MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN MR - 25

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01005A000100210002-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 29, 1999
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: May 1, 1951
• Content Type: BULL

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S. OFFICIALS ONLY
MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
MR - 25
May 1951
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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WARNING
This document contains information affecting the national
defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title
18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U. S. Code, as amended.
Its. transmission or revelation of its contents to or
receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
MR-25
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
MAY 1951
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. A Cartographic Party Line for Red China 1
II. Surveying and Mapping in the Belgian Congo 9
III. Brief Notices 22
A. A New Map Series on Railroads of Africa 22
B. Reproductions of Yugoslav and. Bulgarian Maps 23
C. Population Maps of Finland 25
D. A New Economic Map of Sweden 27
E. Nordrhein-Westfalen Maps 28
F. Al Jazira Desert Administration Directorate, Iraq 30
G. African Administrative Divisions 31
MAPS Following page
Railroads of North Africa, 1?50: French and Spanish
Zones (CIA 11746) 22
Finland: Population (CIA 11792) 26
Africa Administrative Divisions -- 1950 (CIA 11743) 31
Note: This Bulletin has not been coordinated with the intelligence
organizations of the Departments of State, the Army, the Navy, and
the Air Force.
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I.. A CARTOGRAPHIC PARTY LINE FCR RED CHINA
The Chinese, in common with some other nations, do not hesitate
to present an overoptimistic map picture of their country's territorial
limits. Chinese maps of China show large areas as lying within that
country which are indicated as part of bordering countries on most
maps published elsewhere.1 Judging from maps published by old-line
commercial establishments in China, since the establishment of the
Communist regime, the Communists have taken over this pradtice from_ the
previous Nationalist regime. Although the rise to power of the Com-
munist government appears to have caused a certain amount of soul-
searching and indecision on the part of the map publishers, the devel-
opment of a cartographic policy by or for Red China is noticeable in
the maps published in 1949 and 1950.
The Nationalist regime of the postwar period encouraged the most
optimistic map representation of Chinese claims by official and un-
official map publishers. For the most part, however, the Nationalists
allowed the claims to remain on paper only. Along the China-USSR
border, Chinese Nationalist maps represented the following areas as:
belonging to China: the islands at the juncture of the Amur and
Sungari rivers in the northeastern corner of Manchuria; the so-dalled
64 villages northeast of the Amur near the point where that river is
1. For a more detailed discussion of Chinese claimq,see Map Research
Bulletin No. 2 (October 1948), pp. 7-9, and No. 16 (June 1950),
pp. 1-6.
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joined by the Zeya; and a large, rather indefinite area west of
Sinkiang in the Pamir Plateau, which is actually part of the Tadzhik
Republic of the USSR. In the Pamir, apparently no Chinese government
from the days of the Manchu Empire down to the present has ever agreed
to a definite boundary. The narrow finger of the Wakhan, which
Afghanistan points eastward toward China, could scarcely be distin-
guished on Chinese maps; most of it was lumped together with the portion
of the Tadzhik Republic that Chinese map makers allotted to their
country. Chinese maps published between 1945 and early 1949 recog-
nized the separation of Mongolia (the Mongolian People's Republic) from
China, but the coloring employed an many of the maps seemed to imply
that Mongolia was still dependent an China in some vague fashion. The
boundary between China and Mongolia was shown as indefinite and differed
considerably in certain areas from the same boundary as represented on
Soviet and Western maps. Tannu Tuve was represented as a separate
entity and was allotted a larger area than an Soviet maps.
The broadest Chinese claims were shown along the India-China and
Burma-China frontiers, where only small portions of the boundaries have
ever been defined. In the high, sparsely-inhabited mountains of north-
ern Kashmir, Chinese territory was shown as extending southward to the
Karakoram Pass and the crest of the Karakoram Range. All of the hill
tracts north and east of the Brahmaputra Valley were represented as
lying either within one of the Chinese provinces or in Tibet, thus
making Assam only a narrow salient of valley land surrounded on all
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sides except the southwest by Chinese territory. All of Burma north of
a line roughly along the parallel 269N was represented as belonging to
China.
Between the headwaters of the Yalu and Tumen rivers the China-
Korea boundary was shown as running south of the mountain Paektu-san,
whereas Korea claims that the boundary lies farther north, including
Within Korea the south elope of the mountain. British Hong Kong and
Portuguese Macao were not identified by separate color or boundary
outline. Likewise, the Port Arthur Naval Base Area (the former
Kwantung Leased Territory of the Japanese), in which the Soviets enjoyed
various rights under the treaty of 1945, was not indicated. It scarcely
need be said that Taiwan (Formosa) was reprerented as a province of
China. The Paracel Islands, Spratly Island, and other islands and
reefs in the South China Sea between Indochina, the Philippines, and
British Borneo were also indicated as Chinese.
With the consolidation of Communist control over the entire country,
the organization of new regional governments, and the realignment of
many province boundaries, it became necessary for Chinese map publishing
firms to revise their maps. The early maps published under the Com-
munist regime quite naturally copied international boundaries from
existing maps. By the latter part of 1949 and the early part of 1950,
however, more attention was paid to the current appropriateness of the
international boundary representation. Perhaps the Peiping government
or same authority even higher suggested that it would be well for maps
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of the new China to reflect an attitude of friendliness toward the
great ally an the north, or perhaps the map publishers themselves felt
that such a gesture an their part would be becoming. Whatever the
motivating force, changes in the representation of the USSR boundary
appeared an the new map editions, along with the new internal adminis-
trative units established by the Chinese Communists.
The Soviet boundary was shown an the late 1949 and early 1950 maps
almost exactly as it appears on Soviet maps. The Pamir Plateau, Tannu
Tuva, and the 64 villages northeast of the Amur were represented as
parts of the USSR. On some of the maps an exception was made in the
case of the islands at the Amur-Sungari junction, which continued to be
shown as Chinese, but this may have been merely an oversight on the part
of the cartographers. The Port Arthur Naval Base Area was shown as
Chinese, but it was given the status of an administrative unit separate
from the adjoining Liaotung Province. This was one of the more signif-
icant changes on the map.
The new friendly attitude was also extended to the family of
smaller peoples' democracies along the borders of China. On some of the
new maps, the shape of Mongolia was shown more in accordance with Soviet
(and presumably Mongolian) views. Visual emphasis was given to the
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fact that Mongolia was no longer a part of China. As a carto&npuic
present, North Korea was assigned the south slope of Pae1ctu-san.1
In contrast, no changes were made in the previous Ch4,1ese repre-
sentation of boundaries with the non-Communist countries of India ancL
Burma and with the coastal colonies of Hong Kong and Macao. Taiwan
and the islands of the South China Sea continued to be shown as Chinese.
The maps of the early Communist regime seem to have came as some-
what of a Shock to map-conscious segments of the Chinese public. In
fringe areas such as Hang Kong, where it was safe to do so, the public
began to ask questions. What had become of the 64 villages? Why was
the Pamir area next to Afghanistan shown as part of the USSR? The
creation of an Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, one of the new admin-
istrative units of Communist China, raised doubts in the minds of some
Chinese, possibly because they feared that this might be the first
step toward separating Inner Mongolia from China and annexing it either
to Mongolia or the USSR.
One editor of a Communist Chinese-language newspaper undertook to
reply to such inquiries. He stated that the Pamir area had been awarded
to the Soviet Union because the population was composed mainly of
Kazakhs, Kirghiz, and Russians, and because two of the highest mountains
1. Maps presenting one or more of the above points are: gew Map of
the Peoples Republic of Ching, 1:8,000,000, China Historical Geo-
graphy Society, November 1949 (CIA Call No. 65617); 51ap of New Ching,
1:6,000,000, Kuang-hum Geographic Society, first edition, February 1950
(CIA Call No. 67198); ZRap of China Peoples United Republii7, 1:6,000,000,
Ya-kuang Geographic Society, fourth edition, May 1950 (CIA Call No. 70544).
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of the area were named Mt. Stalin and Mt. Lenin. According to the
editor, the 64 villages, formerly Russian, were now being returned to
the "suzerainty" of the USSR, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
was established in accordance with the new Chinese program for recog-
nizing the rights of minority races.
Whether or not the unfavorable public reactions had anything to do
with the next shift in the cartographic Party line is not clear, but
the fact remains that a shift occurred. Peiping may have decided upon
a change in policy. On the other hand, it may be that individual map
publishers and even newspaper editors had been misinformed in the first
place regarding the political-geographical dialectic of the new regime
and that they fallen into error through an excess of zeal. On
maps published, after May 1950, there was a partial return to the earlier
method of representing the USSR boundaries. The Pamir area was once
again shown as Chinese.1 The newer maps, however, still distinguished
the Port Arthur Area as a separate administrative unit and recognized
Tannu Tuva and the 64 villages as part of the Soviet Union. For the
first time, Soviet jurisdiction over the islands at the Amur-Sungari
junction was admitted. The full claims against India, Burma, and the
European coastal colonies were still shown. Matters stood thus in
1. For instance, the fourth edition of the gap of China Peoples
United Republic.7, 1:6,000,000, of the Ta-kuang Geographic Society,
dated May 1950, shows the Soviet version of the China-USSR boundary,
whereas the fifth edition of the same map (CIA Call Fo. 70653), dated
one month later, shows the Chinese version in the Pamir area, indi-
cating the area as Chinese.
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August 1950, the approximate date of the most recent Chinese maps
available.
It appeared from map evidence that the Communist regime hoped to
make good the historical claims of China to territory along the fron-
tiers of the non-Communist countries to the south. For this reason,
some Indian officials and newspapers became concerned. As long as
the Nationalist government was in power in mainland China, represen-
tation of the claims against India on Chinese maps was viewed with com-
parative equanimity, but when the same claims were shown on maps of a
revolutionary and "expansionist" regime, Indian officials started to
pay more attention to Chinese cartographic products. Certain Indian
newspapers assumed that the Chinese Communists had originated the
claims against India. In the American press also, the false impression
that Red China invented rather than inherited claims against India was
given currency.
By February 1951, the Peiping government felt it advisable to
allay the fears of China's southern neighbors. It gave assurances to
the Indian Government that Chinese maps which indicated the China-India
boundary as lying within the territory of Assam were old and had not
been officially adopted by the Communist government. About the same
time the Burmese ambassador in Peiping was told that China disavowed
any territorial ambitions against Burma. It was declared that a map
in the official Chinese People's Weekly showing a part of Burma in-
cluded within China was merely a copy of an old map. It remains to be
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seen whether the Communist government will implement these assurances
by requiring that future maps of China show only the Indian and Burmese
versions of the southern boundary.
The Chinese Communist regime is understandably circumspect about
presenting its historical claims against the USSR. Even for that area,
however, the Chinese do not seem anxious to go all-out in recognizing
the Soviet position. Perhaps even Moscow does not frown upon the
Chinese cartographic claim to the Pamir area. Continued representation
of this claim an maps is a salve to Chinese national pride and pre-
sumably costs the Soviets nothing. No information received has indi-
cated that Chinese administrators are actually setting up shop in the
eastern Tadzhik SSR, nor is there any indication that Mt. Stalin has
been renamed Mt. Mao or that Mt. Lenin has became Mt. Chou.
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II. SURVEYING AND MAPPING IN THE BELGIAN CONGO
A. Introduction
Systematic modern surveying and mapping in the Belgian Congo began
in 1931 with the establishment of the Service Cartographique et
Geodesique du Gouvernement General de la Colonie. Before this, most
of the surveys were for the purpose of boundary demarcation or mineral
exploitation. By the outbreak of World War II, an official mapping
program was well under way. After an interruption during the war years,
the program was resumed. It was further intensified in December 1949,
when all mapping and surveying was transferred to the Institut G4o-
graphique du Congo Belge, a new agency with wider powers and fewer
budgetary restrictions than its predecessor. Plane have now been formu-
lated for mapping the entire colony in varying degrees of detail, de-
pending an the economic importance of the individual areas. Official
mapping has been supplemented by the work of the two large mining com-
panies -- Camite Special du Katanga (caK) and comite National du Kivu
(CNK) -- both of which maintain cartographic services that have pro-
duced maps of their respective concessions.
Surveying and mapping in the Belgian Congo present a number of
problems. Heavy rainfall and high temperatures are hard on men and
instruments, dense vegetation restricts visibility and ground movement,
and cloudy weather makes it difficult to take satisfactory aerial photo-
graphs. A shortage of skilled personnel has delayed the entire program.
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According to Belgian authorities, natives are useful only for the
simpler types of work but are not capable of doing skilled work, even
under European supervision. To date, the European personnel, chiefly
Belgian, has been small in number,
B. Map Agencies
1. Governmental
a. The Service Cartographique et Geodesique, established at
Leopoldville in 1931, was a unit of the colonial government- and was
staffed by both military and civilian personnel. Although guidance was
local, this office was similar to other parts of the Gouvernement
General in that its key personnel was appointed by the Belgian govern-
ment at Brussels. Professional ties with the Belgian Service Carto-
graphique were close.
The Service Cartographique et Gefodesique was responsible for all
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surveying and mapping activities of the Gouvernement General. It pro-
duced the topographic and planimetric maps of the colony and supervised
the mapping activities of other governmental offices. In 1946, the
staff consisted of four or five Belgians and a number of native drafts-
men. There was considerable interchange of the European personnel be-
tween office and field. Maps were compiled by members of the field
staff while serving their turns at the office, not by native draftsmen.
The staff had high standards of service and its work showed both accu-
racy and originality.
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b. The Institut GeOgraphique took over the functions of the
Service Cartographique et Geodesique after 7 December 1949 pursuant to a
decree issued by Prince Charles, Regent of Belgium, at the proposal of
the Ministere des Colonies. The new organization, unlike its predeces-
sor, is outside the general administrative structure of the colony and
is responsible directly to the Governor General. Although the annual
budget must be approved by the Governor General, the Institut G?o-
graphique is financed by the Ministere des Colonies on an allotment
separate from that of the colony as a whole. This arrangement permits
expansion of the mapping agency and its program without budgetary con-
flict with other departments of the Belgian Congo Government. Pro-
fessional supervision is provided by the Service Cartographique et
GSodesique of the Ministere des Colonies in Brussels.
The new organization was probably planned for a twofold purpose.
First, the Belgian Government wishes to develop in the Belgian Congo.
a high-class mapping organization capable of performing on the spot all
phases of topographic surveying, cartography, and map reproduction.
No Belgian Congo maps could be printed during the German occupation of
Belgium in World War II until printing arrangements could be made in
Pretoria, Union of South Africa, and the Government desires to avoid
a similar occurrence in event of another invasion-. Second, the new
organization makes it possible to increase the facilities and personnel
of the mapping agency without limitation by the colonial budget. Since
the reorganization, equipment for aerial photography and photogrammetry
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has been ordered, a Bausch and. Lomb Multiplex unit for photogrammetric
compilation was installed in August 1950, and three "Narita" type
rectifiers for use with vertical photographs have been delivered to the
Belgian Air Force for use in mapping the Belgian Congo.
The Institut Geographique is the official mapping agency of the
Belgian Congo and, as such, is responsible not only for topographic
mapping but also for all special-subject maps of other departments of
the government, none of which has mapping facilities. The organization
of the Institut has not been completed, but details of the plan are to
be published in the first annual report of the Institut aographique,
scheduled for early 1951.
When the Institut G4ographique replaced the Service Cartographique
et G?odfcsique a change was made in key personnel, but the director of
the old organization remained as the chief of the Topography Division.
The European staff numbered 50 as of September 1950 and may have
reached 75 before the close of the year. It is expected that a maximum
of approximately 200 will be reached by 1954. The Institut Geographique
is a civilian organization, with members of its staff holding reserve
rather than active commissions in the Belgian Army.
2. Non-Governmental
The Comite Sacial du Katanga (CSK) and the Comite' National du
Kivu (C)1K), the two largest mining and commercial concessionaires in
the Belgian Congo, have their own cartographic staffs and have made
excellent maps of their concessions.
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The CSK, in orde.r to base its work on a thorough knowledge of its
territory, created a Service Geographique et Geologique in 1919. The
Service was commissioned to establish a triangulation survey suffi-
ciently precise and compact to serve as a base for a general topographic
map of Katanga at the scale of 1:200,000. It was also to make a study
of the geology, relief, hydrography, soils, and vegetation. Up to the
present, 13 topographic sheets of this area have been published and a
number of special-subject' overprints have been prepared. Seven of these
sheets with accompanying texts, have been combined into the Atlas du
Katanga.
The CNK has published several maps at various scales of the
territory over which it exercises control, which includes parts of the
provinces of Orientale and Kivu.
C. Surveys
1. River Surveys
Among the early surveys of the Belgian Congo was one of the Congo
River from Lefopoldville to Stanleyville prepared by George Grenfell, a
Baptist missionary. Ten maps at 1:250,000, prepared from this survey,
cover the river. Other river surveys were made by explorers and govern-
ment officials. Before 1900 numerous points were established astron-
omically, the chronometer longitudes being checked by observations of
the moan. Elevations were determined barametrically. Errors in this
tyre of surveying amount to two or three seconds of latitude, one
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minute of longitude, and 100 feet in elevation. Such errors are char-
acteristic of astronomic control points within the forest area.
2. Triangulation
Most of the Belgian Congo has not been accurately surveyed.
Geodetic surveys have been carried out in scattered parts of the coun-
try, and accurate surveys have been made along some of the frontiers to
establish boundaries, especially Where they are not determined by
natural features. Before 1910, such a survey had been made cooperatively
by Angola and the Belgian Congo along their common boundary. The
boundary betWeen the Belgian Congo and Northern Rhodesia has also been
determined by joint British-Belgian triangulation extending from the
Luapula River to the Congo-Zambezi divide, and along the divide as far
as 24?E. The eastern frontier between Tanganyika and Lake Albert has
been accurately surveyed by boundary commissions. These surveys are
connected to the arc of triangulation along the meridian of 30?, which
extends north from Cape Town and will eventually be connected with
Cairo. In the trust territory. of Ruanda-Drundi a complete secondary
triangulation has been carried out by the Service Cartographique et
Gedaddaique.
Not until the early 1920's, after many of the boundaries had been
demarcated, were efforts made to survey accurately any large areas
within the Belgian Congo itself. These surveys were made chiefly in
areas of important economic development. Approximately four-fifths of
the area of Katanga in the southeastern part of the Belgian Congo has
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now been basically surveyed. Most of the surveying, which began in the
1920's, has been done by the Service G4ographique at CT4ologique of the
CSK, the organization possessing the mineral and commercial concessions
in this area. This triangulation on Katanga is connected with that in
Ruanda-Urundi by a chain observed along the western wall of the Rift
Valley. Other sections in which triangulation surveys have been made
are the Bas-Congo, the Kilo Moto mining region, and the mineral zone
of the Province of Kivu.
Second-order triangulation is to be extended along the frontiers,
and along selected meridians and parallels within the Belgian Congo,
especially in the east and west. In 1948, two triangulation missions
were at work. One was charged with ostablishing a triangulation chain
along the parallel of 6?S, which would connect the various triangulation
networks of eastern Belgian Congo with those of Bas-Congo. Northwestern
Belgian Congo is largely tropical rain forest, which is considered too
difficult for work with theodolite and chain. Instead, a series of
points are to be determined astronomically and information from aerial
photos will be referred to these points.
3. Aerial Surveys
To date, only small parts of the country have been surveyed by
aerial photography. The Northern Rhodesia-Katanga boundary survey of
1930 was based to a slight extent on aerial photographs. Air surveys
combined with thorough ground work have proved useful in the Bas-Congo.
In Katanga, aerial surveys have been used to a limited extent in the
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preparation of a detailed series of maps of a part of the province.
According to present plans, aerial photography will be used extensively
in mapping unsurveyed areas.
D. Map Coverage
Cartographic agencies of the Belgian Congo and of Belgium have
produced a number of maps of the Congo ranging in scale from 1:5,000,000
to 1:100,000. In general, these maps are of high cartographic quality.
1. Maps at 1:5,000,000
Coverage at this scale includes all of the Belgian Congo and the
trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi on a single sheet. Relief is shown
by approximate contours at altitudes of 200, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000
2,500, 3,000, and 4,000 meters. The map is published in color and in
the following different editions, which range in date from the 1920's
to the 1930's:
a. La Carte: Politique at Administrative.
b. La Carte: HypsomArique.
c. La Carte: Hydrographique.
d. La Carte: Geologique.
e. La Carte: Voles de Communication.
2. Maps at 1:3,000,000
Thin series consists of special subject maps on a standard base
reduced from the Carte Internationale du Congo Bele at 1:1,000,000.
The smaller scale permits inclusion of the entire Belgian Congo on a
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single sheet. The series was first published in 1945, and revisions
are made either annually or as the need arises.
The following maps have been published as ozalid prints unless
otherwise noted:.
a. Carte Administrative et Politique.
b. Carte des Stations de Metclorologie Agricole.
C. Carte de Renseignements Aeronautiques.
d. Carte des Missions Catholiques.
e. Carte des Missions Protestantes.
f. Carte des Reserves Forestieres.
g. Carte Didactique.
Ii. Carte des T414communications.
i. Carte des Voles Navigables.
j. Congo Beige (Multicolored, lithographed).
Maps at 1:1,000,000
a. Carte Internationale du Congo Beige is regarded as the
basic map of the Belgian Congo. The early or provisional editions of
1935 (in black and white) and of 1942 (in color) were acknowledged to
be inadequate. A new edition, however, has been completed and will be
issued soon by the Service Cartographique, Ministere des Colonies,
Brussels.
b. Carte Routiere Officielle de la Province is a set of road
maps covering each province on a single sheet. All are ozalid prints
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and are revised annually, providing there is enough new material to
justify revision.
c. Carte Individuelle du Territoire is a set of planimetric
maps of the individual territories, which were published at different
dates. A few are at scales other than 1:1,000,000.
4. Maps at 1:500,000
a. Carte Geologique au 1:500,000, a set published by the
Commission de Geologie, Ministere des Colonies, is planned to cover
the entire Belgian Congo in 68 sheets. To date only 13 sheets are
known to have been published, chiefly during the 1930's.
b. Province de Leopoldville is a topographic set of 10
black and white sheets that covers the province of Dropoldville. It
was published in 1939 by the Service Cartographique, Minis-are des
Colonies.
c. gar-t of the West Belgian Cong27 is a set of 15 topo-
graphic sheets in black and white, with dates ranging from 1934 to 1939.
It covers a portion of the Belgian Congo between latitudes 5?S and 5?N
and longitudes 16? and 22?E.
d. Carte Routiere Officielle des Territoires du Ruanda-Urundi
Is a road map of the trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi published at the
scale of 1:500,000 in order to secure greater clarity than is possible
at 1:1,000,000.
5. Maps at 1:200,000
a. Katanga -- Three multicolored map sets covering topography,
geology, and soils have been published for a portion of the Province of
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Katanga in the southeastern part of the Belgian Congo. These maps
were produced by the Service Geographique et Geologique du Comite/
Special du Katanga, except for two of the topographic sheets, which
were prepared by the Service Cartographique du Miniseere des Colonies.
The 15 topographic sheets, which serve as bases for the other two
sets, show first-, second-, and third-order triangulation as well as
other topographic information. The maps were issued between 1926 and
1940.
b. Ruanda-Urundi -- This topographic set of six sheets in
black and white covers the entire trust territory. It was published
by the Service Cartographique du Miniseere des Colonies during 1937.
Unfortunately the maps do not carry a legend, but the main features
are identified by conventional symbols.
c. Kilo Moto -- A black and white map of the Kilo Moto
mining region in the northeastern part of the Belgian Congo was
prepared in 1938.
6. Maps at the Scale of 1:100,000
The Bas-Congo (7 sheets) and the trust territory of Ruanda-
Urundi (31 sheets) are shown on topographic maps at 1:100,000 pro-
duced between 1925 and 1938. The maps, in black and white, were
published by the Service Cartographique du Ministere des Colonies.
Relief. is indicated by approximate contours with intervals of 50 meters.
Triangulation points are shown an all the sheets for Ruanda-Urundi and
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on the sheets covering the Angola-Belgian Congo border near the mouth of
the Congo, but on none of the others.
E. Future Mapping
The only parts of the Belgian Congo mapped at large scale to date
are the more easily surveyed areas, which are also the most important
areas economically. Thus most of the country, especially in the
central and northern parts, remains to be surveyed and mapped. A
comprehensive plan for surveying and mapping most of this area has
been formulated. Insofar as possible aerial photography will be used,
although it will be necessary despite the difficult terrain to use
ground crews to obtain geodetic control points. The first surveys
will be made in areas considered economically important, and maps will
be issued in regular editions. Areas that are not known to contain
important resources will be photographed, and mosaics will be issued
as provisional map editions. Maps of these less important areas will
be prepared after the higher priority areas have been mapped. Even
though plans have been made for this survey, the rate of progress will
be slow because of the difficulties and expense involved.
The government of the Belgian Congo appears to be proceeding wisely
in its surveying and mapping program. The extensive area remaining to
be surveyed calls for a comprehensive plan. To carry this plan to com-
pletion requires a long period of time and large expenditures. Such a
plan has been included in the Plan DeceInnal pourae Developpement
Economique et Social du Congo Beige. Under this plan, the surveying
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and mapping program will be spread over a period of years. It is
expected that a definite portion of the unmapped area will be surveyed
each year.
Even with the most careful planning and the best use of facilities
and men, it will be many years before the Belgian Congo is accurately
and completely mapped at a large scale.
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III. BRIEF NOTICES
A. A New Map Series on Railroads of Africa
The accompanying map, Railroads of North Africa, 1950: French and
Spanish Zones, (CIA 11746), is the first of a series of four maps being
prepared by the Geographic Division of CIA to provide current railroad
coverage for all of Africa.
The other three maps, now in various stages of research, compi-
lation, or reproduction, are as follows:
CIA 11747 Railroads of Egypt and Libya, 1950.
CIA 11798 Railroads of Tropical Africa, 1950.
CIA 11799 Railroads of South Africa, 1950.
These maps will be included in subsequent issues of the Map Research
Bulletin.
The series is designed to fill the need for accurate and up-to-date
maps supplying data an gauge, trackage, electrification, approximate
alignments, and ownership of all known operating railroads on the
continent, except street railways and suburban lines in metropolitan
areas. Terminals, gauge interchange points, and Junctions are named,
insofar as possible. In order to emphasize the railroad information,
all other detail is held to a minimum.
Differences in the extent of areas covered by the individual maps
and in the density of the rail nets necessitate the use of different
scales for the four maps and the use of insets on some.
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Copies of the attached map are now available for distribution and
may be obtained from the CIA Map Library. It should be emphasized that
the other three maps in the series will not be available for distribu-
tion until after they have appeared in subsequent issues of this publi-
cation.
B. Reproductions of Yugoslav and Bulgarian Maps
Retention copies of the following maps are now available from the
CIA Map Library. Both were reproduced by half-tone color separation,
with the addition of a black line plate. For the convenience of users,
the legends were translated into English, but information on the face of
the maps is the same as on the originals. The two are well suited by
size and colorful presentation for use as wall maps and also carry a
wealth of reliable detail.
1. Federativna Ljudska Republika Jugoslavija, 1:1,500,000,
DrYavna ZaloZba Slovenije, Ljubljana, January 1950, CIA 9088.
The original map from which this color separation was made was
reviewed in Map Research Bulletin No. 16, with particular attention
to transportation. In addition to transportation data, the map shows
mines, spas, monasteries, and ruins, almost all of which are named.
A serious effort was made to locate Obscure places currently receiving
much notice in the Yugoslav press -- for example, Mojkovac, the site
of the projected wood and wood products combine in Montenegro, and
Mavrovo, the ambitious Macedonian power project. The map is also an
excellent source for the names of regional and physical features.
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The only internal political divisions shown are the six republics,
the Vc4vodina, and Kosovo Metahija. The boundary between Slovenija and
Hrvatska in Istria differs slightly from that given on other maps.
2. Map of Bulgaria (original Karta na Billgariya), 1:1,000,000,
D'rzhavnya Geografski Institut, 5ofiya7, 1946, CIA 9083.
In spite of the 1946 publication date, this is the best general
map of Bulgaria available. Its most striking feature is the vivid
presentation of relief achieved by hill shading combined with hypso-
graphic tints. A less obvious advantage is the use of the new
Bulgarian orthography adopted in February 1945. Because very few maps
of Bulgaria available in this country carry the new place-name forms,
the map is a valuable source even though many names have been changed
in recent months. Some seven hundred populated places are shown
according to seven categories of size and administration. Monasteries,
monuments, mines or quarries, spas, and ruins are also located, but
not named in most cases. Transportation data include standard-and
narrow-gauge railroads (completed and under construction), roads,
passes, and harbors. Except for the inclusion of a railroad crossing
the Greek border near Petrich, the railroads are reliably shown as of
the date of publication; they are not complete as of 1951.
Two symbols on the map are not identified in the legend. The
first is a narrow double row of hachures extending from Simeonovgrad
to Burgas. It appears in similar form and location on the Bulgarian
1:100,000 and 1:500,000 map series. On the latter (dated 1943), it
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is identified as a trench or old fortification. The second symbol is
a dotted boundary line that outlines the three northern areas ceded
to Yugoslavia by Bulgaria in 1919 but not the Strumica sector ceded
by the same treaty. This curious boundary treatment is probably a
result of the unusual political situation in 1946. The year was a
period of official Yugoslav-Bulgar accord during which Yugoslav
influence was in the ascendanc/ in Macedonia, including Perin Macedonia.
Possibly the boundaries represented hope for a grant of comparable
privileges to Bulgaria in the northern areas, or even an exchange of
territory; possibly they were simply an expression of irredentism which
it was not politic to promote for Macedonia at the time.
C. Population Maps of Finland
The exodus of Finns from territory ceded to the USSR, followed
by the adoption of, a government resettlement program in 1945, has
changed the population pattern of Finland. Until recently no maps
that show the population shifts have been available. A 1951 map,
Finland: Population at 1:2,000,000 (CIA 11792), indicates some of
the changes and supersedes Plate 22, of the Atlas of Finland, 1925,
as the most detailed population density map of the country. The
population data for the new map are taken from 1 January 1947 tax
lists, which may be considered reliable since universal registration
for taxation purposes is compulsory. The information an the base was
taken from a Maanmittaushallitus (General Survey Office) map, with
administrative boundaries* corrected to 1947.
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For ease of comparison, rural density categories used an CIA
11792 are the same as those used on the 1925 Finnish map. The new map,
however, is at a larger scale and includes one item not on the earlier
map -- density of population in non-rural places.
Several recent Finnish maps deal specifically with the effects of
the resettlement program. These maps, photostatic proofs of which
are available at the CIA Map Library, will be included in a forth-
coming new edition of Suamen Maantieteen Kasikirva (Finnish Geographi-
cal Handbook). Unfortunately, the maps are all at small scale (from
1:5,250,000 to 1:3,200,000), and two of them do not show internal
administrative divisions. Statistical data available in Washington
show population changes according to laani (first-order administrative
units) only; from the Finnish maps, it is possible to identify the
areas within the laani where changes have occurred. For this reason,
the maps are of special value.
The new Finnish maps in the CIA Map Library supply the following
demographic information: (1) distribution of rural displaced popu-
lation at the conclusion of the evacuation phase, 1 January 1945
(Call No. 71079); (2) compulsory resettlement areas and the most im-
portant, adjustment transfers (Call No. 71076); (3) distribution
of rural displaced population on 31 December 1947 (Call No. 71078);
(4) number of farms and lots given to the displaced population in rural
districts and cities on 31 December 1947 (Call No. 71080); (5)
number of displaced people in rural districts and cities as a percentage
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t"'"???-?.e-
11792
NORWAY
1 \
168
66
FINLAND:
DENSITY OF NON-RURAL CENTERS
Persons per
square mile square kilometer
over 2,590 ? over 1,000
1.813-2,590 700-1,000
1,036-1,813 0 400-700
259-1.036 0 100-400
below 259 0 below 100
26
POPULATION
TOTAL POPULATION OF NON-RURAL CENTERS
358,195
0 90,000-100,000
0 20,000-45,000
ID 5,000-20,000
10 below 5,000
3
5
10
RURAL DENSITY
15 20
30
78
13
26
39
52
78
50
INTERNAL BOUNDARIES
L.aani
? ? ? Kihlakunta
Kunta
130
Persons per
square kilometer
Persons per
square mile
BASE: [Finland] 1:2,000,000 Maanniittaushallituksen Kivipaino
(General Survey Office, Lithographic Printing Office) Helsinki 1947
SOURCE Suomen.Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1949
(Finnish Statistical Yearbook 1949) Helsinki 1950
SCALE 1:2,000,000
25 50 75
MILES
02550 75 100
KILOMETERS
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SWEDEN
100
11444N
L A
U. S. S. R.
wRovaniemi
0 U U
416 Lieksa
I0
1
11792 CIA 2-51
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of the local population on 31 December 1947 (Call No. 71081); and
(6) building activity of the displaced population according to agri-
cultural and economic societies, 31 August 1948 (Call No. 71077).
Other population maps of use for background information but based
on prewar data include:
Suomen Historian Kartasto (Atlas of Finnish History), 1949, CIA
Call No. Atlas F141 (History).
Plate 12, Distribution of Population in 1939 -- the most
recent dot map available.
Plate 57, Internal Migration in the Years 1878-1939.
Atlas of Finland, 1925, CIA Call No. Atlas F141 (1920 data).
Plate 1, Map No. 1, Population and Boundaries -- and
Isopleth map showing population density.
Plates 13-16, Vegetation and Distribution of Population
a dot map.
D. A New Economic Map of Sweden
A new but undated map entitled Ekonomisk-Geografisk Kerte Over
Sverige, at the scale of 1:1,000,000, has recently been received by
the CIA Map Library (Call No. 70708). The map, which is one of a
series on economic and social aspects of the geography of Europe
edited by Professor W. William-Olsson of the Handels HOgskolan,
Stockholm, is the best and most comprehensive recent economic map of
Sweden. Although much of the information given had already been
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mapped, William-Olsson presents on a single, easily readable sheet data
that would otherwise requi-::: the use of several maps at different scales.
Data on population and economic activities are taken from the 1940
census, and industrial locations agree with those of the smaller-scale
maps of individual industries in Sveriges Industri (CIA Library Call
No. 41/M6 740.59). Agricultural information is limited to the distri-
bution of cultivated land and the boundaries of agricultural districts.
Although this information is based on a 1921 map, Karta Over Sveriges
Aerareal, by Dr. C.J. Anrick, topographic maps and 1940 statistics
were used for revision and placement of symbols. Revisions have not
been field checked.
On the new map towns are classified according to their chief
economic activities, using the, following categories: diversified,
mixed industrial, mining and metal, timber, timber and metal, textile,
partially industrialized, administrative, communications, agricultural,
and fishing. No criteria are given for the differentiation. The popu-
lation of towns is indicated by spherical symbols, keyed to a scale that
shows the population figures represented by spheres of any size.
E. Nordrhein-Westfalen Maps
Four industrial maps of Nordrhein-Westfalen have recently been
published by the Ministerprgsident des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen,
LandesplanungsbehOrde, DUsseldorf. The maps are in the same set as the
Ruhr coal production map (CIA Call No. 65111) described in Map Research
Bulletin No. 18 of August 1950 and, like it, will appear as plates in
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the forthcoming Nordrhein-Westfalen Atlas. The new maps, all of which
are in the CIA Map Library are: (1) Varedlung der Ruhrkohle (Refining of
Ruhr Coal), 1:100,000, January 1950 (Call No. 70610); (2) Braunkohle
und Steinkohle im Baum Kbln-Aachen (Brown Coal and Bituminous Coal in
the Kan-Aachen Area), 1100,000, February 1950 (Call No. 70037); (3)
Die Offentliche GasversorgunK (The Public Gas Supply), 1:500,000,
September 1950 (Call No. 70953); and (4) Das Handwerk im Land Nordrhein-
Westfalen (Handicraft in Land Nordrhein-Westfalen), 1:1,000,000,
April 1950 (Call No. 70161).
The maps provide the best recent coverage of the industrial core
of western Europe. They are far superior in quality to the French
maps published in the study, L'EConamie de la Ruhr, itudes et Documents
Series D-1 Allemagne -- 1, Institut National de la Statistique et des
Etudes iconamiques, 1947. The group of German maps is particularly
significant because of the recency of the data, the large amount of
detail shown, and the changes that are evident from Comparison with
prewar maps. Data on the gas supply map are for 1949 and on the other
three for 1948. Among the details included are location of individual
mines, coking and gas plants; production and number of workers in each;
and handicraft areas, with the number of workers employed. The maps
show that mine locations have changed little since the beginning of
World War II, but fewer are now operating. A comparison with older
maps indicates an increase in the extent of gas pipelines.
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The scales used are well chosen, and the maps are all legible.
The heavy concentration of economic activities in the Ruhr, however,
results in overcrowding of symbols in some areas. Statistical data are
well presented except an the handicraft map, where different.quantitative
scales are used. to show total population and the number of workers in
handicrafts.
TrIB projected publication date for the entire Nordrhein-Westfalen
Atlas is not known. If other subjects are treated in as much detail as
industry, however, it seems probable that there will be a considerable
time span between publication dates of the various atlas plates, and
that maps of different subjects may therefore not be comparable.
F. Al JazTra Desert Administration Directorate, Iraq
A new administrative unit, Al Badiya al Jazlra (Jazira Desert
Administration Directorate), has been established in northwestern Iraq,
between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The new unit comprises
portions of the liwa's of Mosul, Baghdad, and Dulaim. Its boundaries
were announced in an instruction issued by the Iraqi Ministry of
Interior on 26 June 1950.
The new unit, like the older Desert Administrations, Al Badiya al
Junaiya and Al Badiya ash Shimaliya, has virtually no settled popu-
lation, and the nomadic inhabitants are administered by the central
government through a system of police posts responsible to the Ministry
of the Interior, rather than by the usual administrative organization
of the liwa's. The administrative center of the new directorate is at
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Al Haar police post. It is believed that the development of a signifi-
cantly large settled population, possibly through irrigation projects,
would result in the return of the settled area to the normal administra-
tive control of the liwg that governed it prior to establishment of the
new administrative unit and of which it is still legally a part. For the
present, cartographic representation of internal boundaries in this area
should indicate the concurrent existence of the de jure liwa boundaries
and the de facto Desert Administration boundary.
The instruction of 26 June describes in great detail the boun-
daries of the new unit, but several of the points mentioned cannot be
located an the most detailed maps available in Washington. Thus far
it has been possible to draw only an approximate outline of the area,
but an effort is being made to obtain additional information.
G. African Administrative Divisions
The accompanying map of African administrative divisions is now
available in the CIA Map Library. Its value lies in the presentation
of basic political information in concise, handy form. Through error
the appropriate color has been omitted from the Bissagos Islands in
Portuguese Guinea and from Moheli Island in the Comoros.
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Applovvd Poi Iteleabw 2888/84/17 .1c1A-R0P73-01005M90100210002-0
Algiers
Tangier
TANGIER
Put zone)
11743
45
Rabat
MOROCCO
P.
30
15
Cairo
TERRIT RIES OF THE SOUTH
FEZZAN
FRENCH EST AFRICA
Dakar
Bathurst
Bissa
GAMBIA
C. & P.
GUINEA
C.
(FEDERATION OF TERRITORIES)
L 0-
?Khartoum
EGYPTIAN-
Freetown
Ammm
C. & P.
NIP,..K.&LA.,
. !Am .__
. ,
Condominium U.K.?Egypt
FRENCH
SOMALILAN Djibouti
Addis Ababa Hargei
?
ETHIOPIA
Monrovia
Santa Isabel.
SPANISH GUINEA
C.
PRINCIP
cSAO TOM
' Sao Tom
15
AFRICA
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS -1950
Colonies,
Prot.'s,etc.
Condo-
minium
Trust
Territories
Mandate
Interim.
Admin.
U.K.
? .
, ,4'
i ror r
i
V
U. S. Afr.
4
France
Belgium
, = _
Portugal
Spain
Italy
'
C.?Colony
D.?Self Governing Dominion
S.C.?Self Governing Colony
T.?Territory
De.?Department
P.?Protectorate
Tr.?Trust Territory
I.?Independent Country
C. & P.?Colony and Protectorate
A wsw.s.,"%snao41 CAfts. Ineslallolc," ni"
MUNI
C.)
?_+
Bra zzaville
C..& P.
KENYA
CASING
1PEMBA-7P.
"ZANZIBAR
'Zanzibar
Luanda
-NYASA- _
com :04w
T. c,
Dzaoudzi
Mogadiscio
SEYCHELLES ISLANDS
AND DEP CIES
C.
15
SOUTH
Windhoek
?
WEST
AFRICA
Pretoria
LINloMafekNirili .Mbaban
SV/AZII.A
BAst_rroLA
SOUTH AFRICA
D.
Lourenco Marques
0
500
T.
Tananarive
? / MAURITIUS
MADAGASCAR Port Lola
RFUNIOI ?311W
Saint De
1000 1500
Miles
500 1000 1.00
75
Kilometers
45
30
15
0
15
30
11743 Map Division, CIA, 11?50
CIA Reproduction