MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 6

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01005A000100080001-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 2, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1949
• Content Type: BULL

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MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
No. 6
Cr" SS CHANGED TO? 'r S C
!!pprT RFVIFIAI.r ATF-
NO CHANGE IN CLAS
DFCLASSIFIFD
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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' ' ' h r s ao a ~~ _. ,':rnt.ai-;s III OImal:on atler r: _ the na -
tir)nal dolenst- of the 1 jnitecl State-, within -,Ie rneanin'u,
(1 r 1.r F.:;pionae:e Act. :i0 U.S.C. 31 and 32, ~:- amended.
it,:, transmission or the revelation of its con+r-n s in any
manner to an unauthr rized person is prohit:,n.ed by law.
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MAP RESEARCH BULLETIN
MR-s
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
JUNE 1949
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. New Administrative Divisions of
Czechoslovakia .............
Page
IL The Systematic Reorgasisatfcni of
Brazilian Place Names ................. 7
M. Bioclitnatic Atlas of Schleswig-holstein .......19
IV. Map of the British-United States
Zone and the Yugoslav Zone in the
Free Territory c d Trieste ............... 28
MAPS
Czechoslovak: Administrative Divisions, CIA 11229
,e Free Territory of Trieste, CIA 10612
No e: This Bulletin' has not been coordinated with the intelli-
gence org ,nizations of the Departments of State, Army,
Navy, and the Air Force.
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NEW A D112 TRA DI'riSIONS OP CZECHOSLOVAKIA
In an alleged attempt to give the people more direct
participation in the government, the Czechoslovak Republic
has been reorganizing the administrative divisions of the
country. Beginning on 1 January 1949 the Republic was divided
into nineteen ,kra~, a (departments, sing. kra) administered by
~kra national committees, and the three, historic provinces
[zeme) that were administered from Praha (Prague), Brno, and
Bratislava were dissolved. Provincial autonomy was liquidated
gradually and was completed on 31 March 1949,
Prior to 1938 the %dministrative divisions of Czecho
Slovakia were as follows:
der
ma hoslovak Term
English Equieaie:nt
lot
11.11
Zeme
Land or Province
2nd
Spravai Okres
Administrative ]District
Samospr(vnd WSW
Autonomous City
SSoudni Okres)
(judicial District)
3rd
Obec
Commune
The additional term venkov was used to distinguish the
saw rlvn4 mmsto from the s end okres that surrounded it,
sInce the two carried the same speck c place name. The city of
Plan (Pilsen), for example, was called Plzen-meato and the
surrounding ckres P1zin-venkov (PlzAn county). In Slovakia the
1. See List of References at the end of article.
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jgnonymous term okolie was used tanstead of venkov. In the
Czech Lands (Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia), oudni
dkres was a division of the s rArxnt akres. About scent
of the s %T-S n( okros were ivi a `oiro or more soudnn
okres~v. anu aowes, a judicial division with feet nis-
W4 functions, was not found in Slovakia.
Before the dismemberment of Czechosloyakia, the
country was divided into four zeme--Bohemia (Cechy), Moravia
(Morava), Slovakia (8lovensko)-,-and the Carpatho-Ukraine or
Ruthenia (Podkarpats Rus). After the war there were two
major changes: (1) Ruthenia was ceded to the USSR, and
(2) Silesia, (Slezsko) was given the status of zemd ~'
(branch province) within the zemd and was 1oravia'-
Siiesia (Morava a Siezako). In early 1948, the three z of
Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, and Slovakia contained a total of
244vn osy.
The change from zeme to IgIft Is revolutionary because
nineteen lira. a have replac` the three zeme and because the
b darIIs o the is je, In some cases coat across the r Ies
of the former zexn and okres . The most striking example Of
this is the comn1 e1 obli ra. on of part of the centuries -old
boundary between Bohemia and Moravia. (See map CIA 112211
at the front of this Bulletin.)
In addition to the creation of the nineteen krae radical
changes have been made in the boundaries and sees of e
y. In the Czech Lands thirty-four new okres were estab-
lislned, ten old ones abolished, and four had iar administrative
seats- and (as a result) their names changed. In Slovakia eleven
new ok s were created. These changes make the map of the
political and judieiai. division of Czechoslovakia, published
in 1948 (Itern 5 in List of References), almost wholly obsolete.
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On the basis of available information, the new adminis-
trative organization of Czechoslovakia is as follows: first order,
, second orders qkres and statut rnf nndsto (statutory city,
the same as the prewar samosa 's o ;and third order,
a c (plural obee). The soadni o es s en completely elimi-
nated.
The administrative organization described above, how-
ever, does not explain the peculiar, semi-autonomous position
of Slovakia and its capital, Bratislava. It Is reported that the
thirteen western kraJe are administered directly from Praha
(Pragae), whereas remaining six are administered from
Bratislava. Bratislava, in turn, is responsible to the central
government in Praha. This would suggest that the Czech sds
and Slovakia themselves are administrative divisions of an
order higher than the kraj.
The following table lists the kra a of Czechoslovakia
and shows the number of minor ci ions each includes,
its area, population, and density population.
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NEW CZECHOSLOVAK ADMDUSTRATI'VE ORGANIZZATION1
Number of Number of Pop. in Area in Density per
AMLe okresy2 obce 000's sq. kmss. s . km.
Czech Lands
Praia. (Prague) 26-1
1596
2,001
9476
211
eesk4 Budejovice 15
1238
507
9230
55
Plzen (Pilsen) 12-1
1254
549
`1877
70
Karlovy Vary 10
712
301
4583
66
t1st1 nad Labem 13
785
622
4128
151
Liberec 11-1
649
481
4253
113
Hradec I lov4 14
947
557
5200
107
Pardubice 11
756
425
4287
98
jihlava 12
995
420
6604
64
Brno 18-1
958
931
7379
126
Olomouc 12-1
794
585
6214
94
Gottwaldov 11
526
594
5112
116
Ostrava 10-2
477
790
4528
175
Slovakia
Bratislava 15-1
458
838
7518
112
Nitra 16
577
690
7966
87
Banska Rystrica 15
585
487
9265
52
Zilina 16
510
509
8269
62
Koiice 12-2
473
462
7440
62
Pre&ov 15
757
448
8496
53
1. Sources: Items .8, 9, 10, and 11 in List of References.
2. The first figure indicates the number of qt, The figure follow-
Ing the dash (-) indicates the number of .stuhitarnf m9sta. The
number of okresy in Slovakia are reliable esti ~ ~
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LiST OF REFERENCES
MAPS
1. Zzechoslovakia Administrative and Political Division;
1:750,000; Vojenskl Zemepisny 16stav (Military Geographic
Institute); 1931; photocopy in Czech and English; no grid or
coordinates; CIA Call No. 45134.
2. r Neuen Grenzen der Tschechoslowakei (The New
Boundaries of Czechoslovakia); 1:1.126,00-0; Deutsches Archly
fur Landes-and Volksforschung (German Archives for Geographic
and Anthropologic Research); 1938; in German; grid and coordi-
nates with longitude measured from Ferro; CIA Call No. 32235.
3. Czechoslovakia; 1.1,000,000; ,rittsGeographical Section,
General ` ; 1; stub coordinates, CIA Call No. 25017.
4. Administrativna Ste. Slovvenslm (Administrative Map of
Slate ? ; ' ; o Pravda (Truth Publishing
Rouse, Bratislava); 1947; in Slovak; stub coordinates; CIA Call
No. 44713.
5. 7Politicki a Soudan Rozd6leni Ceskoslovenska Re 1
(Political an icia ivjs~ions the zec o epu lic);
1:800,000; Vo enskj Zenndpisn stay (Military Geographic
institute); 1948; in Czech; stub coordinates; CIA Call No. 40377.
DOCUMENTS
6. Z r& --St .tn o UJfadu Statistick+ ho (Reports - zechoslovak
Nat.ona ce o"s +s , oim" e'~ Numbers 1-16, Praha., 1946.
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7. Z ra (Reports), StAtny Planovacf a 5tatisticky Uradu
(T'iova ational Planning and Statistical Office), Volume II,
Number 1, Bratislava, 1947.
8. P (Praha), No. 280, 1 December 1948. (d
Lice; official Communist newspaper.)
9. Rude Pravo, No. 16, 20 January 1949.
10. Rude Pravo, No. 17, 21 January 1949..
Y.I. RMy (Bratislava), No. 23, 28 January 1949. (T ,
official Slovak Communist newspaper.)
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THE SYSTEMATIC REORGANIZATION
OF BRAZILIAN PLACE NAMES
When plans were being made for the 1940 census of
Brazil, the existing confusion concerning internal boundaries
and the duplication of place names assumed new importance.
Inaccurate knowledge of the boundaries made it impossible
to plot census data accurately on maps and,. In many cases,
the location of a specific place had become a natter of guess -
work. As a result of the confusion,, Brazil initiated a nation-
wide program for standardizing place names and defining
boundaries. This program has now been in operation for more
than ten years and two publications of major importance have
been issued, The "Diviaa.o Territorial dos Estados Unidos do
Brasil" of 1940 includes all changes that were effective for
the period 1939-43, and "Divas .o Territorial do Brasil" of
1945 includes additional changes in force during the period
1944-48. With the aid of these two volumes, it is now possible
to identify new place names that have appeared on maps of
Brazil during the last twelve to fifteen years. Only a few copes
of the 1940 and 1945 list of changes, however, are available in
the United States, and no description of the program for stabiliz-
ing Brazilian place names has heretofore been published in the
United States.
Before the new program went into effect, e$ do (state):i
boundaries were fairly well established, but mun ci to (county)
boundaries were inaccurate and confused. In many cases, the
limits of municlpios were not known even to their own officials.
Because Brazilian settlements had developed at widely separated
points along the coast, the efforts of the central government to
Wherever possible Brazilian administrative units are identified
in parentheses by the nearest English equivalent. The equivalents
are not necessarily accurate translations of the Brazilian terms.
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establish boundaries and standards of nomenclature were
never effectively enforced. In addition, many areas had
inherited confused patterns of overlapping boundaries based
on long histories of large autonomous estates, personal
properties, faulty deeds, obsolete church records, and local
tradition. Occasional efforts bed been made to clear up
specific problems$ but no nationwide program was established
until the late 1930 s.1
With the needs of the forthcoming census in mind, the
President of the Instituto Braziletro de Geografia e Estatistica.
(Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) recommended
to the President of the Republic that national measures be
taken toward standardization of place names and boundaries.
These recommendations were based primarily on resolutions
passed by the Conseiho Nacional de Estatistica (National Coan-
cli of Statistics), a division of the Institutoe (See Appendix A
for pertinent selections.)
On the basis of the recommendations and other support-
ing evidence, National Decree -Law No. 311 was passed on
March 2, 1938, which provided in detail for a systematic pro-
gram for standardizing boundaries and place names throughout
Brazil. The arttcles of the Decree -Law are given in Appendix B.
Further study by the C onselho Nacional de Geografia (National
Council of Geography), another division of the Instituto, brought
to light additional complications regarding place names and led
1. Changes in place names that were effected before the adoption
of the nationwide program are not considered in this report.
In addition, many of the changes that appeared in the mid.-1930's
were merely changes in spelling following the adoption oi[
simplified spelling by Brazil. Sec: A.D'A. Marchant, Brazilian
Spelling and Place Names, Pan American
L.IM iJ Du, 1, in, May
1943, pp. 253-261.
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to the presentation of a resolution (No. 61) on July 24, 1939.
Its first and most important provision concerned the elimina?-
tion of duplication of place names not only within states but
within the country as a whole. It also set up several criteria
for deciding can the acceptability of place names (see Appendix
C). The provisions of this resolution were presented too late
to be incorporated into the first list of changes published in
1940, but were used In the preparation of the 1945 list.
Because of the enormity of the task of standardizing
place names and boundaries, changes may be made over an
extended period of years. Revised lists of official place
names may be published at five-year intervals if needed, and
all place names appearing in the. list are to be used for a five-
year period. At the end of this period a revised list may be
published in the light of more recent investigations. This
procedure will continue until boundaries and place names
throughout the country have been stabilized.
To date, the program has been highly successful and
credit for success should be given primarily to the Institf to
Brra.siletro de Geografta e Estatfsttca, which studied the situ-
ation thoroughly, formulated requirements, and presented
them for enactment Into law. The enactment of Decree-Law
No. 311 has been described as ""a landmark in the cartographic
history of Brazil."
""Divislo Territorial dos Estados Unidos do Brasil"
published in 1940 represents the culmination of three years
of effective effort onn the part of the government to establish
a workable system of territorial limits and nomenclature.
The volume includes:
(1) A list giving the number of minor administrative and
judicial subdivisions in each of the administrative
divisions in Brazil.
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(2) Regional tables listing for each of the states the
judicial (comarca, termo, and &g r, ) divisions
and admin~ttve municipto and dam) divisions.
Column 1 lists all of the coornarcas; column 2 the
t,~ rmos within each comer , c , column 3 the m
within each termo; column 4 the d tr tos within each
munici io; and column 5 the sons within each distrito
that is subdivided to this extent.
(3) An alphabetical listing of all distrito? whose names
have been changed, giving both the old and new forms
cross -referenced to each other, and the names of
the states in which they are located.
(4) An alphabetical guide to administrative seats of
dish, munici sins, tee , and co seas, and
the names of the states in which they are located.
The full texts of forty-six resolutions and decree-laws an which
the program is formulated are given in the appendix. State and
federal enabling laws are presented in two tables.
According to law, each munici to was also required to
publish a map of its area based rds set by the C onselho
National de Geografta. These maps incorporated the new place
names and showed the boundaries that were to be considered
as official for the period of five years from 1939 through 1943.
The second list, "Divf aao Territorial do Brasil," was
published in 1945 and contains the champs that were to be in
effect for the period 1944-48. The volume includes the names
from the 1940 list that had been accepted, as well as now changes.
Approximately 125 munici ios were added to the 1,574 presented
in the first list, and tie changes in the first list, and the
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dis r, changes in the second list bring into the thousands
the total number of new 1at o names approved since the
initiation of the program. This number includes complete
changes as well as variations that were made to distinguish
between dtstritos with identical names.
r
"Bivisao Territorial do Brasil" does not duplicate all
the information given in "Divisgo Territorial dos Estados
Unidos do Brasil." Consequently both must be used in an
investigation of Brazilian place names. Between the two, it
is possible to determine the current official name for every
musnici o and distrito in Brazil. In both cases the names
of the a aiainistrative seats are the same as those of the corres-
ponding administrative divisions.
A second set of maps was required from those munict ios
in which any changes had been made since the publication of
1940 listing. The new maps incorporated the place names and
the boundaries that were to be considered official for a period
of five years, after which further revisions may be made. About
half of the anunicipio maps had to be revised.
All official maps published in Brazil since the passage
of Decree -Law No. 311 carry the accepted place names and
boundaries as of the five -year period in which they were issued.
The most detailed information appears on the of'fical muntci io
maps. These vary in scale from 1:25,000 to 1:1,000,,666, but
the majority are at 1:100,000. Those of the first and second
series that have been received in Washington are on file at the
Army Map Service. A more generalized presentation of the
1,700 or more munici los of Brazil is given on the Cart arse
de Bivis o do Brasil, 1:5,200,000, October 1945, CIA Call
2 435. T e most recent general map of Brazil showing the new
names and boundaries is the IVlaiaa do Brasil, 1:5,750,000, 1945,
CIA Call No. 30791. All of these maps were published by the
Instituto Brasiletro de Ceografta e Esfat(sttca.
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APPENDIX A
Provisions pertinent to this report selected from the Resolu-
tions presented by the President of the Instituto Brassileiro de
Geografia e Esstat stica to the President of the Republic, on
Dec. 15, 1937.
(Free translation)
This Resolution provides for:
a. A uniform date for revising territorial organizaticsn
throughout the country, at regular intervals before
each regional and general census (every 5 and 10
years, respectively)
b. The establishment of precise, logical area limits,
based on geographical features easily identified,
thus avoiding the formerly-used vague lines, such
as property boundaries
c. A uniform system of nomenclature, to avoid confusion
between divisions of the same category having the
same names, and between divisions and their respective
seats
d. A systematic superposition of administrative and
judicial divisions so that the boundaries will coincide
and judicial seats will be consistent with the admilnis -
trative seats within these boundaries
e. A definition of cidade (city) and vila (tmvu) according
to special criteria set by law
f. A unification of the territorial extensions of the adminis-
trative and judicial divisions to avoid extra-territorial
jurisdiction or the possession of aeon-contiguous areas
g.
The exact definition of the area of any new entities
(distritos and nici tos) created, indicating the divi-
it-nss rom which a were created, and describing their
boundaries exactly
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APPENDiX B
Articles from Decree-Law No. 311, March 2, 1938 (Free
translation)
Article 1. The provisions of this law will be observed in the
territorial divisions of the country.
2. Munici ios will be comprised of one or more ftstritos
forming a continuous area. When necessary, the
stems will be subdivided into zonag
Paragraph 1. These zonas may have special names.
3. The seat of a munici to has the category of cidade,
and it gives t name to the muntetvto.
4. A d is designated by the name of its seat, and
.kito when it is not large enough to be a cilcde, the seat
has the category of ylia.
Paragraph 1. A dpi o will have only one .
5. One or more muntc tos, forming a continuous area.,
form a tern o uc, a j , whose seat will be the most
important cia de in the area, and the ctdade gives
its name to the area.
6. One or more termos form a cow, on the same
basis as outlined in Article 5.
7. The areas of cotes and tee will be defined
by the smaller areas Chat coiastitute them. When a
new muntct to is formed, it will be defined by the
distr tos which constitute its parts, and its area will
be described giving both the old and new limits of the
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distritos of which it is formed. Likewise, no new
isctri o will be formed without defining exactly the
prey d Ito jurisdiction of its area, and
describing the limits of each of the distritos which
border on it.
8. Distrito and munici to boundaries will be defined
by geo etic lines between easily identified points
or geographical features.
9. No division will include any area lying within a
neighboring division.
10. There will not be more than one cLdade or vila with
the same name in one state.
11. No new distrtto will be created without previously
delimiting the urban and suburban limits of its
seat, which will have at least thirty dwellings.
Paragraph 1. These limits will always be accom-
panted by a city plan.
12. No munici io will be created unless the urban area
of is sea s at least 200 dwellings.
13. A year from the installation of this law, each
munici io will deposit with the Regional Director
ography, in two authentic copies, a map of
its area.
Paragraph 1. These maps, even when based on
crude surveying, must meet the requirements fixed
by the Conselho Nactonal de Geografia.
Paragraph 2. Any munici io failing to comply with
this requirement will lose its autonomy and its terri-
tory will be annexed to one of the neighboring municii+,
which will aseun the requirement; an addttio `yeas
limit is then applicable to that munig ci to.
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14. The authority of the state governments to create
divisions shall not prevent the munici o govern-
ments from subdividing their territories further
according to their own administrative needs.
15. The designations comarca, ter g, municioio, and
Mtr#q will be adopt the entire country, with
their respective seats; and will include distritos
that bad been exclusively either administrative or,
judicial units.
Paragraph 1. The distritos of either order which
were already instaii unit io acts are retained.
Paragraph 2. The various judicial or administrative
d stritos which had their seats in the same g j !, are
exa,eptions, and are subject to the criteria fixed in
the last part of Article 2.
16. Only by general laws, as stated in this Article, can,
the territorial divisions be modified as to the limits,
nomenclature, and categories of their parts.
Paragraph 1. In the first half of a current year,
beginning July 1, the state and federal governments
will fix,, according to instructions of the Conselho
Nacioi al de Gea raffia, a new territorial breakdown
with a systematic description of the boundaries of all
the die and Municiflios contained therein.
Paragraph 2. Until then, the termos which are at
present si* divisions of municipios, will continue; their
respective seats will have the category of Z&.
Paragraph 3. Once the new territorial breakdown has
entered into effect, it may be altered only every 5 years
by general laws, which will be promulgated in the last
year of each period and come into effect the 1st oif
January of the next year. The second of these 5-year
revisions will take place only if a general census has
been taken in the second year of the 5-year period.
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17. The installation of the new divisions and establish-
ment of their new seats will be realized within six
months, after the enactment of the law which created
them, on a date set by the state governments.
Paragraph 1. The governments of the states ... will
declare by decrees the expiration of the divisions
whose formation, through failure to meet the legal.
requirements, has not been ordered.
18. The state governments, by decrees handed down uo
to March 31, 1938, will publish a list of administra-
tive and judici l areas already in existence at the
time of the passage of the law, making alterations
of the classification and nomenclature and in the
category of seats, following the criteria fixed in this
law and in accordance with the general model to be
formulated by the Conselho Nacional de Geografia.
Paragraph 1. Alterattons of names according to
Article 10 will be carried out in the new breakdown
only as laid down in Article 16, Paragraph 1.
19. This law will apply, where appropriate, to the Distrito
Federal and to the Territory of Acre.
20. This law will be enforced from the date of its pub1! a-
tion, revoking all conditions to the contrary.
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APPENDIX C
Resolutions of the Conselho Nacional de Geografta
July 24, 1939, Preamble and Article I
The General Assembly of the National Council of Geography, in
the exercise of its prerogatives;
whereas, Decree-Law No. 311, of March 2, 1938, calls for
changing place names which have been duplicated only in the
case of cities and towns of the same Federal unit;
whereas, however, it is most fitting that this criterion should
be applied as widely as possible so that the eltmiraation of
duplicated names should extend to all the localities of the country;
whereas the adoption of long names, as well as of foreign names
or those of living persons, is unsuitable for designating localities,
except in exceptional cases;
whereas the Fourth Brazilian Congress of Geography, meeting
in the City of Salvador, Baia, ... established the general principal
of the preferential use of the indigenous language for Brazilian
place-names;
whereas, when it is not a case of cities or towns, it falls to the
regional or local authorities to give names to the other localities
or features, independent of any general consideration;
RESOLVES:
Article 1 - The National Council of Geography, in the laws or
Instructions concerning the coming territorial division of the
country, to be made in 1943, in accordance with the provisions
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of National Law no. 311, of March 2, 1938, will recommend
the inclusion of dispositions having as their objective the
following measures regarding names of cities and towns:
1. The elimination of duplications of a ames, throughout the
country;
2. The shortening of long names;
3. The possible elimination of foreign names or names of
living persons, respecting the demands of tradition and
of the will of the people, as well as legitimate tributes;
4. The preference for the adoption of names in the Indigenous
ge of the region or connected with historical events,
of the region, in cases where names are being changed;
5. The preservation of the names already sanctioned by the
populations of the respective localities when they are not
in contradiction with the previous dispositions.
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BIOCLT MATIC ATLAS OF SCHLESWIG-ROLSTEINI
The Bioklimatisccher Atlas fur Schleswig-Holstein
published inn l is a noble contribution not only to German
regional atlases but also to the field of applied climatology.
The atlas was prepared under the direction of Dr. Heinrich
gemann (agriculturalist) and Dr. Heinrich Votgts (meteorolo-
gist) and published by the Forschungstelle filr Landwrirtschaft.-
liche Planung and Landschaftsgestalttmg in Lubeck (CIA Call
No. F 30&.12F).
Research leading to the publication of the atlas was
stimulated by a request of the British Military Government
for. assistance in selecting the most favorable sites for three
new sugar beet factories and in increasing the production of
sugar beets; corn, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. This re-
quest waA interpreted in its broadest meaning by the authors,
and the resulting atlas is based on exceptionally detailed and
scholarly study of the agricultural climatology of Schleswig-
Holin. The wealth of detail presented is reliable, and
decisions concerning biociimatic aspects of crop production
were made in the field by competent scientists familiar with
local conditions. The atlas emphasizes factors of importance
to local farmers but omits many types of maps usually found
in climatic atlases, such as air pressure and general circula-
tion. it is well suited to serve as a guide to local planning for
optimum land use and could also serve as a source of informa-
tion on beaches, terrain, and the extent of ice in winter -- all,
of which are important for trafficabilitt studies.
1. Dr. Helmut L,andsberg of the Research and Development
Board assisted greatly in the interpretation and evaluation
of this atlas.
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Unfortunately, the atlas was published in a limited
edition of only 300 copies which prevents the widespread
distribution it deserves. Furthermore, the maps are Printed
on paper of poor quality and the plates are not bound. All
of the maps are printed in black and white, with lines of one
other color superimposed. The simplicity of the cartographitc
presentation, however, does not detract from the scholarly
content of the maps.
Four base maps have been used for practically all
of the maps in the atlas -- two soils maps at 1:300,000 and
1:1,000,000 and two general maps at the same scales. The
soils base maps show five types of soils distinguished accord-
ing to structure and twelve classes of soils distinguished
according to geologic history and vegetation cover (e.g. brown
forest soils, young moraines, sandy moors). The areal extent
of the various kinds of soils is shown by over-all patterns,.
and soil boundaries have been used in checking the distribution
of climatic data presented on the overprints for each map.
The importance attached to the use of the soils maps as back-
ground information is demonstrated by the fact that in many
cases the same climatic information is overprinted. on a gen.-
eral map and repeated on a soils map.
The concept of bioclimatology as used in the atlas
Includes all available data on climatic factors known to be
of significance to plant life. On the basis of these data, the
60 atlas plates are divided Into six main sections: L Climatic
saps, U. Phenologic maps, M. Meteorologic evaluations,
IV. Climatic survey maps, V. Agricultural-Meteorologic
evaluations, and VT. Bioclimatic evaluations.
The climatic section Is the longest and most detailed.
Numerous maps illustrate: (1) yearly and monthly distribu-
tion of precipitation; (2) cloud types and the duration of periods
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of sunshine and cloudiness; (3) relative humidity; (4) mean,
maximum, and minimum temperatures; (5) mean number of
summer days with temperature maxima over 250 C and the
number of days with frost; (6) average dates for the beginning
and ending of periods with temperatures of 50 C and 100 C ;
(7) wind velocity and direction; and (8) annual and seasonal
frequency of calm weather, thunder storms, and snow. The
tables on the backs of the maps give annual variations in the
climatic factors mapped, and in addition state the relation
between air-mass movement and late frosts in May and June,
and the relation between the extent of ice in the Baltic Sea
and the beginning of the growing season.
The phenologic section includes maps giving the
average dates of blooming of eight plants for 1936, 1937,
and 1947. Additional maps give the dates of blooming and
of harvesting of winter rye. On the backs of the maps are
tables providing data on typical seasonal conditions, and
a special study of Lubeck presenting typical weather, condi-
tions and blooming dates for selected plants.
The section on meteorologic evaluations was designed
primarily for determining the frost hazard in spring and fall
and for estimating the date of the beginning of the growing
season.
The climatic survey section is concerned primarily
with the important problem of determining the amount of
moisture available for plant growth at critical periods duri3g
the growing season, as well as for the year as a whole. Actual
mean monthly temperature is also related to the extent of Ice
during the first four months of the year. The responses of
natural vegetation to climate are shown by maps of hedgerow
and ditch vegetation condtions. The section also includes a
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map of Central Europe at 1:3,000,000 showing climatic regions
and subregions, with supplementary tables on precipitation,
temperature, character of the landscape, forest types, agri-
cultural distribution, etc.
In the section on agricultural-meteorologic evaluations.
data presented in the foregoing sections are applied specifically
to increasing the production of sugar beets, vegetables, fruits,
corn, and tobacco. Areas of possible production of each of these
crops are described climatically and problems of cultivation
are carefully explained. In a survey table, the locations of
fruit growing centers are given.
The final section of the atlas presents a very detailed and
typically German study of climate in relation to the location of
health resorts and vacation areas. The only map in the section is
a summary of climatic conditions in Schleswig-Holstein which
presents tables of climatic data at appropriate points on the face
of the map and divides Schleswig-Holstein into six health zones.
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MAP OF THE BRITISH-UNITED STATE'S ZONE AND THE
YUGOSLAV ZONE IN THE FREE TERRITD Y OF. TR TE
Accompanying this issue of the ~&p Research Bulletin
is map CIA 10612 showing the Free Territory of Trieste as
divided between the British United States Zone and the Yugo-
slav Zone. The map indicates the outer boundary of the Free
Territory and the so-called MorganLine separating the two
zones.
The MorganI,ine was originally defined shortly after
the end of the war to serve as a line of demarcation in Venezia
Giulia between Yugoslav forces and British-American forces.
It extended in a southerly direction from a point near the north-
eastern corner prewar Italy to a point east of Trieste, then
turned westward to the Adriatic Sea south of Trieste. As defined
by the Italian Peace Treaty, the Free Territory of Trieste lies
partly_ to the north and partly to the south of the latter part of
this line. When the Peace Treaty came into effect in September
1947 the Britlsh;American forces withdrew from the area t -
had been occupying between the Morgan Lino and the new ltalia:n -
Yugoslav boundary. They moved south into the British-Amerie .n
Zone of Free Territory. Yugoslav forces advanced westward
from the Morgan. Line to positions along the new Italian-Yug ilav
boundary and the Free Territory -Yugoslav boundary. Yugoslav
forces also remained in the Free Territory south of the Morgan
Line. The portion of the Morgan Line that now remains Is thus
only the southern and western end of the original line. This seg-
ment of the line lying within the Free Territory was marked on
the ground by representatives of the British-United States and
Yugoslav military goveramaent. In September 1948.
The area of the Free Territory of Trieste is appro!initely
282 square miles. Of this, about 197 square miles lie within the
Yugoslav Zone and about 85. square miles within the British-United
States Zone.
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