MAP INTELLIGENCE REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01005A000200010008-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 67
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 26, 1999
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: January 1, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

:ONFIDENTgliklitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP7c9441(144A00020001
A
gErEeltET ASSISTANT Dilik-C9OR
SECURITY INFORMATION FOR RESEARCH AND REPORT
Clk Peck mee'.? ti0T(4
MAP INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
CIA/RR MR-33S
January 1953
DOCUMENT NO.
NO CHANGE IN CLAS
1!3 DECLASSIFIED
CLASS. CHANGED TO: TA
NEXT REVIEW DATE:
AUTIj? HR 70-21
DAT ?REVIEWER. 006514
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
REIMIusem CENTER
MilEDOWY?itraFTSE
JOPEE--- B
CONFIDENTIAL
.kketer
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PECOM
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WARNING
This material *contains information affecting
th,! National Defense of the United States
wh;hin the meaning of the espionage laws,
TiLle 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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Sanitized - Approved FcC(1
MAII3P79-01005A000200010008-5
MAP INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
CIA/RR MR-33S
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
CONFIDENTIAL
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SECURITY INFORMATION
CONTENTS
Page
I. The Tsimlyansk Reservoir 1
II. New Cities and Urban-Type Settlements Established in
the USSR During the Period 15 May 1949 - 1 January
1951 27
III. Construction of the Main Turkmen Canal Accelerated
by New Railroad Line to Takhia Tash 37
IV. USSR Internal Administrative Boundary Changes 43
V. Soviet Area Figures for the USSR 47
VI. New Population Density Map of the USSR 49
VII. English Language Map of the Geology of the USSR 53
VIII. Political-Administrative Map of the Ukrainian SSR and
the Moldavian SSR 55
IX. Soils Maps of the Ukraine 57
X. Railroad Information From Soviet Newspapers 61
XI. Russian Transliteration 63
ILLUSTRATIONS
Photographs
Page
Figure 1. Panoramic view of the TsiMlyansk Dam under
construction. 1951 17
Figure 2. The opening of the waste weir on the Tsimlyansk
Dam 19
Figure 3. A view of the spillway and hydroelectric station... 21
Figure 4. Mud and silt, loosened by suction, is piped from
barges to provide the fill for the dam site.
April 1951
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SECURITY INFORMATION
Photographs (contid)
Page
Figure 5. Lock 15 of the southern navigational exit from
the reservoir 25
Maps
Following page
The Tsimlyansk Reservoir (CIA 12478) 25
USSR: New Cities and New Urban-Tyre Settlements
(CIA 12493) 36
USSR: The Main Turkmen Canal (CIA 12470) 41
Map of Soils of Ukraine 59
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SECURITY INFORMATION
I. TtLL TSIMLYANSK RESERVOIR
The Tsimlyansk Reservoir is the largest feature of the newly
opened Volga-Don waterway system. The reservoir is significant not
only because of the large area it covers but also for its economic
and strategic value as a part of the 'V.I. Lenin Volga-Don Navigation
Canal." Although authoritative maps are not available and there is
little documentary data to establish its precise location and areal
extent, the reservoir is sufficiently important to merit an analysis
at this time to determine its influence upon the local and regional
cultural and physical situation and the changes that might result
on future maps (see map CIA 12478).
Attempts to create a waterway system such as the Volga-Don
date back to the second half of the sixteenth century. In the
spring of 1568 a large Turkish force under Sultan Selim II landed
In the Crimea and, reinforced by several thousand Crimean Tatars,
set out to dig a waterway to the Volga. The Sultan enVisioned
Astrakhan transformed into a major military base from which he
could threaten Russia, Iran, and Afghanistan. Physical adversity
and the armies of Ivan the Terrible doomed this scheme.
At the close of the seventeenth century the Volga-Don waterway
again loomed as an important national issue. Peter I, seeking to
expand trade with the Mediterranean countries, decided to build a
shipping canal that would serve as another 'window into Europe."
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This scheme also failed. Between Peter's time and 1911, many
projects for linking the Volga and the Don were planned and in-
vestigated.
More recent investigations and surveys of the area between the
Don and the Volga resulted in the compilation, between 1925 and 1929,
of many detailed plans for a future canal. None of these plans,
however, included a dam at Tsimlyansk that would retain sufficient
water for so large a reservoir.
The Soviets first showed serious interest in developing the
waterway in 1934, and some preliminary preparations were made before
World War II. Actual digging did not begin until about 1948, and
little information was released until 1950, when the system in its
present form began to take shape.
The new reservoir was formed by damming the waters of the Don
River at a point near the settlement of Kumahatskaya (47?38'N-42?07'E).
(See Figure 1.) Its western end, which abuts against the steep,
rocky banks of the Don, can be located within a few hundred meters
(about 650 feet) on the Soviet 1:100,000 series (L-38-13). From
this point the dam extends in a southeasterly direction for about
13.5 kilometers (8.4 miles) to its eastern terminus. Because of
the complexity of the dam structure and the surface configuration,
the exact location of the eastern end is difficult to determine.
The prominent concrete overflow dam near the western terminus,
adjacent to Kumshatskaya Hill, is about 500 meters (1,640 feet) long
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and contains 10 spillway openings (see Figure 2). A hydroelectric
power plant is located at the eastern edge of the spillway (see
Figure 3). The 12,800 meters (42,000 feet or nearly 8 miles) of
the dam that extend beyond the power plant are earth-filled (see
Figure 4). At the extreme eastern end is the head installation of
the "Main Don Irrigation Canal" (Don Trunk Canal). This installation,
the hydroelectric power plant, and the fish ladders that permit
movement of fish between the reservoir and the lower Don, cover 200
meters (66o feet). The top of the dam is constructed to accommodate
a railroad and highway.
Soviet descriptions of the dam give several more dimensions.
The width of the foundation is reported to exceed 300 meters (1,000
feet) in some places. Although figures conflict, it is believed
that the dam is 41 meters (135 feet) high. According to other
sources, the sides of the dam at the water level are reinforced
with concrete 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) thick. At the dam site
the sandy bottom was covered with a substantial base of stone into
which metal tenons were driven to a depth of 16 to 19 meters (52 to
62 feet) to serve as anchors.
The reservoir extends northeastward from the dam site for
appkoximately 250 kilometers (155 miles). The maximum width is
about 30 kilometers (19 miles). The total inundated area is
reported by the Soviets to be 2,600 square kilometers (1,000 square
miles). The critical factor affecting the present shoreline is the
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depth of the water at the dam. Although data on the depth are both
meager and conflicting, the shoreline apparently corresponds roughly
to the 38-meter (125-foot) contour or, at a maximum, possibly the
40-meter (131-foot) contour. Accurate establishment of the shoreline
is further complicated by the fact that the largest-scale maps
available are those of the Soviet 1:100,000 series, which have the
broad contour interval of 20 meters (65.6 feet). As of last August,
the planned water level and the capacity (12,600,000,000 cubic meters
or 3,330,000,000,000 gallons) had not been attained. Figures on the
depth of water at the dam range from 17 to 26 meters (56 to 85 feet).
The minimum depth necessary for operation of the hydroelectric power
station is reported to be 9 meters (30 feet) below the maximum water
level at the dam.
The Soviets anticipate that the presence of so large a body of
water will have an ameliorative effect on the temperature and will
increase the humidity enough to produce some changes in the local
vegetation. Because of rough water in the reservoir during one-
fifth of the navigation season, special craft have been designed,
protected ports have been constructed, and over 1,500 special navi-
gation aids are reportedly strung along the length of the reservoir.
To the northeast of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir and separated
from it by a small dam is the Karpovka Reservoir, which forme the
western extremity of the Volga-Don Canal. This very small reservoir
receives water from the Don, the Karpovka River, and some small
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tributary streams. The southern navigational exit from the
Tsimlyansk Reservoir is a short canal located approximately 2
kilometers (1.2 miles) east of the former bed of the Don River.
The canal is reported to be 5.4 kilometers (3.4 miles) long and
contains two locks (locks 14 and 15 of the Voiga-Don inland
waterways system), which permit passage into the lower Don system.
(See Figure 5.)
In the northwestern part, the Chir Canal (see inset map) with
its water intake from the Tsimlyansk Reservoir extends from the
village of Nizhne-Chirskaya to the village of Krasno Bogdanov.
Aside from its prominent role as a part of the Volga-Don water-
way and its appearance as a new physical feature of significant
areal extent, the Tsimlyansk Reservoir has affected the location of
a large number of settlements and several important arteries of
transportation. One Soviet source reports that 127 settlements
boated in Rostov and Stalingrad oblasts had been resettled by
March of 1952.
Since the precise shoreline of the reservoir is not yet know.,
the exact number of settlements formerly within its area cannot be
determined. By using the 40-meter contour as the maximum limit
of the reservoir, however, the Soviet 1:100,000 map series indicates
that about 165 settlements lay within the area. If this figure is
accurate, approximately 17,000 households or a total of 73,000
inhabitants have been affected.* (See Appendix I, List of Settlements
* Approximate data as of 1942.
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Affected by the Tsimlyansk and Karpovka Reservoirs.) A number of
individual structures were moved in toto. A Soviet source reports
that over 9,000 detached houses, over 2,000 public collective farm
buildings, and 1,200 state buildings had been transferred to new
locations by January 1952.
Positive intelligence is available on the location of some of
the displaced towns and villages. Verkhne-Kurmoyarskaya (47?52'N-43?00'E)
was moved approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) eastward
with the village of Kruglyakov (47?58'N-43037'E), the
center of Voroshilov Rayon in Stalingrad Oblast. The
Nizhne-Chirskaya (48?22'N-43007'E) was relocated at a
the same general area but beyond the new water line.
Il'yevka (48?39'N-43?37'E) was moved to a new site on
and merged
new rayon
village of
new site in
The village of
the banks of
the Karpovka Reservoir and renamed Novaya Il'yevka. The former village
of Kumshatskaya, located at the dam site, is now occupied by the new
Tsimlyansk Rayon center. Although Kalach (48?42'N-43?30'E) is
situated near the critical water mark, it was not moved. Instead,
a dike was built to protect it from the waters of the reservoir. The
towns of Kalach, Tsimlyansk, and Nizhne-Chirskaya are being developed
as main povts on the Tsimlyansk Reservoir. A number of smaller ports
are also scheduled for development.
Railroads are the most significant feature in the transportation
pattern of the area. To a greater degree than is true of roads, dis-
ruption or alteration of the railroads exerts an influence far beyond
the Immediate area or even the immediate region.
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The Sovetskiy (48?39'N-43?45'E)-Surovikino (48?36'N-42?51'E)
section of the Stalingrad-Rostov trunk line and its branch line
to Kalach, both of which are administered by the Stalingrad Rail-
road System (system No. 22), passed through now-submerged parts
of the Tsimlyansk and Karpovka reservoir areas. These lines ran
from Krivomuzginskaya station (near Sovetskiy) to Kalach, and
from Sovetskiy to Surovikino via Gorin, Rychkovskiy, Novo-Maksimovskiy,
and Bolt shayaOsinovka. No information on the relocation of these
lines is available, but sources indicate that the Krivomuzginskaya
station, formerly located east of the junction of the Kalach branch
line and the trunk line to Rostov, has been moved northward to
Marinovka (48041IN-43?48'E). The new Marinovka station, located
between locks 11 and 12 of the Volga-Don Canal has become an
important freight station in the Stalingrad Railroad System.
The Kalach branch line has also been moved. From its present
junction with the Rostov trunk line south of the Karpovka Reservoir,
it crosses the reservoir northward to Marinovka and then extends
along the northern perimeter of the Karpovka Reservoir to Kalach.
A rail line of unknown status is reported to run northward from
the Kalach-Marinovka sector.
The Rostov trunk line crosses the Volga-Don Canal and extends
southwestward along the southern shore of the Karpovka Reservoir.
The line then proceeds to Gorin (48?31'N-43?31,1E) on the Tsimlyansk
Reservoir. At this point the railroad crosses an inlet of the
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reservoir by either a bridge or a causeway. Farther to the southwest,
in the vicinity of Krasnoarmeyskiy, the line crosses the main body
of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir. No information is available as to the
type of crossing, but it is believed that the former bridge across
the Don River has been sufficiently extended and perhaps elevated to
meet the new conditions created by the construction of the reservoir.
The remaining section of the railroad to Surovikino lies
within the bounds of the new Tsimlyansk Reservoir and will undoubtedly
be affected, particularly in the vicinity of the Liska River, when
the reservoir is eventually filled to capacity. No intelligence is
available to indicate that the railroad has been moved. Since
during spring thaws the original railroad bed was often flooded and
sections of the track were washed out owing to insufficient ditching
and draining, it is assumed that this section of the line will have
to be elevated or relocated.
A narrow-gauge branch extends northward for about 68 miles to
Novaya Grigor'yevskaya (49?23'N-43?26'E) from the main line leading
to Surovikino. Short spurs from this line extend eastward to
Rodionov (49?081N-43?431E), westward to Vralev (49012'N-43?05'E)
and northwestward to Ventsy (49?10'N-43?20'E). These spurs were
built by the German military forces in September 1942, during the
siege of Stalingrad. Although there is evidence that the Russians
worked on this line in 1946, its present status is unknown.
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Since the Tsimlyansk Reservoir was developed, at least one
new branch railroad (also a part of System 22) is known to have
been built. The branch extends from Morozovsk (48022'N-41?50'E)
on the Stalingrad-Rostov line to aiberle (47?00'N-42?121E) on the
Stalingrad-Salsk line, crossing the Don via the Tsimlyansk Dam.
Near the eastern terminus of the dam, the Novo-Solenovskaya rail-
road station of the Morozovsk-Kaerle line has developed into a
significant supply depot for the area.
Two new paved roads have been built in proximity to the
Tsimlyansk Reservoir and the Volga-Don Canal. One of these crosses
the Tsimlyansk Dam, connects with the network of dirt roads east
of the reservoir, and extends to the town of Tsimlyansk on the
western side of the reservoir; the other, roughly paralleling
the Volga-Don Canal, extends from Stalingrad to Kalach.
An extensive irrigation scheme- is being planned in conjunction
with the development of the waterway system. According to Russian
sources, 750,000 hectares (1,843,520 acres) will be irrigated by
the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, and an additional 2,000,000 hectares
(4,942,000 acres) will receive some water. In Rostov Oblast alone,
600,000 hectares (1,482,600 acres) are scheduled for irrigation, and
water will be supplied to an additional 1,000,000 hectares (2,471,000
acres) in the 13 southeastern and eastern rayons, including
Semikarakorskiy, Romanovskiy, and Martynovskiy rayons. Prior to
irrigation these 13 rayons had only 400,000 hectares (988,400 acres)
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of arable land. According to the new scheme, 30,0007hectares
(74,130 acres) of kolkhoz land in Romanovskiy Rayon alone will be
irrigated.
In Stalingrad Oblast, plans have been made for supplying water
to 1,000,000 hectares (2,471,000 acres) of land.subject to drought
in the southern part of the Oblast where wheat and cotton could be
grown. The pian further provides for the utilization of several
dried-up river beds to supply water, by. reversed flow from the
Tsimlyansk Reservoir, to smaller reservoirs built at their sources.
The Aksay, Myshkova, and other left-bank tributaries of the Don will
be similarly used. The water will be pumped by power supplied by
the Tsimlyansk Hydroelectric Plant, which will also be used for
industrial purposes.
In addition to the irrigation schemes, attempts have been made
to increase the number of fish in the rivers and reservoirs. In
April 1952, a fish spawning and breeding center was reportedly under
construction in Kotelinikovskiy Rayon of Stalingrad Oblast. The fish
hatchery is to include 140 fishponds occupying about 2,000 hectares
(4,942 acres). Its primary function will be to stock the Tsimlyansk
Reservoir.
The Volga-Don system is strategically significant primarily
because it provides through waterway connection from the Baltic and
White seas in the north to the Black and Caspian seas in the south,
allowing the interchange of smaller types of naval vessels,
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particularly samarines, between the Baltic, North, and Black
Sea fleets. At present some narrow or shallow parts of the
waterway, such as the Mariynsk Canal, limit the size of ships to
minesVmepers, patrol craft, and small submarines.
There is some speculation to the effect that Soviet interest
in building the Tsimlyansk Reservoir and Volga-Don Canal has also
taken into account the improvement of land-defense capabilities of
the area against any army attempting to repeat the German break-
through across the Don in the directions of Stalingrad and the
North Caucasus. The presence of reservoirs would make possible
the flooding of a large area in case of military necessity.
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APPENDIX I
List of Settlements Affected by the
Tsimlyansk and Karpovka Reservoirs
(Approximate Date of Information, 1942)
Number of
Number of
Name of Settlementl
Households
Name of Settlement
Households
Aginov*
60
Buratskiy
56
Alldabul'skiy*
240
Bystryanovskiy
19
Baklanovskaya
171
Chausovskiy*
32
Baklanovskaya*
73
Chelbin*
409
Balabanovskiy*
4-10
Chepurin*
272
Baski*
28
Cherepashiy*
42
Belyayevskiy
33
Cherkasov
Berestyanka*
107
Chervlannyy
5
Biryuchiy*
26
Dal'niye-Chigonaki*
8
Blizhne-Mel'nichniy
93
Demkin*
173
Blizhnepodgorskiy
110
Dobrovol'skiy
32
Blizhniye-Chigonaki*
180
Fevralev*
29
Blizhniye Sady*
34
Filippovskaya*
38
Boguchary*
96
Generalovskiy*
48
Bol'shaya Osinovka
78
Generalovskiy
178
Bugatovskiy
16
Golovskiy
44
1. Settlements that have been eliminated are indicated by one
asterisk; settlements that reportedly have been moved are indicated
by two asterisks.
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Number of
Number of
Name of Settlement
Households
Name of Settlement
Households
Golubinskiy
357
Kolotovka
196
Gorodskoy*
69
Kolpachki
120
Iltmeni-Chirskiy
94
Komarov*
33
Il'meni-Suvorovskiy
65
Kovalev
25
Il'yevka**
152
Kovylevskiy
160
Kalach1
1,754
Krasnoarmeyskiy
22
Kalachevskiy
55
Krasnoyarskaya*
188
Kalachkin
24
Krasnyy*
28
Kalinin
23
Krasnyy Don
31
Kamyshanovskiy
13
Krasnyy Yar*
287
Kandaurov
62
Krivskoy
110
KarnaUkhovskaya*
211
Krutoy
120
Kashirkin
53
Kuialy*
138
Kharseyev*
67
Kul'pinskiy
35
Khlebinskiy
33
Kumovka
77
Khoroshevskaya
195
Kumshatskaya
195
Kibirevskiy
75
Kustovskiy ,
Kireyevskiy*
81
Kustovskiy
4o
Kirylnov*
17
Kustovskiy
82
Khyazev
19
Lipovskiy
73
Kolodezny*
5
Lisinskiy
27
1. A dike has been constructed around the section of Kalach affected
by the Tsimlyansk Reservoir.
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Number of
Number of
Name of Settlement
Households
Name of Settlement
Households
Log*
78
Pchelinskiy
24
Logovskiy
216
Plesovskiy
15
Luchenskiy
15
Podgorenskaya*
120
Lyapichev
149
Podolikhovskiy*
89
Malaya Luchka
29
Podstepnoyy*
68
Malo-Luchnaya*
16
Podtikhov
37
Markinskaya*
254
Popov*
Molokanov*
31
Popov
122
Nemkovskiy
Potaynovskiy
38
Nizhne-Chirskaya**
2,231
Potemkinskaya*
368
Nizhne Ginlovskiy
43
Pozdnyakov
32
Nizhne-Gnutov
Pronin
35
Nizhne-Rubezhnyy*
80
Protopopovskiy
43
Nizhne-lablochnyy*
105
Pyatiizbyanskiy
111
Nizhniy-Kurman*
421
Remizov
124
Novoaksayskiy
131
Romashkinskiy
117
Novo-Maksimovskiy
360
Rube zhnyy
4o
Novo -Tsimlyanskaya
209
Ryazankin
011khovskiy*
41
Rychkov
18
Ostrovskiy
58
Rychkovskiy
150
Ostrovskoy*
53
Rynok Solenovskiy
99
Otshibnoy*
30
Sady*
23
Ovchinnikov
32
Safronov*
49
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Number of Number of
Name of Settlement Households Name of Settlement Households
Samodurovka 34 Tsimlyanskaya 492
Savinskiy 21 Tsygan 27
Shabalin 238 Vatazhnyy* 38
Smetankin* 7 Verbovskiy 61
Solenovskaya 240 Verkhne-Chirskiy* 147
Sotskov* 10 Verkhne Kurmoyarskaya1 665
Sovetskiy** 308 Verkhne Rubezhnyy 143
Sredne-Sadovskiy 67 Vertyachiy 263
Sredniy* 21 Vesely 44
Stalindorf 75 Vodyanovskiy 19
Staro-Maksimovskiy 70 Yepifanov 94
Staro-Nagavskaya* 126 Yeritskiy
Stepano-Razinskiy* 120 Yermokhinskiy 127
Sulatskiy 33 Zapadnovskiy* 66
Suvorovskiy 59 Zatsimlovskiy* 78
Sviridovskiy 75 Zeleny* 34
Tarasinskiy 19 Zhirnyy* 28
Terekhin 7 Zhukovskaya 153
Ternovskaya* 295 Zimovskiy* 27
Timokhin 41
1. Verkhne Kurmoyarskaya has been merged with Kruglyakov (47?58'N-
43?37'E).
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CPYRGHT
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SECRET
Figure 1. Panoramic view of the Tsimlyansk Dam under construction. 1951.
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The opening of the waste weir on the Tsimlyansk Dam.
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CPYRGHT
Figure 3 A view of the spillway and hydroelectric station.
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CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
Figure 5. Lock 15 of the southern navigational
exit from the reservoir.
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II. NEW CITIES AND URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS ESTABLISHED
IN THE USSR DURING THE PERIOD
15 MAY 1949 - 1 JANUARY 1951
A number of new cities and urban-type settlements were created
in the USSR during the period 15 May 1949 - 1 January 1951. For
practical purposes, these communities may be included under the
term "urban settlements" (gorodskiye poselenii) and defined as
populated places that are designated by legislative acts of
republics as cities (goroda) and urban-type settlements (poselki
gorodskogo tipa). The latter are often small in area and popu-
lation, but most of the population must be engaged in nonagricultural
pursuits. Included in urban-type settlements are workers' settle-
ments (rabochiye poselki), factory settlements (zavodskiye poselki),
settlements at railroad stations (zhelezno-dorozhniye stantsii),
health resorts (kurortniye poselki), and a number of other types of
nonagricultural communities. Each of these urban settlements is
administered by its own Soviet.
A number of urban-type settlements were elevated to city status
during the period. This is significant because it reflects a
change in the character of the settlements -- not only in their
administrative status, but also in the assumption of a wider range
of urban functions, services, and responsibilities.
Categories of cities are determined on the basis of admini-
strative relationship. Cities may be subordinate to (
Rayon
Executive Committees, as in the case of gorod rayonnogo podchineniya;
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(b) Oblast Executive Committees, as in the case of gorod dblastnogo
podchineniya; or (c) the Council of Ministers of a Republic, as in
the case of gorod respublikanskogo podchineniya. Categories (b) and
(c) are designated as independent administrative-economic units.
The factors determining the category within Which a city belongs
are:
(a) The number and composition of the population according
to occupation or profession, and the percentage of the popula-
tion so engaged.
(b) The presence of Republic, Regional, and District
institutions, organizations, and establishments (industrial,
commercial, etc.).
(c) The amount of built-up land and the extent of claims
to surrounding land.
In order to change from one category to another, a city must
obtain a resolution from the Supreme Soviet, which will decide the
case on the basis of changes in the status of the city according to
the factors listed above. Cities classified as gorod respublikanskogo
podchineniya and gorod oblastnogo podchineniya have the following
rights:
(a) To receive a part of the income tax paid to the
republic or the oblast (extra local taxes), as well as local
taxes and income from loans.
(b) To awn local industry not in excess of 25,000 rales
for each project.
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(c) To assign a definite number of personnel to the
City Soviet and its Executive Committee, including public-
health doctors, a city engineer, and a city architect. (This
also applies to health resorts.)
(d) To inspect all building projects, regardless of
what agency is building them.
(e) To have certain advantages in the distribution of
the capital investment in the communal economy. The extent of
participation, however, is so restricted as to make this right
theoretical only.
A gorod rayonnago podchineniya has the rights in (a) and (b)
above but to a lesser degree.
Cities are administered by city or urban Soviets. The main
function of the urban Soviet is the administration and exploitation
of (1) all municipally-owned buildings and to a certain extent,
private residential buildings; (2) all the communally-owned services
and installations (including waterworks, canals, electricity,
industry, city property, parks, kindergartens, schools, and hospi-
tals), provided they are not under the Regional or Republic
jurisdiction.
All cities have their own budgets, based on the income from
the communal enterprises, land rent, city collections, and finally
allotments from income taxes. The incomes of the cities, however,
are under rigid control. A city cannot raise the electrical rate
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or the price of bus tickets without approval from the Republic
administration. For building or expanding communal enterprises,
the cities may receive long-term credits through the Central Communal
Bank, provided the projects are included in an approved plan. Such
credits are covered by the incomes of the cities.
Settlements having an adult population of 1,000 or more may be
designated as cities by a legislative act of the Soviet Government,
provided no more than 25 percent of the adult population is engaged
in agriculture. In other words, the most characteristic indicator of
of a Soviet city is the concentration in the settlement off-a sub-
stantial number of persons engaged predominantly in nonagricultural
pursuits.
A table listing the new cities that are known to have been
created during the period from 15 May 1949 to 1 January 1951, along
with their locations and administrative categories, is appended to
this report, and the distribution of the cities is shown on the
accompanying map (CIA 12493).
A total of 39 new cities was established in the USSR during the
period, of which 16 are in Lithuania alone. The increase in the
number of new cities in Lithuania, however, may be attributed to a
change in the administrative designation of some of the larger
settlements and does not necessarily represent an increase in the
number of cities per se.
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The Lithuanian and other new cities in the USSR are set apart
by territory and designated as cities by a legislative act of the
government, while boundaries of cities are determined by the Republic
and Regional administrations.
Workers' settlements show a surprising increase during the
period 15 May 1949 - 1 January 1951. When the increase (absolute)
in urban-type settlements is plotted on bar graphs for each
economic region (see map CIA 12493), it becomes apparent that the
increase is not uniform for all regions. In Economic Regions I,
II, VI, VII, XI, and XII, workers' settlements represent practically
all of the increase in urban-type settlement.
A workers' settlement (rabochiye poselki) may be defined as a
populated place with an adult population of no less than 400, of
which 65 percent derive their income from wages.
The administration and financing of workers' settlements
follow the same general pattern as in cities, but on a smaller scale.
The settlement Soviets are "elected," as in cities, but it is
customary to elect to the Soviet the chief officers of the settle-
ment or, in some cases, even workers and employees that live in
the settlement. The conversion of a village into workers' settle-
ment is approved by a decree of the Presidium of Supreme Soviets
of Union Republics. In most instances, workers' settlements are
subordinate to Rayon Soviets, but some are directly subordinate to
Oblast' Soviets.
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The conversion of a workers' settlement into a city is based
on the extent of the increase in industrialization, the development
of commercial services, and the nature of urban improvement. Statis-
tically, the populations of workers' settlements are considered as
urban.
Other categories of urban-type growth -- factory settlements,
settlements at railroad stations, and resorts -- have occurred in
some regions. In Economic Region V the total increase in new urban-
type settlement is in the form of factory settlements, settlements
at railroad stations, and resorts; in other regions the increase in
these categories is smaller or even nonexistent.
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9-80001.000Z000V9001.0-6/dCIN-
NEW CITIES ESTABLISHED IN THE USSR DURING THE PERIOD 15 MAY 1949 - 1 JANUARY 1951*
New Cities in the
RSFSR
1. Khadyzhensk
2. Nakhodka
3. Shimanoysk
4. Komsomoltsk
5. Syirsk
6. Bogsitogorsk
7. Borovsk
8. Gremyachinsk
9. Kospash
10. Ocher
11. Severno-Zadonsk
12. Khotikovo
13.
Shchekino
Republic, Kray. Okrug
Krasnodar Kray
Primorskiy Kray
Oblast
Amurskaya
Ivanovskaya
Irkutskaya
Leningradskaya
Molotovskaya
Molotovskaya
Molotovskaya
Molotovskaya
Moskoyskaya
Moskovskaya
Tul'skaya
Neftegorskiy
Shimanovskiy
Komsomol'skiy
Cheremkhovskiy
Tikhvinskiy
Ocherskiy
Donskoy
Zagorskiy
Shchekinskiy
Sabordi- Economic
nation Region
Rayon 4
Kray 12
Rayon 12
Rayon 7
Rayon 11
Rayon 7
Oblast' 8
Oblast' 8
Oblast' 8
Rayon 8
Rayon 7
Rayon 7
Oblast' 7
* Source: 1951 Administrative-Territorial Handbook (SSSR Administrativno-Territoriallnoye
Deleniye Soyuznykh Respublik 1951).
9-20001.000Z000V9001.0-6/dCIN-VIVII4cteeieN JoA panoiddv - pezmues
IPI -10d PGAOJCIdV PezillueS
9-8000 l.000Z000V900 l.0-6/dCIN-V10
(Contt)
New Cities in the
RSFSR
14. Khanty-Mansiysk
15. Borzya
16. Mogocha
Republic. Kray. Okrug
Khanty Mansi
National Okrug
Oblast
(Tyumenskaya)
Chitinskaya
Chitinskaya
Alma
Samaroyskiy
Borzinskiy
Subordi- Economic
nation Region
Okrug 9
Rayon 11
Rayon 11
New Cities in
Autonomous Republics
1. Izberbash
2. Beslan
Republic
Dagestan
Seyero-Osetin
Oblast
Ram
Prayoberezhnyy
Subordi- Economic
nation Region
Republic 4
(ASSR)
Rayon
4
New Cities in
Republics
1. Gayvoron
2. Swmgait
3. Mir-Bashir
4. Khudat
Republic
Ukrainskaya
Azerbaydzhan
Azerbaydzhan
Azerbaydzhan
Oblast
Odesdkaya
Rayon
Gayvoronskiy
Mir -Bashirskiy
Khudatskiy
Subordi- Economic
nation Region
Rayon 3
Republic 5
Rayon 5
Rayon 5
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(Con' t)
New Cities in
Republics
11.22121.11
Oblast
Rayon
Subordi-
nation
Ebonomic
Region,
5.
Vevis
Lithuanian
Viltnyusskaya
Vevisskiy
Rayon
2
6.
Vilikiya
Lithuanian
Kaunasskaya
Vil'kiyskiy
Rayon
2
7.
Vabalininkas
Lithuanian
Shyaulyayskaya
Yaballninskiy
Rayon
2
8.
Ionishkelis
Lithuanian
Shyaulyayskaya
Ionishkeltskiy
Rayon
2
9.
Dusetos
Lithuanian
Vil'nyusskaya
Dusetskiy
Rayon
2
10.
Varnayay
Lithuanian
Klaypedskaya
Varnyayskiy
Rayon
2
U.
Retavas
Lithuanian
Klaypedskaya
Retavskiy
Rayon
2
12.
Kazlu-Ruda
Lithuanian
Kaunas skaya
Kazlu-Rudskiy
Rayon
2
13.
Ignalina
Lithuanian
Villnyusskaya
Ignalinskiy
Rayon
2
14.
Novo-Villnya
Lithuanian
Vil,nyusskaya
Novo -Villnyaskiy
Rayon
2
15.
Shirvintos
Lithuanian
Vil'nyusskaya
Shirvintskiy
Rayon
2
16.
Linkuva
Lithuanian
Shyaulyayskaya
Linkuvskiy
Rayon
2
17.
Pakruois
Lithuanian
Shyaulyayskaya
Pakruoyskiy
Rayon
2
18.
Salantay
Lithuanian
Klaypedskaya
Salantayskiy
Rayon
2
19.
Seda
Lithuanian
Klaypedskaya
Sedaskiy
Rayon
2
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? Pi
'&1
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CIA-RDP79-01005A000200CEMMENTIAL
SECURITY INFORMATION
U.S.S.R.
International Boundary
Economic Region Boundary
O 250 500 750 Statute Miles
I
O 250 500 750 Kilometers
120 \ 140 160 ,170
r?N Soda
Ci/ ? Linkuva
iSalantay
Pakruois ?S
Varnyay
RetavaP ?
Skaudvile
?
Vil'kiya
1Kaz1u-Ruda
Vevis
NEW CITIES ? Novo-trny
in the
LITHUANIAN S.S.R.
lonishkelis
?
Vabal'ninkas"),
Ditetos)
Ignalina ? L.)
Shirvintos 7". 55
5p 100 Miles
100 Kilometers
24
Gayvoron
?
Khot'kovo
? El
?
Shchekino?VII Komsomol'sk
?
Severozadonrk ?
?
?
?
?
? Borovsk/
Ocher 0 irospash
? .1 ? , t-,
iGremyachinsk
? /
VIII MI /
?
ID
Beslan
f 0 El
Jo 0
O Izberloitsh . ''', 0
DV O.' / :.
i.1Chuthit
\
Mir'Bashir .,.:77
'----?-?-;;\
-Si
Sumgait 0
?
? X/
i\ i? ? /
? /
III
I/
MI
I
..). ill
/ ?
/
/
/ ?
,/ 1 // ? III
/?
CONFIDENTIAL/ c'1,._...
N.
N.
76
Novabad
Svirek
NEW CITIES
AND
URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS
(Period 15 May 1949 to 1 January 1951)
Some boundaries shown on this map are de facto bound-
aries (1952), not necessarily recognized as definitive by the
United States Government; the United States Government
has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania into the Soviet Union.
90 100 uS 120 130
? Settlement raised to city (gorod) status.
SOURCE: SSSR?ADMINISTRATIVNO-TERRITORIALWOYE
DELENIYE SOYUZNYKH RESPUBLIK, 1951
(USSR?Administrative-territorial Divisions of the Union Republics).
Urban-type Settlements
? New worker-settlement
o Other new settlement
Each square represents one new settlement.
12493 CIA, 12-52
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?
III. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAIN TURKMEN CANAL ACCELERATED BY
NEW RAILROAD LINE TO TAKHIA TASH
On 11 September 1950 a decree was published by the Council of
Ministers of the USSR initiating the construction of the Main Turkmen
Canal. The project calls for_the completion by 1957 of a navigable
canal 1,100 kilometers (700 miles) long and 100 meters (300 feet)
wide, which will connect the Amu-Dar'ya River with the Caspian Sea
at Krasnovodsk (see map CIA 12470). The exploration of the proposed
canal site was launched in 1951 and began simultaneously from the
northeastern and southwestern ends of the route -- Cape Takhia
Tash (approximately 42?17'N-59?45'E) and the vicinity of Yashkan
Lake (39?42'N-55?35'E), north of Kazandzhik. Construction work on
the canal has been most intensive in the vicinity of Takhia Tash,
the main installation on the future canal. From the initiation
of the project until 1952, progress of construction was relatively
slow, owing to problems of supply and shipping, which taxed to
the limit the available river and air transport routes. A possible
solution was the construction of some supplementary means of transport.
Attention was brought to focus on the railroad line already
under construction between Chardzhou (36?06'N-63?34'E), the trans-
shipping center for freight to the Main Turkmen Canal, and Kungrad
(43?05'N-58?55'E), the northern terminal in the Amu-Dar'ya Delta.
Prior to 1952 this line had been completed to Urgench (41?33'N-
60?38'E), some 120 kilometers (75 miles) southwest to Takhia Tash.
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The additional incentive for building the railroad speeded up
construction, and the railroad line was extended to Takhia Tash by
27 February 1952. According to Soviet sources, the first freight
train arrived at Takhia Tash on February 29. This achievement assured
an uninterrupted flow of supplies and material to the main construction
site of the Turkmen Canal. Since that date, equipment required for
the construction project has been shipped on a 24-hour basis. The
shipments consist largely of dump trucks, concrete mixers, mechanical
loading machines, gasoline engines, and precision instruments of
various types. The railroad, whose construction apparently was
stimulated by the construction of the canal, has itself become a
significant artery of transport for the economic development of the
area.
Takhia Tash is located 7 kilometers (4 miles) southwest from
Nukus, the capital of the Kara-KalpakASSR, Uzbek SSR, and is situated
at title outlet of the Main Turkmen Canal to the Amu-Dal-13ra. Although
a rocky promontory unknown until recently, Takhia Tash is being
developed into the most important power and hydrotechnical installa-
tion along the course of the canal. The installations will consist
of an earthen dam across the channel and flood basin of the Amu-Dariya,
a concrete spillway, a power house, concrete structures for the
entrances to the two existing irrigation canals (Lenin and Kyz-Ketken)
opposite Cape Takhia Tash, embankments, aqueducts, a navigation lock,
settling reservoirs, and the first section of the Main Turkmen Canal.
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The dam across the Amu-Dar'ya will raise the water level by 6
meters (20 feet), thus ensuring water for the canal and for the
whole system of irrigation canals on both sides of the river.
The settling reservoirs will prevent silt from the Amu-Dar,ya
from entering the canal. The reservoir, in addition to providing
a constant and even inflow of water into the canal, will also
provide water to irrigate the entire area of the Khorezm Oasis,
located nearby. The dam and dikes of the reservoir will also
prevent floods of the Amu-Dartya, which have often caused serious
damage to the settlements, fields, and gardens of the Khorezm
population of the area.
An aerial tramway is being built across the Amu-Dar'ya to
carry workers and supplies to the construction site at the other
end of the dam:. Its 800-meter (2,600-foot) cables will be anchored
to ferroconcrete towers and will serve as a temporary river
crossing until the dam has been completed.
From Takhia Tash, the Main Turkmen Canal will flow in a west-
southwestward direction, passing to the south of the Sarakamysh
Depression, and will proceed across the Kara-Kum Desert along the
ancient bed of the Amu-Dartya (the ljzboy) to the arid regions of
the Caspian Plain. In the vicinity of Kazandzhik, two parallel
trunk canals will branch off southward toward the Atrek River.
The method of constructing the canal is of a pioneer type
in which a narrow channel is cut for several kilometers, filled
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with water, and then widened and deepened to the required dimensions
by suction dredges. The volume of water pumped from the Amu-Dartya
is initially fixed at 350-400 cubic meters (12,360-14,125 cubic feet)
per second. It is planned to increase the volume to 600 cubic meters
(21,000 cubic feet) per second in an effort to maintain a navigable
water level to the Caspian Sea.
In addition to the main dam and electric power plant at Takhia
Tash, two other dams along the canal, both with impounding reservoirs,
and electric power plants have been planned. One installation, the
Burgun Dam and Reservoir, will be built in the region of the Igdy
Wells at approximately 40?N. The second will be located at Yashkan
Lake. The combined rated capacity of the three hydroelectric plants
is estimated at 100,000 kilowatts.
The Main Turkmen Canal project will be of great significance to
the economic development of vast areas of Soviet Central Asia. It is
claimed that irrigation will be extended to 1,300,000 hectares
(3,000,000 acres) of new farm land located in the southern Caspian
Plains of western Turkmenia, on the delta of the Amu-Darya in the
Kara-Kalpak ASSR, and in the northern part of Turkmenia. In addition,
the project is to supply water to 71000,000 hectares (17,290,000 acres)
of pasture land in the Kara-Kum Desert, to 500,000 hectares (1,235,000
acres) of productive forest plantings along the canal, and to areas
surrounding industrial centers and populated places. The size of the
areas to be irrigated by the Turkmen Canal is based solely on published
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Soviet figures, which have been quoted without verification in
various publications both in Great Britain and the United States.
Finally, the Main Turkmen Canal will be an important transporta-
tion artery, carrying cotton, grain mineral fertilizers, and farm
machinery, as well as passengers, from the Caspian Sea to.the lower
reaches of the Amu-Dar'ya and the Aral Sea.
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9-80001.000Z000V9001.0-6/dCIN-V10
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RESTRICTED
SECURITY INFORMATION
U.S.S.R.: THE MAIN TURKMEN CANAL
52
56
60
ARAL
. SEA
KAZAKH
KAZAKH
S. S. R.
KATA1(ALPA A.S.S.R.
Kungrad
Lenin
Canal
'c.
KYZ Y L.
Li
?
Sarykamyshskay,a_ ?Z.1.1--\- \ \ Khodzheyli.
Depression/ ...= 1 _ \
. U Kunya-0,... % NTucikkuhict\-Tuosh
Urgench --
1
yz-Ketkeit,
Canal
z\\ 13 E K
S.\S. R.
Urgenc-- \
\
Kolodets
Ch(waryells)hly
Krasnovocisk
TUR
KM
;1.
\ Yaskha
s
e57
Bur. un
Bukha
a
??????? ?
SAri
Bandar Shah
(-1)
36
TEETRA
Shdhrad
-
E,
R A N
_
'S`
?
Sabzawar \ft.
Meshedl
12470 CIA, 12-52
Daslali-Kavir
56
60
?72>
Route of the Main Turkmen Canal
Dam & hydroelectric installation and
reservoir (exact limits unknown)
?+?
Railroad
Railroad under construction
Motorable road (selected)
Salt marsh
Sand
Note: The Main Turkmen Canal is currently in the early
stages of construction.
0 50 190 150 MILES
50 100 150 KILOMETERS
RESTRICTED
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IV. USSR INTERNAL ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY CHANGES
Economic and political planning in the Soviet State has
always involved, as an integral part of the process, the changing
of administrative boundaries. The dearth of other reliable,
current data on the Soviet Union has led geographers, economists,
and political scientists in the intelligence field to use boundary
changes as the basis for estimating economic trends and developments
in the USSR.
After a series of basic administrative boundary changes early
in the history of the Soviet regime, there were few additional
changes until 1930. Because of economic developments that took
placeafter1934,alargenmberoftheoblastsand krays and
their rayon subdivisions, both old or newly created, were found to
be too large either for integration into functional economic regiont
or for effective administration (the two being theoretically
indivisible in Soviet planning). Apparently this situation was the
reason for a series of changes that followed and the shifting of
the economic emphasis to the rayon level. The size of rayons was
reduced and their number increased, and this in turn necessitated
a corresponding reduction in the size of dblasts and an increase in
their number.
Since the optimum rayon size was theoretically construed as
the area served by a single machine tractor station, the keduction
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in size of rayons and the increase in their number reflected progress
in collectivizing agriculture, with a corresponding tightening of
controls at lower levels.
The trend in administrative-boundary changes continued from
1930 until it was interrupted by World War II. It was not revived
in the immediate postwar period, but the numerous changes in admin-
istrative boundaries that have taken place in various parts of the
Soviet Union since 1950 indicates that the trend has been reactivated.
The reduction in the size of administrative units and administrative
transfers, which correspond to a redefinition of economic-unit
boundaries at levels from the dblasts down to the smallest admin-
istrative units, has been resumed. The areal distribution of these
changes is widespread, affecting not only the European USSR and
Central Asia, but even the less densely populated Soviet Far East.
Together, the changes reflect a noticeable concentration on economic
regional development, as well as a tightening of political controls.
A few changes have been selected to illustrate the scope of
the current trend. Within the RSFSR, the chief Soviet Socialist
Republic, two new oblasts each were created in the Bashkir ASSR and
the Tatar ASSR. The Bashkir ASSR now includes the new dblasts of
Ufa and Sterlitamak and the Tatar ASSR, the dblasts of Kazan' and
Chistopoll.
In the Moldavian SSR, four new okrugs were created, and other
changes at lower levels were effected. In the Ukrainian SSR, numerous
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changes were made at the rayon level, and a number of settlements
were shifted from one rayon to another in accord with boundary
changes. The administrative structure of the Caucasus region also
underwent many changes. The two new dblasts of Tbilisi and Kutaisi
were created in a part of the Georgian SSR that formerly had
contained rayons only. In the Azerbaydzhan SSR, also, two new
dblasts were created. Three new okrugs of the administrative type
(as opposed to national okrugs) were set up in the Armenian SSR.
Many changes at lower levels have also been taking place within
the Caucasus republics.
In .the Baltic area, three new dblasts each were created in
Latvia and Estonia, and changes are also being made at lower
levels.
The series of changes taking place at the rayon level include
the transfer of some rayons from one oblast to another, the
abolishment of others; and the creation of new ones through sub-
division correlated with boundary changes. Populated places such
as workers' settlements and towns have been transferred to adjacent
rayons or other administrative units, and in some cases their
administrative designations have been altered; for example, settle-
ments have been raised to town level and workers' settlements to
the rank of towns of oblast subordination.
The number and frequency of changes occurring throughout the
Soviet Union since 1950 appears to represent a trend that probably
will continue for some time.
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V. SOVIET AREA FIGURES FOR THE USSR
Repeated inquiries about the current areal extent of the
USSR and the areas of the territories acquired since the beginning
of the Soviet territorial expansion in 1939 prompt the publication
of some area figures computed by the Russians by cartometric means.
Both de facto and de jure annexations are included.
According to Soviet figures, the total area under the immediate
jurisdiction of the USSR as of 1 January 1947 was 22,363,250 square
kilometers (8,632,210 square miles). Of this total, islands comprise
309,131 square kilometbrs (119,325 square miles) and areas of
bounding seas 227,141 square kilometers (87,676 square miles),
leaving 21,826,978 square kilometers (8,425,214 square miles)
within the continental limits. These figures can'still be con-
sidered valid. The few territorial changes that have taken place
since 1947 involved areas of such small magnitude that they alter
the above proportions only slightly. Soviet cartometric calculations
for the major territories acquired since 1939 are as follows:
Areas of Territories Added to the Soviet Union Since 1939
Annexed
Territory
Area
Sq. Km.
sq. Mi.
Bessarabia
45,100
17,400
Estonia
46,56o
18,000
Kaliningrad Oblast
(northern East Prussia)
15,070
6,000
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Annexed Area
Territory SQ. Kin. Sq. Mi.
Karelia-Kola Front
(Viipuri-Lake Ladoga-
Sala Regions)
Klaipeda Region
(Memellarid)
Kuril Islands
43,690
2,280
10,010
17,000
900
4,000
Latvia
65,690
25,000
Lithuania
59,570
23,000
Northern Bukovina
5,810
2,000
Pechenga Region
lo,600
4,000
(Petsamo)
Southern Sakhalin
33,380
13,000
(Karafuto)
Tannu Tuva
168,940
65,000
Western Ukraine '
93,040a
36,000
(Eastern Poland)
Western White Russia
101,070a
39,000
(Eastern Poland, including
Vilna Region)
Zakarpatskaya Ukraina
12,780
5,000
(Ruthenia)
a. Figures apply to the territory taken from Poland by the Soviet
decree of 2 November 1939,. which incorporated former eastern Poland
into the USSR. The Polish-Soviet treaty of 16 August 1945, which
formally defined the Poland-USSR boundary, returned to Poland 21,240
square kilometers (7,268 square miles) of territory originally taken
away by the 1939 decree.
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VI. NEW POPULATION DENSITY MAP OF THE USSR
The recently published Soviet map showing the population density
of the USSR has, on the whole, proved disappointing. Although it
is dated 1951, a comparison with plates 11 and 12 in Volume II of
the Bol'shoy Sovetskiy Atlas Mira (Great Soviet Atlas of the World),
which gives the distribution of population according to the 1939
census, indicates that the new map also is based on the prewar census.
The new map, which is at the scale of 1:5,000,000, was produced
by the Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodezii i Kartografii (Chief Administra-
tion for Geodesy and Cartography -- GUGK) as a wall map for high
school use. Rural population densities are shown by color tints,
t.
? ranging from "almost or completely uninhabited areas" to "more
than 100 persons per square kilometer." The size of cities is
indicated separately by circles of proportionate diameters.
While the pattern of rural population density categories.is
almost identical to that on the atlas maps, it is apparent that the
compilers of the new map took greater liberties in their representa-
tion of Soviet cities. Although the population categories of the
urban centers generally remain unchanged, numerous settlements with
populations of less than 10,000 have been deleted from the 1951 map.
In Asiatic Russia, many cities with populations as large as 10,000
to 50,000 have also been removed. Furthermore, in the European
part of the Soviet Union, a majority of such cities have been
omitted.
?
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In oontrast to the dominant trend for deleting cities, 13 urban
centers with populations of between 10,000 and 50,000 have been
added. Two are in the European North -- Segezha, a paper-milling
center in the Karelo-Finnish SSR, and Molotovsk, the shipbuilding
and sawmilling center west of Arkhangel'sk, which was developed after
1938. Two other new cities in this population category appear in
the Urals, in the Bashkir ASSR near Ufa. One of these, Chernikovsk,
was organized in 1944 from the eastern industrial rayon of the
city of Ufa. The other is Krasnousol'skiy (northeast of Sterlitamak),
whose growth also was accelerated by World War II.
Two of the new cities are in the Caucasus -- Chiatura, the
large manganese miiiing center in Georgia, and Alagir, the resort
and metallurgical town at the northern end of the Osetian Military
Road. Fort Shevchenko, the fishing center on the eastern shore of
'the Caspian has also been elevated to the 10,000-to-50,000 popula-
tion category.
In Soviet Central Asia there are four newly elevated cities.
Taldy-Kurgan is the administrative center of an oblast that was
created in southeastern Kazakhstan in 1944, The increasing im-
portance of another Kazakh city, Chu, has a twofold basis; (1) it
lies at the junction of the Turk-Sib Railroad and the new railroad
from Mointy around the western end of Lake Balkhash, and (2) it is
located in the Chu irrigation-canal project area. The new city
of Kant is an eastern suburb of Frunze and a major beet-sugar refining
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center in the Chu Valley of the Kirgiz SSR. The fourth new city
in Central Asia is Nukus, an industrial city and the administrative
center of the Kara-Kalpak ASSR.
The two remaining new cities are in the Far East. Tetyukhe
in Primorskiy Kray, is known to be a non-ferrous mining center.
Little is known about Nel'kan except that it is a river landing
at the head of navigation on the Maya River (in Nizhne-Amurskaya
Oblast) and is linked by a trail to the city of Ayan on the coast.
In only one instance was a city down-graded. Shimanovsk, on
the Trans-Siberian Railroad in Amurskaya Oblast, appeared on the
1939 map as a settlement with a population between 10,000 and
50,000. On the new map it is classed as having less than 10,000.
This change may reflect a movement of population from the relatively
highly developed agricultural areas near Shimanovsk to the coal-
mining areas near Raychikhinsk to the southeast and to the gold-
mining and lumbering regions farther north along the Nyukzha,
Zeya, and Selemdzha rivers.
Possibly the greatest advantage of the new map is the inclusion
of the recent Soviet territorial accessions along the western border,
in Tannu Tuva, and in the Far East. The compilers have also
attempted to bring the base up to date by showing new railroads and
canals, and the changes in the Caspian shoreline. Where place names
have been changed, the new names are given. The locations of the
cities of Nebit Dag and Nordvik, which were incorrectly plotted on
the 1939 map, have been corrected.
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The value of these minor refinements and additions is far more
than outweighed by the policy of wholesale deletions of urban settle-
ments. The new map is not considered a satisfactory representation
of either the prewar or postwar population distribution of the Soviet
Union. A more accurate representation of the 1939 census data will
be found in the Bol'shoy Sovetskiy Atlas Mira an English version of
which is available in the League of Nations study on The Population
of the Soviet Union by Frank Lorimer. The CIA map prepared for
Chapter IV, Section 41, NIS 26, also provides information for the
recently annexed areas, and, with the exception of data on the Tannu
Tuva area, it is far more reliable than the GUGK revision.
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VII. ENGLISH LANGUAGE MAP OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE USSR
A color separation copy of a 1951 Soviet map, with translated
title and legend, is now being prepared by CIA ana will provide a
long-needed, current, single-sheet, geologic map of the USSR in
English (map CIA 9243). The map also gives transliterations for
numerous place names for purposes of orientation, but Russian
forms are used for hydrographic features. Retention copies will
be available. At present comprehensive maps showing the general
geology of the Soviet Union can be obtained only on loan.
The new map is a reproduction at 1:10,000,000 of a two-sheet
Russian original at 1:7,500,000, which was published first in 1950
and reissued in 1951. In Soviet reviews the original map has
received wide acclaim for the excellency of its geologic coverage.
Areal geology is differentiated on the basis of geologic age and
lithologic types. Sedimentary rocks are differentiated almost
exclusively by geologic age and igneous rocks by both age and
lithology.
Data collected for the Russian 32-sheet geologic series at
1:2,500,000, published in 1940, served as the basis for the compila-
tion of the 1:7,500,000 map. These data were supplemented by
information gathered since 1939 by various geological organizations
throughout the USSR. Significant additional geologic information
is presented for the extreme northeastern part of .Siberia, east of
1350E longitude, where broad expanses were indicated as geologically
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unmapped on previous maps of the entire nation. Despite the
additional coverage, a considerable area in northeastern Siberia
is still shown as geologically uninvestigated.
The 1:7,500,000 Russian map that is being reproduced was prepared
under the editorship of D.V. Nalivkin, who has also served as editor
of other good geologic maps of the USSR. Among these are the 1:5,000,000
map published in 1937 and the excellent 1:2,500,000 series previously,
mentioned.
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VIII. POLITICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR
AND THE MOLDAVIAN SSR
One of the most serious deficiencies plaguing regional analysts
working on the USSR is the lack of current political-administrative
maps. An occasional fortunate acquisition, such as the receipt
during 1952 of Politiko-Administrativnaya Karta Ukrainskoy SSR i
Moldavskoy SSR, helps to alleviate this situation. Maps of this
type not only show boundary changes but are the only accurate means
by which the areal location and extent of administrative divisions
can be determined.
The new map of the Ukrainian and Moldavian SSR's (CIA Call No.
75972) was compiled in 1949 and was issued in 1950 by the Soviet
Chief Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (Glavnoye Upravleniye
Geodezii i Kartografii GUGK). It is at the scale of 1:750,000,
which is large enough for locating and plotting general data. The
map is in color and consists of four sheets (totaling approximately
4 feet by 6 feet in size). It delineates the boundaries of the
complete hierarchy of political-administrative units within the
Ukrainian and Moldavian SSR's down to the level of the rayon, which
Is the basic mappable administrative unit in the Soviet system. The
legend includes a list of the cities in the two SSR's that are
directly subordinate to the oblast and a list of rayon centers and
of rayons whose names differ from those of their centers.
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The map shows four categories of populated places, with
distinguishing symbols for capitals and for okrug and rayon centers.
Being the most recent map available, it shows the new settlement of
Severodonetsk on the left bank of the Donets River about 5 kilometers
east of the coal-mining town of Lisichansk. The existence of this
settlement may be attributed-to the erection of a large chemical
plant, which has recently begun operations. Prior to early 1950
the site was identified merely as "Lisskhimstroi" (Lisichansk
Chemical Plant). Since then the name Severodonetsk has been
attached to the town. The map also shows routes of communication,
hydrography, And other selected physical features.
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IX. SOILS MAPS OF THE UKRAINE
The most recent soil map of the Ukraine appeared in the
Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the
United States, Vol. I, No. 1, 1951. The map was produced by the
reputable Ukrainian soil scientist, Gregory Makhov, who has been
associated with soil science in the Ukraine since 1922. He has
worked with materials and maps of earlier soil scientists dating
back to 1888, including those of Prof. V. Dokuchayev, the founder
of Russian soil science. ?The map (a copy of which follows p. 59)
is necessarily generalized, since it is at the scale of 1:5,000,000.
Although it contains only about half the soils categories shown on
the largest-scale available soils map of the Ukraine, the new map
has the advantages of including postwar area acquisitions in the
west, of being in English, and of being easy to reproduce in quantity.
Accompanying the new map is an article that gives an account of the
main soil types of the Ukraine according to their scientific classi-
fications.
The new map, which is in color, was compiled from the largest-
scale soils map available for the Ukraine (mentioned above), a
four-sheet map 5 feet by 8 feet in size that includes 60 categories
of soils. The source map is exceptionally accurate and precise for
the scale because it is based on sketch maps at 1:126,000 that were
later reduced to 1:420,000, and finally to 1:750,000. This map
was produced during the period 1940-49, but the exact date of
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publication is not known. Although it is the best soils map of the
Ukraine available, it has several disadvantages. Among these are:
(1) the legend is in Ukrainian and German only; (2) newly acquired
land in the west is not covered; and (3) at present the only copy
available is a black-and-white photocopy (CIA Call No. 76581R),
which is more difficult to work with than the original.
Makhov stated that the earliest soils map of the Ukraine, of
which he was editor, was initially prepared in 1922-23 and presented
to the First Congress of Ukrainian Soil Scientists, held at Kiev
in May 1923. The map itself was not published until 1926, when
5,000 copies were printed. For various reasons, circulation was
extremely limited. The map was in color, with the legend in
Ukrainian, Russian, and English. Although Makhov did not mention
the scale, evidence indicates that his soils map is the same as one
held in the Heringen Collection, Military Geology Branch, U.S.
Geologibal Survey, and in the Department of Agriculture Library
(Call No. 56.26 UK7). A colored photocopy is on file in the CIA
Map Library (Call No. 792)1-8). The scale, 1:1,050,000, is con-
siderably smaller than that of the 1:750,000 map and there are fewer
soils categories in the legend. Nevertheless, the colored photo-
copy is easy to read, and the inclusion of an English legend is a
definite advantage. The Department of Agriculture describes it as
the best soils map of the Ukraine available in this country.
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The history of the 1:1,050,000 soils map of the Ukraine and
its source materials lead to the belief that this map is undoubtedly
the forerunner of the 1:750,000 Soil Map of the Ukraine, from which
the most recent Soil Map of the Ukraine at 1:5,000,000 was derived.
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If
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44
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X. RAILROAD INFORMATION FROM SOVIET NEWSPAPERS
Soviet newspapers have on several occasions published detailed
accounts of the completion of significant railroad lines in the
USSR. The first official reference, for example, to the fact that
the Chardzhou-Takhia Tash sector of the Turkmen railroad along the
Amu-Dar'ya River is now in operation and serving as a supply route
for the Main Turkmen Canal appeared recently in the Moscow news-
paper Trud. Other newspapers such as Pravda and Izvestiya have
repeatedly published articles referring to the opening of new lines
to through traffic.
In the past two or three years, several newspapers have adopted
the practice of including with the text, fairly detailed sketch
maps of newly completed lines, on which they show alignment, trackage,
stations, and stops along the route. Kazakhstanskaya Prayda, printed
in Alma-Ata, has been outstanding in the publication of railroad
information of this type. Articles and sketch maps published in
this newspaper concerning the recent completion of the Mointy-Chu
and Akmolinsk-Pavlodar lines aided materially in resolving the
differences between the railroad alignments shown on the postwar
Soviet political-administrative maps at 1:4,000,000 (19)-i-7) and
1:8,000,000 (1951).
The recent contributions of Soviet newspapers to current
information on railroads, have already been of considerable intelli-
gence value. It is hoped that forthcoming articles and sketch maps
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may soon provide much-needed information concerning other new rail-
road lines, such as the Kulunda-Barnaul-Artyshta sector of the
South Siberian Railroad and the Baikal-Amur-Magistral line.
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XI. RUSSIAN TRANSLITERATION
The increasing use of Russian language materials and maps in
current research has given rise to a number of problems inherent
in the differences between the English and Russian alphabets. To
insure accuracy in research, it is important to retain the original
spellings of sources quoted, bibliographies, words that have been
incorporated into English, place names, and institutions and
organizations. Since the Cyrillic characters of the Russian*
alphabet in general differ in physical form and phonetics from
the Latin characters used in English, it is necessary to select
characters or combinations of characters from the latter to
approximate the Russian either phonetically or orthographically.
Transliteration has proved extremely useful to both researchers
familiar and unfamiliar with the Russian language. The large
number of transliteration (transcription) systems in existence,
however, has often led to confusion. As a result of different
objectives, three important transliteration systems have been
produced in the United States. These, together with two additional
systems used in British and German source materials, are the systems
most likely to be encountered in research (see accompanying table).
The American systems -- produced by the United States Board
on Geographic Names, the American Council of Learned Societies,
* Russian, i.e., Great Russian, the language of Muscovy, the
official language of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is
one of 11 living, literary languages which stem from Old Slavonic.
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and the Library of Congress -- resemble each other. The first two,
however, are based more closely on phonetic transcription and are
more difficult to reconvert into Russian than the third. The use of
diacritical marks, hcwever, makes the third cumbersome to use.
The official guide for United States Government agencies fs the
"transliteration" system produced by the United States Board on
Geographic Names. The Board has also attempted to standardize the
spelling of geographical names throlgh the publication of gaztteers
and supplementary lists and by rendering decisions on controversial
issues, such as the spelling to be accepted for places with several
Russian spellings.
It is advisable that analysts and cartographers who utilize
transliterations familiarize themselves with the Russian alphabet
to avoid unnecessary errors: The characters A, B, E, K, M, H, 0,
C, T, y, and X are forms that appear in both the Russian and English
alphabets, but only A, K, M, 0, and T are similar phonetically in the
two languages. Complications may also arise when ornamental forms,
lower case, or script are used in the Russian since here, also, forms
used are similar to the English (e.g., a,a, 0, B,y, e,3 ,LL,
H,41E, H, 0,71, p, c,rt, b), of which only a few
phonetically approximate their English counterparts.
Similarity between some characters within the Russian alphabet
itself may also confuse the novice (3, a, A, J,y,u, T, T), and
poor printing, such as appears on a large number of maps, may cestroy
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the distinction between ornamental forms, lower case, and script.
Of the several styles of letter used on Russian maps, only the
cursive, which is used mainly for hydrographic features, is more
difficult to read than common print.
The following table gives the several transliteration systems
and a number of styles and varieties of Russian lettering that are
most often encountered in geographical and map research.
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CIA-RDP79-01005A000200010008-5
RUSSIAN ALPHABET
VARIETIES OF LE
B.G.N.
TRANSLITERATION SYSTEMSTTERING
L.C. A.C.L.S. P.C.G.N. German
EXPLANATORY NOTES
A a A a
6 6 B 6
B e B 8e
f r r e
AA A. IL ag
. E e E e
_
E e E e
.1ff w Dr ate
14.11 w II PI u
I 1 1 1 i?
0 Fi 1:, 'aft aa
K K k u IC It
M m ..M Mi
H H H x
0 o 0 o
n n 17 11 n
P p Pp
C c C c
T T TM. rrt T7
Y y Y y
X X X x
11 u 1L14 4
4 4 11 1
W IV 111111 zu
111, W. 1/114 /14
b b 7:. a
bl u
b b b b
b nat. t t; rb
3 3 .9 .9
FO 10 10 io
A cf il A
8 ea e (a
V v r v
UNCLASSIFIED
A, a.
'SS"
e2 73
T 2
2)y)
E
t
Die
alige
?
X
AIL X
e 7.1
(9
VC-11
'-P-
e
371. X
V
X
94
% el,
211.
94
?
?
yb t
0
'V
A
e
r
a
cis-
Be
2
a g
e
e