MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN MR-20

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01005A000100200004-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 29, 1999
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: November 1, 1950
• Content Type: BULL

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MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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t:,
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This document contains information affecting the na-
tional defense of the United States within the meaning
of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S.C., 31 and 32, as amended.
Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any
manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
MR-20
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
7 September 1950
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. Provisional Rectifications in the Western Boundaries
of Germany, Part I .
II. Brief Notices 9
A. Indonesia Becomes a Unitary State ........ 9
B. Cartographic Treatment of the- States of
Indochina, .......
.............10
C. US Engineer Research and Development
Laboratories Design "Airborne" Press.11
D. Atlas of the Gold Coast ................ 13
E. Recent French Mapping of the Saar ........ 14
MAP
Following Page
Provisional Rectifications in the Netherlands -German
Boundary, 1949 (Plate 1, CIA 9087; Plate 2,
CIA 9086) ............................ 7
Note: This Bulletin has not been coordinated with the intelligence
organizations of the Departments of State, Army, Navy;, and
the Air Force.
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PROVISIONAL RECTIFICATIONS IN THE WESTERN
BOUNDARIES OF GERMANY
Background.
After the end of World War II, various claims to Ger-
man territory were advanced by the neighboring countries. At
the Potsdam Conference in 1945, it was agreed that Poland
should be allowed to administer the part of Germany lying east
of the Oder-Neisse line, including the southern part of East
Prussia, on a provisional basis pending the final determination
of German boundaries by a peace treaty, and that the Soviet
Union should administer the northern part of East Prussia. In
1946, the French Government obtained the approval of the
United States and the United Kingdom for the administrative
detachment of the Saar from the French Zone of Occupation.
Subsequently, an autonomous government was set up for the
Saar territory. Nothing was done, however, regarding claims
to cessions of territory advanced by countries along the west-
ern borders of Germany because of inability of the western
allies to come to agreement with the USSR on a German peace
treaty.
Representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom,
France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, meeting in
the London Conference in June 1948, determined that machinery
should be set in motion for the establishment of a provisional
German government. It was decided at the same time that there
should be a preliminary examination of the western frontier
question and that proposals for minor provisional adjustments
in the western boundaries should be submitted to the six govern-
ments represented at the conference.
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A Working Party on Provisional Adjustments to the
Western Frontiers of Germany, made up of representatives
of the six governments, met in Paris in the summer of 1948
to consider the proposed changes. A communique issued on
26 March 1949 stated that the six governments had approved
the recommendations of the Working Party. It was stated
that the areas affected by the proposed adjustments would be
placed under the administration of the countries adjacent to
Germany, and that the adjustments might be confirmed or
modified by the terms of the final settlement concerning
Germany. The communique pointed out that within the frame
of reference fixed by the London Conference:
Only those proposals might be examined which '.
involved no appreciable loss to the Germanecon-
omy and which, being of minor character only,
could be regarded as desirable to eliminate local
anomalies and improve communications.
Thirty-one adjustments were approved, embracing a
total area of only 52 square miles (135 square kilometers)
and a population of about 13,500. These lay along the German
boundaries with the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg,
France, and the Saar. The communique stated that the recti-
fications would be made at a date to be announced later.
Delimitation commissions were requested to go over the
ground, establish new provisional boundaries, and determine
locations for provisional boundary markers. In April 1949,
the claimant countries took over some but not all of the parcels
approved for transfer to them, reserving the right to take over
the unacquired areas at a later date. The situation regarding
the provisional transfers of territory is therefore still some-
what fluid.
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D
The present article deals with the provisional rectifica-
tions along the Netherlands -German boundary. Futpre articles
in the Map Research Bulletin will discuss the rectifications
along the boundaries of Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the
Saar.
Recommendations for US Government Cartographers.
In representing these rectifications on unclassified
maps or charts, the following points should be taken into account:
1. The new boundaries are to be considered as pro-
visional only.
2. Most of the rectifications are so small that it
would be impractical to attempt to show them on maps at scales
of 1:1,000,000 or smaller, Even at scales of 1:200,000, attempts
to show the changes would result in variation from the old bound-
ary by no more than the width of the boundary symbol in many
cases.
In cases where the scale of the map requires the repre-
sentation of these changes, it is suggested that:
1. Both the new provisional boundary and the old bound-
ary should be shown.
2. The new boundary should be given emphasis over the
old, and the old boundary may be shown by an inconspicuous
symbol.
3. The new boundary should be identified by the notation,,
present provisional boundary" or "1949 provisional boundary."
This notation might be placed along the line itself, or the section
of line to which it applies might be represented by a distinctive
symbol.
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Rectifications Along the German -Netherlands Boundary.
A folder of maps showing the details of the rectifica-
tions at scales ranging. from 1:1,000 to 1:50,000 is available
in the CIA Map Library. The two maps accompanying this
article (plate 1, CIA 9087, and plate 2, CIA 9086) show the
locations ' of the areas.
The provisional boundary was demarcated in a way
that would preserve circulation routes between German settle-
ments on the frontier and interior parts of Germany and pre-
vent the separation of farm houses from barns and fields owned
by the same farmer. The new boundary segments are marked
by concrete posts called provisional frontier posts, the upper
surfaces of which are level with the ground. Supplementary
wooden posts about one and one-half meters in height have been
placed at selected points to mark the boundary more clearly.
Each post is painted white, with an orange band at the top. The
old boundary stones were left in place, The new boundary is
considered to extend in straight lines between the provisional
frontier posts. Different numbering systems are used for the
old and the new sets of markers. Thus, for the southernmost
rectification, the provisional frontier posts are numbered from
Al through A6 whereas the old markers at the beginning and
the end of the new,$egment of boundary are designated as 196A
and 197(E), respectively.
Rectifications in the Netherlands boundary involving the
three largest pieces of land were made for purposes of eliminat-
ing salients of German territory.
The largest area transferred was the rectangular salient
west of Sittard (No. 15 on map CIA 9087). It is slightly over
16 square miles in area and contains a population of 4,205. Here
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Netherlands territory surrounded the German area on three
sides and part of the fourth. The German salient created
a bottleneck in the panhandle of Limburg, so that the indus-
trialized area of south Limburg was connected with the main
body of the Netherlands-by a corridor only four kilom tern wide.
The rectification was made in order to allow for improvements
in north-south transportation and to simplify problems of
customs administration by eliminating the irregularities in
the boundary. The German inhabitants of the salient are mainly
agricultural, the standard of living is low, roads are poor, and
the area is known locally as the "Fringe of Life." The pro-
visional boundary was laid out in such a way that the drainage
system of two streams in the south would be brought under
Netherlands control, but at the same time three villages in
the frontier area and the roads between them were left to
Germany. At one point, it was necessary to consider a change
where the existing boundary passes through the door of a house.
The second largest area transferred was at Elten (No. 8
on CIA 9087). This area is about seven square miles in extent
and contains 3,255 inhabitants. It was considered that this
rectification would simplify customs administration by shorten-
ing the boundary, permit better communications between Nether-
lands communities south of the salient along the Rhine River
and the remainder of the Province of Gelderland lying north of
the salient, and allow Netherlands authorities access to the River
Wild in order to institute flood control measures for Netherlands
territory. The salient contains the town of Elten, and the principal
rail and highway routes parallel to the Rhine between Arnhem,
Netherlands, and Emmerich, Germany, pass through it. The pro-
visional boundary passes along the approximate middle of the
River Wild and to the west of a spur railway track extending from
the main Elten-Emmerich line to the Rhine.
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The third largest area transferred is at Beek-Wyler
(No. 10 on CIA 9087), containing slightly over one square mile
of land and a population of 147. The same general reasons
were advanced for eliminating this salient as in the case of
the two larger ones, The provisional boundary extends along
the southeast side of an old embankment called the Querdamm,
thence through the middle of the Wyler Lake, and finally along
the east side of a road in such a way as to place the road and
its. connections under Netherlands control.
At Dinxperlo (No. 7 on CIA 9087), the rectification was
made in order to bring all of a small urban area within the
Netherlands. The old boundary passed along one of the streets
of the town, the houses along the north side being in the Nether-
lands and those on the south side in Germany. Intensive smuggling
activity was carried on along this street. The provisional bound-
ary brings most of the built-up area within the Netherlands. A
similar situation existed in another area, where the boundary was
moved forward into German territory in order to place houses
used for smuggling more firmly under the control of the Nether-
lands,
In four cases, rectifications were made in order to
facilitate river improvement or the establishment of flood control
measures by Netherlands authorities on streams that lay on or,
near the old boundary. Dual sovereignty over these streams or
their drainage basins had prevented the establishment of effective
measures in the past.
In area No. 1 (CIA 9086), the Westerwoldsche A flows
northward into the Dollard, an embayment of the Ems River
estuary. The Westerwoldsche A is used for navigation and for
the drainage of a large low-lying area on the Netherlands side.,
The stream has a winding course. Netherlands authorities
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wanted to straighten the stream but the international bound-
ary followed the thalweg. East of the stream and running
generally parallel to it is a drainage canal that serves adjacent
parts of Germany. The two watercourses are separate and
flow at different levels... The provisional boundary was placed;
for the most part, along the western side of the drainage canal
in order to give;the Netherlands control of the Westerwoldsche
A and its eastern bank. The area transferred is uninhabited.
In area No. 17 (CIA 9087), the old boundary lay along
the River Worm, a continually shifting stream. River improve-
ments were claimed to be impossible because of lack of German
cooperation.. At one point a glass factory on the German side
had straightened out the river course at the expense of Nether-
lands territory by filling in the old channel. As a result, a short
segment of the boundary was undefined-. The new provisional
boundary extends in general along the western side of a railway
track that parallels the Worm on the German side, thus bringing
the entire river within the Netherlands.
Somewhat like the last two rectifications are those in-
volved in areas Nos. 4 (CIA' 9086) and 6 (CIA 9087). In each of
the two latter areas, a river which flowed mostly or entirely
in Netherlands territory was located so near the old boundary
that some of its eastern tributaries were in Germany. The
provisional boundary was drawn to place these tributaries in
the Netherlands.
The necessity for flood control was the primary reason
for the rectification at the Boertanger Moor, area No. 2 (CIA
9086). Originally, the entire moor was a vast marshy area. The
western, or Netherlands portion, has been lowered by the removal
of peat. In exceptionally wet seasons overflow from the higher
German side causes damage on the Netherlands side. An embank-
ment parallel to the old boundary on the German side serves as
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a partial protection for Netherlands territory. This embank-
ment was placed within Netherlands jurisdiction by the rectifi-?
cation, together with a sufficient depth of land for the construc-
tion of additional embankments.
The remaining rectifications were made for the primary.
purpose of improving customs administration along roads. In
many places, the former boundary ran along the center of so-
called neutral roads. Such roads were open to the citizens of
both countries and were used frequently by smugglers. At other
points, roads crossed and recrossed the boundary. Most of
these roads were placed under Netherlands administration. In
a few instances, the neutral status of the road was confirmed or
it was placed entirely within Germany.
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II, BRIEF NOTICES
A. Indonesia Becomes a Unitary State.
The political divisions in Indonesia have fluctuated
so rapidly since 1945 that maps showing them have become
out-of-date almost as soon as published. When the estab-
lishment of the Republic of Indonesia was proclaimed on
17 August 1945, the leaders of the new state intended that
it should include all of the Netherlands Indies. According to
the plan outlined in the Linggadjati Agreement in 1946 be-
tween the Dutch and the Indonesians, however, provision was
made for a future United States of Indonesia, which was to
consist of three states. The Republic of Indonesia was to be
one of these, and was to comprise only Java, Madura, and
Sumatra. The other two states were to be Netherlands
Borneo and East Indonesia, the latter comprising the islands
east of Java and Borneo. The Linggadjati Agreement was
never implemented or even ratified. Gradually the area of
the Republic of Indonesia was whittled away by the creation
of new states, and Borneo was subdivided into additional
states o By the time the government of the United States of
Indonesia (RIS) was actually established in December 1949,
there were 16 states instead of three., The constitution of
the RIS, announced at the Hague Round Table Conference in
November 1949, provided for a federal type of governmental
structure, with each of the 16 states enjoying a considerable
degree of local autonomy. Map CIA 11435 (1st revision 2-50)
shows the states of the union at the end of 1949. This map,
however, is now of historical value only.
After the RIS was established and the Dutch relinquished
their control, most of the smaller states rejoined the Republic
of Indonesia, and other areas not previously included in the
Republic joined it. In a relatively short time the Republic of
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Indonesia, although legally only one of the federal units of
the RIS, had grown until it equalled the RIS in power and
importance. Sentiment in favor of a unitary or centralized
structure to replace the federal structure of government
also increased, although there was armed opposition on the
part of separatist elements on some of the islands of East
Indonesia. In July 1950, it was decided to merge the govern-
ments of the RIS, the Republic of Indonesia, and the few re-
maining smaller states into a new centralized government.
The new unitary government was established on
17 August 1950, the fifth anniversary of the proclamation of
the original Republic of Indonesia. The new state is also
named the Republic of Indonesia. As planned, the country
will be divided into 10 provinces, Java and Madura will be
divided into the provinces of West, Central, and East Java; on
Sumatra there will be the provinces of North, Central, and
South Sumatra; Borneo will become a single province; and
East Indonesia will be divided among the provinces of Lesser
Sunda Islands, Celebes, and Moluccas. Djakarta (formerly
Batavia) will be the provisional capital, Details regarding the
areas and boundaries of the proposed provinces have apparently
not been worked out. The future status of Netherlands New
Guinea is still under discussion between the governments of
Indonesia and the Netherlands. The making of maps showing
political -administrative divisions of Indonesia, therefore, is
still a risky undertaking.
B. Cartographic Treatment of the States of Indochina.
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia became associated states
of the French Union early in 1950, and shortly thereafter the
United States Government extended recognition to the governments
of all three states. American cartographers have raised the
question as to whether the former political entity Indochina should
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be omitted from the map and be replaced by the three
new states. The following treatment is recommended as
representing the present situation accurately:
1. Vietnam (capital, Saigon), Laos (capital, Vientiane),
and Cambodia (capital, Phnom Penh) may each be treated as
a political entity on a par with Burma, China, and Thailand.
The names of the three states may appear as country names,
and the boundaries -- including the boundaries between Viet-
nam and Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, and Cambodia and
Laos -- may be represented as international boundaries. The
capitals may be shown as national capitals.
2. Indochina should no longer be treated as one Poli-
tical entity, However, since the three states are still often
referred to collectively by that name, it may be desirable on
some maps to apply the name Indochina as a regional name
covering only the area of the three states.
3. Laos and Cambodia have the same areas as they
formerly had as parts of Indochina. Vietnam is made up of
the areas of former Tonkin (now named North Vietnam),
Annam (now Central Vietnam), and Cochinchina (now South
Vietnam). The name for each of the three primary divisions
of Vietnam is ky, or region.
C. US Engineer Research and Development Laboratories Design
"Airborne" Press.
"Map-producing presses, and not just the maps them-
selves, will be at the actual scene of activity if or when this
country goes to war again," say lithographic experts at the
Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories.
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The initial tests of a pilot model of a new "airborne"
offset lithographic press, designed at the Engineer laboratories
to meet this need, are now being completed. It can be flown
to a desired area, removed; and set up for operation in a small
fraction of the time required for transporting a press by land
or sea.
Military maps, charts, and line and half -tone work in
single or multicolor (by successive printing) in hairline register
are possible with the press. Speed of reproduction varies from
3,000 to 5,000 sheets per hour and is controlled by a V-type
speed control.
The new press will aid the development of a military
mapping program that will be highly sensitive to changing needs
for maps near centers of activity. Detailed plans for troop move-
ments can be printed and distributed to unit commanders a few
hours after they are formed. This procedure will eliminate some
of the mistakes that occur through misinterpretation of locational
references in verbal orders.
Simplicity, portability, and a built-in ability to withstand
changing conditions of rough and rapid transport have been con-
sidered in the design of the new press. The press is equipped
with hangers or adapters by which the whole unit may be lifted
and is also fitted with wheels so that it may be moved without
dismantling. Screw lifts enable it to be leveled and immobilized
in position.
The new press, which is both smaller and lighter than
the Big Chief of World War II fame, measures 59-1/2 inches in
height compared with the 72-1/2 of the old model. Its center of
gravity is correspondingly lower. In length it is 72 inches as
against 89, and its weight has been reduced from 6,600 to 4,200
pounds.
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D. Atlas of the Gold Coast.
Atlas of the Gold Coast; Gold Coast Survey Depart-
ment, Accra; Fifth Edition, 1949; CIA Map Library, Call No.
Atlas E203.
The Fifth Edition of this atlas was recently acquired by
the CIA Map Library. Minor revisions have been made in the
maps, but the chief change in the atlas has been the addition of
a gazetteer. The atlas contains 20 maps, the gazetteer, and
several pages of statistical material and graphs. Seventeen
maps are of the Gold Coast; two show Africa, and one the world.
Twelve of the maps are at the same scale, 1:1,500,000, and
include the entire country. The topics covered are administra-
tive areas, mineral deposits, agricultural products, cattlerais-
ing areas, forest reserves, population density, tribal distribu-
tion, language and dialects, relief, geology, rainfall, and isogonic
lines. Most of the maps are in color, and, although they carry
a wealth of information, they are fairly easy to read. On several,
however, the crowding of place names and poor printing impair
legibility.
The atlas includes town plans of Accra, Kumasi, and
Takoradi, a railway map, and a historical map. Six graphs, on,
each of which the country is divided into four zones, show amount
of rainfall, dry-bulb readings, relative humidity, hours of sun-
shine per day, maximum and minimum shade temperatures, and
maximum solar and minimum terrestrial radiation.
The gazetteer gives, by latitude and longitude to the
nearest minute, the location of more than 1,000 towns and villages
shown on the Map of Administrative Areas. Names of more than
150 rivers, shown on the same map, are listed in the second
section of the gazetteer.
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The statistical material presented includes information
on towns possessing water supplies and electricity, on railway
guages and mileages, on the areas of administrative districts,
and on population.
E. Recent Mapping of the Saar.
The Saar is now included in the official French mapping
program. The area will be covered by sheets of two topographic
series at 1:25,000 and 1:100,000, copies from German plates.
Sheets of the 1:25,000 series are now in preparation; sheets of
the 1:100,000 series are scheduled for later reproduction.
Two special-subject maps at the scale of 1:100,000 are
now available in the CIA map library. These are the Carte
Economique de la Sarre, 1:100,000, 1949 and the Verwaltungskarte
des Saarlandes, 1:100,000, 1947 and 1948 printings.
The Carte Economi ue de la Saare (CIA Call No. 66913)
was published by the Institut G ographique National for the Haut
Commissariat de la Republique Francaise en Sarre. The map
shows clearly the magnitude and diversity of the industries that
have come under French control as a result of the economic
integration of the Saar into France. Special attention is given
to the iron and steel industry. Plants are shown by type and
capacity. Details of coal mining and associated industries pre-
sented include: pits, coke ovens, gas plants, gas pipelines,
electric power stations, electric power lines, and waterworks.
The distribution of 13 other diverse industries is shown. Com-
munications data given include: airdromes, waterways, and two
categories each of roads and railways. Arrondissement bound-
aries are shown and an inset gives changes in administrative
boundaries from 1919 to 1949.
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Verwaltungskarte des Saarlandes (1947 printing,
CIA C all Na, 32581), was published by the Verwaltungskom-
mission des Saarlandes, Direktion furr Finanzen, Kataster-
und Vermessungsverwaltung. A 1948 printing is known to
have been made, but it is not available in Washington. Kreis,
Gemeinde, and Gemarkung boundaries are shown and each
subdivision is named. Two boundaries shown but which no
longer apply have been crossed out. The administrative
structure shown is correct, except for two recent changes:
(1) the arrondissement (German Kreis) boundary between
Merzig-Wadern and Sarrelouis, west of the Saar River, is
located farther north according to more recent maps, and
(2) a small area southeast of Hombourg was added to the
Saar on 1 March 1949.
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