MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN MR-19

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01005A000100200003-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 29, 1999
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: November 1, 1950
• Content Type: BULL

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ASSISTANT DIREcTOR
FOR RESEARCH AND REPORTS
MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
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This document contains information affecting the na-
tional defense of the United States within the meaning
of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S.C., 31 and 32, as amended.
Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any
manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by-law.
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MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
MR-19
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
November 1950
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. A NEW POPULATION MAP OF BULGARIA 1
II. PAN AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND
HISTORY, FIFTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY 9
III. BRIEF NOTICES
........ ........ 13
A. Revision of CIA Map of India and Pakistan ............ 13
B. Maps and Description of French Cameroons ......... 13
C. Railroads of French Colonies
14
D. Surveying and Mapping in Zanzibar .................. 144
Map Following page
Bulgaria: Population (CIA 11639)
Note. This Bulletin has not been coordinated with the intelligence
organizations of the Departments of State, the Army, the
Navy, and the Air Force.
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A NEW POPULATION MAP OF BUL zA=
Knowledge of the variations in the character of pop-
elation distribution is an essential part of the basic intelli-
gence required for foreign areas. Accurate and realistic
representations of such information are needed in map form.
This article presents an improvement in technique for repre-
senting the distribution of population, as illustrated by the
accompanying map of Bulgaria (CIA 11639). The most com-
plete recent information on the population of Bulgaria was
used in the` compilation, the official Bulgarian census of
31 December 1946. The article also includes descriptions
of the population regions of Bulgaria that emerge from the
use of this new technique.
A Neew Technique for Graphic Representation of Populati
Distribution
For more than half a century, geographers and car-
tographers have been experimenting with methods of repre-
senting population that would result in maps superior to
those in general use--the dot, the isopleth, and the minor
civil divisions map. The technique used in compiling the
map of Bulgaria is a combination and variation of methods
used by other geographers, but resembles most closely
the techniques used by Alan Ogilvie in mapping the popula-
tion, of Greece.1 Basically, the map is similar to the
1. See- 4 o anh cal lourna _ Vol. CI, 1943, pp. 251-260.
Map reproduced in simplified form in Vol. III of the
Geographical Handbook on Greece published by the Naval
Intelligence Division.
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minor civil divisions maps, but instead of civil divisions,
regions of homogeneous population distribution are used.
The delimitation. of regIgns oo ho9i, latio
.distribution in Dulg ia, is possible because of the unusual de-
tail of the Bulgarian co sus, Census figures are given by
.blast, ok9 obshti a 5, and populated place or locality, In
preparing the maps the population of each locality was plotted
on a large-scale base. By comparing this map with the
sheets of the 1,100,000 map of Bulgaria, regions of compara-
tively uniform population distribution were established and
outlined. In general, the criteria were similarity in size of
village, type of settlement, location of settlement in relation
to the terrain, and land use. The area of each region in
square kilometers was then determAned, the population of the
localities within the region totaled, and the average population
density of the region calculated.
In drawing regional boundaries, the area that was
assumed to contribute to the support of a given village was
included in the same population region as the village. In
order to show more precisely the number of people actually
supported by an area, u ?baan centers, are not included in. the
density calculations. For example, the trade and industrial
activities of Ruse, the chief Danube port of Bulgaria, are
supported by an area far larger than the immediate hinter
land of the city. All of the centers shown in solid color are
considered urban. Although towns in the 39000 0 15,000
population range are considered primarily rural, most are
market centers with some processing functions, Therefore
one-fourth of the population of these towns (the fraction
assumed to be urban in character) is not included in, the
appropriate reg,onnal density fig eo
Quantitatively, the map is as accurate as the census.
The accuracy of the impressions the map conveys, however,
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is partly determined by the date of the topographic maps used
in compilation. For the area south of latitude 400 N and a few
small sections elsewhere, topographic sheets published after
1935 were consulted. These sheets show in great detail the
extent of clearing and cultivation in the mountains, isolated
dwellings, and the road pattern. For the rest of the country,
maps based on surveys made almost 75 years ago were used.
Few of these maps have been corrected and corrections that
have been incorporated are not uniform from sheet to sheet.,
Consequently, for northern Bulgaria the relationship of one
village to another and to the land is not readily discernible
from the maps. The regional divisions established within
areas of similar terrain therefore may not be valid in all
cases.
The Population Regions
The use of population distribution re ions reveals the
richly varied density pattern in Bulgaria. On the basis of
similarity of settlement, seven major population regions can
be distinguished: (1) Danube tableland; (2) Dobrudzha; (3) Stara
Planina -- north flank, crest, and south flank; (4) southern
mountains; (5) upper Maritsa valley; (6) lower Maritsa-
lower Tundzha valleys; and (7) west-central Bulgaria.
The Danube Tableland
The Danube tableland stretches almost across Bulgaria
north of a line from Vratsa in the west to Stalin (Varna) in the
east. The characteristic density of the tableland is about 75
People per square kilometer. The homogeneity is illustrated
by the block of land from Vidin eastward to Pleven, which has
a population density of 70-85 people per square kilometer.
This area is a fertile, fairly level upland cut by shallow
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north-south valleys. The agglomerated settlement charac-
teristic of Bulgaria is well developed. The villages, most
of which have a population of 2,000 or more, are located in
the valleys where there is shelter and an adequate water
supply. In preparing the map, the area was originally
divided into eight population distribution regions that corres-
ponded in general to the upper and lower sections of the
valleys. Since t4-ik. population densities for all eight were
within the 70-85 people per square kilometer density group,
they were combined into a single unit.
To the east, the valley of the Yantra, has a noticeably
higher density. The Yantra drains a large area of the Stara
Planina and its foothills, including the densely populated
TtYrnovo-Gorna Oryakhovitsa basin. Both of these towns
are industrial centers according to Bulgarian standards.
Turnovo, once the Bulgarian capital, occupies a command-
ing site on the banks of the Yantra on the main road to
Shipka Pass. In addition to the usual grain fields, vine-
yards, commercial vegetable gardens, and sugar beet fields
occupy the basin.
Dobrudzha
Southeast of Ruse is a belt of land with a density
of 55-70 people per square kilometer, which is the transition
zone between the Danubian tableland and the Dobrudzha.
The Dobrudzha itself is a dry, steppe-like country scarred
by a network of ravines, particularly in the western section.
Most of the gullies are seasonal watercourses. The typical
landscape is mile on mile of wheat fields interrupted here
and there by clusters of small, square, tile-roofed houses.
The progressive decrease in population density eastward
from the Danube appears to be correlated with an increase
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in aridity, Departure of Turks and Rumanians from the
Dobrudzha because of boundary changes and the Bulgarian
government policy towards national minorities has also
contributed to the low densities, The census labels many
villages "abandoned."
Stara Planing
The area with a population density of less than 10
per square kilometer that stretches almost across the
middle of Bulgaria from east to west follows the crest of
the Stara Planina, with two southern extensions along the
crests of the Sredna Gora and Surnena Gora. The Stara
Planina is a worn, rounded chain of mountains most of
which do not exceed 5,000 feet in elevation; the highest
point is about 79800 feet. East of Sliven the mountains are
interrupted, and knots of hills continue to the Black Sea.
The landscape to the south of the crest of the Stara
Planina differs markedly from that on the north. On the
south, there is a precipitous drop to the densely populated,
flat floored valleys of Karlovo and Kazanluk at elevations
of 900 to 1,000 feet. The valleys are intensively cultivated,
with field crops on the lowlands and with vineyards and
roses, the specialty of the valley, on the slopes.
North of the mountain crest is a wide band of foot-
hills and low mountains with a typical density of 45 people
per square kilometer. Four areas of considerably higher
density stand out -- two around Gabrovo and Sevlievo near
the center of Bulgaria, and two areas farther west, which
center on the towns of Troyan and Botevgrad (which have
populations of less than 8,000).
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Sevlievo lies in a bend of the Rositsa River where
the stream flows across a small open basin, Around the
town the land is almost flat, but in the western extension of
the basin alluvial fans slope upward from the river. The
entire area is cleared and is ringed with villages. Vine-
yards line the south-and west-facing slopes. The population
pattern of the Botevgrad area is similar to that around
Sevlievo. Gabrovo and Troyan, however, are actually in
the mountains, The dense settlement dates from Turkish
times, when the Bulgarians fled to the hills to escape the
close surveillance of the Turkish chifliks of the plains.
Settlements extend like fingers along each of the small
streams. The villages and separate farmsteads are
characteristically surrounded by plum orchards. Small
hillside fields are sown to corn and wheat. The people also
raise considerable numbers of livestock, chiefly sheep. In
summer, the animals are driven to the high pastures of the
Stara Planina, but available maps do not indicate even tem-
porary settlement in that area. In this respect, the population
distribution regions in the Stara Planina show only where the
people live, not the areas from which they gain their livelihood.
Southern Mountains
In the southern mountain region, which is a far greater
barrier to transit and colonization than is the Stara Planina,
prevailing population densities are less than 25 per square
kilometer. The mountains extend from the Yugoslav border
south of Gorna Dzhumaya eastward to the Black Sea. The
northernmost extension reaches almost to Sofiya.
The Strandzha range, which borders the Black Sea in
southeastern Bulgaria, is neither lofty nor rugged. Fairly
abundant rainfall has favored a heavy forest cover, and small,
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poor villages, in some places 20 miles apart, are scattered
through the forest. The infertile soils of the clearings yield
a meager harvest of hardy grains
The low-density area south of Plovdiv corresponds
to the central Rodopio The central Rodopi and the even more
sparsely inhabited western Rodopi and Rila mountains to the
west are areas of exceedingly rugged terrain and difficult
communications. A little lumbering and some livestock raising
constitute the only economic activities of the area. The mountain
communities are high and isolated. Unlike the rest of the southern
mountains, the eastern Rodopi Mountains are honeycombed with
settlements. Most of the villages are small if not tiny, rarely
consisting of more than 50 families and often of fewer than 10.
The map shows several mountain areas that differ
sharply from the prevailing mountain densities, including some
valleys south of Sofiya and the basins of Petrich and Nevrokopo
The valley is at an altitude of 3,000 feet and has a rigorous
climate, it is covered with glacial gravel rather than alluvium,
and there is almost no production of specialty crops. The economy
is primarily pastoral. The basin of Petrich, on the other hand, is
one of the major industrial crop sections of Bulgaria and produces
opium poppies, cotton, tobacco, vines, and rice.
Upper Maritsa Valley and Lower Maritsa-Lower Tundzha Valleys
In population density (85 to 100 people per square kilo-
meter) and in crop combinations, the upper Maritsa valley re?
sembles the basin of Petricho Poppies are not raised, but rice
is grown in the marshy bed of the Maritsa near Plovdiv and
Pazardzhiko Cotton has been introduced on a large scale in the
Plovdiv-Svilengrad-Nova Zagora triangle, Almost the entire
valley is under cultivation as far east as Chirpan, but on the
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sandier soils toward Khaskovo brushwood thickets are inter-
mingled with the grain fields. From the lower Maritsa to the
lower Tundzha to the Black Sea, the landscape changes subtly.
An increasingly large proportion of the land is devoted to
cereals, especially wheat; the large compact villages are
spaced farther apart.
West Central Bulgaria
Population densities in west central Bulgaria are the
same or even higher than in the lower Tundzha area, although
the high western section appears to be far less favorable for
settlement. Most of the basin of Sofiya, for example, which
has a density of more than. 100 people per square kilometer,
is covered with poor brown forest soils and a large part of
the area is hilly. The presence of Sofiya, with a population
in the metropolitan area of 435,000, accounts in part for the
high rural density. The city offers a growing demand for farm
products and increased employment opportunities for farm
families. West and southwest of Sofiya the countryside con-
sists primarily of rough hills. Rye and maslin (rye and wheat
mixed) are more important than wheat or corn. Except in
the more southerly basins of Kyustendil and Marek, where
some tobacco is raised and there are vineyards and orchards,
the production of specialty crops is negligible.
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II. PAN AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY A
FIFTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY
At the invitation of the Chilean Government, the Fifth
General Assembly of the Pan American Institute of Geography
and History (PAIGH) is convening in Santiago, Chile, from
October 16 to October 27, 1950. At the same time and as an
integral part of the Assembly, there will be Consultations on
Cartography, History and Geography. Delegates and represent-
atives from all of the American states are attending.
The PAIGH is an Inter -American Specialized Organi -
zation as defined by the provisions of the Charter of the Or-
ganization of American States, and is the first such agency to
enter into formal agreement with the OAS. The purpose of the
PAIGH--to promote inter-American support and cooperation
in geographic, historic, and cartographic problems--has been
substantially furthered throughout the 20 years since the
Institute was established.
The 1950 meetings include a reconvening of Committees
which have been working on plans formulated at earlier Con-
sultations and General Assemblies. The following meetings
have been held to date:
Preparatory Assembly
Inaugural Assembly
II General Assembly
III General Assembly
1st Consultation on
Cartography
2nd Consultation on
Cartography
Mexico City 1929
Rio de Janeiro 1932
Washington, D.C. 1935
Lima 1941
Washington, D.C. 1943
Rio de Janeiro 1944
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IV General Assembly
Caracas
1946
3rd Consultation on
Cartography
Caracas
1946
1st Consultation on History
Mexico City
1947
4th Consultation on
Cartography
Buenos Aires
1948
1st Consultation on
Geography
Rio de Janeiro
1949
The Fifth General Assembly is the first to include Con-
sultations on History and Geography. Commissions on History
and Geography were created at the IV General Assembly in
Caracas. In the future, Consultations will be held in conjunction
with the General Assembly (scheduled to meet every four years)
and also at intervals of one to two years during the intervening
periods.
The meetings in Santiago are divided into two broad
categories: (1) Administrative and financial problems, to be
handled by the full Assembly; and (2) scientific work, which
,will be carried on by the Consultations through discussion
sessions of the various committees of the Commissions. As
of 15 August, these committees and their chairmen were as
follows:
cartogrohy Commission:
Geodesy: Capt. C. L. GARNER, Retired (USA)
(retiring chairman)
Gravity and Geomagnetism: Ing. Ricardo MONGES
LOPE Z (Mexico)
Seismology: Ing. Frederico GREVE SCHLEGER
(Chile)
Topographic Maps and Aerophotogrammetry: Coronel
Pedro Roberto QUIROGA (Argentina)
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Aeronautical Charts: Col. Paul C. SCHAUER (USA)
Hydrography? Vice Almirante Antonio GUIMARAES (Brazil)
Tides- ' Capitark de Corbeta Luis M. GIMENEZ
(Argentina)
Special Maps: Dr. Gerardo GANET ALVAREZ (Cuba)
Urban Surveys: Dr. Eduardo ALVAREZ GUTIERREZ
(Colombia)
Geography Commission:
Settlement and Colonization: Dr. Wreford WATSON
(Canada)
Land Inventory and Use Surveys: Dr. Preston E.
JAMES (USA)
Geography of the Americas: Dr. Federico A. DAUS
(Argentina)
Teaching and Methodology of Geography: Dr. Carlos
DELGADO DE CARVHALHO (Brazil)
History Commission:
Archives: Dr. Emeterio S. SANTOVENIA (Cuba)
Folklore: Dr. Luis E. VALCARCEL (Peru)
Emancipation Movement: Dr. Cristobal L. MENDOZA
(Venezuela)
Program of the History of Americas and Revision
of Texts: Dr. Ricardo PICCIRILLI (Argentina)
History of Ideas: Dr. Leopoldo ZEA (Mexico)
The Consultations, including the scientific meetings, are
being held during the week following the First Plenary Session
of the Assembly and continue into the following week. The pro-
grams include national reports on progress made in each country
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since its last report was presented, discussion of action
taken on resolutions made at previous meetings, and pro-
posals for new or further action needed within the field of
activity of each committee. It is anticipated that the
national reports on cartographic progress, which are pre-
pared uniformly by all countries, will be outstanding contri-
butions to our general knowledge of mapping in the Americas.
Conclusions and resolutions of each Consultation will be
formulated for presentation at the Final Plenary Session on
Friday, October 27.
As has been the custom at previous meetings, field
excursions to nearby regions will. be conducted after the
formal meetings are concluded, thus permitting visiting
members to examine, at first hand, the variety of problems
confronting Chile.
Concurrent with the meetings are Expositions on
Cartography, Geography, and History to which member
countries are contributing.
International and regional organizations, as well as
national societies, academies, and universities were invited
to send representatives to the 1950 meetings of the PAIGH.
Amont the international organizations invited are UN,
UNESCO, ICAO, FAO, OAS, Indian Institute, International
Council of Scientific Unions, International Hydrographic
Bureau, the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics,
the International Society of Photogrammetry, and the
International Geographical Union.
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III. BRIEF NOTICES
A. Revision of CIA Map of India and Pakistan.
The map entitled India and Pakistan -- 1950 (CIA
11461), which shows the political divisions of India and
Pakistan, appeared in Map Research Bulletin No. 15,
April 1950. The map has now been revised on the basis
of information secured since the compilation of the
original edition. The revised edition was published under
the number CIA 11461 (First Revision 7-50) and is avail-
able for distribution at the CIA Map Library.
B. Maps and Description of French Cameroons.
"Atlas du Cameroun," published by the government
of the French Cameroons, was printed in Paris either it
late 1949 or in early 1950. The atlas includes eight. maps,,
with explanatory texts. Only seven maps are in the copy of
the atlas that was received by the CIA Map Library; the one of
the urban area of Douala is missing.
All of the maps were compiled from official French
sources and include the most accurate information available.
The fractional scales given on maps 1-5, however, are in-
correct; map 6 has no scale indicated, and the accuracy of
the scale on map 7 cannot be checked.
The maps included in the CIA copy of the atlas, their
dates, and their corrected scales are as follows-
1. Cameroun: Carte Administrative; 1:3,120,000; 1946
2. Cameroun: Carte Gdologigue; 1-3,128,000; 1946
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3. Cameroun: Carte des Races; 1:3,128,000; 1946
4. Cameroun,
1:3,128,000; 1946
5. Cameroun: cart, a des Communications; 1:3,100,000;
1946
6. Chemin de Fer du Cameroun: Plan de Modernisation
du Reseau; no scale; 1947
7. Croauis Carto~ra.phi ue des Region du Wouri et de
la Sana&a Ma. ' im -; 10200,000; 1948
C. Railroads of French Colonies.
"Geographie des Chemins de Fer Fran9ais,99 Vol. 4,
France Loin ine, Librarie Chaix, Paris, February 1950, CIA
Library Call No. 6M/6 755.2 L3 v.4o
Maps in this recently published volume present detailed
data on the railroads of all the French overseas colonies except
French North Africa, which are treated in volume 3 of the same
series. In format, volume 4 is similar to the other three volumes
which were reviewed in Map Research Bulletin No. 15, April 1950.
Multicolored maps of Indochina and of the Hanoi and Saigon
areas and monochrome maps of the other colonies show alignment
and gauge of the railroads and location of the principal stations.
Large- and medium-scale monochrome maps give more detailed
treatment of the -sections of the lines that are for some reason
unique. Profiles are included for many of the lines.
D. Surveying and Mapping in Zanzibar.
The Land Survey Office of the Zanzibar Protectorate pro-
duces maps only as they are needed to fulfill local requirements;
none are made for general distribution. Copies of many of the
maps, however, have recently been obtained for map library collec-
tions in Washington.
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A series of 51 sheets that covers all of Zanzibar Island
at the scale of 1:10,560 was made from a survey completed in
1932 and was printed during the period 1933-37 (AMS Call No.
.34 0-3-30-62504-10). Subsequent cadastral work was based on
the same data as the 1010,560 series. A two-sheet series at
1:63, 360 was published in 1947 and a series at 1-125,000 in
1942 (CIA Call Nos. 39102 and 63278).
The basic survey of Pemba Island, conducted in 1911-1912,
resulted in the publication by the GSGS in 1913 of a two-sheet map
at 1:63,360. The sheets were reissued in 1942, with roads revised
from aerial photography and information supplied by the senior
surveyor of the Protectorate (CIA Call No. 3086).
In. 1943, planimetric maps that cover both Pemba and
Zanzibar at 1:126,720 were published by the Land Survey Office.
These maps have been used subsequently as bases on which
specialized data have been overprinted. The GSGS and the British
East Africa Command have also produced maps of both Zanzibar
and Pemba.
Within the last few years, city plans of Zanzibar Town have
been published at several scales ranging from 1:2,500 to 1020,,000.
For the most part, they are based on or checked against a photo-
mosaic at 1.5,000 published in 1947 (CIA Call No. 66800).
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GREECE
G ;ECI
THIS SIDE UP
H t1AEYPA AYTH
Eli TO EnANfl
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A series of 51 sheets that covers all of Zanzibar Island
at the scale of L-10,560 was made from a survey completed in
1932 and was printed during the period 1933-37 (AMS Call No.
34 0-3-30-62504-10), Subsequent cadastral work was based on
the same data as the 1010,560 series. A two-sheet series at
1:63,360 was published in 1947 and a series at 1.125,000 in
1942 (CIA Call Nos. 39102 and 63278).
The basic survey of Pemba Island, conducted in 1911-1912,
resulted in the publication by the GSGS in 1913 of a two-sheet map
at 1-.63,360. The sheets were reissued in 1942, with roads revised
from aerial photography and information supplied by the senior
surveyor of the Protectorate (CIA Call No. 3086).
In 1943, planimetric maps that cover both Pemba and
Zanzibar at 1.126,720 were published by the Land Survey Office.
These maps have been used subsequently as bases on which
specialized data have been overprinted. The GSGS and the British
East Africa Command have also produced maps of both Zanzibar
and Pemba.
Within the last few years, city plans of Zanzibar Town have
been published at several scales ranging from 1.2, 500 to 1:20,000.
For the most part, they are based on or checked against a photo-
mosaic at 1.5,000 published in 1947 (CIA Call No, 66800).
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-01005A000100200003-0
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-01005A000100200003-0
RESTRICTED
and/0
osNd 64 z h 330
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-01005A000100200003-0
GPO--:;so--5928