorghum, yams, palm kernels, rubber,
and timber
Major industries: small aluminum plant; food processing and light consumer goods
industries, sawmills
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 190,000 W. capacity (1969); 1,246 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 220 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $219 million (f.o.b., 1969) excluding trade with other members of the
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa (UDEAC); cocoa and coffee about
53%, other exports include bananas, timber, aluminum, rubber, and cotton;
$3.5 million to Communist countries (1968)
Imports: $191 million (c.i.f., 1969), excluding UDEAC trade; consumer goods,
machinery, transport equipment, alumina (for refining), petroleum products;
food and beverages; $5.9 million from Communist countries (1965)
Major trade partners: France (about 50%) and other EEC countries; preferential
tariff applied to EEC and franc zone countries; U.S.
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs.US$1
(official) since August 1969
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 623 mi.; 533 mi. meter gage, 90 mi. 1111 5/8" gage
Highways: approximately 8,545 mi.; 765 mi. BST, 7,780 mi. gravel, laterite, or
improved earth
Inland waterways: 1,300 mi.
Ports: 1 major, 3 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 59 total, 55 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 19 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: good telephone service between Douala and Yaounde, fair in
southern part; fair to good telegraph service; 5,800 telephones; 211,500
radio receivers; 4 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; limited wired broadcast;
1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: mostly from France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971, $20.9 million; 18.0% of
total budget
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NIS 52B CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
LAND:
242,000 sq. mi.; est. 10%-15% cultivated, 5% dense forests,
80-85% grazing, fallow, vacant arable land, urban,
waste (1966)
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,580,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(FY69); males 15-49, 411,000; 195,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups, the
majority of which have related ethnic and linguistic
characteristics; Banda (32%) and Baya (29%) are
largest single groups; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 6,000
are French and majority of the rest Portuguese
Religion: 40% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 27% animist, 5% Muslim; animistic
beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority, however
Language: French official; Sangho, the lingua franca and unofficial national
language
Literacy: estimated by the C.A.R. Government at 18%
Labor force: about half the population economically active, 80% of whom are in
agriculture; between 50,000 and 85,000 salaried workers (1966)
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Central African Republic
Type: republic; constitution abrogated following military coup in January 1966
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French, Islamic, and tribal law; in 1966 the Chief of
State assumed all power and abrogated the existing constitution; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Gen. Bokassa heads government and rules by decree; assisted by
cabinet called Council of Ministers; judiciary, including Supreme Court,
court of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts
Government leader: President Jean-Bedel Bokassa
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none have been held under Bokassa regime
Political parties and leaders: Black African Social Evolution Movement (MESAN),
ruling party under former regime, still in existence but plays little role,
President Jean-Bedel Bokassa
Communists: no Communist Party or significant number of sympathizers
Member of: EAMA, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $168 million (1967), about $127 per capita
Agriculture: commercial -- cotton, coffee, peanuts, sesame, wood; main food
crops -- manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes, beef; requires wheat, flour,
rice, beef, and sugar imports
Major industries: sawmills, cotton textile mills, brewery, diamond mining and
splitting
Electric power: 15,100 kw. capacity (1970); 32 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
20 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $38 million (f.o.b., 1969); diamonds (43%), coffee, cotton, lumber
Imports: $44 million (c.i.f., 1969); textiles, petroleum products, machinery
and electrical equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, chemicals and
pharmaceuticals
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partner: France; preferential tariff applied to EEC countries and
franc zone; U.S.
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 13,250 mi.; 50 mi. bituminous, 2,330 mi. gravel and/or crushed stone,
3,420 mi. improved earth, 7,450 mi, unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 4,400 mi.; traditional trade carried on by means of dugouts
on the extensive system of rivers and streams; only the Oubangui River
between Bangui and Brazzaville and short sections of the Sangha and the
Lobaye Rivers are navigable throughout year; during high-water period
(July - December) Oubangui navigable upstream from Bangui as far as Ouango
Port: Bangui (river port)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 60 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 17 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: facilities are meager and provide only barely sufficient
services; principal network is 39 low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunica-
tion stations; no cables or radio relay links are used; single center of
Bangui has only international radio connections; 3,500 telephones; 46,000
radio receivers; 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: completely dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $4,878,000; about
11.2% of ordinary budget
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NIS 37 CEYLON
LAND:
25,300 sq. mi.; 23% arable; 20% desert, waste, or urban;
54% forested; 3% inland water (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 12,802,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(FY68-69); males 15-49, 3,081,000; 2,320,000 fit for
military service; 140,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 71% Sinhalese, 21% Tamil, 6% Moor,
2% other
Religion: 64% Buddhist, 20% Hindu, 9% Christian, 6%
Muslim, 1% other
Language: Sinhala official, spoken by about 70% of population; Tamil spoken by
about 22%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10%
of the population
Literacy: 82% (1970 est.)
Labor force: 3.6 million; 10% unemployed and substantial underemployment;
employed persons -- 53.4% agriculture, 14.8% mining and manufacturing,
12.4% trade and transport, 19.4% services and other
Organized labor: 33% of labor force, over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber,
and coconut estates
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Dominion of Ceylon (rarely used)
Type: independent state since 1948; recognizes Elizabeth II as sovereign
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 22 administrative districts, and four
categories of semiautonomous elected local governments
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch,
Muslim and customary law; constitution adopted 1946-47, new constitution
to be adopted in 1971; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at Ceylon Law College and University of Ceylon, Peradeniya; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: unitary parliamentary form of government; bicameral legislature
and independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike
Suffrage: universal over age 18, but approximately 1.1 million Indian Tamils
not enfranchised
Elections: national elections, ordinarily held every 5 years (last election
held May 1970); must be held more frequently if government loses
confidence vote
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias
Bandaranaike, President; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Trotskyite), N. M.
Perera, President; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, D. P. R. Gunawardena,
President; Federal Party, E. M. V. Naganathan, President; United National
Party, Dudley Senanayake, President; Ceylon Communist Party/Moscow,
Pieter Keuneman, Secretary General; Ceylon Communist Party/Peking, N.
Shanmugathasan Faction; Ceylon Communist Party/Peking, P. Kumarasiri
Faction; Sinhala Mahajana Paksaya, R. G. Senanayake, leader; All Ceylon
Tamil Congress, G. G. Ponnambalam, President
Voting strength (1970 election): 37% Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 38% United
National Party, 9% Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 3.5% Communist Party/Moscow,
5% Federal Party, minor parties and independents accounted for remainder
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay
groups
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.8 billion (1969), $140 per capita; real growth rate 4.3% (1970)
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 35% of GNP; main crops -- rice,
rubber, tea, coconuts; 55% self-sufficient in food; food shortages -- rice,
wheat, sugar, fish
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and other agricultural commodities;
consumer goods manufacture
Electric power: 298,000 kw. capacity (1969); 750 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 60 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $338 million (f.o.b., 1970); tea, rubber, coconut products
Imports: $403 million (c.i.f., 1970)
Major trade partners: (1969) exports -- U.K. 20.2%, China 12.8%, U.S. 8.0%,
Australia 4.2%, South Africa 4.5%, U.S.S.R. 4.8%, West Germany 4.1%, Canada
2.6%; imports -- U.K. 17.4%, China 11.1%, India 8.3%, Australia 4.5%,
U.S.S.R. 2.0%, U.S. 8.4%, Japan 7.4%, Burma 1.2%
Monetary conversion rate: 5.95 rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 938 mi.; 851 mi. 5'6" gage, 87 mi. 216" gage; 63 mi. double track;
no electrification; government owned
Highways: 25,580 mi.; 11,700 mi. paved (mostly bituminous treated), 11,500 mi.
crushed stone or gravel, 530 mi. improved earth, 1,850 mi. unimproved earth;
in addition several thousand mi. of tracks, mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 270 mi.; navigable by shallow-draft craft
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Airfields: 17 total, 13 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: an inadequate telephone and a less extensive but more
efficient telegraph system serves most areas, with greatest concentration
around Colombo and Kandy; all areas are served by radio and/or wire
broadcast; excellent international service; 60,841 telephones; 500,000 radio
sets, no TV sets; 1 AM (plus 4 repeater stations), no FM, and no TV stations;
submarine cables extend to India, Malaysia, Seychelle Islands, and Aden
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NIS 52A CHAD
LAND:
496,000 sq. mi.; 17% arable, 35% pastureland, 2% forest
and scrub, 46% other uses and waste (1967)
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,612,000, average annual growth rate 1.4%
(FY69); males 15-49, 915,000; 455,000 fit for military
service; average number reaching military age (20)
annually about 33,000
Ethnic divisions: over 240 tribes representing 12 ethnic
groups -- white Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, and Fulani)
and black Muslims (Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou, Baguirmi,
Boulala, and Wadai) in the north and center and non-
Muslims (Sara, Mayo-Kebbi, and Chari) in the south;
some 150,000 nonindigenous, 5,000 of them French
Religion: about half Muslim, 5% Christian, remainder animist
Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is lingua franca in north, Sara and
Sangho in south
Literacy: about 7%
Labor force: only 55% of population in economically active group, of which 90%
are engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing; most are
wage earners in industry and civil service
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1962
Capital: Fort-Lamy
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law;
constitution adopted 1962; judicial review of legislative acts in theory a
power of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, who has sweeping powers, elected by universal adult suffrage
to 7-year term; separate popularly elected unicameral National Assembly
with 5-year term; independent judiciary
Government leader: President Francois Tombalbaye
Elections: presidential elections held June 1969, parliamentary elections last
held December 1969
Political parties and leaders: Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), only legal
party, led by Francois Tombalbaye
Voting strength: (1969 elections) 93% in presidential, 97% in parliamentary
Communists: no front organizations or underground party; probably a few
Communists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Muslim rebel bands, apparently achieving
some degree of organization although still lightly armed, have been
sporadically harassing government forces since October 1965 in east-central
and since August 1969 in northern Chad; in 1971, eight prefectures were
affected by dissidence
Member of: EAMA, FAO, GATT, ICAO, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
Commission, OAU, OCAM, UEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $209 million (1967), about $60 per capita; annual growth rate 5.7%
Agriculture: commercial -- cotton, gum arabic, livestock, fish; food crops --
peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, dates, manioc, wheat; imports food
Major industries: agricultural and livestock processing plants (cotton textile
mill, slaughterhouses, brewery), natron
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 13,800 kw. capacity (1970); 21 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
6 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $33.8 million (c.i.f., 1968) including trade with members of the
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa (UDEAC); cotton 80%, meat, hides
Imports: $50.0 million (c.i.f., 1968) including UDEAC trade; petroleum, textiles,
machinery and motor vehicles; $1.3 million from Communist countries (1967)
Major trade partners: France (about 36%) and UDEAC countries; preferential
tariffs to EEC and franc zone countries
Aid: major source France, FY61-67 $49.1 million; EEC (FY60-67) $28.6 million;
U.S. (FY62-69) $9.1 million; military aid (1954-68) -- $5.4 million, from
France $4.1 million, remainder from West Germany and Israel
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,200 mi.; 160 mi. bituminous, 3,300 mi. gravel and laterite, and
15,740 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 1,300 mi. of year-round navigability, increased
to 3,000 mi. during high-water period
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 64 total, 56 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 17 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations only for intercity
links; principal center Fort-Lamy, secondary center Fort-Archambault; 4,200
telephones; 60,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: copper, nitrates, foodstuffs, fish processing, textiles and
apparel, iron and steel, pulp and paper
Crude steel: 0.7 million metric tons capacity (1967); 0.6 million metric tons
produced (1967), 70 kg. per capita
Electric power: 2.55 million kw. capacity (1970 est.); 8.9 billion kw.-hr.
produced (1970 est.); 909 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,144 million (f.o.b., 1970 pray.); copper, nitrates, iron
Imports: $1,020 million (c.i.f., 1970 est.); machinery and equipment, chemicals,
petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports -- EEC 32%, U.K. 15%, U.S. 22%, Japan 13%, LAFTA
10%; imports -- U.S. 38%, EEC 19%, U.K. 6%, LAFTA 26% (1968)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69) -- $1,569.2 million ($1,368.5
million loans, $200.7 million grants); from international organizations
(FY46-68) -- $441.0 million (of which IBRD $201.8 million, IDB $176.4
million); from other Western countries (1960-66) -- $170.6 million; from
Communist countries (1967-69) -- $60.0 million;
military (FY46-69) -- from U.S., $14.1 million in loans, $128.2 million in
grants
Monetary conversion rate: 14.35 escudos=US$1 nontrade (broker) rate; 12.2
escudos=US$1 trade rate (31 July 1970)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 5,090 mi.; 1,930 mi. 5'6" gage, 230 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage, 200 mi. 316"
gage, 2,590 mi. 313 3/8" gage, 80 mi. 2'6" gage, 60 mi. 1'11 5/8" gage,
133 mi. double track; 437 mi. electrified
Highways: 40,000 mi.; 4,600 mi. paved, 19,900 mi. gravel, 15,500 mi. improved
and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 451 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 380 mi.; refined products, 510 mi., natural gas, 200 mi.
Ports: 10 major, 20 minor
Merchant marine: 48 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 363,000 GRT, 524,000 DWT;
includes 2 passenger, 30 cargo, 6 tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized carrier;
includes 2 naval tankers and 1 transport sometimes used commercially
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 413 total, 302 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 54 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 7 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: extensive radio relay network under construction; telephone
network modern but with only 349,000 instruments; communications satellite
ground station; est. 2.5 million radio and 500,000 TV receivers, 137 AM,
30 FM, and 15 TV stations
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NIS 89 CHILE
LAND:
286,000 sq. mi; 2% cultivated, 7% other arable, 15%
permanent pasture, grazing, 29% forest, 47% barren
mountains, deserts, and cities (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 27 n. mi. (50 km.)
(fishing, _200 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,037,000, average annual growth rate 1.9%
(November 60-April 70); males 15-49, 2,226,000;
1,660,000 fit for military service; average number
reaching military age (19) annually about 100,000
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% mestizo, 3% Indian, 7% European,
Asiatic, and other
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 5% (est.) Evangelical, 5% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1969); 28% agricultural, 24% industry and construction,
24% services, 10% commerce, 4% mining, 10% other (1962)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: 25 provinces
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes
influenced by French and Austrian law; constitution adopted 1925, amended
since then; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of Chile, Catholic University, and several others;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jursidiction
Branches: president; bicameral legislature; independent judiciary
Government leader: President Salvador Allende
Suffrage: universal (except enlisted military and police) and compulsory at
age 18
Elections: next presidential election (1976); next Chamber of Deputies election
(1973); 20 senators (1973)
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party, Luis Corvalan; Socialist Party,
Salvador Allende and Carlos Altamirano; Popular Socialist Union, Raul Ampuero;
Christian Democratic Party, Eduardo Frei and Rodomiro Tomic; Radical Party,
Carlos Norales; National Party, Sergio Onofre Jarpa
Voting strength (1970 presidential election): 36.6% Marxist coalition, 35.3%
conservative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1969 Congressional
election) 12.9% Radical, 29.7% Christian Democrat, 12.2% Socialist, 15.7%
Communist, 20.0% National, 9.5% other
Communists: 65,000; sympathizers, 100,000
Other political or pressure groups: organized labor; business organizations;
landowners' associations (SNA Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura);
terrorist MIR (Movement of Revolutionary Left)
Member of: ECOSOC, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, I06, IHB, IMF, LAFTA and Andean Sub-
Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $8.0 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $800 per capita;
73% private consumption, 14% government consumption, 13% gross investment
(1970 est.); real growth rate 1969, 1.0% (est.)
Agriculture: main crops -- wheat, other cereals, potatoes; about 75% self-
sufficient; 2,600 calories per day per capita (1970 est.)
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NIS 39A
LAND:
CHINA, COMMUNIST
3.7 million sq. mi.; 11% cultivated, sown area extended by
multicropping, 78% desert, waste, or urban (32% of
this area consists largely of denuded wasteland,
plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3%
could be reclaimed), 8% forested; 2%-3% inland water
(1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 854,943,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 94% Han Chinese; 6% Chuang, Uighur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan,
Manchu, Mongol, Pu-I, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities
Religion: most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclectic --
not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucian-
ism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2%-3% Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Chinese (Mandarin mainly; also Cantonese, Wu, Fukienese, Amoy, Hsiang,
Kan, Hakka dialects); and minority languages (see ethnic divisions above)
Literacy: at least 25%
Labor force: 335 million (mid-1966); 85% agriculture, 15% other; shortage of
skilled labor (managerial, technical, mechanics, etc.); surplus of unskilled
labor
Miao,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; since beginning of "Cultural Revolution," real authority
has become increasingly diffused as result of persistent rivalries within
the top leadership
Capital: Peking (Peiping)
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, and
5 autonomous regions
Legal system: before 1966 a complex structure of indigenous concepts, civil and
common law, and Communist legal theory; highest judicial organ is the
Supreme People's Court; constitution adopted 1954; not a party to the ICJ
Statute and has not accepted compulsory jurisdiction; whole system largely
suspended during "Cultural Revolution"
Branches: prior to 1966 control was exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through
State Council, which supervised more than 50 ministries, commissions, bureaus,
etc., all technically under the standing committee of the National People's
Congress; this system broke down under "Cultural Revolution" pressures and
is currently in process of being reconsolidated and streamlined
Government leader: Premier of State Council, Chou En-lai; Chairman, People's
Republic of China (chief of state, a ceremonial post currently vacant); both
subordinate to central committee of CCP, under Chairman Mao Tse-tung and
Vice Chairman Lin Piao
Suffrage: universal over age 18, though this is academic
Elections: no meaningful elections
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Mao
Tse-tung and his deputy, Defense Minister Lin Piao; Mao is Chairman of
political bureau, usually real locus of power in China, and also Chairman
of Central Committee; a new central committee was formed at the 9th Party
Congress held in April 1969; otherwise, process of reconstructing CCP below
the national level moving slowly; by 1 April 1971 nearly half the province-
level units in China had formed party committees
Voting strength: 100% Communist for practical purposes; no political nonconformity
permitted
Communists: about 20 million in 1965; perhaps somewhat reduced
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Other political or pressure groups: party rule traditionally supplemented before
1966 by a united-front facade of non-Communist parties and mass organizations;
youth, organized as Red Guards and revolutionary rebels, were principal
pressure groups from August 1966 to July 1968; army (PLA) has been increas-
ingly evident as the major internal political force since August 1968,
although industrial workers said to be the "leading force" since July 1968
Member of: no international bodies
ECONOMY:
GNP: about $120 billion (1970), $145 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, wheat, miscellaneous grains, cotton; caloric
intake, 2,000 calories per day per capita (1970); agriculture mainly
subsistence; grain imports 4-5 million tons annually (1961-70)
Major industries: iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles
Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and
technicians
Crude steel: 17 million tons produced (1970), 20 kilograms per capita (1970)
Exports: $2.15 billion (f.o.b., 1970), agricultural products, minerals and metals,
manufactured goods
Imports: $2.10 billion (c.i.f., 1970), grain, chemical fertilizer, industrial
raw materials, machinery and equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, West Germany, U.K., Singapore, Malaysia,
Canada, Australia (1970)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.46 yuan=US$1 (arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: about 25,000 mi., of which 370 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 30 mi. 3'6" gage,
24,600 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage; mostly single track, less than 1% electrified;
government owned
Highways: 325,000 mi.; 1,000 mi. paved, 74,000 mi. gravel and crushed stone,
80,000 mi. improved earth, and 170,000 mi. unimproved earth, including
tracks
Inland waterways: 105,000 mi.; 25,000 mi. navigable by modern motorized craft
Ports: 21 major, 46 minor
Merchant marine: 290 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,600,000 GRT, 2,100,000
DWT, includes 15 passenger, 235 cargo, 40 tanker
Airfields: 303 total; 209 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over
12,000 ft., 60 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 207 with runways 4,000-7,999
ft.; 1 seaplane station
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NIS 39B CHINA, NATIONALIST
LAND:
14,000 sq. mi. (Taiwan and Pescadores); 24% cultivated,
6% pasture, 55% forested, 15% other (urban, industrial,
denuded, water area) (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,835,000 (excluding the population of
Quemoy and Matsu Islands and foreigners), average
annual growth rate 2.3% (January 70-71); males 15-49,
3,438,000; 2,620,000 fit for military service; average
number currently reaching military age (19) annually
175,000
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% Mainland Chinese, 2% aborigines
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism; 4.5% Christian;
2.5% other
Language: Mandarin, Taiwanese, Japanese, English
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 4.5 million; 41% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 18% manufacturing;
15% services; 15% commerce; 5% transportation and communications;
4% construction; 2% mining; all percentages based on 1968 data
Organized labor: about 10% of 1968 labor force (government controlled)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of China
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 4 cities, 1 special municipality (Taipei)
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1947, amended 1960
to permit Chiang Kai-shek to be reelected; some judicial review of legislative
acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: 5 independent branches (executive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional
Chinese functions of examination and control), dominated by executive branch;
President and Vice President elected by National Assembly
Government leaders: President Chiang Kai-shek; Vice President, Premier Yen
Chia-kan; Vice-Premier, Chairman Council for International Economic
Cooperation and Development Chiang Ching-kuo
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level -- legislative yuan every 3 years but not held since
1948 election on mainland (partial election for Taiwan province representatives
December 1969); local level -- provincial assembly, county and municipal
executives every 4 years; county and municipal assemblies every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or National Party, led by Director
General Chiang Kai-shek, has no real opposition; 2 insignificant parties
are Democratic Socialist Party, Young China Party
Voting strength (1968 provincial assembly election): 61 seats Kuomintang,
10 seats independents
Member of: IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, SC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $4.8 billion (1969), $330 per capita; real growth, 9%
Agriculture: most arable land intensely farmed -- 60% cultivated land under
irrigation; main crops -- rice, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas,
pineapples, citrus fruits; 90% self-sufficient; food shortages -- wheat
Major industries: textile manufacturing, chemicals, plywood, electronics, sugar
milling, food processing, cement
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 2,345,000 kw. capacity (1969); 11.3 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 819 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,050 million (f.o.b., 1969); textiles 22%, metals and manufactures
25%, canned foods 5%, lumber and plywood 4%, bananas 5%, sugar 4%
Imports: $1,213 million (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: exports -- 38% U.S., 15% Japan; imports -- 44% Japan,
24% U.S.
Aid:
economic -- U.S. (FY53-69) $1.3 billion committed; IBRD (1964-68) $104
million committed;
military -- U.S. (FY49-70) $3.4 billion committed
Monetary conversion rate: NT$40 (New Taiwan)=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,823 mi., all narrow gage; 130 mi. double track; 623 mi. government
owned, 2,200 mi. industrial
Highways: 10,300 mi. plus 300 mi. on Penghu and offshore islands; 3,300 mi. paved,
5,000 mi. gravel and crushed stone, 2,000 mi. earth
Ports: 7 major, 9 minor
Merchant marine: 143 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 193,000 GRT, 248,000
DWT; includes 2 passenger, 109 cargo, 11 tanker, 14 bulk, 7 specialized
carrier
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NIS 85 COLOMBIA
LAND:
440,000 sq. mi.; 6% cultivated, 18% meadows and pastures
53% forested, 5% inland water, 18% built-up area
(est. 1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 22,553,000, average annual growth rate 3.2%
(current); males 15-49, 5,284,000; 3,200,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually about 239,000
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 14% mulatto, 3% zambos, 20%
white, 4% Negro, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 1% other or none
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 47% of population over 15 years old
Labor force: 5.6 million (1966); 42% agriculture,
23% other (1962)
Organized labor: 13% of labor force
15% manufacturing, 20% services,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure
Capital: Bogota
Political subdivisions: 22 departamentos, 4 intendencias, 4 comisarias, 1 federal
district
Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and
divorce; constitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President, bicameral legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Misael Pastrana
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: every fourth year; last presidential and congressional elections
April 1970; municipal and departmental elections, 1972
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, Carlos Lleras Restrepo, Alfonso
Lopez Michelsen, Julio Cesar Turbay; Conservative Party, Unionista Wing,
Mariano Ospina Perez, Misael Pastrana; Conservative Party, Alzatista Wing,
Alvaro Gomez Hurtado; National Popular Alliance (ANAPO), General Gustavo
Rojas Pinilla, Maria Eugenia Rojas de Moreno; Liberals probably command
majority of votes over conservatives, but constitution under the National
Front Coalition calls for 50-50 representation of Liberals and Conservatives
in the National Congress until 1974; in local legislative bodies, parity
terminated with the 1970 election; Conservative Party united with progovernment
and Ospina wing in August 1969 to choose National Front prpsidential
candidate; opposition wing (Lauro-Alzatista) led by Gomez
Voting strength: 1970 presidential election -- Misael Pastrana 1.61 million
votes, General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1.54 million votes, Belisario Betancur
Cuartas .46 million votes, Evardisto Sourdis .3 million votes
Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira
White; MRL del Pueblo, Communist front for electoral purposes; PCC/ML, Chinese
Line Communist Party, led by Pedro Lupo Leon Arboleda Roldan
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA and
Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $10.4 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $470 per capita;
72% private consumption, 7% public consumption, 21% gross investment (1969);
real growth rate 1970, 7.0%
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, plantains, bananas,
cotton, potatoes, yucca; caloric intake, 2,220 calories per day per capita
(1965)
Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing and footwear, beverages,
chemicals, and metal products
Crude steel: 0.4 million metric tons capacity (1965); 0.21 million metric tons
production (1969), 10 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 1.9 million ION. capacity (1969); 7.3 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969), 328 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $638 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee, petroleum, bananas, tobacco,
cotton, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides
Imports: $724 million (c.i.f., 1969); industrial metals and raw materials,
transportation equipment, machinery, fuels, fertilizers, paper and paper
products, wheat
Major trade partners: U.S. 44%, West Germany 11%, other EEC 9%, Latin America
6.4%, Communist countries 4% (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 19.1 pesos=US$1 (31 December 1970, changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,160 mi., all 3'0" gage, single track, 22 mi. electrified
Highways: 28,600 mi.; 3,700 mi. paved, 19,900 mi. crushed stone or gravel,
3,100 mi. improved earth, 1,900 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,900 mi., navigable by river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 mi.; refined products, 828 mi.; natural gas, 370 mi.;
natural gas liquids 83 mi.
Ports: 5 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 36 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 193,000 GRT, 248,000 DWT;
33 cargo, 3 tanker (includes 2 naval tankers sometimes used comercially)
Civil air: 85 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 677 total, 570 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft.; 6 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 73 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 11 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: rapidly improving nationwide telecom system, with UHF relay
system being installed; communications satellite ground station; over 545,000
telephones; est. 6 million radio and 730,000 TV receivers, 253 AM, 132 FM,
and 16 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $89.4 million;
about 10.2% of central government budget
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NIS 52E
LAND:
CONGO (BRAllAVILLE)
135,000 sq. mi.; 63% dense forest or woodland, 33%
cultivable or grazing (est. 2% cultivated), 4% urban
or waste (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 3 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 953,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(current); males 15-49, 221,000; 105,000 fit for
military service; about 8,000 reach military age
(20) annually
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into some
75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic
groups are Kongo (45%) in south, Teke (17%) in center, M'Bochi
Sangha (20%) in north; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French
Religion: about half animist, half nominally Christian, less than 1% Muslim
Language: French official, many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo
most widely used
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: about 40% the population economically active, most engaged in
subsistence agriculture; 79,000 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 16% (est.) of total labor force (1965)
(12%) and
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Republic of the Congo
Type: republic; military regime established September 1968
Political subdivisions: 9 regions divided into districts
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1963 and 1969
Branches: President, Council of State; National Assembly dissolved August 1968;
judiciary presumably still functions according to provisions of 1963
constitution; all policy made by Congolese Workers Party Central Committee
and Politburo
Government leader: President, Maj. Marien Ngouabi
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last legislative elections December 1963; none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers Party (PCT) is only legal party;
40 member Central Committee, 10 member Politburo, President, Maj. Manen
Ngouabi, First Secretary, Claude Ndalla Graille
Voting strength: no elections held since PCT formed
Communists: some Communists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC),
Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese
Union (URFC), General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
Member of: EAMA, EEC (associate), FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $228 million (1967 est.), about $260 per capita, real growth rate
about 4% per year
Agriculture: cash crops -- sugarcane, wood, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts,
tobacco; food crops -- root crops, rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish
Major industries: sawmills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 39,000 kw. capacity (1969); 54 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
60 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $60 million (f.o.b., 1968); lumber, sugar, tobacco, veneer, and plywood;
diamonds smuggled from Congo (Kinshasa)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $86 million (c.i.f., 1968); machinery, transport equipment, manufactured
consumer goods, iron and steel, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Major trade partners: France and other EEC countries on preferential basis
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 490 mi., 3'6" gage, single track
Inland waterways: 4,030 mi. navigable
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 48 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 14 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: all services only fair; barely adequate for government and
public; principal network is comprised of 30 low-capacity, low-powered radio
communication stations; few wire lines connect key centers of Brazzaville,
Pointe-Noire, and Dolisie with maximum of 21 channels; 9,800 telephones;
65,000 radio receivers; 1,800 TV receivers; 3 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: former dependence on France replaced by U.S.S.R. and Communist China
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $9,235,000; about
14.8% of total budget
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NIS 60A CONGO (KINSHASA)
LAND:
905,000 sq. mi.; 22% agricultural land (1% cultivated),
45% forested, 33% other (1971)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 22,285,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(FY68); males 15-49, 5,438,000; 2,605,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the
majority are Bantu; four largest tribes -- Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic)
make up about 45% of the population
Religion: 51% Christian, 45% animist, 4% other
Language: French, English, Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, and Chiluba are all
classified as official languages
Literacy: 5% fluent in French, about 35% have an acquaintance with French
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about 13% in wage structure
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Type: republic; constitution establishes strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa (Leopoldville)
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces and federal district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; new constitution
promulgated 1967; legal education at Lovanium and Congo Official University;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: president elected 1970 for seven-year term; National Assembly of 420
members elected for five-year term
Government leaders: Gen. Joseph Mobutu, President
Elections: presidential and legislative elections in October and November 1970
Political parties and leaders: Mouvement Populaire Revolutionnaire (MPR), only
legal party, organized from above with actual grassroots popularity not
clearly definable
Communists: no Communist Party, but some Congolese politicians are subject to
Communist influence
Member of: EAMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, ILO, ITU, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $1.8 billion (1969 est.), under $100 per capita; real growth rate
7% p.a. 1968-69
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, palm oil, rubber; main food crops
manioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces self-sufficient
Major industries: mining, mineral processing, light industries
Electric power: 715,600 kw. capacity (1969); 2,840 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 174 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $684 million (f.o.b., 1969); copper, diamonds, other minerals, coffee,
palm oil
Imports: $340 million (c.i.f., 1969 prelim.); consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining
and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, U.S., and West Germany
Aid: economic -- (1969 estimated disbursements) Belgium, $22.5 million; U.S.,
$13.8 million; France, $5.2 million; West Germany, $0.6 million; other
bilateral aid $3 million; U.N., $7.4 million; EEC, $9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 zaire=US$2
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,103 mi.; 2,419 mi. 3'6" gage, 78 mi. 3' 3 3/8" gage, 85 mi.
2' 0 1/4" gage, 521 mi. l' 11 5/8" gage; 421 mi. of 3'6" gage electrified
Highways: 91,500 mi.; 1,400 mi. bituminous, 2,200 mi. gravel or crushed stone,
87,900 mi. earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes,
the waterway system affords over 9,329 mi. of navigable routes
Ports: 2 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 28,400 GRT, 34,300 DWT;
includes 1 passenger, 2 cargo
Pipelines: refined products, 461 mi.
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 470 total, 314 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 53 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: limited, barely adequate telephone service, telegraph service
good; 22,000 telephones; 63,000 radio receivers; 7,100 TV receivers;
12 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on Western sources, principally Belgium and U.S., and to a
lesser extent France, Israel, and Italy
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NIS 76 COSTA RICA
LAND:
19,700 sq. mi.; 30% agricultural land (8% cultivated, 22%
meadows and pasture), 60% forested, 10% waste, urban,
and other (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing 200 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,792,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(FY69); males 15-49, 382,000; 269,000 fit for military
service; average number reaching military age (18)
annually about 21,000
Ethnic divisions: 98% white (including mestizo), 2% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: approximately 80%
Labor force: 457,000 (1968); 46.3% agriculture; 13.2% manufacturing; 11% commerce;
8% construction, transportation, and communications; 21.5% other; shortage
of skilled labor
Organized labor: about 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: unitary republic
Capital: San Jose
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; constitution adopted 1949;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education
at University of Costa Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, unicameral legislature, Supreme Court elected by
legislature
Government leader: President Jose Figueres
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 20 and over
Elections: every 4 years; next, February 1974
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN), Jose Figueres;
National Union Party (PUN), Otilio Ulate; Republican Party (PR), Rafael
Calderon Guardia; Authentic Republican Union Party (PURA), Mario Echandi;
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge Monge Zamora; Third Front (PEN),
Virgilio Calvo; Socialist Action Party (PASO), Marcial Aguiluz; Revolutionary
Civic Union Party (PUCR), Frank Marshall; Popular Vanguard Party (PVP),
Manuel Mora, illegal
Voting strength (1970 election): National Unification (coalition of PUN, PR, and
PUPA), 41.1%; PLN, 55%; PFN, 1.7%; PDC, 0.9%; PASO, 1.3%
Member of: CACM, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $870 million (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969), $510 per capita;
14% government consumption, 69% private consumption, 24% domestic investment,
-7% net foreign balance (1969); real growth rate 1970, 8.0%
Agriculture: main products -- bananas, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa,
livestock products; caloric intake, 2,500 calories per day per capita
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction
materials, fertilizer
Electric power: 237,000 kw. capacity (1969); 757 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 443 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $220 million (f.o.b., 1970); coffee, bananas, sugar, beef, fertilizers,
cacao
Imports: $310 million (c.i.f., 1970 est.); manufactured products, machinery,
transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: exports -- 48% U.S., 19% CACM, 7% West Germany, 30%
Netherlands; imports -- 37% U.S., 20% CACM, 8% West Germany, 8% Japan (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $101.3 million loans, $88.4
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-69), $94.7 million;
from other Western countries (1960-68), $1.8 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY60-69) $2.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 colones=USS1 (official buying rate); 6.65
colones=US$1 (official selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 407 mi.; 395 mi. 3'6" gage, 12 mi. 3'0" gage, all single track, 72 mi.
electrified
Highways: 11,700 mi.; 850 mi. paved, 3,200 mi. gravel, 7,650 mi. -earth
Inland waterways: about 455 mi. perennially navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 75 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 184 total, 107 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: domestic telephone service greatly improved with new
automatic exchanges; nearly 56,300 telephones; VHF radio system being
installed; 330,000 radio and 100,000 television receivers in use, 45 All,
9 FM, and 12 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on imports from U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $3.3 million for
Ministry of Public Security, including the Civil Guard; about 2.3% of total
central government budget
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NIS 78 CUBA
LAND:
44,200 sq. mi.; 26% cultivated, 39% meadow and pasture,
21% waste, urban, or other (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,645,000, average annual growth rate 1.3%
(current); males 15-49, 1,054,000; 145,000 fit for
military service; about 76,000 males and 73,000
females reach military age (17) annually; both liable
for service
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% Negro,
1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 96%
Labor force: 2.6 million; 34% agriculture, 17% industry, 6% construction, 6%
transportation, 29% services, 8% unemployed and underemployed
Organized labor: 70% of total force
assumed
power
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of
Communist legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 replaced constitution
of 1940; legal education at Universities of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas;
does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; no legislature; controlled judiciary
Government leader: Premier Fidel Castro Ruz
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Communist Party (PCC), First Secretary
Fidel Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro Ruz
Communists: approx. 120,000 party members
Member of: CEMA (observer status), ECLA, FAO, GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA,
ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMCO, International Rice Commission, International Sugar
Council, International Wheat Agreement, ITU, OAS (nonparticipant), Permanent
Court of Arbitration, Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $4.5 billion (est. 1970 at 1970 prices), $525 per capita; 60% private
consumption, 19% public consumption, 21% gross investment; real growth
rate 1970, 6%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice, potatoes, tubers,
citrus fruits
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing,
textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 0.35 million metric tons capacity (planned 1969); 165,000 metric
tons produced (1970); 19 kg. per capita
Electric power: 909,000 kw. capacity (1970); 3,787 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 475 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $970 million (f.o.b., 1970 est.); sugar, nickel, tobacco
Imports: $1,325 million (c.i.f., 1970 est.); petroleum, industrial raw
materials, capital goods, food
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S.S.R. 49%, Communist China 7%, other
Communist countries 15%, Japan 10%, Spain 3%; imports -- U.S.S.R. 54%,
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners (cont'd):
Communist China 6%, other Communist countries 10%, France 5%, Italy 5%
(1970 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=USS1 (nominal)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 9,150 mi. government awned; 3,150 mi. common carrier lines (8 mi.
double track and 95 mi. electrified) and about 6,000 mi. plantation-
industrial lines; common carrier lines comprise 3,100 mi. 4'8 1/2" standard
gage, and about 50 mi. 3'0" and 2'6" narrow gage; plantation-industrial
lines comprise about 4,000 mi. standard gage and 2,000 mi. narrow gage
Highways: 11,600 mi.; 4,000 mi. (est.) paved, 2,500 mi. (est.) gravel or
otherwise improved hard surfaces, 5,100 mi. (est.) improved or unimproved
earth surface
Inland waterways: 50 mi.
Pipelines: natural gas, 47 mi.
Ports: 8 major, 44 minor; Guantanamo under U.S. control
Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 315,000 GRT, 425,000
DWT; includes 47 cargo, 5 tanker
Airfields: 372 total, 213 usable; 34 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 33 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 11 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: modern facilities adequately serve military and most civil
needs; excellent international facilities, planned satellite ground station;
est. 263,300 telephones in use; 1.5 million radio and 260,000 TV receivers,
90 AM, 30 FM, and 19 TV stations with nationwide coverage; 6 submarine cables,
including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1966, $213 million; about
7.8% of total budget
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NIS 25C CYPRUS
LAND:
3,570 sq. mi.; 47% arable and land under permanent crops,
18% forested, 10% meadows and pasture, 25% waste,
urban areas, and other (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
U
Population: 650,000, average annual growth rate 1.6% UNITED
(FY70); males 15-49, 153,000; 108,000 fit for military ARAB
service, about 7,000 reach military age (18) annually REPUBLIC
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% British,
Armenian, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox, 18% Muslim, 4% Armenian Orthodox and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: about 82% of population 7 years or older
Labor force: 254,000 (1967 est.), 38% agriculture, 23% industry, 9% commerce,
2% mining, 28% other; 3,130 registered unemployed (December 1968)
Organized labor: 24% of labor force
IRAQ
SAUDI
ARABIA
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic since March 1961; separate de facto Greek, Cypriot, and Turkish
governments have evolved since outbreak of communal strife in 1963
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts
Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications; constitution
came into force upon independence in 1960, but has often been in abeyance
since then; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: currently a rump government consisting basically of Greek Cyriot parts
of bodies provided for by constitution; headed by President of the Republic
and comprised of Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and
Supreme Court
Government leaders: President, Archbishop Makarios III (Greek); Vice President,
Dr. Fazil Kucuk (Turk)
Elections: held every 5 years; 1965 elections suspended; 1968 elections only for
President and Vice President; 1970 parliamentary elections demonstrate
notable increase in strength of Communist Party (AKEL)
Political parties and leaders: Reform Party of the Working People (AKEL)
(Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Unified Party (UP), Glafkos Clerides;
Progressive Movement (PM) (pro-Makarios), Andreas Azinas; Democratic
National Party (DEK), Takis Evdokas; United Democratic Union of the Center
(EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; Turkish National Union Party (TNUP), Rauf Denktash
Voting strength: (1968 Presidential and Vice Presidential elections) Greek
Cypriot President Makarios 90%; Turkish Cypriot Vice President Fazil Kucuk
unopposed; (1970 parliamentary elections) 39% of Greek Cypriot vote for
Reform Party of the Working People, 21% of the Greek Cypriot vote for the
Progressive Movement, 9% of the Greek Cypriot vote for the Democratic National
Party as well as 9% for the United Democratic Union of the Center, 4% of the
Greek Cypriot vote for independents, 76% of the Greek Cypriot electorate
voted; 80% of the Turkish Cypriot community voted and overwhelmingly elected
15 of Rauf Denktash's supporters to the Turk Cypriot House contingent in a
separate election
Communists: 12,000; sympathizers 60,000
Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON)
(Communist-controlled); Pan Cyprian Confederation of Labor (PEO)
(Communist-controlled); Cyprus Confederation of Labor (SEK) (pro-U.S.);
Cyprus Turkish Federation of Trade Unions (KTBIF)
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $504 million (1969), $800 per capita; 1969 growth 11%, 1958 constant prices
Agriculture: main crops -- vine products, citrus, potatoes, other vegetables;
food shortages -- grain, dairy products, meat, fish; caloric intake, 2,590
calories per day per capita (1961)
Major industries: mining (cupreous and iron pyrites, asbestos), manufactures
principally for local consumption -- food, beverages, footwear
Shortages: water, petroleum
Electric power: 190,000 kw. capacity (1970); 553 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
750 W.-hr. per capita
Exports: $94.8 million (f.o.b., 1969); principal items -- copper, pyrites, citrus,
raisins, and other agricultural products
Imports: $180.7 million (f.o.b., 1969); principal items -- manufactured goods,
machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, foods
Major trade partners: (1969) U.K. 34%, West Germany 10%, Italy 9%, EEC 29.4%,
Communist countries 8.3%
Aid: economic -- U.S., $20.3 million authorized (1961-69), none authorized in
1969; IBRD, $18.3 million (1946-68); U.N. Technical Assistance, $1.2 million
(1946-68); U.N. Special Fund, $5.8 million (1946-68); Poland, $1.3 million
authorized (1962)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.40
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,050 mi.; 2,010 mi. bituminous surface treated; 3,040 mi. gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 255 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,497,000 GRT, 2,134,000
DWT; includes 9 passenger, 214 cargo, 9 tanker, 23 bulk; all but a few are
awned and operated by Greek nationals
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 19 total, 12 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft.; 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: modest but expanding telecommunication system; 42,500
telephones; 150,000 radio receivers; 45,800 TV receivers; 2 TV, 11 AM and
4 FM stations; tropospheric scatter to Europe
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $7.5 million about
9.7% of central government budget
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NIS 18 CZECHOSLOVAKIA
LAND:
49,400 sq. mi.; 42% arable, 14% other agricultural, 35%
forested, 9% other (1968)
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,526,000, average annual growth rate 0.4%
(current); males 15-49, 3,658,000; 2,815,000 fit for
military service; about 130,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 64.5% Czechs, 29.6% Slovaks, 3.9% Magyars,
1% Germans, 1% Ukrainians, Jews, Poles
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2%
Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 7.1 million; 18% agriculture, 37% industry, 11%
construction, communications and others
services, 34%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 separate autonomous republics (Czech Socialist
Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands,
three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of Prague and Bratislava have
regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on German codes, modified by Communist
legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960 under revision; no judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at Universita Komenskeho School
of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive --- President, cabinet (appointed by President); legislative
-- Federal Assembly (elected directly), Czech and Slovak National Councils
(also elected directly) legislate on limited area of Czech and Slovak affairs;
judiciary -- Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assembly); entire governmental
structure dominated by Communist Party
Government leader: President Ludvik Svoboda
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies every 4 years; President every 5 years (provisions
suspended after Soviet invasion, August 1968); elections expected in late 1971
Dominant political party and leader: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC),
Gustav Husak, First Secretary; Communist Party of Slovakia has status of
"provincial KSC organization"
Voting strength (1964 election): 99.4% Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.2 million
Other political groups: puppet parties -- Czechoslovak Socialist Party,
Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, U.N., Warsaw Pact
ECONOMY:
GNP: $30.9 billion in 1970 (at 1969 prices), $2,130 per capita; 1970 real growth
rate 4.2%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops -- wheat, rye, potatoes, sugar
beets; net food importer -- meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and
vegetables; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per day per capita (1967)
Major industries: machinery, food processing, metallurgy, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: ores, crude oil, grain
Crude steel: 11.5 million metric tons produced (1970), 750 kg. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $3,812 million (f.o.b., 1970 est.); 50% machinery, equipment; 28% fuels,
raw materials; 5% foods, food products, and live animals; 18% consumer goods,
excluding foods (1969)
Imports: $3,290 million (f.o.b., 1970); 32% machinery, equipment; 44% fuels, raw
materials; 15% foods, food products, and live _animals; 8% consumer goods,
excluding foods (1969)
Major trade partners: $7,522 million (1970); 70% Communist countries, 30% other
Monetary conversion rate: commercial 7.20 crowns=US$1, noncommercial 14.36
crowns=US$1, tourist rate 16.20 crowns=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 8,269 mi.; 8,089 mi. standard gage, 70 mi. broad gage, 110 mi. narrow
gage; 1,743 mi. double track; 1,483 mi. electrified; government owned (1969)
Highways: 45,500 mi.; 600 mi. concrete; 20,700 mi. bituminous; 2,400 mi.
cobblestone, brick sett, stone block; 21,800 mi. crushed stone, gravel,
improved earth (1971)
Inland waterways: 517 mi. (1971)
Pipelines: crude oil, 900 mi.; refined products, 535 mi.; natural gas, 1,450 mi.
Freight carried: rail -- 261.2 million short tons, 41.8 billion short ton/mi.
(1969); highway -- 711.7 million short tons, 6.2 billion short ton/mi. (1969);
waterway -- 4.9 million short tons, 1.7 billion short ton/mi. (1969)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdansk, Stettin in Poland; Rijeka,
Yugoslavia; Hamburg, West Germany; Rostock, East Germany; principal river
ports are Prague, Melnik, Usti nad Labem, Decin, Komarno, Bratislava (1970)
Merchant marine: 12 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 98,000 GRT,
140,000 DWT
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NIS 50M
LAND:
DAHOMEY
44,700 sq. mi.; southern third of country is most fertile;
arable land 80% (actually cultivated 11%), forests and
game preserves 19%, non-arable 1% (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,795,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(FY65-68); males 15-49, 662,000; 320,000 fit for mili-
tary service; about 29,000 males and 27,000 females
reach military age (18) annually; both sexes liable
for military service
Ethnic divisions: 99% Africans (42 ethnic groups, most
important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 12% Muslim, 8% Christian, 80% animist
Language: French official; Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south,
at least 6 major tribal languages in north
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 85% of labor force engaged in agriculture; 15% civil service,
artisans, and industry
Organized labor: approximately 75% of wage earners, divided among two major
and several minor unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Dahomey
Type: republic
Capital: Porto Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 departments, 30 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; presidential charter
adopted 1970; judicial review by 4-chambered Supreme Court; legal education
generally obtained in France; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- 3-man Presidential Council, but actual executive authority
vested in rotating presiding officer who also serves as Premier; no
legislature; independent judiciary
Government leaders: Hubert Maga, Premier and presiding officer of Presidential
Council that functions as chief of state; Justin Ahomadegbe, member of
Presidential Council; Sourou-Migan Apithy member of Presidential Council
Suffrage: universal for adults whenever elections or referendums are held
Elections: current government has held no elections and none are scheduled
Political parties: none
Communists: some; probably some sympathizers
Member of: EAMA, Entente, FAO, ICAO, ILO, ITU, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $219 million (1970 est.); real growth rate, less than 5% per annum
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms; peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts,
tobacco also produced commercially; main food crops -- corn, cassava, yams,
sorghum and millet; livestock, fish
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil processing
Electric power: 7,500 ha. capacity (1970); 22.4 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
9 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: about $46 million (f.o.b., 1970); palm products (41%); other
agricultural products
Imports: about $68 million (f.o.b., 1970); clothing and other consumer goods,
cement, lumber, fuels, foodstuffs, machinery, and transport equipment
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: France, EEC, franc zone; preferential tariffs to EEC and
franc zone countries
Aid:
economic (1970) -- France, $8 million; EEC, $4.2 million; U.N., $2 million;
West Germany, $1 million; Taiwan, $1 million; U.S., $0.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 360 mi., all meter gage (3'3 3/811)
Highways: 4,300 mi.; 470 mi. paved, 1,670 mi. otherwise improved earth, 2,160
mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: 400 mi. navigable
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 10 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 3 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telephone service concentrated in south; telegraph limited,
but more extensive than telephone; 4,800 telephones; 54,000 radio receivers;
2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $4,399,000; about
12.4% of total budget
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NIS 7 DENMARK
LAND:
16,600 sq. mi. (exclusive of Greenland and Faeroe Islands);
64% arable, 8% meadows and pastures, 11% forested, 17%
other (1966)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,959,000, average annual growth rate 0.7%
(FY66-69); males 15-49, 1,186,000; 1,040,000 fit for
military service; 38,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant
and Roman Catholic, 1% other
Language: Danish; small German-speaking minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 14.5% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 29.4% mining and
manufacturing; 8.1% construction; 15.0% commerce; 6.6% transportation and
communications; 23.6% services; 0.2% other; 2.6% unemployed
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 communes, 88 towns
Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Copenhagen and Arhus;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament
(Folketing); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet
responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts
Government leader: King Frederick IX; Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years (next in 1971)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Jens Otto Krag; Moderate
Liberal, Poul Hartling; Conservative, Knud Thestrup; Radical Liberal, Soren
Bjerregaard; Socialist Peoples, Sigurd Omann; Communist, Knud Jespersen;
Left Socialist, Erik Sigsgaard
Voting strength (1968 election): 34.2% Social Democratic, 18.6% Moderate Liberal,
20.4% Conservative, 15.0% Radical Liberal, 6.1% Socialist Peoples, 1.0%
Communist, 2.0% Left Socialist, 2.7% other
Communists: 5,000; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 29,700 Communist
votes cast in 1968 elections
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $14.0 billion (1969), $2,850 per capita; 61.9% consumption, 21.4% invest-
ment, 17.8% government, -1.1% net foreign balance; 1969 growth 7.5%, 1968
constant prices
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry;
main crops -- cereals, root crops; food shortages -- oil, seeds; caloric
intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1968-69)
Major industries: food and food processing, textiles, clothing, footwear, en-
gineering and electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemicals
Shortages: fuels, basic metals, fertilizers, grains
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Crude steel: 482,000 metric tons produced (1969), 100 kg. per capita
Electric power: 4,370,000 kw. capacity (1970); 18,620 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 2,500 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3,019 million (f.o.b., 1969); principal items -- meat, dairy products,
fish, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals
Imports: $3,813 million (c.i.f., 1969); principal items -- machinery and trans-
port equipment, petroleum and coal, textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel
products
Major trade partners: U.K. 15.8%, West Germany 16.3%, Sweden 3.6%, U.S. 8.0%,
Norway 5.4%; EEC 28.9%; EFTA 44.5%; Communist countries 3.6%
Aid:
economic -- (received) U.S., $301.8 million authorized 1946-69, none since
1958; IBRD -- $85.0 million through June 1969, none since 1964; net official
economic aid given to less developed areas and multilateral agencies,
$128 million (1960-68), $54.3 million (1969)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 Kroner=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,424 total route miles; Danish State Railways (DSB) own 1,497 route
miles of standard gage (4'8 1/211) and 25 route miles of meter gage (313 3/8"),
449 mi. double track, 41 mi. electrified; remaining 902 route miles of
standard gage lines are privately owned and operated
Highways: 38,275 mi.; 31,205 mi. concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 5,640 mi.
gravel and crushed stone; 1,430 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: 259 mi.
Pipelines: refined products, 202 mi.
Ports: 16 major, 42 minor
Merchant marine: 292 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,944,000 GRT, 4,625,000
DWT; includes 11 passenger, 193 cargo, 41 tanker, 19 bulk, 28 specialized
carrier
Civil air: 60 major transport aircraft (including 2 based in Greenland)
Airfields: 110 total, 97 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
-Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; major
relay point for international telecom traffic; 1,600,000 telephones; 1,517,133
radiobroadcast receivers; 1,340,563 TV receivers; 7 AM, 10 FM, and 20 TV
stations; 20 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on U.S., Canada, U.K., and Western Europe; most naval craft
produced domestically
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1972, $398 million; about 7.2%
of central government budget
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NIS 81A
LAND:
DOMINICA
305 sq. mi.; 24% arable, 2% pasture, 67% forests, 7%
other (1966)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 78,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(FY69)
Ethnic divisions: mostly of African Negro descent
Religion: Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist
Language: English; French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: est. at 23,000 in 1960; about 50% in
agriculture
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Associated State of Dominica
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 10 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; three local magistrate courts and
the British Caribbean Court of Appeals
Government leaders: Premier Edward O. LeBlanc; U.K. Governor Louis Cools-Lartigue
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (age 18 effective June 1971)
Elections: every 5 years; most recent October 1970 (by-election held December
1970)
Political parties and leaders: Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Edward O. LeBlanc;
Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), Miss M. Eugenia Charles
Voting strength: Legislative Council seats -- DFP 2 seats, DLP 8 seats, indepen-
dent 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARIFTA
ECONOMY:
GDP: $15.8 million (1968 est.), $230 per capita; economy is virtually stagnant
in real terms
Agricultural products: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa
Major industries: agricultural processing
Electric power: 3,000 kw. capacity (1969 est.); 9 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 120 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $7.1 million (f.o.b., 1969); bananas, lime juice and oil, cocoa
Imports: $12.4 million (c.i.f., 1969); foodstuffs, manufactured articles
Major trade partners: U.K. 53%, Commonwealth Caribbean countries 15%, Canada
10%, U.S. 7% (1963)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.00 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 460 mi.; 175 mi. paved, 190 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth surface, 95 mi. unimproved
Ports: 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with asphalt runway 4,830 ft.
Telecommunications: over 1,000-line fully automatic telephone system; VHF
interisland links to St. Lucia and Antigua; no data on radio or TV receivers;
I AM station
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NIS 80 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
LAND:
18,800 sq. mi.; 14% cultivated, 4% fallow, 17% meadows
and pastures, 45% forested, 20% built-on or waste
(1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,197,000, average annual growth rate 3.0%
(August 60-January 70); males 15-49, 1,033,000;
630,000 fit for military service; 51,000 reach military
age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 70% mulatto, 15% white, 15% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 35% to 40% of adult population
Labor force: 1.3 million; 73% agriculture, 8% industry, 19% services and other
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966 constitution
Branches: President popularly elected for a 4-year term; bicameral legislature
consisting of Senate (27 seats) and Chamber of Deputies (74 seats) elected
for 4-year terms; members of Supreme Court elected by Senate
Government leader: President Joaquin Balaguer
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or married
Elections: national, May 1970
Political parties and leaders: Reformist Party (PR), Joaquin Balaguer; Dominican
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Juan Bosch Gavino; Democratic Quisqueyan
Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Revolutionary Social Christian Party
(PRSC), Alfonso Moreno Martinez; Movement for National Conciliation (MNC),
Jaime Manuel Fernandez Gonzalez; Anti-reelection Movement of Democratic
Integration (MIDA) Francisco Augusto Lora; Fourteenth of June Revolutionary
Movement (MR-1J4), split into several factions, illegal; Dominican Communist
Party (PCD), central committee, illegal; Dominican Popular Movement (MPD),
Maximiliano Gomez Horacio, illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican Republic
(PCRD), Luis Montas Gonzalez, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal
Voting strength (1970 election): 56% PR, (abstained) PRD, 5% PRSC, 14% PQD, 3%
MCN, 4.7% other
Member of: IADB, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.5 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $360 per capita; real
growth rate 1970, 6.5%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn; self-
sufficient in rice; caloric intake, 2,200 calories per day per capita (1966)
Major industries: sugar processing, bauxite mining, peanut processing, textiles,
cement
Electric power: 254,000 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 710 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 175 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $213.5 million (f.o.b., 1970); sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, bauxite
Imports: $306 million (c.i.f., 1970); foodstuffs, petroleum, industrial raw
materials, capital equipment
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 89%, Europe 8%; imports -- U.S. 56%,
Europe 25% (1968)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $192.8 million in grants,
$255.0 million in loans; from international organizations (FY46-69),
$56.7 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY53-69), $24.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,000 route mi. (3'6" gage) of which 65 mi. government-owned common
carrier and 935 mi. privately owned plantation network (approximately 10
different gages ranging from 1110 1/2" to 418 1/2", with 2'6" predominating)
Highways: 6,000 mi.; 3,000 mi. paved, 800 mi. gravel, 1,400 mi. improved earth,
800 mi. unimproved earth
Ports: 5 major, 17 minor
Merchant marine: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,100 GRT, 8,000 DWT
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft (9 operational)
Airfields: 47 total, 25 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 8 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide
radio relay network; 40,200 telephones; 400,400 radio and 1,250,000 TV viewers,
92 AM, 24 FM, and 6 TV stations; 2 submarine cables, 1 of which is coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent upon U.S. and Western Europe
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $30.4 million; about
14.2% of central government budget
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NIS 87 ECUADOR
LAND:
106,000 sq. mi., including Galapagos Islands; 11%
cultivated, 8% meadows and pastures, 55% forested,
26% waste, urban, or other (1961)
Limits of territorial waters: 200 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,300,000 (excluding nomadic Indian tribes),
average annual rate of growth 3.4% (FY69); males 15-49
1,461,000; 930,000 fit for military service; average
number reaching military age (20) annually 60,000
Ethnic divisions: 41% mestizo, 39% Indian, 10% white,
5% Negro, 5% Oriental and other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing), trace
Language: Spanish, Quechua
Literacy: 57%
Labor force: 2 million, of which 55% agriculture, 16% manufacturing, 4%
construction, 7% trade, 9% services, 9% other; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
of Evangelical
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Ecuador
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces and 1 territory (Galapagos Islands)
Legal system: based on civil law system; modified 1946 Constitution replaced
1967 Constitution in June 1970, legal education at 4 state and 2 private
universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President and bicameral legislature elected in June 1968, under 1967
constitution; legislature closed following assumption of dictatorial power
by Velasco on 23 June 1970; judiciary
Government leader: President Jose Maria Velasco
Suffrage: all literate over age 18; compulsory
Elections: next presidential and congressional, June 1972
Political parties and leaders: National Velasquista Front, Jose Maria Velasco;
Radical Liberal Party, Ignacio Hidalgo Villavicencio; Social Christian Party,
Camilo Ponce; Conservative Party, Gab o Pico Mantilla; Concentration of
Popular Forces, Assad Bucaram; National Revolutionary Party, Carlos Julio
Arosemena
Voting strength: in June 1968 national elections, Velasquistas, a center-left
coalition, and a rightist coalition each got approximately one-third
Member of: ECOSOC, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group
(formed in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.3 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969), $400 per capita;
74% private consumption, 13% public consumption, 12% gross investment (1969
est.); real growth rate 1970 est., 5%-6%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, beans coffee, cotton, corn, bananas,
cocoa, rice; nearly self-sufficient; caloric intake, 2,100 calories per day
per capita (1964)
Major industries: food processing, textiles, cement, leather and rubber products,
drugs, fishing
Electric power: 226,275 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 1.1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 183 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $183 million (f.o.b., 1969); bananas, coffee, cocoa
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $262 million (c.i.f., 1969 est.); agricultural and industrial machinery,
petroleum products, chemical products, transportation and communication
equipment
Major trade partners: U.S. 36%, EEC 25%, Japan 9% (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $169.9 million loans, $89.8
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-69), $143.7 million;
from Communist countries (1954-69), $10 million loans;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY49-70), $52.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 25.25 sucres=US$1 (selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 662 mi.; 615 mi. 316" gage, 47 mi. 2'5 1/2" gage; all single track
Highways: 12,800 mi.; 1,800 mi. paved, 4,000 mi. gravel, 3,800 mi. improved
earth, 3,200 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 960 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 27 mi.; refined products, 50 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 11 minor
Merchant marine: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,000 GRT, 48,000 DWT;
includes 6 cargo, 2 tanker
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 183 total. 161 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 6 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 19 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: radio relay system, facilities adequate only in Quito and
Guayaquil; 94,300 telephones; 650,000 radio and 70,000 TV receivers, 254 AN,
30 FM, and 8 TV stations; 4 old telegraph submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent primarily on U.S.; some major purchases from Western Europe
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $22.9 million; about
11.3% of central government budget
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NIS 74 EL SALVADOR
LAND:
8,260 sq. mi.; 32% cropland (9% corn, 5% cotton, 7%
coffee, 11% other), 26% meadows and pastures, 31%
nonagricultural, 11% forested (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 200 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,652,000, average annual growth rate 3.8%
(FY69); males 15-49, 840,000; 515,000 fit for mili-
tary service; 42,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 84%-88% mestizo; Indian and white
minorities, 6%-8% each
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic, probably 97%-98%
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 50% of population 10 years of age and over (1966 est.)
Labor force: 1 million (est. January 1968); 57% agriculture, 14% services,
14% manufacturing, 6% commerce, 9% other; shortage of skilled labor, but
manpower training programs improving large pool of unskilled labor
Organized labor: 4.5% of total labor force; 8% of nonagricultural labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; constitution
adopted 1962; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
legal education at University of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: traditionally dominant executive, unicameral legislature, Supreme
Court
Government leader: President Fidel Sanchez Hernandez
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative elections every 2 years; presidential elections every 5
years; legislative and municipal elections March 1972, presidential elections
May 1972
Political parties and leaders: National Conciliation Party (PCN), President
Fidel Sanchez Hernandez, Dr. Enrique Mayorga Rivas, Rafael Rodriguez
Gonzalez, Dr. Francisco Jose Guerrero; Christian Democratic Party (PDC),
Dr. Pablo Mauricio Alberque, Roberto Lara Velado; Dr. Abraham Rodriguez,
Jose Napoleon Duarte; Revolutionary Party (PR -- formerly Renovating Action
Party), not legally recognized, Shafick Handal, Dr. Fabio Castillo Figueroa,
Julio Ernesto Contreras; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Benjamin Wilfredo
Navarrete, Dr. Rafael Antonio Carbello, Dr. Jose Antonio Guzman; Communist
Party of El Salvador (PCES), illegal, Jorge Shafick Handal, Raul Castellanos
Figueroa; National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo,
Italo Lopez Vallecillos, Rodrigo Antonio Gamero, National Democratic Union
Party (PUDN), Francisco Roberto Lima, Julio Ernesto Contreras, Julio Castro
Bel loso
Voting strength: March 1967 presidential election -- PCN 54.4%, PDC 21.6%,
PAR 14.4%, PPS 9.6%; March 1970 legislative election -- PCN 60%, PDC 27%,
PPS 5%, MNR 2%, PUDN 6%
Other political or pressure groups: the 1114" prominent families; General
Confederation of Trade Unions (CGS); Unifying Federation of Salvadoran
Trade Unions (FUSS), Communist dominated; Federation of Construction and
Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Catholic Church;
the military; Salvadoran National Association of Educators (Andes)
Member of: Central American Common Market, IADB, IAEA, OAS, ODECA, U.N.
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.45 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969), $430 per capita;
80% private consumption, 9% government consumption, 11% domestic investment
(1970 est.); real growth rate 1970 est., 5.5%
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, rice, beans; caloric
intake, 2,000 calories per day per capita (1963-64)
Major industries: food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 166,600 kw. capacity (1969 est.); 680 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 190 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $202 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee, cotton, sugar, chemicals,
other manufactures
Imports: $214 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery, automotive vehicles, petroleum,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 21%, CACM 37%, Western Europe 29%, Japan
10%; imports -- U.S. 29%, CACM 29%, Western Europe 22%, Japan 9% (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $78.7 million loans, $50.3
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-69), $98.5 million;
from other Western countries (1960-68) $3.7 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-69), $6.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 375 mi., all narrow gage; 285 mi. privately owned, 90 mi. government
owned
Highways: 5,400 mi.; 750 mi. bituminous, 950 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 3,700 mi.
earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially navigable
Ports: 3 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,600 GRT, 1,800 DWT; includes
1 cargo
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 139 total, 110 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway 4,000-7,999 ft.;
1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio relay system completed; extensive
local telephone exchange improvements completed; 35,000 telephones; 460,000
radio and 92,000 TV receivers, 58 AM, 6 FM, and 2 TV stations (3 additional
TV stations planned)
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $7.2 million; about
6% of central government budget (excludes public security forces)
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NIS 52F EQUATORIAL GUINEA
LAND:
10,800 sq. mi.; Rio Muni, about 10,000 sq. mi., largely
forested; Fernando Po, about 800 sq. mi.
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 296,000, average annual growth rate 1.8% (FY69);
males 15-49, 73,000; 35,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Fernando Po
primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of Rio Muni
primarily Fang; some 30,000 Nigerians, mostly on
Fernando Po; less than 1,000 Europeans, primarily
Spanish and French
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic;
pagan practices retained
Language: Spanish official language of government and business; also pidgin
Spanish, Fang
Literacy: approximately 90% among younger generation
Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans involved in subsistence agriculture;
small wage labor force dominated by nonindigenous, including some 20,000
Nigerian contract laborers
some
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime since 1968
Capital: Santa Isabel, Fernando Po
Political subdivisions: 2 provinces (Fernando Po and Rio Muni)
Branches: elected President has strong executive power; elected Assembly of
the Republic; elected Provincial Councils with broad responsibilities for
administrative and social affairs; Council of Republic (3 members elected
by each Provincial Council) has powers of judicial review, mediates disputes
between executive and legislative branches and between national provincial
governments; judiciary includes Supreme Court
Government leader: President Francisco Macias Nguema
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: national and provincial elections held Septembeh 1968
Political parties and leaders: in January 1970 government abolished the five
political parties existing at time of independence and the Council of
Ministers approved the creation of the National Unity Party (PUN)
Communists: no significant Communist activity
Member of: IBRD, IMF, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $40 million (1965 est.); Rio Muni nearly $100 per capita, Fernando Po
about $250 per capita
Agriculture: major cash crops -- Rio Muni, timber, coffee; Fernando Po, cocoa;
main food crops -- rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, and
livestock
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 2,800 41. capacity (1970); 9 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
about 30 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $32.5 million (1964); cocoa, coffee, fruits, and wood
Imports: $15.3 million (1964); automobiles, cement, petroleum products
Major trade partner: Spain
Aid: Spain, $14.0 million (1967); Libya, $1 million (1971)
Monetary conversion rate: 70 Guinean pesetas=US$1 (official)
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni*-- 1,553 mi.; Fernando Po -- 186 mi.
Inland waterways: Rio Muni has approximately 104 mi. of year-round navigable
waterway, used mostly by pirogues
Ports: 2 major, 3 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for the size and stage of development of the
country; international communications by radio from Bata and Santa Isabel
to Cameroon, Nigeria, and Spain; 1,500 telephones; 71,000 radio receivers;
2 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations
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NIS 55A ETHIOPIA
LAND:
455,000 sq. mi.; 9.5% cropland and orchards, 54.6% meadows
and natural pastures, 6.5% forests and woodlands,
29.4% wasteland, built-on areas, and other
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 25,922,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(FY69); males 15-49, 6,640,000; 3,425,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: Galla 40%, Amhara and Tigrai 32%,
Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage
2%, other 1%
Religion: 35%-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 40%-45% Muslims, 15%-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic official; many local languages and dialects; English major
foreign language taught in schools
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal husbandry; 10% government, military,
and quasi-government
Organized labor: 35,000 registered labor union members
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Empire of Ethiopia
Type: constitutional monarchy, but in effect an absolute monarchy
Capital: Addis Ababa
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also referred to as governorates-general)
Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, common and customary law
influences; constitution adopted 1955; no specific constitutional provision
for review by courts but all legislation inconsistent with the constitution
is declared null and void; legal education at Haile Selassie I University;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Emperor is all-powerful, with advisory cabinet and Prime Minister;
legislature composed of elected Chamber of Deputies and appointed Senate;
judiciary at higher levels based on Western pattern, at lower levels on
traditional pattern, without jury system in either
Government leader: Emperor Haile Selassie I
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: only amorphous reform groups especially among
younger, better educated Ethiopians
Member of: ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1.5 billion (est 1969 in current prices); 1966-68 average annual growth
rate 4.3%
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, teff, durra, barley, wheat, corn, sugarcane,
cotton, pulses, oilseeds, livestock; usually self-sufficient in food
Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles, food processing,
oil refinery
Electric power: 200,000 kw. capacity (1969); 390 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 16 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $109 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee 58%, hides and skins 10%, oilseeds
9%, pulses 8%; $4.5 million to Communist countries (1967)
Imports: $155 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery and transport equipment 41%,
fuels 7%, intermediate goods 18%, consumer goods 27%, misc. 7%; $7.8 million
from Communist countries (1967)
Major trade partners: imports -- Italy, West Germany, Japan, and U.S.;
exports -- U.S., Italy, Saudi Arabia, West Germany, Japan
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: 2.50 Ethiopian dollars=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: 8 July - 7 July
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 630 mi.; 420 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 20 mi. 3'6" gage, 190 mi. 3'1
3/8" gage; all single track
Highways: 14,300 mi.; 1,125 mi. bituminous, 2,850 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized earth, 10,325 mi. earth
Inland waterways: navigation possible on approx. 140 mi. of unconnected and
basically unimproved waterways, of which only 71 mi. are navigable year round
Ports: 2 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 43,000 GRT, 64,000 DWT;
includes 4 cargo, 2 tanker, 1 bulk
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 195 total, 117 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 52 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: system better than in most African countries; composed of
open-wire lines, radiocommunication stations, and small number of multi-
conductor cable and radio-relay links; principal center Addis Ababa, secondary
center Asmara; 41,100 telephones; 160,000 radio receivers; 8,000 TV receivers;
5 AM, no FM, and 2 TV stations
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NIS 7 FAEROE ISLANDS
LAND:
540 sq. mi.; less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction
cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 inhabited
islands and a few uninhabited islets (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.; fishing, 12 n. mi.
(from extended base lines)
PEOPLE:
Population: 40,000, average annual growth rate 1.4% (FY65-
68); males 15-49 included with Denmark
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Languages: Faeroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 15,000; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation,
and commerce
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Faeroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives
in Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 communes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home Rule Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown, acting through appointed
High Commissioner, and provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly
Faeroese concern; executive power vested in Crown, acting through High
Commissioner, but exercised by provincial cabinet responsible to provincial
parliament
Government leaders: King Frederick IX; Prime Minister, Atli Dam
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years; next election 1974
Political parties and leaders: Peoples, Hakun Djurhuus; Republican, Erlendur
Patursson; Home Rule, Samuel Petersen; Progressive, Kjartan Mohr; Social
Democratic, Atli Dam; Union, Kristian Djurhuus
Voting strength (1970 election): Peoples 20.0%, Republican 20.0%, Home Rule
5.6%, Progressive 3.5%, Social Democratic 27.2%, Union 21.7%
Member of: Nordic Council
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Major industry: fishing and whaling
Electric power: 27,500 kW. capacity (1970); 59 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
1,590 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $20.5 million (f.o.b., 1968); fish and fish products
Imports: $28.2 million (c.i.f., 1968); machinery and transport equipment, pet-
roleum and petroleum products, food products
Major trade partners: (1968) Denmark 42.8%, U.K. 9.9%, Sweden 5.0%, U.S. 2.1%,
Norway 11.2%; EEC 9.6%; EFTA 71.8%; Communist countries 1.4%
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 Danish kroner=USS1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway, less than 4,000 ft.
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: good international radiocommunications; fair domestic
wire facilities; 6,300 telephones, 11,000 radio receivers, I AM, and 3 FM
stations; 1 submarine cable connection
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NIS 64 FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)*
LAND:
Colony -- 4,700 sq. mi.; area consists of some 200 small
islands, chief of which are East Falkland (2,580 sq.
mi.) and West Falkland (2,038 sq. mi.); dependencies --
consists of the South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia,
and the Shag and Clerke Rocks (1966)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,000 (official est. for 31 December 1968)
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Church of England
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: 1,100 (est.); over 95% (est.) in agriculture, mostly sheepherding
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Crown Colony of the Falkland Islands
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Port Stanley
Political subdivisions: local government is confined to capital
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor, Executive Council, Legislative Council
Government leader: Governor and Commander in Chief Sir Cosmo Haskard (also
High Commissioner for British Antarctic Colony)
Suffrage: universal
ECONOMY:
Government budget: Colony -- revenues, $1.0 million (FY68); expenditures,
$1.1 million (FY68)
Agriculture: Colony -- predominantly sheep farming; dependencies -- whaling
and sealing
Major industries: Colony -- wool processing; dependencies -- whale and seal
processing
Electric power: 1,327 kw. capacity (1970); 4 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
200 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: Colony -- $2.52 million (1966); wool (97%), hides and skins (2%),
and other (1%); dependencies -- $3.8 million (1965); whale and seal oil
(62%) and other whale products (38%)
Imports: Colony -- $1.7 million (1966); food, clothing, fuels, and machinery;
dependencies -- $.2 million (1965); mineral fuels and lubricants, food,
and machinery
Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the U.K., 77% of imports from the
U.K.; dependencies -- exports to the Netherlands (63%) and Japan (37%),
imports from Curacao, Japan, and the U.K.
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Falkland Island pound=US$2.40
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 512 mi.; 9 mi. paved, 23 mi. gravel, 480 mi. earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major, 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
*The possession of the Falkland Islands has been disputed by the U.K. and Argentina
(which refers to them as the Malvinas) since 1833.
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COMMUNICATIONS (contud):
Airfields: 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: government-operated open-wire and radiotelephone networks
providing effective service to almost all points on both islands; approx-
imately 500 telephones; 1 AM station and approximately 1,100 radiobroadcast
receivers
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NIS 102
LAND:
FIJI
7,055 sq. mi.; landownership -- 83.6% Fijians, 1.7% Indians,
6.4% government, 7.2% European, 1.1% other; about 30%
of land area is suitable for farming
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing 3 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 547,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(FY70); males 15-49, 141,000; 75,000 fit for military
service; 6,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 42% Fijian, 50% Indian, 8% European,
Chinese and others
Religion: Fijians mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with
a Muslim minority
Language: English and Fijian (official), Hindustani widely spoken among Indians
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: 95,000; over 50% in agriculture, no breakdown on remainder
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force organized into 22 unions; unions
organized along lines of work, breakdown by ethnic origin causes further
fragmentation
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Commonwealth of Fiji
Type: independent state since 1970
Capital: Suva
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on British
Branches: executive -- Prime Minister; legislative -- existing colonial Legis-
lative Council to continue as first House of Representatives, first elections
probably in 1971, to elect a 52-member House of Representatives, there will
also be a 22-member appointed Senate (interim solution of equal representa-
tion for Fijians and Indians); problem of ethnic representation to be
examined and settled before second elections
Government leader: Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kanisese Mara
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every 5 years unless House dissolves earlier
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National
Federation, primarily Indian, headed by S. M. Koya
Communists: few, no figures available
Member of: Commonwealth, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $175 million (1969 est.), $340 per capita; 6% average annual growth rate
(1967-69)
Agriculture: main crops sugar, coconut products, bananas, rice; major
deficiency, grains
Major industries: tourism, sugar processing
Electric power: 15,700 kW. capacity (1969); 23.5 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
43 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $59.2 million (f.o.b., 1969 excluding reexports); sugar, copra, copper
Imports: $89.6 million (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: U.K., Australia, U.S., Japan, New Zealand
Aid: disbursed 1968 -- Australia $1.5 million, U.S. $600,000, U.K. $4.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 0.87 Fijian dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,555 mi.; 150 mi. paved, 1,325 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 80 mi.
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 126 mi.; 76 mi. navigable by motorized craft and 200-ton barges
Ports: 6 major, numerous minor landings
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft (incl. 2 leased)
Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio
integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter
facilities; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between
U.S./Canada and New Zealand/Australia, et al; 16,789 telephones; 50,000
radio receivers; 5 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: the defense of the Fiji Islands was the responsibility of the
U.K. until 10 October 1970; the military budget for 1971 is $314,000
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NIS 12 FINLAND
LAND:
130,000 sq. mi.; 9% arable, 71% forested, 20% other (1966)
Limits of territorial waters: 4 n. mi. (fishing, 4 n. mi.);
Aland Islands, 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,687,000, average annual growth rate -0.2%
(FY70); males 15-49, 1,199,000; 900,000 fit for military
service; 41,000 reach military age (17) annually
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small
Lappish minority
Religion: 93% Evangelical Lutheran, 1% Greek Orthodox,
1% other, 5% no affiliation
Language: Finnish 92%, Swedish 7%; small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2.3 million; 28.1% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 24.2% mining
and manufacturing; 9.0% construction; 13.7% commerce; 6.6% transportation and
communications; 16.5% services; 1.9% unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces; 443 communes, 78 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919;
Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal
education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament
(Eduskunta); executive power vested in President and exercised through
cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 4 superior courts,
193 lower courts
Government leader: President Urho K. Kekkonen; Prime Minister Ahti Karjalainen
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every 4 years (next in 1974); presidential, every
6 years (next in 1974)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Rafael Paasio; Center,
Johannes Virolainen; Peoples Democratic League (Communist front), Ele
Alenius; Conservative, Harri Holker; Liberal, Pekka Tarjanne; Swedish Peoples,
Jan-Magnus Jansson; Rural, Veikko Vennamo; Social Democratic League,
Uuno Nokelainen; Communist, Aarne Saarinen
Voting strength (1970 election): 23.4% Social Democratic, 17.1% Center, 16.6%
Peoples Democratic League, 18.0% Conservative, 6.0% Liberal, 5.6% Swedish
Peoples, 10.5% Rural, 1.4% Social Democratic League, 14% other
Communists: 47,000; an additional 65,000 persons belong to Peoples
Democratic League; a further number of sympathizers, as indicated by
421,000 votes cast for Peoples Democratic League in 1970 elections
Member of: EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, ITU, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $9.1 billion (1968), $1,928 per capita; 59.1% consumption, 27.5%
investment, 15.1% government, 1.7% net exports of goods and services; 1969
growth rate 8.7%, 1964 constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry
important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops -- cereals,
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Agriculture (cont'd);
sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages -- food and fodder
grains; caloric intake 2,890 calories per day per capita (1968-69)
Major industries: include metal manufacturing and shipbuilding, forestry and
wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materials, except wood, and iron ore
Crude steel: 907,000 metric tons produced (1969), 190 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 4,800,000 kw. capacity (1970); 22,313 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 4,000 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,987 million (f.o.b., 1969); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery
Imports: $2,023 million (c.i.f., 1969); foodstuffs, industrial raw materials,
manufactured producer-and consumer goods, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals
Major trade partners (1969): 25.6% EEC, 39.5% EFTA, 13.1% West Germany,
15.8% U.K., 14.2% Sweden, 5.6% U.S., 13.3% U.S.S.R., 17.2% Communist countries
Aid: U.S. $151.5 million authorized 1946-68, $0.5 million (1966), $17.8 million
(1967), none in 1968; IBM -- $221.5 million authorized through 1946-68,
none since 1966; Finnish foreign aid programs have amounted to $23 million
1961-69
Monetary conversion rate: new markka (Fmk) 4.20=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,505 total route miles; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total
of 3,459 route miles of broad gage (5'0"), of which 278 mi. are double track;
privately owned lines total 46 route miles of which 40 mi. are narrow gage
(2' 5 1/2") and 6 miles are broad gage; electrification is in progress but
none operable as yet
Highways: 44,200 mi., 11,600 mi. bituminous, 31,900 mi. stablized gravel, 700
mi. gravel and earth, and 12,400 mi. of private roads (surface type na)
Inland waterways: 4,100 mi. total (including Saimaa Canal); 2,300 mi. suitable
for steamers; canal locks (275 ft. by 42 ft. with a 16.7 ft. depth over sill)
can accommodate vessels of up to 225 ft. in length, 36 ft. beam, and 14.5
ft. draft
Ports: 11 major, 14 minor
Merchant marine: 213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,311,000 GRT, 1,976,000
DWT; includes 9 passenger, 135 cargo, 45 tanker, 13 bulk, 11 specialized
carrier
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 92 total, 72 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 23 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: facilities provide essential services for government and
industry; 1,090,000 telephones; 1,774,569 radiobroadcast receivers; 1,042,700
TV receivers; 11 AM, 39 FM, and 55 TV stations; 6 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $137,595,000; about
5.6% of central government budget
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NIS 3 FRANCE
LAND:
213,000 sq. mi.; 31% cultivated, 25% meadows and pastures,
19% waste, urban, or other, 25% forested (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 51,208,000, average annual growth rate 0.8%
(FY66-70); males 15-49, 12,386,000; fit for military
service 9,975,000; 432,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 45% Celtic; remainder Latin, Germanic,
Slav, Basque
Religion: 83% Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1%
Muslim (North African workers), 13% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional patois
Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 20,002,200; 15% agriculture, 38% industry, 45% services;
2% unemployed
Organized labor: 15%-20% of labor force, 20%-25% of salaried labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: French Republic
Type: republic, with president having wide powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 95 departments, 21 "regional action districts"
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; new constitution
adopted 1958, amended concerning election of President in 1962; judicial
review of administrative but not legislative acts; legal education at over
25 schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers,
which is formally responsible to National Assembly; bicameral legislature
-- National Assembly (487 members), Senate (273 members) restricted to a
delaying action; judiciary independent in principle
Government leader: President Georges Pompidou
Suffrage: universal over age 21; not compulsory
Elections: National Assembly -- every 5 years, last election June 1968, direct
universal suffrage, 2 ballots; Senate -- indirect collegiate system for 9
years, renewable by one-third every 3 years; President -- direct, universal
suffrage every 7 years, 2 ballots, last election June 1969
Political parties and leaders: Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), Rene
Tomasini; Independent Republicans, Valery Giscard d'Estaing; Communist (PCF),
Waldeck Rochet, George Marchais (acting); Progress and Modern Democracy (PDM),
Jacques Duhamel; Radical Socialists, Maurice Faute; Socialist Party, Alain
Savary; United Socialist Party (PSU), Michel Rocard
Voting strength (first ballot, 1968 election): 43.6% UDR, 20% PCF, 16.5%
Federation of Democratic and Socialist Left (grouping of parties of left),
10.3% Center, 9.6% other
Communists: 250,000-300,000 (est.); Communist voters, 5 million average
Other political or pressure groups: Communist-controlled labor union
(Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly 1,000,000 members (est.),
National Council of French Employers (Conseil National de Patronat
Francais -- CNPF or Patronat)
Member of: Council of Europe, EEC, ECSC, EURATOM, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO (signatory), OECD, SEATO, South Pacific Commission,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $145.9 billion (1970), $2,870 per capita; 60% consumption, 28% investment
(including government), 11% government consumption; 1% net exports; 1970
growth rate 5.9%, 1963 constant prices
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost producer; main crops -- cereals, sugar
beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone food-
stuffs; food shortages -- fats and oils, tropical produce; caloric intake,
3,180 calories per day per capita (1967 est.)
Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemicals, food processing, metallurgy
Shortages: crude oil, textile fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats
and oils
Crude steel: 23.8 million metric tons produced (1970 prelim.), 469 kilograms per
capita (1970 prelim.)
Electric power: 36,500,000 kw. capacity (1970); 140.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 2,600 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $18.1 billion (f.o.b., 1970); principal items -- textiles and clothing,
iron and steel products, machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs
and agricultural products, alcoholic beverages
Imports: $18.6 billion (c.i.f., 1970); principal items -- machinery and
equipment, crude petroleum, iron and steel products, textile fibers, coal
and coke, foodstuffs, alcoholic beverages
Major trade partners: (1970) EEC 49%; West Germany 21%; Belgium-Luxembourg 11%;
Italy 10%; Netherlands 6%; EFTA 13%; U.S. .8%; Eastern Europe 2%; U.S.S.R. 1%;
franc zone 10%
Aid:
economic (received) -- U.S., $5,157.0 million authorized (FY46-68), none
since FY67;
military -- U.S., $4,259 million authorized (FY46-68); net official economic
aid to less developed areas and multilateral agencies -- $7,624 million
(FY60-68), $855.2 million (FY69)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.55419 francs=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 24,679 mi.; 23,829 mi. standard gage, 740 mi. meter gage, 110 mi.
other gages (4' 8 7/8" to meter); 5,970 mi. electrified, 9,892 mi. double
or multiple track
Highways: National, Departmental, and Communal roads total 487,600 mi. comprising
292,600 mi. paved, 190,000 mi. crushed stone and gravel, and 14,600 mi.
improved earth; in addition, there are approximately 434,000 mi. of local
farm and forest roads
Inland waterways: 9,320 mi.; 4,820 mi. heavily traveled
Pipelines: total, 10,000 mi.; crude oil, 1,400 mi.; refined products, 2,700 mi.;
natural gas, 5,900 mi.
Ports: 22 major, 165 minor
Merchant marine: 435 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,070,000 GRT, 9,290,000
DWT; includes 13 passenger, 222 cargo, 109 tanker, 56 bulk, 35 specialized
carrier
Civil air: 270 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 505 total, 413 usable; 141 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 21 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 123 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 10 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: highly developed system provides satisfactory telephone,
telegraph, telex, facsimile, and radio and TV broadcast services; 8,400,000
telephones; 19 million radiobroadcast receivers; 10.1 million TV receivers;
countrywide AM, FM, and TV service including 38 AM, 55 PM, and 40 primary
TV stations; 25 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $5.1 billion; about
17.2% of central government budget
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NIS 95C FRENCH GUIANA
LAND:
35,100 sq. mi.; 95% forested, 2% water, 1% meadows and
pastures, 2% waste, urban, or other (negligible
amount cultivated) (1963)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 52,000, average annual growth rate 4.3%
(FY69); males 15-49, 12,000; 8,000
fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 95% Negro or mulatto, 5% white or Indian
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: approximately 13,600; breakdown not available
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Department of French Guiana
Type: overseas department of France; represented by one deputy in French National
Assembly and one senator in French Senate; not used as penal colony since 1945
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, alternately termed territories (coastal
Territoire de la Guyane and interior Territoire de l'Inini); 14 communes with
locally elected municipal councils within each territory
Legal system: based on Napoleonic codes; court of first instance in Cayenne and
a Superior Court of Appeal
Branches: popularly elected 15-member General Council advises Paris-appointed
Prefect, Jean Monfraix
Government leader: Prefect
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: General Council elections coincide with those for the French National
Assembly, normally every 5 years; last election March 1967
Political parties and leaders: Parti Socialiste Guyanais (PSG), Leopold Heder;
Union Progressiste Guyanaise (UPG), weak, leftist allied with, but also
reported to have been absorbed by, the PSG; Mouvement Populaire Guyanais
(MPG), Hector Rivierez, Gaullist, delegate to French National Assembly
Communists: UPG includes Communist sympathizers, but has little measurable
following
ECONOMY:
GNP: $32 million (1966), $840 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugarcane
Major industries: rum, shrimping, timber, gold mining, and production of
rosewood essence
Electric power: 18,300 kw. capacity (1970); 54 9 million kw.-hr.
produced (1970); 106 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.1 million (f.o.b. 1968); rum, gold, timber, shrimp, rosewood essence
Imports: $46.7 million (c.i.f., 1968); food (grains, processed meat), miscella-
neous manufactured goods
Monetary conversion rate: 5.554 Guianese francs=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 20 mi. private plantation line, 1'11 5/8" gage; 8 mi. abandoned
narrow-gage line
Highways: 450 mi.; 250 mi. paved, 200 mi. earth
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Inland waterways: 290 mi.; navigable by small oceangoing vessels
and coastal steamers; 2,110 mi. possibly navigable by native
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 13 usable; 1 with permanent-surface
8,000-11,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: very limited open-wire telecom system
telephones in mostly manual systems; est. 7,000 radio
TV receivers, I AM and 2 TV stations
runway;
and river
craft
1 with runway
with only
receivers
3,000
and 1,290
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of France; France maintains an army force in
Guiana; also available army and naval forces located in Martinique
Guadeloupe
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NIS 55C FRENCH TERRITORY OF THE AFARS AND ISSAS
LAND:
9,000 sq. mi.; 89% desert wasteland, 10% permanent pasture,
and less than 1% cultivated (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 125,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1967);
males 15-49, about 30,000; about 15,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: 59,350 Somalis (large number of the
Somalis are temporary immigrants from Somalia -- not
citizens of territory), 53,650 Afars, 6,000 Arabs,
7,000 French (inclusive of French military forces)
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: Somali, Afar, French, Arabic, all widely used
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers at port
Organized labor: some 3,000 railway workers organized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: French Territory of Afars and Issas
Type: overseas territory of France; represented by one deputy in French National
Assembly and by one senator in French Senate
Capital: Djibouti
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law
Branches: President of Council of Government; 8-member Council of Government
appointed by 32-member Chamber of Deputies; ultimate political authority
exercised by Paris-appointed President of the Council of Government, some-
times referred to as Prime Minister
Government leader: Ali Aref Bourhan
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Chamber of Deputies election held November 1968
Political parties and leaders: Parti du Mouvement Populaire, Moussa Ahmed Idriss;
Rassemblement Democratique Afar, Ali Aref Bourhan; Union Democratique Afar,
Mohamed Kamil; Union Populaire Africaine, Hassan Guled
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: livestock; desert conditions limit commercial crops to about 15
acres
Industry: ship repairs
Electric power: 18,300 kw. capacity (1970); 18 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
222 kw.-hr. per capita
Imports: almost all domestically needed goods
Exports: hides and skins
Aid: $2.4 million in 1967 from France
Monetary conversion rate: 214 Djibouti francs=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: probably same as that for France (calendar year)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 60 mi. meter gage
Highways: 620 mi.; 50 mi. paved, 570 mi. earth
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Airfields: 27 total, 10 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 6 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (registered in France)
Telecommunications: fair telephone services; poor telegraph facilities; 2,000
telephones; 7,000 radio receivers; 1,100 TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, and
1 TV stations
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NIS 83 FRENCH WEST INDIES
LAND:
1,120 sq. mi.; 29% arable, 13% meadows and pastures, 29%
forested, 9% unused but potentially productive, 20%
built on, waste, other, area consists of eight islands,
principal of which are Martinique and the two islands
of Guadeloupe (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 8 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 678,000, average annual growth rate 1.7% (FY69);
about evenly divided between Martinique and Guadeloupe;
males 15-49, included with France
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-Caucasian-Indian
mixture, 5% East Indian, 5% Caucasian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 220,000; 41% agriculture,
industries, 9% unspecified
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
approximately 50% food processing
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Department of Guadeloupe; Overseas Department of Martinique
Type: overseas departments of France; each represented by 3 deputies in the
French National Assembly and 2 deputies in the Senate
Capital: Fort de France (Martinique); Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe)
Legal system: French civil law system; highest court is a regional court of
appeal with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: each is administered by a Prefect appointed by Paris; both islands
have popularly-elected councils of 36 members
Government leaders: Prefects -- Jean Terrade (Martinique); Pierre Brunon
(Guadeloupe)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: Martinique -- Union for New Republic (UNR),
Camille Petit; Martinique Domestic Union (UDM), Leon Valere; Federation of
the Left (FDS), leader unknown; Socialist Party (SFIO), Emmanuel Hermance
Verg; Martinique Progressive Party (PPM), Aime Cesaire; Communist Party
(PCM), Armand Nicolas; Guadeloupe -- Union for New Republic (UNR), Medard
Albrond; Socialist Party (SFICO), Pierre Monnerville; Federation of the
Left (FDS), leader unknown; Socialist Dissident, leader unknown; Center
Independent, leader unknown; Leftist Independent, leader unknown; Communist
Party (PCG), Evremont Gene
Voting strength (1967 national election): Martinique -- 39.8% UNR, 8.7% UDM,
9.4% FDS, 20.3% PPM, 16.2% PCM, 5.6% Independent; Guadeloupe -- 29.7%
UNR, 37.7% PCG, 10.2% FDS, 9.1% Socialist Dissident, 10.2% Center Indep-
endent, 3.1% Leftist Independent; seats in 1968 French Chamber of Deputies
election -- Martinique 3 Gaullist, Guadeloupe 2 Gaullist and 1 Communist
Communists: Martinique -- 2,000, sympathizers, 10,000; Guadeloupe -- 2,000,
sympathizers, 11,000
Other political or pressure groups: Organization of the Anti-colonialist
Martinique Youth (OJAM); National Organization of Guadeloupe (GONG),
Chinese-Communist oriented; National Front of Guadeloupe, extremist-Marxist
oriented
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ECONOMY:
GNP: Martinique -- $196 million (1967), $590 per capita; real growth rate (1967)
3%; Guadeloupe -- $169 million (1967), $510 per capita; real growth rate
(1966) 1%
Major industry: manufacture of rum and liqueurs
Electric power: 54,220 kw. capacity (1969); 145.4 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 220 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: Martinique -- $36 million (f.o.b., 1969); Guadeloupe -- $34 million
(f.o.b., 1969); rum, liqueurs, sugar, bananas, pineapples
Imports: Martinique -- $128 million (c.i.f., 1969); Guadeloupe -- $106 million
(c.i.f., 1968); petroleum products, rice, flour, other foodstuffs (mostly
processed), textiles, manufactured consumer goods, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: Martinique -- France 74%, EEC 10%, U.S. 4% (1968);
Guadeloupe -- France 72%, U.S. 8% (1964)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.554 West Indian francs=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: only privately-owned, narrow-gage lines on sugar plantations
Highways: 2,010 mi.; 1,030 mi. paved, 900 mi. gravel, 80 mi. earth
Ports: 2 major, 9 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: major islands linked by VHF system; plan interconnection
with nearby British islands soon; planned satellite ground station on
Martinique; 27,300 telephones; 89,000 radio and 14,500 TV receivers; 3 AM
and 6 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of France; data are for French military forces
stationed in FIC
Supply: responsibility of France
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NIS 52D GABON
LAND:
102,000 sq. mi.; 75% forested, 15% savanna, 9% urban and
wasteland, less than 1% cultivated (1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 25 n. mi. (fishing, 25 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 496,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(FY65-68); males 15-49, 121,000; 58,000 fit for
military service; 5,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, including 8 major
tribal groupings (Omiene, Fang, Eshira, Bakota, Mbede,
Seke, Okande, Bakele); about 3,000 Pygmies; 10,000 to
12,000 non-Africans
Religion: 55% to 75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French official language and medium of instruction in schools; Fang
is a major vernacular language
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: about 280,000 of whom 56,000 in modern sector
Organized labor: less than 30% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: 9 regions, 6 communes, 4,500 villages
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber
of the Supreme Court; legal education at Centre of Higher and Legal Studies
at Libreville; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
Branches: power centralized in President, elected by universal suffrage for
7-year term; unicameral 47-member National Assembly has limited powers;
judiciary
Government leaders: President Albert-Bernard Bongo
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Presidential and parliamentary elections last held March 1967
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) led by President
Bongo is only legal party
Communists: possibly some Communists and probably some Communist sympathizers
Member of: EAMA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $163 million (1968), about $340 per capita; 1965-66 growth rate 8.8% at
current prices
Agriculture: commercial -- cocoa, coffee, wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops
-- bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops; imports food
Major industries: sawmills, petroleum refinery, natural gas, agricultural
processing; mining of increasing importance; major minerals -- manganese,
uranium, gold, and iron
Electric power: 16,750 kw. installed capacity (1970); 46 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 97 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $133 million (f.o.b., 1969) excluding trade with other members of the
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa (UDEAC); wood and wood products
about 40%; minerals (manganese, uranium concentrates, gold, crude oil)
Imports: $73 million (c.i.f., 1969) excluding UDEAC trade; mining, roadbuilding
machinery, electrical equipment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: France, U.S., West Germany, and Curacao; preferential
tariffs to EEC and franc zone
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,820 mi.; 125 mi. paved, 1,960 mi. gravel or crushed
improved earth, 310 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approximately 1,000 mi. perennially
Pipelines: crude oil, 39 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 168 total, 101 usable; 2 with permanent-surface
way 8,000-11,999 ft., 16 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.;
Telecommunications: fair telephone and telegraph services;
coverage in vicinity of Libreville; 2 AM and 2 TV stati
62,000 radio receivers; 1,200 TV receivers
navigable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on France
112
stone, 1,425 mi.
runways; 1 with run-
2 seaplane stations
good broadcast
ons; 6,700 telephones;
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NIS 50S GAMBIA
LAND:
4,000 sq. mi.; 25% uncultivated savanna, 16% swamps, 4%
forest parks, 55% upland cultivable areas, built-up
areas, etc.
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 18 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 371,000, average annual growth rate 2.0% (FY69);
males 15-49, 88,000; 42,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: over 99% Africans (Malinke 41%, Fulani
14%, Wolof 12%, remainder made up of several smaller
tribal groups), fewer than 1% Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 85% Muslim, 15% animist and Christiar
Language: English official; Malinke most widely
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: approx. 165,000, mostly engaged in
25,000 are wage earners (government, trade,
Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor force
used vernacular
subsistence farming; about
services)
at most
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Gambia
Type: republic; independent since ?February 1968
Capital: Bathurst
Political subdivisions: Bathurst and 4 divisions
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution came
into force upon independence in 1965, new republican constitution adopted in
April 1970; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: Executive Council of 8 ministers; 36-member House of Representatives,
in which 4 seats are reserved for chiefs and 32 are filled by election for
5-year term; independent judiciary
Government leader: Dawda K. Jawara, President
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Secretary
General Dawda K. Jawara; opposition coalition, People's Progressive Alliance
(PPA) and United Party (UP)
Elections: general elections held May 1966; PPP won 24 seats, alliance of UP and
PPA won 5
Communists: probably some Communists and sympathizers
Member of: Commonwealth, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $32 million (1968 est.), about $90 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- peanuts, rice, palm kernels
Major industry: peanut processing
Electric power: 3,000 kw. capacity (1969); 6.6 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
18 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $12.9 million (1968); peanuts and peanut products 90% to 95%, palm
kernels
Imports: $19.4 million (1968); textiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K.; imports -- U.K. and Japan
Aid: economic -- U.K. (1968-71) about $8 million commitment
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gambian pound=US$2.40 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 820 mi.; 130 mi bituminous surface treated, 260 mi. gravel, 430 mi.
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 377 mi.
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: good telephone and telegraph services; 1,600 telephones;
35,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of U.K.; no British troops present; police strength
is about 600, including 6 expatriate officers
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NIS 13A GERMANY, EAST
LAND:
41,800 sq. mi.; 45% arable, 13% meadows and pasture, 27%
forested, 15% other (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 17,040,000 (including East Berlin), average
annual growth rate -0.01% (current); males 15-49,
3,768,000; 3,055,000 fit for military service; about
134,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, .3% Slavic
Religion: 59.3% Protestant, 8.1% Roman Catholic, 32.6%
unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and
about 25% of Roman Catholics actively participate
Language: German
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 8.5 million; 16%
agriculture, 39% industry, 45% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: German Democratic Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Eastern Sector of Berlin (this claim is not officially recognized by
U.S., U.K., and France which together with the U.S.S.R. have special rights
and responsibilities in Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Berlin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 217
counties (Kreise), 8,950 communities (Gemeinden) (according to East German
statistics published in February 1970)
Legal system: Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted 1968 by approx.
95% of the voters in country's first referendum which was held under coercive
conditions; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at School
of Political Science and Law "Walter Ulbricht"; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction; new penal code reflecting more stringent Socialist ideology
adopted 1968
Branches: legislative, executive, and judicial systems dominated by Communist
Party through interlocking directorates
Government leaders: Premier Willi Stoph; Chairman, Council of State,
Walter Ulbricht
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national and local alternating every 2 years; prepared by an electoral
commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters
permitted to strike names off ballot; recent change allows more candidates
than offices available; parliamentary elections held 2 July 1967; local
elections, 22 March 1970
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED), headed
by First Secretary Walter Ulbricht, dominates the regime; 4 other token
parties (Christian Democratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal
Democratic Party, and German Peasants' Party) and an amalgam of pseudo-
political parties and pressure groups participate in National Front
Voting strength: 97.98% of those eligible to vote cast ballots and 99.85% of
these voted the regime slate (1970 local elections); similar results were
obtained in the 1967 parliamentary elections
Communists: 1.9 million
Other political groups: Free German Youth, Free German Trade Unions Association,
Democratic Women's League of Germany, German Democratic Cultural Association
(all Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, Warsaw Pact
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ECONOMY:
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops -- potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats,
industrial crops; shortages in grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef;
caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemicals, light industry, brown coal,
uranium, and shipbuilding
Shortages: coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 5.45 million metric tons produced (1970 est.), approx. 320 kg. per
capita
Exports: $4,570 million est. (f.o.b. delivering country, 1970)
Imports: $4,730 million est. (f.o.b. delivering country, 1970)
Major trade partners: $9,300 million (1970); 40% Soviet Union, 32% other
Communist countries, 28% non-Communist countries (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.2 DME=US$1 (unofficial rate actually used in East
German accounting of foreign trade transactions)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
except for caloric intake, which is reported for the consumption year
1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 9,640 route mi.; 9,052 mi. standard gage, 588 mi. meter and narrow
gage, 1,243 mi. double track standard gage; 795 mi. electrified, including
109 mi. of Berlin S-Bahn (1969)
Highways: 54,055 mi.; 29,369 mi. paved, 24,685 mi. unpaved; 910 mi. classified
autobahn, 7,705 mi. national routes, 20,755 mi. district roads (1971)
Inland waterways: 1,562 mi. (1971)
Freight carried: rail -- 278.4 million short tons, 26.4 billion short ton/mi.
(1969); highway -- 478.5 million short tons, 6.9 billion short ton/mi. (1969);
waterway -- 14.3 million short tons, 1.6 billion short ton/mi. (1969)
Pipelines: crude oil, 360 mi; refined products, 100 mi.
Merchant marine: 130 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 967,000 GRT, 1,300,000
DWI; includes 2 passenger, 119 cargo, 9 tanker
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, 6.736 billion DME;
about 9.5% of total budget
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NIS 50A GHANA
LAND:
92,000 sq. mi.; 19% agricultural, 60% forest and brush,
21% other (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12
n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,824,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(March 60-70); males 15-49, 2,035,000; 1,090,000 fit
for military service; 105,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% Negroid African (major tribes
Fanti, Ashanti, Ewe), 0.2% European and other
Religion: 45% animists, 42.8% Christian, 12% Muslim
Language: English official; African languages include Akan
Ewe 13%, and Ga-Adangbe 8%
Literacy: about 25% (in English)
Labor force: 3.4 million; 61% agriculture and fishing;
sales and clerical; 4.1% services, transportation,
2.9% professional; 400,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 10.3% of labor force
44%, Mole-Dagbani 16%,
16.8% industry; 15.2%
and communications;
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; independent since March 1957
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: 8 administrative regions and separate Greater Accra
Area; regions subdivided into 47 districts
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; Supreme Court has
power of judicial review; new constitution adopted 1969; legal education at
University of Ghana (Legon) and Ghana Law School (Accra); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority vested primarily in prime minister, although
president has some appointive powers; unicameral legislature; independent
judiciary
Government leaders: chief of state, President Edward Akufo-Addo; Prime Minister,
Kofi A. Busia
Suffrage: universal over 21
Elections: 140-man National Assembly elected to five-year term in August, 1969;
105 seats won by Progress Party which now governs
Political parties and leaders: two major parties are Progress Party led by
Kofi Busia and Justice Party led by E. R. Madjitey and Joe Appiah
Communists: a small number of Communists and sympathizers, without influence
since Nkrumah's overthrow
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $2.3 million (1969) at current prices, about $260 per capita
Agriculture: main crop -- cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum
and millet, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can become so
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 700,000 kw. capacity (1969); 903 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 105 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $348 million (f.o.b., 1969); cocoa (about 70%), wood, gold, diamonds,
manganese, bauxite, and aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance
of payments data)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $331 million (c.i.f., 1969); textiles and other manufactured goods,
food, mineral fuels, machinery, chemicals, transport equipment
Major trade partners: U.K., EEC, and U.S.
Monetary conversion rate: 1 new Cedi=US$0.98 (official); 1.02 new Cedi=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 599 mi. -- all 3'6" gage; 20 mi. double track; diesel locomotives
gradually replacing steam engines
Highways: 21,350 mi., 3,100 mi. concrete or bituminous surface, 3,750 mi. gravel
or laterite, 3,700 mi. improved earth, 10,800 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tana rivers provide 145 mi. of perennial
navigation for launches and lighters; additional routes navigable seasonally
by small craft; Lake Volta reservoir provides 700 mi. of arterial and
feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 2 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 1 naval base (Sekondi), 4 minor
Merchant marine: 16 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 114,000 GRT,
151,000 DWT
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 22 total, 19 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 10 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone fair to good in urban areas; fairly good telegraph
services; 54,000 telephones; about 703,000 radio receivers; 16,000 TV
receivers; 2 All, no FM, and 5 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971, $45,500,000; 8.8% of
total budget
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NIS 25A GIBRALTAR
LAND:
2.5 sq. mi.
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 27,000 (official estimate for 31 December
1968); males 15-49, about 6,000; about 3,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese, and
Spanish descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English and Spanish are primary languages;
Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English
used in the schools and for all official purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-Gibraltarian
Organized labor: 3,369, in 27 registered trade unions
laborers
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of Gibraltar
Type: U.K. colony
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in July 1968; new system
effected in 1969 after electoral enquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprised of the Gibraltar House of the Assembly
(15 elected members and 2 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers
headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Governor is
appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Governor and Commander in Chief, Adm. of the Fleet Sir
Varyl Begg; Chief Minister, Maj. Robert Peliza; Deputy Chief Minister,
Peter Isola
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other U.K. subjects resident 6 months
or more
Elections: every 5 years; last held in July 1969
Political parties and leaders: Association for Advancement of Civil Rights
(AACR), Sir Joshua Hassan; Labor, Sir Joshua Hassan; Independents, Peter
Isola; Integrationists (IWBP), Maj. Robert Peliza
Voting strength: In 1969, the AACR won 7 seats in the Assembly, the IWBP won 5,
the Independents won 3; a coalition between the latter two parties was formed
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: the Housewives Association; the Chamber
of Commerce
ECONOMY:
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and large British naval and
air bases. Nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit trade and
port serves also as important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships' wares.
Recently built dockyards and machine shops provide maintenance and repair
services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each year.
U.K. military establishments and civil government employ nearly half the insured
labor force. Local industry is confined to manufacture of tobacco, roasted
coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, and canned fish. Some factories for
manufacture of clothing are being developed. A small segment of local
population makes its livelihood by fishing. In recent years tourism has-
increased in importance.
Electric power: 29,170 ha. capacity (1970); 47 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
1,500 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1968); principally reexports of tobacco,
petroleum, and wine
Imports: $19.8 million (1967)
Major trade partners: U.K., France, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, West Germany
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gibraltar pound=US$2.40
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 19 miles, all paved
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft (registered in U.K.)
Airfields: 1 permanent-surface runway, 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: international radiocommunication facilities; automatic
telephone system serving 5,600 telephones; 6,000 radio receivers; 6,600
television receivers; 1 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 14 submarine cables
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NIS 24 GREECE
LAND:
51,200 sq. mi.; 28% arable and land under permanent crops,
35% meadows and pastures, 19% forested, 18% wasteland,
urban, other (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 6 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,747,000, average annual growth rate 0.4%
(March 61-71); males 15-49, 2,126,000; 1,710,000 fit
for military service; about 68,000 reach military age
(21) annually
Ethnic divisions: 96% Greek, 2% Turkish, 1% Albanian,
1% other
Religion: 97% Greek Orthodox, 2.5% Muslim, 0.5% other
Language: Greek; English and French widely understood
Literacy: males about 92%; females about 73%; total about 82%
Labor force: 3.7 million (1967 est.); 50% agriculture, 15% industry, 9% trade,
26% other; unemployment and underemployment, 20% total in all fields;
shortage of skilled labor in nonagricultural sectors aggravated by large-
scale emigration
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Greece
Type: constitutional monarchy; power in hands of ex-military leaders since
April 1967
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi) administered by the central
government (probably will be altered)
Legal system: based on Roman and Byzantine law, substantially altered by civil
codes of 1946-51; legal training at University of Athens; compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction not accepted
Branches: new constitution implemented in November 1968, except for certain
articles concerning individual rights, political activity, and powers of the
courts theoretically implemented through new legislation in 1969; however,
in practice repression of these rights still exists; Consultative Assembly
elected in 1970
Government leaders: King Constantine, head of state (in exile); Lt. Gen. George
Zoitakis, Regent; actual authority lies in hands of.ex-military triumvirate
headed by Georgis Papadopoulos, Prime Minister, Minister of Defense, and
Foreign Minister; Stylianos Pattakos, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of
Interior; Nikolaos Makarezos, Minister of Coordination
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: subject to scheduling of government
Political parties and leaders: political activities suppressed; party leadership
and organization in disarray
Communists: 12% of electorate in February 1964; hard-core elements imprisoned;
Communist Party (KKE) outlawed since 1947
Member of: EEC (associate member), FAO, FUND, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, ITU, NATO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $8.4 billion (1969), $940 per capita; 78% consumption, 22% investment;
1969 growth rate 8.5%, 1958 constant prices
Agriculture: subject to droughts; main crops -- wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton;
nearly self-sufficient; food shortages -- livestock products; caloric intake,
2,960 calories per day per capita (1963)
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-ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: food processing, tobacco, chemicals, textiles, petroleum
refining, aluminum processing
Shortages: petroleum, minerals, feed grains
Crude steel: 210,000 metric tons produced (1965), 20 kg. per capita
Electric power: 2,614,000 kw. capacity (1970); 8,900 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 780 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $612 million (f.o.b., 1970); principal items -- tobacco, cotton, fruits,
metals
Imports: $1,696 million (c.i.f., 1970); principal items -- machinery and
automotive equipment, manufactured consumer goods, petroleum and
petroleum products, chemicals
Major trade partners: (1969) imports -- 42.2% EEC, 14% sterling area, 12% U.S.,
7.3% CEMA countries; exports -- 38.2% EEC, 9.4% sterling area, 18.1% U.S.,
15.8% CEMA countries
Aid:
economic (authorized) -- U.S., $1,883 million (1946-69); International
Finance Corporation, $6.3 million through 1968; U.N. technical assistance,
$3.5 million through 1968; U.N. Special Fund, $6:0 million through 1968;
World Bank, $12.5 million in 1968; Consortium, $40 million in 1966; EEC
(1964-68) $69.2 million;
military -- U.S., $2,018 million (1946-69)
Monetary conversion rate: 30 drachmae=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year; calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,620 mi.; 9E0 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/2"), 610 mi. meter gage
(3'3 3/8"), 20 mi. 1'11 5/8" narrow gage, 10 mi. 2'5 1/2" narrow gage
Highways: 24,200 mi.; 7,100 mi. paved, 9,100 mi. crushed stone and gravel
4,800 mi. improved earth, 3,200 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of 3 coastal canals and 3 unconnected rivers
which provide navigable length of just less than 50 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 16 mi., refined products, 340 mi.
Ports: 17 major, 37 minor
Merchant marine: 1,328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,520,000 GIRT,
19,700,000 DWT; includes 52 passenger, 838 cargo, 223 tanker, 190 bulk,
25 specialized carrier; ethnic Greeks also own an estimated 18,000,000
GRT under other flags: about 15,780,000 GRT under Liberia, 745,000 under
Panama, 1,400,000 under Cyprus, 55,000 under Lebanon, 5,000 under Malta,
and 15,000 under Somali Republic
Airfields: 52 total, 45 usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 9 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Civil air: 32 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: fairly modern networks reach all areas on mainland and
islands; however, services generally inadequate; 881,000 telephones; 1.4
million radio receivers; 255,000 TV receivers; 27 AM, 6 FM and 12 TV stations;
9 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, 4471 million; 26.3%
of central government budget
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NIS 67 GREENLAND
LAND:
840,000 sq. mi.; less than 1% arable (of which only a
fraction cultivated), 83% permanent ice and snow,
16% other (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 52,000, average annual growth rate 4.7% (FY68);
males 15-49, included with Denmark
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-
born whites), 14% Danes
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12,000; largely engaged
in fishing and sheep breeding
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Greenland
Type: province of Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament;
separate Minister for Greenland in the Danish cabinet
Capital: Godthab (administrative center)
Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 communes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed from colony to province in 1953
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and Danish parliament;
executive power vested in Crown, acting through provincial governor
responsible to Minister for Greenland; local affairs handled by provincial
council (LandsrRd) subject to approval of provincial governor; 19 lower courts
Government leader: King Frederick IX; Governor N.O. Christensen
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years (next June 1971)
Political parties: Inuit (advocating close ties with Denmark); Sukaq (moderate
socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland identity)
ECONOMY:
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep grazing; garden produce
Major industries: mining, slaughtering, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 25,000 kW. capacity (1970); 49 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
580 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $13.2 million (f.o.b., 1968); fish and fish products, nonmetallic minerals
Imports: $45.7 million (f.o.b., 1968); machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum and petroleum products, food products
Major trade partners: (1968) Denmark 83.5%, U.S. 7.6%, Venezuela 3.2%
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 Danish Kroner=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 7 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft registered in Denmark
Airfields: 11 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 7 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international service provided by
radio; 2,950 telephones; 7,100 radiobroadcast receivers; 5 AM, 1 FM, and
2 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
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NIS 81A GRENADA
LAND:
133 sq. mi. (Grenada and southern Grenadines); 47%
cultivated, 3% pastures, 12% forests, 20% unused but
potentially productive, 18% built on, wasteland,
other (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 107,000, average annual growth rate 1.7%
(FY67-69)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African-Negro descent
Religion: Church of England; other Protestant sects;
Roman Catholic
Language: English; some French patois
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 25,170 (1960); 40% in agriculture; 30% unemployed or
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
underemployed
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Associated State of Grenada
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: St. George's
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law
Government leaders: Premier Eric Matthew Gairy; U.K. Governor Dr. Hilda Bynoe
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent election August 1967
Political parties and leaders: Grenada United Labor Party (GULP), Eric Matthew
Gairy; Grenada National Party (GNP), Herbert A. Blaize
Voting strength (1967 election): GULP 53.9%, GNP 46.1%; Legislative Council
seats, GULP 7, GNP 3
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARIFTA
ECONOMY:
GDP: $22.0 million (1967), $220 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- cocoa, spices, bananas
Electric power: 2,500 kw. capacity (1969); 8.75 million kw.-hr. produced (1969
est.); 82 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5.1 million (f.o.b., 1968); cocoa beans, bananas, nutmeg, mace
Imports: $13.2 million (c.i.f., 1968); textiles, flour, clothing, miscellaneous
manufactured goods
Major trade partners: U.K. 37%, U.S. 9%, Canada 9% (1966)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 West Indies dollars=US$1 (official)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 600 mi.; 380 mi. paved, 100 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or earth
surface; 120 mi. unimproved
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 5,000 ft.
Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide telephone system with 2,700 telephones;
VHF island link to Trinidad; no data on radio or TV receivers; 1 AM station
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NIS 71 GUATEMALA
LAND:
42,040 sq. mi.; 14% cultivated, 10% pasture, 57% forest,
19% other (1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,421,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(current); males 15-49, 11,326,000; 670,000 fit for
military service; about 60,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 44% Indian, 56% Ladino (mestizo and
Indian -- Westernized)
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as
a primary tongue
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force: 1.5 million (1969); 63.2% agriculture, 12.4% manufacturing, 11.8%
services, 12.6% other, 2% unemployed; severe shortage of skilled labor;
oversupply of unskilled labor; of this total an estimated 10% are unemployed
at any one time
Organized labor: 6.5% of labor force (1969)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala City
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at University of San Carlos of
Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: traditionally dominant executive; elected unicameral legislature;
7-member (minimum) Supreme Court
Government leader: President Carlos Arana
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for literates, optional for illiterates
Elections: next elections (President and Congress) March 1974
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Donaldo
Alvarez Ruiz; Revolutionary Party (PR), Alberto Fuentes Mohr (Sec. Gen.);
National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon; Guatemalan
Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Danilo Barillas Rodriguez
Voting strength: for President -- MLN-PID 251,135 (40%), PR 202,241 (32.5%), DCG
125,948 (20%) null, 7.5%; for congressional seats -- PR 16, MLN-PID 34, DCG 5
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed (Communist) Guatemalan Labor Party
(PGT), Bernardo Alvarado; Revolutionary Democratic Unity (URD), Francisco
Villagran Kramer
Member of: CACM, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, OAS, ODECA, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.0 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969), $380 per capita; 80%
private consumption, 8% government consumption, 14% domestic investment, -2%
net foreign balance; real growth rate 1969, 5.5%
Agriculture: main products -- coffee, cotton, corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas,
livestock; caloric intake, 2,200 calories per day per capita (1967)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals,
nonmetallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 230,000 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 730 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 137 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $304 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee, cotton, meat, bananas, sugar,
textiles, tires
Imports: $305 million (c.i.f., 1969); manufactured products, machinery, trans-
portation equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 28%, CACM 29%, West Germany 10%, Japan
11%; imports -- U.S. 41%, CACM 20%, West Germany 10%, U.K. 17% (1968)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $150.3 million loans, $164.1
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-69), $108.8 million;
from other western countries (1960-68) $7.6 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-69), $16.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal-4SP (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 550 mi., all narrow gage (3'01; 510 mi. government owned, 40 mi.
privately owned
Highways: 7,600 mi., 300 mi. bituminous, 4,200 mi. gravel, 2,100 mi. improved
or unimproved earth (1965)
Inland waterways: 164 mi. navigable year-round; additional 458 mi. navigable
during high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 28 mi.
Freight carried: rail (1960) -- 191.8 million ton/miles, 1.1 million tons
Ports: 4 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,600 GRT, 5,400 DWT
Airfields: 469 total, 316 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 18 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: modern telecom facilities largely limited to Guatemala City;
intercity open wire network; 38,500 telephones; est. 350,000 radio and
72,000 TV receivers, 77 AM, 25 FM, and 3 TV stations; construction of
satellite earth station under consideration
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $15,904,000; about
8.6% of central government budget
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NIS 50E GUINEA
LAND:
95,000 sq. mi.; 3.3% cropland, 10% forest (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 130 n. ni. (fishing 130
n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,914,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(FY67); males 15-49, 927,000; 445,000
fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (3 major tribes - Fulani,
Malinke, Soussou; and 13 smaller tribes)
Religion: 80% Muslim, 19% animist, 1% Christian
Language: French official; each tribe has own language
Literacy: 5% to 10%; French only significant written language
Labor force: 1.5 million, of which less than 10% are wage earners; most of
population engages in subsistence agriculture
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage labor force loosely affiliated with the
National Confederation of Guinean Workers, which is closely tied to the PDG
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Guinea
Type: republic; under one-party presidential regime
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 30 administrative regions, 204 arrondissements, about
8,000 local entities of village or district level
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1958; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive branch dominant, with power concentrated in President's
hands and a small group who are both ministers and members of the party's
politburo; unicameral National Assembly; separate judiciary
Government leader: President Ahmed Sekou Toure, who has been designated
"The Supreme Leader of the Revolution"
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: approximate schedule -- 5 years parliamentary, latest in 1968;
7 years Presidential, latest in 1968
Political parties and leaders: only party is Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG),
headed by Sekou Toure
Communists: no Guinean Communists have been identified, although there are some
sympathizers
Member of: FAO, ICAO, ILO, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $275 million (1965), $75 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- coffee, bananas, palm products, peanuts, and pine-
apples; staple food crops -- cassava, rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes;
livestock raised in some areas; not self-sufficient, but can become so
Major industries: alumina, light manufacturing and processing industries,
bauxite
Electric power: 99,700 kw. capacity (1969); 200 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
50 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: export receipts, $56 million (FY69-70); alumina, pineapples, bananas,
palm nuts, coffee
Imports: $66 million (FY69-70); petroleum products, metals, machinery and
transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: Western Europe (including France), Communist countries,
U.S.
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate: 247 Guinea francs=US$1 (provisional)
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 500 mi. meter gage, 5 mi. standard gage
Highways: 6,000 mi.; 300 mi. paved, 2,000 mi. all weather, 3,700 mi. seasonal
(dry)
Inland waterways: 1,115 mi.; 310 mi. navigable by small oceangoing vessels,
805 mi. navigable by shallow-draft steamers and barges
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Merchant marine: 1 bulk carrier (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 10,800 GRT,
15,290 DWT
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 19 total, 15 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 6 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: limited telephone service; fair telegraph facilities;
6,500 telephones; 91,000 radio receivers; I AM, no FM, and no TV stations;
3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: totally dependent on Communist countries, mainly U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1969, $14.2 million; 16.2%
of total budget
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NIS 95A GUYANA
LAND:
83,000 sq. mi.; 1% cropland, 3% pasture, 9% savanna,
77% forested, 10% water, urban, and waste (est. 1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 786,000, average annual growth rate 3.0% (FY69-
70); males 15-49, 182,000; 125,000 fit for military
service
Ethnic divisions: 50% East Indians, 44% Negro and Negro
mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% white and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other
Language: English
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: 175,000; about 75% agriculture; 10% mining, services, and
manufacturing; 15% other; 21% unemployed; shortage of technical and
managerial personnel
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-
Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers presided over by Prime Minister; 53-member
unicameral legislative National Assembly (elected); Supreme Court
Government leader: Prime Minister L.F.S. Burnham
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: last held in December 1968; next elections 1973
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan;
People's National Congress (PNC), L.F.S. Burnham; United Force (UF),
Feilden Singh
Voting strength (1968 election): 36.5% PPP, 55.8% PNC, 7.4% UF, 0.3% other
Communists: unknown; top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive Youth Organization,
militant wing of the PPP) include many Communists, but rank and file is
non-Communist
Other political or pressure groups: Justice Party, Guyana United Muslim Party,
Guyana All-Indian League, African Society for Cultural Relations with
Independent Africa, Progressive Youth Organization (PPP affiliate), Young
Socialist Movement (PNC affiliate), Guyana United Youth Society (UF
affiliate), Afro-Asian-American Association, Committee for National
Reconstruction, Guyana National Party (GNP)
Member of: CARIFTA, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $269 million (1970), $350 per capita; real growth rate 1970 (est.) 3%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, rice, other food crops; food shortages --
wheat flour, potatoes, processed meat, dairy products; caloric intake, 2,110
calories per day per capita (1965)
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina production, sugar and rice milling
Electric power: 112,000 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 448 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.), 578 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $133 million (f.o.b., 1970); bauxite, sugar, alumina, rice, shrimp,
timber, diamonds
Imports: $118 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery, manufactures, food, petroleum
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: U.K. 28%, U.S. 23%, Canada 14%
countries 13% (1969)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (1953-69), $41
million grants; from international organizations
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Guyana dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 164 mi.; 146 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage, 18 mi.
none electrified
Highways: 750 mi.; 300 mi. paved, 400 mi. gravel, crushed stone, and bauxite
ore, 50 mi. earth and sand
Inland waterways: 3,700 mi.; Demerara River navigable to Mackenzie by ocean
steamers, others by ferryboats, small craft only
Freight carried: 75,593 tons 1961
Ports: 1 major, 3 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,959 GRT, 3,149 DWT
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 100 total, 87 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system with multistation radio
relay network and over 13,500 telephones; tropospheric scatter link to
Trinidad; 200,000 radio receivers, 2 AM stations
, Commonwealth Caribbean
.2 million loans, $19.8
(FY46-69), $18.8 million
3'6" gage, all single track,
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: mostly U.K., some U.S. equipment
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $2.35 million; 2.8%
of central government budget
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NIS 79
LAND:
HAITI
10,700 sq. mi.; 31% cultivated, 18% rough pastures,
10% forested, 44% unproductive (1960)
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,968,000, average annual growth rate 2 1%
(FY69); males 15-49, 1,240,000; 660,000 fit for
military service; about 51,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: over 90% Negro, nearly 10% mulatto, few
whites
Religion: 10% Protestant, 75% to 80% Roman Catholic (of
which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo)
Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of population;
Literacy: 10% to 12%
Labor force: 2.6 million (est. January 1968);
2% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor;
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
all speak Creole
86% agriculture, 12% industry,
unskilled labor abundant
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic under the 14-year dictatorship of Francois Duvalier who was
succeeded upon his death on 21 April 1971 by his constitutional successor,
his son, Jean-Claude
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: 5 departments (despite constitutional provision for 9)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; constitution adopted 1964; legal
education at State University in Port-au-Prince and private law colleges
in Cap Haitien, Les Cayes, Gonaives, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: lifetime President, powerless unicameral legislature, judiciary
appointed by President
Government leader: Jean-Claude Duvalier
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Election: constitution provides for lifetime presidency; provisions for
presidential succession not specified; legislative elections to be held
every 6 years
Political parties: National Unity Party, only legal party; United Haitian
Communist Party (PUCH), illegal (Communist)
Voting strength (1967 legislative elections): 100% National Unity Party
(Duvalier)
Member of: GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, IMF, IBRD, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: about one-half billion U.S. dollars (purchasing power parity estimate,
1969), $100 per capita; economy has been stagnant in recent years, but some
growth probably occurred in 1969-70
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum, pulses;
caloric intake, 1,850 calories per day per capita
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing,
copper and bauxite mining, tourism
Electric power: 30,000 kW. capacity (1970 est.); 78 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 16 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $36.6 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee, bauxite, light industrial
products, sisal, sugar, copper
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $42.0 million (f.o.b., 1969); wheat, fish, vegetable oils, textiles,
petroleum products, industrial equipment, medical supplies, construction
materials
Major trade partners: U.S. 59%, EEC 15%, Japan 6% (1967 est.)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S., $34.0 million loans, $80.4 million grants
(FY46-69); international organizations, $20.6 million (FY46-69);
military -- U.S., $4.3 million (FY53-63)
Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes.US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 51 mi. 2' 6" gage, single-track, privately awned industrial railway;
70 mi. narrow-gage, single-track, privately owned industrial railway;
government line dismantled
Highways: 2,000 mi.; 325 mi. paved, 150 mi. otherwise improved, 1,525 mi.
unimproved
Inland waterways: negligible; about 60 mi. navigable
Ports: 2 major, 12 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft owned by the air force
Airfields: 30 total, 15 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 5 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: all domestic facilities inadequate, international facilities
only slightly better; large-scale telephone expansion program; only 4,450
telephones, est. 282,000 radio and 10,800 TV receivers, 25 AM, 1 FM, and
1 TV stations?
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1970, $5,800,000; about
20.7% of operational budget
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NIS 73 HONDURAS
LAND:
43,300 sq. mi.; 27% forested, 30% pasture, 36% waste,
7% cropland (1966)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,667,000, average annual growth rate 3.4%
(FY69); males 15-49, 661,000; 390,000 fit for military
service; about 28,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo, 7% Indian, 2% Negro, and
1% white
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 47% of persons 10 years of age and over
Labor force: approx. 750,000 (1969); 66% agriculture, 12% services,
manufacturing, 5% commerce, 6% unemployed, 3% unspecified
Organized labor: 5% of labor force (1969)
8%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English
common law; constitution adopted 1965; judicial review of legislative acts
in Supreme Court; legal education at University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: constitution provides for elected President, unicameral legislature,
and national judicial branch
Government leader: President Ramon Ernesto Cruz
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: February 1971, Nationalist Party candidate won election; next
election February 1977
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PLH), Carlos Roberto Reina --
President of Central Executive Council, Jorge Bueso Arias, Ramon Villeda
Morales, Modesto Rodas Alvonado, Max Velasquez, Leonardo Godoy, Nationalist
Party (PNH), Ramon Ernesto Cruz, Ricardo Zuniga Augustinus, Mario Rivera
Lopez, Martin Aquevole, Manuel Acosta Bonilla; Popular Progressive Party
(PPP-uninscribed), Gonzalo Carias Castillo; Orthodox Republican Party (PRO-
uninscribed), Roque Jacinto Rivera; Communist Party of Honduras (PCH-outlawed),
Dionisio Ramos Bejarano, Tomas Ezra Pena; Christian Democrat (uninscribed),
Miguel Andonie Fernandez, Napoleon Alcerro Olivia
Voting strength (1971 elections): Nationalist Party (PNH) 304,753; Liberal
Party (PLH) 276,091
Member of: IADB, ICAO, ILO, OAS, CACM, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $800 million (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969), $310 per capita; 77%
private consumption, 9% government consumption, 19% domestic investment, -5%
net foreign balance; real growth rate 1969, 4.2%
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, coffee, corn, beans, cotton, sugarcane,
tobacco; caloric intake, 2,300 calories per day per capita (1964-65)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, clothing, wood products
Electric power: 113,000 kw. capacity (1969 est.); 380 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 150 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $177 million (f.o.b., est. 1970); bananas, coffee, corn, cotton, lumber,
minerals, beef
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $222 million (c.i.f., est. 1970); manufactured products, machinery,
transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 43%, West Germany 18%, CACM 16%; imports
-- U.S. 45%, CACM 26%, West Germany 4% (1968 est.)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $60.8 million loans, $50.5
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-68), $118.5 million;
from other Western countries (1960-68), $5.3 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY46-69), $7.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 743 mi.; 443 mi. of 3'6" gage, 300 mi. of 3'0" gage
Highways: 3,000 mi.; 520 mi. paved, 1,240 mi. gravel, 520 mi. improved earth,
720 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 750 mi. navigable by small craft
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Merchant marine: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,000 GRT, 61,000 DWT;
includes 14 cargo; all foreign owned and operated
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 212 total, 136 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: improved, but still inadequate for all requirements; instal-
lation of radio relay system completed; over 12,500 telephones; 300,000
radio and 21,000 TV receivers; 58 AM, 5 FM, and 6 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: traditional dependence on U.S. has for the time being shifted to
Western Europe
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $11,400,000; about
9% of central government budget (includes the armed forces and the Special
Security Corps)
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NIS 39C HONG KONG
LAND:
400 sq. mi.; 14% arable, 10% forested, 76% other (mainly
grass, shrub, steep hill country) (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,174,000, average annual growth rate 2.1%
(FY69-70); males 15-49, 1,058,000; 815,000 fit for
military service; about 47,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 10% Christian, 90% eclectic mixture of local
religions
Language: Chinese, English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force (1969 est.): 1.52 million; 40% manufacturing; 28% services; 11%
construction, mining, quarrying and utilities; 11% commerce;. 5% agriculture,
forestry, fisheries, and hunting; 6% communications; 2% other; under-
employment is a serious problem
Organized labor: 12% of 1969 labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Capital: Victoria
Type: U.K. crown colony
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Executive Council; he legislates with
advice and consent of Legislative Council; Urban Council which alone includes
elected representatives, responsible for health, recreation, and resettlement;
New Territories divided into 4 districts, each presided over by a District
Officer advised by a locally elected Rural Committee; independent judiciary
Government leader: present Governor and Commander in Chief Sir David Trench is
scheduled to be replaced by C. M. MacLehose in late 1971
Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional or skilled persons
Elections: every 2 years to select one-half of elected membership of Urban
Council; other Urban Council members appointed by the Governor
Political parties and leaders: Civic Association, Hu Pai-fu; Reform Club, B. A.
Bernacchi; Socialist Democratic Party, Sun Po-kong; Hong Kong Labour Party,
Tang Hon-tsai
Voting strength: (elected Urban Council members) Civic Association 4, Reform
Club 3, and 1 independent
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Trade Unions (Communist
controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese
dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber
of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong Industries,
Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong
ECONOMY:
GNP: $3 billion 1969, $750 per capita
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main crops --
rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food
shortages -- rice, wheat
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tourism, plastics, electronics, light
metal products, food processing
Shortages: industrial raw materials, water, food
Electric power: 1,367,500 kw. capacity (1969); 4 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 1,095 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1969); including 442 million reexports; principal
products clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs,
footwear, light metal manufactures
Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: 1969 exports -- U.S. 35%, U.K. 12%, Japan 6%, West
Germany 6%; imports -- Japan 23%, China 18%, U.S. 13%, U.K. 8%
Monetary conversion rate: HK$6.06-US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 22 mi. standard gage; government awned
Highways: 600 mi.; 410 mi. paved, 190 mi. gravel and crushed stone, or earth
Freight carried: rail -- 903,180 short tons (FY68)
Ports: 1 major
Merchant marine: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 527,000 GRT, 787,000
DWT; includes 2 passenger, 45 cargo, 5 tanker, 11 bulk cargo, 2 specialized
carrier; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the British flag; over 400 Hong
Kong-owned ships are registered elsewhere
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is the responsibility of U.K.
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NIS 19 HUNGARY
LAND:
35,900 sq. mi.; 60% arable; 14% other agricultural; 16%
forested; 10% other (January 1968)
PEOPLE:
Population: 10,372,000, average annual growth rate 0.4%
(current); males 15-49, 2,644,000; 2,120,000 fit for
military service; about 95,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 96.3% Magyar, 2.5% German, 1.2% other
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20% Calvinist, 5%
Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and other
Language: 96.2% Magyar, 2.5% German, 1.3% other
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 5.0 million; 30% agriculture, 40% industry
other nonagricultural
and building, 29%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
Political subdivisions: 19 Megyes (counties), 5 autonomous cities in county
status, 113 Jaras (districts)
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory, with both civil law system (civil
code of 1960) and common law elements; constitution adopted 1949; Supreme
Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes have the effect of
declaring legislative acts unconstitutional; legal education at Eotvos
Lorand Tudomanyegyetem School of Law in Budapest and 2 other schools of law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- Presidential Council (elected by Parliament); legislative
-- Parliament (elected by direct suffrage); judicial -- Supreme Court
(elected by Parliament)
Government leaders: Jeno Fock, Chairman, Council of Ministers; Pal Losonczi,
President, Presidential Council
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party
(sole party); Janos Kadar is First Secretary of Central Committee
Voting strength (1967 election): 7,086,596 (99.7%) for Communist-approved
candidates; 19,113 (0.3%) negative votes; total eligible electorate about
7.2 million
Communists: 662,397 (November 1970)
Member of: U.N. (FAO, IAEA, ILO, ITU, UNESCO, UPU, WHO), CEMA, Warsaw Pact
ECONOMY:
GNP: $15.0 billion in 1970 (at 1969 prices), $1,450 per capita; 1970 growth
rate 2.4%
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops -- corn, wheat, potatoes,
sugar beets, wine grapes; caloric intake 3,100 calories per day
per capita (1966/67)
Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods,
textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest
products
Crude steel: 3.11 million metric tons produced (1970), about 300 kg. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $2,317 million (f.o.b., 1970); 25% machinery, 28% industrial consumer
goods, 25% raw materials and semimanufactures, 22% food and raw materials
for the food industry (distribution for 1967)
Imports: $2,505 million (1970); 24% machinery, 8% industrial consumer goods,
57% raw materials and semimanufactures, 11% food and raw materials for the
food industry (distribution for 1967)
Trade: $4,822 million (1970); 65% with Communist countries, 35% with non-
Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 11.74 forints=US$1 (arbitrary commercial); 30
forints=US$1 (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 5,948 route mi.; 5,102 mi. standard gage, 824 mi. narrow gage
(mostly 2' 5 7/8"), 22 mi. broad gage (5'0"), 685 mi. double track, 486
mi. electrified; government awned (1970)
Highways: 18,300 mi.; 7,700 mi. paved, 9,700 mi. crushed stone or gravel, 900
mi. earth (1971)
Pipelines: crude oil, 330 mi.; natural gas, over 1,500 mi.
Freight carried: rail -- 124 million short tons (1969), 12.8 billion short ton/mi.
(1970); highway -- 277 million short tons, 2.4 million short ton/mi. (1969);
waterway -- 3.5 million short tons, 1.9 billion short ton/mi. (January 1971)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are
Rostock, East Germany and ports in Poland (1971)
Merchant marine: 18 cargo ships (1,000 GIRT or over) totaling 33,000 GRT,
45,000 OWT
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, 9.44 billion forints;
about 4.8% of total budget
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NIS 68
LAND:
ICELAND'
39,750 sq. mi.; arable negligible, 22% meadows and
pastures, forested negligible, 78% other (1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 4 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 209,000, average annual growth rate 1.4%
(FY66-69); males 15-49, 49,000; 40,000 fit for military
service (Iceland has no conscription or compulsory
military service)
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant
and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 80,000; 22.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 25.6% mining and
manufacturing; 10.7% construction; 12.8% commerce; 7.8% transportation and
communications; 15.2% services; and 4.0% other; 1.3% unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 16 districts, 213 rural communes, 14 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; constitution adopted 1944;
legal education at University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament
(Althing); executive power vested in President but exercised by cabinet
responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 26 lower courts
Government leaders: President Kristjan Eldjarn; Prime Minister Johann Hafstein
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every 4 years (next in June 1971); presidential, every
4 years (next in 1972)
Political parties and leaders: Independence (conservative), Johann Hafstein;
Progressive, Olafur Johannesson; Social Democratic, Gylfi Gislason; Labor
Alliance (Communist front), Ragnar Arnalds; Organization of Liberals,
Hannibal Valdimarsson
Voting strength (1967 election): 37.5% Independence, 28.1% Progressive, 15.7%
Social Democratic, 17.6% Labor Alliance, 1.1% other
Communists: 1,000; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 13,400 votes cast
for Labor Alliance in 1967 election
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $383 million (1969), $1,859 per capita; 65.4% consumption, 33.8%
investment, 10.8% government, -10% net foreign balance (1968); 1968 growth
rate -5.0%, 1960 constant prices
Agriculture: potatoes, turnips, animals, dairy products, hay; food shortages
-- grains, sugar, vegetable and other fibers; caloric intake, 2,900 calories
per day per capita (1964-66)
Major industries: fish processing
Shortages: grain, fuel, wood, minerals, vegetable fibers
Electric power: 320,000 kw. capacity (1970); 1,351 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 3,800 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $107.6 million (f.o.b., 1969); fish and fish products, animal oils and
fats, aluminum
Imports: $123.4 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery and transportation equipment,
petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1969) EFTA 36.7%, EEC 21.9%, U.K. 13.3%, U.S. 17.5%, West
Germany 13.0%, U.S.S.R. 8.4%, Communist countries 11.9%
Aid: economic -- U.S. authorized (1946-68) $87.2 million, $2.0 million
(1968); IBM $25.9 million through June 1968, none in 1968, $1.6 million in
1969, authorized $4.1 million loan in 1970
Monetary conversion rate: 88 kronur=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Ports: 5 major, 55 minor
Merchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 55,000 GRT, 74,000 EMT;
includes 1 passenger, 18 cargo. 2 tanker, 1 specialized carrier
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 107 total, 93 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway 8,000-11,999 ft., 15 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: adequate domestic service provided by wire telephone and
telegraph system which circles island; good international radiocommunica-
tion service; 67,973 telephones; 62,000 radiobroadcast receivers; 38,000 TV
receivers; main AM and FM station in Reykjavik is relayed by 5 AM, 15 FM,
and 32 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
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NIS 35
LAND:
INDIA
1,211,000 sq. mi. (includes Indian part of Jammu-
Kashmir, Sikkim, Goa, Damao and Diu); 50% arable,
5% permanent meadows and pastures, 20% desert,
waste, or urban, 22% forested, 3% inland water (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12. n.
mi.) (100 mi. is fisheries conservation zone,
December 1968)
PEOPLE:
Population: 550,166,000 (including Sikkim and the Indian-
held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir), average annual
growth rate 2.2% (March 61-April 71); males 15-49, 135,066,000;
75,750,000 fit for military service; about 5,975,000 reach military age
annually
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh, 2.5% Christian, .7% Buddhist,
.8% other
Language: 24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous
other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible;
Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people;
English enjoys "associate" status but is the most important language for
national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular
variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India
Literacy: males 27%; females 13%; both sexes 24% (1961 census)
Labor force: about 220 million; 72% agriculture, more than 10% unemployed and
underemployed; shortage of skilled labor is significant and unemployment is
rising
Organized labor: 2.5% to 3% of total labor force'
(17)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Political subdivisions: 18 states, 10 union territories, 1 protectorate (Sikkim),
1 substate (Meghalaya)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; judicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: parliamentary government, national and state; independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordinarily held every 5 years; may be
postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses
confidence vote; next general election to be held by March 1976
Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress split into two factions
in 1969, largest faction (the Ruling Congress) loyal to Prime Minister Gandhi
led by D. Sanjivayya, and smaller faction (the Organization Congress) led by
S. Nijalingappa; Communist Party of India (CPI),
S. A. Dange, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M),
P. Sundarayya, general secretary; Swatantra, N. Dandekar, president (acting);
Bharatiya Jana Sangh, A. B. Vajpayee, president; Samyukta Socialist, Kappori
Thakur, chairman; Praja Socialist Party, N. G. Goray, chairman; Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (DMK), N. Karunanidhi, president
Voting strength (1971 election): 43.7% Ruling Congress, 10.5% Organization Congress,
7.4% Bharatiya Jana Sangh, 3.1% Swatantra, 4.8% CPI, 5.2% CPI/M, 1.1% Praja
Socialist, 2.4% Samyukta Socialist, 3.7% DMK, 18.1% other
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO,
IMCO, IMF, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $44 billion est. (year ending 31 March 1970), less than $100 per capita; real
average annual growth (1 April 1966 - 31 March 1970), 3.5%
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, other cereals, pulses, oilseeds,
cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and coffee; 95% self-sufficient in
food grains; shortages -- rice, wheat; caloric intake, roughly 2,000 calories
per capita per day, of which some 1,500 calories or 15 oz. is from cereals
and pulses
Major industries: textiles, food processing
Crude steel: 6.2 million metric tons produced (1969)
Electric power: 15,135,000 kw. capacity (1969); 54 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 100 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., FY69); tea, jute manufactures, iron ore, cotton
textiles, leather and leather products, iron and steel
Imports: $2.1 billion (c.i.f., FY69); machinery and transport equipment, grains
and flour
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April, stated year - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 36,188 mi.; 15,628 mi. meter (3'3 3/8") gage, 17,462 mi. broad gage,
2,687 mi. (2'6" and 2'0") narrow gage government owned; 411 mi. 2'6" and
2'0" gage privately owned; 5,555 mi. double track; 1,305 mi. electrified
Highways: 589,650 mi.; 96,550 mi. paved, 95,000 gravel or crushed stone, 167,550
improved earth, 235,550 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,410 mi.; 1,600 mi. navigable by river steamers
Ports: 7 major 53 minor
Merchant marine: 245 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,538,000 GRT,
3,889,000 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 187 cargo, 12 tanker, 35 bulk, and
8 specialized carrier
Airfields: 603 total, 371 usable; 192 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 49 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 141 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fair domestic telephone service where available in and
between major cities; facilities and services diminish in quantity and
quality as size of communities decreases and distance between increases;
telephone distribution is less than 2 per 1,000 population; telegraph
facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; TV limited to Delhi -- New
Delhi; international telephones and telegraph adequate; 1,159,279 telephones;
9.3 million radio and 9,000 TV sets; AM stations at 70 locations, 1 TV
station; submarine cables extend to Malaysia, Ceylon, and Aden
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1972, $1.66 billion; 22% of
total budget
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NIS 100 INDONESIA
LAND:
736,000 sq. mi.; 11% small holdings and estates, 64% for-
ests, 25% inland water, waste, urban, and other (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 122,451,000 (including West Irian),
average annual growth rate 2.5% (FY68); males 15-49,
28,068,000; 15,980,000 fit for military service; about
1,440,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 45% Javanese, 14% Sundandse, 7.5%
Madurese, 7.5% Coastal Malays, 26% other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 4% Christian, 2% Buddhist, 2% Hindu, 2% other
Language: Indonesia (modified form of Malay) official; English leading
foreign language
Literacy: 60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group
Labor force: 41 million; 70% agriculture, 15% industry, 15% miscellaneous and
unemployed
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Djakarta
Political subdivisions: 26 first-level administrative subdivisions or provinces
which are further subdivided into 219 second-level areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of government; legal education
at University of Indonesia, Djakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive headed by President who is chief of state, titular head of
cabinet, and Minister for Defense and Security; cabinet selected by President;
unicameral legislature (Parliament) theoretically independent of executive;
second and larger body (Congress), which includes legislature, elects
President and Vice President, and decides outline of national policy; both
now composed of appointed members; judiciary consists of Supreme Court and
system of state courts
Government leader: President Suharto (elected by Congress March 1968)
Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age
Elections: scheduled for July 1971
Political parties and leaders: Indonesian National Party (PNI), Mohamad Isnaeni
(acting); Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Idham Chalid; Indonesian Muslim Party (PMI),
Mintaredja
Voting strength (1955 election): 22.3% National Party, 18.4% Nahdlatul Ulama,
16.4% Communist, 20.9% Masjumi (now banned), 22% other
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current
strength est. at 3,000-4,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized
activity; pre-October 1965 hard core membership has been estimated at 1.5
million
Minor legal parties: Catholic Party, Christian Party, Islamic Unity Party (PSII),
Association of Supporters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI), Islamic Unity
Party (PERTI), Murba
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMF, U.N. (resumed membership
in September 1966 and is now active in U.N. affiliated organizations),
UNESCO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $9 billion (1969), less than $100 per capita; real average annual growth
(1960-68), 2.5%
Agriculture: subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation
production for-export; main crops -- rice, rubber, copra, other tropical
products; substantially self-sufficient; food shortage -- rice
Major industries: processing agricultural products and petroleum, textiles,
cement, mining
Electric power: 960,000 kw. capacity (1969); 2.35 billion kw.-hr. produced (1969);
20 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $975 million (f.o.b., 1969); petroleum, rubber, tin, copra, tea, coffee,
tobacco, palm oil
Imports: $961 million (f.o.b., 1969); rice, other foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals,
iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables
Major trade partners: exports (1967) -- 27% U.S., 15% Japan, 10% U.K., 4%
Communist countries; imports -- 18% U.S., 17% Japan, 10% West Germany, 7%
Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: multiple exchange rate system; major import rate
378 rupiah=US$1, major export rate 340 rupiah=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 4,364 mi.; 3,990 mi. 3'6" gage, 317 mi. 2'51/2" gage, 57 mi.
1'11 5/8" gage; 132 mi. double track; 74 mi. electrified; government owned
Highways: 57,460 mi.; 12,600 mi. paved, 25,200 mi. gravel or crushed stone,
19,660 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 14,010 mi.; Sumatra 4,000 mi., Java and Madura 510 mi., Borneo
6,500 mi., Celebes 150 mi., and West New Guinea 2,850 mi.
Ports: 10 major, 62 minor
Merchant marine: 156 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 502,000 GRT, 608,000
DWT; includes 9 passenger, 117 cargo, 15 tanker, 11 bulk, 3 specialized
carrier; a small proportion of the fleet is in overseas trade; in the
interisland fleet over two-thirds are commercially inoperable
Airfields: 314 total, 200 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 56 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 11 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: extensive police net for interisland service; international
and domestic service is limited; radiobroadcast coverage adequate but TV
available on Java only; 182,319 telephones; 3.2 million radio sets; 90,000
TV sets; AM stations at 53 locations; 1 FM and 5 TV stations; 2 submarine
cables to Singapore
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1971, $330 million; about
24% of total budget
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NIS 33 IRAN
LAND:
636,000 sq. mi.; 14% agricultural, 11% forested, 16%
cultivable with adequate irrigation, 51% desert,
waste, or urban, 8% migratory grazing and other (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 29,588,000, average annual growth rate 3.0%
(FY69); males 15-49, 6,985,000; 4,125,000 fit for
military service; about 304,000 reach military
age (21) annually
Ethnic divisions: 63% Ethnic Persians, 3% Kurds, 13% other
Iranian, 18% Turkic, 3% Arab and other Semitic, 1% other
Religion: 93% Shia Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim; 2% Zoroastrians,
Language: Farsi (Persian), Turki, Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: about 30% of those 10 years of age and older
Labor force: 7.5 million; 47% agriculture; 53% industry,
etc.; shortage of skilled labor substantial
Organized labor: 1.1% of labor force
Jews, and Christians
commerce, services,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Empire of Iran (becoming obsolete)
Type: constitutional monarchy, actually controlled by the Shah
Capital: Teheran
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and 6 independent governorates, subdivided
into counties, municipalities, and rural districts
Legal system: based largely on Belgian law, with elements drawn from other
continental systems; personal law based on Islamic practice generally with
residual traces of Roman law; constitution adopted 1906 and constitutional
law of 1907; High Court of Appeal may judge disputes relating to government
departments acting according to law; legal education at University of Teheran;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive power rests in Shah who appoints a Prime Minister; Prime
Minister must be approved by lower house (Majlis); while Cabinet theoretically
responsibility of Prime Minister, Shah usually exerts strong influence over
its selection; bicameral legislature; Majlis has 219 seats (with 2 vacant
for islands of the Persian Gulf) elected to 4-year terms, and Senate 60
members serving 4-year terms; half of Senate members appointed by Shah,
other half elected; no provision for judicial review of constitutionality
of legislative acts
Government leaders: Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Prime Minister Amir
Abbas Hoveyda
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: Majlis every 4 years; Senate every 4 years; latest national elections
August 1967, district and provincial elections in September 1970
Political parties and leaders: New Iran Party, Manuchehr Kalali; Mardom (Peoples)
Party, Yahya Adl; Pan Iranist Party, Mohsen Pezeshkpur (apparently moribund)
Voting strength (1967 election): Majlis -- New Iran Party, 151 seats; Mardom
Party, 30 seats; Pan Iranist Party, 5 seats; Independent, 1 seat (the
speaker of the Majlis); Senate -- New Iran Party, 48 seats; Mardom Party,
11 seats; Independent, 1 seat (the President of the Senate); all candidates
government approved
Communists: 1,000-2,000 (hard-core, est.); sympathizers (15,000-20,000 est.);
mostly pro-U.S.S.R. but pro-Chinese faction developing
Other political or pressure groups: Tudeh Party (Communist, illegal); National
Front (coalition of neutralist urban elements virtually discredited because
of opposition to Shah's reform program); Confederation of Iranian Students
(illegal)
Member of: CENTO, Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, OPEC, RCD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $9,770 million (1970 est.), $335 per capita; real GNP growth, FY69-70, 9% est.
Agriculture: dates, fruit, nuts, vegetables, grains, sugar beets, cotton, gum,
rice, sheep, and goats
Electric power: 2,842,000 kw. capacity (1970); 12 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 410 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,099 million (f.o.b., 1969); 88% petroleum; also carpets, raw cotton,
fresh and dried fruits, hide and leather items, ores; Communist countries
(primarily U.S.S.R.) took about 4.4% of total exports
Imports: $1,384 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery, iron and steel products,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electrical equipment; Communist countries
supplied 8.3% of commodity imports
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K., Japan, U.S., South Africa, U.S.S.R. and
other Communist countries; imports West Germany, U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K.,
Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands
Monetary conversion rate: 75.75 rials=US$1
Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,212 mi.; 2,167 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage
Highways: 24,309 mi.; 6,524 mi. paved, 10,637 mi. gravel and crushed stone,
7,148 mi. improved
Inland waterways: 565 mi., not including Caspian Sea and Shatt al Arab
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,351 mi.; refined products, 2,241 mi.; natural gas,
1,552 mi.
Ports: 7 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 124,000 GRT, 178,000 DWT;
includes 10 cargo, 3 tanker
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 220 total, 142 usable; 49 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 14 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 51 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunications; good domestic
telecommunication facilities; 286,200 telephones; 1.8 million radio and
200,000 TV receivers; 17 AM, 2 FM, and 11 TV stations; satellite earth station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20 March 1971, $912.2 million; about
17.0% of total budget
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NIS 30 IRAQ
LAND:
172,000 sq. mi.; 18% cultivated, 68% desert, waste, or
urban, 10% seasonal and other grazing land, 4% forest
and woodland
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,681,000, average annual growth rate 3.5%
(FY69); males 15-49, 2,179,000; 1,225,000 fit for
military service; about 113,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 70.9% Arabs, 18.3% Kurds, 0.7% Assyrians,
2.4% Turkomans, 7.7% other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 8% Christian, 2% other
Language: Arabic, Kurdish minority speaks Kurdish
Literacy: 20% to 40%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 70% agriculture, 6.5% industry, 6.7% government,
16.8% other; rural underemployment high, but not serious because low
subsistence levels make it easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage
of technically trained personnel
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Iraq
Type: republic; one-party military regime established in July 1968
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 16 provinces under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system
elsewhere; provisional constitution adopted in 1968; judicial review was
suspended; legal education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: moderate wing of Bath Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup
Government leaders: President Hasan al-Bakr; Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary
Command Council Saddam Tikriti
Suffrage: no elective bodies exist
Elections: none since overthrow of monarchy in 1958
Communists: Communist Party repressed and disorganized
Political or pressure groups: political parties banned, major opposition to
regime is from leftwing of the Bath Party, Communist Party and Nasirist
groups, disaffected members of the regime and army officers
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OPEC,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2,693 million in 1969, $286 per capita
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock; largely self-sufficient
in food
Major industry: crude petroleum (fourth largest producer in Middle East)
Electric power: 740,000 kw. capacity (1970); 2 billion kw.-hr. produced (1970);
210 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,045 million (f.o.b., 1969); $973 million oil exports
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1969); 21% from Communist countries (1968)
Major trade partners: exports (non oil) -- U.S. 4%, Western European countries 3%,
Communist countries 21%, Arab countries 52%, other 20%; imports -- U.S. 4%,
Western European countries 43%, Japan 8%, Communist countries 23%, Arab
countries 8%, other 14%
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ECONOMY ( cont' d) :
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Iraqi dinar=US$2.80 (freely convertible); 0.357
Iraqi di nar=US $1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,377 mi.; 667 mi. 48 1/2" gage, 710 mi. meter (3'3 3/8") gage;
10 mi. meter gage double track
Highways: 12,900 mi.; 4,000 mi. paved; 2,900 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth; 6,000 mi. earth and sand tracks
Inland waterways: 1,950 mi.; Shatt al Arab navigable by maritime traffic for
about 80 mi.; Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers
Ports: 3 major
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,162 mi.; 100 mi. refined products; 548 mi. natural gas
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,700 GRT, 12,000
DWT
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 162 total, 65 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 33 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 13 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunication service; poor
domestic telephone and telegraph service; 119,600 telephones; 185,000 radio
receivers; 177,000 TV receivers; 2 TV and 3 AM stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1969, $270 million; about
27.0% of total budget
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NIS 2
LAND:
IRELAND
26,600 sq. mi.; 17% arable, 51% meadows and pastures,
3% forested, 2% inland water, 27% waste and urban
(1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,959,000, average annual growth rate 0.5%
(FY67-70); males 15-49, 674,000; 530,000 fit for military
service; about 28,000 reach military age (17) annually
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Celts
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Episcopalian, 2% other
Language: English and Gaelic official; English is generally
spoken
Literacy: 98%-99%
Labor force: about 1,130,000; 28% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 19% manufac-
turing; 15% commerce; 6% construction; 5% transportation; 4% government;
18% other
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in
Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: elected President; bicameral parliament reflecting proportional and
vocational representation; judiciary appointed by President on advice of
government
Government leader: Taoiseach (Prime Minister) John (Jack) Lynch
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every 5 years -- last election June 1969;
President elected for 7-year term
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, John (Jack) Lynch; Labor Party,
Brendan Corish; Fine Gael, Liam Cosgrave; Irish Workers' Party (Communist),
Michael O'Riordan
Voting strength (1969 election): 75 seats Fianna Fail, 50 seats Fine Gael,
18 seats Labor Party, 10 Independents
Communists: approximately 200
Member of: Council of Europe, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $3,473 million (1969), $1,180 per capita; 67.3% consumption, 24.2%
investment, 13.2% government; -4.8% net export of goods and services;
1970 real growth rate 1.4% est., 1958 constant prices
Agriculture: about 2/3 of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture;
main products -- livestock and dairy products, barley, potatoes, sugar beets,
wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages -- grains, fruits, vegetables;
caloric intake 3,450 calories per day per capita (1968)
Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, machinery and
transportation equipment
Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals,
fertilizers, cereals and animal feeds, textile fibers and textiles
Crude steel: 67,000 metric tons produced in 1968, 20 kilograms per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 1,500,000 W. capacity (1970); 5,652 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 1,555 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,090 million (f.o.b., 1970); live animals, meat, textile products,
clothing, machinery, dairy products, chemicals
Imports: $1,480 million (f.o.b., 1970 est.); machinery, chemicals, textiles,
transportation equipment, petroleum, metal manufactures, cereals
Major trade partners: 14% EEC, 6% West Germany, 62% EFTA, 58% U.K., 10% U.S.,
1% Communist countries (1969)
Aid: economic -- U.S., $193 million authorized (FY46-69), no activity (FY55-66),
$46.5 million authorized (FY67-69), $14.7 million
authorized in FY69; IBRD $14.5 million authorized (FY69)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Irish pound=US$2.40 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,370 mi., 5'3" gage; government-owned
Highways: 53,300 mi.; 41,300 mi. paved, 12,000 mi. otherwise improved
Inland waterways: approx. 650 mi.
Ports: 6 major, 38 minor
Merchant marine: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 136,000 GRT, 190,000
DWT. includes 8 cargo, 5 bulk, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 26 total, 21 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: small, modern system; all cities interconnected for telephone
and telegraph service and broadcast netting; 287,100 telephones; 700,000
radiobroadcast receivers; 432,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, 9 FM, and 20 TV stations;
12 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: formerly from the U.K. primarily, but since 1961 from other European
countries
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1970, $38.3 million; about
4.5% of total budget
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LAND:
IVORY COAST
125,000 sq. mi.; 40% forest and woodland, 7% cultivated,
53% grazing, fallow, and waste, 200 mi. of lagoons
and connecting canals along eastern coast (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,392,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(FY69); males 15-49, 1,521,000; 455,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no
single tribe more than 15% of population; most impor-
tant are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approx. 1 million foreign
Africans, mostly Voltaics; about 33,000 non-Africans (25,000 French)
Religion: 67% animist, 22% Muslim, 11% Christian
Language: French official, over 60 native dialects, Dioula most widely spoken
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock
raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agricul-
ture, remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Ivory Coast
Type: republic, one-party presidential regime
Capital: Abidjan
Political subdivisions: 6 departments subdivided into 127 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, amended 1963; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber
of the Supreme Court; legal education at Abidjan School of Law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral legislature, separate
judiciary
Government leader: President Felix Houphouet-Boigny
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: uncontested Presidential and legislative elections held in November
1965; similar elections held November 1970
Political parties and leaders: Parti Democratique de la Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI),
(only party); official party leader is Secretary General Philippe Yace, but
Houphouet-Boigny is in control
Communists: no Communist party; some Communists and probably some sympathizers
Member of: EAMA, Entente, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1.3 billion (1968), $300 per capita (1968); average annual growth
rate 1960-68, about 7% a year
Agriculture: commercial -- coffee, cocoa, timber, bananas, pineapples, fish,
palm oil; food crops -- cassava, plaintain, yams, rice, peanuts, sorghum,
corn; largely self-sufficient, but some rice and meat imported
Major industries: diamond and manganese mining, wood and food processing, light
consumer goods industries; 12,000 b/d oil refinery, auto assembly plant
Electric power: 144,000 kw. capacity (1969); 540 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
128 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $427 million (f.o.b., 1969; converted at exchange rate prevailing since
August 1969) tropical woods, coffee, cocoa 78% of total; bananas,
pineapples, palm kernels
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ECONOMY (contid):
Imports: $312 million (c.i.f., 1969); textiles and other consumer goods,
machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, rice, wheat, dairy
products
Major trade partners: U.S.; France and other EEC countries (about 65%); $6.5
million to Communist countries, $3.0 million from Communist countries (1968);
preferential tariffs and quotas favor EEC
Aid:
economic -- France (1960-69) $21-8 million; EEC (1962-69) $82.8 million;
U.S. (1962-69) about $71.2 million;
military -- non-Communist countries, $7.3 million (1954-67)
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official) since August 1969
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 408 mi. of the 728 mi. Abidjan to Ouagadougou, Upper Volta line, all
single track meter gage; only diesel locomotives in use
Highways: 22,570 mi.; 720 mi. bituminous and bituminous-surface treatment;
11,200 mi. gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 12,600
mi. unimproved earth roads
Inland waterways: 429 mi. navigable rivers and numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major, 3 minor
Merchant marine: 8 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,000 GRT, 74,000
DWT
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 48 total, 43 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 6 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: system only slightly above African average; consists of
open-wire lines and radio relay links, which provide incomplete coverage of
country; Abidjan is only center; 24,800 telephones; 75,000 radio and
10,500 TV receivers; 3 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on French
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $16,506,000; about
7.9% of total budget
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LAND:
JAMAICA
4,410 sq. mi.; 21% arable, 23% meadows and pastures, 19%
forested, 37% waste, urban, or other (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,900,000, average annual growth rate 1.5%
(April 60-70); males 15-49, 398,000; 270,000 fit for
military service; no conscription; average number
currently reaching minimum volunteer age (18) 22,000
Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%,
European 0.8%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, East
Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.4%, other 3.2%
Religion: predominantly Protestant, some Roman Catholic (12%), some
cults
Language: English
Literacy: Ministry
truly literate
Labor force: about 687,000; 33% in agriculture, 1% forestry and fishing, 13%
manufacturing, 7% construction, 8% commerce, 2% transportation and communi-
cations, 13% services, 23% unaccounted for; 16% to 18% (est.) unemployed
(seasonal unemployment in agriculture can push the unemployment figure to
25%); shortage of technical and managerial personnel
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force (1966)
spiritualist
of Education estimates between 43% and 57% of adult population
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Commonwealth since August 1962, recognizing
Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: cabinet headed by Prime Minister; 53-member elected House of Represent-
atives; 21-member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister, 8 by opposition
leader); judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leader: Prime Minister Hugh Shearer
Suffrage: universal, age 21 and over
Elections: at discretion of Governor-General upon advice of Prime Minister but
within 5 years; latest held 21 February 1967
Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Sir Alexander
Bustamante, Hugh Shearer; People's National Party (PNP), Michael Manley
Voting strength (1969 local elections): 48.59% JLP, 51.54% PNP, 0.24% other
Communists: a few hundred Marxist and Communist sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: New World Group (Caribbean regionalists,
nationalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro
religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists); New Creation International
Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group)
Member of: CARIFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, OAS, Pan
American Health Organization, U.N.; wishes to gain Associated Overseas
Territory status with EEC if U.K. joins
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1,063.8 million (1969), $550 per capita; real growth rate 1969, 3%
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, citrus fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts,
coffee, cocoa
Major industries: bauxite, textiles, food processing, light manufactures, tourism
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 550,000 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 1,270 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 650 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $336 million (f.o.b., 1970); bauxite, alumina, sugar, rum, bananas,
citrus fruits and fruit products, cocoa
Imports: $480 million (c.i.f., 1970); food, machinery, fuels, transportation
and electrical equipment, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 38%, U.K. 19%, Canada 17%, Norway 9%;
imports -- U.S. 42%, U.K. 21%, Canada 9% (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY56-69), $37.4 million in loans; (AID
$10.7 million, Import-Export Bank $26.7 million), $36.3 million grants (AID
technical assistance $12.5 million, Food for Freedom $23.8 million); from
international organizations (FY46-69), $52.3 million; from other Western
countries (1960-68), $35.4 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY63-69), $1.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jamaican dollar.US$1.20
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 204 mi government-owned, 43 mi. privately awned, all standard gage,
single track
Highways: 7,100 mi.; 1,200 mi. paved, 4,400 mi. gravel, 1,500 mi. unimproved
earth surfaces
Pipelines: refined products, 6 mi.
Ports: 1 major, 10 minor
Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,900 GRT, 10,500 DWT
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 47 total, 37 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
way 8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network with 66,700
telephones; intraisland VHF network; planned satellite ground station to be
operational in 1971; 500,000 radio and 70,000 TV receivers; 8 AM, 5 FM, and
8 TV stations; 5 submarine cables, including 2 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on materiel from U.K. and U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1970, $5 million; about 2.0%
of central government budget
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NIS 29 JORDAN'
NOTE: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967
ended with Israel in control of West Jordan. Although
approx. 930,000 persons resided in this area prior to the
start of the war, fewer than 750,000 of them remain there
under the Israeli occupation, the remainder having fled
to East Jordan. Over 14,000 of those who fled were
repatriated in August 1967, but their return has been
more than offset by other Arabs who have crossed and are
continuing to cross from West to East Jordan. These and
certain other effects of the Arab-Israeli war are not
included in the data below.
LAND:
37,100 sq. mi. (including about 2,100 sq. mi. occupied by Israel); 11%
agricultural, 88% desert, waste, or urban, 1% forested (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing 3 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,395,000, average annual growth rate 3.9% (FY67-69); males 15-49,
553,000; 405,000 fit for military service; average number currently reaching
military age (18) annually 26,000
Ethnic divisions: 97% Arab, 2% Circassian, 1% Armenian
Religion: 94% Sunni Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: Arabic official; English widely understood among upper and middle
classes
Literacy: 33% West Jordan, 32% East Jordan
Labor force: 434,000; 33% unemployed
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: 'Amman
Political subdivisions: 8 districts (3 are under Israeli occupation) under
centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; constitution adopted 1952;
judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive branch holds balance of power; King is effective ruler with
Prime Minister exercising executive authority in name of King, Cabinet
appointed by King and responsible to parliament, bicameral parliament with
Chamber of Deputies chosen by national elections, Senate appointed by King;
each house contains equal representation from East and West Jordan; present
parliament subservient to executive as a result of rigged elections (April
1967); secular court system based on differing legal systems of the former
Transjordan and Palestine; law Western in concept and structure; Sharia
(religious) courts for Muslims, and religious community council courts for
non-Muslim communities; desert police carry out quasi-judicial functions
in desert areas
Government leader: King Husayn ibn Talal al-Hashimi
Suffrage: male citizens over age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party activity illegal since 1957;
Palestine Liberation Organization and Fatah, Yasir Arafat; various smaller
fedayeen groups; Ba'th Party of Jordan, Dr. Mun'if Razzaz; National
Socialist Party, Sulayman al-Nabulusi; Communist Party actively repressed;
Muslim Brethren
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $567 million (1968), $270 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- cereals, fruits, vegetables, olive oil; not self-
sufficient in many foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, and cement
Electric power: 61,800 kw. capacity (1970); 140 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
60 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $35 million (f.o.b., 1970); major items -- fruits and vegetables,
phosphate rock; Communist share less than 3% of total (1969)
Imports: $180 million (c.i.f., 1969); major items -- petroleum products, textiles,
capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 13% of total (1969)
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $590 million economic assistance (FY51-69), of which $23
million loans, $567 million grants;
military -- $150 million total from U.S. (July 1949-September 1970) including
$53 million in MAP grants
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jordanian dinar=US$2.80, freely convertible; 0.357
Jordanian dinar=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 230 mi. 3'5 3/8" gage, single track
Highways: 3,971 mi.; 3,210 mi. bituminous, 224 mi. improved, 537 unimproved earth
(these mileages include the Jordanian territory held by Israel)
Pipelines: crude oil, 168 mi.
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 51 total, 15 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 9 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: adequate telecommunication system for the needs of the
country; 34,500 telephones; 170,000 radio and 55,000 TV receivers; 1 AM
and 2 TV stations; planned earth satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on outside sources; U.S., U.K., France, and West Germany
principal suppliers of military equipment
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NIS 56D KENYA
LAND:
225,000 sq. mi.; about 21% forest and woodland, 13%
suitable for agriculture, 66% mainly grassland
adequate for grazing (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 11,474,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(FY69); males 15-49, 2,673,000;
1,295,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: 97% native African (including Bantu,
Nilotic, Hamitic and Nilo-Hamitic); 3% European,
Asian, and Arab
Religion: 56% Christian, 36% animist, 7% Muslim, 1% Hindu
Language: English and Swahili official; each tribe has own language
Literacy: 20% to 25%
Labor force: 2.5 million; about 977,000, (39%) in monetary economy (1967)
Organized labor: about 215,000
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth since December 1963
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nairobi Area
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law and Islamic law;
constitution enacted 1963; judicial review in Supreme Court; legal education
at University Kenya School of Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature (National
Assembly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by constituencies and 12
specially elected by the Assembly; Assembly must be reelected at least every
5 years; High Court, with Chief Justice and at least 11 justices, has
unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal
proceeding; provision for systems of courts of appeal with ultimate appeal
to East African Court of Appeals
Government leader: President Jomo Kenyatta
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: general election (December 1969) elected present National Assembly
Political party and leaders: Kenyan African National Union (KANU), president -
Jomo Kenyatta, 8 vice presidents
Voting strength: KANU controls National Assembly; holds all seats
Communists: may be a few Communists and sympathizers
Member of: EAC, IAEA, ICAO, OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.33 billion (1969), $120 per capita; 6.3% real growth per year between
1964 and 1969
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, sisal, tea, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock;
food crops -- corn, wheat, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,
textiles, soap, agricultural processing, cigarettes, flour), oil refining,
cement
Electric power: 153,000 kw. capacity (1969); 402 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
38 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $250.2 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee, tea, livestock products, pyrethrum,
soda ash, wattle-bark tanning extract
Imports: $338.6 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery, transport equipment, crude oil,
paper and paper products, iron and steel products, and textiles
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: U.K. and Common Market countries, also Uganda and
Tanzania, which are part of East African Economic Community
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kenya shilling=US$0.14 (official); 7.143 Kenya
shi 1 1 i ngs=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,275 mi.; meter gage
Highways: 26,970 mi.; 1,532 mi. paved, 8,849 mi. gravel or improved earth, about
16,589 mi. unimproved or tracks
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria and Lake Rudolph are within boundaries
of Kenya
Ports: I major, 3 minor
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,800 GRT, 21,600 DWT;
includes 2 cargo, 1 tanker, 1 specialized carrier
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 257 total, 202 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 1 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 44 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: in top group of African systems; consists of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Nairobi, secondary centers Mombasa and Nakuru; 72,300 telephones; 774,000
radio and 16,400 TV receivers; 5 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations; 2 submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1969, $14 million; about 5.6% of
ordinary budget
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NIS 41A KOREA, NORTH
LAND:
47,000 sq. mi.; 17% arable and cultivated, 74% in forest,
scrub, and brush; remainder wasteland and Aurban (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,561,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(current); males 15-49, 3,201,000; 1,900,000 fit for
military service; 150,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities
now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Literacy: 90% (est.)
Labor force: 5.7 million; 50% agriculture, 50% industry; shortage of skilled and
unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: P'yongyang
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 3 special cities (Plyongyang, Hamhung,
Chlongjin), and 1 special district (Kaesong)
Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and
Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1948; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: constitution provides for a Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), with
provincial government under complete control of central authorities
Government and party leaders: Kim Il-song, Premier and General Secretary
of the Korean Labor Party
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: election to SPA every 4 years, but this constitutional provision not
necessarily followed -- last election (November 1967), with claimed 100% of
electorate voting for official slate
Political party: Korean Labor (Communist) Party; claimed membership of about
1.6 million, or about 12% of population
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, corn, vegetables; food shortages -- meat,
cooking oils; production of foodstuffs adequate for domestic needs at low
levels of consumption
Major industries: machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy,
textiles
Shortages: heavy machinery and equipment, bituminous and coking coal, petroleum,
rubber
Crude steel: 2.2 million metric tons produced (1970), about 150 kilograms
per capita
Exports: minerals, chemical and metallurgical products
Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, coking coal
Major trade partners: total trade turnover about $640 million (1970); 19% with
non-Communist countries, 81% with Communist countries (50% with the U.S.S.R.)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.57 won=US$1 (noncommercial), 1.20 won=US$1 (commercial)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,818 route mi. operating in 1968; 2,137 mi. standard gage, 681 mi.
2'6" narrow gage; 99 mi. double tracked; about 524 mi. electrified; government
owned
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Highways: about 12,600 mi., 95% gravel or earth surface
Inland waterways: 1,400 mi.; mostly navigable by small craft only
Freight carried (1969): rail -- 13 billion metric ton/km., 62 million metric
tons; highway -- 765 million metric ton/km., 116 million metric tons;
waterway -- 540 million metric ton/km., 7.7 million metric tons; coastal
170 million metric ton/km., 0.4 million metric tons
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
Merchant marine: 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 17,000 GRT, 25,000 ?
DWT
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, announced at $746
million; 31% of total budget (converted at 2.57 won=US$1)
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NIS 418 KOREA, SOUTH
LAND:
38,000 sq. mi.; 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10% urban
and other, 67% forested (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 31,913,000, average annual growth rate 1.9%
(October 66-70); males 15-49, 7,680,000; 4,860,000 fit
for military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually 334,000
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese minority
(approx. 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; pervasive folk
religion (Shamanism); vigorous Christian minority
(5.5% of population); Buddhism (including estimated 20,000 members of Soka
Gakkai); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with
nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million
adherents
Language: Korean
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: about 10.5 million (September 1969); 53% agriculture, fishing,
forestry, 27.5% services, 12% mining and manufacturing, 3.5% construction,
4% unemployed
Organized labor: about 10% of nonagricultural labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a strong executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 2 special cities; heads centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law systems,
Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; constitution approved
1962; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative (unicameral), and judiciary
Government leaders: President Pak Chong-hui; Prime Minister Paek Tu-chin
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: presidential and National Assembly elections must be held every 4
years; next elections due in 1971; National Assembly elections due about 1
month after Presidential elections
Principal political parties and leaders: Democratic Republican Party, Pak
Chong-hui; New Democratic Party, Yu Chin-san; Masses Party, So Min-ho
Voting strength: April 1971 presidential election -- Democratic Republican Party,
51.1%; New Democratic Party, 43.4%; minor parties, 1.5%; invalid, 4.0% June
1967 National Assembly elections -- Democratic Republican Party, 50.6%; New
Democratic Party, 32.7%; minor parties, 16.7%; composition of legislature
(1 June 1970) -- Democratic Republican Party, 112 seats; New Democratic Party,
42 seats; Political Friends Society (a group of unaffiliated assemblymen),
10 seats; Masses Party, 1 seat; independents, 6 seats, 4 vacancies;
referendum to remove prohibition on third term for President Pak, 67.5%
yes, 32.5% no
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean
Veterans' Association; large volatile student population concentrated in Seoul
Member of: ADB, Asian Parliamentary Union, Asian People's Anti-Coilimunist League
(APACL), ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ECAFE, FAO, GATT, Geneva Conventions of 1949
for the protection of war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, IMCO, IMF,
INTELSAT, Inter-Parliamentary Union, INTERPOL, ITU, UNESCO, U.N. Special Fund,
UPU, WHO, WMO, World Anti-Communist League (WACL); does not hold U.N. membership
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $7.0 billion (1969), $220 per capita; real growth 15%
Agriculture: 50% of the population live on the land, but agriculture constitutes
27% GNP; main crops -- rice, barley, wheat; not self-sufficient; food
shortages -- barley, wheat, dairy products, rice, corn
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food processing, chemical fertilizers,
chemicals, plywood, coal
Shortages: base metals, fertilizer, petroleum, lumber and certain food grains
Electric power: 1,794,000 kw. capacity (1968); 8.1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 260 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $.6 billion (f.o.b., 1969); cotton and synthetic clothing and textiles,
veneer and plywood, silk, wigs, fish
Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: 1969 exports -- U.S. 50.1%, Japan 21.4%; imports -- Japan
41.3%, U.S. 29.1%
Aid:
economic -- U.S. (FY46-70), $5.1 billion committed; Japan (1965-70), $580
million extended;
military -- U.S. (FY46-70), $3.6 billion committed
Monetary conversion rate: 290 won=US$1 (floating-rate average value in 1969),
312 won=US$1 by end of July 1970
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,964 mi.; 1,887 mi. standard gage, 77 mi. (2'6") narrow gage; 280
mi. double track; government owned
Highways: 25,340 mi.; 1,600 mi. paved, 16,140 mi. gravel, 4,000 mi. improved
earth, 3,600 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,000 mi.; use restricted to small native craft
Freight carried: rail (1963) 2,708.2 million short ton/mi., 19.8 million short
tons; highway (1963) 21.9 million short tons; air (1959) 795,260 lbs. carried
Pipelines: 255 mi., refined products, under construction
Ports: 10 major, 10 minor
Merchant marine: 111 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 849,000 GRT, 1,390,000
DWT; includes 79 cargo, 17 tanker, 11 bulk, 4 specialized carriers
Airfields: 254 total, 122 usable; 44 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 16 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
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HIS 32C KUWAIT
LAND:
6,200 sq. mi. (excluding neutral zone but including islands
insignificant amount forested; nearly all desert,
waste, or urban (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 818,000, average annual growth rate 9.4%
(FY65-70); males 15-49, about 282,000; about 150,000
fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 37% Kuwaiti Arabs; 40% immigrant Arabs;
23% Iranians, Indians, Pakistani, other
Religion: 98% Muslim (75% Sunni, 25% Shiah); 2% Christian,
Hindu, Parsi, other
Language: Arabic; English commonly used foreign language
Literacy: about 55%
Labor force: 185,000; 9% manufacturing, 16% construction, 45% services, 13%
commerce
Organized labor: labor unions, first authorized in 1964, formed in oil industry
and among government personnel
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Political subdivisions: 3 governates, 10 voting constituencies
Legal system: based on Islamic law in personal matters, civil law system else-
where; constitution adopted 1962; judicial review of legislative acts not
yet determined; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by ruler; 50-member National Assembly
Government leader: Amir Sabah Al Salim Al Sabah
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21 for all native-born literate males
Elections: latest election January 1971
Communists: insignificant
Member of: Arab League, FAO, FUND, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, ITU,
OPEC, OAPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WHO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on imports for food; approx. 75% of
potable water must be distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum production averaging 2.99 million b.p.d.
(includes Kuwait's share of neutral zone) (1970); government revenues from
taxes and royalties on production, refining, and consumption was $850 million
in FY69; refinery capacity est. at 504,000 bbls. per day (1970); other major
industries include fishing, processing of building materials, fertilizers,
chemicals, and flour
Electric power: 838,000 kw. capacity (1970); 1,670 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 2,140 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1.6 billion (1968), of which petroleum accounted for 98%; nonpetroleum
exports are mostly reexports and totaled $58 million (1969)
Imports: $646 million (1969); major suppliers -- U.S., Japan, U.K., West Germany
Aid: $50 million loan from Export-Import Bank, 1967; extended about $50 million
in credits to other Arab nations from 1961 to January 1969
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kuwaiti dinar=US$2.80 (freely convertible)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Pipelines: crude oil, 195 mi.; refined products, 27 mi.; natural gas, 30 mi.;
Neutral Zone of Kuwait: crude oil, 93 mi.; natural gas, 32 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 1 minor
Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 584,000 GRT, 1,002,000
DWT; includes 20 cargo, 6 tankers, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunications; adequate
domestic telecommunication facilities; 58,000 telephones; 105,000 radio
and 100,000 TV sets; 3 AM and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1971, $72,800,000; about 8.6%
of total budget
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NIS 43B LAOS
LAND:
91,430 sq. mi.; 7% agricultural, 60% forests; except in
very limited areas, soil is very poor; most of
forested area is not exploitable (May 1969, est.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,033,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(FY69); males 15-49, 724,000; 380,000 fit for military
service; average number currently reaching usual
military age (18) annually, 32,000; no conscription
age specified
Ethnic divisions: 47% Lao; 14% Tai; 25% Phoutheng (Kha),
Meo, Yao, and other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other
Language: Lao official, French predominant foreign language
administration
Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: about 1,268,000; over 90% agriculture; 159,286
manufacturing and services; 11,864 government employees
Organized labor: only civil servants are organized
also used in
engaged in
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Laos
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vientiane (Louangphrabang royal capital)
Political subdivisions: 16 provinces subdivided into districts, cantons, and
villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution of 1947 superseded by
international agreements of 1962 and subsequent events; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King, 59-member National Assembly, 12-member King's Council; provisional
coalition government formally composed of 3 "tendencies" -- neutralists,
Communists, rightists -- but Communists not participating
Government leaders: King Savang Vatthana; Premier Souvanna Phouma, neutralist;
Deputy Premier Prince Souphanouvong, Communist (absent); Deputy Premier
Leuam Insisiengmay, rightist
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: National Assembly designated by King; general election last held
in 1967
Political parties and leaders: Neo Lao Hak Sat, Communist-front organization
which includes the Lao People's Party (Communist), only party active
Communists: Lao People's Party (clandestine) membership unknown
Other political or pressure groups: Communists are resisting "neutralist"
government; insurgent Communist forces with North Vietnamese backing
pose serious threat to existing government; other political groups are
informal and associated with regional family and military leaders; Prince
Boun Oum is the acknowledged, though not formal leader of the Laotian
rightists; Royal Armed Forces (FAR) leaders, Commander in Chief Ouan
Rathikoun, and Generals Kouprasith Abhay, Phasouk Somly, and Vang Pao
Member of: Colombo Plan, ECAFE, ICAO, IMF, Mekong Committee, SEAMES, U.N., UNCTAD
ECONOMY:
GNP: $202 million (1968 est.), $70 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- rice (overwhelmingly dominant), corn, coffee, cotton
and tobacco; largely self-sufficient; food shortages (due in part to
distribution deficiencies) including rice
Major industries: tin mining, timber
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum, transportation system
Electric power: 25,000 kw. capacity (1969); 29 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
11 kw.-hr, per capita
Exports: $2.0 million (f.o.b., 1969); forest products, coffee, tin concentrates,
and timber; undeclared exports of opium significant but value unknown
Imports: $51.4 million (c.i.f., 1969); rice, petroleum products, textiles,
transportation equipment, machinery
Major trade partners: imports from Thailand, U.S., Japan, France, Hong Kong,
U.K., Indonesia, and West Germany; exports to Malaysia and Thailand; trade
with Communist countries insignificant; Laos a major transit point in world
gold trade; gold imports and approx. offsetting gold exports excluded from
official trade data; value of 1969 gold imports $36.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 240 kip=US$1; open market rate approx. 505 kip=US$1
(1969); all but restricted list of developmental commodities now imported
at open market rate
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: about 9,200 mi. (including Communist-held areas); 500 mi. bituminous
or bituminous treated, 1,900 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth;
6,800 mi. unimproved earth and often impassable during rainy season
mid-May to mid-September
Inland waterways: about 2,850 mi., primarily Mekong and tributaries; 1,800
additional miles are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 1.5 ft.
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 377 total, 221 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft., 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: service to general public considered poor; radio network
provides generally erratic service to government users; poor international
service recently improved by radio relay link to Thailand; radiobroadcast
transmitters operate in a few towns; 1,148 (est.) telephones; 70,000 (est.)
radio receivers
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: Royal Armed Forces and Neutralist forces dependent on U.S. and France;
Pathet Lao dependent on North Vietnam, U.S.S.R., Communist China
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971, $37,600,000; about 49%
of total budget
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NIS 28B LEBANON
LAND:
4,000 sq. mi.; 27% agricultural land, 64% desert, waste,
or urban, 9% forested
Limits of territorial waters: fishing, 6 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,780,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(FY69); males 15-49, 678,000; 400,000 fit for military
service; average of about 28,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1% other
Religion: 55% Christian, 44% Muslim and Druze, 1% other
(official estimates); Muslims believed to constitute
slight majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely spoken
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: about 1 million economically active; 49%
14% commerce, 26% other; moderate unemployment
Organized labor: about 55,000
UNITED
ARAB
REPUBLIC
agriculture, 11% industry,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 5 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, and civil law system; consti-
tution mandated in 1920; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal
education at University of Lebanon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: power lies with President elected by parliament (Chamber of Deputies);
Cabinet appointed by President, approved by parliament; independent secular
courts on French pattern; religious courts for matters of marriage, divorce,
inheritance, etc.; by custom, President is a Maronite Christian, Prime
Minister a Sunni Muslim, and president of parliament a Shia Muslim; each of
9 religious communities represented in parliament in proportion to national
numerical strength
Government leader: President Sulayman Franjiyyah
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21; authorized for women over 21 with
elementary education
Elections: for Chamber of Deputies, held every 4 years or within 3 months of
dissolution of Chamber; held March-April 1968
Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized along
sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual
political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic
considerations; political stability dependent on maintenance of balance
between religious communities; Communist Party one of largest in Middle
East, was made a legal party on 15 August 1970
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, potatoes, tobacco, olives, onions; not
self-sufficient in food
Major industries: service industries, food processing, textiles, cement, oil
refining, chemicals, some metal fabricating, tourism
Electric power: 664,100 kw. capacity (1970); 1,394 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 500 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major trade partners: exports $179 million (f.o.b., 1969 est.); 67% to Arab
countries and only 4.5% to Communist countries; imports $643 million (c.i.f.,
1969 est.); chiefly from EEC, U.K., and Arab countries; 8.4% from Communist
countries; trade deficit covered by large net receipts from invisibles
(particularly tourism and transportation) and private capital inflow
Monetary conversion rate: 3.08 Lebanese pounds=US$1 (provisional parity); free
market (January 1971) 3.24 Lebanese pounds=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 5,133 mi.; 3,821 mi. paved, 342 mi, gravel and crushed stone, 373 mi.
improved earth, 597 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Pipelines: crude oil, 85 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 136,000 GRT, 208,200 DWT;
includes 42 cargo, 4 bulk; at least 20 ships are foreign awned or operated
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: excellent international telecommunication facilities include
satellite ground station; good domestic telephone and telegraph service;
150,500 telephones; 600,000 radio and 300,000 TV receivers; 7 TV, 1 FM, and
I AM radiobroadcast stations; 1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $63.2 million; about
23.5% of proposed total budget
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NIS 61 LESOTHO
LAND:
11,700 sq. mi. (1969); 12% cultivable; largely mountainous
PEOPLE:
Population: 919,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(FY69); males 15-49, 184,000; fit for
military service 95,000
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Bantu, 1,600 Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: 70% or more Christian, rest animist
Language: all Africans speak Sesotho vernacular; English
is second language for literates
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 87.4% of resident population engaged in sub-
sistence agriculture; 150,000 to 250,000 spend 6 months to many years as
wage earners in South Africa
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Type: constitutional monarchy under King Moshoeshoe II
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 9 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and
Court of Appeal; legal education at University of Botswana, Lesotho, and
Swaziland (located in Lesotho); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, divided between a largely ceremonial King and a Prime
Minister who leads cabinet of at least 7 members; a bicameral legislature
consisting of a National Assembly (60 seats) and a Senate (33 seats);
judicial -- 63 Lesotho courts administer customary law for Africans, High
Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents,
Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections held in January 1970; nullified allegedly because of election
irregularities; subsequent elections promised at unspecified.date
Political parties and leaders: Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokhele;
Marema-tlou Freedom Party (MFP), Dr. Seth Makotoko; National Party (BNP),
Chief Leabua Jonathan; Marema-tlou Party (MTP), Chief S.S. Matete; Lesotho
Democratic Party (LDP), Charles Mofeli; Communist Party of Lesotho, split
into two factions, one led by John Motloheloa, and the other by Jacob M. Kena
Voting strength: National Assembly -- BNP 32 seats, BCP 22 seats, MFP 2 seats,
LDP 2 seats, 2 seats vacant; Senate -- BNP holds 24 of 33 seats (1965
elections)
Communists: Communist Party of Lesotho banned in early 1970, although in past
it received support from Chinese Communists
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, ILO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $90 million (1968), about $100 per capita
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock;
principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley
Major industries: none
Electric power: 2,820 kw. capacity (1969); 2.5 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
3 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances $15 million in 1969); $5 million
(f.o.b., 1968), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, diamonds, peas, beans, corn,
hides, skins
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $29 million (f.o.b., 1968); mainly corn, building materials, clothing,
vehicles, machinery, POL
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic aid $17 million (1968) -- U.K. $10 million (1969-70); others $9
million (1968); no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1 mi.; owned, operated, and included in the statistics of the Republic
of South Africa
Highways: approx. 1,136 mi.; 76 mi. paved; 269 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
stablized soil; 791 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 36 total, 21 usable; 3 with runways 4,000-7,000 ft.
Telecommunications: system a modest one consisting of a few landlines, a small
radio-relay system, and minor radiocommunication stations; Maseru is the
center; 2,000 telephones; 5,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
None, police only
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NIS 51 LIBERIA
LAND:
43,000 sq. mi.; 20% agricultural, 30% jungle and swamps,
40% forested, 10% unclassified (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,576,000, average annual growth rate 3.5%
(January 70-71); males 15-49, 282,000; 155,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: 5% coastal descendants of immigrant
Negroes; 95% indigenous Negroid African tribes
including Gola, Kissi, Vai, Kpelle, Kru, and Mandingo
Religion: probably more Muslims than Christians; 80%-90%
animist
Language: English official; 28 tribal languages or dialects, pidgin English used
by about 20%
Literacy: about 24% over age 5
Labor force: 450,000, of which 360,000 are in tribal, nonmonetary economy; of
90,000 in modern economy, 45% in agriculture; 23% government services; 20%
mining, construction, and manufacturing; and 12% in trade and transportation;
about 3,000 non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top level manage-
ment and engineering jobs
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Liberia
Type: republic; dominated by President Tubman since 1944
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into 9 counties; President appoints all
officials of significance
Legal system: based on U.S. constitutional theory; recent codes drawn up by
Cornell University; constitution adopted 1847; amended 1907, 1926, 1934,
and 1955; no constitutional provision for,judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of
Liberia; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President, elected by popular vote initially for 8-year term and
eligible for successive 4-year terms, controls through appointive powers and
authority over national expenditures; 2-house legislature elected by popular
vote is rubber stamp; judiciary consisting of Supreme Court and variety of
lower courts theoretically independent but in fact subordinate to executive
Government leader: President William V.S. Tubman
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: members of House of Representatives elected for 4-year terms, most
recently in May 1971; Senate members elected for 6-year terms, one-half
elected in May 1971; President Tubman reelected without opposition to seventh
term in May 1971
Political parties and leaders: True Whig Party, in power since 1878, only
political party; President Tubman is leader
Voting strength: 1971 elections uncontested; True Whig Party won all but a
handful of votes
Communists: no Communist Party and only a few sympathizers
Member of: ECA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $387 million (1969), 6% growth rate approx., $330 per capita
Agriculture: rubber, oil palm, cassava, coffee, rice; imports of rice, wheat,
and meat are necessary for basic diet
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Industry: rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture,
palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds), 10,000 b/d oil refinery
Electric power: 152,000 kw. capacity (1970); 540 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
470 W.-hr. per capita
Exports: $196 million (f.o.b., 1969); iron ore, diamonds, rubber, palm kernels,
coffee, cocoa
Imports: $115 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery, transportation equipment,
foodstuffs, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: U.S., Netherlands, U.K? West Germany
Aid:
economic -- (1962-69) U.S., $152.1 million;
military -- (1962-68) U.S., $5.7 million (other aid sources include IBRD,
U.N., IMF, and West Germany)
Monetary conversion rate: Liberia uses U.S. currency
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 310 mi.; 220 mi. standard gage, 90 mi. narrow gage (3'61; all lines
single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial
interests in conjunction with Liberian Government
Highways: 4,150 mi.; 325 mi. bituminous treated, 875 mi. laterite, 2,950 mi.
unimproved
Inland waterways: 230 mi. navigable
Ports: 3 major, 4 minor
Merchant marine: 1,876 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,302,000 GRT,
62,671,000 DWT; includes 12 passenger, 472 cargo, 696 tanker, 484 bulk, 119
specialized carrier; though this registry ranks first in tonnage in the
world, all but 3 ships are foreign owned and operated
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 59 total. 41 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph limited; main center
6,000 telephones; 155,000 radio and 6,500 TV receivers; 3 AM
2 TV stations; 2 submarine cables
; 1 with runway
station
is Monrovia;
, no FM,
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for year ending 31 December 1970, $3,383,000; 5.6% of total
budget
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NIS 49 LIBYA
LAND:
679,000 sq. mi.; 6% agricultural, 1% forested, 93%
desert, waste, or urban (1962)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,008,000, average annual growth rate 3.7%
(FY69); males 15-49, 468,000; 280,000 fit for military
service; about 20,000 reach military age (17) annually;
conscription now being implemented
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with some Negroid
stock; some Greeks, Maltese, Jews, Italians
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major
Literacy: 35%
Labor force: 458,000-500,000; between ages 15-64, 405,000-430,000; 61% of labor
force in agriculture (1964)
cities
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Libyan Arab Republic
Type: republic; under military control following ouster of king on 1 September
1969; provisional constitution promulgated December 1969
Capital: Tripoli (defacto)
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative provinces closely controlled by
central government; district commissioners appointed by Revolutionary
Command Council
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate
religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Law School, at University of Libya at Benghazi; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: paramount political power and authority rests with the Revolutionary
Command Council; cabinet of 12 ministers; Parliament has been dissolved
Government leaders: Revolutionary Command Council President Lt. Colonel Mu'ammar
Qadhafi
Elections: last held in May 1965, none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned
Communists: no organized party, negligible membership
Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements and the
Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) Party with small, almost negligible
memberships may be functioning clandestinely
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
OPEC, OAPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.96 billion (1969 prelim.), $1,530 per capita
GDP: $3.6 billion (1969 prelim.), $1,900 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts;
not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum production averaged 3.3 million b.p.d. (1970);
estimated oil revenues for FY71 about $1.5 billion; food processing,
textiles, handicrafts
Electric power: 146,600 kw. capacity (1969); 430 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
230 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,160 million (1969); 99% petroleum
Imports: $676 million (1969)
Major trade partners: imports -- Italy 23%, U.S. 19%; exports -- Italy 23%,
West Germany 22% (1969)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid: no Communist country assistance; U.S. aid extended $201.7 million economic
aid (1946-69), $34.5 million military aid (1958-69)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Libyan pound=US$2.80
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,300 mi.; 3,450 mi. bituminous or bituminous surface treated, 1,250
mi. improved earth and gravel, 600 mi. unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil 1,890 mi.; natural gas 311 mi.; refined products 143 mi.
Ports: 4 major, 12 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft; an additional 27 major transports are
operated by external carriers engaged in charter work for several oil companies
Airfields: 102 total, 81 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 36 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: system is just within top one-third of African systems; con-
sists of radio-relay and tropospheric-scatter links, open-wire lines, and
radiocommunication stations; principal centers are Tripoli and Benghazi;
34,790 telephones; 225,000 radio and 12,500 TV receivers; 7 AM, 5 FM, and
3 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1970. $254,500,000; 21.3% of
total budget
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NIS 15 LIECHTENSTEIN
LAND:
65 sq. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 24,000, average annual growth rate 4.8% (FY69)
Ethnic divisions: 95% Germanic, 5% Italian and other
Religion: 92% Roman Catholic
Language: German (dialect)
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: about 7,000 domestic force; some 3,500 foreign
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 11 districts
Legal system: based on Swiss law; constitution adopted 1921; judicial review of
legislative acts in a special Constitutional Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral Parliament, hereditary Prince, independent judiciary
Government leaders: Head of State, Prince Franz Joseph II; Chief of Government,
Dr. Alfred Hilbe
Suffrage: males age 20 and over
Elections: every 4 years; next elections 1974
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union Party (VU), Dr. Alfred Hilbe;
Progressive Citizens Party (PCP), Dr. Gerard Batliner
Voting strength (1970 election): 50.5% VU, 49.5% PCP
Communists: none
Member of: IAEA; under a 1923 treaty, Switzerland handles Liechtenstein's post
and telegraph systems, customs, and foreign relations
ECONOMY:
Despite its small size and sparse natural resources, Liechtenstein has a
prosperous economy based primarily on small-scale light industry and farming.
Textiles, ceramics, precision instruments, pharmaceuticals, and canned foods
are the principal manufactures produced, almost entirely for export. Live-
stock raising and dairying are the main sources of farm income; cereals and
potatoes are the most important farm crops. The Liechtenstein economy is
tied closely to that of Switzerland in a virtual customs union. No national
accounts data are available.
Major trade partners: exports (1967) -- $45.5 million; 41% Switzerland, 28% EEC,
56.1% EFTA
Electric power: 22,600 kw. capacity (1970); 55 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
1,800 04.-hr. per capita; power is exchanged with Switzerland, but net
exports average 35 million ION. yearly
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 9.94 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage; owned, operated, and included in statistics
of Austrian Federal Railways
Highways: no information on total mileage
Inland waterways: none
Ports: none
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serving about 9,500 telephones;
no broadcast facilities; 4,000 radio and 3,400 TV receivers (programed from
Switzerland)
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
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NIS 6 LUXEMBOURG
LAND:
1,000 sq. mi.; 26% arable, 26% meadows and pasture, 16%
waste or urban, 32% forested, negligible amount of
inland water (1969)
PEOPLE:
Population: 343,000, average annual growth rate 0.8%
(FY61-69); males 15-49, 78,000; 62,000 fit for military
service; about 2,000 reach military age (19) annually
Ethnic divisions: 83% Luxembourger, including an estimated
5% of Italian descent; remainder French, German,
Belgian, etc.
Religion: more than 90% Roman Catholic
Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; most educated Luxembourgers also speak
English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: (1969) 139,000; 11.1% agriculture (including forestry and fishing),
44.2% industry, 44.7% services, no significant unemployment; shortage of
skilled labor 1,000
Organized labor: 45% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for administrative purposes has 3
districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1868; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Cassation Court only; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven ministers comprise Council of Government
headed by President, which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to
the unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies; the Cduncil of State,
appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house; judicial
power exercised by independent courts
Government leader: Pierre Werner, Minister of State and President of the Govern-
ment as well as Minister of Treasury
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21
Elections: every 5 years for entire Chamber of Deputies; latest elections Dec-
ember 1968; next election, December 1973
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Union, Pierre Werner and Jean
Dupong (Party President); Socialist, Antone Rehenkel (Party President); Social
Democrat, Ernst Lay (Party President); Democratic, Gaston Thorn (Party
President and Foreign Minister); Communist, Dominique Urbany
Voting strength (1968 election, approx.): 32% Socialist, 35% Christian Socialist,
15% Communist, 17% Democratic, 1% other; it should be noted that these are
percentages of votes cast rather than voters, since Luxembourg has a weighted
proportional representation system in which voters in most populous areas
have largest multiple votes
Communists: 520 party members
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries representing iron
and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers;
Christian and Socialist labor unions, Federation of Industrialists; Artisans
and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union), Council of Europe,
ECSC, EEC, EURATOM, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, NATO, OECD, U.N.,
UPU, WEU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $995.7 million (1970), $2,930 per capita; 56.4% consumption, 29.8% investment,
11.0% government, 2.8% net exports of goods and services, 1970 growth rate
3.5% at 1963 constant prices
Agriculture: mixed farming; main crops -- grains, potatoes, fodder beets; food
shortages -- sugar, bread grains, fats; caloric intake, 3,090 calories per
day per capita (1967-68 est.)
Major industries: iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products and
engineering, tires
Shortages: crude petroleum, coal, textile materials
Crude steel: 5.5 million metric tons produced (1969), about 16,320 kg. per capita
Electric power: 1,177,000 kw. capacity (1970); 2,520 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 6,450 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $869.0 million (f.o.b., 1970)
Imports: $686.4 million (c.i.f., 1970)
Major trade partners: Luxembourg and Belgium form an economic and customs union
and report their foreign trade jointly (see Belgium); Luxembourg's principal
exports are iron and steel products; principal imports are coal and consumer
products; most foreign trade is with Germany, Belgium, and other Common
Market countries; about 7% of steel exports to the U.S. (1969)
Aid: foreign aid to Luxembourg is included in aid to Belgium
Monetary conversion rate: 50 Luxembourg francs=US$1 (official); under the BLEU
agreement, the Luxembourg franc is equal to the Belgian franc which circulates
freely in Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 210 mi, standard gage; 100 mi double track; 90 mi. electrified
Highways: 2,700 mi.; all paved
Pipelines: refined products, 30 mi.
Inland waterways: 23 mi.; Moselle River
Port: Mertert
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient modern system; serves as transfer
point for international European communications; 105,500 telephones; 152,000
radiobroadcast receivers; 66,600 TV receivers; AM megawatt service of Radio
Luxembourg reaches most of Europe; 3 FM stations; 1 TV station with 6 relays
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $8.5 million; 3.0% of
central government budget
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NIS 39C MACAO
LAND:
6 sq. mi.; 10% agricultural, 90% urban (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: no claim; Portuguese Navy
asserts territorial sea claim for Portugal and
possessions of 6 n. mi.; Portuguese Foreign Office says
there is no law on books concerning claims to terri-
torial sea; fishing, 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 254,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1968);
males 15-49, 67,000; 42,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 99% Chinese, 1% Portuguese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics, about one-
half are Chinese
Language: Chinese 98%, Portuguese 2%
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese; no data on Chinese
population
Labor force: 5% agriculture, 30% manufacturing, 3% construction, 1% utilities,
27% commerce, 8% transportation and communications, 26% services (1960 data)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Macao
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of Macao, and 2 islands
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: Governor, who dominates legislative and executive branches, assisted
by Legislative Council with unknown number of appointed and 8 elected
members; the Urban Council with 3 Governor-appointed and 4 elected members;
all high-ranking officials appointive under provisions of revised Organic
Overseas Law
Government leader: Brigadier Jose Manuel Nobre De Carvalho, Governor
Suffrage: restricted to Portuguese citizens
Elections: conducted every 4 years; last held November 1968
Political parties and leaders: Portuguese National Union (Uniao Nacional) only
legal party, as in Portugal; Governor is leading political figure
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing
local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing Communist
China's interests; in January 1967 Macao Government acceded to Chinese
demands which gave Chinese Communists veto power over administration of
the enclave
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, vegetables; food shortages -- rice, vegetables,
meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirements
Major industries: textiles, fireworks
Electric power: 14,000 kW. capacity (1969); 30.6 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
110 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $28 million (f.o.b., 1968); textiles and clothing, foodstuffs, fireworks
Imports: $50 million (f.o.b., 1968)
Major trade partners: exports -- Hong Kong 24%, West Germany 21%; imports
Hong Kong 67%, Communist China 30% (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.06 patacas=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 26 mi. paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
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NIS 62 MALAGASY REPUBLIC
LAND:
230,000 sq. mi.; 5% cultivated, 58% pastureland, 21%
forested, 8% wasteland, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other
(1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,903,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(FY70); males 15-49, 1,546,000; 910,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually about 60,000
Ethnic divisions: basic split between highlanders of
predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina (1,643,000)
and related Betsileo (760,000), on the one hand, and coastal tribes with
mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on the other; coastal
tribes include Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000, Sakalava 375,000,
Antaisaka 415,000; there are also 38,000 French, 66,000 other
Religion: more than half animist; about 35% Christian, less than 10% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
Literacy: 30% to 35%
Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90% are nonsalaried family workers
engaged in subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners,
26% agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11%
construction, 9% services, 6% transportation, 2% miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Malagasy Republic
Type: republic; under one-party rule since independence in June 1960
Capital: Tananarive
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution
adopted 1959, amended 1960 and 1962; judicial review of legislative acts in
High Council of Institutions; legal education at National School of Law,
University of Tananarive; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive -- President has wide powers, elected for 7-year term by
direct universal suffrage; legislative -- bicameral (National Assembly and
Senate); judicial -- patterned after French system
Government leader: President Philibert Tsiranana
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: held regularly but opposition parties are hampered by restrictions
on campaigning
Political parties and leaders: Parti Social Democrate (PSD), led by Secretary
General Andre Resampa; leading opposition party is AKFM (Congress Party
for the Independence of Madagascar), led by Pastor Richard Andriamanjato
Voting strength: (1970 elections) President Tsiranana received 97% of votes cast;
PSD candidates for National Assembly won 94%; AKFM 3%
Communists: small Communist party under close surveillance by government
security forces; Communist party virtually of no importance; small and
vocal group of Communists has gained strong position in leadership
of AKFM, the rank and file of which is non-Communist
Member of: EAMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $794.2 million (1969), about $120 per capita; a real increase of 8.9% between
1968 and 1969, almost all due to price increases because of franc devaluation
Agriculture: cash crops -- coffee, vanilla, sugar, tobacco, sisal, rice, cloves,
raphia; food crops -- rice, cassava, cereals, potatoes, corn, beans,
bananas, coconuts, and peanuts; animal husbandry widespread; self-
sufficient in foodstuffs, but some milk and cereals imported
Major industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories,
brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer goods industries
(textiles, glassware), cement plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil
refinery
Electric power: 14,600 kw. capacity (1970); 200 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
30 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $104.9 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee 28%, rice 8%, vanilla 10%, sugar
7%, petroleum products 4%, sisal 3%; mineral products, graphite and mica 3%;
agricultural and livestock products account for about 85% of export earnings
Imports: $145.0 million (f.o.b., 1969); consumer goods 46% -- food, beverages,
textiles, clothing; capital equipment 26% -- machinery, appliances, and
electrical; raw materials 28% -- cement, energy. products, fertilizers
(percent figures for 1969)
Major trade partners: France (in 1969 accounted for 36% of exports and 52% of
imports); U.S., preferential tariffs to EEC and franc zone countries; trade
with Communist countries remains a minute part of total trade
Monetary conversion rate: 278 Malagasy francs=US$1 (official); member of
French franc zone
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 540 mi. of meter gage
Highways: 5,300 mi.; 1,550 mi. paved 2,550 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or stabi-
lized soil; 1,200 mi. improved and unimproved earth; remainder are tracks
Inland waterways: 1,200 mi. navigable; Lac Alaotra (200 sq. mi.)
Ports: 4 major, 13 minor
Merchant marine: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,000 GRT, 54,000 DWI;
includes 6 cargo, 1 tanker, I specialized carrier
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 352 total, 179 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 44 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 6 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph generally adequate in urban areas;
25,300 telephones; 500,000 radio and 300 TV receivers; 4 AM, no FM, and
1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: largely dependent on France; has received some ground force materiel
from Israel and West Germany
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $12.2 million; about
7.8% of total budget
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NIS 57C MALAWI
LAND:
36,700 sq. mi.; about 31% of land area arable (of which
less than half is cultivated), nearly 25% forested,
6% meadow and pasture, 38% other (1966)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,144,000, average annual growth rate 3.0%
(FY69-70); males 15-49, 1,088,000; about 550,000 fit
for military service
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1%
European and Asian
Religion: majority animist; rest Christian and Muslim
Language: English and Chichewa official; Lomwe is second
African language
Literacy: 6% of population over 21 years old
Labor force: 120,000-150,000 wage earners (1966); 6,000 Europeans permanently
employed; 300,000 live and work in Rhodesia, South Africa, and Zambia; 30%
agriculture, 11% construction, 10% commerce, 13% manufacturing, 10% admini-
stration, 26% miscellaneous services
Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Malawi
Type: republic since July 1966; independent member of Commonwealth
Capital: Zomba
Political subdivisions: local government unit is the district
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution
adopted 1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of
Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: strong presidential system with cabinet appointed by President; uni-
cameral National Assembly of 60 elected and 15 nominated members; High
Court with Chief Justice and at least 2 justices
Government leader: President Hastings Kamuzu Banda
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: scheduled for April 1964; not held since MCP candidates were unopposed
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Dr. Hastings Kamuzu
Banda
Communists: no Communist Party; may be a few Communist sympathizers
Member of: FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $282 million (1969), $60 per capita; average annual growth rate in constant
prices 6.1% (1969)
Agriculture: cash crops -- tea, tobacco, peanuts, cotton, tung; subsistence
crops -- corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice
Electric power: 38,200 kw. capacity (1970); 133 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
30 kw.-hr. per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling,
cement, consumer goods
Exports: $52.8 million (f.o.b., 1969); tea, tobacco, cotton, tung, peanuts
Imports: $73.7 million (f.o.b., 1969); manufactured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, food, fuels
Major trade partners: exports -- U.K., Zambia, Rhodesia, U.S.; imports -- U.K.,
Rhodesia, South Africa
Aid:
economic -- U.K. provides both budgetary and development support, about
$20 million cumulative through (1970); U.S. aid commitments, $18 million
through FY70;
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
military -- U.K., $0.9 million (1954-68)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Malawi pound=US$2.40 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 355 mi. (316" gage)
Highways: 6,610 mi.; 430 mi. paved; 555 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 5,625 mi. earth
Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 800 route mi. and Shire River, 90 mi.
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 34 total, 32 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 7 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: the system is barely above average for African countries
and consists of thinly spread open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; principal centers are Blantyre and Zomba;
11,500 telephones; 106,000 radio receivers; 5 All, 4 FM and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on U.K.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $1,426,000; 1.7% of
total budget
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NIS 44 MALAYSIA
NOTE:
Malaysia, which came into being on 16 September 1963,
consists of West Malaysia, which includes 11 states
of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East
Malaysia, which includes the 2 former colonies of
North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
LAND:
West Malaysia: 50,700 sq. mi.; 20% cultivated, 26%
forest reserves, 54% other (1965)
Sabah: 29,400 sq. mi.; 13% cultivated, 34% forest
reserves, 53% other (1966)
Sarawak: 48,300 sq. mi.; 21% cultivated, 24% forest
PEOPLE:
reserves, 55% other (1966)
Population: 10,765,000, average annual growth rate 2.7% (current)
West Malaysia: 9,089,000, average annual growth rate 2.7% (June 57-August 70);
males 15-49, 2,117,000; 1,295,000 fit for military service
Sabah: 645,000, average annual growth rate 3.3% (July 60-August 70); males
15-49, 155,000; 93,000 fit for military service
Sarawak: 1,031,000, average annual growth rate 2.8% (June 60-August 70);
males 15-49, 248,000; 150,000 fit for military service; conscription age
for Malaysia is 21 -- an age reached by about 112,000 annually
Ethnic divisions:
Malaysia: 44% Malay, 36% Chinese, 8% tribal, 10% Indian and Pakistani,
2% other
West Malaysia: 50.1% Malay, 36.9% Chinese, 11% Indian and Pakistani,
2% other
Sabah: 23.1% Chinese, 67.3% indigenous tribes, 9.6% other
Sarawak: 31.5% Chinese, 50% indigenous tribes, 17.5% Malay, 1% other
Religion:
West Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim; Chinese predominantly Buddhists;
Indians predominantly Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other
Sarawak: 23% Muslim, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 35%
tribal religion, 2% other
Language:
West Malaysia: Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects; Mandarin and Hakka dialects
predominate among Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages
Literacy:
West Malaysia: about 48%
Sabah and Sarawak: 23%
Labor force:
Malaysia: 3.45 million (1967)
West Malaysia: 2.9 million; 55% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 11%
manufacturing and construction; 34% trade, transport, and services
Sabah: 213,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 6% manu-
facturing and construction; 13% trade and transportation; 1% other
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Labor force (contid):
Sarawak: 341,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 6% manu-
facturing and construction; 13% trade, transportation, and services;
1% other
Organized labor: 370,000 members -- official 1967 estimate -- (about 10.5% of
total labor force; 28% of wage labor force); unemployment about 8% of total
labor force, but higher in urban areas
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Malaysia
Type:
Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally headed by Paramount Ruler (King)
West Malaysian states: hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Malacca where
Governors appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments
limited by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 16 seats in
House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal security,
and other powers delegated to federal government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 24 seats in
House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and internal security,
and other powers are delegated to federal government
Capital:
West Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu (formerly Jesselton)
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: 13 states (including Sabah and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into force 1963;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of
Supreme Head of the Federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: 9 state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for 5-year terms; locus of
executive power vested in Prime Minister and cabinet, who are responsible
to bicameral parliament; following communal rioting in May 1969, govern-
ment imposed state of emergency and suspended constitutional rights of all
parliamentary bodies; parliamentary democracy is now scheduled to be
resumed in February 1971
West Malaysia: executive branches of 11 states vary in detail but are similar
in design; a Chief Minister,, appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor,
heads an executive council (cabinet) which is responsible to an elected,
unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by Governor appointed by central
government, largely ceremonial role; executive power exercised by Chief
Minister who heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to unicameral
legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system
Government leader: Head of State, Tun Abdul Razak
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: minimum of every 5 years
Political parties and leaders:
West Malaysia: Alliance Party consisting of United Malays National Organiza-
tion (UMNO), Tun Abdul Razak; Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), Tan
Siew Sin; and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), V.T. Sambanthan; major
opposition parties -- Pan Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP), Dato Asri bin Haji
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Political parties and leaders (cont'd):
West Malaysia (cont'd):
Muda (acting); Labor Party of Malaya (LPM), Lim Kean Slew (acting);
Democratic Action Party (DAP); Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GRM); minor
opposition parties -- Party Rakyat (PR), People's Progressive Party (PPP),
United Malaysian Chinese Organization (UMC0); Communist Party illegal
Sabah: United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tun Mustapha bin Dato
Harun; Sabah Chinese Association. (SCA), Khoo Siak Chiew; no organized
opposition
Sarawak: coalition composed of Sarawak Alliance and Sarawak United Peoples
Party (SUPP), Ong Kee Hui; Opposition Sarawak National Party, Stephen
Ningkan
Voting strength:
West Malaysia: (1969 election) Alliance Party controls 9 of 11 state
legislatures, won estimated 49% of total vote; Pan-Malaysian Islamic
Party polled 24%; Democratic Action Party polled 12%; Gerakan 7%
Sabah: (April 1967 Assembly elections) USNO and SCA polled 50% of votes;
United Pasok-Momogun Kadazan Organization (UPKO) (now dissolved) 41%;
remainder cast for independent candidates
Sarawak: (1970 elections) Alliance 24 seats, SNAP 12 seats, SUPP 11 seats;
SUPP has joined the Alliance to form a coalition state government
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Commonwealth, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC,
ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP:
Malaysia: $3.7 billion (1969), $346 per capita; average annual real growth
(1966-69) 6%
Agriculture:
West Malaysia: mixed plantation and subsistence; main crops -- rubber, rice,
oil palm; 25% of rice requirements imported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops -- rubber, coconut, rice; food deficit
-- rice
Sarawak: main crops -- rubber, pepper; food deficit -- rice
Major industries:
West Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, tin mining
and smelting, logging and processing timber, light consumer goods
Sabah: logging
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum refining, logging
Electric power:
West Malaysia: 938,000 kw. capacity (1969); 3.1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 338 kw.-hr. per capita
Sabah: 30,000 kw. capacity (1969); 85 million kw.-hr. produced (1969); 133
kw.-hr. per capita
Sarawak: 44,000 kw. capacity (1969); 98 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
99 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,653 million (f.o.b., 1969); 40% rubber, 18.4% tin, 15.3% timber
Imports: $1,134 million (f.o.b., 1969)
Major trade partners: exports -- Singapore, Japan, U.S.; imports -- Japan, U.S.,
Singapore, Communist China
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Monetary conversion rate:
Malaysia: 3.06 Malaysian dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads:
West Malaysia: 1,014 mi. 313 3/8" gage; 8 mi. double
East Malaysia: 96 mi. meter gage in Sabah
Highways:
West Malaysia: 10,500 mi
treatment), 1,150 mi.
earth
East Malaysia: about 3,1
hard surfaced (mostly
crushed stone, 767 mi.
track; government-owned
.; 8,925 mi. hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface
crushed stone/gravel, 425 mi. improved or unimproved
40 mi. (1,608 in Sarawak, 1,532 in Sabah); 520 mi.
bituminous surface treatment), 1,853 mi. gravel or
earth
Inland waterways:
West Malaysia: 1,985 mi.
East Malaysia: 2,540 mi. (975 mi.
in Sabah, 1,565 mi. in Sarawak)
Ports:
West Malaysia: 3 major, 10 minor
East Malaysia: 4 major, 7 minor (3 major, 3 minor in Sabah; 1 major, 4 minor
in Sarawak)
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 44,000 GRT, 57,000 DWT;
includes 9 cargo, 2 tanker
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Pipelines: crude oil, 90 mi.; refined products, 35 mi.
Airfields:
West Malaysia: 105 total, 71 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways;
2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3
seaplane stations
Sabah: 37 total, 32 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Sarawak: 48 total, 43 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications:
West Malaysia: good intercity service provided mainly by microwave relay;
international service good; good coverage by radio and television broad-
casts; 146,212 telephones; 430,000 radio and 130,000 TV receivers; 9 towns
have AM stations; no FM, 8 TV stations; submarine cables extend to India,
Ceylon, and Singapore; connected to SEACOM submarine cable terminal at
Singapore by microwave relay
Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sarawak via Brunei;
10,246 telephones; 48,800 radio receivers; 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations;
SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sabah via Brunei;
12,188 telephones; 65,000 radio and no TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, no TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
External defense dependent on U.K. forces furnished under terms of Anglo-Malayan
defense agreement of 1957 as amended in 1963; to be replaced by loose 5-power
defense arrangement by end of 1971
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $262.3 million; 24%
of total budget
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NIS 63 MALDIVE ISLANDS
LAND:
115 sq. mi.; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls, 214
islands inhabited
Limits of territorial waters: 2.75-55 n. mi. (fishing,
100-150 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 112,000, average annual growth rate 1.9% (FY69)
Ethnic divisions: presumed Aryan stock with Arab admixtures
Religion: official Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala)
Literacy: largely illiterate
Labor force: fishing industry employs almost all the male
population
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative areas broken down by clusters of atolls
Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primari-
ly in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: popularly elected unicameral national legislature (Majilis) (members
elected for 5-year terms); elected President, chief executive; appointed
Chief Justice responsible for administration of Islamic law
Government leaders: President Ibrahim Nasir
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country governed
by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries
Member of: Colombo Plan, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: under $100 per capita
Agriculture: crops -- coconut and millet; shortages -- rice, wheat
Major industries: fishing; some coconut processing
Electric power: 2,500 kw. capacity (1969); 7 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
65 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1967); fish
Imports: $2.5 million (c.i.f., 1967)
Major trade partner: Ceylon
Aid: U.K. (1960-65), $1.4 million drawn; Ceylon (1967), $1 million committed
Monetary conversion rate: 4.76 rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor ports (Male and Gan)
Merchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 49,000 GRT, 64,000 DWT;
includes 16 cargo, 2 bulk
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: no domestic and international telecommunication facilities;
200 telephones; 1,250 radio sets; 1 AM station
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NIS 50H MALI.
LAND:
465,000 sq. mi.; only about a fourth of area arable,
forests negligible, rest sparse pasture or desert
(1967)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,144,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(FY69-70); males 15-49, 1,217,000; 680,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African including tribes of
both Berber and Negro descent
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% animist, 1% Christian
Language: French official; several African languages,
of which Mande group most widespread
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: approximately 60,000 salaried, 40,000 of whom are civil
most of population engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry
Organized labor: UNTM, which claimed all eligible employees, dissolved
activity tightly controlled
servants;
and
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; under military regime since November 1968
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative regions; 42 administrative districts
(cercles), arrondissements, villages; all subordinate to central government
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, amended 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitu-
tional Section of Court of State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by Military Committee of National
Liberation (MCNL) composed of 11 army officers; under MCNL functional
cabinet composed of civilians and army officers; judiciary
Government leaders: Lt. Moussa Traore, president of MCNL, Chief of State and
head of government
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: former Union Soudanaise-RDA dissolved and political
activity proscribed by military government
Elections: MCNL promises elections at unspecified date
Communists: there are a few Communists and a somewhat larger number of sympathizers;
some are under detention by MCNL
Member of: EAMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: about $245 million (FY69), per capita about $50
Agriculture: main crops -- millet, sorghum, rice, corn, peanuts; cash crops --
peanuts, cotton, livestock
Major industries: small local consumer goods and processing
Electric power: 22,500 W. capacity (1970); 38 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
7 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $23.3 million (f.o.b., 1969); livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton,
skins
Imports: $38.3 million (c.i.f., 1969); textiles, vehicles, petroleum products,
machinery, and sugar
Major trade partners: mostly with franc zone, Communist China, and U.S.S.R.
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ECONOMY (cant' d) :
Monetary conversion rate: since August 1969, 555.4 Mali francs=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 400 mi. meter gage
Highways: approximately 7,500 mi.; 870 mi. bituminous, 3,215 mi. gravel, 580 mi.
improved earth, 2,835 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,141 mi. navigable
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 39 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: system poor and provides only minimum service to government,
business, and public; open-wire and radiocommunication used for long distance
telecommunications; radio sometimes only link to outlying points; 6,670
telephones; 60,000 radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent primarily on foreign countries, mainly France and the U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $3,904,000; about 9%
of total budget
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NIS 25B MALTA
LAND:
121 sq. mi.; 50% arable, negligible amount forested,
remainder urban, waste, or other (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 3 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 328,000, average annual growth rate 0.9% (FY70);
males 15-49, 71,000; 54,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, ALGERIA LIBYA
Spanish, Italian, British
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: English and Maltese
Literacy: about 70%; compulsory education introduced in 1946
Labor force: 98,700; 58% industry, 6% agriculture, 10% military base support,
19% government, 2% other; 5% unemployed (est.)
Organized labor: approximately 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Malta
Type: independent state since September 1964, recognizing Elizabeth II as chief
of state
Capital: Valleta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated islands, Malta and Gozo, divided into
10 electoral districts (divisions)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1961, came into
force 1964; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdication, with reservations
Branches: executive, consisting of prime minister and cabinet; legislative,
comprising 50-member House of Representatives; independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister George Borg Olivier
Suffrage: universal over age 21; registration required
Elections: last held in March 1966; next statutory election (1971)
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party George Borg Olivier (Prime
Minister); Malta Labor Party, Dom Mintoff; Christian Workers' Party, Anthony
Pellegrini; Progressive Constitutional Party, Mabel Strickland; the Christian
Workers' Party and the Progressive Constitutional Party, although without
representation in parliament, continue to publicize their views through
party organs and news conferences
Voting strength (1966 election): 48% Nationalist, 42% Malta Labor Party, 10% other
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, GATT, ICAO, ILO, IMF, TDB, U.N.,
UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $139.4 million (1968 constant prices), $580 per capita; 68.9% private
consumption, 16.7% public consumption, 29.5% gross investment; 1968 growth
rate 10% in constant prices
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; adequate supplies of vegetables, poultry,
milk and pork products; shortages in beef, grain, animal fodder, and fruits
at various seasons; main products -- potatoes, cauliflowers, grapes, wheat,
barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs
Major industries: ship repair yard, building industry, food manufacturing,
textiles, tourism
Shortages: most consumer and industrial needs (fuels and raw materials) must be
imported
Electric power: 85,000 kw. capacity (1970); 276 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
570 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $38.2 million (1969); textiles, scrap metal, wine, agricultural
products, and footwear
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $147.6 million (1969)
Major trade partners: U.K. 44%, Italy 15.7%; EFTA 48%; EEC 28.2%; Communist
countries 2.5%; North and Central America 3.8%
Aid: economic -- U.S., $8.2 million (1949-69), of which $1.2 million authorized
in 1966, $0.3 million authorized in 1968, $1.7 million authorized 1969;
U.K. Financial Agreement (loans and grants) 1964-74, $140 million; IBRD $8.2
million through 1968, none since 1965; U.N. Special Fund $2.1 million through
1968, none in 1968; U.N. Technical Assistance $0.9 million through 1968, of
which $0.2 million in 1968
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Maltese Pound=US$2.40 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 743 mi., 625 mi. paved (asphalt), 85 mi. crushed stone, 15 mi. improved
earth, 18 mi. unimproved
Ports: 2 minor
Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 45,000 GRT, 52,000 DWT;
includes 1 passenger, 3 cargo, 2 bulk; 2 ships are foreign awned and operated
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, all usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: modern automatic telephone system centered in Valletta;
33,100 telephones; 67,000 radio receivers (including 46,700 subscribers to
the wired broadcast service of Rediffusion Malta) Ltd.); 50,000 television
receivers; 3 AN, 2 FM, and 1 TV stations; extensive wired broadcast service;
10 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1971, $739,200; about 1.6% of
central government bugdet
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NIS 50F MAURITANIA
LAND:
419,000 sq. mi.; less than 1% suitable for crops, 10%
pasture, 90% desert (1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12
n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,199,000, average annual growth rate 2.3%
(FY67-68); males 15-49, 284,000; 150,000 fit for
military service; conscription law not implemented
Ethnic divisions: 80% Moor, 20% Negro
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: French and Arabic official
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: about 18,000 wage earners
farming and herding
Organized labor: 18,000 union members claimed by single
Workers' Union
(1964); remainder of population in
union, Mauritanian
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Type: republic; one-party presidential rule since 1960
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 7 regions and a capital administration
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution
adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: president; unicameral National Assembly of 40 elected members;
separate judiciary (appointed by president)
Government leader: President Moktar Ould Daddah
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: parliamentary elections held May 1965; uncontested presidential
election held August 1966; 5-year terms for both
Political parties and leaders: Mauritanian People's Party is only legal party,
Secretary General Moktar Ould Daddah
Communists: no Communist Party; sympathizers exist, particularly for Chinese
Communists
Member of: EAMA, FAO, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, OAU, Organization of Riparian States
of the Senegal River (OERS), U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: about $170 million (1968), about $150 per capita; average annual rate of
growth (real terms, 1962-66) 9%
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads or subsistence farmers; main crops
-- livestock, small grains, dates; cash crops -- livestock, gum arabic
Major industries: mining of iron ore, salt fishing, exploitation of copper
resources planned
Electric power: 20,200 kw. capacity (1970); 38 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
32 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $71 million (f.o.b., 1967); iron ore, fish, gum arabic
Imports: $25 million (c.i.f., 1967); sugar, cloth, tea, and fuels
Major trade partners: (trade figures not complete because Mauritania has a form
of customs union with Senegal and much local trade unreported) France and
other EEC members, U.K., and U.S. are main overseas partners
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 400 mi. standard gage, single track, privately awned
Highways: 3,785 mi.; 220 mi. paved; 500 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise
improved; 3,065 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: 500 mi.
Ports: 3 major
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,520 ORT, 1,695 DWT
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 29 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 16 with run-
ways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone poor, telegraph fair; 1,200 telephones; 55,000
radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $5,002,000; 19.2%
of ordinary budget
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NIS 63 MAURITIUS
LAND:
720 sq. mi., excluding dependencies; 55% agricultural, in-
tensely cultivated; 35% forests, woodlands, mountains,
river, and natural reserves; 5% built-up areas; 5%
water bodies (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n.
mi.) (1967)
PEOPLE:
Population: 849,000, average annual growth rate 1.5%
(FY69); males 15-49, 198,000; 95,000 fit for military
service
Ethnic divisions: Hindus 51%, Muslims 16%, Creoles 29%,
Chinese 3.5%, English and French 0.5%
Religion: 51% Hindu, 33% Christian (mostly Catholic with a few Anglican
Protestants), 16% Muslim
Language: English official language; Hindi, Chinese, French Creole
Literacy: not known, but very high (90% of school age children in school)
Labor force: 120,000; 65% agriculture, 5% industry; 30% are unemployed, under-
employed, or self-employed
Organized labor: about 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Mauritius
Type: independent state since 1968, recognizing Elizabeth II
as chief of state
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 "organized municipalities" and various island
dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English common
law in certain areas; constitution adopted 6 March 1968
Branches: executive power exercised by Prime Minister and 15-man Council of
Ministers; unicameral legislature (National Assembly) with 62 members elected
by direct suffrage and 8 specially elected
Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. S. Ramgoolam
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: last held in August 1967; next scheduled in 1972 postponed at least
4 years by constitutional amendment
Political parties and leaders: a loose government coalition consisting of Labor
Party (S. Ramgoolam), Muslim Committee of Action (A. R. Mohamed), and Parti
Mauricien Social Democrate (G. Duval); Independent Forward Bloc (S.
Bissoondoyal); Mauritius Democratic Union (M. Lesale); a few independents;
Mouvement Militant Mauritian (P. Berenger)
Voting strength: Muslim Committee of Action, 6 seats; Independent Forward Bloc,
7 seats; Mauritius Labor Party, 32 seats; Mauritius Democratic Union, 12 seats;
Parti Mauricien Social Democrate, 10 seats; independent 2 seats; Mouvement
Militant Mauritian 1 seat
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Communist organizations; Mauritius
Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist
Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist League,
Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association,
Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: Tamil United Party, Mauritius Workers Party
Member of: Commonwealth, OAU, OCAM, U.N.
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ECONOMY:
GNP: est. $158 million (1969), approximately $200 per capita
Agriculture: sugar crop is major economic asset; about 40% of land area is planted
to sugar; tea production rising slowly; most food imported -- rice is the
staple food -- and since cultivation is already intense and expansion of
cultivable areas is unlikely, heavy reliance on food imports except sugar
and tea will continue
Shortage: land
Industries: mainly confined to processing sugarcane, tea; some small-scale,
simple manufactures; tobacco fiber; some fishing; tourism
Electric power: 61,340 kw. capacity (1970); 134 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
160 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $66.1 million (f.o.b., 1969); 33% foodstuffs (rice, wheat, flour,
meat, fruit); manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuels
Imports: $59.2 million (1969); foodstuffs 40%, manufactured goods 18%
Major trade partners: U.K. has preferential treatment, buys over 50% of Mauritius'
sugar export at heavily subsidized prices; small amount of sugar exported to
Canada, U.S., and Italy; imports from U.K. and EEC primarily, also from South
Africa, Australia, and Burma; some minor trade with Communist China
Aid: U.K. financed 40% of 1960-66 development programs with loans and grants
totaling $33 million; U.K.'s sugar subsidies amount to approx. $30 million
annually; U.S. $6 million since 1967 (P.L. 480); Soviet Union made some
small-scale offers in 1969
Monetary conversion rate: 5.55 Mauritian rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Highways: 1,100 mi.; 990 mi. paved, 110 mi. earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway 8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: 16,800 telephones; radio telegraph service with Reunion,
Malagasy Republic, Seychelles, Zanzibar, and other places in Africa; 1 AM,
no FM, and 4 TV stations; 103,500 radio and 18,800 TV sets; submarine cables
extend to Republic of South Africa, Seychelles Islands, and Rodrigues
Island
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NIS 3 MONACO
LAND:
0.6 sq. mi.
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 24,000 (official estimate for 1 January 1970)
Ethnic divisions: Rhaetian stock
Religion: Roman Catholicism is official state religion
Language: French
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: not available
Organized labor: not available
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco-Ville
Political subdivisions: 4 sections
Legal system: based on French law; new constitution adopted 1962; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: National Council (18 members); Communal Council (15 members, headed
by a mayor)
Government leader: Prince Rainier III
Suffrage: universal
Elections: National Council every 5 years; most recent 1968
Political parties and leaders: National Union of Independents, National Democratic
Entente (1965)
Voting strength: figures for 1968 election not available; (1958) 61% National
Union of Independents, 39% National Democratic Entente
Communists: not available
Member of: IAEA, IHB, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: 55% tourism; 25%-30% industry (small and primarily tourist oriented); 10%-15%
registration fees and sales of postage stamps; about 4% traceable to the Monte
Carlo casino
Major industries: chemicals, food processing, precision instruments, glassmaking,
printing
Electric power: 8,000 kw. capacity (1970); 60 million kw.-hr. supplied by France
(1970); 2,250 kw.-hr. per capita
Trade: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan
trade duties
Monetary conversion rate: 5.55419 francs=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1 mi.
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,600 GRT, 60,600 DWT;
includes 2 cargo, 3 tankers
Civil air: no major aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: served by the French wire communications system; automatic
telephone system with about 14,800 telephones; international AM broadcast;
FM and TV facilities; 6,700 radio and 15,100 TV receivers
DEFENSE FORCES:
France responsible for defense
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NIS 40 MONGOLIA
LAND:
604,100 sq. mi.; almost 90% of land area is pasture or
desert wasteland, varying in usefulness, less than
1% arable, 10% forested (1970)
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,324,000, average annual growth rate 3.0%
(current); males 15-49, 276,000; 185,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually, about 13,000
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2%
Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhists; about 4%
Muslims; limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages
include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: no reliable information available, but primarily agricultural; over
half the population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of
Mongolian women; acute shortage of both skilled and unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: "Mongolian People's Republic"
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 2 autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar
and Darhan)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; constitution
adopted 1940; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: constitution provides for a Great People's Hural (national assembly)
and a highly centralized administration
Party and government leader: Y. Tsedenbal, First Secretary of the MPRP and
Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: national assembly elections held in June 1969; next elections
scheduled for 1972
Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party (MPRP);
estimated membership, 48,500 (less than 5% of the population)
Member of: CEMA, ECAFE, U.N., WHO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: self-sufficient in animal products; main crops -- wheat, oats,
barley
Industries: processing of animal products and building materials; mining
Exports: animal and dairy products, fluorspar, woolen textiles, leather shoes,
glass, and paper
Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum, cloth, coal, and building materials,
sugar, and tea
Aid: heavily dependent on U.S.S.R.
Monetary conversion rate: 4 tugriks=US$1 (arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,130 route mi.; 800 mi. broad gage (5'0"), 330 mi. meter gage
(313 3/8") (1971)
Highways: 52,000 mi.; 125 mi. paved, 5,275 mi. improved natural surface and
gravel, 46,600 mi. unimproved earth (1971)
Inland waterways: 585 mi. navigable; used primarily for local transport (1971)
Freight carried: rail -- unknown; highway -- about 10 million short tons (1966),
291 million short ton/mi. (1966); waterway -- 2.5 million short ton/mi. (1970)
DEFENSE FORCES;
Supply: military equipment supplied by U.S.S.R.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, 131.7 million tugriks,
7% of total budget; value in dollars $33 million (est.)
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NIS 48 MOROCCO
LAND:
158,000 sq. mi.; 19% farmland and orchard, 19% pasture,
20% forest and esparto, 42% desert, waste, or urban
(1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 16,071,000, average annual growth rate 3.2%
(FY69); males 15-49, 3,828,000; 2,610,000 fit for
military service; about 184,000 reach military age (18)
annually; limited conscription
Ethnic divisions: 97.5% Arab-Berber, .8% Hebrew, 1.7%
non-Moroccan
Religion: 97.5% Muslim, 1.7% Christian, .8% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects;
business, government, diplomacy, and education
Literacy: 10% to 15%
Labor force: 4.4 million; 70% agriculture,
police, civil service, transportation,
construction workers)
Organized labor: 10% to 15% of labor force
French is language of much
15% industry, 15% other (military,
mines, teachers, merchants,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution adopted 1970)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces and 2 prefectures
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme
Court; modern legal education at branches of Mohamed V University in Rabat
and Casablanca and Karouine University in Fes; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: constitution provides for Prime Minister and ministers named by and
responsible to King; King has paramount executive powers; unicameral
legislature; judiciary independent of other branches
Government leaders: King Hassan II; Prime Minister Ahmed Laraki
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: 150 members of parliament indirectly elected on 21 August 1970 and
remaining 90 directly elected on 28 August 1970
Political parties and leaders: Istiqlal Party, Allal el-Fassi; Popular Movement
(MP), Mahjoubi Aherdan; Constitutional and Democratic Popular Movement
(MPCD), Dr. Abdelkrim Khatib; National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP),
collegial leadership of Abderrahim Bouabid, Abdallah Ibrahim, and Mahjoub
Ben Seddik; Democratic Socialist Party (PSD), Ahmed Reda Guedira; Party for
Liberation and Socialism (PLS), established in June 1968 and banned September
1969, is front for Moroccan Communist Party (MCP), which was proscribed in
1959, Ali Yata; Istiqlal and the UNFP formed a National Front in July 1970
to oppose the new constitution and to boycott the parliamentary elections
Voting strength: (1970 election) not yet available; new parliament is composed
of 158 Independents, 60 Popular Movement, 9 Istiqlal, 2 UNFP, 11 other
Communists: 400 est.
Member of: Arab League, EEC (until 1974), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMC,
IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
Agriculture: cereals farming and livestock raising predominate; main crops --
cereals, citrus fruit, wine, truck garden produce, olives
Major industries: mining and mineral processing, food processing, textiles
Electric power: 748,300 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 2,529 million kw.-hr. produced*
(1970 est.); 160 kw.-hr. per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 5.06 dirhams=US$1 (IMF par value)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,105 mi. standard gage, 100 mi. double track; 454 mi. electrified
Pipelines: crude oil, 86 mi.; refined products, 307 mi.; natural gas, 18 mi.
Ports: 8 major, 12 minor
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 34,000 GRT, 45,000 DWT;
includes 10 cargo, I specialized carrier
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 139 total, 85 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 8 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 41 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: superior system by African standards composed of open wave
lines, coaxial multi-conductor and submarine cables and radio relay links;
principal centers Casablanca and Rabat, secondary centers Fez, Manakeck,
Oujda, Sebaa, Aroun, Tangiers and Fetouan; 160,300 telephones; 934,689 radio
and 173,904 TV receivers; 17 Moroccan AM, 1 Voice of America AM, 3 FM, 19 TV
stations; 21 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $140.8 million; 17.5%
of total budget
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NIS 58 MOZAMBIQUE
LAND:
292,000 sq. mi.; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated, 56%
woodland and forest, 14% wasteland and inland water
(1966)
Limits of territorial waters: Portuguese Foreign Office
has no claim; Portuguese Navy claims 6 n. mi. (fishing,
12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,743,000, average annual growth rate 2.1%
(FY68); males 15-49, 1,805,000; 905,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: 97.5% native Africans, 2.5% Europeans
and Asians
Religion: primarily animist, 1,100,000 Muslims, 860,000 Christians
Language: Portuguese (official); many tribal dialects
Literacy: 7%
Labor force: (1963 est.) 610,000; 50,000 non-African wage earners, 560,000
African wage earners in Mozambique; 290,000 additional African wage earners
temporarily working in Rhodesia and South Africa; unemployment serious
problem; most native Africans provide unskilled labor or remain in
subsistence agricultural sector
Organized labor: approx. 44,000 (end of 1970); 75% are white
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Mozambique
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Lourenco Marques
Political subdivisions: province divided into 10 districts administered by
district governors; municipalities governed by appointed official
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
Branches: Governor General appointed by Lisbon is chief executive officer for
internal administration; he also has certain legislative powers which he
exercises with a legislative council; all action in province may be vetoed
by Minister of Overseas in Lisbon; judiciary is constitutionally independent
Government leader: Governor General Eng. Eduardo Arantese Oliveira
Suffrage: all adults able to read and write Portuguese and in full possession of
political and civil rights
Political parties and leaders: National Popular Action (ANP), formerly the
National Union (UN), provincial president Manuel Montiero Ribeiro Jeloso; no
legal opposition political parties
Other political or pressure groups: the National Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led
by Moises Samara Machel, operates primarily from Tanzania; Revolutionary
Committee (COREMO), led by Paulo Gumane, based in Zambia
ECONOMY:
GNP: $700 million (est. 1966), about $100 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal;
other crops -- corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, and cassava;
self-sufficient in food except for wheat which must be imported
Major industries: food processing (chiefly sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew
kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap, paints); petroleum
products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass,
asbestos, cement products); tobacco
Electric power: 232,000 kw. capacity (1970); 464 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
64 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $149 million (f.o.b., 1970); cotton, sugar, cashew nuts, mineral products,
timber products, tea, copra, petroleum products
Imports: $288 million (c.i.f., 1970); machinery and electrical equipment, cotton
textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, wine, iron and steel
Major trade partners: over one-third of foreign trade with Portugal; South Africa,
U.S., U.K., West Germany
Aid: from Portugal only
Monetary conversion rate: 28.75 escudos=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,842 mi.; 1,750 mi. 3'6" gage, 92 mi. 25 1/2" gage, 6 mi. 3'6" gage
double track
Highways: 20,000 mi.; 1,000 mi. paved; 19,000 other (mostly earth)
Inland waterways: approx. 2,330 mi. of navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 186 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 13 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 313 total, 272 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways 8,000-11,999 ft., 22 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: system ranks at the bottom of top two-fifths of African
systems and employs a basic low-capacity open-wire network supplemented
by numerous small radiocommunication stations and a single tropospheric
scatter system; important centers are Lourenco Marques, Beira, Nampula,
and Tete; 25,400 telephones; 110,000 radio receivers; 9 AM, 1 FM, and no
TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $34.6 million; about
12.6% of national budget
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NIS 102 NAURU
LAND:
8.2 sq. mi.; insignificant arable land, no urban areas,
extensive phosphate mines (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 7,000 (official estimate for 30 June 1969);
males 15-49, about 1,800; fit for military service,
about 950; average number reaching military age (18)
annually, 1971-75, less than 100
Ethnic divisions: 2,921 Nauruans, 1,167 Chinese, 428
Europeans, 1,532 other Pacific Islanders
Religion: Christian (2/3 Protestant, 1/3 Catholic)
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island tongue; English,
school instruction, spoken and understood by nearly all
Literacy: nearly universal
the language of
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic; independent since January 1968
Capital: no capital city per se; government offices in Uaboe District
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
Branches: President elected from and by Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly
elected unicameral legislature, the Parliament; Cabinet to assist the
President, four members, appointed by President from Parliament members
Government leader: President Hammer De Roburt
Suffrage: universal adult
Political parties and leaders: De Roburt is only significant political figure;
has almost universal support of Nauruans
Member of: no present plans to join U.N. or other international agencies; enjoys
"special membership" in Commonwealth
ECONOMY:
GNP: $18 million (1968), over $2,500 per capita
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food
Major industries: mining of phosphates, about 2 million tons per year (1966)
Electric power: 7,600 kw. capacity (1969); 17 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
2,833 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1968), consisting entirely of phosphates
Imports: $5 million (c.i.f., 1968)
Major trade partners: Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar=US$1.12 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: about 17 mi.; 13 mi. paved, 4 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,800 GRT; 25,500 DWT;
includes 2 cargo, 1 bulk
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1, coral-surfaced, 5,270 ft.
Telecommunications: adequate interisland and international radiocommunications
provided via Australian facilities; 381 telephones; I AM, but no TV or FM
radiobroadcasting facilities; number of radios unknown
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DEFENSE FORCES:
No formal defense structure and no regular armed forces
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NIS 35A NEPAL
LAND:
54,600 sq. mi.; 13% agricultural area, 35% desert, waste,
or urban; 31% forested and inland water, 21% unused
but potentially productive (1964)
PEOPLE:
Population: 11,242,000, average annual growth rate 1.8%
(FY69); males 15-49, 2,472,000; 1,415,000 fit for
military service; 115,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Ethnic divisions: two main categories -- Indo-Nepalese
(about 80%) and Tibeto-Nepalese (about 20%) --
representing considerable intermixture of Indo-Aryan and
Mongolian racial strains; country divided among many quasi-tribal communities
Religion: only official Hindu Kingdom in world, although no sharp distinction
between many Hindu and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians
Language: 20 mutually unintelligible languages divided into numerous dialects;
Nepali official language and lingua franca for much of the country; same
script as Hindi
Literacy: about 8%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 95% agriculture, 5% industry; great lack of skilled
labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: constitutional monarchy; King Mahendra exercises autocratic control over
multitiered panchayat system of government
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; legal
education at Nepal Law College in Kathmandu; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by the King; indirectly elected
National Panchayat (Assembly)
Government leader: King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva; Prime Minister Kirti Nidhi
Bista
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village and town councils (panchayats) elected by universal suffrage;
district, zonal, and National Panchayat members indirectly elected, most
for 6-year terms
Political parties and leaders: all political parties outlawed
Member of: FAO, FUND, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1 billion (1969), less than $100 per capita
Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged in agriculture; main crops rice,
corn, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds; largely self-sufficient
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; match and cigarette
factories
Electric power: 44,000 kw. capacity (1970); 61 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
6 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $55 million (FY69 est.); rice and other food products, jute, timber
Imports: $62 million (FY69 est.); manufactured consumer goods, food grains and
food products
Major trade partner: over 90% India
Monetary conversion rate: 10.1 Nepalese rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 15 July - 14 July
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 63 mi., all narrow gage (2'6"); 50% government owned
Highways: 1,050 mi.; 290 mi. paved, 250 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 240 mi.
improved earth; 270 mi. unimproved earth, 200 mi. of seasonally motorable
tracks
Airfields: 45 total, 43 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph service; good radiocommunication
and broadcast service; most radiocommunication stations are military; inter-
national radiocommunication service is poor; 5,400 telephones, 55,000 radio
and no TV sets, 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: all military supplies imported; India, U.K., U.S. principal suppliers
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NIS 4
LAND:
NETHERLANDS
13,100 sq. mi.; 25% arable, 31% meadows and pastures,
31% waste or urban, 8% forested; inland water areas
excluded (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 13,173,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(current); males 15-49, 3,299,000; 2,960,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military age
(20) annually 119,000
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian and other
Religion: 41% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic, 19% unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4.7 million; 30% manufacturing, 24% services, 16% commerce, 10%
agriculture, 9% construction, 7% transportation and communications, 4%
other; 1.05% registered unemployed; no shortage of skilled labor but shortage
of semi-skilled labor; 129,000 unfilled vacancies reported by employers in
January, 1971
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at The Hague
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces governed by centrally appointed commissioners
of Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution
of 1815 frequently amended, reissued 1947; judicial review in the Supreme
Court of legislation of lower order than Acts of Parliament; legal education
at six law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive, (Queen and Cabinet of Ministers), which is responsible to
bicameral states general (parliament); independent judiciary
Government leader: Petrus J.S. de Jong, Minister-President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: must be held at least every 4 years for loider house (most recent
April 1971), and every 3 years for upper house (most recent July 1969)
Political parties and leaders: Catholic People's Party (KVP), A.P. van der Stee;
Antirevolutionary (ARP), A. Veerman; Labor (PvdA), Andre van der Louw; Liberal
(VVD), Mrs. H. van Someren-Downer; Christian Historical Union (CHU),
Prof. J. W. van Hulst; Democrats '66 (D-66), J. Beekmans; Communist (CPN),
Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist (PSP), H. Wiebenga; Political Reformed
(SGP), H. G. Abma; Reformed Political Union (GVP), W. G. Beeftink; Radical
Party (PPR), J. Tonnaer; Democratic Socialist '70 (DS-70), Dr. Wilhelm
Dress, Jr.
Voting strength (1971 election): 21.9% KVP, 10.3% VVD, 8.6% ARP, 6.3% CHU, 24.6%
PvdA, 5.8% 0-66, 5.3% DS-70, 3.9% CPN, 1.4% PSP, 1.8% PRP, 2.4% SGP, 1.6% GVP
Communists: 10,200; 248,000 votes in 1967 election
Member of: Benelux, Council of Europe, ECE, ECSC, EEC, EMA, EURATOM, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IHB, NATO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, WEU, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $31.3 billion (1970), $2,410 per capita (based on 1970 population); 56%
consumption, 29% investment, 16% government, -1% net exports of goods and
services; 1970 growth rate 5.2%, in 1963 constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops -- horticultural crops,
grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food shortages -- grains, fats, oils; caloric
intake, 3,030 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: food processing, metal and engineering products, electrical and
electronic machinery and equipment, chemicals, and petroleum products
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood,
lumber, feedgrains, and oilseeds
Crude steel: 4.7 million metric tons produced (1969), 360 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 10,682,000 kw. capacity (1970); 38.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 2,869 Kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $11,772 million (f.o.b., 1970); foodstuffs, machinery, transportation
equipment, consumer manufactures, chemicals, petroleum products, textiles
Imports: $13,392 million (c.i.f., 1970); machinery, transportation equipment,
consumer manufactures, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw cotton,
base metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (1969) 58.3% EEC, 28.1% W. Germany, 15.9% Belgium-
Luxembourg, 9.6% France, 13.7% EFTA, 6.6% U.K., 7.2% U.S., 2.0% Eastern
Europe
economic -- (received) U.S., $1,230 million authorized (FY46-69); none
since FY58; IBRD, $236 million authorized (FY46-58), none since 1958;
military -- (received) U.S., $1,241 million authorized (FY46-68), none since
FY67; net official aid given to less developed areas and multilateral
agencies -- $805 million (FY60-69), $150 million (FY69)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.62 guilders=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Aid:
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,004 mi., standard gage; 970 mi. double track; 1,020 mi. electrified
Highways: 46,000 mi.; 26,000 mi. paved, 4,000 mi. crushed stone and gravel,
16,000 mi. earth
Inland waterways: 3,940 mi.; less than 962 mi. is natural river; more than 1,400
mi. navigable by craft of 1,000-ton capacity; 1,011 mi. will take 1,500-ton
vessels
Pipelines: crude oil, 208 mi.; refined products, 602 mi.; natural gas, 4,203 mi.
Ports: 8 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 475 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,797,000 GRT, 7,080,000
DWT; includes 8 passenger, 346 cargo, 83 tanker, 29 bulk, 9 specialized
carrier
Civil air: 80 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 25 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: highly developed, excellently maintained, and well integrated;
extensive system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio relay links,
submarine cables, and radiocommunication stations; 3.12 million telephones;
2.84 million radiobroadcast and 3.04 million TV receivers; 5 AN, 12 FM, and
8 TV stations which provide countrywide service; 6 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $1,113 million;
about 12% of central government budget
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NIS 82
LAND:
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
394 sq. mi.; 5% arable, 95% waste, urban, or other (1951)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 224,000, average annual growth rate 1.4%
(FY69); males 15-49, 57,000; 30,000 fit for military
service; about 2,000 reach military age (20) annually
Ethnic divisions: 85% largely mixed Negro stock except on
Aruba where 12% Negro and approx. 55% mixed Carib
Indian and European; rest European with some Chinese,
especially on Aruba
Religion: predominantly Roman
minorities
Language: officially Dutch; predominantly English; colloquial
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English mixture
Literacy: 75%-80%
Labor force: 66,000; 1% agriculture, 21% industry, 21% unemployed,
construction, 41% government and services, 8% other
Organized labor: approx. 15% of labor force
Catholic; sizable Protestant, smaller Jewish
"papiamento," a
8%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands, enjoying complete domestic
autonomy
Capital: Willemstad; Curacao, center of government
Political subdivisions: 4 island territories -- Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, and the
Windward Islands -- St. Eustatius, southern part of St. Martin (northern
part is French), Saba
Legal system: based on civil law system, with some English common law influence;
Dutch Country Statute of 1955 serves as constitution
Branches: executive power, under nominal head of Governor (appointed by the
Crown), exercised by 8-member Council of Ministers or Cabinet; legislative
power rests with 22-member Legislative Council; independent court system
under control of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Justice (administrative
functions under Minister of Justice); each island territory has island
council headed by Lieutenant Governor for local administration
Government leaders: Minister President Ramez Jorge Isa (new government formed
6 February 1971)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: held every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: the Democratic Party (DP); the Aruba Patriotic
Party (PPA) led by S.J. Trompe; the National People's Party (NVP), S.D. Abbad;
the Aruba People's Party (AVP) led by Dominico Guzman Croes; the National
Aruban Union Party/Independent Aruban Party (UNA/PIA) led by A. Werleman/M.
Croes; Bonaire Democratic Party led by L.A. Abraham; Windward Island
Democratic Party led by A. C. Wathey; Social Progressive Action Party, S. R.
Goeloe; Antillean Reform Union (URA), Roberto Suriel; Curacao Independent
Party (COP), Peter Vander Hoven; Radical Peoples Party (PRP), Max de Castro;
Workers' Party (Frente Obrero) -- coalition in power includes DP, PPA, and
Workers' Party
Voting strength (1969 local election): 46% DP/PPA; 15% NVP; 14% Worker Front;
14% AVP; 11% other (new elections may be called soon)
Member of: EEC (associate), WHO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $254 million (1967), $1,190 per capita; real growth rate 1967, 3.6%
Agriculture: little production
Major industries; petroleum refining on Curacao and Aruba; also tourism and
phosphate mining on Curacao
Electric power: 288,500 kw. capacity (1969); 1.3 billion kw.-hr. produced (1969
est.); 5,909 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $625 million (f.o.b., 1969); petroleum products, phosphate
Imports: $830 million (c.i.f., 1969); crude petroleum, food manufactures
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 43%, EEC 16%, Latin America 13%, U.K. 10%,
Canada 7%; imports -- Venezuela 72%, U.S. 10%, Netherlands 4% (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.88 Netherlands_Antillean florins (NAF)=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 760 mi.; 350 mi. paved, 100 mi. gravel, 200 mi. improved earth, 110
mi. unimproved earth
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields; 7 total, all usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: generally adequate telecom facilities; extensive inter-
island VHF links; plan troposcatter link to Venezuela; 26,000 telephones,
105,000 radio and 30,000 TV receivers, 10 AM and 2 TV stations, 4 telegraph
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands; Dutch forces stationed in
Netherlands Antilles
Supply: dependent on Netherlands -- which itself is dependent for heavier
equipment on other non-Communist countries
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NIS 102 NEW CALEDONIA
LAND:
8,500 sq. mi.; 6% cultivable, 22% pasture land, 7% forests,
65% waste or other (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 3 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 107,000, average annual growth rate 2.6% (May
63-March 69)
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian - Polynesian admixture; over
28,000 Europeans of French extraction
Religion: natives 90% Christian
Language: Melanesian - Polynesian dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: size unknown; Javanese and Toakinese laborers were imported for
plantations and mines in pre-World War II period; immigrant labor now
coming from Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French Polynesia
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Territory of New Caledonia
Type: French overseas territory; represented in French parliament by one deputy
and one Senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island group dependencies -- Isle of Pines,
Loyalty Islands, Huon Islands, Island of New Caledonia
Legal system: French law
-
Branches: administered by Governor, who is also High Commissioner for France in
the Pacific; responsible to French Ministry for Overseas France and
Governing Council; Assemblee Territoriale
Government leader: Jean Risterucci, Governor and French High Commissioner
Suffrage: restricted (1957 election roll listed 32,370 males and females over
21 years of age, of whom 18,964 were classed as indigenous inhabitants)
Elections: Assembly elections in 1967
Political parties and leaders: Union Caledonienne, led by M. Rock Pidjot; Entente
Caledonienne, Lafleur; Caledonie Nouvelle; Union des Patentes
Voting strength (1967 election): Union Caledonienne, 22 seats; Entente Caledon-
ienne, (alliance of R. C. Caledonienne and United Nouvelle Republique), 10
seats; Caledonie Nouvelle, 2 seats; Union des Patentes, 1 seat
Communists: number unknown; Union Caledonienne strongly leftist; some political-
ly active Communists were deported during 1950's; small number of North
Vietnamese
Other political parties and pressure groups: several lesser parties
Member of: no membership in international organizations
ECONOMY:
GNP: $190 million, $1,900 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- coffee, copra, fruits, and vegetables
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 105,000 kw. capacity (1970); 725 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
7,500 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $131 million (f.o.b., 1969) 98% nickel
Imports: $124 million (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: (1968) exports -- France (47%), Japan (40%); imports --
France (49%), Australia (19%)
Monetary conversion rate: 95 CFP francs=US$1
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,900 mi.; 180 mi. paved; 1,170 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
surface; 1,550 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major, 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 33 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 airfield over 8,000 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: 8,023 telephones; 25,000 radio and 8,000 TV sets; I AM,
no FM, and 1 TV stations
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NIS 75
LAND:
NICARAGUA
57,100 sq. mi.; 7% arable, 7% prairie and pasture, 50%
forest, 36% urban, waste, or other (1963)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 200 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,035,000, average annual growth rate 3.5%
(current); males 15-49, 494,000; 295,000
fit for military service; 23,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 75% mestizo, 15% white, 10% Negro, Indian
or mulatto
Religion: 96% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); small English-speaking minority on Atlantic coast
Literacy: 50% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: 561,000 (est. January 1967); 59% agriculture, 12% manufacturing, 14%
services, 15% other; shortage of skilled labor, but underemployment of un-
skilled labor except during harvest
Organized labor: less than 4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic; dominated by president
Capital: Managua
Political subdivisions: 1 national district and 16 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; constitution adopted in 1950;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education
at Universidad Nacional de Nicaragua; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President, bicameral legislature, judiciary elected by legislature,
and Supreme Electoral Tribunal (4th branch)
Government leader: President Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Suffrage: universal over age 18 if married or literate, otherwise 21
Elections: every 5 years; however, due to agreement between liberal and conservative
parties, next elections will not be held until mid-1974
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN), Anastasio Somoza,
Ramiro Sacasa, Francisco Urcuyo, Alfonso Callejas; Traditionalist Conservative
Party (PCT), Fernando Aguero Rocha, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro; Nicaraguan
Conservative Party (PCN), Alejandro Abaunza Marenco, Enrique Belli Chamorro;
Independent Liberal Party (PLI), not legal, Victor Manuel Ordonez, Arges
Sequeiva, Juan Manuel Gutierrez; Social Christian Party (PSC), not legal,
Ignacio Zelaya
Voting strength (1967 elections): PLN 480,162 votes (74%), PCN 14,650 votes (2%),
PCT and supporting parties, 157,432 votes (24%)
Member of: CACM, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, ICJ, ILO, INTELSAT, ITU, OAS,
ODECA, U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $750 million (purchasing power parity estimate, 1968), $410 per capita; 77%
private consumption, 11% government consumption, 16% domestic investment, -4%
net foreign balance; real growth rate 1968, 3%
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, beans; caloric
intake, 2,300 calories per day per capita (1966)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, chemicals, petroleum
products
Electric power: 173,000 kw. capacity (1969 est.); 550 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 290 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $155 million (1969); cotton, coffee, cottonseed, meat, sugar
Imports: $176 million (1969); machinery, equipment, vehicles, manufactures,
chemicals, foods, fuels
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 33%, Japan 19%, CACM 21%; imports -- U.S.
38%, CACM 24%, West Germany 7% (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $105.8 million loans, $58.4
million grants; international organizations, $124.2 million (1946-69);
military -- from U.S. (FY53-69), $11.8 million (1946-69)
Monetary conversion rate: 7 cordobas=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 220 mi.; 200 mi. of 3'6" gage, government owned; 20 mi. narrow gage,
privately owned
Highways: 6,400 mi.; 750 mi. paved, 600 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 1,850 mi.
improved earth, 3,200 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,380 mi., including 2 large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 36 mi.
Freight carried: rail 1960 -- 25 million ton/km.
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,800 GRT,
14,800 DWT
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 456 total, 411 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
way 8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: extensive but low-capacity wire network; single radio relay
link; 23,500 telephones; est. 700,000 radio and 55,000 TV receivers, 70 AM,
26 FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent primarily upon U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $11.6 million for the
Ministry of Defense, including civil functions (e.g., police and civil air);
11.8% of central government budget
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NIS 50L NIGER
LAND:
489,000 sq. mi.; about 3% cultivated; perhaps 20% somewhat
arable; remainder desert (1970)
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,126,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(FY70); males 15-49, 916,000; 515,000 fit for military
service; about 33,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: main Negroid groups 75% (of which, Hausa
50%, Djerma and Songhai 21%); Caucasian elements
include Tuareg, Toubous, and Tamacheks; mixed group
includes Fulani
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder largely animists and a very
few Christians
Language: French official, many African
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: 26,000 wage earners; bulk of population
agriculture and animal husbandry
Organized labor: negligible
languages; Hausa used for trade
engaged in subsistence
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; one-party rule established 1960
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 7 departments, 32 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber
of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President selected for 5 years by direct universal suffrage; unicameral,
60-member National Assembly elected for 5 years; judiciary constitutionally
independent of executive and legislature
Government leader: President Diori Hamani
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: presidential and parliamentary elections in 1970; about 99% of voters
approved unopposed official candidates
Political parties and leaders: Parti Progressiste Nigerien (PPN), led by Diori
Hamani
Communists: some Communists and Communist sympathizers, especially among supporters
of outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: EAMA, Entente, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, Lake Chad Basin
Commission, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $319 million (1966 est.), less than $100 per capita
Agriculture: commercial -- peanuts, cotton, livestock; main food crops --
millet, sorghum, niebe beans, vegetables
Major industries: cement plant, brick factory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil
presses, slaughterhouse, and a few other small light industries
Electric power: 40,000 kw. capacity (1970); 28 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
7 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $31.4 million (f.o.b., 1968-69 est.); about 74% peanuts and related
products, rest largely livestock, hides, skins; exports badly understated
because much regional trade not recorded
Imports: $31.2 million (c.i.f., 1968-69 est.); fuels, machinery, transport equip-
ment, foodstuffs, consumer goods (largely for European residents); sizable
imports unrecorded
Major trade partners: France (about 50%), other EEC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC
countries, U.S.; preferential tariff to EEC and franc zone countries
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid:
economic -- France (1960 to mid-1967) $68 million; EEC (1966-67) $51.3 million;
U.S. (FY62-69) $14 million; West Germany, Israel, Republic of China, and U.N.
have also extended aid;
military -- $2.8 million (1954-68)
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 4,300 mi.; 300 mi. bituminous, 1,850 mi. gravel, 2,150 mi.
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable 185 miles from Niamey to Gaya on the
Dahomey frontier from mid-December through March
Ports: Niger landlocked; outlet to sea is Cotonou, Dahomey
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 74 total, 59 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 15 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: principal telecommunication center Niamey; telephone poor,
telegraph fair, 3,300 telephones; 85,000 radio receivers; unknown number of
TV receivers; 4 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on France exclusively until 1964; since then has obtained
ground force materiel from other non-Communist countries including Belgium,
Israel, and West Germany
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1971, $3,665,000; 8.0%
of total budget
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NIS 50B NIGERIA
LAND:
357,000 sq. mi.; 24% arable (13% of total land area
under cultivation), 35% forested, 41% desert, waste,
urban, or other (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: about 58,000,000*, average annual growth rate
2.8% (current); males 15-49, 13,740,000; 6,520,000 fit
for military service
Ethnic divisions: 250 tribal groups, of which most
important are Hausa-Fulani (north), Ibo and Yoruba
(south); these 3 tribes total over 60% of population;
about 27,000 non-Africans
Religion: 47% Muslim, 34.5% Christian, 18.3% other
Literacy: est. 25%
Language: English official; Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo also widely used
Labor force: approx. 26.6 million; about 48% of total population, 80% of those 11
to 55 years of age of both sexes, are accounted "economically active"; only
about 700,000 are wage earners, of whom 8% are in agriculture, forestry,
hunting, and fishing; 7% mining and quarrying; 8% manufacturing; 22%
construction; 2% electricity; 8% commerce; 8% transportation and communication;
37% services
Organized labor: about 530,000 wage earners, approx. 2% of total labor force,
belong to some 666 unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: federal republic since 1963; under military rule since January 1966,
military rule scheduled to last until 1976
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 12 states, each headed by a military governor
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; new
constitution to be drafted; legal education at Universities of Ife, Ahmadu
Bello, and Lagos; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: Federal Military Government, administered by Supreme Military Council
and Federal Executive Council, which includes 12 civilian commissioners
(ministers)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Yakubu Gowon, Head of Federal Military Government
and Commander in Chief of Nigerian Armed Forces
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (except for women in former Northern Region)
Elections: sometime in next 6 years
Political parties and leaders: political parties and politically active tribal
societies were dissolved by decree on 24 May 1966; some subrosa political
activity continues
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $4.6 billion (1970 est.), probably about $80 per capita; 2.6% growth rate
assumed FY69-70
Agriculture: main crops -- peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava,
sorghum, palm kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock; almost self-sufficient
*This estimate is consistent with the series of estimates adopted by the U.S. Agency
for International Development. Its accuracy cannot be precisely evaluated but
it represents a reasonable approximation.
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: processing industries -- oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber,
petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufacturing industries -- textiles, cement,
building materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics;
mining -- crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite
Electric power: 1,111,000 OK. capacity (1970 est.); 1,667 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 30 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $906.1 million (f.o.b., 1969); oil, peanuts, palm products, cocoa, rubber,
cotton, timber, tin
Imports: $696.6 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery and transport equipment, manu-
factured goods, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.K., EEC, U.S.
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Nigerian pound=US$2.80 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,180 route mi.; 3'6" gage
Highways: 55,400 mi.; 9,475 mi. paved (mostly bituminous surface treatment);
45,925 mi. laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 5,330 mi. consisting of Niger and Benue rivers and smaller
rivers and creeks
Pipelines: crude oil, 581 mi.; natural gas, 56 mi.; refined products, 3 mi.
Ports: 4 major, 5 minor
Merchant marine: 13 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 84,000 GRT,
122,000 DWT
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 86 total, 75 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 25 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: one of the best system in Africa composed of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Lagos, secondary centers Ibadan and Kaduna; 81,400 telephones; 1,275,000
radio receivers, 75,000 TV receivers; 25 AM, 6 FM, and 8 TV stations; 2
submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1970, $364 million; 36.4% of
total budget
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NIS 10 NORWAY
LAND:
Norway: 125,000 sq. mi.; Svalbard, 24,000 sq. mi.;
Jan Mayen, 144 sq. mi.; 3% arable, 2% meadows
and pastures, 21% forested, 73% other (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 4 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,918,000, average annual growth rate 0.9%
(current); males 15-49, 907,000; 730,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military
age (20) annually, 31,000
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small
Lappish minority
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Norwegian, small Lapp and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 1.6 million; 19.5% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 27.0% mining and
manufacturing; 9.5% construction; 13.3% commerce; 11.9% transportation and
communication; 17.7% services; 1.1% unemployed
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 20 counties, 404 communes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions;
constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory
opinions to legislature when asked; legal education at University of Oslo;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Storting);
executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible to
parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts
Government leaders: King Olav V; Prime Minister Per Borten
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years (next in 1973)
Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Kare Willoch; Christian Peoples,
Lars Korvald; Center, John Austrheim; Liberal, Helge Seip; Labor, Trygve
Bratteli; Socialist Peoples, Finn Gustavsen; Communist, Reidar Larsen
Voting strength (1969 election): 19.6% Conservative; 9.4% Christian Peoples;
10.5% Center; 9.4% Liberal; 46.5% Labor; 3.5% Socialist Peoples; 1.0%
Communist
Communists: 2,000; a number of sympathizers as indicated by the 22,500 Communist
votes cast in the 1969 election
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: 9.7 billion (1969), $2,488 per capita; 53.8% consumption; 31.4% investment,
including government; 14.3% government, including defense (current); net
foreign balance 0.5%; 1969 growth rate 3.9%, in 1961 constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops -- feed grains, potatoes,
fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food shortages -- food grains, sugar;
caloric intake, 2,910 calories per day per capita (1968-69)
Major industries: food processing, wood pulp, paper products, metals, machinery,
chemicals, shipbuilding
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Shortages: feed and bread grains, coal, petroleum and petroleum products, cotton,
wool
Crude steel: 824,000 metric tons produced (1969), 210 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 12,580,000 kw. capacity (1970); 56,475 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 14,000 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,203 million (f.o.b., 1969); principal items -- fish and fish
products, metal and metal products, pulp and paper, chemicals, ships
Imports: $2,943 million (c.i.f., 1969); principal items -- ships, machinery,
fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: 18.2% Sweden, 19.5% U.K., 15.7% West Germany, 7.9% U.S.,
7.2% Denmark; 27.6% EEC; 50.2% EFTA; 2.6% Communist countries
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $353.0 million authorized (1946-69); none since 1958,
except $1.2 million in 1967; IBRD, $145 million authorized through 1968,
none since 1964; net official economic aid given to less developed areas and
multilateral agencies, $134.2 million (1960-69), $26.6 million (1968), $37.8
million (1969);
military -- U.S., $900.3 million authorized (1946-69), $32.6 million (1967),
$24.2 million (1968), $11.0 million (1969)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.14 kroner=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,630 mi.; 2,583 mi. single track standard gage; 1,513 mi. electrified,
including 47 mi. double track
Highways: 44,180 mi.; 7,135 mi. paved, 37,045 mi. crushed stone and gravel
Inland waterways: 980 mi.; 5' draft vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 33 mi.
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Merchant marine: 1,164 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,476,000 GRT,
32,311,000 Da; includes 24 passenger, 444 cargo, 291 tanker, 258 bulk,
147 specialized carrier
Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 64 total, 58 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways; 11 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 14 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 24 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph,
and telex service; 1,091,000 telephones; 1.9 million radiobroadcast receivers;
816,941 TV receivers; 34 AM, 43 FM, and 41 TV stations (including many high
powered transmitters); 6 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $369 million; about
13% of central government budget
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NIS 328 OMAN
LAND:
About 82,000 sq. mi.; negligible amount forested,
remainder desert, waste, or urban
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 565,000 (official est. 1 July 1966); males
15-49, 137,000; 71,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab with small groups
of Iranians, Baluchis, and Indians
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: very low
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; nominally independent but under strong U.K. influence
Capital: Muscat
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; no constitution;
ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Government leader: Sultan Qabus ibn Said Al Bu Said
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming (fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels,
fish) and trade
Electric power: 24,000 ha. capacity (1970); 70 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
120 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: petroleum exports worth $140 million (1968); dates, fish, limes, hides,
wool; to U.K. $6.5 million (1967)
Major trade partners: India, Burma, Pakistan, the other Persian Gulf States, U.K.
Monetary conversion rate: new currency introduced Riyal Said; R0.42=US$1
Fiscal year: no budget year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Pipelines: crude oil 223 mi.
Ports: 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 152 total, 86 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 27 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: poor international radiocommunications (service to Bahrain
only); very poor domestic wire service; 800 telephones; 1 AM station;
tropospheric scatter-link to Bahrain
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: from U.K.
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NIS 36
LAND:
PAKISTAN
405,000 sq. mi. (includes Pakistani part of Jammu-Kashmir)
(West Pakistan 86%; East Pakistan 14% in two non-
contiguous provinces); 38% arable, including 24%
cultivated, 58% desert, waste, or urban, 4% forested
(1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 116,597,000* (excluding Junagardh, Manavador,
Gilgit, Baltistan, and the disputed area of Jammu-
Kashmir), average annual growth rate 2.1% (FY69); males
15-49, 27,918,000; 14,980,000 fit for military service;
1,455,000 reach military age (17) annually
Ethnic divisions: 54% Bengalis, 30% Punjabi, 5% Pushtuns, 2%
7% other
Religion: 88% Muslim, 10% Hindu, 2% other
Language: official languages -- Urdu (spoken in West Pakistan) and Bengali
(spoken in East Pakistan); total spoken languages -- 4% Urdu, 55% Bengali,
25% Punjabi, 6% Pushtu; 10% minor languages (Sindhi, Baluchi, Brahui);
English is lingua franca
Literacy: about 16%
Labor force: 30 million (est. 1961); 73% agriculture, 10% industry, 5% commerce,
10% service, 2% unemployed; substantial shortage of skilled labor; seasonal
shortages of unskilled labor in some areas; severe underemployment
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
Sindhis, 2% Baluchis,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: republic; under transitional military rule since March 1969; East Pakistan,
which tried to become independent as Bang la Desh in April 1971, is under
military occupation
Capital: Islamabad; many government offices functioning in Rawalpindi, temporary
capital
Political subdivisions: 2 noncontiguous wings -- West Pakistan and East Pakistan;
East Pakistan is one province, and West Pakistan has 4 provinces -- Punjab,
Sind, Baluchistan, Northwest Frontier -- with the capital territory of
Islamabad and certain tribal areas centrally administered
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1962 abrogated by
martial law regime, but country governed as closely as possible in accordance
with it, although several important basic rights have been rescinded; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; six law schools, including
University of Punjab School of Law in Lahore; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: Martial Law Administration holds executive and legislative powers;
judiciary relatively unaffected and relatively unaffected by martial law
in West Pakistan
Government leaders: President and Martial Law Administrator Yahya Khan, assisted
by Deputy Martial Law Administrators Vice Admiral Muzaffar Hasan, Air Marshal
A. Rahim Khan, and Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan
Suffrage: universal over age 21
*Based on data reported by Pakistan's Central Statistical Office, the Pakistani
population was est. at 116,597,000 on 1 July 1971. Projections based on estimates
used by Pakistan's Planning Commission, which allows for an underenumeration of 8%
in the 1961 census, suggest, however, that the population may be as high as 134 million.
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Elections: national elections for 313-member constituent assembly, based on
one-man/one-vote formula, scheduled for 7 December 1970; assembly to be
given 120 days to draw up constitution which must be authenticated by
President; provincial elections to be held 17 December 1970
Political parties and leaders: Awami League (AL) (outlawed), Mujibur Rahman
(jailed), Tajuddin Ahmed (in exile); Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Z. A.
Bhutto; Council Muslim League (CML), Mumtaz Daultana; Jama'at-i-Islam (JI),
Maulana Madoodi; Pakistan Democratic Party (PDP), Nurul Amin; National Awami
Party/Left (NAP/L), Naulana Bhashani; National Awami Party/Requisitionist
(NAP/R), Abdul Wall Khan; All Pakistan Muslim League (PML/Qaiyum), Abdul
Qaiyum Khan; Markazi Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan (MJUP), Khamaja Qamar-u-Din
Sialvi; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (Jul), Jaulana Ghulam Ghaus Hazarvi, Mufti
Mahmud
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, RCD, SEATO, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $15.7 billion (1969-70), $120 per capita; real growth (1969-70) 5.8%
Agriculture: largely subsistence farming, heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall
in East Pakistan and extensive irrigation in West Pakistan; main crops --
jute and rice in the East, and wheat and cotton in the West; West largely
self-sufficient; East -- shortages in rice and wheat
Major industries: cotton textiles, jute manufactures, food processing, natural gas
Electric power: 2,616,000 kw. capacity (1970); 7.85 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 69 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $701 million (f.o.b., 1969-70); jute and cotton (raw and manufactured)
Imports: $1,071 million (c.i.f., 1969-70) machinery, transport equipment, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., Japan, West Germany
Monetary conversion rate: 4.762 rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 7,049 mi. (5,334 mi. West, 1,715 mi. East); 1,468 mi. meter gage
(318 mi. West, 1,150 mi. East) 5,181 mi. broad gage (4,636 mi. West, 545 mi.
East); 400 mi. narrow gage (380 mi. West, 20 mi. East); 722 mi. double track
(635 mi. West, 87 mi. East); government awned
Highways: 71,850 mi. (43,500 mi. West, 28,350 mi. East); 12,730 mi. paved (10,460
mi. West, 2,270 mi. East); 13,850 mi. gravel (12,250 mi. West, 1,600 mi. East);
45,250 mi. earth (20,790 mi. West, 24,480 mi. East)
Inland waterways: 4,600 mi., East Pakistan; 1,150 mi., West Pakistan; river
steamers navigate main waterways in East Pakistan
Pipelines: crude oil, 143 mi.; natural gas, 1,200 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 10 minor
Merchant marine: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 593,000 GRT, 802,000 DWT;
includes 5 passenger, 67 cargo, 1 tanker, 2 bulk
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 250 total, 132 usable; 79 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 22 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 67 with runways 4,000-
7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunication service over
CENTO links; domestic wire and radiocommunication and broadcast service very
good; 193,493 telephones; 1,626,146 radio and 80,000 TV sets; 12 AM, no FM,
and 7 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Muscat
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971 $630,000,000; about 23%
of total budget
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NIS 77 PANAMA
LAND:
29,208 sq. mi. (excluding Canal Zone); 24% agricultural
land (9% fallow, 4% cropland, 11.0% pasture), 20%
exploitable forest, 56% other forests, urban, and
waste (1960); Canal Zone, 553 sq. mi.
Limits of territorial waters: 200 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,475,000, average annual growth rate 3.0%
(December 60 - May 70); males 15-49, 358,000; 245,000
fit for military service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% Negro, 9% white,
7% Indian and other
Religion: over 90% Roman Catholic, remainder mainly Protestant
Language: Spanish; about 14% speak English as native tongue; many Panamanians
bilingual
Literacy: 80% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: 390,000 (1967 est.); 49.1% agriculture, 19.9% services, 9.8%
commerce, 8.4% manufacturing, 3.6% construction, 2.6% transportation and
communications, 1% other (1964 est.); 5.6% Canal Zone; national average of
5% or less unemployed; 25% to 30% of unemployed in Panama City and Colon;
shortage of skilled labor but an oversupply of unskilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Panama
Type: republic; under military rule since October 1968
Capital: Panama City
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1 Indian reservation
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted in 1946; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at
University of Panama; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: popularly elected executive and unicameral legislature (currently
disbanded), presidentially appointed Supreme Court
Government leaders: elected President Arias ousted by military Junta on 11
October 1968; locus of power remains with National Guard Commandant, General
Omar Torrijos; Demetrio Lakas is President of the Provisional Junta
Government and Chief of State
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21
Elections: May 1968 elections won by National Union (NU) coalition candidate
Arnulfo Arias Madrid, who assumed presidency on 1 October 1968; elections
held every 4 years; no elections are scheduled or planned
Political parties and leaders: political parties suspended pending revision of
electoral code
Voting strength (1968 election): 55% Arnulfo Arias Madrid (National Union
Coalition), 42% David Samudio (People's Alliance), 3% Antonio Gonzalez
Revilla (Christian Democratic Party)
Member of: IADB, IAEA, ICAO, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.32 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $915 per capita;
63% private consumption, 12% government consumption, 23% gross fixed
investment, +2% net foreign balance (1968); real growth rate 1970, 7.0%
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; self-sufficient
in most basic foods; 2,400 calories per day per capita (1965-66)
Major industries: food processing, metal products, construction materials,
petroleum products, clothing
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 218,000 kw. capacity (1969 est.); 621 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.), 480 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1969); bananas, petroleum products, shrimp,
sugar, coffee
Imports: $294 million (c.i.f., 1969); manufactures, transportation equipment,
crude petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.S. 43%, Venezuela 15%, Canal Zone 9%, Colon Free Zone
6% (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (1946-69), $146.4 million loans, $96.7
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-69), $53.5 million;
from other Western countries (1960-68), $14.0 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY61-69), $3.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 345 mi.; 48 mi. 5'0" gage, 107 mi. 3'0" gage; 190 mi. plantation
feeder lines
Highways: 4,200 mi.; 950 mi. paved, 700 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 300 mi.
improved earth, 2,250 mi. unimproved earth; Panama Canal Zone 145 mi.;
140 mi. paved; 5 mi. gravel
Inland waterways: 500 mi. navigable by shallow draft vessels; 50-mile
Panama Canal
Pipelines: refined products, 56 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 10 minor
Merchant marine: 670 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,953,000 GRT, 9,497,000
DWT; includes 12 passenger, 398 cargo, 170 tanker, 66 bulk, 24 specialized
carrier; all foreign awned and operated
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 237 total, 124 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft.; 11 with runways -4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: domestic and international telecom facilities well developed,
including nearly nationwide radio-relay system; communications satellite
ground station; 72,900 telephones; 550,000 radio and 108,000 TV receivers,
77 AM, 25 FM, and 13 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: principally dependent on U.S. but acquired modern small arms and ammuni-
tion from Belgium (1969)
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NIS 102 PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA
LAND:
183,540 sq. mi. (Papua 90,540 sq. mi., New Guinea
93,000 sq. mi.)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,463,000 (Papua 659,000 excluding territory
transferred to New Guinea, average annual growth rate
2.5% (FY64-69); New Guinea 1,804,000 including terri-
tory previously a part of Papua, average annual growth
rate 2.2% (FY64-69); males 15-49, 624,000 (Papua
166,000, New Guinea 465,000); about 325,000 fit for
military service (Papua 85,000, New Guinea 245,000)
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan, some Negrito,
and Polynesian types
Religion: over one-half of population nominally Christian (490,000 Catholic,
320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder animist
Language: 700 indigenous languages; pidgin English and 2 or 3 native languages
are linguae francae for over one-half of population; English spoken by
1% to 2% of population
Literacy: 1%; in English, 0.1%
Labor force: no available figures; mostly subsistence farmers
Micronesian,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Territory of Papua and New Guinea
Type: dependent territory under Administrator appointed by Australia
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 18 administrative districts (12 in New Guinea, 6 in Papua);
New Guinea (including Bismarck archipelago and Bougainville) is a U.N. Trust
Territory
Legal system: based on English common law; highest judicial organ is High Court
of Australia
Branches: executive -- Administrator and Executive Council; legislature --
House of Assembly (94 members, including 10 appointed); judiciary -- court
system consists of Supreme Court of Territory of Papua and New Guinea and
various inferior courts (District Courts, Local Courts, Children's Courts,
Wardens' Courts); Supreme Court decisions may be appealed to High Court
of Australia
Government leader: Administrator, L. W. Johnson
Elections: preferential-type elections for 84 members of 94-member House of
Assembly every 4 years; 10 are appointed "official" members; last elections
in February-March 1968
Political parties: proindependence Pangu Pati is principal political group; 5 or
6 other small parties and numerous independents
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Voting strength (1968 election): 1.18 million registered voters, of which an
estimated 65% to 75% voted; Pangu Pati and pro-Pangu Pati sympathizers won
21-26 assembly seats, minor parties and independents won remainder
Communists: no significant strength
Member of: no membership in international organizations
ECONOMY:
GNP: $550 million (FY70 estimate), $225 per capita; real average annual growth
rate (1960-69) 7.5%
Agriculture: main crops -- coconuts, coffee, cocoa, rubber, rice
Major industries: sawmilling and timber processing, copper mining (Bougainville)
Electric power: 70,500 kw. capacity (1970); 196 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
80 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $84.3 million (f.o.b., FY69); principal products -- coconut products,
coffee beans, cocoa beans, timber
Imports: $168.5 million (f.o.b., FY69)
Major trade partners: Australia, U.K., Japan
Aid: economic -- Australia (FY46-69) $909 million extended; World Bank group
(1968-September 1969) -- $7.5 million committed
Monetary conversion rate: 0.893 Australian dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Papua:
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 2,480 mi.; about 1,360 mi. suitable for heavy and medium
traffic, and about 1,120 mi. suitable for light traffic
Inland waterways: 800 mi., not including minor rivers
Ports: 1 principal (Port Moresby), 1 secondary
Civil air: see New Guinea (below)
Airfields: 180 total, 128 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 10 seaplane stations, inactive
Telecommunications: see New Guinea (below)
New Guinea:
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 6,430 mi.; approx. 3,865 mi. suitable for heavy and medium
traffic, and 2,565 mi. suitable for light traffic only
Inland waterways: 1,350 mi., northeast New Guinea; minor rivers not included
Pipelines: crude oil, 87 mi.
Ports: 4 principal (Rabaul, Lae, Madang, Kavieng), 4 minor
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft (plus 26 registered in Australia)
Airfields: 429 total, 296 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 34 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations, inactive
Telecommunications: Papua/New Guinea telecom services are adequate and are
being improved; principal telecom centers include Goroka, Lae, Madang,
Mount Hagen, and Wewak in new Guinea; and Daru, Port Moresby and Samarai in
Papua; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph,
coastal radio, aeronautical radio and international radiocommunication
services; numerous privately-owned radio facilities exist; submarine
cables extend from Madang to Australia and Guam; 18,998 telephones, 75,000
radios, but no TV sets; 11 AM, no FM and no TV facilities
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Australia
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NIS 92 PARAGUAY
LAND:
157,000 sq. mi.; 2% under crops; 24% meadow and pasture;
52% forested; 22% urban, waste, and other (1963)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,460,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(FY69); males 15-49, 592,000; 395,000
fit for military service; average number currently
reaching military age (17) annually, 27,000
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo, 5% white and Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Guarani
Literacy: officially estimated at 74% above age 10, but
probably much lower (40%)
Labor force: 715,000 (1968 est.); 55% agriculture, forestry, fishing;
8% transport and other services; 19% manufacturing and construction;
13% commerce and professions; 5% miscellaneous (est. 1962)
Organized labor: about 6% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncion
Political subdivisions: 16 departments and the national capital, 154 municipalities
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; constitution
promulgated 1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal
education at National University of Asuncion and Catholic University of Our
Lady of the Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President heads executive; bicameral legislature; judiciary headed
by Supreme Court
Government leader: President (General) Alfredo Stroessner
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between ages of 18-60
Elections: President and Congress elected together every 5 years; 4-party
participation for first time in 1968 elections
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chavez; Levi-Liberal
Party, Carlos Levi Ruffinelli; Febrerista Party, Ignacio Iramain; Radical
Liberal Party, Carlos Alberto Gonzalez; Christian Democratic Party (not
officially inscribed), Alfredo Ayala Haedo
Voting strength (February 1968 general election): 71% Colorado Party, 22% Radical
Liberal Party, 4% Liberal Party, 3% Febrerista Party
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal);
perhaps several thousand party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very
few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply divided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by
Epifanio Mendez Fleitas, in exile
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IMF, LAFTA, OAS, U.N., WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $755 million (purchasing power parity estimate, 1970), $320 per capita; 77%
private consumption; 11% public consumption; 15% gross domestic investment;
-3% net foreign balance (1968); real growth rate 1970, 7%
Agriculture: main crops -- oilseeds, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes,
tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most foods; caloric
intake, 2,580 calories per day per capita (1963-64); protein intake,
70 grams per day per capita (20 grams of animal origin)
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles,
light consumer goods, cement
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 150,000 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 201 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 83 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $64 million (f.o.b., 1970); meat, timber, oilseeds, tobacco, cotton,
quebracho extract, hides, yerba mate
Imports: $76 million (c.i.f., 1970); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment,
engines, consumer durables, fuels and lubricants, textiles
Major trade partners: U.S. 25%, Argentina 20%, West Germany 8%, U.K. 8%
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $74.8 million loans, $50.5 million
grants; from international organizations (FY46-68), $88.4 million; from other
Western countries (1960-66), $7.4 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY58-69), $10.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies.US$1 (selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 652 mi.; 273 mi. standard gage, 32 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 347 mi. various
narrow gage (privately owned)
Highways: 9,900 mi.; 400 mi. bituminous treated, 310 mi. gravel, 2,390 mi. earth
Inland waterways: 1,970 mi.
Freight carried: 70% carried by inland waterway in 1960
Ports: I major, 7 minor (all river)
Merchant marine: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,000 GRT, 12,000 DWT;
includes 2 passenger, 9 cargo, 2 tanker, 1 specialized carrier; domestic
ships operate mostly in river traffic; most international waterborne trade
is carried by foreign flag ships
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 762 total, 666 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 23 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: local telecom facilities in Asuncion good, but intercity net
still poor; only 21,225 telephones; est. 720,000 radio and 25,000 TV receivers;
18 AM, 5 FM, and 1 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on foreign sources (U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and Belgium) for
all materials
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $16.5 million; about
19% of proposed central government budget
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NIS 88 PERU
LAND:
496,000 sq. mi. (other estimates range as low as 482,000
sq. mi.); 2% cropland, 14% meadows and pastures, 55%
forested, 29% urban, waste, other (1962)
Limits of territorial waters: 200 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 14,013,000 (excluding Indian jungle population
which was estimated at 101,000 in 1961), average annual
growth rate 3.1% (FY70); males 15-49, 3,230,000;
2,190,000 fit for military service; average number
currently reaching military age (20) annually, 121,000
Ethnic divisions: 46% Indian; 38% mestizo (white-Indian);
15% white; 1% Negro, Japanese, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
Literacy: 45% to 50%
Labor force: 3.5 million (1967); 46% agriculture,
9% trade, 4% construction, 4% transportation,
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
17% services, 14% manufacturing,
2% mining, 4% other
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic; under military regime since October 1968
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 23 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional
Province of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system; military government rules by decree;
legal education at the National Universities in Lima, in Trujillo, in Arequipa,
and in Cuzco; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, legislative, judicial; congress disbanded after 3 October
1968 ouster of President Fernando Belaunde Terry
Government leader: President Juan Velasco Alvarado
Suffrage: literacy requirement
Elections: presidential and congressional elections held every 6 years; all
elections canceled after the coup
Political parties and leaders: Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry
in exile; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Hector Cornejo Chavez; Popular
American Revolutionary Alliance Party (APRA), Victor Raul Haya de la Torre;
Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes
Voting strength (1963 election): 39% AP-PDC, 34% APRA, 25% UNO, 1% Communist,
1% other
Member of: GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created
in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GNP: $7.3 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969), $520 per capita; 72%
private consumption, 10% public consumption, 13% gross investment (1970); 5%
net foreign balance; real growth rate 1970, 7%
Agriculture: main crops -- wheat, corn, potatoes, beans, barley, cotton, sugarcane;
imports wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake, 2,300 calories
per day per capita (1964)
Major industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing,
food processing, cement
Electric power: 2 million kw. capacity (1969 est.); 4.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 442 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,048 million (f.o.b., 1970); fish and fish products, copper, silver,
iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $618 million (f.o.b., 1970); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment,
iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 33%, Western Europe 42%, Japan 14%, Latin
America 6%; imports -- U.S. 32%, Western Europe 33%, Latin America 17%,
Japan 6% (1970)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $456.6 million loans, $164.0
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-67), $325.2 million;
from other Western countries (1960-66), $43.4 million; Communist countries
(1968-70) $59.3 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY49-69), $143.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 38.70 soles=US$1 (trade); 435 soles=US$1 (non-trade)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: approx. 2,144 mi.; 1,800 mi. 4' 8 1/2" gage;
3'0"; 214 mi. 3' 0" gage; 9 mi. double track -
Highways: 31,100 mi.; 3,000 mi. paved, 5,400 mi. gravel
mi. improved earth, 14,200 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 5,400 mi. of navigable tributaries of
130 mi. Lake Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 206 mi.; natural gas, 16 mi.
Ports: 7 major, 20 minor
Merchant marine: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 291,000 GRT, 407,000 DWT;
includes 25 cargo, 9 tanker (includes 4 naval tankers sometimes used
commercially), 1 specialized carrier
Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 317 total, 271 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 18 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 50 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most public requirements; communications
satellite ground station; 192,600 telephones; est. 2 million radio and 395,000
TV receivers; 217 AM, 7 FM, and 28 TV stations; 1 telegraph submarine cable
130 mi. gage less than
or crushed stone, 8,500
Amazon River system and
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: a biennial budget for 1 January 1971 through 31 December 1972,
$485.2 million; about 16.2% of central government biennial budget
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NIS 99 PHILIPPINES
LAND:
116,000 sq. mi.; 37% cropland, 41% forested, 22% other
(1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 0-300 n. mi. (treaty limits
of the Philippines)
PEOPLE:
Population: 39,876,000, average annual growth rate 3.6%
(FY70); males 15-49, 9,112,000; 5,965,000 fit for
military service; about 390,000 reach military
age (20) annually
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Filipino (Malay), 4% Moros (Malay),
1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, 4% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Tagalog (renamed Pilipino) is the national language of the Philippine
Republic; English is the language of school instruction and government
business
Literacy: about 75%
Labor force: 11 million; 60% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 12% manufacturing;
10.5% commerce; 10.5% government and services (business, recreation, domestic,
personal); 3.5% transport, storage, communication; 3% construction; 0.5% other
?PH., LIPP INE ,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Manila (Quezon City)
Political subdivisions: 66 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and Anglo-American law; constitution
passed 1935, ratified as amended 1947; judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of the Philippines,
Ateneo de Manila University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: strong executive branch with Presidential Cabinet; bicameral
legislature -- Senate and House of Representatives; judicial branch headed
by Supreme Court with descending authority in a Court of Appeals, Courts
of First Instance in various provinces, municipal courts in chartered
cities, and justices of the peace in towns and municipalities; these
justices have considerably more authority than do justices of the peace
in the U.S.
Government leader: President Ferdinand E. Marcos
Suffrage: universal over age 21, and literate
Elections: elections for President and House of Representatives held every 4 years;
Senate elections staggered with one-third membership elected every 2 years
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, Gerardo M. Roxas; Nacionalista
Party, Gil J. Puyat
Voting strength (1970): Senate -- Nacionalista Party, 19 seats; Liberal Party,
5 seats; House of Representatives -- Nacionalista Party, 92; Liberal Party,
18
Communists: under 1,000; sympathizers, 5,000-6,000 (est.)
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ECAFE, IAEA, ICAO, IHB, SEATO,
U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $8 billion (1969), $210 per capita
Agriculture: about self-sufficient in rice; main crops -- rice, corn, coconut,
sugarcane, abaca, tobacco
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, chemicals and chemical products
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 2,201,000 kw. capacity (1970); 8.3 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 216 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $855 million (f.o.b., 1969); copra, sugar, logs and lumber, coconut
oil, copper concentrates, abaca
Imports: $1,254 million (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: (1968) exports -- 45% U.S. 34% Japan; imports -- 32%
U.S., 28% Japan
Aid:
economic -- U.S. (FY46-69), $1.5 billion committed; Japan (reparations),
$550 million extended in 1956, $337 million drawn through July 1969; IBRD
(1953-68), $158 million committed;
military -- U.S. (FY46-68), $552.3 million committed
Monetary conversion rate: 6.43 pesos=US$1 (December, 1970) (floating rate)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,160 mi.; 2 common-carrier systems (316" gage) totaling about 710
mi.; 19 industrial system with 4 different gages totaling 1,450 mi.; 34%
government awned
Highways: 39,371 mi.; 7,507 mi. paved; 22,838 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or
stabilized soil surface; 9,026 mi. improved earth
Inland waterways: 2,000 mi.; limited to shallow-draft (less than 5 ft.) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 157 mi.
Ports: 13 major, 89 minor
Merchant marine: 172 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 896,000 GRT, 1,281,000
DWT; includes 9 passenger, 123 cargo, 24 tanker, 11 bulk, 5 specialized
carrier
Civil air: 87 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 278 total, 165 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways; 6 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 17 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 8 seaplane stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: almost exclusively from U.S.; naval ships and equipment also from
Australia, Japan, and Italy
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971, $115.4 million; about 13%
of total budget
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NIS 14 POLAND
LAND:
120,600 sq. mi.; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural, 27%
forested, 10% other (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 32,746,000, average annual growth rate 0.9%
(current); males 15-49, 8,546,000; 6,750,000 fit for
military service; 349,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, .6% Ukrainians, .5%
Belorussians, less than .05% Jews, .2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5%
Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: about 98%
Labor force: 16.3 million; 38% agriculture,
Uniate, Greek Orthodox,
26% industry, 46% other nonagricultural*
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Polish People's Republic (PRL)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 17 provinces, 5 city provinces, 391 districts
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal
theory; constitution adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative
divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 7 law schools; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative, executive, judicial system dominated by parallel
Communist Party apparatus
Government leader: Piotr Jaroszewicz, Premier; Jozef Cyrankiewicz, chairman
of Council of State (president)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: parliamentary and local government every 4 years
Dominant political party and leader: Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR)
(Communist) Edward Bierek, First Secretary
Voting strength (1969 election): 97% voted for Communist-approved single slate
Communists: 2,200,000 (February 1971)
Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Front (FJN), including United
Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-Catholic
Pax Association and Christian Social Association, Catholic independent Znak
group; powerful Roman Catholic Church, Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski, Primate
Member of: CEMA, GATT, ICAO, IHB, Indochina Truce Commission, Korea Truce
Commission, U.N. and all specialized agencies except IMF and IBRD, Warsaw Pact
ECONOMY:
GNP: $43.8 billion in 1970 at 1969 prices, $1,330 per capita; 1969 growth rate
4.6%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum requirements; main crops -- grain,
sugar beets, oilseeds, potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar;
importer of grains; 3,300 calories per day per capita (1968-69)
Major industries: chemistry, food processing, transportation equipment, machine
building, iron and steel, textiles, and shipbuilding
Crude steel: 11.8 million metric tons produced (1970), about 360 kg. per capita
*Excludes armed forces and other classified categories of employment.
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $3,548 million (f.o.b., 1970); 39% machinery and equipment, 33% fuels,
raw materials, and semimanufactures, 13% agricultural and food products,
16% industrial consumer goods
Imports: $3,608 million (f.o.b., 1969); 361 machinery and equipment; 48% fuels,
raw materials, and semimanufactures; 10% agricultural and food products;
6% industrial consumer goods
Major trade partners: $7,156 million (1970); 66% with Communist countries, 34%
with West (1969)
Monetary conversion rate: 4 zlotys=US$1 (commercial); 40 zlotys=US$1 (noncommercial)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data are reported for calendar
years except for caloric intake which is reported for the consumption year,
1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 16,493 route mi.; 14,427 mi. standard gage, 2,066 mi. narrow gage;
4,644 mi. double track; 2,143 mi. electrified; government owned (1968)
Highways: 190,095 mi.; 40,389 mi. paved; 39,479 mi. crushed stone, gravel;
110,227 mi. earth (improved and unimproved) (1971)
Inland waterways: 3,158 mi. navigable streams and canals (1971)
Pipelines: 1,600 mi. for natural gas; 469 mi. for crude oil; 117 mi. for refined
products
Freight carried: rail -- 411.8 billion short ton, 64.6 million short ton/mi.
(1969); highway 878.5 million short tons, 9.4 billion short ton/mi. (1970);
waterway -- 7 million short tons, 1.6 billion short ton/mi. (1970)
Merchant marine: 234 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,500,000 GRT and
2,000,000IIIIWT; includes 2 passenger, 226 cargo, 4 tanker
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NIS 8
LAND:
PORTUGAL
Metropolitan Portugal: 36,400 sq. mi., including the Azores
and Madeira Islands; 49% arable, 6% meadow and pasture,
28% forested, 17% waste and urban, inland water, and
other (1963)
Cape Verde Islands: 1,560 sq. mi., divided among 10 islands
and several islets (not a part of Metropolitan Portugal)
Limits of territorial waters: Portuguese Foreign Office has
no claim; Portuguese Navy claims 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12
n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 9,750,000, average annual growth rate 0.9%
(FY61-69); males 15-49, 2,468,000; 1,905,000 fit for military service;
average number reaching military age (20) annually, about 81,000
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira
Islands; no racial or linguistic groups of importance
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1968); 37% agriculture, 33% industry, 30% services;
unemployed 60,000 (1967 est.)
Organized labor: 33.3% of labor force in government-controlled syndicates
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Portugal
Type: republic, with single legal party controlled by a Prime Minister
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in mainland Portugal and 4 "autonomous
districts" in Azores and Madeira Islands; 7 overseas provinces in Africa
and Asia
Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1933, frequently amended
since; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities
of Lisbon and Coimbra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive with President, Council of State, and Council of Ministers;
legislative with National Assembly dominated by executive and a Corporative
Chamber, the latter consultative and advisory; and judicial completely
controlled by executive branch
Government leader: Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, appointed September 1968
Suffrage: all citizens over age 21 who are literate and have not been deprived
of their civil rights
Elections: national elections for National Assembly held every 4 years, next to
be held in 1973; local parish board elections held every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: government-controlled National Popular Action
(ANP) -- formerly called National Union party -- only legally recognized
party; Monarchist Cause group is tolerated by regime; various opposition
groups include -- Communist Party (PCP) whose secretary, Alvaro Cunha], is
in exile; a Communist-affiliated exile group, Patriotic Front of National
Liberation (FPLN); Popular Action Front (FAP), a pro-Chinese Communist group
inactive since 1967; and several small non-Communist groups such as Democratic
Social Action (ADS); Portuguese Socialist Action (ASP) formed in July 1966,
leader Mario Soares; extremist opposition group, League of Revolutionary Union
and Action (LUAR), formed about November 1966, leader, Herminio de Palma
Inacio; Armed Revolutionary Action (ARA) is radical and violence-prone group
which appeared in October 1970 and claimed credit for several sabotage acts
Voting strength (1969 election): National Union, as ANP was then called, won all
130 seats in National Assembly in first contested election
Communists: 2,000-7,000 est.; sympathizers cannot be determined
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Other political or pressure groups: Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth,
Association for the Study of Economic and Social Development (SEDES)
authorized in October 1970 as a discussion group with political overtones
Member of: EFTA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMF, ITU, NATO, OECD, U.N.,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $6,350 million, $655 per capita (1970 est.); 72.9% consumption, 17.7%
investment, 14.1% government. -4.7% net exports of goods and services (1970),
growth rate 6.6% (1970) in 1963 constant prices
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped; main crops -- grains, potatoes, olives,
grapes for wine; food shortages -- sugar, wheat; caloric intake, 2,930
calories per day per capita (1968)
Major industries: cotton textiles, cork processing, fish canning, petroleum
refining, pulp and paper, chemical fertilizer
Shortages: coal, petroleum, cotton, steel
Crude steel: 386,000 metric tons produced (1969), 40 kg. per capita (1969)
Electric power: 2,700,000 kw. capacity (1970); 7,183 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 650 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $822.6 million (1969); principal items -- cotton textiles, cork and cork
products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin
Imports: $1,231 million (c.i.f., 1969); principal items -- petroleum, cotton,
industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: (1969) 16.7% U.K., 12.1% West Germany, 6.4% France, 6.7%
U.S., 12.3% Angola, 6.4% Mozambique; 27.9% EEC; 28.8% EFTA; 1.3% Communist
countries
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $207.1 million (1946-69), $7.0 million authorized 1968,
$4.8 million authorized 1969; IBRD, $57.5 million authorized (1964-66), none
since 1966; net official aid to less developed areas and multilateral agencies
$34.8 million (1968), $97.7 million (1969);
military -- U.S., $325 million authorized (1946-69), $7.5 million authorized
in 1965, $2.7 million authorized in 1968
Monetary conversion rate: 28.75 escudos=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,260 mi.; 480 mi. 313 3/8" meter gage, 1,780 mi. broad gage (5'5 1/211);
280 mi. double track; 350 mi. electrified
Highways: 18,250 mi.; 10,700 mi. bituminous, bituminous treatment, concrete and
stoneblock; 7,170 mi. gravel and crushed stone; 380 mi. improved earth; plus
an additional 10,500 mi. of unimproved earth roads and motorable tracks
Inland waterways: 508 mi. navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy,
used by shallow-draft craft limited to 330-ton cargo capacity
Ports: 8 major, 32 minor
Merchant marine: 102 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 744,000 GRT, 950,000 DWT;
includes 15 passenger, 63 cargo, 18 tanker, 4 bulk, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Azores, Cape Verde Islands, and Madeira Islands): 60 total,
52 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 12,000 ft.,
9 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 18 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 7 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 720,000 telephones; 1.6
million radio receivers; 352,000 television receivers; 35 AN, 35 FM, and 30
TV stations; 18 submarine cables
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DEFENSE FORCES (cont'd):
Supply: produces vehicles, small arms, ammunition, and incendiary, smoke, and
tear agent munitions; also produces naval ships up to modified destroyer
escort class; other military equipment imported from other NATO countries;
navy ships, weapons, and equipment from U.S., West Germany, U.K., Canada,
France, Brazil, Austria, South Africa, Spain
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $409.4 million; about
37% of central government budget
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NIS 50R PORTUGUESE GUINEA
LAND:
14,000 sq. mi. (includes Bijagos archipelago)
Limits of territorial waters: Portuguese Foreign Office
has no claim; Portuguese Navy claims 6 n. mi.
(fishing 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 532,000, average annual growth rate 0.2%
(FY69); males 15-49, 127,000; 71,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (Balanta 30%, Fulani
20%, Mandyako 14%, Malinke 13%, and 23% other tribes);
less than 1% European and mulatto
Religion: 66% animist, 30% Muslim, 4% Christian
Language: Portuguese official, numerous African languages
Literacy: 3% to 5%
Labor force: bulk of population
engaged in subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Portuguese Guinea
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities (concelhos-areas containing Europeans
and Educated Africans), 3 circumscriptions (predominantly indigenous population)
Legal system: based on Portuguese law
Branches: Governor General appointed by Ministry of Overseas has wide local
authority; he is assisted by an appointed Secretary-General and an 8-man
Government Council; a 15-member Legislative Council, 11 of whose members
are elected by various groups, represents economic and tribal interests of
province; Minister of Overseas can nullify any provincial legislation or
Governor's decision; judiciary based on Portuguese system
Government leader: Governor General Antonio Sebastiao Ribeiro de Spinola
Political parties and leaders: National Popular Action Party of Portugal only
legal party; opposition parties (illegal) include Partido Africano da
Independencia da Guinee e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), led by Amilcar Cabral, a
Communist-supported nationalist party which is chief political force conducting
current rebellion against Portuguese rule and which operates mainly from
Republic of Guinea; Front de Lutte pour l'Independence Nationale de la Guinee
(FLING), a loose coalition of Senegal-based nationalist elements opposed both
to the Portuguese and the PAIGC, leadership fragmented, headed by Benjamin
Pinto-Bull; other nationalist factions
Suffrage: limited to those satisfying fairly rigid economic and cultural
requirements
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main crops -- palm oil, root crops, rice, coconuts, peanuts
Electric power: 1,200 ON. capacity (1970); 2 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
4 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.2 million (f.o.b., 1967); principally peanuts, coconuts
Imports: $16.4 million (c.i.f., 1967); manufactured goods, fuels, transport
equipment, rice
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, also immediate neighbors
Aid: Portugal, small amounts
Monetary conversion rate: 28.75 escudos=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: probably is the calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,000 mi. (80 mi. bituminous, remainder earth)
Inland waterways: 994 mi.
Ports: I major, 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 61 total, 58 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Tel ecommuni cati ons : limited telephone and telegraph service; 1,800 telephones;
3,600 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
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NIS 100 PORTUGUESE TIMOR
LAND:
7,000 sq. mi.; 34% forest, 33% grassland, and 33%
cultivated (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: Portuguese Foreign Office
has no claim; Portuguese Navy claims 6 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 622,000, average annual growth rate 2.1% (FY69)
Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous Timorese belonging to
the Malay racial group; 9 ethnic divisions, each
speaking a distinct dialect of Malay structure;
approx. 4,600 Chinese and 10,000 halfcastes
Religion: 17% Christian (almost equally divided between Catholic and
Protestant); remainder practice animism
Language: an estimated 9-15 dialects, of Malay origin but mutually
75% of the population speaks the Tetum dialect
Literacy: rate of literacy is unknown, but is very low; educational system being
expanded under first Five Year Development Plan; by 1967 total school
enrollment was 25,000 out of total school-age population of 80,000; 5% of
natives can speak Portuguese
Labor force: 90% engaged in primitive village subsistence economy; 10% engaged
as town laborers and domestics
unintelligible;
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Portuguese Timor
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Dili
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Portuguese law
Branches: Governor General appointed by Portuguese Minister of Overseas; advised
by a 7-member council composed of 4 ex offico members and 3 members elected
from the Legislative Council of 14 members (3 ex officio and'll elected);
usual executive departments such as Treasury, Health, Justice, Education,
Transportation exist, each of which is headed by a director
Government leader: Governor Brig. Jose Noqoueira Valente Pires (appointed 1968)
Suffrage: high school education required
Elections: Timor elects one representative to the Portuguese National Assembly,
scarcely more than a gesture
Political parties and leaders: single party only, the National Popular Action Party
on Timor
Voting strength: limited to Portuguese on Timor and small group of Timorese
who fulfill requirement
Communists: prior to 1 October 1965, infiltration by Indonesian Communist Party
from Indonesian Timor, especially in the Ocussi enclave
ECONOMY:
GNP: less than $100 per capita
Agriculture: principal crops -- corn, rice, rubber, coffee, copra
Electric power: 2,000 laa. capacity (1970); 8 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
13 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.6 million (f.o.b., 1967); coffee, copra
Imports: $5.2 million (c.i.f., 1967)
Major trade partners: Portugal and its possessions, Singapore, and Hong Kong
Monetary conversion rate: Portuguese escudo known in Timor as pataca; 28.75
patacas=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 200 mi.; 75 mi. all season, 125 mi. improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: domestic and international radio stations used primarily
for administrative and military purposes; 1 low-power radiobroadcast station;
unreliable open-wire lines and 12 small manual switchboards serve about 679
telephones; 3,075 radio sets
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NIS 84 PUERTO RICO
LAND:
3,440 sq. mi.; 33% arable, 35% meadow and pasture, 13%
forested, 19% waste, urban, or other (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,751,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(FY69)
Ethnic divisions: 80% white, 20% mixed (with Indian and
Negro elements)
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, English
Literacy: 88%
Labor force: 706,000; 19% agriculture
government services and trade, 8% other, 13% unemployed
Organized labor: 45% of labor force
, 14% manufacturing, 7% construction, 39%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Type: commonwealth voluntarily associated with U.S.
Capital: San Juan
Political subdivisions: 76 municipalities
Legal system: based on civil codes; constitution came into effect 1952, U.S.
Constitution also applies; local courts and U.S. federal court; legal
education at University of Puerto Rico Law School
Branches: elected Governor and bicameral legislature; 9-judge Supreme Court
appointed by Governor
Government leader: Governor Luis A. Ferre
Elections: every 4 years, last election November 1968; plebescite held July
1967 on question of opting for statehood, continued commonwealth status, or
full independence; 60.5% for commonwealth status, 38.9% for statehood, 0.6%
for independence
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Luis Negron Lopez;
Republican Statehood Party (PER); New Progressive Party (NPP), Luis A. Ferre;
Christian Action Party (PAC), Catholic Church; Independence Party (PI);
People's Party (formed August 1968), Roberto Sanchez
Voting strength (1968 election): 44.6% NPP, 42.2% PPD, 9.4% People's Party;
distribution of house seats -- NPP 26, PPD 25; distribution of Senate seats
PPD 16, NPP 11
ECONOMY:
GNP: $4.1 billion (FY69), $1,490 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar, coffee, tobacco, bananas
Major industries: textiles, clothing manufacture, food processing, petroleum
refining, petro-chemicals
Electric power: 1.2 million kw. capacity (1969); 5.9 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 2,010 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,535 million (f.o.b., 1969); sugar, pineapple, citrus fruits, coffee,
rum, textiles
Imports: $2,338 million (f.o.b., 1969); food, machinery, transportation equip-
ment, fuels, minerals
Major trade partner: U.S. 84% (1969)
Monetary conversion rate: uses U.S. currency
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: more than 450 mi. plantation lines; 6 gages from 1'8" to 3'3 3/8"
with latter predominating
Highways: 4,800 mi.; 3,900 mi. paved, 260 mi. gravel, 640 mi. otherwise
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: negligible
Pipelines: refined products, 90 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 7 minor
Civil air: major transport aircraft are included in U.S. registered total
Airfields: 31 total, 27 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 8 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system of open-wire and radio relay
links; communications satellite ground station; 302,300 telephones; over
1 million radio and 410,000 TV receivers; 48 AM, 18 FM, and 11 TV stations;
5 submarine cables, including 4 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of U.S.
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NIS 32 QATAR
LAND:
About 4,000 sq. mi.; negligible amount forested; mostly
desert, waste, or urban (1963)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 3 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 123,000, average annual growth rate 10.8%
(FY65-69); males 15-49, about 29,000; about 17,000
fit for military service
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: very low
Labor force: small skilled labor force employed by oil
companies, many are Indians
SAUDI
ARABIA
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Sheikhdom of Qatar
Type: absolute monarchy; U.K. controls foreign relations
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the Sheikh
Government leader: Sheikh Ahmad ibn 'Ali al Thani
ECONOMY:
GNP: $65 million (1969 est.)
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale; commercial fishing increasing
in importance; most food imported; rice and dates staple diet
Major industries: oil production and refining; crude oil production from onshore
and offshore averaged 362,000 bbls. per day in 1970; oil revenues estimated
$122 million at the beginning of 1970, representing 99% of government/royal
family income; major development projects include $7 million harbor at Doha,
fertilizer plant, 2 desalting plants, refrigerated storage for fishing, and
a cement plant
Electric power: capacity 70,000 kw. (1970); 180 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
2,190 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: crude oil dominates; reexports $56 million (1968)
Imports: approx. $53 million in 1969
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar-Dubai riya1=US$0.21
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 275 mi surfaced; undetermined mileage of natural surfaced tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 137 mi.; natural gas, 60 mi.
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 10 total, 1 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft.
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: all international telecom traffic is by radio thru Bahrain;
fair domestic wire facilities; 9,400 telephones; 25,000 radio and 20,000 TV
receivers; I AM and 1 TV stations
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NIS 62 REUNION
LAND:
970 sq. mi.; two-thirds of island extremely rugged,
consisting of volcanic mountains; 120,000 acres (less
than one-fifth of the land) under cultivation
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 457,000, average annual growth rate 2.3% (FY69)
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of thoroughly
intermixed ancestry of French, African, Malagasy,
Chinese, and Indian origin
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French official language; Creole widely used
Literacy: over 80% among younger generation
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers; high seasonal
unemployment
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Overseas Province of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; represented in French Parliament by three
Deputies and two Senators
Capital: Saint Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Prefect appointed by the French Minister
of Interior, assisted by a Secretary-General and an elected 36-man General
Council
Government leader: Prefect Jean Vaudeville
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal elections in 1969; parliamentary election June 1968
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Communist Party (RCP) led by Paul Verges,
only organized political movement on island; other political candidates
affiliated with metropolitan French parties, which do not maintain permanent
organizations on Reunion
Voting strength (parliamentary election 1968): Gaullist candidates swept all 3
districts
Communists: Communist Party small -- probably only 15-20 hard-line Communists --
but has support among peasant sugarcane cutters and in Le Port district
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: cash crops -- almost entirely sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla
and perfume plants; food crops -- tropical fruit and vegetables, manioc,
bananas, corn, market garden produce, also some tea, tobacco, and coffee;
food crop inadequate, most food needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills, rum distilling plants, cigarette
factory, 2 tea plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a slaughterhouse,
and a number of small shops producing handicraft items
Electric power: 54,400 kw. capacity (1970); 108 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
246 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $46.2 million (f.o.b., 1968); 84% sugar, 10% perfume essences, 5% rum,
1% vanilla
Imports: $126 million (c.i.f., 1968); 45% manufactured goods, 30% food, beverages,
and tobacco, 20% machinery and transportation equipment, 5% raw materials
and petroleum products
Major trade partners: France (supplies 75% of Reunion's imports, purchases 90%
of its exports); Madagascar (supplies 6% of its imports)
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,092 mi.; 814 mi. paved, 278 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: adequate for size of island and fairly modern; international
communications by radio to France, Malagasy, and Mauritius; 11,300
telephones; 71,000 radio and 17,700 TV receivers; I AM, no FM, and 8 TV
stations
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NIS 57B RHODESIA
LAND:
151,000 sq. mi.; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated); 60%
available for extensive cattle grazing; European
alienated lands (farmed by modern methods) 37%,
African 46%, national land 7%, 6% not alienated (1970)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,446,000, average annual growth rate 3.3%
(FY67-70); males 15-49, 1,268,000; 770,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually, 60,000
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, less than
1% Coloreds and Asians
Religion: 51% syncretic (part Christian, part animist); 24% Christian;
24% animist; a few Muslim
Language: English official; Chishona and Sindebele also widely used
Literacy: 25%-30%; of whites, nearly 100%
Labor force: 48,000 wage earners (1968); 663,000 Africans (including many
migrants from Zambia and Malawi), 85,000 Europeans; 35% agriculture,
25% mining, manufacturing, construction, 40% transport and services
Organized labor: most European wage earners are unionized, but only a small
minority of Africans
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of Southern Rhodesia
Type: self-proclaimed independent state since 1965; U.S. does not recognize
independence from U.K.
Capital: Salisbury
Political subdivisions: 11 magisterial districts
Legal system: Smith government implemented a republican constitution on 2 March
1970 which institutionalized white rule
Branches: President Dupont is ceremonial head of state; executive council
(cabinet) lead by Prime Minister Smith; National Assembly gives highly
disproportionate representation to white minority -- 50 white constituency
seats and 16 black constituency seats
Government leaders: Prime Minister Ian Smith and President Clifford Dupont
Suffrage: franchise is based on income, property holdings, and education; there
are separate rolls for Africans and non-Africans
Elections: must be held every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: Rhodesian Front, Prime Minister Smith; Centre
Party, Pat Bashford
Voting strength (1970 elections): Rhodesian Front won all 50 white constituency
seats in Parliament
Communists: negligible
Other pressure groups and leaders: African nationalist organizations banned
from political activity -- Zimbabwe African People's Union, Joshua Nkomo;
Zimbabwe African National Union, Ndabaningi Sithole; these leaders detained
by government; exiled leaders in Lusaka, Zambia, are James Chikerema (ZAPU)
and Herbert Chitepo (ZANU)
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,223 million (1969 est.), $240 per capita; real growth rate 2.2%
Agriculture: main crops -- tobacco, corn, sugar, cotton, citrus fruits; live-
stock; self-sufficient in foodstuffs except wheat
Major industries: mining and steel, textiles
Electric power: 1,187,000 kw. capacity (1969); 5,580 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 1,160 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $318 million (f.o.b., 1959), including net gold sales and reexports,
tobacco, asbestos, copper, clothing, meat, chrome, sugar
Imports: $279 million (f.o.b., 1969); textiles, machinery, petroleum products,
wheat, transport equipment
Major trade partners: South Africa, Portugal, and Portuguese territories
Aid: no substantial military or economic aid
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian dollar=115$1.40 (official); 0.714 Rhodesian
dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,610 mi. narrow gage (3'61; 26 mi. double track
Highways: 49,385 mi.; 4,96 mi. paved, 18,350 mi. crushed stone, gravel,
stabilized soil, or improved earth; 26,070 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 175 mi. on Lake Kariba
Airfields: 281 total, 191 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
way over 12,000 ft., 22 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: system is one of the best in Africa; consists of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; principal center
Salisbury, secondary center Bulawayo; 122,100 telephones; 145,300 radio
and 50,000 TV receivers; 8 AM, no FM and 2 TV stations
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NIS 22 ROMANIA
LAND:
91,700 sq. mi.; 44% arable, 19% other agriculture, 27%
forested, 10% other (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
. PEOPLE:
Population: 20,481,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(current); males 15-49, 5,300,000; 4,468,000 fit for
military service; 182,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 87% Romanian, 8% Hungarian, 2% German,
3% other
Religion: 14,000,000 Romanian Orthodox, 1,000,000 Roman
Catholic, 1,000,000 Protestants, 100,000 Jews, 30,000
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%-99% of total population
Labor force: 10.4 million (est. 1 July 1966);
24% other nonagricultural
Muslims
57% agriculture, 19% industry,
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Socialist Republic of Romania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 39 counties and 46 municipalities, including Bucharest
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory which
increasingly reflects Romanian traditions; constitution adopted 1965; legal
education at University of Bucharest and two other law schools, has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers; the Grand National Assembly, under which is
Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme Court; Council of State is a
collective head of state
Government leaders: Ion Gheorghe Maurer, President of the Council of Ministers,
head of government; Nicolae Ceausescu, President of Council of State,
titular head of state
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
Elections: elections in Romania held every 2 years for the local people's
councils and every 4 years for Grand National Assembly deputies
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Romania only functioning party,
Nicolae Ceausescu, General Secretary
Voting strength (1969 election): overall participation reached 99.96%; of those
registered to vote (13,577,143), 99.75% voted for party candidates
Communists: 2,089,085 party members (December 1970)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $23.2 billion in 1970 (at 1969 prices), $1,140 per capita; 1970 growth rate
4.9%
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops -- corn, wheat, oilseed; livestock --
cattle, hogs, sheep; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
Major industries: machinery, metals, fuels, chemicals, textiles, food processing,
timber processing
Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural
rubber
Crude steel: 6.5 million metric tons produced (1970), 320 kg. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $1,633 million (f.o.b., 1969); 22% machinery and equipment; 40% fuels,
raw materials, semifinished products; 22% foodstuffs; and 16% consumer goods
(1969)
Imports: $1,741 million (mixture f.o.b. and c.i.f., 1969); 44% machinery and
equipment; 46% fuels, raw materials, semifinished products; 4% foodstuffs;
and 6% consumer goods (1969)
Major trade partners: $3,374 million in 1969; 45% non-Communist countries, 55%
Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 6 lei=US$1 (commercial); 12 lei=US$1 (noncommercial);
18 lei=US$1 (tourist)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year, 1 July
30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 9,700 mi.; 6,430 mi. standard gage, 3,252 mi. narrow gage, 18 mi.
broad gage; 187 mi. electrified, 421 mi. double track; government owned
(1970)
Highways: 48,000 mi.; 7,600 mi. paved; 16,300 mi. other improved surfaces,
24,100 mi. earth (1969)
Inland waterways: 1,445 mi. (1971)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,600 mi.; refined products, 888 mi.; natural gas, 3,100
mi
Freight carried: rail -- 179 million short tons, 30 billion short ton/mi.(1969);
highway -- 430.0 million short tons, 4.3 billion short ton/mi. (1969);
waterway -- 3.5 million short tons, .70 billion short ton/mi. (1969)
Merchant marine: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 350,000 GRT, 510,000
DWT; includes 1 passenger, 45 cargo, 4 tanker
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NIS 60C RWANDA
LAND:
10,000 sq. mi.; almost all the arable land, about 1/3
of total area, is under cultivation; about 1/3 is
pastureland (1967)
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,733,000 (African population only), average
annual growth rate 3.1% (FY65-67); males 15-49,
870,000; 420,000 fit for military service; no
conscription; 39,000 reach military age (18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 90% Hutu, 9% Tutsi, 1% Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 45% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1% Muslim, rest
animist
Language: Kinyarwanda and French official; Kiswahili language of African
Kinyarwanda language of interior and used in National Assembly
Literacy: 10% in French and Kinyarwanda
Labor force: less than 5% in cash economy
commerce;
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic, formerly combined with Burundi in U.N. trusteeship under Belgium;
became separate independent country in July 1962
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdivided into 141 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law;
constitution adopted 1962; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive consists of President, popularly elected for 4-year term,
and 14 cabinet ministers; single house 47-member National Assembly, popularly
elected for 4-year terms; 6-member Supreme Court appointed by President
Government leader: President Gregoire Kayibanda
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: last legislative election September 1969; president reelected September
1969; both elected for 4-year terms
Political parties and leaders: Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement
(PARMEHUTU), led by President Gregoire Kayibanda, dominates at all levels
Member of EAMA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OCAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $150 million (1968), less than $40 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- mainly coffee, tea, cotton, some pyrethrum; main
food crops -- bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency increasing
but country still imports some foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore), agricultural processing, and
light consumer goods
Electric power: 21,460 kw. capacity (1970); 100 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
28 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $14.7 million (f.o.b., 1969); mainly coffee, tea, pyrethrum, cassiterite
Imports: $16.8 million (c.i.f., 1969); textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment
Major trade partners: U.S., Belgium, Congo (Kinshasa)
Aid: U.S., FY64-69, $6.6 million; Belgium, France, Germany, and Canada, FY64-67,
$33.4 million obligated
Monetary conversion rate: 100 Rwanda francs=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,728 mi.; 1,243 mi. primary roads (only 6 mi. paved), 2,485 mi.
secondary roads; most roads improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by steamers and barges
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20 total, 15 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft., 1 with runway 8,000-11,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph limited; main center is Kigali;
1,400 telephones; 30,000 radio receivers; 2 AN, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent primarily on Belgium; has received quantities of arms from
West Germany, and armored cars from France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, $3,900,000; about
20.4% of total budget
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NIS 45 RYUKYUS
LAND:
848 sq. mi.; 44% forested, 25% cropland, 10% grassland,
21% other, including building sites, roads, wasteland,
etc. (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: about 994,000, average annual growth rate
1.1% (FY65-69); males 15-49, 235,000; 178,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; no significant minorities
Religion: basically animist; no significant minorities
Language: Japanese (strong local dialect)
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 423,000; about 33.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 28.4% trade
and services; 16.9% industry; 11.6% government and utilities; 9% employed
by U.S. forces; .5% unemployed (1970)
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Ryukyu Islands
Type: U.S.-administered territory; will revert to Japan in 1972
Capital: Naha
Political subdivisions: 3 main island groups (Okinawa, Yaeyama, Miyako); 60
cities, towns, and villages
Legal system: based on Japanese civil law with specific U.S. enactments dealing
with the islands; U.S. Executive Order of 1957 functions as constitution
Branches: executive, judicial, and legislative branches
Government leader: Chief Executive, Chobyo Yara
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: Japanese Diet elections held every four years pr upon dissolution of
Lower House, triennially for one half of Upper House; Legislative Assembly,
every 3 years
Political parties and leaders: Okinawa Liberal Democratic Party (OLDP), Seisaku
Ota, president; Okinawa Socialist Masses Party (OSMP), Tsumichiyo Asato,
chairman; Okinawa People's Party (OPP) (pro-Communist), Kamejiro Senaga,
chairman; Okinawa Prefecture Headquarters Japan Socialist Party (OJSP),
Seiei Sakahima, chairman
Voting strength: seats in Legislative Assembly following 1968 election -- OLDP
18, OSMP 9, OPP 3, OJSP 2
ECONOMY:
GNP: $727 million (FY69), $740 per capita
Agriculture: sugarcane, pineapple, rice; 65% self-sufficient
Major industries: sugarcane and pineapple processing; various light industries
Electric power: 419,000 kw. capacity (1970); 1.42 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 1,439 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $90 million (f.o.b., FY69); sugar, pineapples
Imports: $378 million (c.i.f., FY69)
Major trade partners: Japan, U.S.
Aid: economic -- U.S. (FY46-69), $397 million committed
Monetary conversion rate: U.S. currency used
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,060 mi.; 286 paved, 596
Pipelines: refined products, 33 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 3 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft (registered in Japan)
Airfields: 22 total, 16 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 1
over 12,000 ft., 2 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 8 with runways
ft.; 2 seaplane stations
gravel, remainder
earth
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of U.S.
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NIS 81A ST. KITTS, NEVIS, ANGUILLA
LAND:
150 sq. mi.; 40% arable, 10% pasture, 17% forest, 33%
wasteland and built-on (1962)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 56,000 (official estimate for 31 December 1967)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Religion: Church of England, other Protestant sects, Roman
Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: not available
Organized labor: 6,700
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Associated State of St. Christopher-Nevis
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"; Anguilla formally seceded in May 1967 but has not been recognized
as an independent state by any government; in July 1968 a legislative
council headed by Ronald Webster was elected to govern Anguilla; in March
1969 the U.K. sent troops to Anguilla, placing the island again under
colonial rule
Capital: Basseterre
Political subdivisions: 10 districts
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Government leaders: Premier, Robert L. Bradshaw; U.K. Governor, M. P. Allen
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every 5 years; most recent 25 July 1966
Political parties and leaders: St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party, Robert L.
Bradshaw; People's Action Movement (PAM), William Herbert; United National
Movement, Eugene Walwyn
Voting strength (1966 election): St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party won 7 seats
in legislative council, PAM won 2, United National Movement won 1
Communists: none known
Member of: CARIFTA
ECONOMY:
GDP: $14.0 million (1967), $230 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar on St. Kitts, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, salt extraction
Electric power: 147,500 kw. capacity (1969 est.); 260 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969 est.); 437 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5.2 million (f.o.b., 1967); sugar, molasses, cotton, salt, copra
Imports: $9.4 million (c.i.f., 1967); foodstuffs, fuel, manufactures
Major trade partners: U.K. 45%, Canada 14%, U.S. 12% (1966)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.00 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 180 mi.; 60 mi. paved, 90 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or improved
earth, 30 mi. unimproved earth
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 5,700 ft.
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF radio connections and international
link via Antigua; about 1,600 telephones; no data on radio, 6,000 TV
receivers; 2 AM and 1 TV stations
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NIS 81A ST. LUCIA
LAND:
238 sq. mi.; 34% arable, 5% pasture, 21% forest, 22%
unused but potentially productive, 18% wasteland
and built-on (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 116,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(FY67-69)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English, French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 27,000 (1960); 50% agriculture
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Associated State of St. Lucia
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 14 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Government leaders: Premier John Compton; U.K. Governor Frederick Clarke
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent April 1969
Political parties and leaders: United Worker's Party (UWP), John Compton; St.
Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Martin Jean Baptiste; St. Lucia Labor Party United
Front (LPUF) led by George Charles
Voting strength (1969 election): UWP won 6 of the 10 elected seats in Legislative
Council; SLP won 3 seats; LPUF won 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARIFTA
ECONOMY:
GDP: $28.2 million (1969), $230 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, copra, sugar, cocoa, spices
Major industries: tourism, lime processing
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 4,565 kw. capacity (1969); 9.3 million kw.-h
est.); 82 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $6.2 million (f.o.b., 1968); sugar, bananas, cocoa
Imports: $14.7 million (c.i.f., 1968); foodstuffs, machinery
fertilizers, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.K. 49%, Canada 9%, U.S. 8% (1964)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.00 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
r. produced (1969
and equipment,
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 440 mi.; 150 mi. paved; 190 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or improved
earth; 100 mi. unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with asphalt runway 5,700 ft., 1 with concrete
runway 5,000 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: partly automatic telephone system with 2,700 telephones;
interisland tropospheric links to Barbados and Antigua; no data on radio or
TV receivers, 1 AM station
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NIS 81A
LAND:
ST. VINCENT
150 sq. mi. (including northern Grenadines); 50% arable, 3%
pasture, 44% forest, 3% wasteland and built-on (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 99,000, average annual growth rate 2.2% (FY69)
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent; remainder
mixed with some white and East Indian and Carib Indian
Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Roman Catholic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 24,000 (1960); about 40% in agriculture
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Associated State of St. Vincent
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated
State"
Capital: Kingstown
Political subdivisions: 10 local government authorities
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest
judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Government leader: Premier, R. Milton Cato; Administrator (U.K.) Rupert John
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every 5 years; most recent May 1967
Political parties and leaders: People's Political Party (PPP), Ebenezer Joshua;
St. Vincent Labor Party (LP), R. Milton Cato
Voting strength (1967 election): LP won 6 seats to PPP's 3 in the Legislative
Council
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARIFTA
ECONOMY:
GDP: $16.9 million (1969), $180 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- bananas, arrowroot, coconut
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 1,700 kw. capacity (1969); 5.1 million kw.-hr. produced (1969
est.); 53 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.7 million (f.o.b., 1968); bananas, arrowroot, copra, cotton
Imports: $1.0 million (c.i.f., 1968); fertilizer, flour, transportation
equipment, lumber, textiles
Major trade partners: U.K. 39%, U.S. 10%, Canada 10% (1967)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.00 East Caribbean dollars'US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 600 mi.; 150 mi. paved; 450 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or improved
earth
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 1 usable, with asphalt runway 4,800 ft.
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 900
instruments; VHF interisland links to Barbados and St. Lucia; no data on
radio or TV receivers; 2 AM stations
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NIS 17 SAN MARINO
LAND:
24 sq. mi.; 74% cultivated, 22% meadows and pastures, 2%
built-on (1964)
PEOPLE:
Population: 19,000, average annual growth rate 1.9%
(FY65-70)
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean, Alpine,
Adriatic, and Nordic racial types
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Literacy: illiteracy relatively insignificant
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: General Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated
with ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated Camera del Lavoro,
about 1,000 members
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.); in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy
concluded a treaty guaranteeing the independence of San Marino; although
legally sovereign, San Marino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian
Government
Capital: San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided into 9 sections: Guaita, Fratta,
Serravalle, Domagnano, Acquaviva, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Faetano,
Chiesanuova
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; electoral
law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: the Grand and General Council is the legislative body elected by popular
vote; its 60 members serve 5-year terms; Council in turn elects two Captains-
Regent who exercise executive power for term of 6 months, the Council of
State whose members head government administrative departments and the Council
of Twelve, the supreme judicial body; actual executive power is wielded by
the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for
Internal Affairs
Government leaders: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Federico Bigi
(Christian Democratic party); Secretary of State for Internal Affairs Gian
Luigi Berti (Christian Democratic party)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and General Council required at least every
5 years; next elections 1974
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic party (DCS), Federico Bigi
Social Democratic Party (PSDIS), Alvaro Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Gino
Giacomini, Domenico Forcellini; Communist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli
Voting strength (1969 election): 45% DCS, 25% PCS, 18.3% PSDIS, 11.7% PSS
Communists: approx. 300 members (number of sympathizers cannot be determined);
PCS is technically autonomous but in fact closely tied to Italian Communist
Party (PCI); PCS-PSS coalition dominated San Marino Government until 1957;
PSS, unlike its Italian counterpart, remains securely allied with PCS
Other political parties and pressure groups: political parties influenced by
policies of their counterparts in Italy, but the two Socialist parties are
not united as in Italy
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for Unification of Private Law,
International Relief Union, IRC, UPU
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ECONOMY:
Principal economic activities of San Marino are farming, livestock raising, light
manufacturing, and tourism; the government's total budget for FY71 is about
$12 million, with the largest share of revenue derived from the sale of
postage stamps throughout the world and from payments by the Italian
government in exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing tobacco, gasoline,
and a few other goods; main problem is finding an additional $3 million to
finance badly needed water and electric power systems expansions
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (average annual output about 4,400 metric
tons/year) and grapes (average annual output about 700 metric tons/year);
other grains, fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are also grown;
livestock population numbers roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese
and hides are most important livestock products
Electric power: obtained from Italy
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton textile production at Serravalle, brick
and tile production at Dogane, cement production at Acquaviva, Dogane, and
Fiorentino, and pottery production at Borgo Maggiore; some tanned hides,
paper, candy, baked goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs are
also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism; in summer months 20,000 to 30,000
foreigners visit San Marino every day; a number of hotels and restaurants
have been built in recent years to accommodate them; remittances from
Sanmarinese abroad also represent an important net foreign inflow; commodity
trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
manufactures
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: about 65 mi.
Inland waterways: none
Ports: none
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serving 2,400 telephones; no
radiobroadcasting or television facilities, 3,000 radio and 600 TV receivers
(Italian broadcasts)
DEFENSE FORCES:
San Marino has no defense forces; treaty of 1862 extended protective friendship
of Italy and is believed to be still in effect
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NIS 32D SAUDI ARABIA
LAND:
618,000 sq. mi. (boundaries are poorly defined); 1%
agricultural, 1% forested, 98% desert, waste, or
urban (1963)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: about 5.5 million, average annual growth rate
2.8% (current); males 15-49, 1,332,000; 715,000 fit
for military service; about 65,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian (est.)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: about 25% of population; 40% agriculture and herding, 12%
construction, 12% service, 12% government, 11% commerce
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: absolute monarchy
Capital: Riyadh; foreign ministry and foreign diplomatic representatives located
in Jidda
Political subdivisions: 18 amirates
Legal system: based on Islamic law; commercial disputes handled by special
committees formed in larger towns; constitution under preparation; legal
education at Islamic University, Medina; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: King Faysal (Al Saud, Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz) rules in consultation
with Council of Ministers and religious leaders
Government leader: King Faysal
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IATA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, ITU, OAPEC,
OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum production 3.8 million barrels per day (1970); est.
payments to Saudi Arabian Government, $1,223 million in 1970; cement
production and small steel-rolling mill and oil refinery; several other
light industries, including factories producing detergents, plastic products,
furniture, etc.; PETROMIN, a semipublic agency associated with the Ministry
of Petroleum, has recently undertaken construction of a major fertilizer plant
Electric power: 290,000 kw. capacity (1970); 400 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
100 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,185 million (f.o.b., 1970); 99% petroleum and petroleum products
Imports: $750 million (provisional) (c.i.f., 1970); manufactured goods, trans-
portation equipment, construction materials, and processed food products
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S., Western Europe, Japan; imports -- U.S.,
Japan, West Germany
Monetary conversion rate: 4.5 Saudi riyals=US$1 (IMF par value, freely convertible)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1970-71 Saudi fiscal year covers the
period 2 September 1970 through 20 August 1971
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 350 mi., 4'8 1/2" gage
Highways: 7,022 mi.; 4,971 mi. bituminous, 520 mi. gravel and crushed stone,
2,051 mi. improved earth, undetermined mileage of earth and desert track
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,792 mi.; refined products, 96 mi.; natural gas, 275 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 4 minor
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 ORT or over) totaling 46,000 ORT, 61,000 DWT;
includes 2 passenger, 6 cargo, I bulk, 1 tanker
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 220 total, 64 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 37 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radio communications; poor domestic
wire service; 44,250 telephones; 78,000 radio and 60,000 TV receivers; 11
TV, 1 FM, and 4 AM stations; 2 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 August 1971, $594 million; about
41.2% of total budget
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NIS 500 SENEGAL
LAND:
76,000 sq. mi.; 13% forested, 40% agricultural (10%
cultivated), 47% built-up areas, waste, etc.
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 3,977,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(FY69); males 15-49, 914,000; 440,000 fit for military
service; 40,000 reach military age (18)-annually
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 18% Fulani, 17% Serer, 9%
Tukulor, 9% Dyola, 7% Malinke, 2.5% other African,
1.5% Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 80% Muslim, 10% animist, 10% Christian
Language: French official, but regular use limited to literate minority; most
Senegalese speak own tribal language; use of Wolof vernacular spreading
as lingua franca among non-Wolof tribesmen
Literacy: 5% (est.)
Labor force: 1.7 million, about 80% subsistence agricultural workers
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however,
dues-paying membership very limited
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic; only one legal party since 1966
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 7 regions, each subdivided into departments (totaling
28) and arrondissements (totaling 90)
Legal system: based on French civil law system; laws dealing with marriage,
inheritance, succession, etc., based on Islamic law with elements of
traditional practices; constitution adopted 1960, revised 1963 and 1970;
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court (which also audits
the government's accounting office); legal education at University of Dakar;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Government dominated by President who is assisted by Prime Minister,
appointed by President and subject to dismissal by President or censure by
National Assembly; 80-member National Assembly, elected for 5 years
(effective 1968); President elected for 5-year term (effective 1968) by
universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Supreme Court, with members appointed
by President
Government leaders: Leopold Sedar Senghor, President; Abdou Diouf, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult
Political parties and leaders: Union Progressiste Senegalaise (UPS), ruling
party led by President Leopold Senghor, has absorbed all major opposition
parties; minor parties include illegal Communist-backed Parti Africain
de l'Independence (PAI), led by Majmout Diop, and Parti Communiste Senegalais,
a pro-Peking splinter group
Elections: single party (UPS) presidential and legislative elections held
February 1968
Communists: a few Communists and sympathizers; PAI is pro-Moscow Communist-front
party; some pro-Peking elements broke off in 1965 to form Parti Communiste
Senegalais
Member of: EAMA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OCAM, Organization
of Senegal River States (OERS), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $824 million (1969, calculated at exchange rate prevailing after August
1969); real growth rate, 2% (per annum)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Agriculture: main crops -- peanuts, millet, sorghum, manioc, rice; peanuts
primary cash crop; production of food crops increasing but still
insufficient for domestic requirements
Major industries: fishing, agricultural processing plants, light manufacturing,
mining
Electric power: 147,500 kw. capacity (1970); 284 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
70 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $115 million (f.o.b.. 1969); approx. 50% peanuts and peanut products;
phosphate rock; canned fish
Imports: $185 million (c.i.f., 1969); food, consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment
Major trade partners: France, EEC (other than France), and franc zone
Aid: France major donor, economic (1964-67) $93.1 million; U.S. military and
economic (1962-69) $34.5 million; U.S.S.R. $6.7 million loan negotiated;
EEC economic (1962-69) $98.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs.US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 640 mi. meter gage; 40 mi. double track
Highways: 8,725 mi.; 1,335 mi. bituminous, 990 mi. gravel, 400-mi. improved
earth, 6,000 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 935 mi.
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 5,300 GRT, 6,500
DOT; includes 2 cargo, 1 tanker
Ports: I major, 4 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased to Air Mauritanie
Airfields: 40 total, 25 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 17 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: relatively advanced for Africa; 29,300 telephones; 268,000
radio receivers; 1,400 TV receivers; 3 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations;
3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: primarily dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1970, $16.2 million; about 10.0%
of total budget
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NIS 63 SEYCHELLES
LAND:
156 sq. mi.; 54% arable land, nearly all of it is under
cultivation, 17% wood and forest land, 29% other
(mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for
agriculture); 40 granitic and 43 coral islands
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 53,000, average annual growth rate 2.0% (FY69);
males 15-49, 12,000; 6,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (admixture of Asians,
Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic
Language: English official; Creole most widely spoken
Literacy: limited
Labor force: 22,000 agriculture
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Colony of the Seychelles
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law system, and
customary law
Branches: Governor, Council of Ministers, Legislative Assembly
Government leader: Governor Sir Bruce Greatbatch
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: November 1970
Political parties and leaders: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), James R.
Mancham, President; Seychelles Peoples United Party (SPUP), France
Albert Rene, President
Voting strength: SDP won 4 seats on Governing Council with 52.8% popular vote
in 1970 election; SPUP won 5 seats with 47.2% of votes
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions which are appendages of
political parties
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coconut production and export of copra;
cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for perfumes) are other cash crops;
food crops -- small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava, sugarcane, and
bananas; islands not self-sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the
supply must be imported
Major industries: processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, small-scale
manufacture of consumer goods, coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 1,700 kw. capacity (1970); 4.5 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
86 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3 million (f.o.b., 1968); cinnamon (bark and oil) and vanilla account
for almost 50% of the total, copra accounts for about 40%, the remainder
consisting of vanilla, patchouli, fish, and guano
Imports: $6.3 million (c.i.f., 1968); food, tobacco, and beverages account for
about 40% of imports, manufactured goods about 25%, machinery and transport
equipment, petroleum products, textiles
Major trade partners: exports -- India, U.S.; imports -- U.K., Burma, India,
South Africa, Kenya, Australia
Aid: $1.2 million in aid in both 1965 and 1966 from U.K.
Monetary conversion rate: 5.4 Seychelles rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 141 mi.; 62 mi. bituminous, 79 mi. earth
Ports: 1 minor port (Victoria)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable on Astove Island, 1 under construction on Mahe
Island; former RAF seaplane station at Port Victoria, Mahe Island, although
not in present use, could be used in emergency
Telecommunications: direct radiotelegraph communications with other adjacent
islands and African coastal countries; 600 telephones; 11,000 radio sets;
no TV sets; 2 AM, no PM, and no TV stations; submarine cables extend to
Aden, Tanzania, Ceylon, and Mauritius
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of U.K.; no U.K. troops present
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NIS 50Q SIERRA LEONE
LAND:
27,900 sq. mi.; 65% arable (6% of total land area under
cultivation), 27% pasture, 4% swampland, 4% forested
(1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,588,000, average annual growth rate 1.5%
(FY69); males 15-49, 609,000; 614,000 fit for military
service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, rest European
and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 70% animist, 25% Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: English official, but regular use limited to literate minority;
principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; "Creole,"
form of pidgin English, is also widely spoken
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of population engages in subsistence
agriculture; only small minority, some 100,000, earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners (35,000)
a
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime since April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided into 12 districts with 146 chief-
doms, where paramount chief and council of elders constitute basic unit of
government; plus western area, which comprises Freetown and other coastal
areas of the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local
tribes; constitution adopted April 1970; highest court of appeal is the
Sierra Leone Court of Appeals; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority exercised by President; parliament consists of 78
members, 66 of whom are elected representatives and 12 paramount chiefs
representing tribal councils in provincial districts; independent judiciary
Government leader: Siaka Stevens, President, heads APC government composed
of members of his political party, and paramount chiefs
Elections: the maximum life of an elected parliament is 5 years, but it may be
dissolved earlier by the President; last election March 1967; President is
elected by parliament for 5 year term; next election 1976
Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress (APC), headed by Stevens;
Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) is the opposition party
Communists: no party, although there are a few Communists and a slightly larger
number of sympathizers
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $390 million (1969), approx. $150 per capita
Agriculture: main crops -- palm kernels, rice, yams, millet, cassava; much of
cultivated land devoted to subsistence farming; food crops insufficient for
domestic consumption
Major industries: mining -- diamonds, iron ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing
-- beverages, textiles, cigarettes, construction goods
Electric power: 45,000 ha. capacity (1970); 125 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
50 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $107 million (f.o.b., 1969); 69% diamonds; iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa,
coffee
Imports: $111 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery and transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Major trade partners: U.K., EEC, Japan, U.S., Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 1 leone=US$1.20 (official); 0.833 leone=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June (since 1 July 1966)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 370 route miles; 310 mi. narrow gage (21611) Sierra Leone Government
Railroad (SLR), 60 mi. narrow gage (316") privately owned mineral line
operated by the Sierra Leone Development Company
Highways: 4,950 mi.; 450 mi. bituminous (including some bituminous treatment),
1,750 mi. laterite (some gravel), and 2,750 mi. earth
Inland waterways: 500 mi.; 372 mi. navigable year-round
Ports: 1 major, 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 15 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph are adequate; 6,500 telephones;
35,000 radio and 3,050 TV receivers; 1 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations;
3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on U.K.
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NIS 44C SINGAPORE
LAND:
225 sq. mi.; 31% built up area, roads, railroads, and
airfields, 22% agricultural, 47% other (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,084,000, average annual growth rate 1.6%
(FY70); males 15-49, 482,000; 330,000 fit for military
service
Ethnic divisions: 78% Chinese, 12% Malay, 7% Indians and
Pakistani, 3% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists;
Malays nearly all Muslim; minorities include Christians,
Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists
Language: national language is Malay; Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English
official languages
Literacy: 88% (1967)
Labor force: 577,000; 3% agriculture and fishing; 24% manufacturing and
construction; 67% trade, transportation, communications, and other services;
6% other
Organized labor: 26% of labor force
are
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth since separation from Malaysia in August 1965
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution based on preindependence
State of Singapore constitution; legal education at University of Singapore;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: ceremonial President; executive power exercised by Prime Minister and
cabinet responsible to unitary legislature
Government leaders: President, Dr. Benjamin Sheares; Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew
Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting compulsory
Elections: normally every 5 years
Political parties and leaders: government -- People's Action Party (PAP), Lee
Kuan Yew; opposition -- Barisan Sosialis Party (BSP), Dr. Lee Slew Choh;
Communist Party illegal
Voting strength (1968 election): PAP returned unopposed in 51 of 58 constituencies;
in remaining 7 constituencies PAP received 84% of vote, independents 9%;
Worker's Party 4%; BSP boycotted election
Member of: ASEAN, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.7 million (1969), $840 per capita; 11% average annual real growth
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy, main crops
-- poultry, hogs, small truck farming; food shortages -- grains, sugar,
dairy products
Major industries: rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and
beverages, electronics, ship repair, entrepot trade
Electric power: 595,000 kw. capacity (1970); 3.2 billion kw.-hr. produced (1970);
1,059 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1970); almost 90% reexports; rubber, fuels, food
Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1970); over 40% goods reexported
Major trade partners: exports -- Malaysia, Indonesia, U.S., Japan, U.K.;
imports -- Malaysia, Japan, Indonesia, Communist China, U.K., U.S.
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ECONOMY (contid):
Aid: U.K. -- (1960-September 1969) $254 million disbursed;
million extended; IBRD -- (1963-June 1970) $111 million
million disbursed
Monetary conversion rate: 3.06 Singapore dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: converted to 1 April - 31 March fiscal year on
formerly on calendar year basis
(1969-73) $120
committed, $61
1 April 1970;
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 24 mi. of meter gage
Aighways: 1,0810 mi.; 650 mi. paved, 260 mi. crushed stone, 170 mi. improved
earth
Ports: 3 major
Merchant marine: 93 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 504,600 GRT, 646,000
DWT; includes 4 passenger, 73 cargo, 10 tanker, 4 bulk, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 2 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: adequate domestic facilities; good international service;
good radio and television broadcast coverage; about 136,267 telephones;
est. 227,410 radio and 145,258 TV sets; 2 AM, 4 PM, and 2 TV stations; new
SEACOM submarine cable extends to Hong Kong via Sabah, Malaysia
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: produces some small arms ammunition, rifles, and quartermaster-type
individual equipment; some small patrol craft built; all other materiel
imported, mainly from U.K. and U.S.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1971, $125 million; 26% of
total budget
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NIS 558 SOMALIA
LAND:
246,000 sq. mi.; 13% arable (0.3% cultivated), 32%
grazing, 14% scrub and forest, 41% mainly desert,
urban, or other (1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,854,000, average annual growth rate 2.2%
(FY69); males 15-49, 692,000; 365,000 fit for military
service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hamitic, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000
Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: almost entirely Muslim
Language: Somali (but no written form); Arabic, Italian, English
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: 965,000 (1968 est.); very few are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral
nomads, 30% agriculturists, government employees, traders, fishermen,
handicraftsmen, other
Organized labor: all labor organizations are banned under the military government
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic; under military rule since October 1969
Capital: Mogadiscio
Political subdivisions: 8 regions, 47 districts
Organization: the junta has assumed all authority, calling itself the Supreme
Revolutionary Council, membership of which consists of 21 army and 5 police
officers; the Council has abrogated the constitution, dissolved the parliament,
and banned political parties
Government leader: President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, Gen. Mohamed
Siad Barre
Member of: EAMA, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU,
WHO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $137 million (1968 est.), about $50 per capita
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country; main crops --
sugarcane, cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries, including
and beef canneries, iron rod plant
Electric power: 13,000 kw. capacity (1970);
10 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $34.5 million (f.o.b.,
Imports: $46.9 million (c.i.f.,
equipment
Major trade partners: Italy and
Communist countries (1965)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.143
Fiscal year: 1 January - 31 December
31
a
million
bananas, livestock,
sugar refinery, tuna
kw.-hr.
produced
(1970);
1969, est.); bananas, livestock, hides, skins
1969, est.); textiles, cereals, transport
U.K.; Arab countries; $6.9 million imports from
Somali shillings=US$1 (official)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 8,324 mi.; 492 mi. paved; 1,478 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
stablized soil; 7,354 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Fiume Giuba navigable 345 mi. from May to mid-June and
August to late November
Ports: 4 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Merchant marine: 88 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 519,000 GRT, 758,000
DWT; 1 passenger, 9 tanker, 77 cargo, 1 bulk; all foreign awned and operated
Airfields: 106 total, 55 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: telephone poor, telegraph fair; 4,800 telephones; 45,000
radio receivers; 2 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $16,600,000; 36.3% of
total budget
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NIS 61 SOUTH AFRICA
LAND:
472,000 sq. mi. (1970) (includes enclave of Walvis Bay,
434 sq. mi.); 12% cultivable, 2% forested, 86% desert,
waste, or urban
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 21,861,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(FY69); males 15-49, 5,015,000; 3,035,000 fit for
military service; obligation for service in Citizen
Force begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent
force must be 17
Ethnic divisions: 19% European, 68.5% Bantu, 9.5%
Coloured, 3% Asian
Religion: primarily Christian except Asian and Bantu; 60% of Bantu are animists
Language: Afrikaans and English official, Bantu have many vernacular languages
Literacy: almost all white population literate; government estimates 35% of
Bantu literate
Labor force: 8.7 million (total of economically active, 1960); 53% agriculture,
8% manufacturing, 7% mining, 5% commerce, 27% miscellaneous services
Organized labor: about 5% of total labor force is unionized (mostly white
workers); nonwhites have no bargaining power
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each headed by centrally appointed
administrator; provincial councils, elected by white electorate, retain
limited powers
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; constitution
enacted 1961, changing the Union of South Africa into a Republic; possibility
of judicial review of Acts of Parliament concerning dual official languages;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President as formal chief of state; Prime Minister as head of
government; Cabinet responsible to bicameral legislature; lower house
elected directly by white electorate; upper house indirectly elected and
appointed; judiciary maintains substantial independence of government
influence
Government leader: Prime Minister Balthazar J. Vorster
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites over 18 (17 in Natal Province)
Elections: must be held at least every 5 years; last elections April 1970
Political parties and leaders: National Party, B. J. Vorster, P. W. Botha,
B. J. Shoeman, M. C. Botha, Jan De Klerk; United Party, Sir De Villiers
Graaf; Progressive Party, Jan Steytler, Helen Suzman; Herstigte Nasionale
Party, Albert Hertzog, Jaap Marais
Voting strength (1970 general elections): of 166 legislative seats, National
Party 118, United Party 47, Progressive Party 1
Communists: small Communist Party illegal since 1950; party in exile maintains
headquarters in London; Dr. Yasuf Dadoo, Michael Harmel, Joe Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in exile) African National Congress (ANC),
Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), leadership in dispute
Member of: IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB, IMF, ITU, U.N., UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $15.8 billion (1969), $800 per capita; real growth rate 10% (1969)
Agriculture: main crops -- corn, wool, dairy products, wheat, sugarcane,
tobacco, citrus fruits; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: mining, automobile assembly, metal working, machinery,
textiles, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, fishing
Electric power: 11,635,000 kw. capacity (1970); 55 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 2,700 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1969 excluding gold); wool, diamonds, corn,
uranium, sugar, fruit, hides, skins, metals, metallic ores, asbestos,
fish products; gold output $1.1 billion (1970)
Imports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1970); motor vehicles, machinery, metals,
petroleum products, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: U.K. and other Commonwealth nations, U.S., Germany, Japan
Aid: no substantial military or economic aid
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1.40 (official); 0.714 SA Rand=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 12,277 mi.; 11,837 mi. 3'6" gage of which 1,323 mi. are multiple
track; 2,634 mi. electrified; 440 mi. 2'0" gage single track
Highways: 211,000 mi.; 27,300 mi. paved, 47,050 mi. crushed stone or gravel,
145,650 mi. improved and unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 520 mi.; refined products, 450 mi.; natural gas, 200 mi.
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 5 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 60 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 413,000 GRT, 509,000
DWT; includes 2 passenger, 53 cargo, 3 bulk, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 55 major transport aircraft
Airfields: -710 total, 565 usable; 39 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 6 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 131 with runways 4,000-7,999
ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: the system, except for the lack of television, is the best
developed, most modern, and highest capacity in Africa and consists of
carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town,
Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 1.5 million telephones;
2 million radio receivers; 13 AM, 60 FM, and no TV stations; 4 submarine
cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for year ending 31 March 1971, $360,000,000; about 9.9%
of total budget
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NIS 61 SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
LAND:
318,000 sq. mi. (1970); mostly desert except for interior
plateau and area along northern border
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n.
mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 636,000, average annual growth rate 1.7% (FY69);
males 15-49, about 150,000; about 75,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: 14% white, 81% Africans, 5% Coloured
(mulattoes); almost half the Africans belong to Ovambo
tribe; Herero, Okavango, Nama, and Damara tribes have
about 30,000 members each
Religion: whites predominantly Christian, nonwhites either animist or Christian
Language: Afrikaans principal language of about 70% of white population, German
of 22%, and English of 8%; several African languages
Literacy: high for white population; low for nonwhite
Labor force: 75,000 African wage earners (1964 est.); 68% agriculture, 15%
railroads, 13% mining, 4% fishing
Organized labor: no trade unions, although some white wage earners belong to
South African unions
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Territory of South-West Africa
Type: administered as part of Republic of South Africa, under a League of
Nations mandate; U.N. formally ended South Africa's mandate, and status now
in dispute
Capital: Windhoek
Political subdivisions: police zone (police-protected area, consisting of 17
magisterial districts, in which all-white settlement and several Bantu
reserves are found), northern territories (exclusively Bantu magisterial
districts under control of officials of South African Department of Bantu
Administration and Development)
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law
Branches: administrator, appointee of South African Government, principal
local executive; structure similar to that of a province of the Republic;
South-West Africa elects 4 Senators and 6 lower house members to the
Republic's legislature; judicial system patterned on that of Republic
Government leader: J.G. van der Wath, Administrator
Suffrage: limited to white adults
Elections: last general election, 1970
Political parties and leaders: white parties -- National Party (NP), led in
South-West Africa by A. H. du Plessis; United National South-West Party
(UNSWP), J. P. Niehaus; nonwhite parties -- South-West Africa People's
Organization (SWAPO), almost exclusively based on Ovambo tribe led by Sam
Nujoma, in exile; South-West Africa National Union (SWANU), primarily based
on Herero tribe, leaders in exile; National Unity Democratic Organization
(NUDO), primarily based on Herero tribe led by Clements Kapuuo
Voting strength: NP (1970 election) won all 10 seats in Republic legislature
and all 18 seats in South-West Africa Legislative Assembly
Communists: no Communist Party, but some influence by South African Communists
and other Communists on South-West African Bantu outside territory
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ECONOMY:
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and sheep) predominates, subsistence
crops (millet, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are raised but most food
must be imported
Major industries: meatpacking, fish processing, copper, lead, and diamond
mining, dairy products
Electric power: 95,200 kw. capacity (1969); 285 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
463 kw.-hr. per capita
Aid: South Africa is only major donor
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African Rand=US$1.40 (official); 0.714 SA
Rand=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,454 mi., all 3'6" gage, single track
Highways: 21,000 mi.; 2,344 mi. bituminous treated, 220 mi. gravel and 18,436 mi.
earth road and tracks
Ports: 1 major, 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft (registered in South Africa)
Airfields: 116 total, 91 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 38 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: system is a meager combination of open-wire lines, a single
short radio-relay link, and scattered radiocommunication stations; Windhoek
is the center; 32,100 telephones; unknown number of radio receivers; no
AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE:
Defense is responsibility of Republic of South Africa
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NIS 9 SPAIN
LAND:
195,000 sq. mi., including Canary (2,900 sq. mi.) and
Balearic Islands (1,940 sq. mi.); 41% arable and
land under permanent crops, 27% meadow and pasture,
22% forest, 10% urban or other (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n.
mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 33,635,000, average annual growth rate 1.0%
' (FY70); males 15-49, 8,195,000; 6,290,000 fit for
military service; 260,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects
Language: Castilian Spanish spoken by great majority; but 17% speak Catalan,
7% Galician, and 2% Basque
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force (1969): 12.6 million; 30.2% agriculture, 36.9% industry, 32.9%
services; registered unemployment is 1% of labor force
Organized labor: 90% of labor force in compulsory government-controlled
syndicates
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: (The) Spanish State
Type: nominally a monarchy, but without a king; actually a dictatorship under
Generalissimo Franco with Prince Juan Carlos designated to succeed him as
chief of state and become king
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain, including the Canaries and Balearics,
divided into 50 provinces with governors appointed by the central government;
also 1 province and 5 places of sovereignty (presidios) in Africa; Ifni
province ceded by Spain to Morocco in June 1969; 2 former provinces com-
prising Equatorial Guinea were granted independence in October 1968
Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications of customary law;
7 basic laws including Organic Law of the State of January 1967 serve as
a constitution; legal education at 14 schools of law; does not accept
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, with chief of government dominating all branches of
government through his appointive powers and authority to legislate by
decree; legislative with unicameral Cortes controlled by executive; judicial,
completely subservient and limited to interpretation of laws
Government leader: Generalissimo Francisco Franco -- who is also Chief of State,
Commander in Chief of the armed forces, and head of the National Movement
(formerly called the Falange)
Suffrage: universal in national referendums, over age 21
Elections: only two types of direct election other than referendum provided:
representatives to municipal councils for which only heads of households
vote and, under new constitutional law of 1967, 104 members of the Cortes
elected by heads of households and married women for a 4-year term
Political parties and leaders: National Movement (formerly called Falange) only
legally recognized party, headed by Franco; Torcuato Fernandez Miranda,
minister-secretary general of the movement; various semiclandestine opposition
groups include -- Christian Democratic factions under Jose Maria Gil Robles
and Joaquin Ruiz Gimenez; the Socialists, whose secretary general, Rodolfo
Llopis, is in exile; "Internal Socialists" under Enrique Tierno Galan; the
Anarchists; Republicans; Monarchists; smaller regional and national splinter
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GOVERNMENT (cont'd):
Political parties and leaders (cont'd):
groups; the Communist Party, whose secretary general, Santiago Carrillo
Solares, is in exile; and a pro-Chinese Communist faction Marxist-Leninist
Communist Party of Spain
Voting strength: 554 seats, but only 534 members as some hold more than one
seat -- 19% representing the family elected directly; 45% representing
municipalities, syndicates, and professions elected indirectly under close
regime control; and 36% are appointed by regime or are ex officio
Communists: (inside and outside Spain, est.) 5,000; sympathizers up to 20,000
Other political or pressure groups: the state-controlled organization of
syndicates, comprising representatives of management and labor, an illegal
labor group called the Workers Commissions, the Catholic Church, business
and land owning interests, Opus Dei, Catholic Action, university students
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IHB, IMF, ITU, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $28.7 billion; $870 per capita (1969); 68.5% consumption, 24.3% investment,
10.4% government; -3.2% net export of goods and services (1969); 1970 (est.)
real growth rate 6.1%, in 1964 constant prices
Agriculture: main crops -- cereals, oranges, grapes for wine, potatoes, olives,
sugar beets; virtually self-sufficient in good crop years; caloric intake,
2,680 (1968-69) calories per day per capita
Major industries: food processing, textiles and apparel (including footwear),
metal manufacturing, chemicals, shipbuilding
Shortages: crude petroleum
Crude steel: 7.3 million metric tons produced, 218 kilograms per capita (1970 est.)
17,906,000 kw. capacity (1970); 56,397 million kw.-hr. produced (1970),
1,400 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,473 million (f.o.b., 1970 est.); principal items -- oranges and other
fruits, iron and steel products, textiles, wines, mercury, ships, canned
fruits, vegetables
Imports: $4,367 million (f.o.b., 1970 est.); principal items -- machinery and
transportation equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, grains, cotton,
iron and steel
Major trade partners: (1969) 16.6% U.S., 12.6% West Germany, 9.6% France,
8.0% U.K., 5.7% Italy, 3.2% Netherlands; 33.4% EEC; 16.0% EFTA; 11.4% Latin
America; 2.2% Communist countries
Aid:
economic -- U.S., $1,602.8 million authorized (FY46-49), $8.6 million
authorized (FY68), $54.8 million authorized (FY69); IBRD, $225 million
authorized (FY64-70), $37 million authorized (FY70);
military -- U.S., $625.3 million authorized (FY46-69), $15.0 million
authorized in FY69
Monetary conversion rate: 70 pesetas=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 10,763 mi.; 8,493 mi.; (5'6" gage), 2,270 mi. other gages
(4'8 1/2" to 111 5/8"), 1,309 mi., double track; 2,348 mi. electrified
Highways: 83,080 mi.; national -- 24,800 mi., bituminous, 22,940 mi. crushed
stone; provincial -- 32,860 mi., 80% crushed stone, 20% paved; 2,480 mi. other
Inland waterways: about 650 mi.; of minor importance as transport arteries and
contribute little to economy
Pipelines: crude oil, 229 mi.; refined products, 515 mi.; natural gas, 3 mi.
Ports: 23 major, 20 minor
Merchant marine: 419 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,946,000 GRT, 4,454,000
DWT; includes 38 passenger, 231 cargo, 84 tanker, 31 bulk, 35 specialized
carrier
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Civil air: 150 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Balearic and Canary Islands): 117 total, 80 usable; 42
with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 12,000 ft., 18 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 33 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 5 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: fairly modern, well engineered, well maintained; 4.0 million
telephones; 5.5 million radio and 3.84 million television receivers; 180
AM, 40 FM, and 27 TV stations with numerous FM/TV repeaters; 15 submarine
cables; communication satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for biennium ending 31 December 1970, $1,094 million; about
25% of total budget
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NIS 50P SPANISH SAHARA
LAND:
103,000 sq. mi., nearly all desert
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 63,000 (official est. 1 July 1969); males
15-49, 15,000; 7,000-8,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 51.2% Arab, Berber, and Negro nomads;
48.8% Spanish
Religion: 51% Muslim, 49% Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), local Arabic or Hassania
Literacy: among Spanish, probably nearly 100%; among nomads,
perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% agriculture, 50% other
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Province of Spanish Sahara
Type: province of Spain, subordinate to Ministry of the Presidency
Capital: El Aiun
Political subdivisions: two regions -- Rio de Oro and Saguia el Hamra
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system and customary law
Branches: Provincial Council; 80 members, of whom half are elected natives
Government leader: Governor General responsible to Director General of African
Provinces in Madrid, (Br. Gen. Fernando de Santiago y Diaz de Mendivil)
Suffrage: heads of families only
Elections: 40 members of Provincial Council, August 1967; half of municipal
councillors May 1969
Political party: National Movement
Communists: party proscribed; Communist sympathizers, few (if any)
Other political or pressure groups: none
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit
and vegetables in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep,
and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for
the garrison forces
Major industries: confined to fishing and handicrafts; exploitation of huge
phosphate deposit is planned
Shortages: water
Electric power: 300 kw. capacity (1970); 0.2 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
3 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $445,600 (1968); dried fish, goatskins
Imports: $1,443,000 (1968); fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: monetary trade largely with Spain and Spanish possessions
Aid: small amounts from Spain
Monetary conversion rate: 70 pesetas=US$1 (official)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,790 mi.; 305 bituminous treated, 3,485 mi. unimproved earth roads
and tracks
Ports: 2 major, 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 23 total, 15 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with
runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: telephone poor, telegraph poor to fair; 540 telephones;
1,500 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
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DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Spain; Spanish Sahara is a province of Spain;
defense forces operationally under Canary Islands Command
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NIS 54 SUDAN
LAND:
967,000 sq. mi.; 37% arable (3% cultivated), 15% grazing,
33% desert, waste, or urban, 15% forest (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 15,676,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(FY67-70); males 15-49, 3,573,000; 2,125,000 fit for
military service; average number reaching military
age (18) annually, 180,000
Ethnic divisions: 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 52% Negro, 2%
foreigners, 1% other
Religion: 73% Sunni Muslims in north, 23% pagan, 4% Christian
(mostly in south)
Language: Arabic, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic,
and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process
Literacy: 5% to 10%
Labor force: 5.8 million; 85% agriculture, 15% industry, commerce, services,
etc.; labor shortages exist for almost all categories of employment
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic under military control since coup in May 1969
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, provincial and local administrations
controlled by central government
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; some separate
religious courts; constitution adopted 1956, suspended 1958, restored on an
interim basis in 1964; suspended with military coup in May 1969; Revolutionary
Command Council rules by Republic orders and other decrees; legal
education at University of Khartoum and extension of Cairo University at
Khartoum; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Government leader: RCC President and Prime Minister Ja'far al-Numayri
Suffrage: universal adult but franchise has not been exercised under present regime
Elections: parliamentary elections, first after 6 years of military rule held
in April and May 1965 in 6 northern provinces; latest elections in April
1968; military regime in power has not scheduled elections
Political parties and leaders: all parties outlawed since May 1969; the ban has
not been enforced on the Sudan Communist Party
Voting strength: not tabulated by party
Communists: 5,000-10,000; several thousand sympathizers; with supporters, obtained
dominant position in October 1964 transitional government and hastily formed
national front organization; main strength in labor unions, some professional
associations, and university student groups; Communists hold posts at all
levels of civil service
Member of: Arab League, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UPU, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1.4 billion (1968 provisional), under $100 per capita; 7% growth at
current prices 1967-68
Agriculture: main crops -- sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans,
barley; not self-sufficient in food production; main cash crops -- cotton,
gum arabic
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery, cement, edible oils, soap,
distilling, shoes, pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 132,000 kw. capacity (1970); 303 million kw.-hr. produced (1969);
19 kw.-hr. per capita
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Exports: $287 million (f.o.b., FY70); cotton (64%), gum arabic, peanuts,
sesame; $64.7 million exports to bloc (FY70)
Imports: $268 million (c.i.f., FY70); textiles, petroleum products, vehicles,
tea, wheat; $22.2 million imports from bloc (1968)
Major trade partners: U.K., West Germany, Italy, India, U.S.S.R.
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound=US$2.87 (official); 0.348 Sudanese
pound=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,950 mi.; 2,730 mi. 3'6" gage, 440 mi. 2' gage plantation line
Highways: 6,550 mi.; 680 mi. crushed stone or gravel, 190 mi. bituminous-treated,
and 5,680 mi. improved and unimproved earth roads; in addition, there are an
undetermined number of tracks
Inland waterways: 3,300 mi. navigable
Ports: 1 major, 7 minor
Merchant marine: 6 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,000 GRT, 25,000
DWT
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 86 total, 66 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 29 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: large system by African standards, but still barely adequate
for size of country; consists of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, multi-
conductor cables, radio communication stations and a tropospheric scatter
link; principal center of Khartoum, secondary centers at Al Fashir and
Port Sudan; 45,600 telephones; 650,000 radio and 35,000 TV receivers; 2 AM,
no FM, and 1 TV stations; 5 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971, $106.0 million; 24.0% of
total budget
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NIS 95B SURINAM
LAND:
55,100 sq. mi.; negligible amount of arable land, meadows
and pastures, 76% forest, 8% unused but potentially
productive, 16% built-on area, wasteland, and other
(1964)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 417,000, average annual growth rate 3.5% (FY68-69);
males 15-49, 99,000; 55,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 35.5% Creole (Negro and mixed), 34.7%
Hindustani (East Indian), 14.9% Javanese, 8.5% Bush
Negro, 2.2% Amerindian, 1.6% Chinese, 1.3% Europeans,
1.3% other and unknown
Religion: Muslim, Hindu, Moravian, Roman Catholic, other -- in order of size
(% figures unknown)
Language: Dutch official; English widely spoken; Taki-Taki (Surinam Creole)
is native language of Creoles and lingua franca; Hindi; Javanese
Literacy: 70% to 75%
Labor force: 80,190 (1964); 24.9% agriculture, 6.9% mining, 10% industry, 2.8%
building trades, 13.5% trade and transport, 6.7% services, 22.2% government
employees, 3.1% unclassified, 9.9% unemployed and seeking work
Organized labor: approx. 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Surinam
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands, enjoying complete domestic
autonomy
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each headed by district commissioner
responsible to Minister of Internal Affairs
Legal system: Dutch civil law system; country statute of 1955 serves as
constitution
Branches: Council of Ministers headed by a Minister-President, which constitutes
the Cabinet; 39-member legislative council (Staten) popularly elected for
4-year term; court system administered by Attorney-General under Minister
of Justice and Police
Government leader: Minister-President, Jules Sedney
Suffrage: universal over age 23
Elections: every 4 years or earlier upon request of Minister-President
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Surinam (NPS), (temporary
leader M. Ch. Calor); Party of the People's Welfare (VHP), J. Lachmon; Action
Group (AG), R. Janki; Progressive National Party (PNP), Frank E. Essed;
Surinam Democratic Party (SDP), B. F. J. Oostburg; United Indonesian People's
Party (SRI), F. Karsowidijojo; Javanese Farmers' Party (KTPI), H. I. Soemita;
Nationalist Republic Party (PNR), Edward Bruma (principal leftist party)
Voting strength (1969): 27.7% NPS, 35.1% VHP, .2% AG, 23.3% PNP, 1.1% SDP, 3.4%
SRI, 8.8% other
Communists: no overt Communist Party
Member of: EEC (associate), WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $218 million (1968 est.); $580 per capita; real growth rate 1968, about 6%
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, sugarcane, bananas; self-sufficient in major
staple (rice); caloric intake 2,500 calories per day per capita (1962)
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering,
food processing
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ECONOMY (contid):
Electric power: 220,000 kw. capacity (1969); 660 million kw.-hr. production
(1969); 1,650 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $113 million (f.o.b., 1968); bauxite, alumina, wood and wood products,
rice
Imports: $99 million (c.i.f., 1968); capital equipment, petroleum, iron and
steel, cotton, flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 74%, Canada 9%, Netherlands 7%; imports
-- U.S. 47%, Netherlands 20%, Europe 16% (1966)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY54-69), $6.0 million loans, $4.7 million
grants; from international organizations (FY49-69), $32.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.89 Surinam guilders (S. fl.)=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 104 mi.; 54 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage (government owned) and about 50 mi.
narrow gage (industrial line); all single track, no electrification
Highways: 1,550 mi.; 300 mi. paved, 130 mi. gravel, 370 mi. improved earth,
750 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,850 mi.; most important means of transport; oceangoing
vessels with drafts ranging from 14 to 23 ft. can navigate many of the
principal waterways while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: international facilities good and domestic network under
improvement; 10,000 telephones; 60,000 radio and 25,000 TV receivers, 5 AM,
1 FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands; the Netherlands maintains an army
force in Surinam; also available are naval, marine corps, and naval air
personnel located in the Netherlands Antilles
Ships: none
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NIS 61 SWAZILAND
LAND:
6,700 sq. mi. (1970); most of area suitable for crops or
pastureland
PEOPLE:
Population: 435,000, average annual growth rate 3.0%
(FY65-69); males 15-49, 99,000; 50,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, 1% mulatto
Religion: 43% animist, 57% Christian
Language: English and siSwati are official languages;
government business conducted in English
Literacy: about 25%
Labor force: 120,000; about 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; 55-60,000
wage earners, many only intermittently, with 31% agriculture, 11% government,
11% manufacturing, 12% mining and forestry, 35% other (1968 est.); 7,900
employed in South African mines (1969)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners are unionized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: constitutional monarchy, under King Sobhuza II; independent member of
Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba (royal and legislative)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts,
Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; constitution
adopted in 1968; legal education at University of Botswana, Lesotho, and
Swaziland (located in Lesotho); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive authority vested in King but exercised through Prime Min-
ister and cabinet; cabinet appointed by King from legislative majority;
House of Assembly (24 elected, 6 appointed by King plus Speaker and Attorney
General) and Senate (6 elected by House of Assembly, 6 appointed by King,
Speaker) -- 17 Swazi courts administer customary law for Africans, High
Court and Subordinate Courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents,
Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Head of State King Sobhuza II; Prime Minister Makhosini
Dalmini
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: first elections for Legislative Council held in June 1964; latest
in April 1967
Political parties and leaders: Imbokodvo, the traditionalist party, controlled
by King Sobhuza II; Ngwane National Liberatory Congress (NNLC), led by
Dr. Ambrose Zwane, is only active opposition
Voting strength: Imbokodvo won 80% of vote in 1967 elections and all seats in
parliament; NNLC won 20% of vote but no seats
Communists: no Swaziland Communist Party
Member of: OAU, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: approx. $75 million (1968), about $190 per capita; real growth rate about
8% (1967)
Agriculture: main crops -- sugar, rice, and citrus fruits
Major industry: mining
Electric power: 59,000 kw. capacity (1970); 204 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
500 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $62 million (f.o.b., 1969); iron ore, asbestos, sugar, wood and forest
products, citrus, meat products, cotton
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Imports: $53 million (f.o.b., 1969); food products, manufactured goods
fertilizer, fuel
Major trade partners: Japan, U.K., South Africa
Aid: economic aid -- U.K. $4.2 million (1969-70), others approximately
no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African Rand=US$1.40 (Swaziland uses
African Rand) (official); 0.714 SA Rand=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
, machinery,
$2 million;
the South
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 135 mi., 316" gage, single track
Highways: 1,660 mi.; 135 mi. paved; 840 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 685 mi. improved or unimproved earth
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 26 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 2 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: the system consists of a few open-wire lines and low-powered
radiocommunication stations; Mbabane is the center; 4,800 telephones; 30,000
radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
None, police only
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NIS 11 SWEDEN
LAND:
173,000 sq. mi.; 8% arable, 1% meadows and pastures, 55%
forested, 36% other (1968)
Limits of territorial waters: 4 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 8,132,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(FY70); males 15-49, 1,909,000; 1,635,000 fit for
military service; 53,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small
Lappish minority
Religion: 92% Evangelical Lutheran, 7% other Protestant,
Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 3.5 million; 11.8% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 33.5% mining
and manufacturing; 9.6% construction; 15.5% commerce; 7.2% transportation
and communications; 20.9% services; 1.5% unemployed
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 provinces, 624 communes, 224 towns
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; Acts of 1809,
1886, 1910, and 1949 serve as constitution; judicial review of legislative
acts in Supreme Court; legal education at Universities of Lund, Stockholm,
and Uppsala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Riksdag);
executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible to
parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts, 152 lower courts
Government leaders: King Gustav VI Adolf; Prime Minister Olof Palme
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20
Elections: every 3 years (next in 1973)
Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Gosta Bohman; Center, Gunnar
Hedlund; Liberal, Gunnar Helen; Social Democratic, Olof Palme; Communist,
Carl-Henrik Hermansson; Communist League of Marxists-Leninists (KFML), Gunnar
Bylin
Voting strength (1970 election): 11.5% Conservative, 19.9% Center, 16.2% Liberal,
45.3% Social Democratic, 4.8% Communist, 0.4% KFML, 1.8% other
Communists: 17,000; a number of sympathizers as indicated by the 236,700
Communist votes cast in 1970 elections; an additional 21,200 votes cast for
Maoist KFML
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB,
ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $28.5 billion, $3,532 per capita (1969); 51.6% consumption, 32.1% investment,
17.0% government; -0.7% net exports of goods and services (1968); 1969 growth
rate 5.0%, in 1959 constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates with milk and dairy products
accounting for 40% of farm income; main crops -- grains, sugar beets,
potatoes; 90% self-sufficient; food shortages -- oils and fats, tropical
products; caloric intake, 2,880 calories per day per capita (1967-68)
Major industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
telephone parts, armaments), shipbuilding, wood pulp and paper products,
processed foods, textiles, chemicals
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers, potash, salt
Crude steel: 5.3 million metric tons produced (1969), 670 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 15 million kw. capacity (1970); 60,612 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 7,000 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5,688 million (f.o.b., 1969); nonelectric machinery, motor vehicles
and ships, wood pulp, paper products, iron and steel products, metal ores
and scrap
Imports: $5,899 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and
petroleum products, textile yarn and fabrics, iron and steel
Major trade partners: (1969) West Germany 15.4%, U.K. 13.4%, U.S. 7.4%, Norway
9.8%, Denmark 8.8%; EFTA 40%; EEC 31.0%; Communist countries 5.4%
Aid: economic -- U.S., $189.6 million authorized through June 1968; net official
aid to less developed countries and multilateral agencies, $315.6 million
(1960-68), $71.4 million in 1968, $120.8 million in 1969
Monetary conversion rate: 5.173 kronor.US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 8,015 mi.; Swedish State Railways (SJ) account for 7,245 mi. standard
gage (4'8 1/2"), 48 mi. narrow gage (3'6"), 255 mi. narrow gage (2'11"),
4,358 mi. electrified; remaining lines are privately owned and operated
(90 route mi. of narrow gage (2'11"), 30 mi. narrow gage
(2'7 1/2"), and 347 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/2"), lines)
Highways: 60,100 mi.; 45,800 mi. are crushed stone, gravel, or improved
earth; and 14,300 mi. are bitumen, stone block, or cobblestone
Inland waterways: 1,268 mi. navigable for small steamers and barges
Ports: 17 major, and 23 minor
Merchant marine: 378 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,475,000 GRT, 6,747,000
DWT; includes 10 passenger, 185 cargo, 50 tanker, 56 bulk, 77 specialized
carrier
Civil air: 61 major transports registered
Airfields: 174 total, 145 usable; 79 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 55 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 9 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: telephone the primary service, but extensive telegraph and
broadcast services are available; excellent domestic and international
facilities; 4,307,000 telephones; 42 AM, 70 FM, and 168 TV stations available
to over 90% of population; 4.8 million radio and 2.8 million TV receivers;
12 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: produces vehicles, artillery, tanks, aircraft, chemical and biological
warfare defensive materiel, some missiles, and ammunition; imports
considerable quantities from NATO countries; most naval ships produced
domestically
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1972, $1.2 billion; about
11% of proposed central government budget
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NIS 15 SWITZERLAND
LAND:
16,000 sq. mi.; 10% arable, 42% meadows and pastures, 21%
waste or urban, 24% forested, 3% inland water (1968)
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,381,000, average annual growth rate 1.3%
(FY69); males 15-49, 1,532,000; 1,325,000 fit for
military service; 45,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Ethnic divisions: total population -- 69% German, 19%
French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; Swiss
nationals -- 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian,
1% Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 46% Roman Catholic
Language: Swiss nationals -- 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch,
1% other; total population -- 69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.5 million; 16% agriculture and forestry, 47% industry and crafts,
20% trade and transportation, 5% professions, 2% in public service, 10%
domestic and other; no significant unemployment shortage of both skilled and
unskilled labor -- 4,400 unfilled vacancies in January 1971
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 22 cantons (3 divided into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; constitution adopted
1874, amended since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with
respect to Federal decrees of general obligatory character; legal education
at Universities of Bern, Geneva and Lausanne, and four other university
schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: bicameral parliament has legislative authority; federal council
(Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice left chiefly to cantons
Government leader: Rudolf Gnaegi, President
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every 4 years; next elections 1971
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Fritz Gruetter,
president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Henri Schmitt, president;
Christian Conservative People's Party (KCVP), Franz Josef Kurmann, president;
Farmer, Artisan, and Middle Class Party (BGBP), Hans Conzett, president;
Communist Party (PdA), Jacob Lechleiter, Jean Vincent, Andre Muret, all
Secretariat members
Voting strength (1967 election): 23.5% FDP, 21.9% KCVP, 24.1% SPS, 11.3% BGBP,
2.9% Communist, 16.3% other
Communists: 3,600; splinter parties 250; 28,521 votes in 1967 election
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, OECD, U.N. (permanent
observer), WHO, WMO, has applied for associate membership EEC
ECONOMY:
GNP: $20.1 billion (1970), $3,190 per capita; 57% consumption, 29% investment,
12% government, net foreign balance 2% (1970); 1970 growth rate 4.4%, 1958
constant prices
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food
shortages -- fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains,
eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat; caloric intake, 2,990 calories per day per
capita (1967-68 est.)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw materials except hydroelectric energy
Crude steel: 453,000 metric tons produced (1969), 73 kg. per capita
Electric power: 9,965,000 kw. capacity (1970); 35,245 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 4,220 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1970); principal items -- machinery and equip-
ment, chemicals, precision instruments, textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $6.5 billion (c.i.f., 1970); principal items -- machinery and trans-
portation equipment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals,
textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: West Germany 23%, France 10%, U.S. 9%, Austria 5%, Italy
9%, U.K. 8%; EEC 49%; EFTA 20%; Communist countries 3% (1970)
Aid: some disbursed; none received
Monetary conversion rate: 4.328 Swiss francs=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,040 mi.; 2,195 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage, 845 mi. narrow gage (810 mi. at
313 3/8", 35 mi. at 2'7 1/2"); 780 mi. double track; 3,040 mi. electrified
Highways: 31,300 mi.; 12,300 mi. paved, 19,000 mi. otherwise improved
Pipelines: crude oil, 195 mi.
Inland waterways: 41 mi.; Rhine River-Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to
Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable lakes ranging in size from
Lake Geneva to Hallwilersee
Freight carried: rail -- 34.8 million metric tons (1963); 4.59 billion ton/km.
(1963)
Ports: 3 minor
Merchant marine: 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 205,000 GRT, 293,000
DWT; includes 23 cargo, 4 bulk; fleet is registered in Basel, operates
mainly out of Genoa, Hamburg, and Rotterdam
Civil air: 70 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 88 total, 72 usable; 34 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 4 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 13 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent services; 2.8 million telephones; 1.8 million
radio and 1.3 million TV receivers; 8 AM, 70 FM, and 205 TV stations
including repeaters
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: produces moderate amounts of all types of materiel; some medium and
heavy equipment is imported from U.S. and Western Europe; formerly produced
jet aircraft (under license); produces surface-to-air missiles in limited
quantities
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $457,907,010; 26%
of central government budget
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NIS 28A SYRIA
LAND:
72,000 sq. mi.; (including about 500 sq. mi. occupied by
Israel); mainly semiarid and desert plains; 38% arable,
41% grazing, 3% forest, 18% other
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 6,452,000, average annual growth rate 3.3%
(FY61-70); males 15-49, 1,563,000; 840,000 fit for
military service; about 78,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and
other
Religion: 70.5% Sunni Muslim, 16.3% other Muslim sects, 13.2% Christians of
various sects
Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian; French and English widely understood
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 1.2 million; 53% agriculture, 17% industry, 30% miscellaneous
services; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under left-wing military regime since March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city of Damascus administered as
separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts;
provisional constitution promulgated in 1964; legal education at Damascus
University and University of Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: legislative and executive powers vested in President and Council
of Ministers; seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syrian) Command
Government leaders: President Hafiz Al-Asad
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: no electoral laws in force; last elections in December 1961; presidential
referendum in 1971
Political parties and leaders: Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) Party only
recognized party
Other political or pressure groups: all officially banned; conservative Populist
and Nationalist Parties have lost all effective political influence;
Communist Party ineffective; small pro-Nasir organizations (United Socialist
Movement, Arab National Front, Arab Nationalist Movement) constitute greatest
threat to Ba'thist regime aside from factionalism in Ba'th Party itself
Member of: Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, wheat, and barley; sheep and goat raising;
self-sufficient in food in years of average weather
Major industries: textiles, cement, glass, petroleum (80,000 bpd. production,
refining capacity 54,000 bbls. per day, 1970) food processing, soap
Electric power: 350,000 kw. capacity (1970); 900 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 210 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $206.8 million (1969); 50% cotton, grain and wool in good years,
livestock
Imports: $369.6 million (c.i.f., 1969); metal products, textiles, machinery, sugar
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ECONOMY ( cont d) :
Monetary conversion rate: 3.82 Syrian pounds=US$1 (controlled rate); 4.20 Syrian
pounds=US$1 (free rate) (1970, October)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 476 mi.; 334 mi. standard gage, 142 mi. narrow gage (315 3/811)
Highways: 6,030 mi.; 4,306 mi. paved, 808 mi. gravel or crushed stone, 1,535 mi.
improved earth, 497 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 420 mi.; of little importance
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,173 mi.; refined products, 320 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 86 total, 2.6 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
over 12,000 ft., 15 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 5 with runways 4,000-
7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunication service; excellent
domestic telecommunication service; 104,000 telephones; 280,000 radio and
75,000 TV receivers; 5 TV and 5 AM stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: capable of producing limited quantities of small-arms ammunition; other-
wise dependent on outside sources, principally U.S.S.R.
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NIS 56E TANZANIA
LAND:
362,800 sq. mi. (including islands of Zanzibar and Pemba,
1,020 sq. mi.); 6% inland water, 8% cultivated, 9%
used for grazing, 76% forest, woodland, or grassland
on mainland; 50% arable, of which 40% cultivated
on islands of Zanzibar and Pemba (1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 13,629,000, average annual growth rate 2.7%
(FY70); males 15-49, 3,244,000; 1,790,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: 99% native Africans consisting of well
over 100 tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab
Religion: Tanganyika -- 45% animist, 29% Christian, 25% Muslim; Zanzibar --
almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili official; English often used as administrative language;
primary language of about 89% of the population is one of the many Bantu,
Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Hamitic languages; 10% Swahili; 1% English
Literacy: 5% to 10%
Labor force: under 400,000 in paid employment, 90% in agriculture
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single parties dominate both on the mainland and on Zanzibar
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 23 regions -- 19 on mainland, 4 on Zanzibar islands
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, customary law, and German
civil law system; interim constitution adopted 1965; judicial review of
legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at
University College, Dar es Salaam; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full executive authority; National Assembly
dominated by Nyerere and the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), consists
of 120 elected members, 17 ex officio members, and up to 25 appointed members
from mainland, and 3 ex officio members and up to 52 appointed members from
Zanzibar; First Vice President Abeid Karume and the Revolutionary Council
still run Zanzibar despite the efforts of Nyerere to integrate the islands
into the political system of the mainland
Government leader: President Julius Nyerere
Suffrage: universal adult
Political party and leaders: Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), only main-
land political party, dominated by Nyerere with Second Vice President Rashidi
Kawawa as his top lieutenant; Karume's Afro-Shirazi Party in Zanzibar is
supposed to merge with TANU eventually
Voting strength (October 1970 national elections): 5 million registered voters;
Nyerere received 95% of 3.6 million votes cast
Communists: a few Communists and sympathizers
Member of: Commonwealth, EAC, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU,
U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
Mainland:
GDP: $1,058 million at 1966 prices (1969), about $80 per capita; growth rate in
constant 1966 prices for 1969 3.1%
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, coffee, sisal on mainland; largely self-
sufficient in food
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes,
sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement
Electric power: 93,500 kw. capacity (1970); 360 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
24 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $256 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee, cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat,
diamonds, cloves, coconut products
Imports: $244 million (c.i.f., 1969); manufactured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs (mainly for Zanzibar);
Zanzibar accounted for $6.8 million of total imports (1968)
Major trade partners: exports -- Communist countries $11.7 million, Zanzibar
$14 million (cloves and coconut products); imports -- Communist countries
$25.3 million (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Tanzanian shilling=US$0.14; 7.143 Tanzanian
shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Zanzibar:
GNP: $35 million (1967)
Agriculture: main crops -- cloves, coconuts
Industries: agricultural processing
Electric power: see Tanganyika (above)
Exports: $12.6 million (1968); cloves and clove products, coconut products
Imports: $5.6 million (1968); mainly foodstuffs and consumer goods
Major trade partners: imports -- Communist China, Japan, and mainland Tanzania;
exports -- Singapore, Communist China, Hong Kong, U.K.
Aid: U.K. principal source of aid until 1964; Communist China and East Germany
extended through June 1968 -- $25 million
Exchange rate: 1 Tanzanian shilling=US$0.14; 7.143 Tanzanian shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,620 mi., meter gage, 4 mi. double track
Highways: total 21,200 mi., 390 mi. on Zanzibar Island, 277 mi. on Pemba and
Mafia Islands; about 1,400 mi. bituminous treated, 370 mi. on Zanzibar and
Pemba; Tanzania, 19,800 mi. gravel, crushed stone, or unimproved earth
Pipelines: refined products 610 mi.
Inland waterways: 730 mi. of navigable streams; several thousand mi. navigable
on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Nyasa
Ports: 4 major, 8 minor
Merchant marine: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,500 GRT, 31,200
DWT
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 95 total, 83 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000 to 11,999 ft., 36 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph good in main centers, only fair
outside main towns; 31,600 telephones; 150,000 radio receivers; 4 AM, no FM
or TV stations; 4 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on external sources, primarily Communist China, but also
U.K., U.S.S.R., Australia; Marine Police ships supplied by East Germany,
West Germany, U.S.S.R., and Communist China
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971, $17,000,000; 4.7% of
total budget
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NIS 42 THAILAND
LAND:
198,000 sq. mi.; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20% other
(1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 36,923,000, average annual growth rate 3.1%
(FY70); males 15-49, 9,326,000; 5,690,000,fit for
military service; about 400,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% minorities
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% Christian
Language: Thai; English secondary language of elite
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 88% agriculture, 9% commerce, 3% industry
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 71 centrally controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; new
constitution promulgated in 1968; legal education at Thammasat University;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: King is head of state with nominal powers; Prime Minister, with strong
personal powers, assisted by Council of Ministers (cabinet); bicameral
legislature consists of appointed Senate and elected House of Representatives;
judiciary relatively independent except in important political subversive
cases
Government leaders: King Phumiphon Adundet; Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn,
Prime Minister; General Praphat Charusathien, Deputy Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal
Elections: House of Representatives every 4 years; first under new constitution
held mid-February 1969
Member of: ADB, ASA, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ECAFE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, IHB, ILO, ITU, SEAMES, SEATO, U.N., UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $6.3 billion (1969 est. in current prices), $175 per capita; estimated 11%
real growth in 1969
Agriculture: world's second largest rice exporter; main crops -- rice, rubber,
corn; almost 100% self-sufficient in food
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, wood and wood products,
cement, tin mining; non-Communist world's third largest tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and petroleum
Electric power: 1,287,000 ha. capacity (1970); 3.9 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 109 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $711 million (f.o.b., 1970); rice, rubber, corn, tin, cassava, kenaf
Imports: $1,275 million (c.i.f., 1970); excluding U.S. military imports;
machinery and transport equipment, textiles, fuels and lubricants, base
metals, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports -- Japan, U.S., Singapore, Hong Kong, Netherlands,
Malaysia; imports -- Japan, U.S., West Germany, U.K.; about 1% or less trade
with Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 20.8 baht=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 2,379 mi. meter gage; 60 mi. double track
Highways: 12,590 mi.; 5,440 mi. paved, 4,820 mi. crushed stone or gravel, 2,330
earth and laterite
Inland waterways: 2,485 mi. principal waterways; 2,300 mi. with navigable depths
of 3 ft. or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Merchant marine: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 63,300 GRT, 94,800 DWT;
includes 10 cargo, 7 tanker
Airfields: 195 total, 162 usable; 39 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with
runways 8,000-111999 ft., 21 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: service to general public being improved, but still inadequate;
bulk of service to government activities provided by numerous radiocommunica-
tion stations and radio-relay network; satellite ground station connects to
Intelsat II and will connect to Indian Ocean satellite; 134,663 telephones;
2,775,000 radios; 222,000 televisions; estimated 50 AM, 5 FM, and 6 TV
stations in two government-controlled networks; U.S. military submarine
cable to South Vietnam
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1971, $335,400,000; 26% of
total budget
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NIS 50N TOGO
LAND:
22,000 sq. mi.; nearly half total is arable, under 15%
cultivated (1970)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,068,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(FY67-70); males 15-49, 410,000; 200,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: some 40 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe in south and Cabrais in north;
under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 20% Christian, 5% Muslim, 75% animist
Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African
are Ewe and Mina in south and Dagoma, Tim, and Cabrais in north
Literacy: 5% to 10%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture; about
30,000 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors
languages
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; under military rule since January 1967
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 18 circumscriptions
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary practice; draft constitution
presented to President in 1968, no indication of when it will be submitted
to referendum; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: military government, with civilian participation in the cabinet, took
over on 14 April 1967, replacing provisional government created after
January coup; no legislature; separate judiciary including State Security
Court established 1970
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Etienne Eyadema, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: no elections since 1963 and none scheduled
Political parties: single party formed by President Eyadema in September 1969;
Rassemblement de Peuple Togolais, structure and staffing of party closely
controlled by government
Communists: no Communist Party; there may be a few Communists and sympathizers
Member of: EAMA, ENTENTE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, OCAM, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $233 million (1969), about $130 per capita
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, cocoa; major food crops -- yams, cassava,
corn, beans, rice, fish; must import some foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, handicrafts,
textiles, beverages
Electric power: 11,900 1(14. capacity (1970); 38 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
20 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $41.4 million (f.o.b., 1969); phosphates, cocoa, coffee, palm
kernels, and cassava
Imports: $52.6 million (c.i.f., 1969); textiles and other consumer goods,
fuels, machinery, tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly with France and other EEC countries
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 310 mi. meter gage, single track
Highways: approx. 4,475 mi.; 235 mi. paved, 120 mi. gravel, 910 mi.
improved earth, 3,210 mi. unimproved
Inland waterways: section of Mono River and about 30 mi. of coastal lagoons
and tidal creeks
Ports: I major, 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: Togo has poor system based on skeletal network of open-wire
lines, supplemented by a few radiocommunication stations; only center is
Lome; 4,600 telephones; 45,000 radio receivers; 1 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: most military materiel obtained from France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $2,800,000; 9.8% of
total budget
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NIS 102 TONGA
LAND:
385 sq. mi.; 150 islands; 77% arable, 3% pasture, 13%
forest, 3% inland water, 4% other (1963)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 87,000, average annual growth rate 2.5% (FY69)
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, about 300 Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over
30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
Literacy: 90%-95%; compulsory education for children
between ages of 6-14
Labor force: agriculture 10,303; mining 599
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Nukualofa
Political subdivisions: 3 main island groups (Tongatapu, Haapi, Vavau)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: Executive (King and Privy Council); Legislative (Legislative Assembly
composed of 7 nobles elected by their peers, 7 elected representatives of
the people, 7 Ministers of the Crown; the King appoints one of the 7 nobles
to be the speaker); Judiciary (Supreme Court, magistrate courts, Land
Court)
Government leaders: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV; Premier, Prince Tu'ipelehake
(younger brother of the King)
Suffrage: granted to all literate adults over 21 years of age who pay taxes
Elections: held triennially
Communists: none known
Member of: Commonwealth
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops of
taro, yams, sweet potatoes, manioc, and bread fruit
Electric power: 900 kw. capacity (1970); 2.6 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
18 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $3.8 million (f.o.b., 1969); copra and bananas
Imports: $5.7 million (c.i.f., 1969)
Major trade partners: Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Japan, U.K.
Monetary conversion rate: 0.893 Tonga dollar=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 365 mi.; 132 mi. metalled all-weather, 233 mi. earth
Ports: 5 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,800 GRT, 2,700
DWT
Civil air: (see Western Samoa)
Airfields: 3 total; 1 usable, with grass runway 7,000 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: 895 telephones; 6,050 radio sets; no TV sets; I AM station
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NIS 81D TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
LAND:
1,980 sq. mi.; 41.9% in farms (of which 25.7% cropped or
fallow, 1.5% pasture, 10.6% forests, 4.1% unused or
built-on); 58.1% outside of farms, including
grassland, forest, built-up area, and wasteland
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 961,000, average annual growth rate 1.3%
(FY61-70); males 15-49, 212,000; 150,000 fit for
military service
Ethnic divisions: 43% Negro, 36% East Indian, 16% mixed,
2% white, 3% other
Religion: 35% Protestant, 29% Roman Catholic, 23% Hindu, 6% Muslim, 7% unknown
Language: English
Literacy: BO%
Labor force: about 363,700 (of which, at least 15% unemployed); about 20.4%
agriculture; 18.3% mining, quarrying, and manufacturing; 15.8% commerce;
14.6% construction and utilities; 6.9% transportation and communications;
20.8% services (1965); shortage of technical and managerial personnel
Organized labor: 24% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Trinidad and Tobago
Type: independent state since August 1962; recognizes Elizabeth II as chief
of state
Capital: Port of Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards, Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into effect
1962; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative branch consists of 36-member elected House of
Representatives and 24-member Senate (13 nominated by Prime Minister,
4 by opposition leader, 7 at discretion of Governor General); executive is
cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary is Supreme Court
Government leader: Prime Minister, Dr. Eric Williams
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: last election 7 November 1966
Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM), Dr. Eric
Williams; Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Vernon Jamadar; People's Democratic
Party (PDP), Bhadase Sagan Maraj; Liberal Party (LP), Peter Farquhar; Workers
and Farmers Party (WFP), (Marxist-oriented) Stephen Maharaj; United
National Independence Party, James Millette
Voting strength (1966 election): 52.3% PNM, 34% DLP, 8.9% LP, 3.5% WFP, 1.3%
other
Communists: not significant
Other political pressure groups: Tapia House Group (headed by Lloyd Best);
National Youth Congress (NYC); Oilfield Workers Trade Union (OWTU), pro-
Marxist leadership; National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), antigovernment,
extremist organization
Member of: CARIFTA, Commonwealth, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IMF, OAS, U.N.
ECONOMY:
GDP: $837.5 million (1969 est.), $790 per capita; real growth rate 1968, 3.7% est.
Agriculture: main crops -- sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, rice, citrus, bananas;
largely dependent upon imports of food
Major industries: petroleum, tourism, food processing, cement
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 285,000 kw. capacity (1969); 1.21 billion kw.-hr. produced (1969);
1,170 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $475 million (f.o.b., 1969 est.); petroleum and petroleum products,
sugar, cocoa
Imports: $482 million (c.i.f., 1969 est.); crude petroleum, machinery,
transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food
Major trade partners: exports -- U.S. 47%, U.K. 10%, CARIFTA 9%; imports --
LAFTA 39%, U.S. 15%, U.K. 14% (1969)
Aid: economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY56-69) $22.7 million loans, $40.4
million grants; from international organizations (FY53-69), $56.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: TT$2=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 4,200 mi.; 2,500 mi. paved, 1,700 mi. gravel or otherwise improved
Pipelines: crude oil, 243 mi.; refined products, 12 mi.; natural gas, 130 mi.
Ports: 3 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 9 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 3 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter
link to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; planned satellite ground
station; 51,700 telephones; est. 250,000 radio and 54,000 TV receivers;
2 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: mostly from U.K.
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $2,500,000;
about 1.5% of central government budget
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NIS 32C TRUCIAL STATES
LAND:
32,000 sq. mi. (1965); almost all desert, waste or urban
(1963)
Limits of territorial waters: Abu Dhabi 3 n. mi., Sharjah
12 n. mi., others not available
PEOPLE:
Population: 179,000 (census of 15 March - 16 April 1968);
males 15-49, about 43,000; about 22,000 fit for
military service
Religion: Muslim (96%)
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 20% est.
Labor force: population engaged in herding and fishing; growing
skilled laborers, many Indian, Pakistani, and Iranians
number of
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Trucial States (7 amirates)
Type: ruled by traditional leading families; protected states of U.K.
Legal system: based on Islamic law with ultimate appeal to the Sheikh; some
influence of English common law in commercial matters
States and rulers: Abu Dhabi, Zayid ibn Sultan; 'Ajman, Rashid ibn Humayd;
Dubai, Rashid ibn Said; Fujairah, Muhammad ibn Hamad; Ras al Khaimah,
Saqr ibn Muhammad; Sharjah, Khalid ibn Muhammad; Urn al Qaiwain, Ahmad
ibn Rashid
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: food imported, but some dates, alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco
raised
Major industries: fishing, trading, oil production; oil production began in Abu
Dhabi in 1962, and in 1970 reached 694,000 bbls. per day; oil revenues
accruing to Abu Dhabi estimated $200 million in 1970; Dubai has best port
and is commercial center -- oil was discovered in commercial quantities in
1966; production began in 1969, 1970 production 86,000 b.p.d.; oil revenues
for 1970 estimated at $33 million; small fishing, some boat building,
handicrafts, animal husbandry, pearling throughout area
Electric power: 18,000 kw. capacity (1970); 50 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
380 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: crude petroleum, pearls, fish; Abu Dhabi crude exports $244 million (est.
1968) and Dubai $20 million total, of which $18.8 million reexports (1968)
Imports: food, consumer and capital goods; Abu Dhabi $120 million estimated
(1969) and Dubai $200 million total (est. 1969)
Major trade partners: Japan, U.K., India
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar-Dubai riya1=US$0.21; Abu Dhabi, 1 Bahrain
dinar=US$2.10
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: no surfaced roads
Pipelines: crude oil, 170 mi.
Ports: 2 major, 4 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,300 GRT, 7,900 DWT
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 83 total, 38 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 16 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: telephone system in Dabai and Al Sharjah, also links
these towns; Abu Dhabi Petroleum operates a telecom system throughout
the sheikhdom; key centers are Tarif, Habshaan, and Jebel Dhana; 6,800
telephones; 250,000 radio and 10,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV
stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of U.K.
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NIS 46 TUNISIA
LAND:
63,400 sq. mi.; 28% arable land and tree crops, 23% range
and esparto grass, 6% forest, 43% desert, waste or
urban
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi
follows meter isobath in south; maximum extent 80 n.
mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,249,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(current); males 15-49, 1,256,000; 720,000 fit for
military service; about 45,000 reach military age
(20) annually
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1%
Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less than 1% Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), Arabic and French (commerce)
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force: 1.5 million; 70% agriculture, 10% manufacturing and construction,
20% other; 25% underemployed; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 10% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT),
subordinate to Destourian Socialist Party
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 13 governorates (provinces)
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution
patterned on Turkish and U.S. constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal
education at Institute of Higher Studies and Ecole Superieure de Droit in
Tunis; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislative largely advisory; judicial,
patterned on French system and Koranic law
Government leader: President Habib Bourguiba; Prime Minister Heidi Novira
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national elections held every 5 years; last elections 2 November 1969
Political party and leader: Destourian Socialist Party, Habib Bourguiba
Voting strength (1969 election): 100% Destourian Socialist Party
Communists: 250; a few sympathizers; Tunisian Communist Party proscribed in 1962
Member of: Arab League, EEC (association until 1974), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock herding predominate; main crops --
wheat, barley, olives, fruits (especially citrus), viticulture, vegetables,
dates
Major industries: mining, food processing, textiles and leather, light
manufacturing, construction materials, chemical fertilizers
Electric power: 270,000 kw. capacity (1970); 710 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
137 kw.-hr. per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 0.52 dinar=US$1 (IMF par value)
Fiscal year: calendar year
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,210 mi.; 310 mi. standard gage (4'8 1/21), 900 mi. meter gage
(3'3 3/8"); 20 mi. double track; 10 mi. electrified
Highways: 10,000 mi.; 4,560 mi. bituminous, 465 mi. gravel, 2,050 mi. improved
earth, 2,925 mi. unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 391 mi.; refined products, 6 mi.; natural gas, 43 mi.
Ports: 4 major, 14 minor
Merchant marine: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 30,000 GRT, 42,000 DWT;
includes 8 cargo, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 60 total, 36 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 19 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: the system is above the African average in amount and
capacity of facilities which consist of open-wire lines with multiconductor
cable or radio relay on trunk routes; key centers are Safagis, Susah, and
Tunis; 70,000 telephones; 400,000 radio and 50,000 TV receivers; 3 AM, 3 FM,
and 7 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on foreign sources of supply; mostly U.S., with lesser amounts
from France, Italy, and West Germany
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NIS 27 TURKEY
LAND:
296,000 sq. mi.; 34%, cropland; 33%, meadows and pastures;
16% forested, 17% unproductive
Limits of territorial waters: 6 n. mi. except in Black Sea
where it is 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 36,296,000, average annual 'growth rate 2.6%
(October 65-October 70); males 15-49, 9,141,000;
5,395,000 fit for military service; about 358,000
reach military age (20) annually
Ethnic divisions: 90% Turkish, 7% Kurd, 3% other
Religion: 99% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 1% other (mostly Christian
Language: Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, English
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: 13.7 million; 72% agriculture, 28% industry, commerce, service,
etc.; substantial shortage of skilled labor; ample unskilled labor
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
and
Jewish)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republic
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems, with remnants of
Islamic law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts
by Constitutional Court; legal education at Universities of Ankara and
Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: President elected by parliament; Prime Minister appointed by President
from members of parliament; Prime Minister is effective executive; cabinet,
selected by Prime Minister and approved by President, must command majority
support in lower house; parliament bicameral under constitution promulgated
in 1961; National Assembly has 450 members serving 4 years; Senate has
150 elected members, one-third elected every 2 years, 15 appointed by the
President to 6-year terms (one-third appointed every 2 years), and 18 life
members; highest court for ordinary criminal and civil cases is Court of
Cassation, which hears appeals directly from criminal, commercial, basic,
and peace courts
Government leaders: President Cevdet Sunay, Prime Minister Nihat Erim
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: National Assembly (1973)
Political parties and leaders: Justice Party (JP), Suleyman Demirel; Republican
People's Party (RPP), Ismet Inonu; Democrats Party (DP), Ferruh Bozbeyli;
Reliance Party (RP), Turhan Feyzioglu; New Turkey Party (NIP), Yusuf Azizoglu;
Nationalist Movement Party (NMP), Alparslan Turkes; Nation Party (NP), Osman
Bolukbasi; Turkish Labor Party (TLP), Behice Boran; Unity Party (UP), Mustafa
Timisi; Communist Party illegal; National Order Party (NOP), Necmettin Erbakan
Voting strength: 1969 National Assembly elections -- 46.6% JP, 27.5% RPP, 3.3%
NP, 2.2% NTP, 2.6% TLP, 5.7% independent, 6.4% RP, 3.1% NMP, 2.5% UP; 1968
Senatorial elections (1/3 of Senate seats) -- 49.9% JP, 27.1% RPP, 6.0% NP,
8.5% RP, 4.7% TLP, 2.0% RPNP
Communists: strength and support negligible
Member of: CENTO, Council of Europe, EEC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NATO, OECD, Regional
Cooperation for Development, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $12,820 million (1969), about $370 per capita; 7.5% average annual real
growth 1965-69
Agriculture: cotton, tobacco, cereals, sugar beets, figs, raisins, silk, olives,
fruits, nuts, opium, and livestock products; self-sufficient in food in
average years
Major industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper,
boron minerals), steel, petroleum
Crude steel: 1.2 million tons produced (1969), 30 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 2,172,000 kw. capacity (1970); 8,510 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 195 W.-hr. per capita
Exports: $536.7 million (f.o.b., 1969); cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals,
livestock products
Imports: $801.1 million (c.i.f., 1969); machinery l transport equipment, metals,
mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Major trade partners: EEC 37.3%, EFTA 18.1%, North America 16.9%, Communist
countries 13.8% (1969)
Monetary conversion rate: 9 Turkish liras=US$1 (export rate); 9.08 Turkish
liras=US$1 (import rate); both controlled; 12-Turkish liras=US$1 (tourist
rate)
Fiscal year: 1 March - 28 February
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 4,996 mi.; 4,976 mi. 4?8 1/2" gage, 20 mi. 2'5 1/2" gage; 40 mi.
double track; 20 mi. electrified
Highways: 35,729 mi.; 11,806 mi. paved, 18,641 mi. gravel or crushed stone,
5,282 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,050 mi.
Pipelines: crude oil, 40 mi.; refined products, 1,277 mi.
Ports: 10 major, 35 minor
Merchant marine: 85 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 554,000 GRT, 759,000 DWT;
includes 12 passenger, 55 cargo, 6 tanker, 6 bulk, 2 specialized carrier
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 115 total, 88 usable; 46 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways over 12,000 ft., 18 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 24 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunication and domestic
telecommunication services; 513,600 telephones; 3.1 million radio and 50,000
TV receivers; 35 AM, 3 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: mostly dependent on foreign sources, primarily U.S., Canada, and West
Germany; manufactures some small arms, trucks and adequate quantities of
ammunition; builds some of its naval ships
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 28 February 1971, $439.7 million; about
18% of central government budget
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NIS 56B UGANDA
LAND:
91,000 sq. mi.; 21% inland water and swamp, including
territorial waters of Lake Victoria, about 21%
cultivated, 13% national parks, forest, and game
reserves, 45% forest, woodland, and grassland (1970)
PEOPLE:
Population: 10,045,000, average annual growth rate 2.9%
(August 69-July 70); males 15-49, about 2,343,000;
about 1,300,000 fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.3% European, Asian,
Arab
Religion: about 60% nominally Christian, rest Muslim
or pagan
Language: English official; Luganda and Swahili widely used;
Nilotic languages
Literacy: about 20%-40%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million, of which 256,799 in
in subsistence activities
Organized labor: 123,284 union members
other Bantu and
paid labor, remaining
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic independent since October 1962
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 20 districts
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution
adopted 1967; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at
Makerere University, Kampala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Branches: Gen. Amin rules by decree; assisted by Council of Ministers
Government leader: President Gen Idi Amin
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: none scheduled by military government
Political party and leader: Uganda People's Congress (UPC), principal party
before 1971 coup, not banned but inactive
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Commonwealth, EAC, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $1,026 million (1969), $100 per capita; 6.3% real growth between 1966 and
1969
Agriculture: main cash crops -- coffee, cotton; other cash crops -- sugar,
tobacco, fish, tea, livestock; self-sufficient in food
Major industries: agricultural processing (textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood,
beer), cement, copper smelter, corrugated iron sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 150,000 kw. capacity (1969); 737 million kw.-hr. produced
(1969); 90 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $211.7 million (f.o.b., 1969); coffee, cotton, copper, tea; $7.6 million
to Communist countries (c.i.f., 1968)
Imports: $194.2 million (c.i.f., 1968); petroleum products, machinery, cotton
piece goods, metals, transport equipment; $7 million from Communist countries
(c.i.f., 1968)
Major trade partners: U.K., U.S., Kenya (Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania form
east African Economic Community)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.143 Uganda shillings=US$1; 1 Uganda shilling=US$0.14
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 760 mi.; all meter gage, single track
Highways: 31,330 mi. total; 940 mi. bituminous surface treatment; 10,390 mi.
crushed stone, gravel, laterite, and improved earth; 20,000 mi. unimproved
earth roads and tracks
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, and
Lake Edward (6,010 mi.); Kagera River and Victoria Nile (380 mi.)
Ports: 1 major (Port Bell on Lake Victoria)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 48 total, 41 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
8,000-11,999 ft., 11 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph services fair to good, intercity
connections based on 3 or 12 channel carrier systems; 27,700 telephones;
256,000 radio and 11,000 TV receivers; 2 AM, no RI, and 6 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on external sources -- U.K., Israel, U.S.S.R., and
Czechoslovakia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1970, $21.7 million; 11% of
total budget
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NIS 26 U.S.S.R.
LAND:
8,600,000 sq. mi.; 9.3% cultivated, 37.1% forest and
brush, 2.6% urban, industrial, and transportation,
16.8% pasture and natural hay land, 34.2% desert,
swamp, or waste (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
(fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 245,051,000, average annual growth rate 0.9%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 77% Slavic, 23% among some 170 ethnic groups
Religion: 70% atheist, 18% Russian Orthodox, 9% Muslim, 3% other
Language: more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1
million speakers); 76% Slavic group, 8% other Indo-European, 11% Altaic,
3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Literacy: 98.5% of population (ages 9-49)
Labor force: 125.8 million (1970), 32% agriculture, 68% industry and other non-
agricultural fields, unemployed not reported, shortage of skilled labor
not reported, no shortage of unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays,
114 oblasts, and 8 autonomous oblasts
Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory; consitution
adopted 1936; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 18
universities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Council of Ministers (executive), Supreme Soviet (legislative), Supreme
Court of U.S.S.R. (judicial)
Government leaders: Leonid I. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party; Aleksey N. Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of
Ministers; Nikolay V. Podgornyy, Chairman of the Presidium of the U.S.S.R.
Supreme Soviet
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every 4 years; 1,517 deputies elected in 1970;
72.3% party members
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) only
party permitted
Voting strength (1970 election): 153,237,112 persons over 18; claimed 99.96%
voted
Communists: 14 million
Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade unions, and other organizations
which facilitate Communist control
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICAO (has applied for membership), ILO, IMCO, ITU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: principal food crops -- grain (especially wheat), potatoes; main
industrial crops -- sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and flax; degree of
self-sufficiency depends on fluctuations in crop yields; given normal yields,
U.S.S.R. is self-sufficient; caloric intake, 3,000-3,200 calories per day
per capita in recent years
Major industries: diversified, highly developed capital goods industries; consumer
goods industries comparatively less developed
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Shortages: natural rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum, tin, and-tungsten
Crude steel: 124.6 million metric ton capacity as of 1 January 1971; 115.8
million metric tons produced in 1970, 475 kilograms per capita
Exports: fuels (particularly petroleum and derivatives), metals, agricultural
products (timber, grain) and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primarily
capital goods); $11,655.3 million (f.o.b., 1969)
Imports: specialized and complex machinery and equipment, textile fibers, consumer
manufactures, and any significant shortages in domestic production (for
example, wheat imported following poor domestic harvests); $10,326.7 million
(f.o.b., 1969)
Monetary conversion rate: .90 rubles=US$1; 1 ruble=US$1.1111
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 83,263 mi.; 80,622 mi. broad gage, 2,641 mi. narrow gage; 58,118 mi.
broad gage single track; 19,138 mi. electrified; government awned (1970)
Highways: 934,000 mi.; 99,000 mi. paved, 266,000 mi. gravel, crushed stone,
569,000 mi. improved or unimproved earth (1969)
Inland waterways: 89,000 mi. navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea; 27,350 mi.
principal routes (1971)
Pipelines: crude oil, 19,000 mi.; refined products, 4,500 mi.; natural gas,
40,500 mi
Freight carried: rail -- 3,185.6 million short tons, 1,696.3 billion short
ton/mi. (January 1971); highways -- 15,620.0 billion short tons, 148.0
billion short ton/mi. (January 1971); waterway -- 393.4 million short tons,
118.3 billion short ton/mi. (January 1971)
Merchant marine: 1,400 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,200,000 GRT,
11,900,000 OWL includes 60 passenger, 1,085 cargo, 255 tanker
DEFENSE FORCES:
Nuclear weapons: satisfies major requirements of Soviet forces
Supply: fully supplies awn needs
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NIS 53 UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
LAND:
386,000 sq. mi. (including 22,200 sq. mi. occupied by
Israel); 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% multiple
cropped); 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 0.7% inland
water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 34,178,000, average annual growth rate 2.5%
(FY70); males 15-49, 7,852,000; 4,955,000 fit for
military service; about 370,000 reach military age
(20) annually
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek,
Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Copt and other
Language: Arabic official, English and French widely understood by educated
classes
Literacy: around 40%
Labor force: 12.3 million; 60% agriculture, 10% industry, 10% trade, 20%
services and other; serious shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: United Arab Republic
Type: republic; under presidential rule since June 1956
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 25 governorates
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes;
interim constitution of 1964; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme
Court, also in Council of State which oversees validity of administrative
decisions; legal education at Cairo University; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive power vested in President, who appoints cabinet; National
Assembly has little actual power (serves mainly for discussion and automa-
tic approval); independent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice
Government leader: Anwar Sadat
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to National Assembly every 5 years (most recent January
1969); presidential elections every 6 years
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned; all candidates for
election must be members of Arab Socialist Union, the only officially
sanctioned sociopolitical grouping
Member of: AAPSO, Arab League, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHB, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WPC
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: main cash crop -- cotton; other crops -- rice, onions, beans, wheat,
corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food, but agriculture a net earner of
foreign exchange
Major industries: textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction,
cement
Electric power: 4,875,000 kw. capacity (1970); 10,628 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 310 kw.-hr. per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Egyptian pound=US$2.30 (selling rate); 0.435 Egyptian
pound=US$1 (selling rate)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 3,320 mi.; 2,940 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage, 160 mi. 3'3 3/8" gage, 220 mi.
2'5 1/2" gage, 570 mi. double track; 15 mi. electrified
Highways: 30,273 mi.; 5,900 mi. paved, 280 mi. gravel and crushed stone, 7,490
mi. improved earth, 16,680 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,100 mi.; Suez Canal, 100 mi. long, temporarily closed to
navigation because of sunken vessels; normally used by ocean-going vessels
drawing up to 38 ft. of water; Alexandria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges
of 500-ton capacity; Nile and large canals by barges of 420-ton capacity;
Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300-ton capacity; secondary canals by
sailing craft of 10- to 70-ton capacity
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1966) -- 242 million tons of which 175.6 million
tons were POL
Pipelines: crude oil, 128 mi.; refined products, 335 mi.; natural gas, 31 mi.
Ports: 5 major, 12 minor
Merchant marine: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,200 GRT, 246,100
DWT; includes 5 passenger, 27 cargo, 9 tanker
Civil air: 18 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 144 total, 81 usable; 59 with permanent-surface runways; 42 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 23 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: second best system of coaxial and multiconductor cables,
open-wire lines, and radio communication stations in Africa; principal centers
Alexandria and Cairo, secondary centers Al Mansinah, Ismailia, and Tanta;
365,000 telephones; 4.4 million radio and 560,000 TV receivers; 12 AM, 1 FM,
and 26 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1971, $1.3 billion (armed forces
and security); 44.0% of total budget
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NIS 50J UPPER VOLTA
LAND:
106,000 sq. mi.; 50% pastureland, 21% fallow, 10%
cultivated, 9% forest and scrub, 10% waste and other
uses (1967)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,492,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(FY70); males 15-49, 1,301,000; 630,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal tribe
is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other important groups
are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: majority of population animist, about 20%
Muslim, 5% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French official; tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken
by 50% of the population
Literacy: 5%-10%
Labor force: about 95% of the economically active population engaged in animal
husbandry, subsistence farming, and related agricultural pursuits; 1.5%
are wage and salary earners; about 20% of male labor force migrates
annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment
Organized labor: less than 30,000 wage earners
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Upper Volta
Type: republic; transitional military regime in power since January 1966, will
rule until 1974
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 5 departments consisting of 44 cercles
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1970; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: President is an army officer; 57-man National Assembly was elected in
December 1970; 4 year transition period will follow during which President
will rule over 15-man cabinet, one-third of which will be military; separate
judiciary
Government leader: President Gen. Sangoule Lamizana
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: National Assembly elections were in late December 1970; RDA-UDV won
37 seats, PRA 12, MLN 6; Prime Minister Gerard Kango Ouedraogo; of voters
officially reported as approving unopposed candidates of former Yameogo
regime; next elections scheduled for 1970
Political parties and leaders: 7 legally recognized parties; Voltan Democratic
Union-African Democratic Rally (UDV-RDA), Gerard Kango Ouedraogo; African
Regroupment Party (PRA), Diongolo Traore; Movement for National Liberation
(MLN); People's Action Group (GAP), Nohoun Sigue; Union for the New Voltaic
Republic (UNR), Blaise Bassoleth; Party of National Regroupment (PRN),
Francois Bassolet; Party of Voltan Workers (PTV), George Kabore
Communists: possibly some Communists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor organizations are badly splintered
Member of: EAMA, ENTENTE, FAO, ICAO, ILO, ITU, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GDP: $270 million (1967), about $50 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops -- peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, cotton; food crops --
sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; largely self-sufficient
Major industries: agricultural processing plants, brewery, bottling, and ice
plants; a few other light industries
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Electric power: 12,100 kw. capacity (1970); 38 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
7 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $19 million (f.o.b., 1968); livestock (on the hoof), peanuts, shea
nut products, cotton, sesame
Imports: $34 million (c.i.f., 1968); textiles and other consumer goods, transport
equipment, machinery, fuels, food
Major trade partners: volume understated because much regional trade is unrecorded;
Ivory Coast and Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France and other EEC
countries; preferential tariff to EEC and franc zone countries
Aid:
economic -- France (1964-67) $34.4 million-EEC (1960-68) $49.3 million;
U.S.S.R., Ghana, West Germany, and Israel have also extended aid; U.S.
(1962-69) $12.6 million; international organizations $9.5 million;
military -- France, $3.6 million (1964-68); U.S., $0.1 million (1962-69)
Monetary conversion rate: 277 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1
(official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 728 mi., 320 mi. meter gage, single track; Ouagadougou to Abidjan,
Ivory Coast line
Highways: 10,380 mi.; 40 mi. paved, 3,710 mi. improved, 6,630 mi. unimproved
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 58 total, 51 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 1 with runway 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: all services generally poor; 2,600 telephones; 87,000 radio
receivers; 5,500 TV receivers; 2 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations (broadcasts
temporarily suspended)
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $4.3 million; 12.2% of
total budget
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NIS 91 URUGUAY
LAND:
72,200 sq. mi.; 90% agricultural land, 75% pasture, 15%
cropland, 10% urban and waste
Limits of territorial waters: 200 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 2,920,000, average annual growth rate 1.2%
(FY70); males 15-49, 706,000; 555,000 fit for
military service; no conscription
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% white, 5% Negro, 5%-10% mestizo
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult
population attends church regularly)
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90.5% for those 15 years of age or older
Labor force: 1,015,500 (1963 census); of those employed in important sectors --
25% government; 53% trade and service; 28% manufacturing and construction;
19% agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining; no shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: about 25% of labor force (largely Communist influenced)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Type: republic
Capital: Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; new constitution implemented
1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, legal education
at University of the Republic at Montevideo; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive, headed by President; bicameral legislature (30 Senators
plus Vice President who presides and has voice and vote, and 99-member
Chamber of Deputies) elected by popular vote under a complicated system
using proportional representation; national judiciary headed by Supreme
Court
Government leader: President Jorge Pacheco Areco
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; next in 1971
Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, President of Party
Directorate Alberto Heber Usher, main factions include Martin Echegoyen's
"Alianza" faction, List 400 (Washington Beltran), Rocha Movement (Alberto
Gallinal), Orthodox Herreristas (Alberto Heber Usher), and Por La Patria
(Wilson Ferreira Aldunate); Colorado Party, main factions include Colorado
and Batllista Union (Jorge Pacheco Areco), List 15 (Jorge Batlle), List 315
(Amilcar Vasconcellos); Broad Front (Frente Amplio), leftwing coalition of
dissident factions from both the Blanco and Colorado parties, and including
FIDEL, the Christian Democrats, and other splinter groups; Leftist Liberation
Front (FIDEL), Communist Front
Voting strength (1966 elections): 49.3% Colorado, 40.3% Blanco, 5.7% FIDEL,
3% Christian Democrat, 0.9% Socialists, 0.8% other
Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party (PCU), Rodney Arismendi;
Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Socialist Party of Uruguay (PSU); Movement
of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), pro-Chinese Communist party; Revolutionary
Movement of Uruguay (MRO) pro-Cuban Communist Party; National Liberation
Movement (MLN-Tupamaros) Marxist Revolutionary terrorist group
Member of: IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, LAFTA, OAS, U.N.
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $2.94 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969); $1,005 per capita;
74% private consumption, 12% public consumption, 14% gross investment; real
growth rate 1970, 5%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing (22 million
sheep, 8 million cattle); main crops -- wheat, rice, corn; self-sufficient
in most basic foodstuffs; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita,
with high protein content
Major industries: meat processing, wool and hides, textiles, footwear, cement,
petroleum refining
Crude steel: 24,000 metric tons produced (1966), 10 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 575,000 kw. capacity (1970 est.); 2.1 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970 est.); 724 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $220 million (f.o.b., 1970); beef, wool, hides
Imports: $233 million (c.i.f., 1970); fuels, metals, machinery, transportation
equipment
Major trade partners: exports -- EEC 27%, U.K. 25%, U.S. 12%, LAFTA 11%;
imports -- LAFTA 26%, U.S. 22%, U.K. 14%, EEC 13% (1968)
Monetary conversion rate: 250 pesos=USS1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 1,870 mi., all standard gage and government owned (1970)
Highways: 23,480 mi.; 970 mi. paved, 4,160 mi. otherwise surfaced, 350 mi.
improved earth, 18,000 mi. earth tracks
Inland waterways: 1,068 mi.; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Freight carried: highways 80% of total cargo traffic, rail 15%, waterways 5%
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Merchant marine: 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 168,000 GRT, 258,000
DWT; includes 11 cargo, 7 tanker; includes 2 naval tanker sometimes used
commercially
Airfields: 86 total, 63 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
8,000-11,999 ft., 7 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: ten-year plan developed to improve telecom facilities
underway; most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; 206,600
telephones; 1 million radio and 250,000 TV receivers; 70 AM, 3 FM, and 12
TV stations; 9 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on U.S. for current supplies, with few exceptions
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $31.6 million; 8.7%
of central government budget
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NIS 17 VATICAN CITY
LAND:
0.169 sq. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,000 (official estimate for 1 July 1964)
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many
other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various modern languages
Literacy: virtually complete
Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City employees divided
into 3 categories -- executives, officeworkers,
and salaried employees
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace
and Museum and neighboring buildings covering more than 13 acres; 13
buildings in Rome, although outside the boundaries, enjoy extraterritorial
rights
Legal system: Canon law; constitutional laws of 1929 serve some of the functions
of a constitution
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive, legislative, and judicial powers;
he delegates these powers to the governor of Vatican City, who is subject
to pontifical appointment and recall; high Vatican offices include the
Secretariat of State, the College of Cardinals (chief papal advisers), the
Roman Curia (which carries on the central administration of the Roman
Catholic Church) the Presidence of the Prefecture for the Economy, and
the synod of bishops (created in 1965)
Government leader: Supreme Pontiff, Paul VI, (Giovanni Battista Montini, born
26 September 1897, elected Pope 21 June 1963)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political parties and pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence
exercised by other church officers in universal Roman Catholic Church)
Member: IAEA
ECONOMY:
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is supported financially by contributions
(known as Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world; some
income derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tourist mementos,
fees for admission to Vatican museums, and sale of publications; industrial
activity consists solely of printing and production of a small amount of
mosaics and staff uniforms
The banking and financial activities of the Vatican are worldwide; the Institute
for Religious Agencies carries out fiscal operations and invests and transfers
funds of Roman Catholic religious communities throughout the world; the
Cardinal's Commission controls the administration of ordinary assets of the
Holy See and a Special Administration manages the Holy See's capital assets
Electric power: obtained from Rome city grid; standby diesel powerplant with
2,100 104. capacity
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: AM and FM radiobroadcasting stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Defense is responsibility of Italy
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NIS 86 VENEZUELA
LAND:
352,000 sq. mi.; 3% cropland, 18% pasture, 21% forest,
58% urban, waste, and other (1961)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 10,776,000 (excluding Indian jungle population
estimated at 32,000 in 1961), average annual growth
rate 3.6% (FY70); males 15-49, 2,472,000; 1,700,000
fit for military service; 119,000 reach military age
(18) annually
Ethnic divisions: 65% mestizo, 10%-18% white or
predominantly white, 10%-20% Negro, 3%-7% Indian
Religion: 96% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 2% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 72% (claimed)
Labor force: 3 million (1969), 24% agriculture, 23% industry, 2% mining and
petroleum, 17% commerce, 35% services and other, an estimated 7% considered
unemployed
Organized labor: 50% of labor force
or none
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal district, 2 federal territories
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system with influence of U.S. law;
constitution promulgated 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in
Cassation Court only; dual court system, state and federal; legal education
at Central University of Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Rafael Caldera
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every 5 years; most recent December 1968
Political parties and leaders: Accion Democratica (AD), Gonzalo Barrios; Comite
por Organizacion Electoral Independiente (COPEI), known as Social Christian
party, Rafael Caldera; Popular Electoral Movement (MEP), Luis Beltran Prieto;
Cruzada Civica Nacional (CCN), Marcos Perez Jimenez, leader, and Luis
Damiani, president; Union Republicana Democratica (URD), Jovito Villalba;
Partido Comunista de Venezuela (PCV), Secretary-General Jesus Faria;
Movimiento Izquierdista Revolucionario (MIR), political activities suspended
by government, several leaders; Fuerza Democratica Popular (FDP), Wolfgang
Larrazabal resigned without replacement; Frente Nacional Democratic? (FND),
Pedro Segnini La Cruz; Partido Revolucionario Izquierdista Nacionalista
(PRIM), Jose Manzo Gonzalez and Domingo Alberto Rangel
Voting strength (1968 election): 25.6% AD, 24.1% COPEI, 10.9% CCN, 9.3% URD,
5.3% FDP, 2.8% Union for Advancement (Communist front), 2.6% END, 2.3% PRIM
Member of: FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFC, ILO, ITU, OAS, U.N., UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $10.2 billion (purchasing power parity estimate, 1969), $1,020 per capita;
64% private consumption, 14% public consumption, 22% gross investment (1969),
real growth rate 1970 est. 5.4%
Agriculture: main crops -- cotton, sugarcane, corn, coffee, rice; self-sufficient
in most basic foods; caloric intake 2,600 calories per day per capita (1964)
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction, food processing,
textiles
Crude steel: 821,000 metric tons produced (1969), 80 kilograms per capita
Electric power: 3.9 million kw. capacity (1970); 11.7 billion kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 1,112 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $2,560 million (f.o.b., 1970 est.); petroleum, iron ore, coffee, cocoa
Imports: $1,660 million (f.o.b., 1970 est.); industrial machinery and equipment,
chemicals, manufactures, wheat
Major trade partners: U.S. 41%, Canada 9%, U.K. 5% (1969)
Aid:
economic -- extensions from U.S. (FY46-69), $330.7 million loans; $54.8
million grants; from international organizations (FY46-69), $440.1 million;
military -- assistance from U.S. (FY53-69), $105.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.50 bolivares=US$1 (selling rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 233 mi. 4'8 1/2" gage; all single track; no electrification
Highways: 34,600 mi.; 11,000 mi. paved, 9,300 mi. gravel, 4,000 mi. improved
earth, 10,000 unimproved
Inland waterways: 4,450 mi.; Orinoco River and Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing
vessels
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,795 mi.; refined products, 245 mi.; natural gas, 1,412 mi.
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Merchant marine: 39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 350,000 GRT, 518,000 DWT;
includes 19 cargo, 13 tanker, 4 bulk, 3 specialized carrier
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 442 total, 336 usable; 90 with permanent-surface runways; 6 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 77 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 2 seaplane stations
Telecommunications: extensive radio relay; local telephone systems greatly expanded;
plan satellite ground station and troposcatter link to Curacao; over 377,000
telephones; est. 2.73 million radio and 720,000 TV receivers; 136 AM, 50 FM,
and 33 TV stations; 3 submarine cables, including 1 coaxial
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: produces portion of small arms ammunition requirement; dependent upon
U.S. and Western Europe for all other materiel
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1969, $205,377,780; about
9.2% of central government budget
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NIS 43C VIETNAM, NORTH
LAND:
61,300 sq. mi.; 14% cultivated, 50% forested, 36% urban
inland water, and other (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 20,538,000, average annual growth rate 2.0%
(current)
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% predominantly Vietnamese; ethnic
minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, and Man
Religion: Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism
Language: closely corresponds to the breakdown of ethnic
Literacy: claimed to be 95% (1964)
Labor force: (1 January 1970) 9.6 million,
agriculture and 10% industry
groups
not including military; about
70%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 2 autonomous regions (of 3 and 5 provinces, respectively),
17 other provinces, 2 centrally governed municipalities, 1 special zone
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system;
constitution enacted 1960
Branches: constitution provides for a National Assembly and highly centralized
executive nominally subordinate to it
Party and government leaders: Le Duan, First Secretary; Ton Duc Thang, President
of DRV; Pham Van Dong, Premier; Truong Chinh, Chairman, Standing Committee
of National Assembly; Vo Nguyen Giap, Minister of National Defense
Suffrage: over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for national and local assemblies
Political parties: ruled by Lao Dong Party with no organized opposition;
membership approximately 900,000 (about 4% of population)
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.6 billion (1964 in 1964 prices), less than $100 per capita; pre-1965
growth rate 6%; GNP 1970, $1.4 billion (S)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence; main crops -- rice, corn, sweet potatoes,
manioc, sugarcane; food shortages -- rice, meat, sugar; caloric intake,
1,700-2,200 calories per day per capita
Major industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement
Shortages: petroleum, complex machinery and equipment, fertilizer, foodstuffs
Monetary conversion rate (nominal): 3.7 dong=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 602 usable route mi., consists of about 25 mi. of standard gage
(4'8 1/2"), 438 mi. of meter gage (3'3 3/8"), and 139 mi. of dual gage
(4'8 1/2" and 33 3/8"); all single track, none electrified; all government
owned and operated; new rail line under construction between Kep and port
of Hon Gal
Highways: 8,400 mi., plus about 2,100 mi. of seasonally motorable tracks; 800 to
900 mi. bituminous surface-treated, remainder gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: 4,200 mi.; 1,800 mi. navigable perennially by craft drawing 6 ft.
Ports: 3 major, 12 minor
Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,000 GRT, 15,000 DWT;
3 cargo, 3 tanker
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NIS 43D VIETNAM, SOUTH
LAND:
66,000 sq. mi.; 35% arable (16% cultivated), 32% fforested,
33% other (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 10.8
n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 18,809,000, average annual growth rate 2.6%
(FY69); males 15-49, 4,497,000; 2,590,000 fit for
military service; 116,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 85% Vietnamese, 6% Chinese, 5% mountain
tribesmen, 3% Cambodian, 1% other
Religion: 50%-60% nominal Buddhist (10% Hoa Hao), 10%-20% active Buddhist, 5%
Cao Dai, 8%-12% Catholic, 15%-30% no affiliation or animist; most Buddhists
are of Mahayana school or practice combination of Buddhism, Taoism, and
Confucianism
Language: Vietnamese, French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian), Cham (Malayo-Polynesian dialect)
Labor force: employed work force 6.5 million (not including armed forces);
80.2% agriculture, 3.2% transport and communications, 2.4% fishing, 2.4%
construction, 2.3% commerce and finance, 2.1% domestic and personal services,
4.3% government, 2.4% manufacturing, 0.7% plantation and public utilities
Organized labor: 6% of labor force
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Vietnam
Type: republic
Capital: Saigon
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (corresponding to 4 military regions), 1 special
region (corresponding to Capital Special Zone), divided into 44 provinces
and 11 autonomous municipalities
Legal system: based on French civil law system; legal education at Universities
of Saigon and Hue
Branches: constitution provides for modified presidential system with executive,
legislative, and judicial branches
Government leaders: President Nguyen Van Thieu; Vice President Nguyen Cao Ky;
Prime Minister Tran Thien Khiem
Elections: Presidential elections slated for October 1970
Political parties and leaders: numerous small parties reflecting an emphasis on
personal leadership rather than ideological content; parties supporting
government and opposition groups are fragmented and poorly organized;
pro-government parties include two old-line political parties (Revolutionary
Dai Viet and Vietnamese Nationalist-VNQDD) and several Catholic parties; An
Quang (militant) Buddhists are an important opposition group; the independent
Aggressive Nationalist Movement has considerable strength in the southern
part of the country; Hoa Hao and Cao Dai politico-religious sects exert
strong influence in local areas
Communists: The People's Revolutionary Party operates through and within the
National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) and the Alliance of
National, Democratic, and Peace Forces (ANDPF), and the Provisional Revolu-
tionary Government (PRG) designed to rival the legal government
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, U.N. (certain specialized
U.N. agencies and maintains observer team), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $4.5 billion (1969), $240 per capita; 3.3% average annual real growth
(1966-69)
Agriculture: main crops -- rice, rubber, peanuts, corn, sugarcane, sweet potatoes,
copra; major food imports -- rice, dairy products, sugar, wheat flour
Major industries: manufacturing on small scale, mainly light manufacturing and
processing of local agricultural and forest products; factories produce
textiles, beer, cigarettes, glass, tires, sugar, paper, cement, soft drinks;
there are also limited mining operations
Shortages: capital goods
Electric power: 560,000 kw. capacity (1970); 1.15 billion kw.-hr. produced (1970);
63 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $33 million (f.o.b., 1969); major commodities -- rubber, reexported oil
drums, tea, duckfeathers
Imports: $818 million (c.i.f., 1969); major commodities -- machinery and trans-
portation equipment, rice, textile fabrics and yarn, petroleum products, base
metals and manufactures
Major trade partners: exports -- France, U.K., West Germany, Japan; imports --
U.S., Japan, Taiwan; no trade with Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: official rate, 118 piasters=US$1 applies to most imports
of goods and government transfers; a second rate of 275 piasters=US$1 estab-
lished on October 5, 1970, applies to imports of luxury goods, exports of
goods, and invisible transactions such as purchases of piasters by American
personnel in South Vietnam, foreign investment, and profit remittances of
foreign firms; black-market rate of 396 piasters=US$1 during first quarter
1971
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 770 mi.
Highways: 12,500 mi.; 3,250 mi. bituminous, 2,250 mi. gravel and crushed stone,
1,500 mi. improved earth, 5,500 mi. unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 3,600 mi. navigable; 1,550 mi. navigable by vessels of
more than 2-meter draft
Ports: 6 major, 20 minor
Merchant marine: 20 ships totaling 24,000 GRT, 33,000 DWT; includes 19 cargo,
1 bulk; only 5 ships over 1,000 GRT
Airfields: 340 total, 218 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways, 8 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 19 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 4 seaplane stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on U.S. for military supplies
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NIS 103 WESTERN SAMOA
LAND:
1,100 sq. mi.; comprised of 2 large islands of Savai'i and
Upolu and several smaller islands, including Manono
and Apolima (1969)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi.
PEOPLE:
Population: 146,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(FY67-70)
Ethnic divisions: Polynesians, about 12,000 Euronesians
(persons of European and Polynesian blood), 700
Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population
associated with the London Missionary Society)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: 85%-90% (education compulsory for all children from 7-15 years)
Labor force: agriculture 19,148; mining and manufacturing 1,716 (1961)
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: The Independent State of Western Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief; special treaty relationship
with New Zealand
Capital: Apia
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; constitution came
into effect upon independence in 1962; judicial review of legislative acts
with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Head of State and Executive Council; Legislative Assembly; Supreme
Court, Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, village courts
Government leaders: Head of State, Malietoa Tanumafili II; Prime Minister,
Tupua Tamasese Leaof IV
Suffrage: 45 Samoan members of Legislative Assembly are elected by holders of
matai (heads of family) titles (about 5,000); 2 European members are elected
by universal adult suffrage
Elections: held triennially
Political parties and leaders: no clearly defined political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, WHO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $10 million (1966 est.), less than $100 per capita
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods include taro and coconuts,
supplemented by bananas and bread fruit
Electric power: 6,900 kw. capacity (1970); 16.7 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
113 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $6 million (1969); copra, cocoa, bananas
Imports: $10 million (1969)
Major trade partners: exports -- New Zealand, the Netherlands, U.K.; imports
-- New Zealand, Australia, U.K., U.S.
Aid: New Zealand, $2.5 million committed; U.S., $1.5 million extended (FY67-69)
Monetary conversion rate: .719 tala=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 477 mi.; 80 mi. bituminous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone,
or earth
Inland waterways: none
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft (includes 2 leased)
Airfields: 4 total, all usable; 4 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 3 seaplane
stations
Telecommunications: 1,838 telephones; 22,000 radio receivers; 1 AM station
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NIS 32B YEMEN (ADEN)*.
LAND:
112,000 sq. mi.; border with Saudi Arabia undefined; only
about 1% arable (of which less than 25% cultivated)
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 1,272,000**, average annual growth rate 2.1%
(FY69); males 15-49, 308,000; 160,000 fit for military
service
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians,
Somalis, and Europeans in Aden
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: probably no higher than 10%; Aden 35% (est.)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Type: republic, but without constitution
Capital: Aden; Medinat al-Shaab, administrative capital
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English common
law (for commercial matters); highest judicial organ, Federal High Court,
interprets constitution and determines disputes between states
Branches: General Command of the National Front (NF) acts as legislature pending
adoption of a constitution; Presidential Council, cabinet
Government leaders: 5-man Presidential Council, Prime Minister Muhammed All
Haytham; NF Secretary General Abd Al-Fattah Ismail (the real government
strongman)
Political parties and leaders: National Front (NF), only legal party
Communists: few known
Member of: U.N.
ECONOMY:
Agriculture (all outside Aden): cotton is main cash crop; cereals, dates, kat
(qat), coffee, and livestock are raised and there is a small fishing
industry; large amount of food must be imported (particularly for Aden);
cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish are exported
Major industries: petroleum refinery (178,000 bbls. per day capacity, 1969) at
Little Aden operates on imported crude; oil exploration activity
Electric power: 108,000 ha. capacity (1970); 190 kw.-hr. produced (1970); 166
kw.-hr. per capita
Major trade partners: Yemen, East Africa, but some cement and sugar imported from
Communist countries; crude oil imported from Persian Gulf, exported mainly
to U.K. and Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1 S. Yemeni dinar=US$2.40
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
*Includes Aden and 16 members of the former Protectorate of South Arabia.
**Excluding the islands of Perim and Kamaran for which no data are available.
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COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,350 mi.; 120 mi. bituminous treated, 30 mi. crushed stone and gravel,
3,200 motorable track
Ports: 1 major
Pipelines: refined products, 57 mi.
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 134 total, 89 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 43 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: excellent international radiocommunications; excellent
domestic wire facilities; 9,400 telephones; 250,000 radio receivers; 21,000
TV receivers; 5 TV and 1 AM stations; 4 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1969, $21,152,000; about 55.2%
of total budget
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NIS 32A YEMEN (SANA)
LAND:
about 75,000 sq. mi. (parts of border with Saudi Arabia
and Southern Yemen undefined); 20% agricultural,
1% forested, 79% desert, waste, or urban
Limits of territorial waters: 12 n. mi. (fishing,
12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 5,893,000, average annual growth rate 2.8%
(FY66-70); males 15-49, 1,427,000; 765,000 fit for
military service; about 50,000 reach military age (18)
annually; universal military conscription law (10
January 1963) makes military service obligatory for
all Yemeni males 18-30
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: almost entirely agriculture and herding
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Sana
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law; first
constitution promulgated December 1970; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Republican Council
Government leaders: President Abd al-Rahman Iryani; acting Prime Minister
abd al-Salam Sabrah
Member of: Arab League, FAO, ICAO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY:
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits
and vegetables; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather goods produced on a small scale;
handicraft and some fishing; small aluminum products factory
Electric power: 4,000 kw. capacity (1970); 8 million kw.-hr. produced (1970);
2 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: about $6 million (1966), qat, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables
Imports: about $17 million (1966), textiles and other manufactured consumer goods,
petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement
Major trade partners: exports -- over half to or through Aden, one-third to
Communist countries; imports -- Aden, Communist countries (20%), U.A.R.,
Japan
Monetary conversion rate: approx. 1.25 Yemeni rials=US$1 January 1967 (official);
about 2.92 Yemeni rials=US$1 January 1967 (free market)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: none
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,253 GRT, 1,810 DWT
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 33 total, 24 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 5 with runways 8,000-11,999 ft., 13 with runways
4,000-7,999 ft.
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Telecommunications: fair international service by radio; poor domestic wire
service; 1,900 telephones; 10,000 radio receivers (approx.); 2 AM radio-
broadcast stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Supply: dependent on outside sources, primarily U.S.S.R.
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NIS 21 YUGOSLAVIA
LAND:
98,700 sq. mi.; 32% arable; 25% meadows and pastures;
34% forested; 9% urban, waste, and other (1967)
Limits of territorial waters: 10 n. mi. (fishing,
12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 20,784,000, average annual growth rate 1.1%
(current); males 15-49, 5,471,000; 4,450,000 fit for
military service; 200,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Ethnic divisions: 41% Serb, 22% Croat, 9% Slovene,
8% Macedonian, 3% Montenegrin, 5% Albanian, 3% Hungarian,
9% other
Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Roman Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other,
none (1953 census)
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian, and Italian
Literacy: 80.3% (1961)
Labor force: 9.0 million (1967); 49.6% agriculture, 16% mining and manufacturing,
34.4% other nonagricultural activities; reported unemployment averaged 8%
of registered labor force (social sector) in 1967
12%
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: 6 republics with 2 autonomous provinces (within the
Republic of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1963 and amended in 1967 and 1968; in early stage of development is
a system of judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court
(a quasi-judicial body); legal education at several law schools; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: parliament (Federal Assembly) constitutionally supreme; executive
includes cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the Federal Administration;
independent judiciary; President of Republic is largely a figurehead post
but current President, because of personal status, wields great power both
in making and executing policy
Government leader: Josip Broz Tito, President of Republic and President of
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every 4 years
Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only;
leaders are President Tito and influential presidium executive bureau
members Edvard Kardelj, Veljko Vlahovic, Mijalko Todorovic, Vladimir
Bakaric, and Krste Crvenkovski
Voting strength: Voter participation in national elections has declined, as
follows -- 1963, 95.5%; 1965, 93.6%; 1967, 89%; 1969, 88%
Communists: 1.2 million
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People of
Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization for the LCY;
Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of
Yugoslavia (UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War Veterans (SUBNOR)
Member of: CEMA (participates in certain commissions), EEC (trade agreement with
EEC initiated 3 Feb 1970), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IHB, ILO, IMCO,
IMF, ITU, OECD (participant in some activities), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
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ECONOMY:
GNP: $17.7 billion (est.) in 1970 (at 1968 prices), $860 per capita; 1970 growth
rate approx. 5.5%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with many small private holdings and large
agricultural combines; main crops -- corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and
sunflowers; generally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live animals; self-
sufficient in food except for tropical products, cotton, wool, and vegetable
meal feeds; caloric intake, 3,210 calories per day per capita (1967)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, textiles, wood
processing, food processing
Shortages: fuels, steel, textile fibers
Crude steel: 2,228 million metric tons produced (1970), 109 kg. per capita
Exports: $1,679 million (f.o.b., 1970); 19% foodstuffs and tobacco; 16% raw
materials, fuels, and chemicals; 23% machinery and equipment; 42% other
manufactures
Imports: $2,874 million (c.i.f., 1970); 7% foodstuffs and tobacco; 26% raw
materials, fuels, chemicals; 33% machinery and equipment; 34% other
manufactures
Major trade partners: $4,553 million (1970); 75% non-Communist countries (37%
Common Market, 5% U.S., 31% other non-Communist countries), 25% Communist
countries
Aid: postwar credits extended mainly by the U.S. ($2.9 billion, including grants
and $700 million in military aid); Western Europe (over $750 million); IBRD
($377 million); IMF ($262 million); Communist countries extended credits
totaling $464 million in 1956 ($125 million drawing balance suspended in 1958)
and $140 million during 1962-66; Yugoslavia has extended credits
totaling about $600 million to 27 less developed countries of Africa, Asia,
and Latin America
Monetary conversion rate: 15 dinars=US$1, effective 24 January 1971 in
conjunction with currency reform (1 new dinar=100 old dinars)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year (all data refer to calendar year or to middle
or end of calendar year as indicated)
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 6,640 route mi.; 5,702 mi. standard gage, 938 mi. narrow gage;
463 mi. double track (1969)
Highways: 49,000 mi.; 8,900 mi. paved, 26,9E0 mi. gravel, crushed stone, 12,675
mi. improved earth, 445 mi. unimproved earth (1970)
Inland waterways: 1,231 mi. (1970)
Freight carried: rail -- 76.7 million short tons, 12.1 billion short ton/mi.
(1969); highway -- 48.3 million short tons, 3.2 billion short ton/mi. (1968);
waterway -- 24.5 million short tons, est. 5.4 billion short ton/mi. (1969)
Pipelines: crude oil, 90 mi.; natural gas, 280 mi.
Merchant marine: 196 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,500,000 GRT, 2,200,000
DWT; includes 5 passenger, 175 cargo, 16 tanker
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1971, 8,838 billion new
dinars; about 60% of the central government budget
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NIS 57A ZAMBIA
LAND:
288,000 sq. mi.; 5% under cultivation, 5% arable, 10%
grazing, 13% dense forest, 6% marsh, 61% scattered
trees and grassland, 5% other (1970)
PEOPLE:
Population: 4,242,000, average annual growth rate 2.4%
(May 63-August 69); males 15-49, 988,000; 485,000
fit for military service
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European, .2% other
Religion: 82% animist, about 17% Christian, and under
1% Hindu and Muslim
Language: English official; wide variety of indigenous
languages
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 372,000 wage earners; 345,000 Africans, 27,000 non-Africans;
15% mining, 9% agriculture, 9% domestic service, 19%
construction, 9% commerce, 10% manufacturing, 23% government and miscellaneous
services, 6% transport
Organized labor: 100,000 wage earners, primarily in industrial sector, are
unionized (early 1968)
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: Republic of Zambia
Type: republic since October 1964
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution adopted
1964; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; legal education at University of Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: modified presidential system; unicameral legislature; judiciary
Government leader: President Kenneth Kaunda
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last general election December 1968
Political parties and leaders: United National Independence Party (UNIP),
Kenneth Kaunda; African National Congress (ANC), Harry Nkumbula
Voting strength (1968 election): UNIP had 73% of vote, but 30 of its candidates
were unopposed; strength probably would have been over 80% if these seats
had been contested
Communists: no Communist Party, but sympathizers of socialism in upper levels
of government, UNIP, and labor unions
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, OAU, U.N.,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $1.6 million (1969 est.), $390 per capita; real growth rate 13% between 1965
and 1969
Agriculture: main crops -- corn, tobacco, cotton; net importer of all major
agricultural products
Major industries: copper mining and processing
Electric power: 788,200 kw. capacity (1970); 3,527 million kw.-hr. produced
(1970); 840 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $1,073 million (f.o.b., 1969); copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $436 million (f.o.b., 1969); consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Major trade partners: U.K., South Africa, Japan, Western Europe
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ECONOMY (cont'd):
Aid:
economic -- Communist China $200 million credit for Tanzam railroad (1970);
(1964-67) U.K. $63 million (1966); IBRD $99 million (1970); U.S. $12 million;
U.S.S.R. $6 million; Communist China extended $19 million;
military -- $9 million (1964-69), mainly U.K. and Canada
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Zambia kwache=US$1.40 (official), 0.714 Zambia
kwacha=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 754 mi., all narrow gage (3'61; 8 mi. double track; 664 mi. are
government owned; 100 mi. privately owned
Highways: 21,220 mi.; 1,500 mi. paved, 3,120 mi. crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized soil; 16,600 mi. improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,409 mi. including Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake Kariba,
Lake Bangweulu, Lake Tanganyika; principal port on Lake Tanganyika is Mpulungu
Pipelines: 450 mi. refined
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 166 total, 155 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runway over 12,000 ft., 20 with runways 4,000-7,999 ft.
Telecommunications: all services being modernized and increased; presently
adequate but must be expanded to permit growth; high-capacity wire and
radio relay connect centers of Kitwe in northern mining region and Lusaka
along axial north-south route; 52,000 telephones; 100,000 radio and
17,000 TV receivers; 4 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1970, $26,400,000; about
4.8% of total budget
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UNITED STATES
This "Factsheet" on the U.S. is provided solely as a service to those
wishing to make rough comparisons of foreign country data with a U.S.
"yardstick." Information is from U.S. open sources and publications
and in no sense represents estimates by the U.S. intelligence community.
LAND:
3,615,211 sq. mi. (contiguous U.S. plus Alaska and Hawaii); 20% cultivated;
27% grazing and pasture; 32% forested; 21% waste, urban, and other
(est. 1965)
Limits of territorial waters: 3 n. mi. (fishing, 12 n. mi.)
PEOPLE:
Population: 207,071,000, average annual growth rate 1.1% (current)
Ethnic divisions: population basically of West European extraction, modified
by subsequent waves of immigration
Religion: total membership in religious bodies, 119,333,000; Protestant
78,952,000, Roman Catholic 30,699,000, Jewish 3,868,000, other religions
1,545,000 (1969)
Language: English, predominantly
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: about 82 million
Organized labor: 28.8% of total
GOVERNMENT:
Legal name: United States of America
Legal system: based on English common law; dual system of courts, state and
federal; constitution adopted 1789; judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Voting strength (1968 presidential election): Republican Party (Nixon),
31,770,237; Democratic Party (Humphrey), 31,270,533; Independent (Wallace),
9,897,141; minor parties, 239,910
Communists: Party membership, 10,000-11,000 (est.); General Secretary, Gus Hall
ECONOMY:
GNP: $976.5 billion (1970); 63.1% consumption, 13.9% investment, 22.6% government,
$4,725 per capita; 1970 growth rate
Crude steel: 128 million metric tons produced (1969)
Electric power: 331,905,000 kw. capacity (1969); 1,552,299 million kw.-hr.
produced (1969); 7,620 kw.-hr. per capita
Exports: $38,005 million (f.o.b., 1969); machinery and transport equipment,
chemicals, cereals, mineral fuels
Imports: $36,043 million (c.i.f., 1969); transport equipment, machinery, mineral
fuels, steel, nonferrous metals, metal ores
Major trade partners: (1968) Canada 26%, EEC 17%, Japan 11%, U.K. 6%
Official development assistance: total $3,328 million (1969)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
COMMUNICATIONS:
Railroads: 224,083 mi. (1967)
Highways: 3,697,950 mi. (1967); 2,800,481 mi. surfaced
Inland waterways: 25,260 mi. of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the
Great Lakes; carried 511 million short tons of cargo (1967); Great Lakes,
154 million short tons (1967)
Pipelines: petroleum, 70,000 mi.; major crude, 53,000 mi. products; gas,
200,000 mi. major transmission
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COMMUNICATIONS (cont'd):
Ports: 25 major
Merchant marine: 2,278 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
Civil air: 3,380 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10,470 (1968)
Telecommunications: 4,138 AM, 1,737 FM, 619 TV operating stations (1968);
109,124,000 telephones (1968), 53.95 telephones per 100 population (1968)
DEFENSE FORCES:
Personnel: army 1,570,186, navy 765,232, air force 904,759, marines 307,252 (1968)
Military budget: $80.5 billion (1968)
368
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