SCIENCE IN WONDERLAND ESP

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010089-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 9, 2014
• Sequence Number: 89
• Publication Date: November 10, 1973
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

--
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010089-8-
I' NO-v. 10, 1973
science
news
039 thD
vol. 104, no. 19, 289-304
'L.
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(-)
Technically intriguing items
from TRW, guaranteed to add luster to your
conversation and amaze your friends.
How Many Days in a Year? A year is the
time it takes for a planet to make one complete
revolution around the Sun. Our own planet earth,
for example, completes its orbit every 365.24199
days, a time which doesn't divide nicely into 52
seven-day weeks. Responding to this knotty situa-
tion, Julius Caesar devised a calendar in which
he picked up an extra quarter day by having 365
days in the first three years and 366 in the fourth
(leap year). While an improvement on the exist-
ing system, the Julian calendar was just over
eleven minutes longer than the true solar year, so
that every 128 years it gained a full day on the
Sun.
Pope Gregory narrowed the discrepancy by
ruling that years ending in 00 were not to be
leap years unless they were divisible by 400. This
saved three days every 400 years and put the
Gregorian calendar (which we presently use)
within 25 seconds of the true solar year.
The year on the planet Jupiter is informatively
different. Its great distance from the Sun (half
a billion miles compared with the earth's
93,000,000) means that it takes Jupiter 11.86
earth years to complete one of its 'vast orbits.
Unlike the earth (which rotates on its axis once
every 24 hours), giant Jupiter rotates once every
9 hours and 51 minutes. Thus its day is less than
half as long as ours. The combination of short
days and long years on Jupiter means that there
are more than 10,500 days in the Jovian year.
Like everything else about Jupiter, its calendar
is big and bulky. In fact, its immense size has
caused one astronomer to remark that the solar
system is made up of "the Sun, Jupiter, and some
debris."
On December 3 of this year, a historic event
involving the earth and Jupiter will take place.
The Pioneer 10 spacecraft, built by TRW for
the NASA-Ames Research Center, will fly past
Jupiter. For 21 months, Pioneer has been streak-
ing toward its target at speeds ranging from
30,000 to 80,000 miles per hour. Jupiter is so
far from earth that a signal sent to Pioneer at
encounter will take 45 minutes to get there, even
though it travels at the speed of light (186,000
miles per second).
Pioneer's onboard experiments, which have
already provided space information enroute to
Jupiter, are designed to yield useful data as far
away as 20 astronomical units?about 2 billion
miles.
Early next year when the Pioneer data has
been examined and analyzed, we'll have some
first-hand information for you on this giant of
the solar system.
Earth at Encounter
Earth
at
Launch
Escape From
Solar System
After Encounter
Jupiter at
Encounter
Pioneer
Interplanetary
Trajectory , 500
/400
Asteroid Belt
2 to 3.6 AU
Jupitor
at Launch
Pioneer trajectory to Jupiter. This path uses the
spacecraft's available energy most efficiently.
For further information, write on your company letter-
head to:
TRW
SYSTEMS GROUP
Attention: Marketing Communications, E2/3043
One Space Park ? Redondo Beach, California 90278
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? a \\ /ter of new and amusing examples
science news- to
the editor
where the names really count. Here's
another.
A Science Service Publication
Vol. 104/Nov. 10, 1973/No. 19
Incorporating Science News Letter
During World War II there were a
couple of very bright scientists at the
Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farn-
borough, England, whose frequent col-
laboration and jointly published reports
led to quiet amusement in those days
when there wasn't too much to smile
about. One of them, Prof. A. R. Collar,
became vice chancellor of the University
of Bristol; the other, Mr. Walter Tye, be-
came the chief executive of the British
Air Registration Board. I think the names
on their joint reports always appeared in
that order.
John J. Green, Ph.D.
Ottawa, Canada
P.S.
Both men are, I believe, well known to
the aeronautical fraternity in the U.S.A.
OF THE WEEK
fission using boron
292
moon distance by laser
292
mariner 10 mercury-bound
293
temperature-reporting satellite
293
comet photo
294
switching off allergies
294
record year for tornadoes
294
grizzly controversy
295
technology assessment
295
soviet psychiatry
295
science 'wrongly blamed'
295
RESEARCH NOTES
behavioral sciences
296
environmental sciences
296
ARTICLES
science and esp
298
DEPARTMENTS
letters
291
books
301
COVER: A growing number of openminded
scientists see ESP and other psychic phenom-
ena as worthwhile areas of investigation. See
p. 298 (Drawing: M. C. Escher, Escher Founda-
tion, Haags Gemeente-museum?The Hague)
Publisher E. G. Sherburne Jr.
Editor Kendrick Frazier
Senior Editor and
Physical Sciences Dietrick E. Thomsen
Senior Editor and
Behavioral Sciences Robert J. Trotter
Biological Sciences Joan Arehart-Treichel
Science and Society John H. Douglas
Space Sciences Jonathan Eberhart
Copy Editor Nadine Clement
Assistant to the Editor Esther Gilgoff
Production Manager Davide Daemon
Books Margit Friedrich
Circulation Manager Lawrence Cope
Advertising Scherago Associates, Inc.
11 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036
Fred W. Dieffenbach
Sales Director
Copyright @ 1973 by Science Service, Inc.,
1719 N St., NM., Washington, D.C. 20036.
Republication of any portion of SCIENCE NEWS
is strictly prohibited.
Subscription Department
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Marion, Ohio 43302
Subscription rate: 1 yr., $10; 2 yrs., $18; 3 yrs.,
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Printed in U.S.A. Second class postage paid at
Washington, D.C. Established as Science News
Letter in mimeograph form March 13, 1922.
Title registered as trademark U.S. and Cana-
dian Patent Offices.
Published every Saturday by SCIENCE SER-
VICE, Inc., 1719 N St., N.W., Washington, D.C.
20036. (202-785-2255). Cable SCIENSERV.
november 10, 1973
Science and superstition
Your correspondent, Clarence G. Zike,
is quite correct when he observes that "As
true of science in general, every major
discovery in astronomy raises more ques-
tions than it answers" (SN: 10/6/73, p.
p. 251).
He can put his mind to rest, however,
about his imagined lack of a most logi-
cal explanation of the phenomena which
seem to violate physical laws, e.g., "in-
telligent intervention."
It ?is just this thinking that is as old
as the history of mankind that led to
the separation of science and religion?
remember Galileo?
How else can Zike explain the existence
of superstition even in this enlightened
age?
John W. Orner
Wilmington, Mass.
In her letter entitled "Not a valid hypothe-
sis" (SN: 10/27/73, p. 259), Lois Ann
Horowitz raises an important point. While
it is not particularly difficult to suggest
unorthodox explanations for various phe-
nomena, it often requires unusual intel-
ligence to see ways in which to test such
ideas, thus converting them to "valid hy-
potheses." It is this uncommon vision that
allows the scientific method to act as a
challenge rather than as a shield.
David Dunthorn
Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Moonshine
I am intrigued by your comment on
the density of the moon's atmosphere in
the correspondence section of the Oct.
6 SCIENCE NEWS. Based on the 5 trillion
to one earth-moon ratio which you quote,
I have computed the total weight of the
moon's atmosphere to an altitude of 1 mile
at under 40,000 pounds. Take away the
total weight of volatile effluent from all
U.S. and Soviet moon craft, dumped in
moon orbit, and what is left? The answer
probably falls between Heisenberg's prin-
ciple and Murphy's law.
John P. C. Allen
New City, N.Y.
Collar and Tye
SCIENCE NEWS is just great?I welcome
its arrival every week and recommend it
to my friends. Keep up the good work.
"It's All in the Name" seems to have
tickled the fancy of a great many of your
readers and has led to the submission of
Human aggression
Studying war will not provide answers
to questions about human aggression nor
will studying human aggression provide
solutions to ending wars (SN: 10/20/73,
p. 251).
Wars cannot be treated as manifesta-
tions of human aggression. They are poli-
tico-economic expedients instituted by
handfuls of men (governments) for some
very pragmatic reasons. Ordinary people
who fight wars don't want to . . . Their
aggression is motivated by self survival on
a battlefield.
In historical perspective, the questions
we need answered are: How have we, the
troops, allowed the leaders to subvert what
evolution has taught us, namely the in-
telligent control of aggression.
Lewis Schwartzman
Flushing, N.Y.
Cultural diversity?
The claim by the Soviet anthropologist
J. V. Bromley of the Soviet attempt to
maintain "a diversity of languages and
life styles" among various ethnic groups
(SN: 9/15/73, p. 170) is certainly negated
by the treatment of Ukrainians and Jews.
Indeed, in the latter case it amounts to
a form of cultural genocide.
Joseph M. Kirman, Ph.D
Associate Professor, Social Studies
The University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Address communications to Editor,
Science News, 1719 N Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
SCIENCE SERVICE
Institution for the Popularization of Science founded 1921; a nonprofit corporation
Board of Trustees?Nominated by the AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF
SCIENCE: Athelstan Spilhaus, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Deborah
Partridge Wolfe, Queens College of City University of New York; Bowen C. Dees, The Franklin
Institute. Nominated by the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: Frederick Seitz, Rockefeller
University; Gerald F. Tape, Associated Universities; Allen V. Astin, National Academy of Sciences.
Nominated by the NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL: Glenn T. Seaborg (President), University
of California, Berkeley; Gerald Holton, Harvard University; Joseph W. Berg Jr., National Research
Council. Nominated by the JOURNALISTIC PROFESSION: 0. W. Riegel (Secretary), Washington
and Lee University; Norman Cousins, "World"; Julius Duscha, Washington Journalism Center.
Nominated by the E. W. SCRIPPS TRUST: John Troan, Pittsburgh Press; Milton Harris (Treas-
urer), Washington, D.C.; Edward W, Scripps II (Vice President and Chairman of the Executive
Committee), Edward W. Scripps Trust.
Director: E. G. Sherburne Jr.; Assistant Director: Dorothy Schriver; Business Manager: Donald R.
Harless; Things of Science: Ruby Yoshioka.
291
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science news OF THE WEEK
Atomic energy from fusion plus fission
'Thermonuclear fission' of boron may be a power source for the future
The world's future energy needs will be solved mainly
by release and utilization of the binding energy of atomic
nuclei or they are likely not to be solved at all. The
energy can be released either by the fission of heavy ele-
ments (uranium, plutonium), which is already an oper-
ative possibility, or by the fusion of light ones. Fusion
is still in the future, but the cycles on which most re-
search is being done are deuterium fusing with deuterium
or deuterium fusing with tritium.
Now a new fuel and a new cycle are proposed, which
partake of the nature of both fusion and fission. It in-
volves the fission of the common element boron and has
been dubbed "thermonuclear fission." The proposal was
presented last week at the meeting of the American
Physical Society's Plasma Physics Division at Philadel-
phia by Thomas A. Weaver of the Lawrence Livermore
Laboratory.
The ?new reaction is a fundamental departure from
conventional concepts of fusion and fission. Generally
the balance of energy within atomic nuclei is such that
only fission of heavy nuclei and fusion of light ones
yields energy. Fission of lightweight nuclei is generally
difficult to achieve and costs energy. But there is an ex-
ception for nuclei that can divide themselves evenly
into an integral number of helium nuclei (also called
alpha particles).
The helium nucleus is a particularly tightly bound
entity that appears as a kind of building block of heavier
nuclei. When these helium building blocks are present in
integral numbers with nothing left over, the fission of the
larger nucleus can yield energy. It is this exception that
Weaver and his collaborators suggest using.
The way to go about it is first to fuse nuclei of
hydrogen and of boron-11, the most common form of
boron. Lasers would be used to irradiate from all sides
a small pellet containing a mixture of ?the two elements.
The laser light would cause heating and an implosion in
which the two elements would fuse. The fusion yields
boron-12. The boron-12 would then fission, 99.9 percent
of the time dividing evenly into three helium-4 nuclei.
For the past year and a half physicists at LLL and the
California Institute of Technology have been studying
the characteristics of the reaction, using boron-11 sam-
ples and protons from an accelerator. Others in the work
besides Weaver are Lowell L. Wood, who first proposed
the use of this reaction, and G. B. Zimmerman, H. F.
Lutz, I. D. Proctor and W. Bartolini at LLL and T. A.
Tombrello and M. ,Dwarkanth at Caltech.
The proton fission of boron would be extremely clean
of radioactive by-products, much cleaner than any other
fission or fusion cycle now in use or proposed. Another
advantage is that the energy is carried off by charged
particles, making conversion to electric energy easier
than for most other cycles, which tend to yield energetic
neutrons.
The energy of the boron fission could be converted
directly into electric currents by collecting the charged
helium nuclei at electrodes or by magnetohydrodynamic
(stim) methods. The milD method being considered
would use a pulse of energy from the boron reaction to
expand a preexisting magnetic field across an electrical
conductor. The change in the field would cause a current
to flow in the conductor.. Energetic neutrons have to be
trapped in a substance, which they heat. The heat is used
to boil water to make electricity in a steam turbine.
There are other elements that are one proton shy of
having an integral number of helium nuclei. They include
nitrogen-15 (four heliums), lithium-7 (two heliums) and
fluorine-19 (five heliums). But boron-11 was found to
produce the highest net energy under reactor conditions.
It is likely to be many years before a boron reactor
is operating. Weaver stresses the extreme technological
difficulties involved in bringing the idea to fruition. One
of the worst of them is the extremely high temperature
necessary, 3 billion degrees, and the requirement of lasers
10 times as energetic (100,000 joules) as those now con-
templated for fusion reactors using other cycles. Thus
the boron cycle is likely to come into use later than the
other proposed fusion cycles. But the cleanliness of the
reaction and the abundance of its fuel (boron is plentiful
in the oceans and in dry lake beds) may make it a desir-
able future alternative to them.
Lasers measure moon
distances to 6 inches
"How high the moon?" asks a ro-
mantic song. Whatever the answer may
mean to lovers, the exact height of the
moon is a datum of great importance
to science. The exact distance to the
moon can be used to study continental
drift, polar wandering, phenomena in-
side the earth and the mass distribution
in the interior of the moon.
Now work with laser beams reflected
off devices on the moon has succeeded
in measuring variations in the earth-
moon distance to an accuracy of 6
292
inches?the most accurate measurement
ever. Work in the next year or so is ex-
pected to narrow the figure to about 1
inch. The measurements are the work of
the Lunar Ranging Experiment (LURE)
team, a group of scientists headed by
James Faller of the National Bureau of
Standards' Boulder laboratories.
The men in the moon, specifically
those of Apollo 11, 14 and 15, placed
arrays of corner reflectors at various
points on the moon's surface. (Corner
reflectors are shaped like cubes cut in
half along the diagonal; they send light
back in the direction it came.) Pulses
of laser light sent through a telescope
from earth are reflected back, and their
flight is precisely timed. Since the
roughly 235,000-mile distance to the
moon. varies, the experiment must be
done repeatedly for a long time to gain
a statistically significant picture of the
moon's motions.
The pulses take about one and a
quarter seconds to get to the moon.
When the light beam arrives, it has
spread to a diameter of two miles. By
the time it gets back to earth it has
spread to 10 miles. Only a billion-
billionth of the light sent out comes
back to the detector on earth, yet it
is enough, but just barely, to activate a
photoelectric mechanism that stops the
clock.
science news, vol. 104
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Off to Mercury
with a cold glance
Mercury ho! Mariner 10 is on its
way.
Venus ho, too. Launched at 12:45
a.m. (Esr) on Nov. 3, Mariner should
pass within 3,300 miles of Venus on
Feb. 5. It will then become the first
spacecraft to use a technique, proposed
some 12 years ago, of letting the gravi-
tational field of one planet bend its
course around toward a second objec-
tive. That's Mercury, of course, where
it will arrive less than two months later,
on March 29. After that it will swing
around the sun and come back for a
second look at Mercury 176 days later,
and possibly a third (SN: 10/6/72,
p. 220).
Mariner's most exciting data may
come from a 'pair of television cam-
eras, which should provide the first
close look at the sun's nearest planetary
companion, revealing surface featurcs
less than a mile across. But there's a
problem.
After 53 minutes after launch, when
flight controllers signaled the space-
craft to turn on the 12 heaters that are
supposed to protect its delicate com-
ponents from the cold of space, the two
heaters for the cameras failed to re-
spond. This posed a double threat: the
absolute cold itself, and the difference
in temperature between the front and
rear ends of the telescopes that will
magnify the cameras' view. If the differ-
ence gets too great, the barrels holding
the telescope lenses could warp, distort-
ing the TV images.
With the heaters working, the cam-
eras' vidicon tubes should each be at
60 degrees F., the rear ends of the tele-
scopes (protected by the spacecraft) at
47 degrees and the front ends at 40 de-
grees. Instead, by Nov. 6 the vidicon
tubes had chilled to 14 degrees, the
telescope rears to minus four degrees,
and the front ends to minus 22 degrees.
In early test pictures taken of the
NASA
Looking at Mercury from 621 miles.
november 10, 1973
/
CVLEANUUNSCAHT
"pl
MERCURY AT LAUNC/71%........
AND JAN 28,1974
MERCT4FACOUNTER
0 MAR H 29, 1974
ENCOUNTER
VENUS
FEB 5, 1974
?
EARTH
MARCH 29/
1974
NASA
Thanks to Venus, Mariner 10 will be the first spacecraft to visit Mercury.
moon and earth, scientists running the
mission at Jet Propulsion Laboratory at
one point thought they saw some dis-
tortion, but later changed their minds.
Another problem appeared when an
experiment designed to study a range of
energy levels in the solar wind stuck at
the high end of its voltage sweep. "It's
getting a few cosmic ray-type parti-
cles," said an official, "but none of the
solar wind." This, too, was believed to
be a possible heater problem, since the
instrument was "performing as it would
with a cold start."
Officials planned to send "on-off-on"
commands to the heaters in hopes that
they will respond, after first trying the
procedure on a backup spacecraft on
the ground at the Kennedy Space Cen-
ter in Florida.
Broadcasting the air's temperatures from space
Ten years ago the eighth of the
Tiros weather satellites was launched
into orbit, carrying an experimental
device that allowed anyone to receive
photos of the earth directly from the
satellite. Users needed only relatively
inexpensive equipment and no longer
had to wait for the satellite's signals
to be processed and delivered from a
central computer complex.
As recently as a year ago, says
Marvin Harper, a sensor engineer for
RCA Corp., which has built most of the
U.S. civilian weather satellites, it was
assumed that this direct-readout capa-
bility would be needed only for photos.
For more detailed data such as tem-
perature profiles, users would presum-
ably be willing to wait up to 12 hours
for centralized processing and delivery.
But since then, some 25 countries have
shown an interest in just such a read-
out capability for other data.
This week they got their wish. NOAA-
3, the newest U.S. weather satellite,
was launched Nov. 7 from California
with a device to let users receive di-
rectly from the satellite temperature
profiles measured at six altitudes rang-
ing from the surface of the earth up to
about 20 miles. Data can be received
when the satellite is above a spot as
far as 1,800 miles away from the
ground station, so that, for example,
India could watch for conditions indi-
cating an approaching monsoon.
/ VERTICAL TEMPERATURE
PROFILE RADIOMETERS
'AvX:BOvl ncTugEgAn
?
RCA
NOAA-3 tells temperatures for anyone.
Except for the direct readout equip-
ment, NOAA-3 is virtually identical to
N0AA-2, launched Oct. 15, 1972, and
with another satellite that would have
been N0AA-3 but failed ?to reach orbit
in July of this year. The profile sensor
has a resolution of about 30 miles;
another temperature probe provides
half-mile resolution, but it requires a
receiving antenna that would be too
expensive to interest most direct users.
The satellite is expected to cover every
point on the globe twice a day. 0
293
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Comet Kohoutek
Switching off allergies:
A 'silencer' molecule?
An allergy is a superreaction of a
supersensitive person to substances as
diverse as pollen, dust, steamed clams
or penicillin. Allergy victims announce
their presence by wheezes, sneezes,
tearing eyes or runny noses. Thirty-one
million Americans suffer from allergies.
They lose $285 million in work hours
annually because of their problem.
The only treatment now available
is time-consuming, costly and too often
ineffective. It consists of weekly shots
of the allergen (substance) to which
a person is supposedly allergic. Why
such shots desensitize some patients
and not others is not clearly under-
stood.
A more effective and economical
treatment for allergies is needed, and
one promising approach is being ex-
plored by David H. Katz, Toshiyuki
Hamaoka and Baruj Benacerraf of
Harvard Medical School. These three
research immunologists report in the
October PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA-
TIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES that
they have managed to switch off, in
mice, the class of antibodies that causes
allergies. They hope they'll be able to
take a similar tack in switching off
allergies in people.
When a specific organic molecule?
"Dnp"?is linked with a protein and
then injected into an animal, it prompts
lymphocytes in the animal to make
the class of antibodies that causes al-
lergies. But when Dnp is linked with
a particular molecule that does not
exist in nature?"D-GL"?and is then
injected into an animal, the lympho-
cytes no longer make the antibodies.
Why the Dnp-D-GL packet triggers
this response is not yet known. But
being able to switch the antibodies off
may constitute a way of switching off
allergies.
Just injecting a Dnp-D-GL packet
won't turn off allergies, though, Katz
294
A photograph of the comet Kohoutek
in last week's issue, taken Sept. 29,
failed to reproduce accurately when
enlarged for printing. This more recent
photo of the approaching comet was
taken Oct. 26 by astronomers at the
University of California's Lick
Observatory, using the observatory's
20-inch astrograph. The comet should
soon be visible to the naked eye above
the southeastern horizon before
morning twilight. It will not become
an evening object until Dec. 28, after
it passes around the sun. In early
January it may be magnificent in the
west-southwest after sunset.
says. The reason is that lymphocytes
of different specificities are involved in
each allergic response. Wiping out the
lymphocytes that respond to Dnp won't
wipe out the lymphocytes that respond
to a particular allergen. So the allergen
in question would have to substitute
for Dnp in the Dnp-D-GL package.
This way those lymphocytes that nor-
mally respond to the allergen would
no longer respond because the allergen
is hooked to the silencer D-GL. In
other words, if you were allergic to
pencillin, you would get injections of
penicillin allergen linked to D-GL. Or
if you were allergic to ragweed pollen,
you would get ragweed allergen linked
to D-GL. "We are in the process of
making a molecule of a ragweed al-
lergen linked with D-GL to test initial-
ly in mice," Katz says.
Because only specific lymphocytes
would be turned off by this method,
Katz is not unduly concerned that
lymphocytes needed to fight infections
would be wiped out. But there is this
possibility. So for this and other rea-
sons related to possibly harmful side
effects, more research has to be done
before lymphocyte silencing can be
used to treat allergies. 0
A record year for
tornadoes in the U.S.
After only five months of 1973 had
passed, meteorologists were beginning
to think that it might well become the
Year of the Tornado (SN: 6/16/73,
p. 387). Now they know it.
On ?Sept. 25, tornado No. 930 set
a new record for the number of twist-
ers in the United States in a single
year, breaking a mark which had stood
since 1967. Less than a week into
November the number was up to 975.
Besides the national record, 10 states
?Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kan-
sas, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri,
New Jersey, North Carolina and Ohio
?have each been blasted with un-
)recedented numbers of tornadoes this
year.
From 1916 through 1935, the first
20 years during which coordinated
records were kept, there was an average
of about 136 twisters reported per
year. In the 20 years ending in 1972,
however, the annual average was up
to 659. Much of the difference is due
to better reporting of storms, says
Allen Pearson, director of the National
Severe Storms Forecast Center in Kan-
sas City. Nonetheless, he says, it does
seem that for some reason the numbers
of tornadoes have been growing in
recent years. This is the third year in
a row in which the total has exceeded
700 (it had only happened three pre-
vious times in the past), and the
twelfth year in 14 with more than 600
tornadoes.
The death toll, fortunately, is low.
There have been 75 fatalities so far
in 1973, compared to a 20-year aver-
age of 114 and an all-time record of
794 in 1925 (689 of them due to a
single titanic twister that blitzed Mis-
souri, Illinois and Indiana).
A lot of the credit for the low death
tolls, says Pearson, goes to improved
warning systems. Perhaps the largest
single system is Project Skywarn, op-
erated by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and so
far working in 30 states and the Dis-
trict of Columbia. A NOAA educational
program urges any person actually
spotting a tornado, either visually or
on radar, to report it to the nearest
National Weather Service office or law
enforcement agency (who will relay it
to the NWS). There the warning is
checked and sent out, with an alert
signal, over the NOAA Weather Wire
service to radio and television stations.
Last month, for example, a tornado
was reported heading for SalMa, Kan.
Besides the radio and TV warnings, a
network of 16 sirens was used to sound
an alert, and law enforcement officials
patrolled the streets in the section
where the twister was predicted to
strike. When the tornado struck, it
roared straight through a trailer camp
on the edge of the city, but the camp's
population of about 80 had gathered
in a shelter beneath the camp club-
house. The clubhouse itself exploded,
and the 44 mobile homes were totally
destroyed. ("I saw it myself," says
Pearson. "Most of the debris was no
more than knee high.") Death toll:
Zero.
The tornado's rampage was far from
over, however. It hopped along the
ground from town to town?from Sa-
lina to New Cambria to Niles to Clay
Center to Greenleaf?flattening hun-
dreds of homes, businesses and other
structures, yet only three fatalities re-
sulted. 0
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How go the grizzlies? C.)
An emotional debate
In his Oct. 31 syndicated column,
Jack Anderson reported that "a secret
Interior Department study" warns that
grizzly bears in Yellowstone National
Park are in danger of extinction be-
cause their food supply?garbage
dumps?has been suddenly closed
down. Shutting the dumps abruptly has
driven "the panicky bears into camp-
sites and off-park lands, where they
have been shot."
How much truth there is in these
comments depends on whom you ask.
Grizzlies seem to arouse as much emo-
tionalism as motherhood and apple pie.
The study Anderson apparently
refers to was conducted over the past
eight years by grizzly authorities John
and Frank Craighead. John, in Mis-
soula, Mont., is an Interior employee.
His brother, in Moose, Wyo., is not,
and therefore is in a better position to
speak freely about the controversial
grizzlies.
The rapid phaseout of dumps is over
now, Frank Craighead told SCIENCE
NEWS, but "the situation is really criti-
cal for the grizzlies. We feel that there
are not more than a hundred left now."
And because of the rapid shutting of
the dumps, he says, "We know of 118
grizzlies killed in 1970, 1971 and 1972.
. . . They [the Yellowstone staff] have
the attitude, particularly in recent
years, that they can do anything. It
is a real dictatorship."
"No way!" counters Glen Cole, su-
pervisory research biologist at Yellow-
stone. "We haven't shot a bear this
year, and we haven't had an injury,
and everything is working out beauti-
fully on the program." The grizzlies
have reverted back to feeding in the
wild, Cole claims. "We have good data
this year," he says. "There are 250 to
290 grizzlies in Yellowstone."
Deaths among the Yellowstone griz-
zlies were "drastically reduced" this
year, and "as far as we can tell, their
reproductive rate is increasing," asserts
Charles Lovless, acting assistant direc-
tor of the Bureau of Sports, Fisheries
and Wildlife in Washington, D.C. The
Bureau, part of Interior, is processing
the Craigheads' study. Although the
study is still preliminary, a copy of it
is available to anyone who is in-
terested. "The report is not published
as a scientific publication," says Lov-
less. "It is a preliminary report that has
been prepared, and we are not prone
to muzzle our research people. If they
have data that show certain kinds of
conclusions in their view, then they have
every opportunity and right to publish it.
The thing.they have to answer to is the
opinion of their peers." 0
november 10, 1973
OTA finally funded; Dadceio gets the call
The long-awaited Congressional Office of Technology Assessment
(oTA) has finally been granted $2 million to get started, and ex-congressman
Emilio Q. Daddario (D-Conn.), who introduced the original bill to establish
the office, back in 1967, was last week appointed director.
OTA has been praised as a legislative alternative for the now defunct
White House Office of Science and Technology (osT) and condemned as
a "shadow cabinet" to further the political ambitions of Sen. Edward
Kennedy. As the organization finally shapes up, it will be neither so power-
ful nor so partisan.
The permanent staff of OTA, headed by Daddario, will act as intermedi-
aries between a board of Congressmen, headed by Kennedy, and an ad-
visory council of "distinguished citizens," which in turn will appoint panels
of experts to be responsible for investigations into specific technical areas.
Actual assessment studies will be conducted by various contractors, includ-
ing universities, think-tanks and private laboratories.
The Congressional Technology Assessment Board hardly looks like a
"shadow cabinet." Members are evenly divided by party and political per-
suasion. They are Senate Democrats Kennedy, Hollings and Humphrey;
Senate Republicans Case, Dominick and Schweiker; House Democrats
Davis (Ga.), Teague and Udall; and House Republicans Mosher, Gubser
and Harvey.
Congress originally conceived OTA as a kind of "watchdog" organization
over technology, comparable to the legislative branch's Government Ac-
counting Office that keeps track of Administration spending. But eradica-
tion of OST may give OTA new duties as an originator of science and tech-
nology policy. "Our activities will be the principal focus for science policy
in the country," an aide to Kennedy told SCIENCE NEWS, "by stepping into
the vacuum left by the demise of OST."
That's a tall order for an organization with the tiny funding rate of $3
million a year, and ambitions of studying the energy crisis, environmental
problems and biomedical issues. One recent study of the nation's energy
crisis, conducted by the National Petroleum Council, for example, cost
some $10 million by itself. Specific OTA projects will not be announced
until after an expected two-month start-up period.
Soviet psychiatry:
A peek inside
Soviet psychiatrists have failed to
convince their Western counterparts
that psychiatry in the U.S.S.R. is not
being used as a political tool. Return-
ing from Moscow, American Psychi-
atric Association President Alfred M.
Freedman said last week: "My experi-
ence certainly has not quieted at all
my concern. If anything, I would say
it makes me feel it is even more im-
portant that we have a thorough-going
follow-up discussion."
The meeting with the Soviets was
the result of a cablegram from Freed-
man to officials of Soviet psychiatry,
asking for a discussion of "charges
that involuntary psychiatric confine-
ment has been used unjustly and with-
out regard to human rights, including
suppression of political dissent" (SN:
10/13/73, p. 230). At the meeting
Freedman got the impression that
"dissent, criticism or opposition are
considered to be bizarre behaviors and
important manifestations of disease . .
deviance appears tolerable," he went
on, "until it is involved with political
dissent."
Although no patients were interviewed
and only summaries of six cases were
presented, Freedman sees the meeting
as a good beginning. He has asked the
Soviets to allow a more complete in-
vestigation that would include private
examination of patients with neutral
interpreters. The Soviets, however, took
a dim view of this request.
Science and technology
'being wrongly blamed'
Science and technology are being
wrongly blamed for the troubles of
contemporary society, contend Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology Presi-
dent Jerome B. Wiesner and Chancel-
lor Paul E. Gray in their annual report.
"General disenchantment with sci-
ence and technology would be more
appropriately directed toward our so-
ciety's decision-making processes for
their slowness in recognizing the need
for appropriate new technologies, than
to science and technology itself.
"If, as we maintain, many of our
current difficulties are the result of not
responding to error signals that were
present . . . then the remedy is to
come to grips with that problem rath-
er than resenting our achievements in
science and technology."
295
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benaviorai sciences environLentai sciences
Injectable birth control
The contraceptive controversy, centering around issues
of safety and efficacy, is far from over. The more effective
a pill, cream, device or method seems to be, the more dan-
gerous it seems to be. This holds true for the first and only
injectable contraceptive to go on the market. The drug,
Depo Provera (medroxyprogesterone), approved by the
Food and Drug Administration for limited use as a contra-
ceptive, is already on the market as a treatment for cancer
of the uterus.
This drug is more effective than other methods, pri-
marily because it has to be injected only at three-month
intervals. But, says the FDA, "While the drug is clearly
effective in preventing pregnancy, it presents the risk of
infertility when use is discontinued. In addition, the drug
has other adverse effects associated with the oral contra-
ceptives." Evaluating eight years of research, the FDA has
found that most women who use the drug can become
pregnant, but only several months after discontinuance.
Other adverse effects include possible relationships to breast
tumors and blood clotting.
Money and mental illness
The causes of many types of mental illness remain a
mystery, but M. Harvey Brenner of Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity suggests that money may be at the root of this
particular evil. In Mental Illness and the Economy (Har-
vard University Press, Nov. 1973) Brenner documents the
direct relationship between national economic instability
(low employment rates, etc.) and mental illness. Economic
and institutional data from 1841 to 1967 show that this
relationship has remained constant. "It is clear," he says,
"that instabilities in the national economy have been the
single most important source of fluctuation in mental-
hospital admissions or admission rates."
More on marijuana
The latest of the myriad marijuana reports indicates that
chronic cannabis use causes no harmful effects. An 18-
month study, commissioned by HEW, was performed on the
island of Jamaica by the Research Institute for the Study
of Man in New York and the University of the West
Indies in Kingston.
For the study, 30 confirmed marijuana users (some had
used the drug for 37 years) were matched with 30 controls
who had never used the drug or who had only slight ex-
perience with it many years ago. None of the 60 had used
heroin, morphine, LSD, amphetamines, barbiturates or jim-
son weed. Extensive clinical and psychological tests found
no significant differences between the groups.
Parents, peers and pot
The role of peer pressure in adolescent drug use is well
known. Most young users get turned on for the first time
by their friends. But, says Denise Kandel of Columbia
University, the adolescent most likely to be a regular user
of marijuana is one whose parents and peers both use
psychoactive drugs. Kandel studied 8,000 New York State
high-school students. The proportion of them who had used
marijuana 60 times or more jumped from 2 percent among
those whose friends had never smoked dope to 48 percent
among those whose friends were 60-time users. This figure
went up to 67 percent among those whose friends and par-
ents were drug users.
296
Worldwide environmentalism still shaky
The problems of industrialization without destroying
valuable natural resources in developing countries was the
subject of an international conference in New York City
last month. Sponsored by the World Federation of Engi-
neering Organizations, the conference was attended by 95
scientists, engineers and administrators from 34 countries.
The attitude of most, according to a report in CHEMICAL
AND ENGINEERING NEWS, was that economic and industrial
growth must come before ecology in developing nations.
"In developing countries one can feel less anguish over
future generations owing to the already sufficiently anguish-
ing situation of the present generations," said Mohamed A.
Isli, secretary general of the Union of Algerian Engineers.
The situation appears particularly critical in India where
sulfur dioxide levels reach 0.223 micrograms per cubic
meter of air in Delhi and 0.71 in Calcutta. The permissible
limit in the United States is 0.1 and in Russia, 0.05.
A recent study conducted by the Ford Foundation tends
to confirm the conclusion that economic and social pres-
sures are forcing developing countries "to exploit rapidly
their natural wealth at the expense of future consequences."
The study cites an example of aerial crop spraying killing
large numbers of fish and cattle recently in Indonesia.
To help meet the challenge, a World Environment and
Resources Council was recently formed, bringing together
various national engineering and scientific associations as
charter members.
American peregrine falcon almost gone
Despite efforts to reestablish America's peregrine falcon
population (SN: 9/8/73, p. 158), the species has almost
disappeared from the United States, according to an an-
nouncement by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the De-
partment of the Interior.
Once ranging from Georgia to Alaska, no peregrines in
the wild are left east of the Rockies, and only 65 active
nesting sites are known in western Mexico, the United
States and southern Canada. A study of 14 of these sites,
conducted by James H. Enderson of Colorado State Uni-
versity, found that only three eyases were successfully
fledged this year.
The major cause of the decline, the announcement states,
is eggshell thinning because of DDT. This long-standing ex-
planation of the bird's decline received further confirma-
tion during the present study when unhatched eggshells
were found to contain high concentrations of the pesticide
and its metabolites. Thin shells are easily broken by adult
birds sitting on the nest. A 20 percent thinning of peregrine
eggshells is now common.
Do-it-yourself pollution monitoring
An Oregon State University botanist has developed a
method for laymen to estimate accurately ?the average,
long-term air pollution in their areas by observing lichens,
the crinkly colonies of fungus and algae that grow on rocks
and trees. The study, conducted by William C. Denison for
the National Science Foundation, concluded that some
lichens are so hardy while others are so sensitive to pollu-
tants that a scale could be devised whereby the pollution in
an area can be gauged by which native lichens have sur-
vived. (Denison's work is available under the title "A Guide
to Air Quality Monitoring with Lichens," for $3 including
postage, from Lichen Technology Inc., Box 369, Corvallis,
Ore. 97330).
science news, vol. 104
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010089-8 Elm
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_or
ESP
and
and
ASC
by Robert J. Trotter
"My lad, you are invincible," the
Delphic oracle told young Alexander
the Great. And Alexander, being a great
believer in prophets, went on to fulfill
the seeing lady's prediction. Even so,
there were probably some skeptics who
doubted the words of the famous
oracle and bet on the Persians. Then,
as today, the skeptics had to be shown
before they would believe. And a basic
paradigm of Western science has al-
ways been that "nothing is in the in-
tellect which is not first in the senses."
This strict empirical attitude is at the
heart of an ongoing controversy.
There have always been and continue
to be reports of strange happenings that
cannot be explained away in physical
or sensory terms. Among these illusive
events are a group of interactions loose-
ly termed parapsychological or psi
phenomena. Extrasensory perception
(EsP) is a psi phenomenon. It is an in-
teraction between an organism and the
external environment (including other
organisms) that is not mediated by rec-
ognized sensory functions. Examples of
ESP include telepathy (perception of
another person's thoughts), clairvoyance
(perceptions of objects or events not
present to the senses) and precognition
(the oracle's trick of seeing into the
future).
The first serious attempts to study
psi events under strictly scientific con-
ditions began in 1882 in London at the
Society for Psychical Research. Three
years later, William James began inves-
tigating similar events in New York at
the American Society of Psychical Re-
search. These early studies attempted
to authenticate individual cases of re-
ported psi events. But this is not the
way to go about studying psychic phe-
nomena, in the view of Charles Honor-
ton: "Spontaneous cases, however thor-
298
With highly probable proof that extrasensory
perception and similar anomalous phenomena
exist, scientists now ask how
oughly authenticated, cannot provide
adequate assessment of such potentially
contaminating factors as chance coin-
cidence, unconscious interference, sen-
sory leakage, retroactive falsification or
deliberate fraud." Honorton is a senior
researcher in the division of parapsy-
chology ?and psychophysics in the de-
partment of psychiatry at the Maimoni-
des Medical Center in Brooklyn, N.Y.
This research center, formerly known
as the dream laboratory, has been in-
vestigating various forms of ESP since
the early 1960's. Honorton is writing a
book he describes as a detailed critical
summary of all ESP research since 1940.
To avoid charges of fraud and to
keep their work on solid scientific foot-
ing, serious parapsychologists intro-
duced card-guessing and probability
theory into their studies. J. B. Rhine
and his associates at Duke University
in Durham, N.C., popularized card-
guessing as an experimental approach
in 1934. Rhine devised a standard set
of procedures around a simplified deck
of cards. The cards, called Zenner
cards, had five markings?either a cir-
cle, square, cross, star or wave. A send-
er in one room would pick cards from
the deck at random while a receiver
in another room attempted to guess
the geometric shape on the card. The
probability of success is one in five.
But Rhine soon found that some sub-
jects do better than others, and here is
where the laws of probability come in.
The odds are one in six that a sub-
ject will guess 220 correct out of 1,000
cards. The odds go up to one in 2,000
if, after 5,000 guesses, the same sub-
ject has continued to guess correctly
at a rate of ten percent above chance.
The odds go up to one in 2,000,000
after 10,000 guesses if the same sub-
ject is still getting 11 correct (instead
of 10) out of every 50. Some of Rhine's
subjects began to get such astronomi-
cal results?results that are more than
significant in any of the hard sciences.
"As a stimulant to experimental re-
search on the probability of psi com-
munication, the Rhine monograph had
an influence which was totally unprece-
dented in the history of psychical re-
search," says Honorton of Rhine's
1934 paper. Many researchers, using
similar methodology, began to report
significant results in favor of ESP. This
success, however, stimulated a flurry of
criticism in the psychological literature.
Between 1934 and 1940, 60 critical
papers appeared. They attacked card-
guessing on every methodological level,
and did turn up some cases of record-
ing error and even fraud. Some even
suggested that there might be a funda-
mental defect in probability theory.
The scientifically oriented investiga-
tors of psi reacted to the criticism by
tightening up their procedures, and by
1940 the active methodological contro-
versy was over.
"It is evident," says Honorton, "that
while published criticism of the ESP
work generally ceased by 1940, the de-
cline of active controversy did not lead
to widespread acceptance of the ESP
hypothesis in the scientific community.
Many psychologists appear to have
adopted and stuck to the attitude of
one researcher who defined ESP as
"Error Some Place."
While such hard-line skepticism and
controversy still represent difficult bar-
riers for the parapsychologists, there
seems to have been?especially within
the past five years?a change of atti-
tude on the part of some scientists.
Some are beginning to view parapsy-
chological research (no matter what its
implications) as at least a valid endeav-
science news, vol. 104
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Declassified and Approved
or. In 1969, tor instance, the rather
staid American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science granted the Para-
psychology Association an affiliate
membership. At the meeting of the
American Psychological Association this
year, parapsychologists presented a
number of papers and have applied
for division membership within that
organization. And the National Institute
of Mental Health has even awarded
grants for the study of psi phenomena.
A similar change of attitude can be
seen in England. Last year the NEW
SCIENTIST polled its readership (mostly
scientists and technologists) and found
that only three percent of 1,500 re-
spondents considered ESP to be an im-
possibility. But almost 70 percent said
they felt psi phenomena were not being
studied properly. They suggested that
physicists, rather than psychologists,
be involved (SN: 2/10/73, p. 88).
Honorton agrees. Speaking at the APA
meeting, he said, "I think there will con-
tinue to be little progress in this area
until there is more interdisciplinary in-
volvement; a convergence of physical.
biological and behavioral science on
what appears to be a psychophysical
problem." We will have to, he says,
"adopt the strategies of science rather
than the mentality of magicians."
Montague Ullman and Stanley Kripp-
ner (also at the Maimonides Center)
have been attempting to employ such
strategies for the past 13 years. They
have been attempting to determine how
ESP works, not that it works. A major
portion of their research has been done
on dreams.
Throughout history, dreams have
been regarded as a prime source of
ESP experiences. Four international sur-
veys, including one taken by Rhine,
For Release 2014/01/09: CIA-RD
havQ 'Wu that Up to 65 percent of all
spoaatieous ESP experiences reported
have come through dreams. Ullman and
Krippner decided to attempt to induce
telepathic dreams under controlled con-
ditions. "With the development of psy-
chophysiological techniques for the
monitoring of sleep," explains Kripp-
ner, "it became possible to move from
a clinical level of observation to an
experimental level."
In the dream studies, the person be-
ing studied sleeps at the dream lab.
Electroencephalograph electrodes are
fastened to the subject's scalp and
movement sensors to the subject's eye-
lids. In this manner, brain wave changes
that accompany dreaming are moni-
tored, and rapid eye movement (REM)
is monitored as another indication of
dreaming. Experimenters rouse the
subject every time there has been a
dream. The subject describes the dream
in detail and then goes back to sleep
until another dream is registered. This
procedure collects much more dream
detail than if the experimenters waited
until morning. In the morning, how-
ever, the subject is reinterviewed and
additional material and subconscious as-
sociations are collected.
While the subject sleeps in a sound-
proof room behind four closed doors,
an agent (at least 100 feet away) at-
tempts to transmit a message or image
to the dreamer via ESP. A colorful art
print is most often the subject of the
message. Prints with a highly emotion-
al content (sexual, religious, etc.), the
researchers have found, are most easily
transmitted. The print for a particular
night is chosen at random from a large
collection after the subject is asleep.
Only the agent or sender knows what
the picture is.
november 10, 1973
Sweet dreams:
Electrodes in
place, a dream
subject prepares
for a novel
night's sleep in
a soundproof
room while
Krippner
monitors electro-
encephalograph
readings.
Harold Friedman
from Dream Telepathy
P79-00999A000200010089-8
After th, details of the dreams have
been transcribed, they are sent, along
with the copies of all the possible tar-
get pictures, to a group of independent
judges. The judges compare the dream
details and rank the pictures accord-
ing to the amount of correspondence
each seems to have to the dream. In
more instances than would be predicted
by chance, there was a significant re-
lationship found between what was sent
and what was received.
More than 100 subjects have taken
part in these dream experiments (usual-
ly for eight or more nights). And 13 of
the more elaborate studies (four of
which were not statistically significant)
have been published in parapsychologi-
cal or psychological journals. Many of
the other dream studies have been de-
scribed by Ullman and Krippner in
Dream Telepathy (Macmillan Publish-
ing Co., Sept. 1973).
In one experiment, the target pic-
ture was a Japanese print, "Downpour
at Shono." It showed a man walking
in a driving rain. During the night the
sending agent tried to get actively in-
to the picture by taking a lot of show-
ers and playing with a toy Japanese
umbrella. Describing the night's dreams,
the subject reported, "something about
an Oriental man . . . a fountain, water
spray that would shoot up. . . . Walking
with someone on the street. . . . Rain-
ing."
According to Krippner and Ullman
results such as this have gone beyond
the point of proving ESP. They have
shown that altered states of conscious-
ness (Asc), such as dreaming, facilitate
such events. Accordingly, they have
done experiments on various other al-
tered states of consciousness.
The "witch's cradle," or suspended
?-?-
3
? 0?
?IF I a *.
?
/- ?
299
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s, Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010089-8
they use to produce an ASC. The cradle
is a metal platform, suspended from
above, which is free to swing several
inches off the ground. As the subject
stands on the platform, even subtle body
movements make the cradle rock er-
ratically, but gently, in a random fash-
ion. After several minutes on the cradle,
in a dark and soundproof room, most
subjects loose all sense of physical ori-
entation and begin to have visual, and
sometimes auditory hallucinations. The
researchers have found that many of
these hallucinations are veridical?they
correspond to real-life experiments out-
side the suspension room. In a study
reported by Honorton, subjects in this
ASC obtained significant results in guess-
ing which pictures were telepathically
sent. Chance expectancy was 50 per-
cent. The subjects who reported being
in an ASC were correct 76 percent of
the time.
A milder ASC can be produced by
providing an isolated subject with a
homogeneous visual field (ganzfeld)
and continuous auditory stimulation.
The subject in a ganzfeld experiment
sits relaxed in an easy chair. Ping-Pong
ball halves are taped over the subject's
open eyes and a red light is turned on.
This produces a blank red field of
vision and keeps outside influences from
interfering with any internally pro-
duced visual imagery. The auditory
stimulation comes through earphones
and is usually a tape of something
calming, such as the sound of the
ocean. This keeps auditory sensory in-
puts at a constant level. The subject is
left alone and instructed to think out
loud and report any feelings or visual
images. The reports are taped and re-
corded, usually for 30 minutes. Mean-
while, a sender outside the room views
stereoscopic pictures (because it is be-
lieved that the more real the message
is for the sender, the more real it will
be for the receiver) and attempts to
transmit them to the subject. In this
type of experiment, Honorton reports,
"the target programs were correctly
identified in 43 percent of the cases,
significantly above the expected chance
level of 25 percent."
Where will all of this rather strange
and eerie research lead? No one is now
sure. It may be the beginning of the
development of some exciting possibili-
ties for the human race. Or it may be,
as Freud once suggested, that ESP is a
fading phenomenon, something that be-
longed to our ancestors?not our de-
scendants. "Telepathy," he said, "could
be the original archaic means by which
individuals understood each other and
which was pushed into the background
in the course of phylogenic develop-
ment by a better method of communi-
cation, i.e., that of signs perceived by
the sensory organs." 0
300
Excursion into ESP:
Sitting alone with Ping-Pong ball
halves over my eyes, a red light
shining in my face and earphones
piping the sounds of the sea into my
head, I must have looked as foolish
as I felt. But I had asked for it. This
was the ganzfeld setup in the para-
psychology lab at Maimonides. My
task was to think out loud for 30
minutes while someone on the out-
side listened but did not answer.
After about a five minute delay,
while I tried to relax and think of
something to say, I decided to tell a
few sea stories. These led to other
associations and, eventually, a rather
disconnected stream-of-consciousness
monologue that went something like
this: "Now I see something?a white
circle?a lot of boxes and strange
lines and shapes?black, white, deep
red. The circles are turning into
things. I see faces, clocks. I have a
strange floating sensation. I am tilted
to the left. My sense of balance is
gone, I feel disoriented. . . . Now I
see something else?green. Every-
thing else has been red, black or
white. A bright green triangle?a
Christmas tree. It's squat and on its
side. It's only in my left eye. . . ."
This kind of talk went on until some-
one said, "Time's up. You've been
talking more than a half hour."
The aim of the experiment is to
induce a slightly altered state of con-
sciousness and then attempt to use
ESP to transmit an image. While I
was in the room, an experimental
package was randomly selected. The
package contained four View Master
slides and instructions for a sender
to look at and attempt to send the
contents of one slide to me during a
specified five-minute period.
When I came out of the room, my
comments were read back and I was
told to look at all four slides. (The
sender had seen only one of them.)
I saw 3-D pictures of Yellowstone
Park, Superman, a collection of geo-
logical specimens and Ford's theater.
There seemed to be only a few pic-
tures that corresponded to my im-
ages: a boat on a lake could have
been related to one of my sea stories,
the cartoon drawings of Superman
were similar to the strange circle-
like faces I had seen. But nothing
really struck me until I looked at the
slide of the rock collection. One par-
ticular rock was bright green and
triangular, exactly like what I had
called a Christmas tree. The vivid
color and shape were so striking that,
without hesitation, I ranked the rocks
first as the most likely target.
The sender or agent was then
called back into the room. He was
the only person who knew what had
been sent. That's right, it was the
rock slide. The time of sending cor-
responded with the time I saw the
image of the Christmas tree.
Did I really receive a telepathic
message? I think I did, but I wouldn't
try to talk anyone else into believing
me. A single incident like this is only
enough to convince the person in-
volved. The parapsychologists know
that thousands of reliable, controlled
experiments are necessary before
such findings become significant. And
serious scientists are trying to do just
this, not only at Maimonides, but at
more than 30 universities and nu-
merous research centers across the
country.
My thanks to Pat Barker, Sharon
Harper and David Torres?the
young man who sent me a Christmas
tree.
* * * *
With visions of ESP still fresh in
my head, I saw something even
harder to believe. At the invitation
of the Isis Center in Silver Spring,
Md., I interviewed Uri Geller?the
Israeli psychic whose strange powers
are being investigated by physicists
at the Stanford Research Institute.
Geller is best known for his ability
to bend or break metal objects with-
out applying any visible physical
force. During the interview, I held
a heavy key between my thumb and
forefinger. The key began to bend?
too slightly to be perceptible?after
Geller rubbed it lightly with one
finger. The key was then placed on
the desk and it continued to bend
slowly for several minutes until it
reached about a 20-degree angle.
There was no obvious way the key
I supplied could have been switched.
Geller had no chance (by slight of
hand or other trickery) to bend the
key by force. And he didn't have a
laser up his sleeve, as some have sug-
gested.
Geller claims to have other powers
that I didn't witness. He says, for
instance, that he can sometimes de-
materialize and materialize objects.
He did, however, reproduce exactly
a drawing that I did while his back
was turned and his eyes were covered.
It took 30 seconds.
When I relate this tale, most peo-
ple think that I have been duped.
But seeing is believing. Even the in-
vestigators at SRI have found no evi-
dence of fraud and, though they
draw no conclusions, they feel that
further investigation is warranted.
?Robert J. Trotter
science news, vol. 104
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boos OF TH EW
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ACOUSTICS: Historical and Philosophical
Development?R. Bruce Lindsay, Ed.?Dow-
den-Hutchinson, 1973, 465 p., illus., $24.
Presents summary history of acoustics from
earliest times in terms of production, propa-
gation and reception of sound, followed by
39 benchmark papers representing the evolu-
tion of acoustics as a science.
AGRICULTURE IN NEW JERSEY: A
Three-Hundred-Year History?Hubert G.
Schmidt?Rutgers U Pr, 1973, 335 p., maps,
$15. Definitive historical study, from frontier-
period status as one of the Bread Colonies
to Garden State and the impact of modern
technology on farm practices and operations.
THE AMATEUR'S GUIDE TO CAVES
AND CAVING?David R. McClurg?Stack-
pole. 1973, 191 p., photographs, drawings by
LaRhee Parker, $5.95; paper, $2.95. En-
dorsed by the National Speleological Society,
manual explains the scientific purpose, con-
servation and safety rules, techniques and
equipment for underground exploration.
THE AMAZING STORY OF HEALTH
CARE IN NEW CHINA?K. K. Jain?
Rodale Pr, 1973, 184 p., photographs, $6.95.
Canadian neurosurgeon's impressions of
Chinese medical care, with its strong political
overtone, stress on prevention, acupuncture,
immunization programs, aided by a system
of "barefoot doctors" and Red Guard doctors
with minimum medical training.
CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND
PHYSICS: A Ready-Reference Book of Chem-
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Ed.?CRC Pr, 1973, 54th ed., 2,431 p., tables,
$25.95. Revised, updated or expanded in sec-
tions ranging from mathematical constants,
cryogenic properties of gases, photometric
units and standards, to limits of human ex-
posure to air contaminants, and strengths of
chemical bonds.
CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY; The Art
and the Science?Henry I. Russek, M.D. and
Burton L. Zohman, M.D., Eds.?Williams
& Wilkins, 1973, 365 p., photographs, dia-
grams, tables, $24. Represents the edited and
indexed proceedings of the American College
of Cardiology-St. Barnabas Hospital Sym-
posium. Contributions blend precise scientific
knowledge with clinical judgment.
THE CONSCIOUS BRAIN?Steven Rose?
Knopf, 1973, 354 p., illus., $10. Neurobiol-
ogist discusses in layman's terms how neuro-
biologists view the development of the brain
sciences, the brain as a system, the evolution
of brains and consciousness, specificity vs.
plasticity, memory, emotion, sleep, madness.
CRO-MAGNON MAN?Tom Prideaux and
the Eds. of Time-Life Books?Time-Life Bks
(Little), 1973, 160 p., color plates, photo-
graphs, drawings, tables, $7.95. Describes ar-
rival and development, 40,000 to 10,000 years
ago, of hunting cavemen with the mental
capacity and physical equipment to talk like
modern man, as seen in testimony of Stone
Age technology, sculpture and paintings.
DEVELOPMENTS IN MATHEMATICAL
EDUCATION: Proceedings of the Second
International Congress on Mathematical Edu-
cation?A. G. Howson, Ed.?Cambridge U
Pr, 1973, 318 p., diagrams, $14.50; paper,
$6.95. Work presented deals with a wide
range of interest and all levels of mathemat-
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november 10, 1973
Com ;'e on Geological Sciences, NRC-
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photographs, diagrams, paper, $1.95. Prepared
by geologists to provide the concerned citizen
with a basis for understanding how the earth
changes and evolves, the interactions between
land and sea, surface and interior, and how
these forces relate to man's activities on earth.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND SO-
CIAL BEHAVIOR: Strategies for Research?
Division of Behavioral Science, National Re-
search Council?NAS, 1973, 86 p., paper,
$4.50. Outlines research strategies directed
toward improving knowledge about individ-
ual, group, institutional and governmental
behaviors that relate to problems of en-
vironmental quality and management.
FORM AND PATTERN IN HUMAN
EVOLUTION: Some Mathematical, Physical
and Engineering Approaches?Charles Ox-
nard?U of Chicago Pr, 1973, 218 p., photo-
graphs, drawings, $12.50. Describes sophisti-
cated techniques, from multivariate statistical
analysis to optical data methods, which
enable anthropologists to analyze and deduct
function from the structure of bones.
GALAXIES OF LIFE: The Human Aura
in Acupuncture and Kirlian Photography?
Stanley Krippner and Daniel Rubin, Eds.?
Interface Bk (Gordon), 1973, 182 p., color
plates, photographs, diagrams, $12.50. See
story SN 9/29/73, p. 202-204.
GUITAR REPAIR: A Manual of Repair for
Guitars and Fretted Instruments?Irving
Sloane?Dutton, 1973, 95 p., photographs by
author, $8.95. Photographs and text show
clearly the necessary procedures of fine
craftsmanship in restoring acoustic (hollow
body) guitars?from warped necks and cracks
to fractures and seam separations.
HIGHER EDUCATION: Who Pays? .Who
Benefits? Who Should Pay??Carnegie Com-
mission on Higher Education?McGraw,
? P?Nrofj...,3, yap,x ?PJ.7.1? and
recommendabons concerned with the very
complicated questions of educational account-
ing, user costs and benefits, user benefits
versus societal benefits, and how to appor-
tion funding.
HOW TO GET YOUR CAR REPAIRED
WITHOUT GETTING GYPPED?Margaret
Bresnahan Carlson with Ronald G. Shafer
?Har-Row, 1973, 278 p., illus., tables, $5.95.
Intended to give the nonmechanical car owner
an understanding of how the repair system
works, what to watch out for, and where
to go.
JOB POWER: Blue and White Collar De-
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375 p., $8.95. Examines aspects of industrial
democracy, the transfer of decision-making
power to employees, and cites supporting
evidence from the experience of business
enterprises in the U.S., Germany, France,
Israel, Yugoslavia and Scandinavia.
LIFE BEYOND EARTH & THE MIND OF
MAN?Richard Berendzen, Ed.?NASA
(GPO), 1973, 106 p., illus., paper, $1.25.
Abridged transcript of scientists' discussion
exploring the implications of the possible
existence of extraterrestrial life.
THE TRAGEDY OF THE MOON?Isaac
Asimov?Doubleday, 1973. 220 p., $6.95. Col-
lection of science essays about such varied
topics as the moon, the speed of light, car-
bon, microorganisms, the thyroid gland,
society, and science fiction writing.
WALKING IN THE WILD: The Complete
Guide to Hiking and Backpacking?Robert J.
Kelsey?Funk & W, 1973, 362 p., photo-
graphs, drawings, $6.95. Intended to serve
as a guide, first to the principles of back-
packing and, second, to the old and new
types of equipment necessary for extended
stays in the wilderness, stressing modern
methods of camping in agreement with con-
servation practices.
Advice to youth
on 1974 Science Fairs:
Winning a prize is more satisfying than
not winning a prize.
Judges favor projects they can understand.
Well-planned photography may help them understand.
Now?not next spring?is the time to plan.
We offer helpful hints.
Write Dept. 841, Kodak,
Rochester, N.Y. 14650.
Any questions?
301
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PUZZLES FOR
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---4101MWA
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Dr. Richard Klimisch does original catalytic research
but his art is old masters.
Dick Klimisch saves his
analytic abilities for his research.
His hobby is copying great
works of art for his own collec-
tion. He doesn't invent his own
artistic themes, he explains,
"because there are too many
great ones available to copy."
So he is currently working
with paintings by Modigliani.
Picasso and Hiroshige have also
been recent favorites of his.
During Dick's six years at
GM, on the other hand, he has
been a real pioneer. He explains
his job as "trying to understand
the basic functions of catalysts,
and applying this knowledge to
the control of air pollution."
Dr. Klimisch is a super-
visory research chemist for the
Research Laboratories at the
GM Tech Center in Warren,
Michigan. His work on catalysts
is helping GM build catalytic
converters, exhaust-cleansing
devices that will be used on
many 1975 GM cars.
Dr. Klimisch is also work-
ing beyond current product
development toward long-range
understanding and product
applications of catalysts.
Richard L. Klimisch is a
unique example of
the kind of interest-
ing people working
at GM to improve
the quality of life
for us all.
General Motors
Interesting people doing interesting things.
GM
MARK OF EXCELLENCE
NOTE: This advertising is being sponsored by General Motors in several Youth publications. It is hoped that the subjects featured will serve to increase teen-
ager interest in scientific studies and can be used, perhaps, to show now the things your students are learning are utilized in actual industrial activities.
Reprints of this ad are available upon request. Simply write to General Motors, Advertising & Merchandising Section, P. 0. Box 5446, Detroit, Michigan 48211.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010089-8