GEOGRAPHY OF THE STALINGRAD-URDA SECTION OF THE VOLGA-CASPIAN LOWLAND

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 220
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 30, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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NO CHANGE IN CLASS. D
[ ~ DECLASSIFIED
CLASS. CHANGED TO: TS
NEXT REVIEW DATE:
GR THE h AMMUD- A
SE'10M OF V -C SPYAN LONAND
ca'Rkf1 J
vk -ah 1952
AUT R7
I~ATREVIEWER: 372044
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 Approved For Release 2000/044AF,
5LJU
&g`00020002000,1_5
Ig' 'y
er? introduction 1
OOQ0000Q 4004?000O0400e 00.006)06.
110 Clima9t Q?O,gq@OOOf+041?OOpf-P 4@S?6AfJ0?0000046?O@OV ?@Ui0000 3
Ao aemperat O?t9 oooo R6?600040@40?40090000.0000?OW0 5
Be Precipitation 00000 a9q@4a?0009000?e?69004)0 00?09 6
C0 Other Mimetic Elements o*9000000000004000*000000 a
I3* Tags Pbysical Cl eteristics 40ov4006ao?coc.o?ooao@ 10
Ao The hilly Jeetern Fringe qo~@4av?00 00 00 0000000 30
B 0 The Volga and Vo1 -Akhtuba Florplains 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2
10 a3ort,hea.+l Section 000 0 000000000 000 0000000 0000 0
20 Southern Section qm?aoaamagvgo444qomae?9o?o00 Ill
3q 16
I',,~, o ~,p r 000*a?000d 0000000000*Oah00t)0000G0
8ja Td: a.$ficz bty and Vegetation ...... 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 19
Ca The Caspian Lo6'~a ?o..4Qa4~4vo0.....?ooq@.o000oooo 22
.
4
to Typical Termin Features 0Oo000ooOo0O 24.
26+ Typical So .1s,, t' ei otaat ian1 and 1' aura a a q o O ?o ? 25
3* Salt uses and 15altx41ad - .ts q0o?Og4oo0?Om@q 27
Is. Sand !=-m woo00a0 0000 e00000 oooo'oo4ooooooa 33
(? 5. T ao' > i ty 000 0000000 00 0 0 000 00 44 0 0 0 0 00 ooo 36
1V0 Ecouo G1gaOQU00@4004000000?OflOUSYQbh000004+a00i900?0000 38
Aa Agriclaitzlxm 000000000000000000000000000000?000voo 3~
l@ Re caul AL, Acult al Specialization o 0 0 0 0 a e a 3p
B 3'
Y) ~2~vStatus of Productivity oas0acooaoo?oovvaa?0000 1t4
IflC1 :m~V 000000 r~Odb30t~00eo O0c0G 03?000 OOO09GoQoOOO 16871
to The 5t dg d industrial Core 00000000000000 Wi
24 Thdua$ry Outside Stalingrad 0a?a0 0ao00o0000 53
Co I! rieral Resources 000000@00000000000060000000.000 58
10 Salt 000@OCaOQ000t30000904000?003a00g9Od000O@O 53
20 Other Nine la L00000 900 000 090 ?OOOSPO00p00000E9 60
Do Projects and Plans 0....0000000000000000000000000 62
10 shelter Bels ooysoov4ggB0oosoWOq?c?oaga?00.40 62
20 The Stead Power and Irrigation Project o 6l
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dwovil
Lam
Vo Papu1at1cin ooa000000000~ooa~aoortoooo?o?onooe~oe?etaopvafl?o 67
A. Distribution and Density 000000000000000000000000
67
B. Ethnic Compositionq Lan ge, and Rel.gIon o o o 0 0 0
C. Mice is and Social Background of the I',aazakhs m.
71
73
Do Political Attitudes 00 p0000006000 tl0.tl000?0000QOOfl a76
Ea Health and Sanitation ..O.....O pO0000 gOpO~0066Q 000 77
IO Educational 000 00000.......000000000 81
So Forced-Labor Camps 0000?.o?.o?oooaooopo000o000000 82
],o Soviet Fo ce(; abor Organization o o 0 0 0 0 0. e.. o {32
20 The Sal gradoBeketovI? Area a O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 84
3m The 'asnoarraeysk Area 000000000 000000000000 89 1
le Trwaportation ET5r3ooo ooooo0 000ooono.0oo000000000000 92
A. Railroads 93
to '"he~'ng ad ?1 ~ Center o0o000Oo000000 93
20 Lines Con ergIng at Stali7,omd n o0oeo00?0000 99
a. Sta3. 'addTilrhoretskj modar o 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 0 99
be StaUnepmd']41d oooooovoaoo.oooooQooQo 100
Co Stalin ad-Balashc vSarator 0 o.. m o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101
3m The Post nar . ka$Iizhniy
q I3asku chak L;I 000000000000000000000000000 101
Roads 0 The Saratov Aetrakha j& Line 0 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 0 O. o o. o 0 107
Be Roads 000.0 00000000000000000000030000 00 oooo00 109
1&) f or Roads 000000000000000000000000000000000 110
ao StaJ.i,ng?adcIiosoow I gN y ,.oe?.000000000 110
be S ua ingraddSaraton Ilidm .y
110
Co Stalin M ch fi ' 0.0000000?00000 111
do St&2-t'I3radcoKa*0VVIwa Road 113
Go Sta]n d-Abganerovo Road 0.0000flO0OOO00 1)
fo ? St ,n d-Ast cans IZoa 0 0 00 0a0000000 114
go StESJ..?..ng d i e i I ' h ' l o v k a . . Road 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 116
h,ro St al-i grad satsaoi Ia1jye Derbety Road 0 0 0 120
2a Streets and Roads in the City of
Stalingrad OO0000ooooooW000O~oafloo0omoooo00 323.
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 BUG'' (EE
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y~
30 Itcads INea ~J'~ 000 ?003@Q~c>60~OOPPo ooor o
', & c de , fr sq and Catmv.-`~ Rout 12h
Co YmIaml '?1at Tr on odsooooeoon?~~?aoeoo?oo?o 326
1o V Ii ~~ c o?o~?oooopoo,000C~QOOO?,oo
20 Alftuba Ri Trc canoe,..o goo?o?0000400oo
3p
Ths Uo1 -D(n Canal 00 000000000 k) 000 ?0?00000
oooo?ooooooooooors?oooo?oQcs9ooooo?oa?o?
Do Aiztiada
o00f9o08o00o000OO0oo0 00000e00?00o0O 00000000
. APPIIIDTCE5
L0 a ob a L Divisions PQP
110 cumtic Data ?00000??6O?0000000000000?00 004000000 tbrmgh 14p
Q~OO??00000oQ004i00000 000 000OC QO0 'f 2
2..L10 SM-1-fam ` 'ee I
NO ?d ~ 6P.LVS6.OOOOQ 00p g0!J40A@!!00000?00??06000???000 20
A. Road cue in the St .z Tad Ave
.3? Kati" and Iii Airglelds in the Study Area
ftwttew 0 0 0 000 0 00 0 00 0 0000 00.0.00 0 0 000 6 0 000 0000 0e00 I 43
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to Dissected west bank of Vol River north of Stalingrad
2? Collective farm village in Stalingrad Oblast. July 19) 6
30 Irrigation of tomato plants on a collective farm near Stalingrad,
July 19246
Collective farmers and wagon on road near Stalingrad. July 1946
50 Rural scene near Stalingrad, July 1946
60 Cherry picking on f .iit farm near Stalingrad, July 1914
7, Women workers on a riment station near Stalingrad, Shelter belt
in background. July 1946
80 A forest shelter belt on the "Isk " state faun Stalingrad Oblast.
November 19148
90 Preliminary work for construction of dam. Enough water will be stored
to irrigate several hundred acres of land near Stalingrad. July 1946
100 21schanical salt extraction at Lake Baskronehako Probably 19148
U. Prewar view of Central Square of Stalingrad from a$r. After severe
war damage the city is now in the process of reconstruction
120
New housing construction in Stalingrad, 19146
130
October Street in Stalingrad, 1947
140
New apartment house on TsiolkovskLy Street in Stalingrad. Prior to 19119
150
View of Stalin Wad from barge on Volga River,
July 1946
160
Russian passengers on barge in Volga River.
background. July 19116
View of Stalingrad in
17. Chairman of collective farm addressing, visiting American guests and
minor officials. Note the clothing of the Russian off cials0
July 19146
18. Transporting rafts of timber down the Volga, Prewar
19? Transporting tL-ber on the Volga by low-decked wooden b , Px
20. Volga ever from Stalingrad side, Lott eastern bank in background0
July 1946
210
Part of 'Wharf area along the Volga River in Stalingrad. 1914
22?
Unloading of Volga River vessels at the port of Stalingrad
230
Volga River docks at Stalingrad.
August 19147
21.
Loading facilities alt Stalingrad,
August 3,947
25,
River-boat dock at Stalingrad, Believed to be a. floating dock
26.
Air photo of Stalin3radaBek etov!ca. airfield. 3,942
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270 Air photo of Starl ingrad?Beketovka airfield0 19142
28 Air photo of StalinVad-Gorodishche (alternate n nem Stalingrad 4)
alrfie2do 13 July 1942
290 Air photo of Ste ngrad-0wak (alternate name: aun-ak) airfield0
343 July 1942
30? Air photo of Stalingmd-Konngya airfield, 24 July 1942
31m
Air photo of S (.d outhwast (alternate names Voroponaro) ai
field0 1 I1ovem r 19141
32o
Air photo of AI&tuha airfield. 214 July 19142
334
Air photo of Akhtuba airfield, 8 Febraary 1913
3144
Air Photo of IKapuatin Yar airfield.
14 IoveDaher 19142
35o
Air photo of Kapustin Yar airf ieldo
2 I',arch 1913
364
Air photo of Kapustin Yar airfield0
2 March 1943
37.
Air photo of Kardayev airfields 16 September 1942
33
Air photo of Ko alov airfields 20 March 19143
394
Air photo, of Le ask airfield, 2 flay 19143
1400
Air photo of Leak airfield, 16 April 19143
1410
Air photo of Pologoye airfield? 3 October 19112
1420
Air photo of V1adianfrovk a airfield, 24 July 19142
134
Air photo of Vladimirovka4IJorth (alternate lanes
Pokrovka) airfield,
-
3 September 1912
44.
Air photo of Zhitkur airfield0 4 flovenber 1942
4 Air photo of Zhit1on' South (alternate ales Repeva) airfield0
17 September 1942
I- LAPS
1n Climatic Blements of the Volga-Caspian Lowland
20 USAF Target Complex Chi - Series 108,9 Stalingrad
36 USAF Target Complex fosaic - Series 256 Stalingrad
140 Lower Volga Area East of Stalinprad
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GEO RAPH' OF TI?i STADINGRO-,LTR1A
To T induction
The St& n addUr section of the Volga-Caspian LwIand includes about
20,9000 sate miles end extends from 015DE to 48ft end from 47?3S I to
Ad gist tive1r it ine dse pets of thce obl sts -: the St a ag ,d and
Asv han4 Oblass of the RSFSR and the West I st Oblast of the Xazekh
SSR.11 The arm is not homogeneous physically oo o tw ? most of it lies
,thim the VolgacCaap a sem desert and dese gionsp is stretch giam the
ssland belt of Burapean Rusoja on the
Ooh to the Gaspa Sea 'on the south,
Along the western inn of the area azle the h M,9 and ea facing es m t
of the Volga Ilei&ts (Pryor Vo she nost4) end fa hee south the Ye gami
HUI& At the foot of the Volga escav nt In the no hwes?t and extend onto
the Caspisa Ira&lend eastt and so.?theasft from Sta gad -16s the EsAile
oasis-like floodland of the Volga and VolgaaAkhtuba vallzyao most of TAdch
is ba1o~r sea level. The re in of the std
'ea lodes two sections of
the axidd newly flat Casper Dowlcnd Plains separated by the Vol acA tub
Ploodplaim4 The ssa z, section t oh is a paw, of the ItalMk Steppeq lies
betwoen the Yerge. ID-Us and the Volga4Aitatubw Floodplaip The second section
is moh ger inaluding the vast expanse of closeat and steppe east of the
Volga and nor heart of. the foD
I for more deta il administrative infoximtion,
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So?io1o o i1 and aco o o oh2oacteri Lice Of the etu. ' area closely
r1ated to local physics, conditions. The h
d,.a1fl politic n read
t r & n s p o A a t U o n eti t r ie a t S t a l x n g r a d o t h e o ge iid Ail coacentm-
tip TAthin the eta as Population density the vicinity of St_-,,6Ungmd
ie caWzoable to that other ~mdmstrlal cent s of Erman USSR. fe
Rueeieas ps the M%ih el
t in the poyalationo On the pie to the
ea stD uhwa Kas a7a the d t athaic upfl the population
eb&r-p1' to give or lose pees
setts
t r dzops
per 6quare eo A at an ofthe 1
to a.-,a boated along the baWo of the Volga or Akhtubs Ri e ? La
the Os leat'g the emdqzst9 or ahe ae least vo tive section of the CeOpInn
Lo a ages are e alleet and fe the ap ?
The pri o pel soon o sct ,? .ties of the a2aa ayz (a) auit n (b)
the heavy and lid aBa 'a t g of the St d oeter9 Co) the pzaasasing
f a t e1 P D Cd) the e motion
Wt D end (e) the shipping
bong the Volga end e t p$i at
Stnda
The Sta1i ed ceWlexfl doh stratcheo abo the Voles RtQer f'or 30 lei
Is of national tmportanoe iaadustb 1&1270 21 As a transportation and transehiming
newt gq it le a feeal point for routes to and from the souther Urea the
00 the Ca.wneD the Ceep Sea aeaD and the central pmt of ? the ~z~~
peen USSR? Indust 2, r?au texiele. o at In by eel fr
the eetD
Imbw ie floated dotes the Volga " eam the Th le9 and petroleum Is canted
JJ,? =p a tated Target Photo I?Ioeeio covers the Sta d e ea
and IS iu d on the attached USAF Target Complex Cha ?
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Mcwaegx d 'Q ]J iOI1
b ge fog I and other' p1acceso Fiohs seit and a c t pods a
TIVO on v ?ua d ct1ons either fog pYOCee g at Stala&ad o fo OF
yapat?
I sat p oda ic% the.Lz~m Baek h 'a a a,o Mpples a gmx*,Gz, 09
the tom Stet
ego mw mzmK-,ac` ie du ies of Caly local boy-
Leo Few ,thin the eea is psi i a t even i the UD-y -oeas al
the eetee ma-gin.
o' the plains area is given o'r to z.gatoy Tine of oheepb cattle hoaces9
end sore Canals- CoaSms -08 z g~eever possi n KdOy on the plains
adjacent to the Volga-Akhtubm Plooipl~ ~d ~m mall ester- t
deems
a
fhe oaat m plainso In the St V section of the Volg cAkh$
floor
I the xvxal ee(meWa mgmal husband is 09 latest e ? ice eo & .oh
do po is apyagmt a r to 0 tmot th
o sand@
.mot, (1-4)
The o to of the et
mzam Is strong Coen with hatfl f MMEWS
colds euvws ezeo both umml cad d- 1 to eat e ages ee t?
The r=go batmen the west rW hD Ju and the Comae Mon$hD Jeer 7r
awunts to 33-36 de ees o
mUpaft (59?4c61$o8 es
it), (see ap
CTA 326919 Cliwmt o Ch 6,)
Amml pvscipitation is seatD with Ilm bad of it ooeazzy-Ing long the
n season, The s r peeipi tton oe sin the 207m of imttzacmantD heavy
P et 9 s a 9 ie enter A g oo ImA-gatioxa aid mag sta,
LdE
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SECU.Lt19Y lU11"U.kf I XiUid
i9 aid mc~h of the moistu is a g-ted either throw Doff or e aporationo
In ea rq eiapor tioi rates arta high because of high texperaturesn 1t h dic
tiesa and scorching idsso Skies ax~a c~hara a.or et~o~ clear and rainless in
d visibility is o oceasicn rastr,eted by fogs duatd
The t aaitiona beta Gn inter and sir 2-rg-0 e ly r pido In they
brief fall season masses of cold a m Sib ,a and Center. Asia wicklY
penetrate and soon dote the us
Precipitation is mora quext in "ber then in a ar but the total is
remains been throughout the long ~ nter?
less. YTesthele
a, the aOw car palata throughout the cold eeaao
anor cover ii s -distributed son t a bee
auae the winter ends blow th
the pis into the rasa and Aver valleyse
thus', The surface of the earth ezea and
1 of the study area falls wdar the Class D of the Khppan . caticc
class cation - boreal c to
month less than o30C (26.6"P),,
with average brat s of the coldest
d with the to rcet of the W&K-Mast Month
in a=eaa of 22?C (i6? F) o In tezin of vegetation cover, the stir area is
tether subdivided into a stappe (D Sa) and a de
QD
~ya) c ateo (Se
CIA 120910 Chart 1a) Forest c ate is encountered one fez, beyond the is
of the study wag to the north of S town N re .on the pis south of
Sa tov is the aunt of moil ? s a .able sufficient for the success
grouth of forest vegetationo The area of steppe olnate extemI5 south to
Y s by the Sorgat cwt
dlogist GeV, Vo sens3
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SECUK TY. 2: illy a-IN.C:LUa3
thi 20O300 k1lowatei-a (125-2OO a11es) of the Case , Seaa The axea
2madiately adjoining a t h e Caspi~m is a t deb
AO
The average mmusl teWemtu of the study a vas in 7-80C (h4,6-46.4oF)
(eee CIA 91 Chi 5) o The mintwim wmthly t eat ooews a 7&MaUs
the gaga is bete -9? d - .OoC (1ao& oO0F)@ WO m Fe
%ky the to e t Am glapidly and reaches a peek of 2 ,-25PC (75,2-77,00P)
in Ju3qo The highet and 1o et tenparmtmvs vocorSed, 41?0?C (i0500F)
at StmLingimd and -3870 W7 7?) at tuff
The ti
ton days
of the uam season which is here
. raga to eatu s ab 0oC (32*F), in almoob eight mmth
dWS) in 1enggho us , ' be g 226 L h and endue n,.3,9 n
CIA 12091 Ch as 7-9). The i h of the f psi.
(R35-245
170 Asa If vrftc is arbitrarl2y defined as the pa'od doh the ne
daily to wat s age Irm 00 to 100C (320 to 5&F),q the gh of t~w spring
is abut a bh (30-34 d&ys) o The fall ta-ti
he the hot be
the tee
fined s the pow,
(40-42 d s)0
U upon the soil mwfme and
aturo of the* upper hers actually become higher than the air rah
tee With the onaet of evening o tmParatures begs to drop dharplyq and th
night tenpeatw es are markadlv o0
UP than those of the dkyo In the vinteq
the thin cover of snow is not icier to insulate the soI2 against the 1o
OOP 000000
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PwiOdo deed by
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t t sD and the soil a ezes to a depth of a meter (~O3 feet) or e
b Fe a a
B. The afferage precipitation ranges from 200 to o'er 300 U sters
M9 d .?3 inches) per year (tee CIA 12091 Chi 2)D the highest occarrlmg
in the him western f rings of the study area. Records for a 23c sr period
t Stalingrad-indicate that the teary precipitation there reaches as mach as
382 millimters (15.O inches), At Tingttaa located in the !erg ni I.
precipitation averaged only 253 millirmters (10.0 inches) over a period of
31 years. Such lays precipitation does not seem to be representative and wqy
table to the location of Tinmta in the r shadow of a bluff, On
the Caspian Lowland portiC on of the study area9 precipitation is a dd -goe?
To the southeast, 'eith increasing distance ft,
the rainfall become progressively lira
the Hilly dlestern age areas
The seasonal distribution of precipitation is of great iporance to.
a tetra The maxim= precipitation about, 60-75 perceot 09 the mmunl
totaiD occurs during the w a season (see CIA 12O91D Chars 1 and 3)9 uith
May and J being the peak v thso Early steer rains,, combined with thh
release of acc1ated meter soil moisture during the spring thawsg makm
agriculturepossible in spite of the low annual precipitation, Since the
precipitation is exbremely depandableg deviating widely ftw the average
one year to anotheerr drop is, a mcurrent hazes to ag ioulte , A secondzr
El V
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precipitation peaks which oc s in, October and Nove-Mberg auppliee moia
for the tinter crepsm Precipitation in lozre in FebrmU and Pena at the
and of the cold season?
Precipitation is more intense but of shorter ration in mmer than in
winter0 Light s r rain are rare, when they do occaLw, the moister evapo-
rates almost is diately ;
the wara surface of the ea thm Heavy miss are
especially characteristic in the Volga Hei&ts. Intensities diminish an the
lowland east of the Volga,) and precipitation of more than 30 millimtGYO
(1.2 inch
s) a day is vei rim In this areas houever9 zzdm of 50-W
nesters (200 2o4 inches)
day have been racordedm
The f~c-equoncy of precipitation is higher during the sera but the daily
?ao mt is mail? About 11 -16 December a stable snow cover (see CIA 12091
Chas 10-12) set in and incases L,=dually to a gnu thicfldess in let
u inter (February) m The maximm depth ranges n 10 centixxmter
(309 in,
has)
in the southeast to 20 centimeters (7,9 inches) in the no et near $t o
gradL Average nos depth is difcslt to esti to hog erg because the
winds carry the snow the open to the sheltered rasa The period of
thawing continues for about a months, with some snow cover genet persisting
middle of Echo Local dif ' n
In eeo e and depth of
cower affect the rate of thawing aorrr hatq and the snow cover persists slightly
longer in the hilly, and In some cases forested,, waste= fringe than on the
open Caspian Lords
W 00
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 L~' r.j ~E O? IF, ~
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nz the uinter the lat3ve bwddity of the studr a2~a
a
about 80=
is high,
the h d ty is 'fau Iwo Chars'
4 of CIA 12091 ~zdieatea that the et has the l et h d ties in the
e it e 1o v Volga egioaiq ioh is the lei h d paztt of E opeei USSR?
laser Vo1Sa zzon has e average a , air-saturation
de .o ,ems
of 445 mililEatars or min Dmi-Ing the w am seasooq t
o' presses is of the watude of 5g0 w.llimtersq nth an avrage ai
deficiency of 60 705 WillimOtsrso To ? as it enothe q
the ralatI e & .di of the st area dUA
at 1300 hours. The highe
rates about 40 peromt
g1
Mmithly ?i a f w
a satia$~
(16-18 mere) EVO VUX7 olosS
d(580x4
to the fi s fee the Cm
tZlel Peietio
Bsoase of the low M tip dines and the high to oratwwD ova-
tiua p ooesds at a vahigh rate d g the waww se .scaq rew hin a
Rnsx vya
Strong winds mza t pioe1 of the study a eao AveraLp v~zd velo~,PIties a
hi et in the der and ea sprig, In-not during the months of
J neD J y and ,M o The sari annual velocity averages about 4-5 mate
par second (900-11,D2 Mil
s per how) a Observation
teoo1ogioa1 atatio
` ras a oonept t oh uses the difference beta e the a@
-.d the sattmtion vapor presaes as index of the lack of satiati of
the airo Six= it is a aced in tee of millimtero of vapor pKaeffuYao
it is not, diraotly oonverbible to the mare co expreaaIone of ht dim
r1tha t additional data.
J L1ti C~ SLJL , .:J t~
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5kc-01 -
Y t the area indioate$ howevei9 that o0m occur .th s p .eing quency.
XAJtana ' C&IMS wee zeco donan ave gaof10to24 pe entoftheob
~~ ~~one where in July the g oxen i nes eaees slightly to 19-34 p ?nt?
in sW9 theme axe
og pndogimx*Ry
s to be a t agaeitim 9
outhey aids to the north and of ppedo?nt1 P eaotaY4
s th? As a multq .nd from no one direction cm be seed
do e Prav&Mimg'w~md directions at adjoining stati are inccn at9
YAth waU 1o quencies goy n the dend
ant u1ndso In eummwq the w d
patter bee s mom eettledo with northwosterly tads pra tingo Windd
01o ess sees espaciaDy typical of spring and smvnPo In tern soma
teases very sharply duzlmg the ma= season, averts g 30 p at in
Fogs are not as rare as mi&t be expected in such a co ate;
ly and
a . From 1 to September9 fogs are practically a but they are
som of the yea s
The area Stalingrad east is chameterIzed. b y mwq c l e a r d s?
direction be Werienced during &U
e-o can be e ected 70 to 80 percent of the tia? The percentage dac
fairly quent in eprnga G6P3CiOllY in I-larcho These fogs are of the raid,
type and typically op mw clear ants v hen the sirga@a of the earth
cools very rapidlyo C eraUy they are quicl die sip
ated by the mmmime uric
but occaaimmlly they may persist for several days Advective fogs, uhi
are pre ent over most of the Russian plai9 are less foaquent here because
the clouic stoma trip ahi active fogs era com my associated
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b UUt Tx . ku. o
p ate into this so-a theastern homer of Mwopaan'Ruosia r33-at, ,V31'
quant?
Est sbojzmo are ffi mcm t factor in restricUmg b ty
fog 0 Stag qtly carry vast quantities 09 soils SaPac F
spry lien the surface is still bare of vegetation No speck
oonoaming the s dumtIonf, and a?e . event of dust story aya
aablea bzb they are c
U1a
0 . P ~0 ice (4- 3-0)
.A, The em
The western margin of the stud area includes two grows of to
to and hills s ated by a trough just south of Stallngm& The
hiss which d se slightly altituds from no bh to south, ,To charcc
t stic rides g, oriented in n h stosoutheast d eti a
itren v 1 rs? The eastern edge of the hill region is eked by bhffso
Bch in the north oi-vwlook the Volga River in the south o snook tho
Sarpisk Likes and the
ass ted with southeasterly WiDdSo
mily
In the northern. section, which is knoun the Volga Heights (Pri-volihakaya
Vo hennost Q) a the east-facing bluffs rise to a height of about feet
above the ri rera Although the bluff a neatly coat uousD they eza cut
in places by rues and gnMes with equally precipitous sides (Fig i)
The seutba n hill grow the !ergni se is less dissected and the bluffs
a prone cad Mast of the bluffs of the uerthern section the ter in
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899 WX IMMMA 1004
the intwolu"
as saes to elevations of 400 to 500 feet abce the
s ? i g Rind , a distance of about fo peso The crests of the
wes a about ana-Uxird of a mile in dth and in
etseply pogo The flanks =-a deeply cut by
tb .pt1r into nawnZq
p~
e places ae
ed ea and al
flaulng x the hills to the Volga
9 1 and faced about 5
pa o Host of the .were e 10 to 15 mile's
1ong9 although the L-ogast Is 30 des in : g m The at eea azz chamctaAsed
Step meta and ve active erosion. - S of the ah er ziver
e c ,y In the aouthD flduring spring thaa and ralzW par!
Ili of these deaoend to the adjacent dz7 plain and, disappear Into the parched
eaten or
pooate0 Throughout the I aD stream are &vmd to yet
of the aping ovewflou for a t al use. The watershed diode bet
Volga a n d D o n R i w o r dra ge is s i t u a t e d a t a d i e t ce of only 8 or 32
to t weat of $I Volga?
Vegetatiou oar on the Volga, Heights and Tergeni s Is not
117
sparae Trees a found only in va3loys and -ro ea or here they have bean
pla da sier as pates of *halter belts or veaa A large pr
of the a is ooarad with natural grass and bush vegetations eluding
feaoleq feather VaaaD
and white wonmrood. The axaa is used primrily
fw oattla and sheep g g but, hay and grata gie1da are found along the
valley sides on aon of the Interfluve oreata? I-F valley boat
`-~ 0
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SECUITAIX XUPOM-Wd'gON
nsi 1 ti tedfl eepeo the vltt of S$a=mad Soil
iu the ea ee typleft q lamW oh t1teD o seen End 0 OD
02 of ,oh f a er tt Ration is limited 043,Y
bity of
teatw stWlye
The q elaugted urban area of Staff d le situated at the eouthe n
they Volga Hsi
extends to the Indistinct trough that
p ,tee these his from the Yergeni Hills to the eouthc The city itself
Us@ on wee hilly za een hick awe city plamdmg f'oo
poets moon action d f t? Verges In the area are zathe ' large aud
e e conepicuously concentrated along strevalleys Ohre meter apply9 zzinly
ponds and a ee eq is adequate e pt drought ye"
Veicu o .traffic In the B eetem his is him ch eliead9 due mWy
to the pie ce of deep payee and gullies that are d99icult to c ee?
l i o n " n t o n foot in also bated by the chameter of the temmin,
B? The Voles and Vol
The gloodLands of the Volga and stub rive ea with the ' abuncUmee
of cetera spot deneea lush vegetation causing the area to stand out ae
ode oasis in shazp contrast tith the surrounding regions.
In the no ha there the Volga fLovr in a south-south et directionfl the
flood ds ara narrow - not n. ore than 5 idles in dtho To the east t
elevation increases gv to the low and O=at fit Precaspian Lw do
On the e the river awe the hi& bluff a of the Volga Heights. Just nth
,iJJ L~~LLL~'
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1
nii
0976A000200020001-5
of S sand the wall Akhtuba ftTer diverges fro
cea,at & 10 The Vo1g iteelf cotes south-tmrd f another 20 lee to th
Kra
cty of
ek9 ice it also veers eaet ai do The Joint 91
the o e e etetdhee gat across the ser desk
Y 20 mUes cbo Some 60 Wles southeast of Ste1inpad the Awe tug
add to the s heaet9 End the gloodplaim na.ZTows to about 10 or 12
~? YY? hen 5e ~~
The Vo1g Valle nosh of the di gernoe of the Akhtuba
oha~ e eta QSYRS e. The ri,
rv iteelf9 hugs t vastem edge o:?
the ley a at time e u rcuts the bluffe0 The MRdn d2a ae1q tftich
le Iowa, comotioted by age saw i ande9 wee In width from 1/3 of
IFAIS to A moo Bast of thz =in stream a et p of lend I to 5 es
later immdated This
the 'Volga and 91ma
a is diddad
weall and imoeeseible p ele by the n rous eecoo end seasonsl
ch icels of the Volga and by WmIlm reed Inkasq
de? The 910
01$e9 and abandoned
,lain ately adjacent to the Av~w ie alt o te
rndy and asoft and is pm-tly forest-covered. Ths only noticeable e tione
29's along the ed se of the 9ar Chamelso sah e there soma deep b
ek es 6h gas In a ration eza grades
fps hei e osd 30 fact
Y .s Z- from the Volga @RMMe19 82 ti o ae
flora beo s t?eiveo kk@h of the zzs sm
andload ut
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of the f o` -a d is
 Approved For Release 2000/04/7TAltOO976A000200020001-5
1ti ,tech nth lodes. a e
Jet east of the Sao
string of and rmdlum-
z&zImItuml images mks the ed of the v y aid the be g of the
ppe?
Soth $eotio
The broad southern section of the floodplai9 between the s D
seldcK~-nvipble k h t R and the ,det he teed Vo1ga9 i
ffi e eed by am interlacing pattern of chamelap lekee bea t
rsD ant-
off m3 ders9 i 9 sees end dunesg clay b 6g, a ly shed
tfaoded pat0hes9 and vast was of merahq reed9 and maedotyo In gene fl th
area has a mare wed relief than the northern seotiono Bost elevated
are s dmes9 s o f n a t u r a l leveesq or end clay b p which are
tug out in mww b de parallel to the major strems and their secondary
channels- SU@h ridges y rcoded ands b ase they lie above normal
flood Ala a7a the sites of the fev small e on the II
to World tier 11p large areas e o and vil3a gee and valuable fields ya protected
99-ow in tion by ear hen dams and &ikes. thourja anost of these embar&m
d for gpaeing ithan the k-TO not ep Mte o
167819
vwa d d dig 19t 19 a MMY have been re tm Less then 10 peoent
of the VOIGR-Akhtuba 1o land is high enouCh to escape amual o g? The
Taof the area is uWally eubn ged foz 4 to 6 e eah sprig
and a ea c bly al, do
On both a the V*2aa-Alftuba Ploodp1 is s ted from the adjment
eteppe e s
st a of urWGV ? The rigbt a along the Volga
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/ 7UI 7 -0976A000200020001-5
,tee2.g5 is p 80 goat high in the 7Ioinitie
but d?oeaass to 70 feet nee Sol
end of the Btu,
T t the length of the flood , mv2ses feat urea along th
a~ez? This
of the Swett 7e god
15 goat at, southem
bright bank9 ho 2?9 is not contina
end batten Steitsa and Znbo i the beak is about 9 miles bo ? The bak
on the left
de of the fl
amain is
bluffs or sharp elopes 3.5 to 18 goat
ohl D but in mmW p goms
gho DeepD ete i-d 0-, es that
wt gay b ok into the steppe sow wta typi of the m oKt ste third of
this b s? h-zaquent
er tting of th
d the fmvation of nonnds or shams at their baseso ept for the root
b=k at XuxmnW !tea abet of the banks am composed
Floodp gent
Sato ar and r in deter on the 1
lid its 20 ~dlea of St grad than in the
farther southeast. Tbi
part of the l d is also the most densely pop ted and intensively oil
tiyatedm
Volga Rj side of the W11W era more prono eed than those aloes the fate.
ZI donates the area - f.oa , in a chanwl o one-gourth to
?r long chess it lies ad4ao to the Uall of
the l D bat in plaoee the direction of the course changer, dbrupt3q.
Skioa,sa d bars,, mOl zszeed-cowered sand islandsO and larger densely uc , d
is1ando along the Voles South of Vladirirovkas, eral large
nd le of the Vol
flow during all eons : .
up to one-ham
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/.1.7;
Pilo Y ,de0 A l t h o u g h t h e r e as-a
48.,,000200020001-5
p clay along the m stren
and larger camels bet% ten the Volga and A D met of the SM11OZ'
strews arm bordered by send s. The cet l a d ease p 09 the
flodUnd is co ns ,dse abler Witter than that along the Volga Only
a anD s ca t t d e t r l p s a
the nomul flood l lg mcftd patches
v gas a e c pox glt,ps Zwo, Between the nawuo chmllw b ch cheamels
and elongated Wiese this yar~ of the l oa d is in grass. a reed-covo'c , eh
or in nea ? l2 of th
to mass are Cl
and have becoa stagnanto Such areas are breeding, places for the hordes of
aQc~g mosguitoe that have created a serious health hard in the
land f oz:ma and activities in the Volgo.4 tuba Flcadp3ala a
dixactly related to nced by the cc,
hwdroarap
gged b silting br wag
Olex and coat one g
az e Y The out ding feats of the
paw in
Its aeasonality Daz>lng the height of the aping flood the region become a
hage lake tith isolated hills pr?otMding a tau feet
hove the water levele
er the ere are slow and sluggish and ich of the :.ead
area is dyy enough to be cropped or stn for hay and in winter all the river
? cause 0 the continuously changing bydrograpby of the Vol n1thtuba
Pl ocdplain any given fftatistics represent the situation only for a
speck place and dated The ridthD depthp and location of channels, the
shape and location of i ,landaD and the am t of area inundated var
fron year to year but also from seascn to season, % ape and photo
waphs of the area ast be judged accordin?
VOG' 2 IF, P, "
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/70,, ~.P 9-7976A000200020001-5
bzuu u'i x 111 QRI4ATION
and mars are solidi frooen? Sm 9 flash floods occasionally interrupt
the n? .y d r s .er and fad seasons.
Neexly all of the water flowing throe h the Volga Valley come from the
more hid regions fax to the north. The only perennial tributaries of the
Volga within the study area are those flowing from the Volga Heights. I m
other secctions9 the adjacent steppe areas are drained by numerous flies
that water only di ng spring thaw and after showers* The voles of
water supply consequently is dependent on the flow of the Volgap itself0
which in t is detexie.ned by the amount of snow cover, rapidity of thauinga
and the rainfall in the northern some regions. Perennial variations
therefore considerableo At St ad the voles of water carried during the
year with the neatest flow was one and one-half times that of an a age
year and two and one-thud times that of the lost year The year with th
adxdmm flow carries only a little more than half the normal loa&
Seasonal flow is also highly variable9 but on the average the volums
cawed by the Volga in Aprils IIs9 Jung and July is 50 to 65 percent of
the yearly halo The annual fluctuation of the navigation level of the
river is cosp
ugly great,, being 35 feet at Stalin ado The spring
flood no lly begins in late &Iay or early June and lasts from 4 to 6 weeks
or mors0 It "aches the highest level in the second half of June. In
yes the water level rises as ich as 3 feet per day in the area east north
of Mali n ado The average rise in water l at Stags ad from the be g
m 17
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1141, n fi ;',k 76A000200020001-5
of aoed to the peak is about 27 feet and during exceptional floods mzy
exceed 40 feet. Along the noa he a section of the Volga., mere the v&Uey
st constActede the rise in water level is atesit? In the VolGa-
Akhtuba sections where the water is divided among y channels q the rise
is considerably less. F uentlzvg h erb areas up to 30 feet above
nom winter level of the river flooded.
t?Ji desp d changes anmuMy follow the spring floods.. Each year,, new
channels are ford and old ones are filled in with mud and sands and banks
and shoals are eroded a and new ones are built up? During and after the
recession of the flood waters, the streams h
eav l y burdened with Kar&
the l nam for the combination of trees and other heavy growth that has
been washed out by the high waters and carried along by the rivers. Following
the floods, trails and roads across the lowland nest be restored or relocated,,
ande in years of unusually hi,& floods port and landing facilities n st be
repaired and protective e h embankments rebuilt. fedredging of the Vol.
channel is a big .jobD which continues throu gout the navigation period,
The sun r season is cha cter.eed by gads drying of the show
waters and marshasq accompanied by lower water and decreased velocity in
the main strea e During this. season the Volga is restricted largely to
single channel with an average width of one-half fie, The section south-
at of Stalingrad Is us .ly dredged to only 7 feet over the n rous a
m To the north the water is_so t deeper, In both section
18a.
horevera
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1 ~r ~'CJAp?17` q~976A000200020001-5
SECUICIT :111fft7 'rIUN
theme s pees with depths to 40 feet or more. At the point Ubwe
i t d i rgas Zfom the Volgaa the A l h t u b a l i v e r g dry up completely during
periods of eetr
Iy lou, winter, At such times the Alchtuba is fed by
of shalm chwmals batmen it and the Volga.
Floods may also occur in own:mr and f ? They are caused summer
rains and we of short duration. At Stalingrad they raise the water level
on an average of about 6 feet,, but at times they are not large enough to
completely fill the shallow channels paralleling the main streams. Late
season floods cause considerable damage because of their unexpectedness
and because they oucur at the time when hey has been gathered in the fieldso
L
almost ripe, and lumber and other supplies and equipment are
stacked along the river banks. Usually there are one to three ands times
as m as a half dozen minor floods each year. The period of lowest water
level for the entire area is early September to raids Octobere
The average date for f tion of ice at Stalingrad is November 213
solid ice cover on the main c el and its branchee occurs by December
lasts throw l?Iarcho The Volga no retains frozen for abo ft 110 days,
Although the apace date of clearing is April 209 navigation usually begins
by April 71,
Traffi.~bil .ty a~ad Ve tatian
Trafficab ty in the Volga4Alchtuba Flaodplain is essentially
depe
.dent on the seasonal conditions of bydrograpbyq vegetations and soils.
c 19 .
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/U~.~ I, U0976A000200020001-5
SECURITY INFORMATION
Ease of vest and availability
meter. Whe
f cover vez inversely from spring to
the surface of the to land is solidly froeenD mor,
D but car is sparse, Dux-ing the spay and early sw~D
is unrestActed
travel by foot i
ct:ic&LXy i rapossibleD and even with the aid of a mmU
,U difficult to cross the areas Middle and late swm.w offer
ination of trafficability and coo In this period the v mll,
is a labyinth of thickly covered 'men islands. Movement is still dif to
boneverD due to stiff r m soils and the e licated vats net ork?
As the floods recede gk= the moist -saturated meadows in early s ra
the lush vegetation that daveloys includes many varieties of graasesD ranging
from short tae-tent d Ketuc1 bluegrass to tam, coarse reeds, Sedge
uses are the dolt
gat
t ,on of the mead shesD along pith f g
rnshD fes D couch gmssq yalllucerne' water plentainD arrowbeadd
gnackgassa On the sli fatly higher areas that are inundated fw the daortest
period grasses umwlly are of higher q ty3 these a the arms most
used for c s and hay g, was of medium flood d .tion ara predotly
covered with couch grass and cede such as brem grass, The rootstallzs of
these plants gently sow hMo&o that are filled with sta rt water
o fl smnq fern, and flowers such as buttercups
and forgst za-nots? These , 1 wounds are not fit for mo ing? They ar,
a comm feature in the tral and eastern parts of the Vol,,acA1thtuba lowed,
M roua dapre
lain retain sweap v
V
getation throe
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the R r9 2d magma of the s l me ddcovemd leke a as are
lee
The Yndiig chume1 e3paZatin; "he partial LOod'Bd is1 M aaao aye boded
by taf cede' and raaakaesD h2c?h m soma places attain heights .of 10 to 20
gasto Long styet es of i~kvaTbmk m a d o coed ,th q u a c kgrase a gad
along the l g e e ~eD e are sloo many stretchas of sandy aaunthat suppo s-ush-lilca beach Vass and tad o
I et o f the mdled h as 2m the Volga- u b a V e U a discontinuous
e ehaped strips and patches of denser lea p deacciduous tbi?ketsm The
pxed?& at tees are whits T034u and black popish .ch are i x ter i d
with several ,et ,es of elm and oak and soma h and tams c?ieko Stripe
dreg
of wooded follow a r of the natty leveeaD which are hi and
t h a n s ro n d i n g - as but nomally less than lDOQO feet video 1'9 iel dsD
and oth slightly elevated -patcchee are also wocdedD
but nowhere do the cxcds Wised 3 nilas in dtha In the la gor xooded apse
trees usually IPM to a h
ght ofs
.t over 20 feet ? Scattered, radiil
and isolated clumps era not inc o Mat of the wooded patches a
bordered by a xn r zone of - fed toeas a dense tangle of u nderpowho
heed,, and ivy that entwine themselves around th
tress after the spring fl fo a b= vier that is difficult to pa etratem
The pre
T sow in the Volgam u Floadplain a sands silty
neur , v aD =.d e dow bogo Sam is most poavmlent along the
Aver bym-ko and on ialan& along the chmmelso In the soh there hoe s &l
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/17s:~Cii4~F'DP7.9-0fl 76A000200020001-5
M- Uma 1I I m-MY-0 N
was of esq so ms of tAiieh a e p i tab led by a pauth of mMmmo
oA ae the e7d is c = mei y wet dwring the Perch theya and
aeR the goods that f
y4 ' Although the san w as in
et apid
and soon beo e tmMezble on foots they aye 451 ot1t to t avexee v oISs
x, io than a Couple of mile
in the V?: .a
tuba l 71id ewes the o oceing of urea b0 6-608c, Host of the roads
and pats in the e ea have food across the mi-aw Avers. Although the
jo ,tt of the Avers n deepD mmW are t*o deep 'oz, moWv vehicle
Acao g to a ldble mpc the depths of Lords range from a foot to
feat at nom-21 tee 1 bfl most of them being a little over a Lost depth.
The Oaepim Loam eastm ran the fo of the Rilly
W e f t o R m PKImp , I n a by e n ' p o The szeming~y emdlese
epanse of tetra mom elaes s dese neav devoid of ontstar ding,
e1ief goat so Emotions ganomIly : an a fr about sea level to 90 Zest
with ua4 a few isolated hie spots. UUe and south of the Vol a Akhtuba
Lc^dps altitudes of o z, )5 feet a zv o To the n
hd ?ot ayes -xe (a) the incon l ouons divide pa ale sg the so e 'secti
of the val y at a astance of 10 to 15
noath and weat of LOm B
(b) the eat pImSm to the
Cc) a 1o Kid& south
Ile-as of these eyes o se mo than 50 feet above the ouxe=d2mg p D and
in sl es &Ke waSss o In the entlxe Capp a Loy 2and
'22
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th e hif,s stand out con pic io i& j
Bogdo Ho ain
bo'e the s o?ding Ismd - Bol9 shq3vz
Wavat ,oa 499 Beet) along steep Boutst aoxa of %
Basfl dmka %-Yl a Bogdo., (ele pion ge
et) abort 30
no hea.at of Bol? shoes Bogdo and UISCan M t a (elc Lion ZL9 feet) Juet
noah OR El tom
The lGtest pats of the plain as marked by l g sat lakes orw t-
mad shesm at of the Vol
Lakes Baskmd2acD B19 ton0
Eive2? the most iMo as depYassic e Lain
d Bat ?9 and the haa9 inassable 5hor MWd
oslt-md t? At the foot of the Ter ni HS-Us in the met are the 5azpirak
Woe. An of these dep s
ions ece Bat ' aye belt sea level*
Casper le the monotonous landscape is brolon
the tless aox, depeasiona of vmiow. sues and Wipes .that ?dUeot
and etain moist and s o vigorous vegetational h that stands
out in sharp contrast to the e o nding dy been p m Surface stag
Foe goad only aleng the Volga Value and in the i d to vicinity of the
lag seltnla seions9 but or,
Along the edges of the Vole- taba floo
fox, long psi
goad ep 5 es that egad gar back into the pl 0, A Gal2y neat Lansk
has eaten its m q- 26 des back into t ho p' ?
The Sands of I a v . eww em a o f o v e r 850 a a e des a1mg
the cast aide of the 5h on the eastern edge of the st a aafl ara
a vRqae p i faatmva of the
X23=
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10 cal Louland Tazua2m 'eats
Y of the Caep L and is see ,deseet steppe that supp s
Caly mazaimial
,ohes of oo se assn desax;t el bs a oaotus9 bet mm
x-hioh the p mdo n ntly old o d is be-wa and he dD and is oomo y orated
by the soda beat. The eha mte stic depressions o lldipsO that dot the
oe of the lot-T d end ply so critical a paw in the utilization of the
azae looaly car 30 to 50 p ent of the Caspian Lowland wig the at
amigo They vat at r In slzeD shape and surface conditionsa but most of
t h e n e loos than 3.2 feet deep and have such grades slopes that th
be ely pe oeptible to the eyed The sweet de ssions are only a feu Inches
below the level of the s ? ? g Bound and sever sqe yardo in exent
1 ge depressions cc thousamls of acres and often have
near fi hefr oentrso Aooo ug to their siseD the depressions 903 9. a the
1=1 v2ms gR&iMq lams l Ze, a
rastosha
zys and The
the ges9 an the awe 2apwtant since they dot o provide
patches of a oe aura lands but also a so -ces of dig ester end
seas of possible settle
ass and at their centers they ere 5 to 7 OT
c x, m a of ovw 500
s d pro The era most ppo ent in the nostest paw of
the plc D in the a adjacent to the s th est bwAc of the Vol .aAl:htu
cop , a n d in t h e a nth zud vast of Lake Datl o . In son places
the d ep ssio ace lamed together chain-like gmuys3 other dsp ewsi
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a Pop1etly Iso&ated? the xj? t y as elongated in ehapeD but eorrs a
Z'omd and other ls~Beelso in Out Oa
Following ap g rains aid thaas9 flat-7s tomaTd the oentez,
dcp~?es~ se Wh the gr d is suffi , t27 pe able9 the seeping Mttoz's
leae,h m d wash the su'aee soils of their ealtsD and then aoem ,a s s
gmlmgahi&vatert
a liwan& Tfatez, collects
ablaaa Where a underlies the c e y of
the safa ce and ?o a tenpoo la a a m ?
In the ep g and early summw the trashed slopos of the 3 j- ee o
with not-e ye enxuwil passes and flovors4 La.terD with the intense sumnv
hoa?tD the him mimva2ised gromd waters am dmm to the surface and epos
mtedD and salt padually ac tes on the parched sues. Althou{ a the
vaat ma jo . of the tempos. lakes dry up rapid 9 sufficient ioistu
mIlY lein the arond to su9po son Vegstation until middle or l at
A coa plexq mottled pattern of soils and vegetation has eloped on
the Casper Lid as a response to details of tee conf ,ation and the
slab s effects anew of the moisture supply. The limm depressions us ir
have seal concentric cgs of vaAed soil and vegetation. M eye water
res gins at the limp cant erD dark colored meadow soils o?cur9 and the avaa
is coed .th thickets of reedsq rushes.9 and other sip vegetation.
Scattered cb s of salt grass mwm~ the central s fa r was f her out
d25o
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but with play of soil moisture SUPP
a thriving stand of coach G~MSISD
steppe fescue feather graosD end steppe sh ubso In some of the depress.
without ffffaxffqy cozesa mch venation oc s at the center. These are the
a eas most .defy used fog Vaeing and cu).ti vation On the deiseq an
UY
elevated spots9 li&t-bro-m and t-cheetnut s llaceous soils of various
defies of qty c freshness predo teg and the typical
cis
getation is
st eevishriabs - uo cD aaltwort and c hor bushes - sounded by
gaffe of ion grases
Throughout the Lowland plain wo ood is the most typical plant. It
is used leezIly fo fuel and to obtain oil for absinthe. Wormwood i
harp x y-branched dxyub one to three feet highD and Is similar to th
sagebrush in appea snee4 White wormwood is the most common type. Eck
wo eodD ch Bowe on the saltier eoilse is almost completely abse
from the southern sandy a asn particularly in the zone noo hwast of Law
chak0 The most highly zed :?atclies on the surface of the Cas'pa a
Lowland are completely devoid of vegetation. They have a 1 d! ate salt
mast" kav~m eel
cl o The wo r od shrubs i ar a erayish-&Te
to the l capes which foams a slight contrast to the reddish-brom shades
of the ba-a clay areas and the whites snow-like appearance of the solonchek
a as0 For a brief per ..od in the pigs the entire area becomes alive with
vsgatatio
of v ,ed and bunt coloraD but by early Augast almost
has dried up from lack of moisture,, and by late sz, the plain
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a bscaaa a d 9 t en ses axeaq o a 'ohich only scattered wormwood and pr,ck2y
pear have s w vad.?
Animal wildlife in the steppe-desert zone of the Caa2ia n L land is
typically small but very a nd aatm Rodentsi, epecia the susl (an eat
less a riot that resembles the American B ck and prairie dog in appe@xa )a
is ng ha ers and gnoctun~al jorboa are most nurwous? Small ids that
indicate suslik burrows literally dot the surface of the plain and form a
ch cteristti c feature of the landscape,, especially in the north? Farther
to the south the Bildld.,fe also includes sand eels (s nd lau nce)fl lizards,
s sand boa constrictors, co domestic mice, and rwItitudes of gram
nit toads and hate
ghout the steppe beasts of p c
the Tartar fox, steppe polecatsfl es,, weasels, and different kinds of
eagles, owls and he8 here erffio In the wInterq wolves made in the southern
partso Crows larks and a larae variety of other birds are n roua? Us
of the birds nest in the is of twin or under 'the flat ifs of the n tii
mud hut so
3 Salt Lames and Salt-Ihd Flats
There are about a dozen large depressions on the Lcxyland plain
in &aich there are salt-lakes in various stages of formation and disinteara-
tic. Lames that are cu rtly little more than seasonal marshes with bo
soils are found in four locations - (a) the area now card Bol shot' Limm
abort 9 miles northeast of Srea AIdhtuba,, (b) the I kBersh? ral, in the,
27
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SECU X IIIPO IIATIO14
notheaste a tip of the sway reap Cc) the of scattered sands bet en
Like BI s s and Azgi settlement
s--:the southeast coiner of the study
e eaD Rnd (d) the Gnat and Small K a area along the boundary of the
Kazakh SSfl and 20 miles northeast of Vlad owkao In th
content o cgs of benches indicate e icuou r the locations of beache
ford during periods in the past when the lake was such larger. The area
red by s
terrain In each of the vanishing lakes waxi
12 to 60 squawa eso
Amon ; the four large present &kj t lakesn Lake Barlmdiak is the
cally the most or,snto It supplies about ons-fourbh
of all salt production of the USSR, Lake Ba hak covers an area of 41
square ales in the southeast
ro pmt of the stud' Sao It is 12 roles
long from noth to loth and 6 des widen The basin lies considerably below
the level of the sayTounding stepped with the use surface about 66 fast
below sea ls-val? The descent to the lake is highest and
southusstD Vh
last arean seve
teepee on the
re the drop. from the adjacent sand plain is about l5b feet?
The western aid soithvestorn banks are deeply cut by des and ra eso
Along the eastern side of the lake the rise is such more gradual and is inter-
spersed with areas of mardie The edge of the lake bed itself is nuked by
6 foot bank,, at the bass of dUch is a narrcm strip of radd~r claye Ong
the spring and ant
periods of h .gh water the brine may comp ly cover
the caddy c , ,ng the r9 h verg the water
CD 28o
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coolete s) la g only
southwestern corner of the ba ? Must of the lake bed becomes a snow
w bite plain coed a hard ci y salt atirface in the suer dry period
The slopes that orred the lake
of the Lake is also noted for its eaves and for the wei d deep g it 4aee and
protrusions that have been coed on the steeps denuded eastern and southern slopes
by sand-bearing winds. The top of this sumll isolated mountain stands 564
mow long and spacious caves, Igo Bo10 shoye Bogdo at the sou att can
nsist of Lsyavs of gyp and other
rea y soluble rdneralse, Minor caves are corm and sink holes of
various sizes and depthapock mark the entire circumference of the l s
being especially nunrous in the northo The higher western area includes
feet above the level of the lake
Lake E1? ton is the largest salt lake in the Soviet Unj
an are& of 59 square esfl is 13 des l from east to 'Met and. 9 MD'
video The lake i
of the Se ato 'Ast ? Railmada Baskunehake this lake is ex-
located In the northern part of the study are al j met
teb of lake about 4 Inches deep in the
ploited. for salts although tot mach lesser dogma. . Valuable deposits of
grp are also found in the vicinity. The structure of the lake is sow
t simmer to that of Lake Bask n o It Is about 83 feet below the level
of the surrounding plain (or about 50 feet below sea level). On the west and
noxthsast the banks along the shore are rather steep and deeply Sullied* The
nest and south
sections rr`e more gradually into the plafts and
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SECU T fl ch 1Ai.IOU
contain most of the small salt-water rivers that flow into the lake. A zone
of deep, blacks salty mud about one-fourth of a mile wide surrounds the lake.
In the northwest and southeast, where this belt is widest, there are swamps
and marshes. The outer edge of this zone is drier and erusty0 In addition
to the 8 streams that flow into it, the lake is fed by several powerful
springs. In the springtime the. inflow from all of the, water sources increases
the depth of the lake to a little over 3 feet- Fairly dependable sources
of fresh water are found in three areas near Lake i;llton - (a) in the snaU
ravines along the southeastern shores (b) along the northeastern shore and
at the pond near the Elton FAilroad stations and (c) in a liman area about
2~y miles northwest of the lake. The area surrounding the lake basin is made
up primarily of sandy clayse White writing chalks marls and limestones are
also presents especially in the vicinity of Ulagan Mountains which lies just
east of the lakes and around the numerous small hills east and west of the
lake-
Straddling the Stalingrad Oblast-Kazakh SSR boundary 20 miles south of
Lake Eleton is Lake I3atkul'd The level of this very oddly shaped lake is
subject to such fluctuation that estimates of its area range from 15 to
25 square miles. The shoreline is characterized by peninsulas, isthmuses
and small, elongated islands, and by a muddy, swampy beach, which in maxV
places is covered with a thin salty crust. The bottom of the lake itself
is mad-clay and does not have layers of salt. Particularly along the northern
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SECURM INFORTIAiTION
and southern shores' there are disconnected high banks cut by gullies and
ravines that extend 2 or more miles back into the plains The banks reach
a height of 13 feet in the north and more than 20 feet in the south. Estuary-
like streams up to 3 miles long enter the lake from the northwest and south.
The Solenaya River in the west flows through an area of almost completely
denuded solonchak. A notable feature of Lake Batkul' is the strong odor of
hydrogen sulphide given off by the highly mineralized waters.
The elongated string of lakes and marshes of the Sarpinsk system parallels
the foot of the Yergeni Hill south of Stalingrad. They are remnant lakes that
follow the north-south valley of a former river. Most of the lakes contain
fresh water in the springtime, but become sonewhat saline by mid-summer. Those
in the north, closest to the Volga Rivers, are the largest and deepest. These
lakes also are of low salinity and are exploited for their large fish reserves.
The northernmost and longest lake is about 15 miles long and lg miles wide.
Several of the southern lakes have become completely overgrown with reeds and
marsh vegetation. On the east the Sarpinsk lakes are bordered by dark colored
solonchak soils that support only a few scattered patches of scrub grasses
that are highly salt tolerant. The vegetation of the narrow western shore,
between the lakes and the Yergeni Iiillss is somewhat richer. This zone is
crossed by the large number of streams that flow from the Yergerd Hills to
the Sarpinsk Lakes.
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SECURITY INFORiI TI0 N
The are-shaped Shor Khali, salt?.mud flat lies entirely within the Kazakh
Republic. It covers an immense area stretching for 60 miles from northwest
to southeast. The average width of the Khaki is 6 to 9 miles. This vast area
occupies the largest depression in the stucbr area. It is nearly devoid of
animal and vegetable life. The layers of soft saline silts that cover the
bottom are periodically covered with a thin layer of dense brine. In the
summers small pools of stagnant water remain in the center of the depression,,
and a number of small saline streams flow into them through the mud. The
surface of the Khaki is generally smooth' but especially near the outside
edges the Khaki contains a number of mud hillocks capped by clumps of salt-
tolerating vegetation. Between the hillocks the surface is normally completely
devoid of vegetation. The drier margins of the Khaki, are covered with a silver-.
white crust of salts under which there is a considerable depth of black salt
mud.
A number of coves and ravines open into the Khaki at the northern end.
The banks of the slow-flowing rivers in this area are lined with reed and
other tangled vegetation. The main supply of moisture comas from the north.
In most places the ascent from the Khaki to the Caspian Lowland is smooth.
There are$ however, two clearly distinguished terrace-like ledges on the
western slopes within a short distance of the flats. The entire length of
the eastern side of the salt-flat is bordered by the Sands of Haryn.
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IVI- -X
u. Sand areas
Within the study area., sands are concentrated primarily in the
southe Except for the distinctive Sands of llaryn region, scattered patches
of sands occur in the form of (a) ridge like formations between Lake l3asluznchak
and the southern part of the Khald9 (b) slightly elevated sand plain to the
west and north of Lake Baskunchak., and (c) dune-like hills $0 to 65 feet high
near Cherry Yar on the right bank of the Volga Raver. In most of the areas
bordering Lake Baskunchaks sand mounds and drifting dunes are the most conspic..
uous features of the landscape, East of Baskwnchalc there are also numerous
large but unexplored s&n::hole-like formations that are probably associated
with karat conditions. Notably characteristic of all sand areas ' ithin the
study area is the relative abundance of fresh ground water and the ability
of the depressions to support lush vegetation even late in the summer.
The Tlaryn Sands region is composed primarily of alternating strips of
sand dunes and level., sandy steppes with a pronounced northeastasoutlurest
orientation. The two contrasting landscapes parallel each other for more
than 30 miles in winding bands that vary in width from several to 5 or 6
miles. Because of the relative abundance of fresh water and absence of soil
salinity, this region is particularly significant and is far more favorable
to human activity than the surrounding areas.
Host of the dunes are 20 to 25 feet in heights and a few reach 50 feet.
They are normally flat-topped and not particularly steep. Shallow interdunai
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SEC M= INFORMATION
hollows of various shapes and strings of hollows occupy 20 to 30 percent of
the area of the sand dune strips. Iiazr of the larger inter-dune areas are
covered with thick growths of trees, bushetp and grass. Some have been
over-grazed, and have become dusty, lifeless basins surrounded by shifting
dunes. It is believed that up to 10 or 15 percent of the area in the sand
dune strips is currently covered with vegetation. The basic vegetation of
the area includes sagebrush `which grows to 5 feet), reed grasses., bunch
grass, licorice, and sandwort. The last reaches ij feet in height and bears
seeds that are high in nutritive value. The seeds are collected by the local
population and used in making bread, Agha and other various foods. Woods
in some of the inter-dune valleys are fairly dense, consisting mainly of
willow, with some species of poplar., oleaster, pine, and, in the lowest areas,
cottonwood. Laurel is also widespread.
The margins of the sand dune areas form a transitional zone between the
hilly dune country and the level strips of steppe. In these areas the terrain
is rolling, and the mound-like sand dunes usually do not exceed 12 feet in
heighht. With proximity to the steppe areas, the dunes become fewer in numbers
and the amount of turf cover and agricultural utilization increases. Much
of the transitional area is used for grazing and hay cutting. There are also
numerous garden areas and fruit orchards. Although successful afforestation
with pine, alder, acacia, and poplar has been practiced in this area since
1890, shifting dunes and dust storms still present a problem.
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SECURITY ThFORUATI011
The elongated steppe zones that separato the belts of dunes are smooth-
surfaced and slightly concave and slope gently towards the Khaki mud-flat
in the southwest. The steppe soils are mainly sandy-loans, which are generally
covered with a thick sod. There are also patches of clay and meadow soils.
The steppe area is widely used for hay-pastures In the springtime small.
scattered ponds 3-8 feet deep and up to a square mile in area are formed both
in the sand-mound transition zones and in the steppes. These waters are
fresh during the early part of the summer, but later become saline as a result
of evaporations There are also some permanent ponds of stagnant, saline water.
Fresh ground water is found throughout the Sandy IJaryn area at shallow depths,
In the valleys of the sand dune strips, it may be reached at 2 feet and seldom
at depths greater than 20 feet.. In the steppe areas, ground water is a little
more likely to be salty,, but it is usually found at depths of 3 to 10 feet,
The alternation of steppe and sand dune strips disappears on the north-
eastern and southern flanks of the Haryn Sands, but in other characteristics
the two types of terrain are very similar* Further to the north there
is a more abrupt transition from the sands to the plains of clay and clayish
loams, which typically arc desert-steppes covered with grass, wornwood, and
saitwort and contain scattered areas of salt lakes and mud flats The transi-
tion to the Khaki on the southwest is marked by narrow belts of steppe and
low sand dunes that parallel the mud flats and lie nearly at ridit angles to
the general orientation of the Naryne The combined width of these bolts
averages about 3 miles. The descent to the Khaki is slight but abrupt.
~35m
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5. Trafficability
Cross-country movement within the Caspian Lowland is generally
unrestricted except during the spring thaw and immediately following the
infrequent sunmw shoFrers. In March and early April the nearly bare surface
of the lowland becomes mudcbr and nearly impassable for several weeks. This
is especially characteristic of the area north of the latitude of Lake
Baskunchak. At other seasons, hazards are of only local significance.
The sticky plastic clays, salty clays, and silty soils that predominate
around the Sarpinsk and other lakes and in the limes and other depressions
may remain difficult to traverse for a month or more - in some cases, until
they freeze over in the winter. Most of the salty depressions on the lowlands,
however, dry out and have a hard crust by mid-summer. The lakes, marshes,
and intermittent rivers are shallow enough to be forded without great diffi-
culty in many places. However, where gullies are present (especially along
the Volga''Akhtuba Valley), they are normally steep-sided and very deep.
Loose sands are a hazard only locally, chiefly in the southernmost rei.onso
The unimproved dirt roads that extend in all directions across the almost
level surface, avoid the marshes and areas of shifting dunes. The roads are
commonly ratty and, except after showers, even vehicular traffic is not
necessarily confined to theme Roads and trails in the barren, dry, semi
desert Caspian Lowland normally converge at wells and other sources ofresh
water.
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SECURITY flTFOPJIATION
In general, the availability of drinking water for man and animals is
the most serious restricting factor to movement across the lowland. The
ground-water table is fairly high in much of the area (1220 feet) but, except
in the southern sand regions, the water is saline. In many- of the northern
areas no potable ground water is found at less than 600 feet. This is especially
characteristic of the area east of the Saratov.Astrakhang flailroad line. In
the vicinity of Lake E aton the situation is somewhat more favorable. Here,
there are some fresh surface waters' and about 255 of the 1,30 drilled and dug
wells (1932) are fresh, ;round water is also generally adequate in the vicinity
of the Sarpinak Lakes and in the southern sands where lenses of fresh water
form as precipitation collects,
As a rule, vegetation on the Caspian Lowland is not tall enough to impede
movement or to provide concealment. Along reedy lake shores., in dense swamps,
and in parts of the ITaryn Sands where there is a very heavy sagebrush growth,
passage is difficult locally. hooded areas dense enough to provide conceal-
ment are limited to mall.., widely scattered patches in moist freshwater
depressions. Throughout most of the open plains area,, shelter and cover is
extremely scarce except for the huge hay stacks in the li ann areas after the
first mid-summer moorings. These scattered mounds are normally about 25 feet
long and 12 to 15 feet high. Although they are periodically reduced to pro'.
vide feed for stocks, they usually remain through the winter and can be dug
into to provide shelter and wariath,
37
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SECURITY II1F0fIATI011
In summer when the lowland surface becomes dry and dusty., wind and
moving vehicles stir up great clouds of dusts Saline dust storms may last
for weeks* They not only greatly reduce visibility,, but at times they
render outdoor activity almost impossiblso
IV. Econ
.
Aa A alture (4-18)
Agriculture and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities
in the study area. In most sections of the area, nearly 100 percent of the
population is engaged in ag iculturea Although animal husbandry predominates,
grain cultivation is also widespread and track gardening is highly significant
locally, The intensity of agriculture corresponds closely to the availability
of water and the density of population. The seeding dates for grains and
various vegetables grown within the study area range from the beginning of
April through 20 June$ with the most important crops usually planted in mid-
April and early Llay (lld)a Winter grain crops are sown in late August and up
to September 109 depending on weather conditions (15).
1. Ire oral Aictural Specialization
In the IIilly Western Fringe area,, intensive agriculture is prac-
ticed along the rivers where a number of gullies are dammed for irrigation.
Fruit trees,, berries, vines., and. vegetables are widely groom on irrigated
land. The largest areas of irrigated bottomland are located near Stalingrad
and northward. The orchard and vine areas around Stalingrad form a very large
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SECURITY IITFOfI?TATIOIN
part of all of those in the entire Stalingrad Oblast (1940) (Figure 6).
Field crops, including wheat, ry+e, maize, sunflowers and fodder crops,
are grown on the more level areas and on the parts of the interfluves that
are not too dry, Mustard is also grown in important quantities. Forty
percent of the mustard growing area of the USSR is in Stalingrad Oblast
(19I7),, about 10 percent of which is in the study area, Rach of the higher,
drier areas are given over to pasture and hay fields. By area, almost 45
percent of the Hilly Western Fringe area is in pasture, and about 35 percent
is under cultivation. Over 70 percent of the cultivated land is in grains,,
even though the climate is marginal and yields vary greatly from year to
year. Dairy-stock farms are numerous within the western hilly region and
help meet the demand for dairy products in the Stalingrad urban area, Large-
horned cattle and sheep are numerically the predominant types of livestock.
The rich alluvial soils of the Vol a l tuba Floodplain have a high
agricultural potential. Within the study area, the floodplain is particularly
noted for its lush meadows. 'There embankments protect the land from floods
and irrigation is used, valuable truck gardening crops as well as excellent
grain yields are also obtained. The combination of soils and climatic condi-
tions,, accompanied by scientific agro technical methods, makes possible 3
harvests of vegetables, $ mowings of lucerne, and 2 harvests of grains each
year, but these are seldom achieved, I?iost of the productive land of the
floodplain is in meadow, which is mowed for hay. The area used for grazing
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SECURITY INNFORI?TATION
is more limitede Dairying and other livestock industries are very. important,
providing 36 percent of the farm income and emplaying 26 percent of the
labor.. Despite its peculiar advantages for specialty crops, the crops of the
floodplain are much the same as those of Stalingrad Oblast as a whole. Gains,
predominantly spring wheats winter lrye and millet occupy 75 percent of the
sown area within the floodplain (1945) but provide only about 15 percent of
the farm income, Vegetables, melons, and potatoes together occupy
only about 11 percent of the seeded area, but yield a much hider monetary
return for the hours of labor expended, Outstanding among the garden crops
are tomatoes, red peppers, cantaloupe, and watermelons (Figure 3). Orchard
crops -- including quince, apples, and table grapes as well as berry patches
are scattered throughout the floodplaino Technical and industrial crops occupy
only 5 percent of the sown area. Among such crops are fibers, castor bean,
and say beano
Although parts of almost all the floodplain islands are devoted to
agriculture, the greatest development is in the area now Stalingrad. The
administrative rayons that are most progressive agriculturally are Iirasno-
slobods1c r lying wholly within the floodplain, and Sredne-Akhtubinskiy,
most of which is on the Caspian Lowland to the east. The ISrasnoslobodslc3y
Rayon is largely concerned with the production of fruits vegetables, and
animal products, In prewar days the area delivered 1.5 million quarts of
milk a month to Stalingrad., In 1939 the cultivated area of this rayon was
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about 26 percent of the total area. Of this, about 15 percent was devoted
to truck gardening. By far the most numerous of the livestock in the rayon
are long-hor4ed.cattle and swine. Horses., oxen, and camels are important
as draft animals (Figures 4 and 5), A terrific loss of cattle and draft
animals was incurred during the war, By 1946 the collective farms in the
Krasnoslobodsldy Rayon had only 200,000 head of cattle or 60 percent of the
prewar number. The quality of the stock was also said to be lower (16)0
In the same year the rayon had only 25 percent of the prewar number of horses
and 30 percent of the number of oxen, Agriculture in general, however, was
optimistically expected to regain the prewar level by 1947 (16)6
The northwestern part of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain is much better
protected from floods than the areas more to the southeast. Hazes thousands
of acres here are enclosed by dikes and embankments that provide protection
against normal high waters, Further south where there are fewer protected
areas, the floods are an especially severe hazard because they occur in the
second half of Ilay and in June, just after the grains, vegetables, and melons
normally are planted, Most of the southern area therefore is not cultivated,
but is left in meadow. Hay harvests from the seasonally flooded meadows are
exceptionally high.
The Caspian Lowland section of the study area is characterized by the
extensive type of livestock herding, The proportion of the plains area devoted
to grazing varies locally from 55 to 70 percent, generally increasing from
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southwest to northeast, A much smaller, but very important proportion of
the plains is in meadow, which provides hay for winter fodder, Meadow averages
from 8 to 12 percent of the area,. Another 10 percent of the land is under
cultivation, Sheep and 1. g horned cattle are the most numerous types of
livestock, The average number of sheep per acre ranges from 305 to 505 and
is greatest in the area just west of Lake Elton (1936), The average number
of cattle per acre is l05 to 2, IIorses, swine, and camels are found in much
smaller numbers but are of great significance locally. Horses are of particu-
lar importance on the sandy plain west of Lake Daskunchako Farms (kolkhozes
and sovhozes) on the Caspian Lowland are typically very large, I?Iaar include
25m37,OOO acres and support herds or .flocks of several or more thousand head,
It is difficult to ascertain the location, conditions, and extent of
migratory herding, but it is certainly practiced to a considerable degree,
The Soviet government has strongly encouraged the settling of the migratory
peoples, Strenuous efforts have been made to develop a new system whereby
summer hay mawings from the grassy limn areas are stored for winter stallm
feeding and Thereby fodder supplies from especially productive areas are
shipped to the herds instead of moving the livestock to the source area. How
effective the governmental efforts have been and to what degree the traditional
migratory system has been abandoned are not known, In some parts of West
Kazakhstan Oblast (possibly east of the study area), where a system of summer
pasture and winter stable-feeding is already in effect, the cattle are
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pastured for 225265 days (including some 50-70 days of winter pasturing)
and are stall-fed on 100-14O d ye (17)o In most of the study area the time
probably would be somewhat more evenly divided between field and stall-
feeding.
The scattered areas of cultivation on the Caspian Lowland coincide closely
with the 11an patches and are used chiefly for an production. The princim
pal crops are winter and spring wheat, winter rye, millet and barley, with
millet and barley becoming progressively more important to the east, Vegetables,
melons, and industrial crops are also grown but in much smaller amounts, Simple
natural irrigation is employed in the lip areas, where weirs and embankments
are built to retain the waters. from the spring thaw and rains., Some parts
on the plain proper, especially in the area near the Althtuba River, have also
been cultivated ter using crude methods of dry farming. These areas, however,
often have saline soils that give very low yields. i?iaW such plowed areas
have become wastes of wind-blown sand, even though wind breaks and snow fences
of sorghum planted in strips are camcacm0
Some parts of the Caspian Lowland are more productive than others. For
example,, in the sandy areas west and south of Lake Baslomchak, farming is
considerably less important than in areas to the north. On the other hand,
a small area in the vicinity of 11t. Bollshvye Dogdo is the site of a success-
ful experiment in afforestation and dry farming, -IdAch stands out like a
large oasis on the dry steppe. Open fields between dense forest strips
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(which occupy 10 to 15 percent of the area) produce high-grade corn and other
crops. it orchards are also well developed in parts of the plain, notably
south of Urda in the Sands of Naryn, where many exotic crops and fruit trees
thrive. Fruits grown in this area are noted for their large size and high
quality.
2. Status of Products
The most outstanding factors influencing agricultural productivity
are (a) the local climatic hazards and the extent to which they have been
counteracted by irrigation, and (b) the attitudes of the farmers towards
collectivization, fulfillment of plans, use of materials, and adoption of
new methods and ideas.
On the basis of natural conditions the Caspian Lowland is a submarginal
agricultural area. Droughts are experienced on an average of one year in
four. Numerous efforts have been made to counteract the effects of drought
by irrigation, but probably less than 1 percent of the cultivated land within
the study area is currently irrigated. Consequently, the econorry of the
whole region, which is based primarily on agricultural activity, experi.ences
great fluctuations and instability. In drought years the yields of wheats
one of the hardier crops, are less than 1/5 those of wet years (6).
In the study area, there are at present three intensive irrigation
projects - (a) Svetlyy Yar, on the south bank of the Volga about 11 miles
east of Krasnoarmeysk, (b) the IJikol'sko-7aplavnoye areas on the north bank
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of the Akhtuba River east of Sredr ya Akhtuba, and (c) the northwestern end
of the VolgaAkhtuba bottomland. Current plans call for the irrigation of
a total of 62,000 acres in these three areas in the near future (6). (See
Figure 9 and section on Projects and Plans for further information an irri.
gation projects.)
The Soviet authorities apparently are dissatisfied with the agricultural
situation of the Stalingrad area. Besides a shortage of workers, there have
been many incidents of lacic of effort and general indifference on the part
of the peasants. Although it is potentially one of the outstanding truck-
gardening sections of the USSR, the area does not meet its own agricultural
needs. In 19117, about one-half of the potato and vegetable requirements of
urban areas along the Volga had to be imported. Government efforts to develop
truck gardening, have met with very little success. In spite of the tremendous
advantages to the farmer of producing L rden an
orchard crops instead of field
crops, the proportion of such crops to the total cultivated area increased by
only 3 percent between 1935 and 1945 (6)0
Among the areas that produce vegetables, melons, etc. the range in yields
is very greats in many cases as a result of the attitudes of the farmers. Naaq
of the exceptionally favored floodplain areas of Stalingrad Oblast produced'
far less per acre (1940) than the average for the Oblast as a whole. A study
of the 56 leading fruit-vegetable "brigades" in Stalingrad vicinity reveals
that the brigades composed of reliable workers received from 1 to 4 tons more
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per acre than those with indifferent workers (6). Except on a few outstanding
kolkhozes and sovkhozes, recommended rotations optimum planting dates,
measures for combating pests, etc. have been almost completely ignored,
Repeated planting of potatoes on the same land for year after year has resulted
in the devolop'-ent and spread of destructive fungus cliseaseso
Collectivization of agriculture within the stud area was 80490 percent
completed by 1935 (9)s and by now is probably nearly 100 completed (See Figure
2). Stalingrad Oblast statistics for 1938 indicate that 40 percent of the
cattle in the oblast were held by collectives, but that only 23 percent of
the sheep were in collectives. Sheep are found in ?eatest numbers in the
eastern, more and areas among the herds of the Kazakh nomads. For the
sedentary farmer in the areas collectivization has offered several advan-
tages. Teamwork has shortened the harvest season, thus helping to prevent
the destruction of crops by drying winds. Furthermore, more equipment and
special privileges are given to kolkhozes and sovkhozes. In 1936, for exam-
ples a new experinontal type incentive was tried in Krasnoslobodskdy Rayon.
Plots up to 5 acres were assigned to the workers on collective farms
(kolkhozniki).to be cultivated in addition to their regular. common land
and individual garden plots (an acre or less). Of the produce from this
additional plot, which is usually undeveloped lands the farmer may keep for
himself everything above an established quota (16). It is not known whether
this system is still in effect.
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Agricultural machinery in the study area has been inadequate even
though the great Daerahinsldy tractor factory is located in Stalingrad.
In 1935, there were about 1700 acres of cultivated land for every tractor in
the northern part of the ?VolgauiAkhtuba Floodplaino For other parts of the
study area the acreage per tractor ranged from 1100 to 2000 acres. During
World War II, 28 machine tractor stations in the Stalingrad Oblast were
destroyed. By 1916, all had been rehabilitated, but some had many fewer
tractors than formerly. The number of tractors at the one station in
Krasnoslobods1d r Rayon was reduced from 100 in the 17rewar period to 20 in
1946 (16). On the other hands 1951 data indicate that the Krasnoarmeysld7
Rayon (just south of Stalingrad) then had over 200 tractors in contrast to
61 in 1936 (18)
The efficiency of the stations of the study area in developing and
putting into operation plans for plowing, seeding, cultivating and harvesting
has been extremely poor. The little effort that has been expended by the,
tractor stations has been concentrated on grain lands, and areas of more
valuable vegetable crops have been neglected, even though they may be located
on irrigated land. This situation is illustrated by two fairly recent reports.
In the Krasnoarmeyskiy Rayon, where there are more than 200 tractors, the
machine tractor stations were reported to have plowed less than 280 acres (18).
The 1946 work plan for the Kapustin Yar machine-tractor station called for
the plowing of about 32,730 acres of steppe land, most of tahich was to be
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used for grain production. Dearly all of this work was accomplished, whereas
in the Volga-Akhtuba Floodp1ain only 142 percent of the 5,325 acres scheduled
for plowing actually were plowed (6).
3. Ind
Most of the industrial activity withinthe'study area is concentrated
along the Volga,, particularly in the vicinity of Stalingrad. The city occupies
a narrow strip along the ridit bank of the Volga and extends for a distance
of approximately 30 miles southward from Rynok to Krasnoarmeysk. The industrial
development of Stalingrad owes much to its location at an important junction
for river and rail traffic between the north and south. The heavy industries
of Stalingrad are dependent almost entirely upon imports of raw materials.
with the exception of salt extraction at Lake Daskunchak# industrias of the
remaining area are of the workshop type or are small enterprises for processing
agricultural products. Most of these smaller industries are also located in
settlements along the Volga east of Stalingrad. '&ereas Stalingrad industries
are large enou&i to produce for the national market, those of the agricultural
hinterland are primarily for the local market.
1. The Stalingrad Industrial Core
Among the chief industries of the Stalingrad industrial core are
metallurgy, metal fabrications, machine building, lumber Processing and wood-
wordings manufacture of chemicals, and shipbuilding. The major metals
industries include the production of high quality steel$, refinery and field
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equipment for the petroleum industry.. excavation and mining equipment,,
tractors, tanks,, and ordnance; repair of ball bear3ngsp- and processing
of scrap metal for steel manufacture. For the metals industries,, Stalingrad
is an area of surplus production and exports products to other parts of the
USSR. Despite its location in an unforested region, lumber and woodworking
industries have developed at Stalingrad as a direct result of its favorable
geographic location. Logs from the north are floated down the Volga to
Stalingrad and then in lumber form are sent,, mainly by rail, to the Ukraine,,
the Caucasus, and the TTranscaucasus. Say g comprises practically 75
percent of the wood industry (19), but plain types of furniture are also
made. l4xnor industries include textiles (clothing and hosiery), m, nufacture
of prefabricated houses, brickmakings production of leather and shoes, c g
of vegetables and meat, and grain milling.
In terms of 1938 value of productions machine building and metals fabrics
cation were the leading industries,, with about 50 percent of the total value;
metallurgy ranked next with approd.mately 20 percent (19). These proportions
appear to be still valid. Of minor industries in Stalingrad, meat processing
and canning are the most important*
The overwhelming majority of the plants of the industrial core area are
located within Stalingrad proper. Most of the metal industries are in the
northern part of the city. The largest and most important plants are the
KrasMy Oktyabr? steel mills the Dzerwzhinskiy tractor plant, and the KramWe
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Barrilmdy ordnance and munitions plant. All are of national importance.
To the south are the two smaller nodes at Beketovka and at ICrc.snoarmeysko
Administratively both of these settlements are part of the City of Stalingrad,
though they are distinct satellite or suburban commuzAties. In southern
Stalingrad and Beketovka lumbering and woodworking industries are located
adjacent to the Volga. Krasnoarmeysk is best Imo for its river shipbuilding
activities$ and particularly the construction of steel barges. Chemicals are
also manufactured in the areas primarily in Beketavka.
The Krasa Oktyabr' steal mill is a large producer of thigh quality
alloy steel. The plant has 1$ open hearths (Siemens.-Martin) with an annual
capacity of 8109000 metric tons and 5 electric furnaces with an ingot capacity
of 259000 metric tons thus making a total annual ingot capacity of 8359000
metric tons (20)o Pig iron and coal are imported in by rail from the Donets
Basin, scrap steel is gathered in the immediate environs of Stalix-grad and
is also brought in by barge from other industrial centers alonC the Volia.
Some quality l.i,mestone9 however,. is available from quarries just north of the
city. The ni.ll is the principal supplier of steel for three large local
enterprises - the Krasnyye Larrikady armament plants the Dzerzhinskdr tractor
plant, and the ILrasnoarmeysk shipyards. The labor force was estimated at 5?000
in 1949 (21),
The chief industry of Stalingrad is the manufacture of tractors and
the Dzerzhinslr plant is one of the four leading tractor producers in the
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USSR. makingcaterpillartype agricultural tractors of 35 to 50 horsepower.
The plant is situated in the heart of one of the country's largest agricultural
areass, where the demand for tractors is great. The Dzerzhinsldy plant also
manufactures tank engines, which are-shipped to Gorky or other nearby assembly
plants (22). Estimates of number of workers employed range between 20,000
and 400000 (21).
The Krasiye Barrik ady armament plant is engaged primarily in making
field, antiaircraft, and naval guns.' Other products include drilling equip-
ment for oilfields, excavators,, and possibly castings for bombs and artillery
shell (22). The labor force is estimated at 7,000 to 10,000 (21.).
The Kuybyshev Lumber Kombinat at Beketovka is among the largest in the
USSR. It processes about 1.3 million cubic yards of logs annually (23). A
fairly large wood processing plant located in Krasnoarmeysk cuts and impregnates
timbers for use as telegraph poles, railroad ties, and ship masts.
The Beketovka chemical plant, which seems small in comparison with some
other plants of the USSR. (for exar.Fple, the chemical plant in Dzerzhinsk),,
produces a fairly large proportion of the total USSR output for several chemi-
cals. It is one of the largest chlorine-producing plants in the USSR, The
1951 production is estimated at 30,000 tons of chlorine, or approximately 2.3
percent of the national total. The estimated 34,OOO tons of caustic soda
produced in 1951 is roughly 10 percent of the national total (20). Unconfirmed
reports have given the carbon disulfide production as approximately 25 percent
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of the total for the USSR, Among the other chemicals produced in fairly
large quantities are chloride of lime., soda ash, acetylene., ethylene, sul.
phuric acid (100,000 tons per year) (21),, alcohol., and oxygen. Wood waste
from saw milling operations is repeatedly mentioned as a raw material for
the Beketovka chemical industry. The Beketovka plant has equipment for
filling cartridges with phosphorus,for refusing ammninition, and possibly for
the manufacture of explosives. Chemical warfare gases are also reported to
be manufactured at Belmtavka, (24)-
The entire Stalingrad industrial area is served by a power transmission
system. In generating capacity, Stalingrad is rated second anon the 11
independent centers in the 'Volga River power system (21)? The key power
plant for the net is the large regional station kno-n as the Stalingrad
Thermal Power Plant (Sta1GrES I) located west of the Beketovkh railroad
stationo This plant, which operates on anthracite coal brought in by rail
from the Donets Basin roughly 125 miles to the west.. has an installed
generating capacity of 133,000 kw (25). Additional power plants are located
at various industrial si.tes9 the three largest being (a) the plant attached
to the_Dxerxhinaldy tractor works, for which postwar reports give an estimated
capacity of 50,000 kw, (b) that of the 1{raan'y 0ktyabro steel works, whose
capacity is estimated at 50,000 kw (25), and (c) the 6x000 kw plant of the
grasreBarri1cacc- ordnance and munitions plant, Some other industries have
small generating stations with capacities generally under 19000 We In spite
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of the heavy demand placed upon the combined generating facilities of the
area, the present power supply is probably adequate for both industrial and
urban needs (21).
Two transmission lines, leading northward and southward from StalORES Is
distribute the power in the areas The three large industrial stations are
tied into the system, but they are primarily users rather than contributors
of energy. Thus the regional transmission system is principally a distributor
of power generated at the Beketovka plant. ft high-tension line skirts the
western limits of Stalingrad and leads to the northern part of the citys
where the Krasnyy Oktyabre, Krasr ye Barrikady, and Dzerzhinskiy, plants are
tied into the system. Another hici-tension line parallels the railroad leading
southward from Stalingrad and terminates at Krasnoarmeysko
Upon completion, a as pipeline now under construction from the Archeda
fields, 110 miles to the northwest, will make natural gas for power and heat
available to the city of Stalingrad (26). A 10-inch petroleum trunk pipelines
Astrakhan'-Saratov-Kazan', passes through the east-central part of the
study aream
3? Industry Outside Stalingrad
Aside from Stalingrad, the study area has little industry and
few large centers of population or industry. The greatest concentration of
industry is in two large urban areas -- Dubovka, the only other city of the
area, and Krasnaya Sloboda, on the Volga opposite Stalingrad. Small industrial
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establishments are scattered throughout the agricultural hinterland, especially
along the Volga:-Akhtuba River system,
The major enterprises at Dubovka are wood processing, principally saw-
milling, and flour milling. The city also has a plant that equips tanks with
guns, an agricultural-machinery repair shop, a fairly large sewing combine,
a meat plant, a quarry, and a printing establishment,
Krasnaya Sloboda, with a population of over 10,000, ranks second to Stalingrad
in size but is classed as a "workers' settlement" 1/ rather than a "city,"
It is primarily a rivorpcra`t repair center, I'Iaintenance activity consists
of overhauling of motor launches, tugs, and barges. IIo new construction is
undertaken. The shipyard is old and lacking in modern equipment, From Novem-
ber to I-larch the yard is shut down and is used as a winter storage site for
part of the Volga barge fleet. The arm of the river on which the yard is
located is subject to silting and must be dredged continuously,
The agricultural hinterland farther east has even less industrial devel-
opment, With the exception of salt extracting and processing, the industries
are scattered among the agricultural villages on the banks above the Volga?
Akhtuba Floodplain, chiefly the left bank. The plants are characteristically
small and process only local raw materials. The extraction and processing
of salt from Lake Baskunchalc is the only industry that attains national
1. A workers' settlement (rabochiy ',viols) is defined as having no less than
65 percent of its workers engage in non-agricultural pursuits,
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significance. Of the total USSR salt production, 25 percent is attributed to
the Baskunchak operations (27). The industries representative of the area
as a whole are grain processing, brick manufactures repairing of agricultural
machinery, vegetable and meat canning, and handicraft or workshop type of
sewing and shoe makingo Of these industries, flour milling and the manufac-
ture of red bricks are the most important. In a few settlements the raain.
tenance of river craft and sawnrilling attain significant size. These two
industries have larger plants and employ more workers per plant than any of
the other industries, with the exception -of. salt works. Areas away from the
rivers are almost exclusively agricultural and devoid of industry.
Salt extraction centers around Lake Baskunchak, In the eastern part of
the study area, Three coamminities associated with the salt industry are
classified as "workers' settlements" -- 1lizhniy Baskunchak, where the salt
is extracted; Verkhniy Baskunchak, a transportation and storage center for
salt; and Petropavlovka, the chief processing center and Volga shipping
point. Of these settlements, only Petropavlovka is a river port.
Although the extraction of salt started at Lake 128ton, Lake Baskunchak
became more important, at an early date. At llizhniy Baskunchak, excavators
scoop up the salty crust of the lake, and pumps tap the lower lyinZ; salt
horizons. A railroad extends out over the salt crust to the site of the
operations, and crude salt is dumped or pumped directly into railroad care
for delivery to Petropavlovka for processing. Extraction now appears to be
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a Year-round operetionffi whereas in the past the season usually extended from
April through November. At Petropavlovka, seven mills process the salt and
then dispatch it to barbs that transport it either up or down the Volga,
Baskunchakska a 8olg, the extracting combine, reported a production of
4170,000 tons for 1946 (23). The mills are general],?' reported to have a
capacity of about 7,500 tons per day. Apparently the plants operate on a
24-hour production schedule. A large amount of salt is sent to Astrakhanse
where it is used by the fishing industry.
The chief agricultural village having small industries are Sredrra
Althtuba, Leninslc, Vladimirovka, and Cherry Yar, all of which are located
along the VolgaaAkhtuba River system,
The principal industrial activity of Srednyaya Al,htuba is wool washingo
In addition the villa p has the usual flour mill, cannery, shoe shop, print
shop, and aLviculturallmachinery repair shop. Leninsk, in addition to the
characteristic small industries, has a foundry that produces parts for the
local agricultural-machinery repair shop and for the Krasnyye Barrlkady
works in Stalingrad. Chernyy Yar has no industries beyond the small shops
characteristic of the hinterland as a whole.
The urban complex of Vladimirovka-Petropavlovka, in addition to salt
processing, has a repair shop for river craft. The shipyard, located about
a mile and a half south of Vladimirrovka, has an old barge repair shop and a
tug repair unit that was built during World War II. As at Krasnaya Slobodaa
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the harbor facilities are used for winter storage of barges. Between 100
and 200 barges can be accoanodatedo The settlement also has the usual range
of small industrieso
Althoudi salt extraction is the principal industry of Ilizhni.y Baslwnchak,
it also has a railroad repair shop, a meat plant,, and a ipsum plant that
processes gypsum from the deposit at IIto Bolo shoys Bogdo at the southern
extremity of Lake Baskunchako Rubble for ballast for railroad lines is
obtained from a nearby quarry.
A plant producing bromine and bromine compounds is reported to be located
in E1 ton, where operation probably began in 19124 The establishment of such
a plant was planned at the beginning of the Second Five-Year Flan (29).
Hunting, especially for birds, and fishing play an important part in the
economy of the wide Vol,,a-Akhtuba Floodplaino Fish-catching ko3khoses are
located in the Vladimirovskiy, the ChernoyarsId r, and the Sredne-Akhtubinskiy
raycnso The amount of the catch and even the fishing locations are not
definitely knownb The only known fish-processing plant within the study area
is in I3ilcoVskkoyeo
Power in the a ricultural hinterland is supplied by a number of small.
generating stations located in settlements along the Volgao These stations
have internal combustion or diesel engines,, with capacities generally under
100 kwo The largest is associated with the salt combine of I1izhniy Baskunchako
There are no indications of the existence of any transmission systems, Power
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stations are located in Vladimirovk a, Kapustin Yar, Ilizhniy Baskunchak,
Dubovka, Leninskg Tsarev, SredaWaya Rkhtuba, and Cheanyy Yana Elston also
has a power plant that supplies a health resort which utilizes Lake Elston
radioactive muds for medicinal purposes.,
C. I.lineral Resources
The only minerals present in economic quantities in the study area
are various types of salts, gypsum, tripoli earths building stones, and
natural gasp Of these, salt is the only resource whose exploitation has
attained nation.uide proportions. Deposits of the other minerals are only
slightly developed for local use or are as yet unexploitedo
1. Salt
The salt reserves may be divided into two categories, salt lakes
and rock salts AAtpresent only the salt lakes are being exploited, There are
two extensive salt lakes in the areas Lake Baskunchak and Lake Elston,
Several small self-precipitating lakes of little present economic significance
are scattered throughout.sesaL-desert portions 'of the area, In terms of salt
production Lake Baskuncbalc is more important than Lake Elston, althoui its
area and amount of reserve are smaller. It. ranks among the four chief salt
producing regions of the USSR (30) and is reported to supply about one fourth
of the total salt production of the Soviet. Union. Some of the salt is ob-
tained from natural brine by solar evaporation, but most of it is mechanically
extracted from bedded salt deposits (Figure 10). Only a shallow depth of
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brims overlays an enormous reserve of sedimentary salt deposits which are
interbedded with clay. The actual depth of sedimentary salt has not been
determined, but in 1947 a drill sunk to a depth of 2,350 feet had not
completely penetrated the salt beds (31). The exploited upper layer is 30
feet thick and contains essentially three strata: (a) an upper crust of
crumbly, crystal salt known as nov~dka, (b) a layer of very hard salt
referred to as "pig iron" salt, and (c) a porous, easily worked layer con-
taming 98 percent sodium chloride, which is of greatest value to industry
(4). This third stratum is Imown as gr tka salto 13aslaanchak is also a
self-precipitating lake, and reserves of the noff aves stratum are renewed
through annual formation of a thin salt layer as a result of su raer evapora-
tion. Salt is supplied to the lake chiefly by saline springs flowing from
the low salt-dome "mountains" of Ilaloye Bogdo to the northeast and Bol'ahaye
Bogdo adjacent to the southern shored These features represent intrusions
of salts and Mrpsum of Lower Permian are into the more recent surface for-
mationso Leaching of the intruded rock salt feeds salt to the springs flow-
ing into Baskunchak?
Statistics of reserves are confusing since a number of generally-
dependable sources disagree, probably because the various estimates are
based on different depths of salt and because the rate of replenishment varies
featly from year to year. The reserves to a depth of 60 feet probably
approximate 2,5 billion metric tons (32). One figure places total reserve
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at not less than 22 billion tons. Conservative reserve calculations for
the currently exploited strata are placed at 750 million tons (4)..
Analyses of Baskunchak salt show it to be of high quality. I-hich of the
deposit consists of sodium chlorides with a negligible amount of admixture
(4). The sodium chloride content over the total area of the lake varies from
70 to 99 percent (30), but the percentages are in the nineties at most places.
Lake E11ton has a higher potassium, mragnesium, and bromine salts content
than Lake Baskunchak. For this reason it is less desirable as a food salt
but may be of greater industrial valued In 1947 an expedition of the Acadex
of Sciences of the USSR obtained satisfactory results from a study of.the
utilization possibilities of Elton salt for industrial purposes (31). Salt
reserves of Lake Elton are calculated at approximately 4 billion tons (29).
In 19319 a bed of high quality rock salt with a reserve of not less than
100 million tons was discovered at lit. Bol'shaye Bogdo (29). This is the
only significant rock salt deposit in the study area. It has not been exploited
because of the ease with which salt can be extracted from Lakes Baskunchak
and Elton.
2. Other funerals
Gypsum is found. at Lake Baskunchak, lit. I1aaloye Bogdo, Lake El'tons
and the Chernyy Yar vicinity (33). The Baskunchak deposit is the only one
now under exploitation (30). Outcrops of gypsum bearing Permian deposits
almost encircle the lake (31), the richest beds being on the western and
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northwestern shores (4). As of 1 January 1936.9 operating reserves were
estimated at 8803 million metric tons and total reserves at 406.5 W11ion
tons (30).
Although liriestone appears to be widespread throughout the areas exploita-
tion is limited. Small quantities are used locally as a building stone and
deposits in the Stalingrad area are used for flux in the Krasnyy Cictyabro
steel plants Quartzitic sands are also widely distributed$ and quality tri-.
poli is found near Kamennyy Yaro Along the length of the left bank of the
VolgaaAkhtuba Floodplain southward from Vladtziravkag there are a number of
deposits of fineed.9 friable' loose sand that has been found to be of
value as glass sand. Along the right bank of the Volga northwa'd from
Beketovka are deposits of sand of optical'glass grade, The status of exploita-
tion of these sands is not known (29),
In the coastal strip along the southwestern part of the western shore of
Lake Baakunchak.9 there is a layer 7 feet thick of reddish-brown ocher, Mich
contains 22 percent iron oxide and has the qualities necessary for making
good paint (4)
For many years natural gas was known to exist in the study area., but
exploration and study were not undertaken until about 19280 As of 19359 5
gas-bearing regions were established; Kargales, Kamenn y Yar' Lake Elston
Lake Baskunchal:8 and Ilto Bolo shaye Bogdo, The Itargale field is located 19
miles east-southeast of Urda (1&)o The Iramennyy Yar deposit, associated with
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a known anticlinal fold is located on the right bank of the Volga, 307 riles
south of Karaenngy Yar (35) 0 Since a number of exploration parties vere sent
into the area in the 19301s and since the area is close to the Urals-F.aba
petroleum region, it is highly probable that a greater number of natural gas
deposits have been discovered since 1935A Insdfar as can be determined, none
of the natural gas fields in currently being exploited0
D. Projects and Plans
a~se+ ra+mwc ss
Soveral farrreachin, Soviet projects directly concern the study area,
Three of these a widespread afforestation program, the construction of
a dam north of Stalingad to provide power and mater for a projected system
or irrigation canals, and the Volia4Don Canal are especially important
because they are actually under way, or because survey parties investigating
various phases of the projects are moon to be woricing in rmny parts of the
study area. /
1. Shelter Belts
Although small-scale and highly localized reforestation and shelter..
belt planting, has been carried on in the area for centuries, the present
planting program is thought by the Soviets to be of sufficient magnitude to
O.s on the Volga-Don Canal project are given under Inland Waterways
(P. /33) 0
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change the nature of the environxent (Figures 7 and 8), Large-scale plantings
of protective shelter belts are expected to (a) reduce wind velocity, (b)
help retain soil moistures (c) collect snow for water supply, and (d) anchor
loose sands. According to the plan, the city of Stalin 'ad will be at a
point of junction of three state forest belts. On the divide along the west
bank of the Volga Rivers the Kargshir.-Stalingrad forest belt will approach
the city from the northa and the Stalingrad?Cherkessk state forest belt will
run southwest from the city. The thirds a part of the Saratov+Astralkhanl
belt, will parallel the entire length of the Volga within the study area,
Stalingrad is also to be encircled by a "ring of greens" which will protect
it from strong winds, particularly those from the east, A fourth state forest
belt will extend from east of Lake Elton southwestwards past Lake Batkulo
and extending to the Volga just north of Vladimirovka. Except for the Saratov-
Astrakhan' belts each state forest belt is to include 3 or 4 parallel forest
strips 200 feet wide and about 10000 feet apart. The Saratov-fstralrhan'
forest belt consists of a 330-foot strip on each bank of the Volga River.
Other snaller belts vi l be established throughout the study area by the
individual collective and state farms. Besides these belts, trees are being
planted in ravines.. hollows, etc,
The main-types of trees being planted are oaks poplars pine, alder,
acacia, and willow, I of these trees are said to have acquired a dense
growth by the end of the second year. The acacias and maples reach a height
of 7-8 feet. Black poplar planted along the Ilechetka River (north Stalingrad)
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in 1935 are reported to have grown 16?20 feet in.four years.
Before World War II,, planting was begun in some of the belts,, and much
of the "green ring" around Stalingrad had been planted, The only available
specific information as to the present status of the Mork was published in the
15 January 1949 issue of Pravda,,. which states: "Komsomol members are under.
taking to establish in 3- years a 170 IM. 06 mile] long national protective
forest belt from Itaurshin to Stalingrad and to complete all planting work by
the string of 1952d" In other areas of planned afforestation, particularly
in the Caspian Lowland Region., it is probable that very little actual planting
has been accomplished. Mapping and extensive soils and other scientific
surveys and appraisals are still in progress and-detachments of specialists
from Moscow University and other organizations are continuously entering
and leaving the region,
2, The Stalingrad Power and Irrigation Project
The second major project concerns a hydroelectric-power dam at
the north end of Stalingrad City., accompanied by a gigantic irrigation
system to be fed from the resulting reservoir. Construction of the dam was
to have been started in 1951, with 1956 schedu],ed as the date of completion.
The planned generating capacity of the power project is 1,700,000 kilowatts,,
and its yearly production around 10,000,000,,000 ksdas ' which is to be distri-
buted far beyond the confines of the Stalingrad area (36). The completion
of the dam should greatly stimulate the industrial development of Stalingrad
(as wa1.l as the completion of the Volga-Don navigation canal),
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A natural?flow, system of irrigation canals will carry Crater from the
dam to semiarid and desert land in the Caspian Lowland between the-Volga and
the Ural rivers., The site of the dam construction is near a settlement
identified in one published report as Lotoshinok0 1../ Indications that work
is already in progress are expressed in a 1951 report-that mentions blasting,
which was very likely associated with this project (1214.)0. A gravity-flow
outlet canal, which will be about 370 miles long, will leave the reservoir
from the east side and pass across the territory between the Volga and the
Ural rivers., According to I-zvqatl a for 19 June 19519 the approximate route
will be as follows: east from Stalingrad to Saykhin on the SaratovWAstrakhan'
Railway, where it turns northeastward arcing around the short Corkaya Rivers
then southeastward into the area south of Urda, and finally northeastward
again towards the Aral?$or,. which is beyond *the stucjy areao A network of
gravity-flow branch canals will extend from the Stalingrad Canal southward.
These canals will supply water to local canals and irrigation networks.,
In July of 1951, three survey parties were working in the area along
the proposed route., Two were operating in the Stalingrad Oblast part of the
area and the other in the area within 60 miles of Saykhin (18)? A statement
made by the president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR that was published
in Izresti~m on 5 October 1950 gave the following infor tion:
10 - o as not been located on any map, but a settlement named
Latashanka is located just north of Stalin;rado
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(1)
Work on the canal, is to begin nnext year,, i
(2)
afore beginning construction on the canal
it is necesoa
to cagy out tboroughgo'ng and scientific resee i'oh work?a. , u
(3)
d ext year 43 am. oratory parties and 7 , tatic e soientif c
'
research points a?
being organised," The 7 points ra tioned are
all oast of the study area.
(4) OA special cos r t:,ee conprising the most promin nt scientists has
beam appointed to coope?ata in the building of the Stalingrad Hydro.
Power Station and the Stalingrad Canal."
A second water-supply canal., the Sarpinek, will leave from the west side
of the reservoir and run southward through the and steppes and-the Sarpinsk
lakes,, which will form a chain of enormous interconnected reservoirs,
In connection with the Stalingrad Project., it is planned that the
Akhtuba River will be dated near its point of divergence from the Volga and
that the water will be diverted from the reservoir to the Akhtuba by a canal,
with locks to perdt continuous navigation. B9lotT the locks, another canal
will be constructed to connect the Akhtuba with the Volga,
The chances that the project will be completed and in operation at full
capacity by 1956 are very slime This is indicated by the facts that important
technical aspects still seem to be in the exploratory stage,, that much
machinery essential to maintain a rapid construction pace is still being designed )
and that there is a shortage of skilled labor necessary to operate the machinery
if It becomes avail -able. The project, ha&retivers has important propaganda
implications - a demonstration to the outside world that the Soviet Oovorn-
resat is building for peace, It also provides another rallying point for
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the mort- e of the Soviet seople themse?v es. At any rate, a persw, traveling
east or south from Stalingrad may expect to encounter parties working on
this project in any part of the area.
V. P
A. Distribution and Derlsitz
The study area as a whole is sparsely populated, even though Stalingrad
is the southeastern point of the densely populated triangle that includes
three-fourths of the population of the USSR. / From the Stalingrad area
eastward the population density becomes progressively less, dropping from a
density of from over 100 persons per square mile to less than 3.
The general historical trend, particularly in the western part of the
area, seems to be toward concentration of population in cities, toms, and
workers? settlements of various types. In the eastern plains areas the Soviet
regime has long worked toward the conversion of the traditionally migratory
peoples into settled farmers in agricultural villages and kolithozes.
Before Uorld ' 1a,r II the a gration .iznmi tion ratio in the Stalingrad
Oblast was 8 to 6, which indicates a loss of population to other areas of
greater economic activitys, primarily industrial.
17e . s ~-Ur .on Census, 17 December 1926, is one of the most complete
accounts ever presented of the population of any country. This census gives
a substantial basis for the study of later trends. The suz=oxy data from the
Census of 17 January 1939 comprise a second reliable source, but the publica-
tion of the complete returns from this census was interrupted by war. Fairly
complete vital statistics are also available for the years iiediately preced.
in and foll.ng the 1926 census. The publication of vital. statistics, however,
was discontinued shortly thereafter, except for summaries or selected data for
individual years, for example, 1936 data published in l yony i Uasel Punkty
Stalingradskogo . (See Source 37.) '~`? "
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A comparison of prewar and postwar data, hcniever, indicates that there
was a large population increase in the Krasnoslobodskiy Rayons immediately
east of Stalingrad in the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain (9, 16)a The prewar
emigration-imam; ation ratio for the Kazakh 5SR was about 3:l55 (37), which is
probably characteristic of the eastern part of the study area. Currently,
there is a deficiency of both industrial and agricultural labor throughout
the study area, especially in the western partq A postwar source states that
at least 23 percent more agricultural working strength is needed than is
available in the kolkhozes of Stalingrad Oblast (6), The sane source states
that in order to fulfill the plans for agricultural projects., many of which
are in the study areas workers uxat be obtained by relocation and importation.
The amount of resettlement in the near futures however, was described as "in
all probability highly ldmited9"
The distribution of settlements within the study area follows a definite
pattern. Large settlements are characteristically situated along the banks
overlooking the Volga and the VolgauAkhtuba Floodplain. Stalingrad (Figures
11-16)s the largest and only outstanding urban concentration in the area,
extends for 30 miles along the west bank of the Volga at the head of the
VolgawAlchtuba Valley@ "Stalingrad City" includes all the area area from Rynok
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south to and including Krasnoarmeysk. Population estimates for this city
range from approximately 1 5,500 in 1939 to 650,000 at present (Air Force
estimates)- Despite this upward trend, its relative rank among cities of
the USSR has reportedly declined from thirteenth to fifteenth place (37).
The relative decline may be attributed to the very great depopulation during
the war and to a disproportionately large postwar increase in the population
of other cities in the USSR.
Of the settlements with over 1,000 inhabitants, the great majority are
located along the banks of the Volga and Akhtuba rivers 41 of the 62 towns,
The remainder are located throughout the western third of the study area and
near lakes Baskunchak and ElI ton. Five-sixths of the villages with populations
of over 1,000 have fewer than I!,000 inhabitants, Seven of the eight known
settlements in the stuctr area with populations of over 5*000 inhabitants are
known to have acme type of manufacturing activity and 5 are administrative
centers (see map CIA 11995) a ` conspicuous concentration of the settlements
with over 1x,000 persons is found along the northern shore of the Akhtuba
River. These large villages are basically agricultural centers (usually with
a machine tractor station), administrative centersv and the focal points for
cultural activities. They are spaced at an average distance of about seven
miles apart and are usually the termini of the principal roads leading from
the Caspian Lowland plains,
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The vast majority of the settlements have fewer than 200 inhabitants
and are exclusively agricultural (Figure 2), Those in the Idly Western
Fringe area are typically situated along the valley system, and in some
valleys the string of settlements is almost continuouso Throughout much of
the Caspian Lowland area, these smaller villages are fairly evenly distributed,
but availability of potable water is an important factor in determining their
exact locationo Some areas, such as the extreme northern extension of the
Ifalt rk Steppe and the Shor Ifhaid, are almost complete devoid of settlements.,
In general, the distance between settlements in the section of the
plains along the left bank of the Volga and Akhtuba valleys averages 2 to
4. miles., Farther eastward,, villages become m ogressively farther apart,
notably to the east of the SaratovdAstrakhanl railroad line, which cuts
across the atud area0 In the extreme east a smell northern extension of the
Sands of Hci7n has a noticeably denser population than surrounding areas?
Throughout the plains them are a large number of temporary and seasonal
settlement sites that are used by migrant herders, Many of these sites
apparently have permanent buildings, even though they are used only for one
to three months a year, l in addition, there are probably a large number of
temporary camp sites used by the Kazakh herders for briefer periods,
Calculations of population densities are of necessity based on 1936
data. In the IIil2y Western Fringe area near Stalingrad the average density
maps of the stud area at 1a 200,000, published in 1914,?143, indicate
a large number of settlements in the plains as "leto'i (suer), "letno khra&
(mmmr 4lchutorl or farm) and''lokh."e followed by a proper name, For most
of these pl aces9 them are symbols indicating several or more buildings,
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of population was 26 per square mile or, if villages of over 1.9000 population
were excluded, 605 per square mile. Figured on the same basis the population
densities of the Volga?Akhtuba Floodplain near Stalingrad were 108 and 65, of
the Caspian Lowland near Stalingrad 2om38 and 1,3.183 of the Caspian Lowland
farther from Stalingrad but near the VolgaaAkhtuba,Floodplain 1523 and I4m79
and of the Caspian Lowland in the east 8 and 50 If the population of villages
over 500 were excluded, the rural population density would be again reduced
by about half throughout most of the area (9)0
Specific postwar information on population shifts or conditions is
available for four localities within the study area: (a) the area east of
Itapustin Yar, from which some 33000 persons are reported to have been evacuated
for military security reasons (125); (b) the northern outskirts of Stalingrad,,
where construction of new settlements along the liechetka River and in nearby
areas has taken place (38); (c) the KrasTy Oktyabr Kolkhoz of the Krasno.
slobod ldy Raynn, where 170 households were reported both before the war and
in 1916, when the total population was 310 persons (including a working force
of 119 persons, of whom 87 percent were women (16)3 and (d) just north of
Verkhtraya Akhtuba on the Akhtuba River, where a new totim is reported as
under construction in connection with work on the new Stalingrad GES Dawn
project (39)0
Bo Ethnic Composition, Language, and Religion
The population of the study area consists of two main groups.- the
Slave including the Great Russians and Ukrainians,, and the TurkocTatars
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including the Kazakhs, the Tatars, and a small number of Kal.myks0 A small
number of Germans were also included in the prewar populations The Great
Russians, numerically the larest population group, are concentrated in the
IM-1y, Western Fringe area and the Volga"Al;htuba F'loodpla1n0 11ith few excep.
tionsa Great Russians dominate all of the larger settlements. In 1936, the
greater proportion of Ukrainians were located (and probably still axe) in
small settlements northeast of Stalingrad on the east bank of the Volgam 1.,~
In tuns of area occupied, the Kazakhs are the principal peoples in the
study region* They are largely migratory herders and occupy practically all
of the Caspian Lowlands. Tatars and Kaliks also occupied sections of the
Caspian Lowland before the -trar, but in much smaller numbers0 In 1936,
sigoiuicant Tatar concentrations were located in the vicinity of Leninsk
(nearly 1,500 persons in 3 settlements) and in the area between Lake Sarpa
and Krasnoarmeysk (19850 persons in.2 settlements).
The postwar fate of the two smallest minority groups mentioned, the
Kaltyks and the Germans, is unknown., Their status has undoubtedly been
affected by the fate of the major branches of their groups, which occupied
the areas of the Kalmyk ASSR and the German-Volga ASSR0 Both of these
autonomous republics were abolished in 1943 and their peoples deported for
alleged collaboration with the German invaders.
1. AbCYUrn= Ukrainians were located just beyond the limits of the stu(%r
area in a zone 6 to 19 miles west and southwest of Stalingads In this area
numerous non-Russian elements were distributed in several large villaLes and
mart smaller settlements strung out along the Chervlenaya and Rassoshka valleys.
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Since the study area is in the European-Central Asiatic transition zone,
physical characteristics for the popp7.ation of different ethnic groups are
not sharply defined (Figures 3-6 and 16-17)e, The predominant characteristics
of the (treat Russians are fair hair; blues grey, ,-or brown eyes; round heads;
and usually stocl1 frames of medium heist. The Ukrainians (also referred
to as Little Russians) tend to have darker hair and eyes and swarthy complex.
ions. Both groups traditionally belong to the Orthodox Christian (Pravoslavny),
Uniat (CAeek Catholic or Eastern Rite)., or Roman Catholic faiths. The Russian
and Ukrainian orthographies are based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The languages
differ but to some extent are mutually understandable.
The Kazakhs are definitely mongoloid, in physical appearance, with evidence
of considerable Caucasoid admixture in this particular region. Thoy are
Moslems and speak a Turkic language. The orthography, which was adopted in
1929, is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of a few symbols for
sounds not readily expressed by Latin characters... In most aspects the culture
of the KalWks is closely related to that of the Kazalchs.
Co historical and SOcia1. Background of the Kazakh, (40)
The Kazakh,, frequently referred to in the older ethnographic
literature as Kirgiz., dominate at least 00 percent of the study area. Before
the era of Russian domination, local groups., made up of related family groups
migrating together, were to a great exten$ independent or at least autonomous
politically., although they were nominally subject to the khans or sultans,
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who at different times succeeded ing a measure of supremacy in
different parts of the stepped The solidification of Russian power brought
important changes to social structure and the administration of the Kazakhs.
Russian occupation of the steppes became truly effective about the middle
of the nineteenth century, when the capture of Tashkent in 1865 was followed
by the conquest of all Turlmstan0 In 1868 the entire steppe was divided into
a number of administrative units among which the tribal rToups were apportioned
arbitrarily. Local officials were elected, subject to government supervision,
and Kazakh common law was systematized. There is some evidence that the native
Kazakh political organization was rathor easily abandoned by the people. The
names of the official Russian civil divisions very quickly acquired more
si ficance than the old tribal names., and the clannish feeling for the,
members of the same family group and tribe was transferred to the members of
the same volost and mrosd (Tsarist administrative divisions). The regulations
of 1868 remained in force until the revolution of 1917, with only minor
changes. As recently as 1936, however, natives usually referred to former
tribal organization in terms of Tsarist administrative units,
Kazan social structure is based on an elaborate family organization,
much of which still persists in spite of Soviet efforts at eradication, The
average man has only one wife. According to I?iohawmedan law, hover, a man
is allowed four wives, but a rich Kazakh may have a larger number of wives or
several different houses t,sith a wife and children in each. First marriages
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are usual. arranged by the parents of the parties concerned, when the fi-
nancial status of the family permitsv marriage takes place at a very early
age,
Class distinction among the Kazakhs is detexed, first' on the basis
of hereditary castes and' second, by economic position within the comnunity0
Wealth is based on ownership of cattle, grazing lands, the winter habitations5
and agricultural and meadow land,
According to ancient Kazakh tradition a passing traveler is entitled to
stop at am man?s hut lc bitka) and remain indefinitely, The host is responsi-
ble for the welfare of his guest and may be tried for the murder of any
stranger who succumbs to starvation or exhaustion even within the vicinity
of the camps In order to avoid the burden of this obligation, the Kazalchs
camp sites are generally at a distance from much frequented routes or concealed
behind hi ls? Although theoretically even enemies have the right to hospice
talitya travelers seldom stop where they do not expect to be welcome*
During the Tsarist era the herding econony had experienced r changesa
but changes have been most radical in the last few generations, The impact
of collectivization of agriculture., urbanization, and the introduction of
new industries has had a pronounced effect on the social structure of the
population, Despite the drive for changes, cultural traits of the Kazakhs
that are not readily adaptable to current changes have persisted and manifest
themselves in various forms of resistance to the Soviet system,
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Do Political Attitudes
The political attitudes of population groups are expressed in various
ways. The cohesiveness of IIohanmedan family life remains a serious obstacle
to Soviet encroachment and dordnationo Persistent efforts have therefore been
made by the Party to stir up discord between youth and age and to alienate
youths from the influences of home and familyo Iloslemsg in general, have been
opposed or indifferent to the Comrainist agricultural system,, and many of
them have been arrested and sent to Siberian Moslem religious practices are
still observed in private, and in the smaller and more remote c ties.,
public worship persistso The &Iohanmwdan religion is not limited to a famLly
or local community, The ties between the Moslems in the Soviet Union and the
rest of the Moslem world are stronger than the Soviets would like to admit.
There is little basis for estimating the political attitudes of the
indigenous Great Iuassians since relocation (generally a source of grievance)
is not involved and numerous reports indicate that the average citizen is
rather poorly informed as to conditions outside the USSPt. IleverthelossD
agricultural reports written as recently as in 1951 decry the indifference
and lack of cooperation among the peasants in the Stalingrad Oblast and
particularly in the vicinity of Stalingrad City, Although there are several
outstanding pro-Bolshevik sovrkhozos and experimntal farms in the study area.,
the majority characteristically ill short of planned production and are
slow to accept new programs0
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The Ukrainian minority consists of people who were transported to the
study area for economic or political reasons, Under the Soviet system, it
is not uncomaaon to transplant a group of people to form a working nucleus
for the development of some type of economic activity inwhich they are
experienced, Some of the Ukrainian migrants were brought in as skilled laborers
from the industrial centers of the Ukraine and others as agriculturalists
with experience in a specific type of farming. These people are general]
pro-U1o. ain an by tradition and sentiment, which in some cases has bred an
atmosphere of anti-Sovietism, This attitude was reflected in the conduct of
some Ukrainians during the German invasion and by periodic Soviet purges,
Political migrants are usually people in political disfavor or Party
cadre assigned to an area to perform special functions, Those in political
disfavor may be sent out to do heavy p%rsical labor or, in the case of artists
or intelligentsia,, to spread culture in nore primitive soundings, People
of this type are usually antiw3ovieto In the case of Party cadre, the people
are likely to be trouble-shooters or Party functionaries who are staunch
Soviet supporters,
Do Hand Sanitation
Inform tion on the status of health and medical facilities for the
stuff area is based on reliable 1936 data, supplemented by more current infor
mation wherever possible (9), Throughout the populated areas medical facilities
are fairly evenly distributed in relation to the density of population and
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urban and marml settlement. The quality of these facilities cannot be
aster ained0 The comparatively low infant mortality and relatively young
population., coupled with a low morbidity from endemic diseases (with the
exception of malaria),9 indicates a general7,y favorable health situations
Ids-vertheless9 in times of war, civil strife., or food shortages; diseases of
normally low morbidity can flare up to epidemic proportions0
Five years before World War II, a record of medical facilities for
Stalingrad Oblast as a whole listed the average hospital cot accomodations
as 406 per 1,9000 persons and l02 per 19000 in the rural villa,es4 Yearly
visits to medical dispensaries averaged 6 per person in urban centers and
1.4 in the v lages0 At this time the goal for the USSR as a whole was to
raise cot facilities to 7,2 per 100 persons in urban centers and 2,0 per 100
in rural villages. By 1950' however, cot facilities available in rural areas
throughout the USSIZ were still only 2075 cots per 19000 persons.
On the basis of 1936 statistics for nine administrative rayons whose
areas at present are still included in the area of study$ medical facilities
are as followes (a) number of hospitals per rayon ranging from 1 to 59 with
more than five rayons having 2 hospitals; (b) number of cots per hospital
ranging from 17 to 50, with the largest number of hospitals having 20 cots;
(c) medical dispensaries ranging frdm 2 to 6 per rayon., with an average of
4 per rayon; and (d) number of first-aid stations ranging from 4 to 98 with
an average of 7 per rayon. In addition., there are a few sanatoria and
worlmrs& rest homes within the study areas,
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Sanitary control is maintained by the government to aid in the preser-
vation, of health and to control the spread of epidemicso A four-point sani-
tary prog am is based on the home and comuuin .ty, school,, industryo and govern-
mental food control0 Within the rayon, sanitation work is directed by the
rayon sanitation inspector* Occasionally one inspector iai.ll serve several
rayons under an inter-rayon setups In the rural areas, a district sanitation
inspector is in charge, sometimes with an assistant, Each rayon sanitary
epidemic station has a laboratory, disinfecting point, a disinfecting chamber9
a mobile disinfecting unit, vaccination center, a milk-control center.9 and
a sanitary-education point with a mobile educational display unit. The sani-
tary control station may also include units for malaria control, pasteuriza-
tion, and measles control (41)o
According-to a 1929 survey, malaria morbidity for the study area is
relatively high, reachinc: a yearly average of from liOO to 600 patients per
10,000 personae At that times, there was a malaria control station located
in Stalingrad, The highest record for the USSR is 1,000 or more cases per
year per 10,000 population in the southern Caucasus, The floodplain of the
Volga and Akhtuba rivers is infested with malaria-carrying mosquitos during
the mmer. The worst months are August and September (42),
A BMITOY of the morbidity of typhus in the stuc'V area discloses the
lowest number of cases (009 per 10,000 persons per year) in the USSR, This
disease affects a maximum number of patients in February (Iii),
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Thenumber of cases of typhoid in the area,, 5?0 per l0a000, is also the
loiest in the USSR* The disease is more prevalent in urban settlements
than in rural areas. The number of patients with typhoid reaches a mmdmum
in the fall (September) and mhiimm in the spring (April to June) (44) o
The area has the second lowest number of occurrences of smallpox in the
USSR,, with an averace of 1?0 patient per 10,9000 persons* The ram number
of cases is reported in 1-larch. A law in the RSFSR requires that all persons
be vaccinated against smallpox by the age of one and then revaccinated at the
ages of 11. and 21 ? (45)o
Throuaout the entire USSR,, lice and bedbugs are two of the most penicious
insect pests,, not only from the ? standpoint of bodily discomfort but also as,
mediums for the spread of disease, Most cities and urban settlements have
delousing stations connected with industrial establishments or sanitation
centers,, but usually the measures tarn are not thoroua and provide only
limited control rather than complete eradication. In some factories., workers
are regularly deloused every two weekse
Ticks are also a common pest0 A recont release by the Kazaldistan Acaderr
of Sciences reports the discovery that ticks Q) are also carriers of
microbes that cause inair serious human and an mal diseases*
The water supply of the study area presents numerous health hazards0
Mo pare of the area is equipped with entirely adequate water purification
and sewage disposal facilities. Much of the area-uses unprocessed ground
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raters and is completely without disposal systems. Along the Volga and at
Stalingrad the situation is least primitive. Water for the Stalingrad
industrial district is taken primarily from the Volga and, to a much lesser
degree, from wells. It is purified by sedimentation,, filtration., coagulaticn,
and chlorination. Facilities for purifications however, are believed to be very
old and inadequate for current demands. Sewage water is discharged into the
Volga and its tributaries. Of the daily discharge,, about 65 percent is
industrial waste. A large proportion of the waste is unprocessed or inadequately
processed, The Volga becomes heavily polluted by mid?suzmner when the water
level is lowest0 The Tsaritsa and other small streams in the area are always
highly polluted. Even away from densely populated areas the water supply is
not good and becomes considerably poorer in the dry season. According to an
official 1934 source the water in the area north of Stalingrad "in seventy
percent of the inhabited places is polluted by discharges, 33 percent by
livestock watering, and in 33 percent by clothes-washing" (4)0
F. Educational Facilities
Educatioal facilities are widespread throughout. the area and include
pre-school nurseries and kindergartens elementary or primary schools, incom-
plete secondary schools, secondary schools, and institutes.
In 1936 the educational facilities of 9 administrative rayons of the
Stalingrad Oblast that are located in the stuctr area included approximately
US elementary or primary schools, 33 incomplete secondary schools, 5
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seco schools, and 1 teacher training school., I-lost of the larger villages
have at least one elementary schools Some villages ranging in size from 2,000
to over 8,000 inhabitants have more than one elementary school, in 19369
three villages had 2 elementary schools each, one had 3s and one had ]o The
33 incomplete secondary schools are distributed throughout the rayons in
proportion to the population, Because of its central location with reference
to surrounding villagers Kamennyy Yar has 2 secondary schools although its
population numbers only 2,9000, The entire nine rayons are served by five
secondary schools (9,0
The utilization of increasingly large numbers of women in industry and
agriculture has increased the need for nurseries and kindergartens, Some
operate the year rounds others only during the seasons of peak agricultural
work,
Kazakh higher education is primarily oriented toward the more densely
populated eastern areas of the Iazalch SSR beyond the study areas particularly
towards Alma Ata,
0o Forced-Labor Campy
to Soviet Forced-Labor 0rmUzation
Plans for increased Industrial development of the study area and
the conpletion of programs for afforestation, dam construction, and canals
road, and railroad building are to a large extort dependent upon the use of
cheap forced laabor, The forced-labor system in the study area is part of a
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~
nation-vide programb The expanding organization of so-called "corr?ectional"
camps has divided the Soviet Union into a number of camp systems, whose borders
are often coterminous with those of the administrative oblastso The central
organization is Gulag (Glavnoye Upravleniye I.agsreriy) in iioscow, The systems,,
uder the supervision of Gulag, are subdivided into districts (otde relenre),
which are further subdivided into labor gangs (laan nk Z) o A labor camp may
include from several hundred to several thousand inmates and a labor gang
from 600 to 1,000 prisoners, All sections within this organization have their
set economic tasks, The slave-labor system is administered by the secret
police of the Soviet Union (I?ND)o
There are three main types of detention for civilian forced labor
(a) at the worker's normal place of employment, (b) in exile, and (c) in
a place of detention. All three are represented in the study area. The
first is the usual punishmant for breaches of labor discipline, such as
absenteeism. It covers most terms up to six months, and is usuaaly accompanied
by a wake cut up to 25 percent, The second calls for the removal of the
condemned to another locality, accompanied by disciplinary education by
means of corrective labor. Although the penalties are more severe, the
accompanying gage cuts are usually lower, with a maxim= of 15 percent. The
third is closely related to the theory of "class war" and the practice of
"re-education," It is subdivided into five forms of detention-solitary
confinement cells, deportation points, corrective labor colonies, medico-
sanitary institutions, and institutions for minors (46),
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In addition to Soviet civilians, forced laborers have been impressed
from the ranks of mime displaced persons and prisoners of two In marq
cases the latter were convicted on trumped-up charges to enable the IWD
to retain skilled labor,
A substantial portion of the study area is a part of the Osobostroy
sl aveml abor district, which includes the Stalingrad and ILrasn ysk,
KaWshimp KrasWy Yar, and Engels areas, all with headquarters at Icamyshin
(47)? The emphasis o.2 long-range economic activity of (wag in this dis-
trict is (a) canals, road, and railroad construction and maintenances (b)
building of fortificaFtion works, (c) construction of factories and installa-
tions for war industriesD and (d) some factory work, All activities include
both man and w men,
In orwation about forced labor in the area is based largely on reports
from Germ= prisoners of war who spent some time in the area and worked at
the various installations. Some were in the area as recently as I -lay 1949.
The reports are of little value in establishing specific locations or precise
statistical data but the strikingly similar descriptions in the various
reports lends some credence to their general reliability and renders them of
some use in providing background information on the area,
2, The Stalin-igrad?Beketoyka Area
Th. StalingradcBeketovka area employs both skilled and unskilled
forced labor, Most of the unskilled laborers are engaged in construction work,
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Skilled and semiskilled workers are employed in a number of the factories
of the area. In marty cases it is difficult to distinguish between forced
and regular laborers, because security measures are in evidence throughout
the plants and there are numerous off-limits areas and enclosures -- plant
areas surrounded by concrete walls and wooden or barbed-zri.re fences0
The largest utilizers of forced industrial labor are the Krasnyy Oktyabr8
iron and steel plant and the Krasn iya Barr: kady army ent plant. Large numbers
are also employed at other installations. A total of 10,000 prisoners, to-
gether with about the saw number of civilians, are employed daily in two
8-hour shifts in the five sauimills of the area, producing construction-
lumber planks, beams, rail sleepers, timber for mines, furniture, telegraph
poles, and plywood. The mills occupy an area about 3- miles long and have
30 large brick buildings. housing 28 multiple saws. The Beketovka electrical power
plant employs 300 prisoners of war and 600 civilian laborers, working in three
8,-hour shifts daily (50)0
In the Stalingrad area, several concentrations of forced laborers and
political prisoners are located at the sites of former German prisoners-of-
war camps. The transition of installations from prisoner-of-war camps to camps
for Soviet civilian prisoners was taking place while the prisoners of war
were being repatriated. The transition could be identified by the replacement
of barbedoi . =e fences by high wooden fences to prevent visual contact between
prisoners and the outside.
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Formar'Prisoner of War Enclosure 7362/1 is located in the western out-
skirts of the city of Stalingrad about one-half mile west of the Dzerzhinslry
tractor plant (18). It consists of from 7 to 10 wooden barracks,, each 65 to
100 feet long and 20 to 25 feet wide. The barracks have flat roofs covered
with dark roofing-paper. Prisoners of war stated that the last of their
group was removed in December 1949,, at which time Soviet political prisoners
moved into the enclosure. The barbed-wire fence was removed during the summer
of 1949 and was replaced by a wooden fence 10 feet high. Up to December 1949
an unknown number of iVD guards patrolled the camp, The camp had a capacity
of over 2,000 prisoners,, a small percentage of whom were employed at the
Dzerzhinady tractor plant in Stalingrad.
Former Prisoner of ;jar Enclosure 7362/2 is also located in the western
outskirts of Stalingrad a little to the west of PtaE ?362/10 It was a hospital
enclosure with about 7 wooden barracks,, each about 50 feet long and 15 feet
wide, with flat roofs covered with roofing paper. To tither the buildings can
accomodate 400 to 500 irmaates. The enclosure was still in operation as a
prisoner?of-;~mr care In April 1950,9 but the barbed-wire fence was being re-
placed by a high wooden one,, an indication of a probable shift.. Except for
some modern X-ray equipment' the hospital equipment was primitive and in
poor condition.
Former Prisoner of War Enclosure 7362/3 is located in the same general
vicinity as the other two and is about 58000 feet west of the Dzerzhinsk y
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plant (49). IFS consists of 8 or 10 earth bunkers with windows and flat,
paper-covered roofs above the ground level. Each bunker is about 50 feet
long,, 25 :-Zest wide, and 15 feet high and can accommodate 150 men. The
interiors are of wooden construction. The enclosure also includes 3 two-
story brick structures about 65 feet long and 25 feet wide. In 19h9, one
building ,eared as a hospital, and the other two were occupied by prisoners.
There were also about 10 wooden guard towers., each about 15 feet high, eight
of the towers were equipped with stationary electric lights and the remaining
two with revolving search lights. Two of the brick buildings also had search
lights. Abort 150 guards patrolled the installation and lived in a building
just outside the enclosure. When on patrol outside the fence the guards
were accompanied by dogs. A small number of prisoners of war, about 200,
were employed at the Dzerzhinskiy plant. During the summer of 1949 the barbed-
wire fence u.'as replaced by a wooden fence.10 feet highm The last of the
German prisoners left on 23 April 1950. The erection of the wooden fence
indicates the camp will probably continue in existence as an enclosure for
civilian prisoners (48) .
Former Prisoner of War Enclosure 7362/11 is located approximately one
mile south of the Dzerzhinskly plant on the west side of the main double-
track railroad to Stalingrad. The lkrout consists of 4 bunkers about 50
feet long and 15 feet wide, with only the flat, paper-covered roof and small
window above ground. Another bunker of the same dimensions and same type
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of construction (except that about half of the building was above ground)
is located beside the 4 earth bunkers. Each bunker can accommodate some
90 men, Three additional flat-topped wooden barracks, measuring about 50
feet long and 20 feet widen housed operational facilities, such as bath
house, tailor shop, and shoe repair shop. The enclosure has 5 or 6 wooden
guard towers, each about 15 feet high In 1950 the place was guarded by
some 40 guards with dogs. In January 1950 a wooden fence 10 feet high was
constructed, and in March. the German prisoners were replaced by 250 Rumanian
and Hungarian Volksdeutscheo
A Soviet prison camp that has always been for civilians is located about
1600 feet vest of the city prison and 650 feet east of the double-track
railroad leading north and south through the city. The area is surrounded
by a high wooden fence and is patrolled by IWVD guards with dogs. In December
1949, Soviet citizens and German prisoners of war stated that 20,000 civilian
prisoners were to occupy this enclosure (43).
Former Prisoner of War Enclosure 7362/14 is located at Beketovka at
the southwestern edge of the Stalingrad industrial area and contains four
wooden barracks about 60 feet long and 25 feet wide, with shed-like roofs
covered with paper. There are also 3 earth bunkers about 50 feet long and
25 feet wide, with sod roofs and windows above the ground level, A wooden
fence 15 feet high surrounds the area, On eider side of the wooden fence
and 15 feet away from it is a barbed wire fence about 5 feet high. In
gam,
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19199 the enclosure contained about 1,000 prisoners, 300 of thorn were employed
on canal construction, together with civilian laborers, both men and women.
Gem prisoners in this camp were replaced by Soviet civilian prisoners in
late September or early October 1949 (48)o
Another German prison camp is located at the southwest edge of Stalinc
grad in the section known as Staraya Otrada. It is about 1,600 feet vest
of the main highway leading south from Stalingrad to I(rasnoarmeysko The
enclosure contains about 5 buildings and is surrounded by a high wooden
fence. It is not Imown whether this camp has been converted into a civilian
prison ca M..
3? The Kraanoarmoysk Area
maH/C~11''^iCLY.~?
Krasnoarmeysk is the center of forced labor for construction
work, primarily on the Volga-Don Canal Project and the VolgasvDon highway.
Plans for this work are reported to include the construction of 5 forced-
labor camps along the course of the canal between Krasnoarmeysk and Tundutovo,
which wif be spaced at intervals of from 6 to 9 miles (51)0
A settlement of Russian forced laborers, Gorodok Vokhra, is located on
the southeastern outskirts of Krasnoarmeysk. In Iiay 19499 the settlement
consisted of three wooden barracku 170 feet longs 40 feet Fide, and 15 feet
high. The barracks provided accommodations for workers, a kitchen and mass
hall,, and a kennel for dogs. Three, additional. barracks of the same size were
in early stages of construction. The buildings are surrounded by a double
wooden fence 6 feet high (49) o
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In March 1949,E an unknown number of U'beksq Cherkeasians9 and Turkmens
were transferred to the Gorodok Vokhra barracks to help in the construction
of the Volga-Don Canal. The majority were bottaeen the ages of 17 and 20
years. According to Russian workers the settlement is to be extended to the
east and south to accommodate a total of 10,0000 or 128000 forced laborers.,
About 1,0000 Usbeke are being trained to guard these laborers.
Two known, prisoner-of-war damps in the Krasnoarveysk area have been
.converted into civilian forced-labor camps'for construction work. Former
Prisoner of 'Tar Enclosure 7108/1, consisting of 10 barracks and 4 auxil.isry
buildings, housed 3,0000 prisoners. By December 1)49, all German prisohers
had been remo d9 4 additional barracks had been built, and others were
under consttructiono At that times, forced laborers had begun to arrive,
Former Prisoner of Liar Enclosure 7108/T was -also converted into a forced-
labor cmV. housing 38400 Soviet civilians,
Two other forced-labor camps in this areas one containing 5,0000 prisoners
and the other an unknown number, are also in operation. One camp consists
of two sections, one for men and the other for women. Laborers at these
camps range in age from 16 to 60-and come from all parts of the USSR, Host
of then are employed on the construction of the Volga-Don Canal0
Other installations in the Krasnoanxeysk vicinity that were known (1949)
to employ prison labor either in construction or operations aroa (a) the
shipping stations, which employed 300 prisoners of war and 200 civilians in
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3 shifts # 6 days a ifeek; (b) a saw n ll which enployed 500 prisoners of war
and 100 c3~vilians in 2 shiftss, 6 days per week; (c) a cement plant; (d) a
shipyard; (e) an alcohol plant, (f) a kolkhoz belonging to a power plant vast
of Krasn sk; (g) a butter and fat factory; and (h) the Volga-Don Canal
Project I?Totor Pool No. la Construction of the motor pool was almost completed
by December 19949. It was then equipped with 60 to 70 dump trucks Facilities
included a mrage and repair shop of brick construction 2 storage sheds
and 6 wooden barrack-type workerst billets,, with 10 more under construction
(son 52)
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VIo Tr n o ti a
The transportation network within the stuetr area is densest around
St d and near the Volga.Akhtuba Floodplain In this area it consists
of major railroads and of gravel or iwproved dirt roads that are well main-
tamed and rafficable throughout the years, supplemented by river traffic on
the Volga6 Az transportation is also centered in the Stalingrad areas where
five active airfields are maintained.
To the east and northeast of the Volga and Akhtuba floodplains, there
are few railroads and the road net becomes much thinner. A good railroad
line rum from Post Paromnaya, opposite Stalingrad, to the Volga port of
Sladicirkova and eastward to the rail center of Verkhniy Baskunchak4 Here
it connects with the Saratov-Astrakhan' railroads the only north-south line
that crosses the study area east of Stalingrad. These railroads are important
for transporting salt from the Lake Elton and Lake Baskunchak areas to ports
on the Volga River and the Caspian Seao Except for a new improved dirta or
possibly grad, road that is under construction from Urda westward toward
Elston or Zhitkur (117) and short sections of improved-dirt roads near Lakes
Elton and Baskunehak, the high net in the eastern part of the study area
consists of seasonal, unimproved dirt roads, trails, paths, and caravan
routes- North and south of Shor IQ akin there are few routes other than cara-
eso
van
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A. Rai ds
Railroad facilities in the study area can be divided into the foll(nr-
3ng three unitss (a) the Stalingrad center,, at which three major railroads
from the northo west,, and south converge; (b) the railroad line from Post
Par ,, via Vladimirovka to Piizhniy Baskunchak; and (c) the railroad from
Saratav to Astrakhans, .ch.cohnects the important salt-produoing areas of
Lakes Elton and Baskunchak with Astrakhans. Administratively9 the first unit
is a part of the larger Stalingrad Railroad System and the other two units
belong to the i2ane-Ural Railroad System.
1? The Stalinrad Railroad Center
Stalingrad is an important rail center for all of southeastern
European USSR,, It is linked by rail with Astr?i1;han6 (200 miles southeast),,
with the main Transcaucasus line at Tikhoretsk (240 miles southwest); with
the Donato Basin via Likhaya (175 miles crest); and with Saratov (210 miles
northeast) and Moscow (500 miles northwest). These lines,, converging upon
the city are linked to each other by a system of belt lines that encircles
Stalingrad proper and enables through traffic to bypass the city (2l).
Almost all passenger and freight traffic within the Stalingrad railroad
centers as well, as most of the railroad repair work,, is handled at one of
eight stations or yards (see accompanying photomosaic of Stalingrad)e Three
of these,, including the main passenger station for the entire areas are in
Stalingrad proper, Three others are located in the towns of Yeleshankag
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Be3o :ovka and Xrasnoa Wsk south of the main city. The re g two are
in and K uten?l s both of which are located to the west of the urban
area of Stalin do T e important rail yards in the Stalingrad area appear
to have the dual functions of car storage and classification (21).D
The main terminal, naed Stalingrad W.1 road Stations Yards and Shops
Ulorth (I), is in the center of Stalingrad. proper, Besides the large passenger
stations, Stalingrad IIa. th has extensive freight sidings with an average width
of 20 tracks,, a small transshipment depots and important facilities for loco-
motive repair and sewlcings, including a turntable and a water tower (21),
Although the station was severely damaged during :world liar IIfl apparently
little repair work has been undertaken (56) o All the significant traffic
through the city on the line from the Caucasus to north-central USSR and the
Ukraine is handled at this depot.
Stalingrad Railroad Station Yards and Shops South (II) is located two
miles sonMmest of the main railroad station. It has important freight
handling e .pmznte multiple sidings (10 to 15 tracks),, and several ware-
houses,, as well as minor locomotive and passenger. car repair shops. The
majority of the buildings in the area were destroyed in April 191i3o Stalin-
grad South stra~.d es the railroad lines connecting Stalingrad with the Cau-
casus and Ukraine (2l).
The third simificant installation in Stalingrad proper is the Banneya
station and yard which parallels the southern section of the port area. In
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addition to the small passenger station, there is an 11-track storage yard,
with a warehouse and six auxiliary buildings, that services the port area
and possibly the Krasnyy Oktyabr3 steel plant (21)0
Immediately to the south of Stalingrad proper is the Stalingrad Railroad
Classification Yards "Yel?shanka," which has a 10-track storage yard, a medium
sized classification yard for traffic to the Caucasus, a si.e.astory ware-
house, and an L-shaped building assumed to be a passenger station (21)0
Farther to the souxh9 is the Stalingrad Railroad Classification Yards,
"Beketovlsao" It includes a passenger station and a small storage yard
described by one sorirce as having a width of 7 tracks (21)? According to
another sourcea hotever, the installation has a medium sized classification
yard 10 to 15 tracks wide, with sidings approximately 4,000 feet long (see
.photomosaic of Stalingrad). The installation handles local and Caucasus.
bound traffic,
The station at the northwest end of Krasnoarmeysk is listed as the
-Stalingrad Railroad Station, Classification Yards, and Shops ",Sarepta0"
It is the =Jm station in Krasnoarmeysk and has been described as the "southern
gate to Stalingrad." An important function here is the transloading of
froight from a'load to Volga River steamers and barges, but a considerable
amount of freight for Stalingrad also passes through Sareptao Among the
facilities at the station are storage yards, important locomotive and car
repair shops, a roundhouse of 9-locomotive capacity, a turntable and a
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tuz ng "Y,I,q and a water tower (21)? Damage in 1942 appears to have been
slims.
S~ miles west of the c7:ty at the junction of the belt line and the
main line lea. .ng northwestward towards i.oscow9 is the Stalingrad Railroad
Station and Yards 11 qu which includes a passenger station and an 1
track storage yards The small classification yard handles traffic to north-
central USSR. Eight auxiliary buildings are reported to have been destroyed
in April 1943 (21)0
Seven miles south of Owurak and six miles west of Yel?shanka is the
relatively mmou Stalingrad Railroad station and Yards "Voroponovoll (known
also as "Krxten3kiya)o Like Gunrak9 it is located at a junction of the
belt line and a main line leading out from Stalingrad0 Voroponovoa which
serves the railroad line to the Donets Basin has U tracks9 5 aux li,axr
buildingsa and possiblq a passenger station (21)0
The most important railroad bridge within Stalingrad is the .dge
over the Tsar tsa River. It is a double-track; steel-.trestle bridge about
530 feet long, with an estimated web height of 5 feet. The ends of the
bridge are on concrete abuti s9 and the support piers are of steel lattice-
work construction (219 53)?
Although there are several bridges along the belt lines'. exact inforc
oration as to location or constriction is available for only two, both of
which are on the northern belt linen The Orlovka River is spanned by a
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si ale track, arch-type bridge 200 feet long, possibly of masonry construe.
tiono Near the eastern and of the northern bolt lines, a single-track bridge
350 feet long, possibly of masonry-arch construction, crosses the SukhaQia
Ilechetka River (21). The Korennaya River also is crossed by a bridge located
on a branch line (from the vicinity of Dzherzhinsk) that connects with the
northern belt line. It is a single-track, nine-span bridge 275 feet long,
of arch-type masonry construction (21)0
Within the dock area, a steel-girder bridge crosses the Baaniy Ravines,
This three-span bridge carries a single track and is 335 feet long (21)? It
is located on a short branch line (mostly double track) that runs along the
bank of the Volga River for a distance of 6 miles and serves the port of
Stalingrad,
The postuar reconstruction program for railroad facilities in the
Stalingrad area includes maW changes and general modernization in the
transportation system, which had always been unsatisfacIcoryo A railroad
ran the entire length of the city, occupying a large strip of Land. intersect
ting many streets, and dividing the city In two parts. Heavy freight passed
through the city and repair facilities were located in the center of
Stalingrado According to the reconstruction plans, a new peripheral rail-
road about 23 miles long w:LL bo constructed around the entire cjt7, The
freight yards and repair and maintenance shops are to be moved frcm the
center of the city to the outskirts and will be connected with the new
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railroad bypass. Freight entering Stalingrad will be distributed by means
of the new lines to the appropriate freight terminals. At both ends the
peripheral railroad will be connected with the dock area to permit the trans-
ferral of freight to barges and steamers for shipment to points north and
south along the Volga River. Only passenger traffic and freight destined for
Stalingrad proper will be handled in the heart of the city. The new arrange-
meat will facilitate the handling of local passenger traffic within the 30-mile-
long city (21s 54s 55)0
In the central part of Stalingrad proper the main north-south railroad
will run through a shall o ; subwayy, which will reduce the number of grade
crossings and leave uninterrupted areas for parks (21). According to report
a large underground railroad station is to be built within the city. This
report is substantiated to some extent by the fact that little repairing has
been done on the severely damaged main railroad station (56)0
Transportation within Stalingrad is handled mainly by streetcars and
buses- The streetcars have bow-type collectors and run on Russian standard-
gauge tracks. Except for the line from the center of town to the northeastern
suburban industrial area9 all of the lines are single-tracked- An inter-
urban line runs from, DeWtovlca on the south to the tractor plant in the
northern part of the city. Before the war a line also ran from Stalingrad
to Gumrak, but it was damaged during the war and has not yet been repaired.
I?Iost of the streetcars are in poor condition and appear to have no springs.
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Travel is slotr, averaging 10 miles per hours, and requires frequent trans-
ferring (56).
Streetcars and buses are supplemented by commuter service on the rail-
roads. A local train makes 10 round trips daily between the northern and
southern sections of the town, and it is reported that 3 daily workers trains
run between the industrial areas of Beketovka and IKrasnoarmeysk (576, 21).
2? Lines ConverQ at Seal Wad
a. Stalin ad-iikhoretak-Krasnodar
This line is double-tracked from the main stations, Stalingrad
North,, to Krasnoarmeysk, then single tracked west through Sa14sk to the juncc'
tion with the important Rostov-Baku line at Tikhoretsk and on to Krasnodar
(21)m The roadbed is in very good condition. Ballast consists of granite
chipsa and the ties are of oak (58), Agricultural and petroleum products from
the Caucasusa lumber from the northern areas,0 fish from the Caspian Seas and
machinery and oilfield equipment from Stalingrad are the important products
carried over the line (21, 59, 60)0
Branching off from the main line at the Tundutovo railroad station
(southwest of Krasnoarmeysk)s a new railroad built on an old roadbed runs
in a generally northwest direction and connects with the main Rostov-Stalingrad
railroad line, The branch is single-trackedg with a send roadbed and wooden
ties (1489 61)0 Available reports indicate that this line was completed and
put into operation in autumn of 1949 (62)0 Where the railroad intersects
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the Volga-Don Highway a railroad bridge is planned to replace the present
level crossing. Surveying for the bridge was underway in December 1949 (82)o
kiost freight entering Krasnoarmeysk on this line either continues north
to Stalingrad proper,, or is transloaded to river caririerso The "Sarepta"
station is a principal transshipment point for grains (63)o Grain from the
Stalingrad region some of which is locally processed,, is shipped north
along the Volga. ?-Theat and barley is received from the Ukraine and the
Caucasus area (Kuban) from June to October and is transloaded to Volga barges
by means of conveyor belts (6L)o Because of the activity connected with the
construction of the Volga-Bon. Canal,, the station has also become a busy
terminal for trainloads of all kinds of building and construction materials (65),
The Beketovka freight consist largely of coal9 wood,, and scrap iron which
are sent to the Stalingrad Chemical and Chemical Warfare Plant "Beketovka"
91 and to the Stalingrad Thermal Power Plante Gres. S. Southwest of the main
Stalingrad passenger station,, the line passes through the Yel?shanka railroad
yards (21)e
b. Sta7~lnad3~
This is a double-track line from the main or north station
of St d west to the Stalingrad Railroad Station and Yards "Voroponovo"
(also referred to as "Kruten y")9 then single-track to Likhaya9 where it
joins the Voronezh-Rostov line. The line provides direct c m cation be-
tween the Donets Basin and the Stalingrad industrial complex. The heavy
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freight traffic on the line includes manufactured productsa coal and ores
from the Donets Basing and iron from Krivoy Rog (21). From liay to October,
coal shipped by rail, from the Donets Basin to Stalingrad is loaded on -wooden
barges and transported via the Volga to Saratov (64). Lumber from the
northern areas makes up a large portion of the return freight to the Donets
Basino
co Stalinfad-Salas~:ov-Sarstov
This line is double tracked for the 12-mile stretch from the
main Stalingrad station to the Stalingrad Railroad Station and lards "Gumrak,"
and then proceeds on a single track to Ilovinskaya, there one branch runs
northeast to Saratov and. thence east to the Urals and the other branch to
(3rya2i, where it Joins the double4rack line to iioscow (2l)o The latter is
the most direct route between Stalingrad and zIosco'.ro It is an important
traffic artery for manufactured goods from the Central Industrial Region
(Hoscow)s as well as for northbound industrial products and oil shipments
from Stalingrad. The oil shipments make up a large share of the northbound
traffic. According to a report,. three oil trains of 40 to 10 cars each
travel nor?thwa rd daily (67)a The shipment of prefabDicated concrete houses
to Uosco v and Voronezh is also -:-x ortant (68)e
3Q The Fast Pa~roraaa ya-' .ad rovka lliz1
Baskunch&k Line
TI-.s railroad line is important primarily because it connects
Stalingrad frith the important &O .t-producing center located at Lake Baskcunchak
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and provides rail service to the Caspian Sea port of Astraldian', Large
quantities of salt are transported yearly over this rail line to Petro.
pavlovka8 the salt port of Yladimfrovka1 where the salt is transferred to
Volga barges, Recent military activities at Eapustin Yar have greatly increased
the strategic importance of the line (12,5). In the fallovring paragraphs,
details of the line are given roughly from west to east,,
The sector from Post Faroruaya, the railroad terminus on the eastern
bank of the Volga 3iver9 to Viadimirovka was built during world 'tar ZI (6$)?
Connection with Stalingrad is maintained by ferry service between Post Paromoaya
and Latashanka (about 12 miles northeast of the ma,ia. Stalingrad railroad
station (2l). At this point the river is approxixaate],y 2a5 miles ride,, The
ferry provides crossing facilities for both road and rail transport (64),
In the Latashanka area,, there are 2 ferry stations the northern is used
for lo&~vmter crossing and the southern for hi -water crossing (118). No
information is available as to high- or low?-dater ferry stations on the east
bank of the Volga. and recent reports indicate that a rail-
road bridge has been constructed over the Volga River to replace the time'
consu ng ferry services The structure reportedly is located i diately
north of the ferry and is said to be 20 miles long, Apparently the bridge
serves both railroad and highway traffic, no airphoto coverage is available
(219 7O)n
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Y Post Paromna ,n to Verkhniy Baskuuchak the line is since tracked
and of Russian standard gauge. The sector from Post Parcmna to V1adim rev 1
was built as a vital soppy route for the defense of Stalingrad? Leaving
Post ParcmanAora, the railroad passes the stations of Paco , Bo2rodnoyee
and 2.aplavnoys. West of Leninek and 2f nd.1es northeast of the center of
Bak tityarovka the line crosses a bridge over a deep, narrow ravine tributary
of the Akhtuby which at. this point is 120 feet wide, Structural details of
the bridge we not kzaowM The Leninsk station is located about lz miles
nortbpnortheast of the center of ton, on the north side of the wain track
are three loop spurs, each approximatoly 914 yards in length, At the east
end of the station, two deaduend sidings yards long parallel the ma3u
track on the south, and a single-track branch line runs 3 niles southeast
to '14 - wwka. The Lentnsk station has no permanent buildings, platforms,
or repair facilities. Its principal function appears to be the handling of
supplies for the Leninsk afield,
Available information indicated that in 191s2 the branch line to i.ialy ev c a
texmthated at a quarter one-fourth mile northeast of the center of the
Dar February 19143 this spur reached the north bank of the Akhtuba River about
a x le imst uoa E st of the center of Iialyyayevka, where a landing pier
w as o mdse indicated, infox intion related to the Post Paromnaya
Kapustin gar sector is based on Source 11,
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probably is to be coitructcd, Along. this spurs approximately 270 yards
north of the landing, a siding branches off to the southeast., teri thating in
a building 280 feet long and 25 feet widen Another short track, reported
under construction in April 1943, leaves this spur line from a point just
southeast of the old quarry,
In the I161yeyevka area the main line crosses two railroad brides)
At a point 2o5 miles north of the center of Mai yevka a 8n11 gully tributary
to the Akhtuba River is crossed by a two span bridge with two central columns,
which nay be of the suspension type, The over-all length of the bridge is
180 feet, and the shore to shore distance is 130 feet, A little beyond this,
where the like crosses another gully, two parallel bridges can be seen on air
photos. Currently, the railroad passes over the soutrhern bridge, and the
rails appear to have been removed from the old bridge to the ncrtho The two
bridges are of similar constructions both having long approach ramps. Over-
all lengths are 900 feet and the clear spans are 120 feet long,
At Solodovka. the station is located 2 miles narthmst of the center of
town) A loop spur 1,0100 yards long runs alongside and to the north of the
main track) 116 builds eggs or platforms are visible on air photographs of
]$m3, but they indicate that a shallow cut extending in an east-northeast
direction was then being dug at the eastern end of the stations This cut
may be either the beginning of a new line .or a siding to a nearby airfield)
At points 350 and 900 yards east of the stations the line crosses stall
gullies by means of culverts,
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Approxfmatei v 1.5 miles northeast of Kolobovka, the line crosses a
deLp9 broad, marshy valle1ya The crossing consists of a viaduct that appears to spa::
the top of a concrete dams The viaduct crosses the north or upstream side of the
dam. Over the eastern half of the dam the viaduct is of multispan lattice construe
tion9 whereas over the astern half the eMstruction is more solids The eastern
half of the dam is higher than the western half, which contains 6 or 7 sluices.
The overall length of . the dam is 630 feet; the eastern half is 3,50 feet wide
and the western. 100 feet video
The station of Kolobovka is located 3 miles eaat.norbheast of the center
of tarn. No buildings or platforms are visible on air photos, A loop spur
900 yards long runs alongside the main line. In February 3,943s,22 holes (each
20 feet square) had been excavated around the station. Although probably
designed for storage, a1a were empty at the tisae. Another bridge crosses over
a water course at a point about 3,5 miles northunortlzest of the center of
staeovo
At Tokarev the station is located 2.5 miles north of tawn, and a loop
spur 800 yards long runs alongside the ruin line. From the east end of the
loop, a spur extends 210 yards to the northwest, Ito platforms or buildings
are visible on 1943 photoes but there w large stocks of freight of some
type around the stations
Approximately 5 miles southeast. from the T okarev railroad station is
the important town of KaVastin 'faro The railroad station is located 2 miles
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east-southeast of the center, of town. A loop spur apprc+ ately 3.200 yards
lm g runs to the south of the main line, and a dead-and siding emends 800
yards westward from its eastern ends At the station is a rove of 11 closely
spaced hutas with a*rerage dimensions of 30 by 20 feet0 Three Idles southeast
of IOpustin Para a ul1y is crossed bj a br&dgf a of single-span construction,
with long approach raapso The span clearance is ?5 feet and the over-all
length,including :amps, is 280 feet0
About one-haU r4 U due north of Solyanica the line crosses a ravine
tributary to the Postepka Riveer0 The bridge is of single-spans, bowstring
types constructed of either steel or reinforced concretes, probab]y the latter.
The dyer-all Length$ including rams,, Is 890 feeto From the bridge the ]line
proceeds In an easterly direction for 403 miles and then turns shady to the
southeast toward Vaadimiravka, passing the stations of Pologa a Zsysaishche
and Pokrovka. At the northern outskirts of Wadi ka, a spur branches
off to the southeast of the main line and rejoins it just east of Aldituba
(72)0 V1adi n rovka and its port facilities at Petropavlasrka (appra? irately
2 miles to the south) is the main salt transshipping center for crude salt
received from Lake Baakuiichak0 From the Petropavlov1Ca railroad station,
located on the Volga RivurD spur lines run north and soazth,0 connecting docks
and shipyards. Petropavl cFvka is connected by a sg i l.e-track railtvad l3
with Akhtuba9 where there is a railroad engine depot (73)o Loaving Ai htuba,
the :Line proceeds in an easterly direction to the important railroad center
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of Verklmiy L ,sk Mobak0 In the stretch between Akhtuba and Verl.hnly Baskuuchak,
thor-a axe several railroad shops and stations, as Polio st stop "L'il omen' v.~;
15,," gochev a stattion, stop "Kilometer 33s" and. Solon,cbak station4 About a
half mile north of Verkhn1y Bask elaak the lino Joins the north-south Saratov
to llstrakbant line at Post Peredacha station* This station* in turn, is
cc meated frith the in station of Ve chniy l3aa cha'k by a spur that branches
off to the right of the saa3.n line (117) 0 Railroad facilities at Verkhnty
Baakunchak consist of general maintenance shops, enginehouses that can accor-
modate 50 locomotives, a railroad-engine depot, and a :railroad-scar repair
shop and depot (73, 71&),
The section of the line from Verkhniy Baskunchak to the terminus at
!Iixlmiy Baskunchak is 7.4 miles lone. Here junction is made with electrified
spurs running north and south that serve salt industries along Lake Basktm
and with a spur 403 miles long that is laid out over the salty crust of. the
lake almost to its center, where salt is pumped directly into waiting railroad
cargo A caterpiuar truck moves both the salt pump and sections of track to
sites of active operations (75), Salt extracted along the northern shores of
the lake is transported by railroad to 11i2hniy Baskunchak0 A 1930 Soviet map
indicates that the northern railroad spur was being extended along the north-
western shore lice.
Is. The Saratov.Aatraldianf Line
;his sixa traclt, i2uasian standard gauge trunk lines which cuts
across the study area from north to south, connects the Caspian Sea port of
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Astra1dlant with Ilosom and the industrial Ural rem by way of Saratovo
1 raterials from the Ural. region, as well as manufactured goods and machtrsry
ft'= the c losew area, are transported to Astrakhan' for transshipment to Baku
and Krassnavodssk. The route is also important for the transport of salt from
Lake B11 ton and Baskuncdzak to Astraidsan1. Verktvniy Basalssunehak is the junction
point with the Post . Paa mugs-fliehaiyr Baskunchak Lin. The 63,3-mile sector
of the line from siding "Kilometer 299," the northernmost stop within the
study area' to Verkhniy Baskuach ak is being converted to diosel en .ne trac-
tion, which will materially reduce the consuMtion of water. The first con.
sigrant of new diesel locomotives are now being sent to Ver hn r Easkunchak
from the Rharkav locomotive works (76)
Entering the study area from the norths the line foUows a straight
southerly co n'se, passing sidings "Kilometer 299" and "111= ter 307." Sidings
along the main line are namF:d according to k .lometer distances from Polwovsk, the
term nus of a T- rile branch line from Anisovka (15 miles southeast of Saratov)
(77). At Elton there is an industrial spur 3a7 miles long that branches off
to the salt-producing areas at Lake El'tone On reaching the shore the spur.
line continues across the salty crust of the lake for a distance of about
05 mileo
Bet:ueen 1314 ton and Saykb n (northeast of Lake Datkult) stations,,* the
railroad crosses 4 small bridges, located 1.1 miles, 1,9 miles, 1,8 reaes$
and l9.I m les, south of Elton. The ma-In bride crosses over the Samaroda
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SECURITY IYIFORI.IATIOII
River, From Sayi.n, the line follows a south easterly direction for a distance
of 5a5 miles,. crossing a railroad bridge about 205 miles southeast of Sayishin
(78),
Beyond the bridge the line then turns sharply to the south toward
Verkhnly Basicuncllak, passing siding "Kilometer 365," Shungay station, and
sidings "Kilometer 101" and "Kilometer 1408" (77). At Verkhniy Baskunchak the line
is joined by the Verkk r Baskunchak-ilazhniy Baskuachak branch of the Ryazan'
Ural System. Approximately 2.5 miles south of Verkhniy Baslu nchak, a spur
line branches off to the east of the main track to stone and ballast quarries
located southwest of Piizhniy Baskunchak, Individual quarries are scrwiced
by feeder lines of the main spurs
From siding "Kilometer 427s" 6,8 miles south of Verkhniy Baakuncbak, to
Bogdo there are numerous cuts and fills along the lined South of Bogdo, the
line passes siding "Kilometer li59," and at Verblyuzh$ya station approaches
within 2 rdles of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain, Southeast of Verblyuzh'ya
the railroad generally parallels the Volga-Althtuba Floodplain, The last stop
of the line within the study area is at siding "Kilometer 186" (77),
B. Roads
Road facilities of the study area are relatively poor. Although
maps of the area shoal a dense network of roads, most of them are ' improved dirt
roads of a seasonal character, trails s'uit4blo only for foot or animal traffic,
or caravan routes. The normal classification of first-, second, and third class
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roads, therefore, does not apply within the area. IU of the eight major
roads of the area lead out from Stalingrad and are trafficable throughout
the yearn Of these, only the three leading westward, northwestward, and
northeastward are classed as highways= at least a part of each is paved or
has a metalled roadbed. On entering Stalingrad, the quality of the major
roads improves and they become part of the street pattern of the city.
)3a or Roads
ON-no
ao Stalingrad-I:oscaw IiiC
+rrr.rr.airlr
A small portion of the Stalingadiioscow Highway lies within
the study area. From south-central Stali,ngrad$ the highway arches northwester
ward and meets the Stalingad&Ilov3.jnskaya Railroad two miles east of the
"Oumrak" station, Beyond this point the highway parallels the east side of
this main line for the remaining distance to Fxolovo, near the edge of the
study area, Air coverage of the road is at too smalla scale and of too poor
quality to provide the basis for a detailed description. The road is about
25 feet wide apparently with a packed earth or gavel surface (66), Prisoner.
ofewlrar information as of 1948s however, states that at least part of the
road has an asphalt surface and is wide enough to carry two streams of
traffic (79)0
be S1alin~r'ade?Saratov IliiF~f-hw
IAlrir rrrr~l~r, s~or
The highway from Stalingrad to Saratov is part of a second
principal road to Iiascow. The alignment generally parallels the high right
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bank of the Volga from 1.4 miles inland, cutting across the alternating inter.
fluves and deep valleys at riglxt angles, The road connects an of the larger
villages situated along the bluffs and in the tributary stream valleys. It is
in fairly good condition, having either a gravel or an improved dirt surface
and an average width of 30 feet. On entering, Stalingrad the road iddens
considerably and merges into the general street pattern, The road, which forms
one of the main north-south routes in Stalingrad City, is approximately 40
feet widen asphalt-surfaced, and in very good condition (56, 66)0
c, Stalin rad~. 3~I.. .
The highway from Krasnoarneysk to Kalach is a sector of the
Volga-Don High way and was recently reported as "co pl etedo" Construction
proceeded from both Kr?asnoarmeysk and Kalach9 with the two sections meeting
at a point between Tundutovo and Gavrilavka (61). Construction of the road
is under the administration of the VolgaDDon highway and VolgaiDon Canal
companies, and the administration is under the direction of Road Construction
Unit la which is headed by IND officers (82),, The road distance from Krasi
noarm7s14 to Cavrilovka is approximately 25 idles, As shown on the base zap
of the study area, the higluzay runs approximately 2 miles west of .E\ndreyevka,
generally parallel to the route of the Volga-Don Canal0
Available reports agree that the highway to a point north of Tuadutovo
runs 1000-1300 feet north of the canal. Beyond that point, however, there is
disagreement as to the exact position of the road, Most of the sources indicate
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that it crosses the canal north of Tundutovo and then proceeds along the
south side of the canal in a northwesterly direction (829 83). This route
lies some 300 to 19000 feet south of the railroad line, which is now under
construction. Other reports, ho-rover, suggest that the highway may continue
along the north side of the canal toward Gavrilovka. (84)o The highway is
20 feet wide and on either side has shoulders 6.5 fees.. wide and about l06
inches higher than the surface of the hig4way6 The elevation of the road
above the surrounding land varies from 5 to 10 feet (82). Bload signs and
drainage ditches are lacking, The roadbed consists of a well-constructed
foundation of rolled 'sand, crushed rock, stone, and tar, surfaced with an
asphalt layer Oo1 to 1.6 inches thick,
Along the section of the highway between Itrasnoarmeysk and Andreyevka,
there are a number of laridges and culverts. The bridges are generally of
reinforced concrete construction, without piers, and about 20 feet widen The
bridge 1.5 miles east-southeast of Chapurniki railroad station has a 100-foot
span and 3-foot sidewalks on bath sides. The bridge a mile north-northwest
of Solyanka has a 130-foot span, with iron protecting rails on the sides.
Two other bridges are located in the western outskirts of Solyanka and
approximately 12.5 miles west?southcrest of Irasnoarmeyek. The lengthsof
the spans are not Irnown but the first has iron protecting rails and the
second both sidewalks and rails.
A wooden emergency bridge is reported to be in use at the highway
crossing over the Volga-Don Canal site. Plans call for the replacement of
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this temporary structure bar a reinforced concrete bridges as well as for the
construction of three new bridges west of the canal site, which will span
ravines ranging from 20 to 33 feet in depth,
The culverts, which are placed in the smaller earthu-filled ravines,
consist of concrete pipes boy feet in diameter. Two culverta, located about
1,2 miles south of Krasnoaneysk and a mile west of 5olyanka, have single
reinforced concrete pipes, Two other culverts, about l.7 miles northeast of
Tundutovo, consist of three reinforced concrete pipes -- the two on the bottom
laid parallel and the third resting on top,
d, Stalingrad-Ka avsaya k Road
IrMMYd
The road to Karpovskaya follows the general line of the Stale
in;rad Likhaya railroad line, over fair]g flat terrain (66). It connects
Stalingrad with KrutengkSr and its important railroad yards and leaves the
25X1C stuctr area near Earpovskaya. ~~~Fndicate that the road has an
improved (packed) dirt-on-gravel surface and is 39.4 feet wide (l17). Because
photo coverage of the road is at small scale and of poor quality, a detailed
description is not possible.
e. Stalin rad?A1 anerovo Road
This road, with an improved-dirt or gravel surface, leads
in a general southwesterly direction. From iZrasnoarmeysk, it runs south to
Dol. shire Chapurnild, where it turns westward for a distance of 10 =Lies to
Tundutovo. From Tundutovo, the road follows the west side of the Stalingradm
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Tikhoretsk-Krasnodar railroad line southwestimrdo At the Abganeravo station
the road turns southeast to Abganerovo village, The road, which follows fairly
level terrain, is generally straight, with only a few sharp curves. It is
appro:dmately 30 feet 'ride (117, 66),
f, St alingrad'Astrald'ant Road
The course of this road follows the right bank of the Volga east
and southeastward from Srasnoarmeyvk, connecting most of the larger villages
situated on the rivor bank, The roadbed is approxiraately 30 feet 'aide and
is either metalled or gravel surfaced. !Tide earth trails run alongside the
roadp making a total 'width of some 160 feet, Approximately 10 miles east-
southeast of Krasnoarraesrsk, the road joins an improved dirt road that connects
the Volga port of Svetlyy Yar with Boll shiye Chapin-ni ci, by way of Lake Sarpa.
The latter road is still under construction between Lake Sarpa and Liman
Tarmansldy,
Continuing in a generally southeastward direction, the Astrakhan' road
passes the southern outskirts of the Volga port of FkVgorod and of the town
of Solodniki, Two miles south-southeast of Solodniid, a number of dirt
tracks converge on the main road and cross a bridge 220 feet long and 25 feet
video There is evidence that vehicles use the water course as a road during
dry seasons, A second fridge, located 2,5 miles southeast of Solodnikip
seems to have an over-all length of 1115 feet, an overall width of 25 feet,
and a water amp of 90 feet, From the bridge eastward, the road appears to
be of more recent construction and better surfaced0
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Four and a half miles southeast of 5olodnilxis the road forks the main
road continuing due southeast to Vyasovka and the left branch running north-
east to ICS Yard, About 8 stiles east-southeast of Solodnlid, a causeway
35 feet wide carries the main road above ground that appears to. be low and
marshy. An improved dirt road from Kammrj7 Yar rejoins the main road at a
point 2 miles northwest of Vyazovka, and a branch road joins it from the
north side of the causeway about 14 miles west-northwest of Vyazovkaa Avail-
able information indicates that work on the causeway had not been completed
as of September 1912, at which time the causeway extended as far as the vest
bank of a small tributary of the River Vyazovka at the western end of the
village of Vyazov1a0 Apparently a bridge as to be built at this point.
In 1942 the road crossed the river at a ford appro te],y !L0 yards farther
north, In the center of the tams the Vyazovka River is crossed by a single.
span bridges probably of reinforced concretes The bridge has an oven-all
length of 210 feet and a width of 25 feet. Seven and a half miles southeast
of Vyzaovkas a branch road runs north-northeast to Stupino via Pady and rejoins
the main road 2 miles- northwest of Staritsao ,
In the VyazovvkaaStaritsa area the road no longer :nuns on an embankment
and consists. of perfectly straight sections connected by gentle curveso
Little information is available on the section of the road from Staritsa to
TsagannAmans near the edge of the study area. As an improved dirt- or gravel.
surfaced road with an averaCe width of 30 feet, it continues to run roughly
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parallel to the right bank of the Volga fiver, passing through the river
ports of Cherrjyy Yar and iIikol I skoyeo The urban areas of (k'achi and Vetlyanka
are connected with the main road by improved dirt-or gavel-surfaced roads,
Between Solenoye 7a3rrishohe and Prishib, several bridges cross small water*
courses and ravines, but no information is available as to their lengths
or widths.
ciao Stalin, I , yloyka Road (71,9 11,17 )
The Stalingrad&Ilikhaylcmka roads paralleling the northern and
eastern edge of the Volga?llkhtuba F'l.oodplain, is part of a second main road
between Stalingrad and Astralshango It has an Improved dirt or gavel surfaces
is approrJxately 30 feet wide, and is well maintained and useable at all
seasons. In a number of places the road ascends and descends steep banks
and ravines alonC the edge of the floodplaino
The roads actually, has no direct connection with Stalingrad but begins
at the village of Krasnayra Sloboda on the floodplain opposite the city*
Traffic from Stalingrad is carried by ferry to Krasnaya Slobodae From there
the road proceeds in an easterly direction over the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain,
crossing two small bridges over water courses at Burhovskiy and Rybachiyb
At the town of Sredxyaya Airhtuba the road reaches the Alchtuba Rivers which
is crossed by what appears to be a data or an embankment (117)
In Srednyqya Ahhtuba the road connects with improved dirt-or gravel-
surfaced roads that lead irmst-nortlwest to Verrlchniy Akhtuba and SrednemProgromnoye
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and then northeast to a point about 2*8 miles north of the "ur0Bollshoy Limann
Eastward from Srednaya 'Ak htuba the main road follows the north bank of the
Al htuba Rivers passing through the western outskirts of the torn of Zaplavnca
to the center of Leninoks where it divides into three main thorourifareso
For 3 rd.3es these roads run roughlj parallel in a southeasterly directions
The three roads converge
The southernmost is genera r used for through traffic* The three roads
converge at the eastern end of town. Approx mately l05 miles east of Leninsk
an improved, dish or gravel-surfaced road about 25 feet wide branches off the
main road northeast to BudenMy0 Dy now, it may have been extended to Bo10 shevik
to join an improved road that cane toward Zhitkur and El'tono
Six riles east of the center of Leninsk the main road crosses a tributary
of the Akhtuba on a bridge 120 feet long and 20 feet vide. At this points
the shore-to-shorn width of the river bed is 60 feeto On the northern out-
skirts of Solodovka- an improved dirt road forts to the northeast for a' stretch
of 505 mil>es* Two miles northwest of Kolobovlca the main road descends the
vall?y of an intern ttent tributary$ which it crosses on a single-span bridge
at considerable height above the water level0 An embankment connects the
southeast end of the bridge with the plateau. The follocdr ; information is
available on the crossings span of bridges 160 feet; width of bridges 25 feet;
northwest ramps 320 feet; southeast embanlossnts 120 festj-and shore-to-shares
75 feeto
-117Go
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Immediately to the -.mot of the present bridge is an old and apparently
unused bridge0 At a distance of 2a5 miles west of Kapust3n Yard the main
road crosses a watercourse and divides into two branches, both of which pass
through Kapustin Yarn A number of dirt roads lead to the. north and northeast
from Kapustin Yar. One of these terrdnates at the vil.l,age Ironstitutsiya,-
in the immediate vicinity of Kapustin Yar airfield (Figure 35 photo)o
The two branches of the main road converge about 2 miles east-southeast
of the center of town. Air photographs as of 19)42 show numerous tracks
alongside the main surfaced roads as weU as several parallel earth tracks
about a mile due east to the Napustin Yar railroad station* About 65 miles
southeast of Kapustin Yar the road crosses a dry watercourse by moans of an
embanlauent,A which was probably constructed for protection against flood water.
The embankment has an over-e.21 length of 180 feet and is 50 feet zride.
One mile north of the center of aolyanka the road descends into the
valley of the Postepka River, which it crosses on a sing7.eo.spannn bridge of
steel-,arch construction. The bridge is 250 feet long and 25 feet wide, with
a shore-to-shore distance of about 140 feet0 The road, which is 30 feet widen
ascends the steep eastern side of the valley by means of a deep cut 950 feet
long with a width of 140 feet at the top. Three-quarters of a mile east of
Sow, the road crosses a smarm stream on a single-span, steelp bowstring-
type bridge,, which has an overall length of 125 feet and a width of 25 feet.
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Thereafter, the road follows a generally southeastward course to
Vladi r vka0 In Vladl mxrovka an iz roved dirt or gravel surfaced road
26,2 feet wide branches off in a northeasterly direction. The branch road
is only U mules in lengthen From Vladim3rovka the pain road continues its
general course paralleling the Akhtuba IMver. It Grosses the Vladimirovkam
Ili y Baskuuchak railroad east of Aklituba at a level crossing. Between
Akhtuba and Ilovonikolayetka the road crosses several steep but short ravines.
No information is available on bridges or culverts. One nil.e northeast of
:lovonikolayevka another irproved dirt- or gravel.-surfaced road branches off
the main road and runs northeast to the center of Verkly Baskunchako At
Verkhni.v Baskunchak this road turns northward, then westuard9 doubling back
for 0 ales toward Vlad rovkaa This stretch runs parallel to the south
aide of the Saratov--Astrakhan' railroad. It is anticipated that the road
will, ultimately be extended to Petropavlovka., thus forming a second traffic
route for salt shipmnts from Lake Daskunchak to the Volga River,,
Southeast of ilovonikol yevka the main improved section of the road
suddenly texninates to the north of the desert area around Bolkhuuy0 An
unimproved stretch of dirt road leads to Boles =y and Pirogovka. Beyond
Pirogovka the main road continues as an improved dirt or gravel higc r to
i;dlthaylovImo North of ITLkhaylovka it, connects w th uhe SaratovvAs rakhana
railroad line at Varblyuxh rya 'station. After running parallel to the line
for a distance of 2 m l.es, R. turns southwest to i lovkao Two unimproved
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dirt roads connect Ilikhaylovka with Sasykolio
Staling ad Tsa QUe Derbety Road (669 117)
This.road leading southward has an improved-dirt or gravel
surface and is approximately 25 feet wide. It passes through flat country
that is subject to flooding in the wet season and alternately runs along
the west and east sides of lakes Sarpas Tsatsaf Barmantsak9 and Prishib.
Lake Prishib and the town of I1alyye Derbety lie beyond the limits of the
study area. The road is characterized by long straidit stretches. Just
south of Kraenoarmeysk and about 1.3 m l.es northwest of Labe Sarpa9 it
crosses a tributary of the lake by means of a deck-typo bridge, probably of
concrete construction. The bridge is 100 feet long
and 40 feet wide. The
road then follows the western shoreline of Lake Sarpa and at I1a1yye Chapur-
niki crosses a second tributary of LaIte Sarpa on a concrete brides 440 feet
long and 70 feet wide. In the center of 13o1'ah3e Chapurniki an
dirt or gravel-surfaced road branches off towards the west to Tundutovo. At
Dubovyy 0vrag,, 26 miles soutch of Stalingcady a bridge of concrete construc-
tion carries the road over a third tributary of Lake Sarpa. This bridge is
reported to be 230 feet long and 120 feet wide. The shore-to-shore distance
is 180 feet0 South of Dubovyy Ovirag the road passes east of the Doltshaya
Tingata$ an interud ttent stream tributary to Lake Tsatsa9 and follows a
southward course east of lakes Tsatsa and Bari ntsak. Immediately south of
the study area the road divides into two sections. One branch crosses the
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narrow water passage between lakes Barn3antsak and Prishib on a l brid
and then skirts the western side of Lake P2 .sliibp via Ilaayye Derbety0 The
other branch,, reported under constructions runs atrai.ght South along the
east side of the lake, Approximately toO miles southeast of the Vie, the
two branches converge0 From the study area the road leads into the North
Caucasus by way of Steppnay and eventually connects with the Tbilisi highway
system near Dzaudzhi kau6
2Q Strand Reads in the City of Stalinrad
All of the rain streets in Stalin7ad are pavedo They have been
cleared of wartime rubble but in some respects still show surface damage
that resulted A-= fidAing in World Wax U (79)0 The. avera street width
ranges from 20 to 1=0 feet* Smaller streets are unpaved, usually of packed
earth.. and are poorly drained and maintained (56), tlitlzin the City,, there are
a number of bottlenecks and sharp corners that restrict movement of heavy
traffics Streets in the industrial and harbor areas are particularly narrow (79)o
The main north south highway route loading through Stalingrad pr.operp
Beketorka and Kraenoanmeysk has been greatly improved since the wars At
present it is heavily used for transporting materials to the constr a ion
site of the Vol;a.Don Canal (80)0 Reconstruction of the Stalin'adiBeketcw1
section began in summer of 194$ and was completed by 1949 (31). The old road,
which was formerly constructed of cobblestones,p is now surfaced with asphalt,
Four to five miles north of Beksto ka the new highway- forks off the old road
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but meets it again in the southern outskirts of town. The highway that passes
through the center of Beketavka is elevated 3.3 feet above the surrounding
lando In this area, the road is approxxm tell 26 feet video Althoug, part
of the road is paved with asphalt, the remainder is still cobblestoneo A
drainage ditch parallels the road an each side. The soft shoulders were
originally 4 inches higher than the sides of the highway, ' but heavy traffic
has now lowered them to the highway level (80)o North of Beketovka the
foundation . is being laid for a bridge that tri1l span a ravine.
The section of highway from the southern outskirts of Beketovkm to
I{rasnoarmeysk has also been built on top of the old cobblestone road (55)0
Reconstruction of this section began in spring of 1948, Equipment for the
new road came frm the Krasr 'y Oltyabr, plant in Stalingrad and sand from
a pit located southwest of Belmtovka0 The now highway has a base about I
feet deep of coarse sands topped with a gravel and asphalt layer 1 to 1.5
inches thick. Soft shoulders 5 feet in width line the road on both sites.
This section of the highway has no brides but it has 5 or 6 culverts cons
listing of l or, in some cases, 2 parallel concrete pipes. ITo drainage
ditches, kilometer markers, or road sagas have been reported. A row of wooden
telephone poles parallels the cast side of the road (80)o
A considerable amount of reconstruction is in progress along other main
thoroughfares in the central part of Stalingrad, Several plans for reconstruc.s
tion have been approved by the Architectural. Affairs Co ittee attached to the
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Council of I1inistera of the Uo50SaR. (85). The plans call for a system of
squares interconnected by broad avenues. In the city blocks bounded by
I:oskovskaya., Iicrosomols skaya.,, Sovetskaya and Olctyabr' skaya streets., the clearing
of rains and the carting ajray of debris has been completed* Public buildings
to house Oblast and City Bxscutiv~e Committees and, other agencies are to be
built in the region around Ploshchad' Pav"shykh Bortsov (Square of Fallen
Fi aters)o The square will be connected by Alleya Geroyev (Avenue of Heroes)
with Ploshchadt Pobecty (Victory Square) on the Volga River. Broad terraces
along Allege Geroyev will be adorned with monuments to the defenders of
Stalingrad and a statue of Stalin in commemoration of the Stalingrad Victory
(86).
One of the main north-south thorou ifares9 Prospect im. Stalin (Avenue
Stalin)a which will be lined with apartment houses and public buildings (85)9
leads i n t o t h e c i t y f r o m t h e s o u t h a n d t e r m i n a t e s a t t h e main or north railroad
station. Beyond the railroad station it will be extended to the northern
outskirts of the city (the Tractor Plant Stalingrad III) as zllitsa ICrasW
Armeyak. Recent reports describe both of these sections as cobblostaned and
2033 feet wide (56)a
Other main streets are the Ulitsa Pionerakaya and Ulitsa ;Ira (53). The
first begins at the main railroad station and extends northward. It is 40 feet
in irldth.,with asphalt surface and concrete curbs and gutters. The second has
recently been completed and was opened for traffic in December 1950. It has
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the same width and type of surface as Ulitsa Pionersltayao 25X1 C
25X1 C - claims that an asphalt-surfaced motor road is being constructed from
Stalingrad to the village of Rynolc, approximately 2 m:1.les to the northeast (70),
It is probable that the main north-south highway route follows parts of several
of these thorouChfareso
Several highway bridges have been built across tributaries of the Volga.
Detailed descri,?tions of these bridges are given in Appendix IV-A.
3. Roads near Urda (217)
A sigttficant road construction development is noted in Urda area.
A Soviet map series at D2000000,0 published in 3,942 by the General Staff of
the Red Army (327)9 shows three improved dirt-or jravel-surfaced roads extending
to the northeast, north, and northwest, The first two roads have improved
surfaces for approximately 2 wiles each, and then continue as unimproved dirt
roads. The road leading northwest in the direction of Saykhin is completed
for 3 miles and under construction for 12.4 additional miles. If completed to
Sayithin, this road would connect Urda with the Saratav'.Aatrakhan? railroad
line, The existence of these improved road facilities to Urda, a rather iso-
lated urban area, probably indicates some recent developments of significance
in that area.
4. nor foads2 Trails,, and Caravan routes (117)
Aside from the eight main roads leading out from Stalingrad, the
nettrork in the study area, consists of unimproved dirt roads (Figures 4 and 0),,
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caravan routes, and trails, whose seasonal character creates serious trans-
portation problems for large sections of the study area., During rainy seasons
ufi1rnved made are usually impassable ruts, with mud axle-deep. In the dry
season,'theg are dusty but trafficable for motor vehicles.
Unimproved roads are adequate in number in the area north of the Volga-
JUdhtuba Floodplain and west of the Saratov.Adrakhan+ railroad. I1ar r of these
roads lead from towns located along the A htuba River northeastward to the
larger centers in the Caspian Lowland, such as Zhitkur, Shungay, and Verkbnfy
Baslcunchak, Others focus on small villages and hamlets and serve only local
traffic,
Uest of the Volga Rivers a number of northwest-southeast unimproved dirt
roads focus on the Stalingrad area and on other settlements along the right
bank of the river. Most of the traffic, however, moves along the better roads
with improved dirt or gravel surfaces that radiate from Stalingrad,
Within the swamp areas of the Volga?Akhtuba Floodplain, except at the
western end near Stalingmd, there are no true roads, merely trails and foot-
paths, which are impassible even by foot during flood periods, Pack-animals
and camels are often used to transport bul1ry (freight and merchandise,
South of the Volga lkhtuba Floodplain, the number of roads decreases,
cost of theca had outward from larger populated settlements on the right bank
of the river, usually in a southwesterly direction.
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Bast of the Saratav-Astralchant railroad lines even unimproved dirt roads
decrease in number and beccue practically nonexistent in the desert areas
northeast of the Shor Khaki (salt flats) and south and southwest of Azar,
Transportation in these areas follows caravan routes and trails. The active
trade formerly carried over the caravan routes from USSR,, via Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan,, and Turkmenistan, to Iran and Afghanistan has to a large extent
been absorbed by recently built railroads and the expanding of shipping
facilities on the Caspian Sea, Today, the caravan routes are used chiefly
for the seasonal movement of cattle and camel herds and for some local trade,
C. Inland :Iaterwaj Transport
^ ^ rrrrrnsin~r+nrrr ur ?rr~^.n.-wrw
Inland waterway transportation within the study area is concentrated
along the broad, navigable Volga River. Little traffic uses the Akhtuba River
owing to its many' obstructions and shallowness. The Volga-'Don Canal, which
is now being constructed, Will. Zreatly increase both the voa.uma and value
of water traffic within the area by affording direct access to the Donets
Basin and the Black Sea.
Port installations are concentrated in the Stalinvad area (Stalingrad--
Beketovka-E'rasnoarmeysk) and at Petropaviovka, the port of Vladimirovka, The
major ports are especially equipped to handle, the various types of products
shipped in or out of the area. flair of the smaller landing places along
both banks of the Volga have no port installations (docks, piers, etc,) and
are used primarily for local trade.
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The Volga River Is the most important inland water-transport route
25X1C in the USSR.
place the tonnage carried by the river and its
tributaries, the K a and the Oka, at about one-half the total inland shipping
of the USSR. About or tenth of the Volga shipping is concentrated in the
bOOandle section between Stalingrad and the Caspian Sea (88) o
Through its major tributaries and connecting canals., the Volga links a
number of the most economically important rogi.ons of the USSR. The Volga
system provides the route of traffic for crude oi.l and fish of the Caspian
area, cotton from Turkestan,, ores from the Urals,; cereals from the middle and
lower reaches of the Volga Region, lumber from the upper reaches of the Volga,9
and salt from Lakes Baskunchak and Bl'ton, as well as various industrial pro-
ducts from the Stalingrad area (87)q
As a means of transport the Volga River is even more important than the
rail lines of the study area. In 1933,4 for a le, the total vo:bm a of
freight turnover at Stalingrad ins 40. million tons, of which 209 million tons
were classified as river freight (21).
Uavigability on the Volga and the operation of several of the ports can
be maintained only by systematic dredging of sand bars and silt accum a ations,
Ary slackening of this operation mould cause a serious traffic tie-up and
would considerably reduce the tonnage that could be shipped, especially in
late suer when wetter is lowest> To maintain the depths required for loaded
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vessels, it is necessary to dredge and clear the bottom of the approaches to
whams (Stalingrad-IIeketovk4Lp1rasnoarmeysk) as Drell as the Amin cha nel0
Dredging of the channel to maintain a depth of 7 feet be5ins. as hiI waters
start to recede in the early summer (4). Itarna0ement and maintenance of the
river navigation is handled by Volga Administration for River Transport (VLZRT).
The Stalingrad Section of VU'IT is responsible for the stretch from Kai rshim
to Vladialrovka and the Astz han? Section for the stretch from V1adimirovka
to the mouth of the river, Volga shipping is also handicapped by freezing
for long periods, ranging from 90 days at the mouth to 160 days in the upper
reaches. The average freezing period at Stalingrad is 110 dayso The average
date for the beginning of navigation at Stalingrad is April 7 (33).
Craft commonly used for Volga traffic consist of freight-pas .end
steamers, tugs, and barges, The freight-passenger steamers are. g+enerslly
side-wheeler or diesel screw driven, but they vary in size and in freight and
passenger capacity, according to the stretch of the river in zdaich they operate,
The largest vessel noted by an American observer was 230 feet long (21).
I:ost of the tugs used are about 130 feet lang. The most powerful (300 to 900
horsepower) are used to pull petroleum barges. Harbor tugs corm anly are 140
to 130 horsepower? Barges are of several types, depending on the commodity
transported.. 0:11 barges are morally of steel construction. Wooden dry-
freight barges are used for carry.1ng bread,., salt, and metals. In f ight
capacity they range from 1j,500 to 3,000 tons and in length from 1614 to 323
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feeto Low decked iron or wooden barges (~)3 used to transport lumber
and grain are generally 16 to 278 feet long (4)o
Although. Stalingrad is a large market for industrial and civilian goods,
the bulk of the freights both rail and waters passes throw the city on route
to other areas, The principal bulk coi m odities handled are lumber and petrole un0
An estimated 40 percent of the total freight in 1933 consisted of south-.bound
lumber (Figures 18 and 19)9 catch of which was unloaded at Stalingrada processed in
its large tzoochror king plants, and shipped by rail to the Donets Basing Thirty
percent of the total river freight consisted of northbound petrol eun from
the Transcaucasuso Because of the quantity transshipped to the Donets areas
Stalingrad has become a major petroleum storage centers
Other Items arriving at Stalingrad by rieans of the Volga are fish from
the south and manufactured products from the northo Large quantities of coal
and iron and other ores now enter Stalingrad by rail ft-cm the treat and are
transferred to the Volga for shipment northward to the Central Indurztrial
Region (Iloecow) (21)
The,port of Stalingrad proper extends for a distance of 34 miles along
the river near the center of the city* Port facilities (Figures 2Om25)
include piers, quays, conveyors9 cranes and mechanical cargo handling and
transshipment equipment for grain and other products* The .port also includes
t o coal transship pmnt areas that are served by spurs of the Stalingrad-
Tikhoretsk?Kraanodar railroad*
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A large lumber transshipment area, "Losobaza," is situated near the
Krasnoarmeyek section of the city (217). On the north side of K a.snoar .
is the Sarepta harbor,, which is situated In a backwater of the Voloa, At the
entrance of the Sarepta harbor is the Red Arm r s shiipyard, w iich has 11 wharves,
Of these, one servos the shipyard and four appear to be coal handling wharves,
The shipyard occupies a walled area of 900 by 600 yards in extent. A broad-side
launching slip, 360 feet wide and 1,0600 feet longs is situated on the eastern
side of the yard (66). Ships built here are towed away by sx a17, tugs (O9).
Another shipyard of the Stalingrad area is located on the east bank of
the Volga Diver at the northern edge of the village of Kraenaya.Sloboda. This
yard handles repairs of river craft exclusively$ including tugs, motor launchesQ
and barges (90, 91). Kras7ya Sloboda is connected with Stalingrad by a ferry,
which runs on a r0 ;ular schedule. It is believed that there is an oil barge
unloading platform northeast of Kraanaya Sloboda, approxianately 150 yards fr=
the east bank, with an underwater pipeline to the oil.tank fan on the west
bank (1213)0
Stalingrad has two docks for river passengers. One handles the local
traffic up and down the west bank, as well as ferries to Krasnaya Sloboda and
excursion boats to the "park of culture" across the river, The rather passenger
dock is about s0 yards farther south and handles long-distance inter-city
traffic, Both docks are located in the central section of the city (1213),
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There are five ferries in the Stalingrad area in addition to the l :rasnaya
Sloboda ferry. Of these, the Latashanka-Post Paromnaya ferry is most si,71ifi..
canto It cares across the Volga the Stalingrad'Astralchan' road and rail
traffic. Recent reports, however, indicate that a dual-purpose bridge spanning
the Volga just north of the ferry line has been co;pleted to replace the ferry
(21, 70). The other ferries carry traffic between the island "Sarpins1d and
Beketovka and !e]. a shank, (119)0'
The seconds ranking port in the study area is PetropavlovL-a (1.6 miles
south of Vladiui rovka). It serves both rivers, since it is situated on the
Aldituba River at a point zfiiere it connects :,Tith a navigable side channel of
the Volga River. Cereals;, lumber, potatoes, and vegetables are brought to
the port by wooden barges of about 5,000 tons capacity, towed by oil.-fired
tugs (92). Petropavlo'rka ships out almost all of the salt produced from Lake
Baskunchak, which is brought in by rail for processing at the 7 salt mills
of the vieinitye Salt is transloaded onto wooden barges for shipnnt to
Stalingrad or Astrakkhan& 4 Petropavlovlm also has ship repair shops for bath
tugs and barges of the lacer Volga River Fleet (93). The barge repair shop
is old and its equip::mnt is in poor condition. The tug repair shop, however,
is relatively new, having been built during the latter part of World War II,
In winter the harbor is used for stwor na over 100 barges (94)o
Salt shipping procedures in Pctrapavlovka have been reported to be tug
satisfactoryo The Peoples s Com issariat for the River Fleet (flIRF) reported
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that, during the 19143 navigation period, the barges received from the Upper
and ';fiddle Volga Shipping Adrdmistration were so filthy that salt shipments
had to be delayed (95) o On 20 April 1,9I16, I st stated that salt producers
did not have their earg-oes ready in time for scheduled shipment, During the
first days of navigation in 3,0246 a critical situation arose on the Lower Volga
Rivera Althouji the salt-shipxn ont quota of Petropavlovka had been set at
5,500 to 7,9000 tons of salt a days, the izinistry of Food Industry delivered
only 128500 tons of salt to the port betwen 24 Larch and 12 April,
Other landing facilities in. the study area are of two types* those with
docking installations, and those trithout air installations. The first group
includes the fallow s Dubovkaa Pichugay Latashanka$ Svetlyy Yar9 { 'c ki.a
Ray ,orodp Cherry Yar, and Ilikol's]aoye. The second -Aoup includes Legkodimova
minor landing points in the Stalin ad and Bekstovka areas' and a smll ferry
service south of l z?ivoxha (3.17).
2. Akhtuba River Traffic
Traffic on the Akhtuba River is limited to very saaall flat-bottom
barges and motor boats because the river bed is shallow, narrow, and unregu-
lated0 Available infox aation indicates that in the near future the Alchtuba
will be danced at the point ihiere it now leaves the Vol; a and a canal connect-
ing the two rivers will be built a little to the southo Large dredges have
arrived to start on the ocnstruction of the cannal& which Will. connect the
Akhtuba and Vole. rivers near the site of the planned dam (96)0
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30 The Vo1Don Canal
The. "Greater Volga Plan" and the building of the Volga.-Don Canal
will r7eat3y improve the river-transport system of the European USSR, The
Volga River terminus of the canal is located south of Krasnoarraeysk, From
this point the canal will proceed due south for a short distance and then
gradually turn towards the southwest along the galleys of the Cherulenaya
and 1caxpovka rivars and finally northwest toward the Don IZivcra The canal
is scheduled for completion by the spring of 1952, Judging from current
intelligence reports and peat Soviet performance in construction work, hoar,
it is very doubtful that this canal wil1 be completed in 1952 or be in operation
by 1953. With the completion of the canal the volume, composition, and the
direction of traffic flooring along the more import-ant waternrab s of the Soviet
Union will be materially changed.
According to reports, canal traffic will release for other uses 400,000
two-axle freight cars within the next_3 or 1 years, The necessity for the
double railroad transshipment of cargo, at Kalach and at Stalingrad, will be
el urinated, and the center for freight transshipments may be shifted from
Stalingrad to some point possibly. as far west as Rostov (97) It has been
outimated that the total freight turnover within the Don Basin will be
increased 5 or 6 fold (98)
The main f ight to be transported along the Volga-Don Canal will be
coal from the Dornots Basin, which will be delivnred to the large manufacturing
~
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toms on the Volga and to the steel producing centers in the Urals (99). The
canal will also ma&n it possible to ship Ukrainian wheat and fish from the
Don and I{uban'rivers to most of the major towns in the Volga Basins Timber
from the Imes, Vetlu,-Aa Unzha, and Kostx . river areas will fom an imporm
tant part of the return traffic to the Laver Don region and the Ukrt.dneo
Chemical fertilizerss largely apatites from the Roles Peninsulas, will be sent
to the south along the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Volga-Baltic 1latervray System,,
and the Volga .rsteno lachiness, equipment, metals, and industrial goods will
be sent to the Ukraine and North Caucasus from the Leasing ads, the Iloscotrp and
the Ural areas (100). Ruch of the local freight neods of the 118-mile
stretch along its route will also be met by the new canal.
The Committee on Construction for the Volga-Don Canal has reported the
follocaing statistics concerning then number, dimension, and capacity of vessels
to operate on the canals maximum dimensions, 56 x 39i feet; ma t n m drau .ts,
9A feet; and mmd= nmnIx-.r of vessels during the navigation period? 95,400
(101).
D. Airfields (21, 58, 71, 102.m106, 103-112, and 126)
Within the stvctr area there is a total of 77 airfields (see Appendix
IV- D). These airfields were all active during the severe fighting in the
Stalin' ad area in 1941 and 1940 Accordin ; to the latest available informa-
tion, only five of the airfields are now classified as active*
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The active fields are located west of the Volga River tzithin a l2-mile
radius of Stalingrad (see Appendix IV-D), The Sta,ling:radm]3el:etovl Fields
near Delastovka, the largest airfield in this area., is used by the Soviet Air
Force for paratrooper training,, The StalingradbGorodishche Field, located
northeast of Stalingrad near Gorodishehe. Is a medium-sized fields Ito infor-
mation is available as to the current use or facilities of this field. The
Stalingrad-Q=-ak Field.9 located west of the rail junction at Gumrak, is the
second largest field in the Stalingrad area, Recent reports indicate that
Jet fighters and four-en,3.ned bombers zaay bo based at this field, The
StalingradbKonnaya Field,, northeast of the Konnaya railroad station, is also
reported to be a training base for paratroopers, The Stalingrad-Southwest
(Voroponovo) Fields southwest of Stal ngrad, is operated jointly by the Soviet
Civil Air Line "AIIROFLOT" and the Soviet Air Force. Since the abandonment of
the Stalingrad-Tsaritsyn Airfield as an active field (58), the : ? a ad-Southuee z
Field is believed to have ass=ed the handling of all civil air service of
the Stalingrad area.
The inactive fields are largely concentrated in an area extending northward
and eastward from the Vol ;a-Alrhtuba Floodpla to to the Saratov-Astrakhan9 Rail.
road. Infors Lion on these fields is based pr3tarily on 1942-44 sources,,
supplemented by some postwar Intelligence data for a few of the fields. Con-
sequentlyr9 the inactive airfields are described substantially as they here
during Uorld War II* At that tin, racy airfields were developed hastily
x3,35?
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and had few facilities. Virtually no information is available as to which
of these fields have been totally abandoned. Probably many are being rain'
tamed on an inactive basis so that they could be put into operation with P.
minimum of effort should the need arise (102).
Of the 72 inactive fields$ 20 are considered important for the purpose
of this stucty? All of these are located north and northeast of the Voigp
AL-Ihtuba Floodplam within a 3S-nile radius of arapustin YarG Detailed descrip-
tiow for 11 of these fio34s are presented in. Appendix IV-B. Virtu&13,v no
information is available for the romainlnC; q fields,
ca 136-
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 our
SSMURITY 0"
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HIHLL R&PB].'
Ge a ~a Soarces
(1) Lkadomiya Nauk SSSR, Institut Geografii, IN11hon ;ovolzh?ve.
Fiz_?lko~3?~. 2o ,fjcheakos;eOoiw, Moscow, 1948.
(2) Borisov, A.A., KlimatX SSS L Moscow, 1948.
(3) Tikhomirov, I.K., and Ryazantseva, Z.N., Sit Zavozh ;y,
(Vypuek IX), Moscow, 1939.
(4) Tsentral'noye Byuro Vodnogo Kadastra, SB chnikno
V g0m Resursam S.S.S.R.w Vol. 5, N ee Povolzh e. Leningrad, 1934.
(5) Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Botanicheakly Institut In. V.L.
Komarova, K da BAftite Host, i. opgUkov Chasti SW-R, Leningrad, 1950.
(6) Borodin, I.A., PKisorodnn a Kh atvo Povolzh'3ra, Moscow,
1947.
(7) Kovda, V.A., Pachw Prikasnisekoy NixM9posti, Moscow, 1950.
(8) Pokshishevskiy, V.V., P avozh ss, Moscow, 1951.
(9) RRayonv I Nasel, enn y e Pun, Stalin adskoso Kra`va,
Stalingrad, 1936.
(10) Yakubov, T.F., "Peski Naryn Polupustynnogo Nizhnego
Zavolzh' ya," Truddv P ochvennoao Institutaimml V.V _,Dnkue veva,
Vol. 17, 1938, pp. 7.117.
(11). Bo'ha ovetsava. E tsiklo, 1st ed., Vol. 52,
1947, pp. 6354638.
(12) Gerasimov, I.P.9 "Geograficheakiye Nablyudeniya v Prikaspii,"
Izvestiva Akadenii Nauk SSSR. gaJIM Geo ? ; hest No. 4, 1951,
pp. 3?15.
(13) Soyete va on &No. 8, 1950.
(14) Stalinggradakoye 0blastnoye Upravlenlye Sel'skogo Khozyaystva,
AerMftUgan Qdoov ht &W km Ko homy i Sovkhozov
SWzradskov Otolasti, Stalingrad, 1951.
(15) Stalingradskoye 0blastnoye Upravleniye Sel'skogo Khozyaystva,
i o Vosdel 21poMEM Sell skokh the kh Kul'tur
S_ts?i "raa skov 0b1 ski. Stalingrad, 1950.
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(16) Department of States mow R. No. 59, 19 August 1946
(Restricted).
(17) 1z?estiya Akademifi Nauk SSSR?. Sar v G22fin fiche k y , No.
1951.
1,
(1S) EnEbs, Moscow, 28 July 1951.
(19) 1~0E l ov Sovetskiv Atiea Mi_ Vol. I, 1937, and Vol. TI,
1939, Moscow.
(20) CIA, OM, 1st1mate of Materials Division (Secret).
(21) Library of Congress, Air Research Division, Target Complex
Study No. 26, Stal d (/1..13), June 1951 (Secret).
(22) CIA, ORR, Estimate of Industrial Division (Secret) .
(23) Treasure Island No. 85791; extract from GAP va v Sl roles,
1949, No. 6 (Nov.-Dec.), p. 22.
(25) CIA, CRR, Estimate of Xbonomio Services Division (Secret).
(26) U.S. Army, Information from Engineer Strategic Intelligence
Division (Confidential).
(27) Shabad, Theodore, 2221=o. v of the USSR , New York, 1951.
(28) Treasure Island No. 057127; extract from V_o Svota,
April 1947.
(29) Sams onov, Yefimov, and others, editors, liahneyey~? e_ p vo zh a ve,
Stalingrad, 1934.
(30) Shimkin, Dmitri, Minerals Self-Suf~icietaosr of the USSR,
Cambridge, Mass., 19109.
(31) sv st , Moscow, 14 August 1947.
(32) Foreman, A.E., and Shcherbakov, D.I., iim1 o?Tchesk
Sv Leningrad, 1925.
(33) Akademiga Nauk SSSR, iMO Moscow, 1926.
(34) Geologicheskiy Komitet, Xves . Vol. 4% Nos. 1.5, 1929.
(35) Golybyanikov, V.D., and Re rneke, V.I.0 eGas~v
z SS 0
Moscow, 1935.
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(36) Stir ' naya Prc eh] No. 11, November 1950.
(37) Lorimer, F., The P ooulation of the Soviet Unions Hist o
end Pros2ect00 League of Nations, Geneva, 1946.
(38) sv st'L, Moscow, 16 April. 1946.
(39) VMh, 91=1 (newspaper) , 16 November 1951.
(40) Hudson, A.R., "8asakh Social Structure," Tale.?~,Publi ions
Anttbrl,c o1oS,g, No. 20, New Haven, 1938.
(41) Boleaha Sovetskaya ikl_e
...r. ~ .2g", Special, Vol.,
S_o~us Sovetsk3? Satsialistiche~akilch )t,~es~ublik, Moscow, 1948.
(42) Hdashln Meditsinskava M,Isikloa 3va Vol. 16, Moscow, 1931.
(43) Bo1 Mediteinaks th?tpi]c ond?n, Vol. 4, Moscow, 1928.
(44) Bois a va Moditsin,kar a 1 ntef 1
CSC U
o ca
o a
bail'
0th
A A. cn
+g >
~s[p~
0
tr% A
0-1
?`'c`
t~. u
03
a
eta
Annual now
Cover in
Centimeters
Kamyshin
8
5/xII
15/III
5/11
100
38
46
-18.
9
Dubovka
24
15/4 1
15/III
15/I I
90
28
lag
23
2
Sredne.Pogromnay s
7
15/XII
25/II
25/I
72
31
26
16
5
Stalingrad'
27
15/XII
15/III
15/II
90
28
714
31
7
Tinguta
8
15/xxi
10/III
5/11
85
147
16
9
Saratov
27
5/xii
5/IV
25/II
121
39
78
42
17
Urda
15
15/xII
5/111
15/II
80
18
21
14.
1
Akhtuba
24
15/XII
15/1II
5/I1
90
38
lag
18
3
Che rnyy Yar
9
15/(II
25/II
25/I
72
31
.32
13
6
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Akhtuba
h8?18'N - l6?o9'E
Astrakhan'
4602111; - 4??021^
13askunchak
U01o'N - 4601J9'r
Chernyy Yar
48?O4'N - 46?07'E
Dubovka
49?03'N - 4405o'E
l'ton
49?06'N - 460501E
Kamyshin
50?05'rr . 450241z
Novouzensk
50?28'N - 48?11'E
Saratov
510321N - 146?03'E
Sredne-Pogromnoye
148?561N 440471E
Stalincrad
48042I N - W. ?31' E
Tinguta
4705611 - 44034,r,,
Tsatsa
48?12'N - 440142'E
Urda (Khxnskaya Stavka)
48045'N - 47033 tE
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APPENDIX III: SUN4100N PHASES
Date
Beginning
of Morning
Civil
Twilight
Sun
Rise
Set
End of
Evening
Civil
Twi7.i t
Moon
Rise Set
Moon Phase
FEBRUARY 1952
1
0657
0730
1658
1731
0937
2411
3
0656
0729
1700
1733
1019
0126
2-First quarter
5
0653
0726
1703
1736
1225
0317
7
0650
0723
1706
1739
1308
0535
9
0646
0719
1711
17114
1521
0645
11
06114
0716
171.4
1746
1739
0727
11-Full moon
13
0611.
0713
1716
17148
1956
0757
15
063E
0710
1719
1751
2217
0825
17
0634
0706
1723
1755
2451
0902
19
0630
0702
1727
1759
0209
1002
18-Last quarter
21
0627
0659
1730
1802
0429
1157
23
0623
0655
1733
1805
0558
1146
25
0619
0650
1737
1808
0648
17113
25r-Neu -toon
27
0616
06117
1739
1810
0723
2028
29
0613
06414
1742
1813
0759
2306
1
0613
06114
17112
MARCH 1952
1813
0821
2422
3
0609
06110
1745
1816
0923
0133
3.--Fir. it quarter
5
0605
0636
17118
1819
1059
0331
7
0601
0632
1751
1822
3307
01448
9
0557
0628
17511
1825
1526
0533,
U
0553
0624
1757
1828
17115
0605
11-dFia21 moon
13
05119
0620
1800
1831
2006
0633
15
0545
0616
1803
1634
2238
0708
17
0541
0612
1806
1837
2513
0804
/-
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/17! "Y
'6A000200020001-5
Date
Beginning
of Morning
Civil
Twilight
Rise
Set
End of
Evening
Civil
_Twilight
Moon
Rise Set
Moon Phase
MARCH 1952 (continued)
19
0536
0607
1810
1841
0220
0946
19-Last quarter
21
0532
0603
1813
1844
0356
1222
23
0528
0559
1816
1847
0450
1513
25
0523
0554
1819
1650
0527
1758
25--New moon
2?
0519
0550
1822
1853
0601
2038
29
0516
0547
1823
1854
06117
2313
31-
051].
0543
1826
1858
0759
2422
0507
0539
1830
APRIL 1952
1902
0849
0122
0502
0534
1833
1905
1053
0247
2-First quarter
5
0458
0530
1836
1908
1331
0337
7
0454
0526
1839
193.1
1530
0411
9
0450
0522
18112
1914
1751
0440
11
0!447
0519
18115
191?
2023
0514
10--Full moon
13
01442
0514
1848
1920
2302
0606
15
0437
0510
1850
1923
2511
07111
17
0434
0507
1851;
1926
0156
1009
17?oLast quarter
19
0430
0503
1856
1929
0254.
1257
21
0426
01159
1859
1932
0331
1538
23
0422
0455
1902
1935
0405
1816
25
0418
0452
1905
1939
0437
2051
24--New moon
27
01415
0449
1908
1942
0554
2309
29
0411
0445
1911
1945
0736
2443.
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/' ~ il-KD RP- r "tiW' 00200020001-5
APPENDIX IV. TRANSPCBTATION
A. ROAD SRIDGtrZ IN THr, STALINGRR&D AlrA (66)
1. A concrete road bridge crosses the Orlovka River 8-1/2 miles NE of the
Stalingrad main railroad station. The bridge has embanked approaches
280 feet long on either side.
Length: 715 feet
Width: 55 feet
Shore to shore: 180 feet
2. A narrow bridge, probably capable of carrying single-lane traffic,
crosses the Orlovka River 8 miles NE of the Stalingrad main railroad
station and 450 yards west of bridge No. 1.
Length: 860 feet
Widths 3.4 feet
Shore to shore: 800 feet
3. A narrow road bridge crosses the Orlovka River 800 yards west of bridge
No. 2 and approximately 7-1/2 miles NR of the Stalingrad main railroad
station. This bridge is believed to handle single.-la no traffic only.
Length: 360 feet
Widths 10 feet
Shore to shores 340 feet
4. A concrete bridge carries a good metalled road (probably the
Stalingrad?Saratov Righway) over the Orlovka River some 650 yards
west of bridge No. 3.
Lengths 215 feet
Widths 25 feet
Shore to shores 240 feet
5. Three miles NE of the main railroad station, a concrete bridge carries
a secondary road over a loop line of the Stalingrad railroad system.
Lengths 100 feet
Width: 20 feet
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 TAP S
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6. A concrete road bridge over a small tributary of the Volga River is
located 1 mile NE of the main railroad station.
Lengths 250 feet
Width: 65 feet
7. A bridge of concrete construction carries a good surfaced road over
a tributary of the Volga approximately 1 mile SE of the main railroad
station.
Lengths 500 feet
Widths 65 feet
S. Two and a half miles SW of the main railroad stations a concrete road
bridge crosses a loop line of the Stalingrad railroad system. A.
35-foot section of the bridge ins destroyed in 1942. The bridge
has embanked approaches on either end.
Length: 380 feet
Width: 86 feet
9o Five and a half miles SV of the main railroad station' a single.span
beam-type bridge carries the main road to Beketovka over a tributary
of the Volga River.
Length: 175 feet
Widths 30 feet
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 S TMITY Il '0R111A ' 0
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B. ACTIVE AND INACTIV1 AIRFIELDS IN TIP, STUDY ART~A
1. Complete List
Name of Airfield
Coordin
te
a
s
G ? n
Akatovka
48 53 00 N
44 40 00 E
Akhtuba
48 17 00 N
1+613 00 ?
Batayevka
480900N
Bogdo
461900:
47 59 00 N
Bolkhuny
46 47 00 r
48 00 00.N
46 27 00 E
Bolashiye Chapurniki
482400N
Breyusova
.443400E
4R3715N
45 53 15 E
Chernyy Yar
48 03 00 N
Davydovka
460600E
49 18 00 N
Dryukov
443900E
48 29 00 N
46 29 00 P.
Dubovka North
49 0600N
Dubovy
444600P,
49 1200 N
Dubovyy Ovrag
443100 E
48.20 00 N
Dzhitkurinski
443700E
y
484600N
r-1'ton I
46 28 00 w,
49 03 00 N
46 55 00 F
Elston II (Mololkin)
49 03 00 N
46 5600 -3
Gorno Vod rzoye
491440N
445710E
Ivanovka
48 28 15 N
44 23 45 F
Kapustin Yar
48 40 00 N
454400x:
Active airfields.
*# Strategically located inactive airfields.
X30
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 CIA- D
Name of Airfield
!J 6A000200020001-5
Kardayev
Kochergin
Kochevaya
Kolkhoz.Imeni Shestnadsatogo Parts"yezda
Kolobovka
Kolod Krestovich
# Kovzalov
Krasnyy 0ktyabr4
Leninsk
LeninakcKirov (Kirov)
Listya Balka
Loznoye
LugoaShirokoye
Lugo?Vodyanoye
Morozov
Nikitin
Nikol'skoye
Novonikol'skoye
Novyy Byt
Peakovatka
Pologoye
T
TOP SECEET
Coordinates
0 0 it
48 35 00 N
46 17 00 E
49 01 00 N
461600E
441600N
46 26 00 F.
490000N
45 55 00 E
484200N
45 30 00 P.
49 11 00 N
46 16 00 F
484300N
460100E
490800N
453800E
484400N
45 13 00 B
48 48 00 N
45 31 00 r
491800N
464200E
49 16 30 N
X44 25 40 E
49 17 00 N
44 59 00. E
49 15 00 N
45 00 00 '
49 15 00 N
464900B
485500N
45 08 00 E
47 45 00 N
462200:
49 05 00 N
45 01 00 r
48 57 00 N
45 5800 E
49 06 00 N
44 52 00 '
482900N
45 58 00 B
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/ -RD %-Ofi~tOO200020001-5
Name of Airfield
Raygorod
Sarashun
Saykhin
Shungay
Skudry
Solodovka
Solotukha
Spartak
Sredne-Pogromnoye
Srednyaya Akhtuba
Stalingrad I (Tsaritsyn)
Stalingrad?Beketovka
* Stalingrad-Gorodishche
* Stalingrad-Gmnrak (Gumrak)
* Stalingrad-Konnaya
Stalingrad/Krasnoarmeysk
Stalingrad/orlovka
Stalingrad/Pichuga
Stalingrad-South
# Stalingrad-Southwest (Voroponovo)
Staritsa
TO' SECRET
Coordinates
a o n
48 25 00 N
44 55 00 E
48 21 00 N
46 51 00 F
484800N
464800E
48 32 00 N
464600E
484600N
444000E
41 4000N
45 23 00 E
474800N
46 45 00 E
49 06 55 N
4431301
48 52 25 N
444430E
484400N
44 52 00 3
484500N
443000E
48 33 00 N
44 24 00 1
48 50 00 N
44 35 00 1
484600N
44 22 00 R.
48 52 00 N
44 22 00 F
49 32 00 N
4436001
49 50 00 N
4431001
4( 58 00 N
44 41 00 F
483900N
44 25 00 F
484000N
442000E
481400N
45 53 00 E
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 4MP ~ RET
Approved For Release 2000/04/1:
Name of Airfield
Stolyarov
Svet].y;r?Yar
Teatsa
Tumak
Ushakovka
Verkhneye_pogromnoye
Verkhniy Baskunchak
Verkhniy Baskunchak-East
Verkhnyaya Akhtuba
+ Vladimirovka
VladimirovkaaNorth (Pokrovka)
Vyazovka
Yerzovka
Zaplavnoye (z)
Zhitkur
Zhitkur- South (Repeva)
TOP SECRET
Coordinates
e n
491300N
45 30 00 E
482800N
44 47 00 F
48 11 45 N
444100.it
483700N
44 37 00 r
48 24 35 N
450900E
485800N
44 54 00 E
48 12 00 N
46 42 00 r
481400N
46 44 00 F
484600N
44 46 00
481800N
46 10 00 F.
48 27 00 N
46 1100 E
48 17 00 N
45 41 00 P.
48 55 30 N
443800 E
484300N
450000x:
48 57 00 N
46 17 00 E
48 53 00 N
461400x:
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 40 4w 6'_~, 0
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2. Active Airfields
(1) Stalingrad?Beketovka (218 102, 103)
Coordinates: 489331N - 44?24'E.
Date latest i nformati on: December 1949.
Locations 12-1/2 miles SS"- of Stalingrad and 3.1/4 miles 11SW of
Beketovka; 5 miles west of the Volga River. The airfield
is located on a plateau which is approximately 260 feet
above the Volga River. Terrain conceals airfield
from observation from town.
Landine area:
Fields
Dimension and orientation: 9,840 x 5,570 feet siiD/bSW.
Surface: Sod.
Runway: Prepared or concrete runway reported but unconfirmed.
%cte nibilit: 1 rtensible S and W for undetermined distance.
Ta s: No information.
Parkin A minimum of 15 revetments reported.
Obstructions Probably none.
Pac~?cilitieas
Radio: Radio station reported in one of the buildings.
Communication: Teletype.
Feather service: Station at field.
Lighting: Air base not equipped with night lighting facilities.
Fuel: Refueling by truck reported in 1949.
Oil: No information.
Hangars: Two small hangars reported in 1949. Primitive construction,
consisting of steel framework and metal sheets, with
barrel-type sheet-metal roof.
Misc. buildings: None visible. Minor servicing probably carried
out.in an open compound situated beyond western
boundary of airfield.
Access:
Road: Secondary road leading to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Stalingrad.Sal'sk Railroad located 4 miles to the east
of airfield.
T LI %CET
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1P"HWI~ZbPTORA 0200020001-5
Users and operators: Used by the Soviet Air Force as a training
field for paratroopers. Jumps being made
from gliders at altitudes of 700 feet.
Photo eery .e: Figures 26 and 27.
(2) talinerad-Gorodishche (Alternate name: Stalingrad 4) (219 102)
Coordinates: 48?50'N - 44`35'P..
Date latest informations June 1948.
Loo di on_: 9.1/4 miles N' of Stalingrad and 5a1/4 miles Ni of
Gorodishche; 3-1/4 miles west of Volga River.
14n ding area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Rectangular shape; 3,600 x 29050
feet WNW/ 5 s.
Surface: Sod.
Runway: No runway reported 1942.
actensibility: ^xtensible NNF 2,300 feet.
TTaxiwva No information.
Par : Open.
Obs,? tructionnss: Probably none.
Facilities:
Radio: Probable station located SW of airfield.
Communication: No information.
'Weather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: No information.
Oil: No information.
Hangars: 1 small hang, severely damaged in August 1942.
"isc,_,, . buildings: 2 small auxiliary buildings, minor repair
facilities.
Access:
Road: Secondary road, Stali pgrad-Dubovka, just east of airfield.
Railroad: Railroad service at Stalin rad.
Users and operators: No information.
Photo coverage: Figure 28.
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/17:G~ W-iRT MN 200020001-5
(3)
Stall k (Alternate name: Gumrak) (21, 66, 102.106)
Coordinates: 48?461N . 44?220
Date :Latest Informations May 1951.
Location: 7-1/2 miles NW ? of Stalingrad and immediately west of
the rail junction at Gumrak; 9-3/4 miles west of Volga
River.
Landing area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Roughly rectangular shaped;
7,870 x 5,200 feet NNV!/SSt:.
Surfaces Sod with good natural drainage.
Runways
Dimension and orientation: 01d.runway 3,800 x 250 feet
'UT/WSW; newly constructed
runway seen in 1947.
Surface: Concrete.
V tens bility: 1,600 feet to WSW.
TTx ss: Taxiway connecting both ends of runny.
F-ar-k-IM : 35 revetments to Sr..
Obstructions; Probably none
ilities:
Radio: Station at Stalingrad.
Communication: No Information.
Weather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: No information.
Oil: No information.
Han -gangs 1.4 hangars reported in 1949. Blister type, approximately
130 x 95 feet.
M.iisc. building: A small number of shops and domestic buildings,
reported in 1942; situated at the east side of
the field.
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 d ~
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ccess:
Road: Secondary road to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Gumrak railroad station located Sr, of field.
IIsers and operators: Field is used by Soviet Air Force. ?as
reported as badly damaged in 1943. Recent
information indicates possible use as a long..
range bomber base. saw
some.4-engined aircraft similar to B-29's
flying in formation over Stalingrad. Believed
the air base was located about 3.1 miles west
of Stalingrad since planes circled low and
disappeared at this point. A German P4I interned
in Stalingrad from July 1949 - April 1950
reported. jet aircraft with swept-back wings
flying in the vicinity of Gumrak airfield,
No night-flying reported at base in 1949.
(4)
Photo coverage: Figure 29.
Stalinadjoana
ya (102)
Coordinates: 48?52?N - 44?22'F.
D_.ate latest,iafo, ions October 1947.
L~ cwt o : lln3/4 miles N7 of Stalingrad and just IM. of Konnaya
railroad station; 13 miles W of Volga River.
Land o area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Limits of the field are not
clearly defined., appears to be
rectangular area; 7,630,x 2.,920
Surface: Sod.
RUDE . No information as of 1942.
' tensibilitvs 'Jo information.
P r in : 'll revetments to the S1:.
Obstructions Probably none,
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 ~T SECRET
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Facilities:
Radio: Station at Stalingrad.
Communications No information.
Weather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: No information.
Oils No information.
n r : None.
Misc, buildings: None.
ACC :
Road: Secondary road to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Stalingrad.Saratov Railroad located just ST of field.
Users and operators: Field is reported as a training base for
paratroopers.
Photo cov gg: Figure 30.
(5) StalinRrad.Southwest (Alternate name: Voroponovo) /.(102)
Coo tes: 48?40'N - 44v201!.
Date latest information: May 1951.
Lro_cation: 7-1/2 miles SW of Stalingrad; 6.3/4 miles M7 of Beketovka
and Just S of Voroponovo RR station.
Landing
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Rectangular shape; 69840 x 4,620
feet
Surface: Sod.
Runway: None.
13ztensibilitlYs No information.
TTaxi.? [e: None.
Par : Open parking reported in 1950.
Obstruction: Probably none.
Facilities:
Radio: Station at Stalingrad.
Communication: Telephone and telegraph.
I Stalingrad _Airfield (alternates Stalingrad North, Stalingrad 1, Tsaritsyn)
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 _TOP E T
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''-eather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: Refueling by tank..truck of 19000-gallon capacity (estimated).
Oil: No information.
HUMars 2 small blister hangars reported in 1942; in 1950, no
hangars observed,
Mise-, buil;diings: 3 shops, 3 probable m+arehouses, and 4 unidentified
buildings along the north and west sides of the
field.
ess:
Road: Secondary road to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Service at Stalingrad.
Users and operators: Soviet'Air Force uses field for training
purposes (1947); Civil air line, Aeroflot,
operates DC-3 type planes from field.
Photo_ era : Figure 31.
3. Strategical _v Located Inactive Airfields (for which some data are available)
(1) Akbtuba
(102, 108, 126)
Coordinates: 48?17'N ? 46?13'F0
Date latest information: 1947.
Location: 1 mile , of Akhtuba; 2.1/4 miles east of the Akhtuba
River; 2-1/2 miles Sr- of Vladimirovka.
_L~ndina area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 3,900 x 3,500 feet /W.
Surface: Sod.
'bctensibility: Field can be extended to the N, and W;
limited only by small lakes.
Tax. i~iwavs: No information.
?ar kin: No' information.
Obstructionst No information.
Facilities: No information,
Naanmr : No information.
12
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/175 CfA=PiYA&200020001-5
Mi b, tldin2s: 15 miscellaneous buildings near SW corner of
airfield, probably serving as airfield facilities.
Access:
Road: Secondary road from Akhtuba.
Railroad: Vladimirovka?Akhtuba?Verkhniy Baskunchako
Users and operators: Used by Soviet Air Force for fighters and
medium bombers.
Photo covers e; Figure 32 (summer); Figure 33 (winter).
(2) Kapustin Yar (719 102, 1090 126)
Coordinates: 4S?404N - 45044r..
Date latest information: July 1951.
atIpjj : 6-1/4 miles'NNW of Kapustin Yar and just NW of the village
of Konstitutsiya; approximately 60 miles east of Stalingrad.
Laridin&, area;
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 39700 x 39250 feet NNW/SSE.
Surface: Sod.
Runway:
Dimension and orientation: 3,800 x 400 feet NW/SR.
Surface: Graded earth.
b ensibility? Unlimited.
Taxiloop, about 40 feet wide and probably metalled, joins
the two ends of the runway in D-form, on the SW side.
Taxi-track runs alongside both edges of runway. Other
tracks run from the SST" end of the runway to a group of
temporary buildings at the S?: corner of the field, as
well as to small dispersed buildings.
P rte: 22 revetments and additional bomb sheltered dispersal
points, approximately 70 x 90 feet. On all but the SE
side of the field, revetments are dispersed.
Obstruct, Probably none.
Facilities: No information.
Hs-ngars: None.
-13-
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1PrIF7J-'P~ 00200020001-5
Misc. AitdingMs 5 small buildings. Four buildings. with average
dimension 80 x 20 feet are located on the SN tide
of the field. Remaining accomodations appear to
be in the village of Konstitutsiya. Information
as of 5 July 1951.indicates the presence of large
camp of at least 50 vrooden hangars, some used to
house May technicians, and workmen.
A cess:
Road: Secondary road to Kapustin Yar.
Railroads Stalingrad.Vorkhniy Baakunchak.
Waterway: Landing facilities on the Akhtuba River at Kapustin Yar.
Usere,and operators: Soviet Air Force.
Photo coverage: Figures 34-36.
(3) Krdaveq (102)
Coordinates: 4g?35'N - 460171P..
Date latest information: June 1943.
LMII, : 1-1/4 miles N?: of Kardayev; 13.1/4 miles Nh' of RR line
between Stali.ngrad and Vladimirovka.
Landing area:
Field :
Dimension and orientation: 5,741 x 5,085 feet.
Surface: No information.
tensibi litp: No informa-`.ion.
fia: No information.
Par : No information.
Obstructions: No information.
Facilities: No information.
Han .%M No information.
Misc. buildings.. No information.
ces : No information.
Users and operators: No information.
Photo cover ge: Figure 37.
lh
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 TUP ESECRET
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(4) Lg~nsl (102)
Coordinates: 48?43' N 46?01' F
Date latest informations June 1942.
19911110n: 3.3/4 miles SSs; of Kovzalov; 17-1/2 miles NE of Kapustin
Yar and the road between Leninsk and Vladlmirovka.
Landing: No information.
Fxtensibilift: No information.
Taxiways: No information.
F.a: No information.
0bstructions No information.
(5)
Facilities: No information.
Kam: No information.
W.ag_buildin m No information.
Access: No information.
Users operators: No information.
Photo coverage: Figure 38.
L nsk (71, 102)
Coordinates: 48?44'N - 450139r.0
Date latest information: June 1943.
location: 2.1/2 miles NNE of Leninsk; 2-1/2 miles NR of Akhtuba
River; 32-1/4 miles r, of Stalingrad,
Landing area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 7,400 feet Em, 3,700 feet NE/5:4.
Surface: Sod.
Rung:
Dimension and orientation 3,800 x 3003/@4
Surface: Graded earth.
ensibility: Probably unlimited.
T pas: Tariloop on N side. Heavy track activity south of runway.
Per n : 20 revetments N'' and NW of landing strip. Information as
of April 1943 indicates that approximately 80 blast shelters
(circa 60 feet wide) are located on all sides of the field,
except the south.
-15-
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 TOP ~SECRET
jj
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Obstructions: Probably none.
Facilities: No information.
Aanarare : None. .
Mae, buildings: None.
Access:
Road: Secondary road to Leninsk; intricate connecting road
system around landing strip.
Railroad: Stalingrad?Verkhniy Baskunchak.
Waterway: Port facilities on Volga River.
Users and opeors: No information.
photocoeragge: Figures 39 and 40.
(6) Leninsk??Kirov (Alternate name: Kirov) (1029 1109 111)
Coordinates: 48048'N .- 45?31= R.
Date latest information: September 1948.
Locn: 16 miles MS of Leninsk and 1-1/4 miles SW of Kirov
collective farm; 10 miles NF of Akhtuba River.
Landing area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation 49,593 x 49396 feet.
Surface: No information.
Runway: No information.
extensibility: No information.
Ta mays: No information.
Fi: No information.
Obstructions: No information.
Facilitiess: No information.
oars: No information.
Misc. buildings: No information.
Acces
Road: Located near improved-dirt road leading to Leninsk.
Users and oaeratoars t
Civilian: Field reported to be on airline in March 1947.
a 16
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 P creRFT
STU . INFO'1i!TION
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(7)
Military: Information as of September 1948 notes that large
installation in the vicinity of the city is
especially equipped for remoteccontrol of flight
bet*7een Kirov and Rybinsk. Aircraft utilized was the
TB -Y type,, latest Soviet Transport model.
Photo coverage: None.
Pol owe (718 102)
Coordinates: 48?29'N - 45?53$124
Date latest information: June 1943.
Location: 1-1/2 miles Nn of the center of Pologoye Zaymishche
between the main road and the railway.
Landis e*:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: D-shaped; curved side 5,700 feet,,
straight side .594400 feet.
Surface: Grass.
( 8)
*_.ensiilitv,: No information.
Tames: No information.
Parka : 21 blast shelters (65 feet in width) are located on curved
edge of field.
Obstructions: No information.
Facilities: No information.
.HHan ,rs: No information.
Misc. buildings: No information.
Lecess
:
Road: Straight side of the field runs alongside and to the
north of the main Stalingrad-Vladimirovka road.
Users and operators: No information.
Photo coverage: Figure 41.
Vlaadimirov _ (1028 112)
Coordinates: 48?l1sN - 46?10$F.
Date latest information: June 1943.
- 17 4M
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1T.tCIv_RDP79?'dh%%000200020001-5
Locat on: 1 mile NF of Vladimirovka; 12.1/2 miles N! of Staritsa;
2501/2 miles D of Verkhniy Baskunchak.
Landing areas
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 39,900 x 29800 feet NP//SR.
Surface: Sod.
Runway: No - informati on.
Extensibility: Unlimited to NF and S.
Taxiavs: None.
Parking: Dispersal to the W.
Obstruc tions: None.
Faciillities: No information.
Han s: 1 small hangar reported in 1942.
Misc. buildings: Probably 1 workshop at W edge.
Access:
Road: Stalingrad.Batayevka secondary road just west of the field.
Railroad: Stalingrad-Verkhniy Baskunchak RR just SPY of the field.
Users and operators: Military; possibly site for 18 heavy and 25
medium bombers.
Photo coveMge: Figure 42.
(9) Vladimirovka-NgL-h (Alternate name: P okrovka) (102)
Coordinates: 48?27'N 0 46?11'E.
Date latest informations June 1948.
Lo ton: 10.1/2 miles N of Vladimirovka; 701/2 miles Nr. of Pokrovka;
1001/4 miles. 'BI: of Pologroye.
Landing are,:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 58609 x 39969 feet.
Surface: No information.
Runway: No information.
Extensibilitvs No information.
Taxiways: No information.
a 1 in : No information.
o18m
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 Approved For Release 2000/041: - ilgR000200020001-5
Obstructions! No. information.
Faaccilittiies: No information.
Han s: No information.
Rise, - Wl dingg: No information.
Ac cess: No information.
Users and operators: No information.
Photo coverage: Figure 43.
(10) Z ,kur (102)
Coordinates: 4?57'N - 46?17'F.
Date latest information: June 191,1.
Lo`tion:. 1 mile Mr of Zhitkur; 14.-1/2 miles E of Novyy Byt.
tandina area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 5,000 x 4,300 feet *S/W.
Surface: Sod.
Runway:
Dimension and orientation: 3,110 x 240 feet (NW/SE).
Surface: Probably graded earth.
Etensibility: Runway 3,500 feet to SF,'2,200 feet to NW.
TTaxi y; Graded earth taxiloop connecting runway ends.
P krin : 23 revetments around N and 3 sides.
Obi ructions: None.
Facilities: No information.
Han ra: None.
Misc. buildings: Barracks.
Access
Road: Secondary road to Elton.
Railroad: Rail station at r,l'ton, on Pushkino.Astrakhan' Railroad,
27 miles M.
Users and operators: No information.
Photo coverage: Figure 44.
- 19-..
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/1 0200020001-5
(U) Zhitkur-South (Alternate name: Repeva)-(102)
Coordinates: 48?539N - 46?14'L.
PAUL Latest information: June 1943.
Loins 4-1/2 miles S of Zhitkur; 30.1/2 miles NT: of Kapustin Yar.
Landins area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 4,265 x 4,265 feet.
Runway: No information.
r tensibilit9: No information.
T m s: No information.
P_a: No information,
Obstructions: No information.
Facilities: No information.
Hangars: No information.
Misc. buildings: No information.
Acc s : No information..
Users and operators: No information.
Photo coverage: Figure 45.
P SEGBIET
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 5t & d I0N
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APP1ID;Z Vs GAZ1ZTE13Ft.
~~i~ ^ I r~~l
The following list includes every settlement shown-on the base map of the
study area. Population data were obtained from Sources 9,?122, and 123.
Significant non-agricultural activities and lower-order administrative centers
and administrative designations are noted under Remarks. All settlements for
which an administrative designation is not listed are agricultural villages.
Name
CQ tes
Population
Remarks
a a
Abrashov
48 57 N
lase than 100
46 08
Agbayev Pervyy
48 49 N
leas than 100
46 54 R
Agbayev Vtoroy
48 57 N
less than 100
46 56 R
Akatovka
48 53 N
341
Sel'sovet center
44 40 E
Akelin
49 12 N
31
45 13
Akhtuba
48 16 N
1.621
4612E
47 52 N
A/
47 52 r
Aksayev
48 47 N
A/
46 54 F.
Aksenov
48 53 N
less than 100
46311
Ak-Shkol
49 15 N
less than 100
47 07 E
Aleksandrovka
48 47 N
192,
4425 F
Alekseyevka
48 41 N
178
44 20 F
Amancha Shalash
48 20 N
a/
46 51 E
Andreyev Prud
49 10 N
less than 100
4437
Anikin
49 13 N
less than 100
46 12 E
Population undeberminable, probably leas than 500.
pop SECRET
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 S'Yi oN
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Pooion
Remarks
o Y
Antonov
48 18 N
AJ
4524 F
Antoshkin
4848N
34
46 13 F
Arakantsev
49 02 N
less than 100
44148
Asiy.Stan
43 24 N
A/
46 55 F.
Aubeker
48 54 N
.less than 100
46 54 E
Aulet
48 21 N
Al
46 40 F
Aulet
48 21 N
A/
46 51 F
Aus-Ashik
48 40 N
Al
47 26 F
Avdeyenkov
4847N
less than 100
46 18 E
Aymeken
48 37 N
A/
4740E
Azerbayev
4843 N
a/
46 50 E
Azgir
47 50 N
A/
47 54 F
48 57 N
less than 100
47 17 E
Babkin
48 25 N
151
46 28 R
Baboshin
48 33 N
37
4549E
Baga-Bukhus
48 01 N
A/
45 01 E
Bakhtiyarovka
48 43 N
323
Selosovet center
4509E
Balkuduk
47 49 N
A/
47337
Baranovka
48 07S
399
46 05 F
Bashkov
48 36 N
less than 500
46 01 F
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/17
C -
TW0976 N200020001-5
Coor
dinates
Pou tion
Remar
Batayevim 48
08 N
493
Sel'sovet center
46
18!
Bater Bek 47
58 N
A/
47
49 F
Bavanov 48
43 N
A/
46
47E
Baykadan 49
12 N
112
47
018
Bazarkin 48
23 N
less than 100
46
17 E
Bedin 48
17 N
35
46
03 !
Bednyy 4a
44 N
A/
46
131
Beketovka 48
34 N
29000-109000
Urban Rayon of
44
26 E
Stall ngrad; chemicals;
sawmilling
Bek?Saut 48
33 N
47
53 !
Bektas 48
31 N
A/
47
37!
Belonosova 48
39N
AJ
45
51 !
Bereykin 48
16N
A/
45
23 r
Bezuglov 48
11 N
A/
46
31 7.
Bibul 48
36 N
9/
47
30 !
Bikin 48
49N
as
46
12 .
Birkali 49
20 N
e/
46
531
Biyatov 49
42 N
A/
46
53!
Biryukov 48.
51 N
A/
46
35 r
Bobrov 48
11 N
a/
45
29 3
Bobrov 48
43 N
a/
44
341
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Coordinates
P opation
R eena rks
Bobrovskiy
a g
47 31 N
732
46 57!
Bol khuny
47 59 N
4,418
Selfsovet center
46 25 E
Bol'shsya Karakul'
48 26 N
331
46 37 !
Bol'ahaya Kazinka
47 45 N
455
46 34 E
Bol'shaya Khanata
48 53 N
14
46 24 !
Bolo shay Lemeshkin
48 44 N
A/
4604:
Bolt shevik
49 02 N
35
45 54 F.
Boll shiye Chapurniki
4" 25 N
1,777
Sel'sovet center
44 36 r
-Boloshoy
49 18 N
Al
45 20 F.
Bole ahoy Ostrov
48 06 N
291
4611 !
Bondarenko
49 17 N
B/
4616!
Bondarev
48 54 N
46
46 07
Bondarev
48 31 N
A/
46 04 1
Borsba a Zasukhoy
48 42 N
164
45282:
Borkulev
48 17 N
A/
46 23 1,
Borodin
48 04 N
a/
4613!
Bosov
48 30 N
less than 500
4622E
Botkhul?
48 43 N
.A/
46 36 !
Botov
4859N
a/
4637x;
Boykiye Dvoriki
4913N
A/
4435!
Brekharin
48 52 N
A/
4638E
-4C.
10P SECRET
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 S , f''I F i0N
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Po tion
Hemarkst
0 1.
Breyusova
4838N
A/
4553E
Brnw
48 44 N
361
4444E
Brykav
48 40 N
A/
46 06 P.
BudenrW
48 55 N
815
Sel*sovet center
45 36 E
Bugryanakiy
48 1l N
A/
46 38 F
47 34 N
B/
46 55 E
Bukash
4'12N
A/
47 32 F.
Bundareva
48 33 N
A/
45 57 P
Bundin
48 25 N
286
45 28 F
Burkovskiy
48 42 N
199
Sellsovet center
44 40 IT
Burov
49 19 N
A/
46 51 E
Buryakov
48 46 N
A/
46 15 E
Bdshnev
48 33 N
less than 100
4627r
Bychkova
48 40 N
a/
45 59 E
Bykhalov
48 44 N
less than 100
46 10 F
Chandy
48 03 N
Al
47 10 F
Chapayevets
48 35 N
a/
4451!
Chapchachi
47 31 N
579
4709E
Chapurniki
48 27 N
184
Small shipyard for
44 31 F
river craft
Chechin
49 14 N
less than 500
46 44
I P SECRET
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 - Top SEGOI
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Km
C oor
d, inatea
P o pula tion
Chekay
o
48 23 N
46 41 E
Chelyuskin
49 03 N
233
44 39 7
Chenin Pervyy
49 18 N
164
46 47 P.
Chernaya Polyana
4,8 29 N
101
45 07 F.
Chernikin
48 29 N
i
4607E
Chernoguzov
48 35 N
less than 100
4626F
Chernoguzov
48 27 N
less than 100
4628E
Chernoyarskaya
47 50 N
A/
4552*'
Chernyshev
4816N
A/
4629F
Chernyy Yar
48 04 N
39 865
46 07 E
.
Chervlenyy
48 25 N
620
44 22 F
Chirkov
48 58 N
less than 500
45 08 r
Chivilenkov
48 28 N
less than 100
46 31 r
Chungunkin
49 07 N
A/
45 22 F
Chugunov
49 16 N
A/
45 51 !
Chutkin
4750N
N/
4545E
Dalbun
48 48 N
less than 100
46 50 E
Danillchenko
4813N
a/
46 27 R
Daum
4800N
A/
47 13 3
Davlit
48 49 N'
A/
46 48 F
lop SIUET
Rernak_3
Rayon center;
selosovet center;
brick making; food
processing
Sel'sovet center
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 S ; y'.i I1 Oi g, ON
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
e Co,~inatee Po is Remarko
O g .
Davydechko 48 43 N
46 22 E
Davydovka
Demchenkov
Demidov
Demin
De akin
Derevyanskiy Val
Deryabin
Dikova Balker
Dntitriyevka
Dobryakov
Dolgiy
Doroshev
Drobakhin
Dryukov
Dubinin
Dubovka
Dubovyy Ovrag
Dulin
49 14 N 721 Selesovet center
44 39 r
49 00 N
46 45 !
4823N
46 22 E
A/
A/
49 13 N 161
45 22 F.
49 12 N less than 100
44 49 F.
48 44 N 15
45 58 E
48 50 N
4620!:
48 50 N
45 58 F.
A/
a/
49 04 N 56
44 38 F
48 25 N 118
46 00 F.
4'? 52 N
4630::
A/
48 31 N 214
4506E
4803N
46 42 F
4759N
46 17 F.
A/
A/
48 31 N less than 100
46 22 F
4810N
46 35
49 03 N 20000.108000 City of rayon sub.
44 50 r ordination; rayon center;
sar milling; food
processing
48 20 N 28841
4437E
49 n N
45 30 r
TOP SECRET
A/
Selosovet center
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 i ur atuut i
StUR.ITY INFORP.iTION
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Name
Coordinates dinates
P onu1attion
RemarkA
Duynovo
0 48 23 N
A/
4544
Duyunov
49 09 N
294
46 19 E
Dvor Kolkhosny
4743N
A/
46 04 F
Dvoynoy
41 20 N
a/
46 25 F
Dyatiny
48 38 N
45 08 E
Dzhalpak
48 13 N
of
47 55
Dzhamantau
48 28 N
less than 500
47 06 ,;
Dzhandou Kstau
47 55 N
a/
47 58 7.
Dzhan?-Gendyr
48 01 N
47 11 F
Dzhanybek
48 55 N
less than 100
45 58 E
Dzhanzapsn
48.07 N
j
47 22 E.
Dzhasankol?
47 57 N
A/
47 15 E
Dzhasbuyn
47 57 N
47 30 F
Dzhas-Kayrat
47 46 N
47 41 F
Dzhauken Kstau
47 54 N .
47 53 F
Dzhmangaliyev
48 38 N
47 35 E
Dzhuldubayev
48 44 N
Nf
46 48 F
Dzhamntka
48 46 N
less than 100
46 36 F
Dzhumugale-Karambayev
48 36 N
a/
46 44 F
Dzhurpash
48 09 N
47 47 F
18 ton
49 08 N
12 524
Selasovet center;
46 51
bromine plant;
health resort
4038N
of
46 54 F.
TOP SECRET
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 TOP SECRET
S i pN
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 d 9E~ JRU00200020001-5
amme-
Coordinates
Population
Remrke
0 4
Faleyev
49 11 N
A/
46 o E
Faetov
49 04 N
4/
4413E
Filimonov
48 31 N
A/
46 42 F
Finogenov
49 19 N
A/
46 34 F
Finogenov
49 15 N
A/
46 23 E
Pokin
4448N
A/
4640E
Fomin
49 03 N
less than 100
46 18 F
Frolov
4801N
44 3i L
Frunze
48 40 N
44 40 r,,
Ganshin-Tsagan
48 04 N
a/
45 16 E
Gashuk
48 04 N
a/
44 56'
Gashun Domba
47 59 N
A/
4541 r.
Gatka
4814N
A/
4604E
Gavrilov
49 12 N
I/
4601E
Gavrilovka
48 31 N
A/
4411 F.
48 19 N
A/
46 35 F
Glazov
4" 06 N
A/
46 57 F
Glukhov
49 04 N
a/
45 23 F
Glukhay
48 28 N
298
45 23 3
Glushchenko
49 04 N
83
46 32 F
Gnedykh
48 40 N
AV
4550:
TOP SECRET
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 I UV SEG ET
"'W ORp.
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIAP 009A50200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
O 9
Gnutenkov
48 50 N
il
46 03 r.,
Godunov
48 12 N
A/
4506r,
Golya
47 36 N
A/
46 43
Golyy
48 42 N
A/
46237.
Gonchara
49 47 N
93
44 17 E
Gorbachenko
48 54 N
A/
46 20 T
Gorbanev
48 49 N
154
4609E
Gorbanev
48 51 N
19
46 39 F.
Gor?kogo
49 13 N
A/
45 58 E
Gorno-Vadyanoye
49 15 N
1,438
44 57 r
Gorodishche
48 49 N
3,031
44 29 E
Gorodyanov
48 13 N
A/
4632E
Govorunov
4810N
A/
46 38 1
Grachev
4845N
G/
45 46 F
Grachi
48 28 N
2,183
45 36 E.
Grachi
47 48 N
1/
4616E
Grachi
48 57 N
114
44 18 ?:
Grishakovka
48 12 N
100-500
46171
Grishin
49 19 N
A,
46 39 E
Grishin
49 09 N
A/
46 04 F
l OP SECRET
Remarks
Sel?sovet center;
grain milling
Rayon center;
sel'sovet center;
brick making
Selssovet center
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 [OP SECR
S 9MJRITY INFORP 0
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-0097 00200020001-5
am
Coordinates
Popul
ation Remarks
0 2
Gromki
48 30 N
15
3
4454E
Gromov
48 33 N
67
2
46 03 7
Gromova
48 21 N
A
/
4554::
Groshev
48 57 N
A
/
46 30 E
Groshev
48 29 N
A
/
4619E
Gubanov
4i 59 N
3
2
46 137
Gudkov
4918N
a
/
45 32 E
Gumrak
48 46 N
273
44 23 7
Gunazin
48 12 N
4627 E
Gupikin
49 12 N
A/
4533E
Gurkin
49 15 N
i/
45 21 IT
Gurkin
48 45 N
28
4604E
Gusareva
48 35 N
A/
45 56 r
Gusarov
48 40 N
17
46 15 E
Gushchin
4836N
A/
46 03 E
Igolkin
48 48 N
less th
an 100
46 24 r
Iki-Malan
48 01 N
A/
45 40 E
Iksbay
47 55 N
4739E
,chenkov
48 39 N
A/
46 22 F
I1?chenkov
48 26 N
g/
46 00 r
SEMI
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 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 :& -647
1U0M0z00020001-5
Name
Coordinatteea,
Pooulati
emark
G
Ileskin
48 25 N
4537E
Ill ichev
484111
4547:
n'inka
49 12 N
18
4444.
Imeni Chapayeva
48 35 N
4() 54 '%
Imeni Kalinin
48 40 N
611
4457r
Imeni Kalinina
48 53 N
46 35 F
Imeni Kuybysheva
48 41 N
4451E
Imeni Lenina
48 57 N
46 52 3
Imeni Stelima
49 00 N
4658E
Imeni Voroshilova
49 06 N
10288
45 47 !
Irkatan
48 02 N
4715!
Isintayev
48 42 N
less than 100
4647E
Istyk-Pay
48 37 N
less than 100
46 36 !
Ivanovka
48 28 N
761
Sel'sovet center
44 23 'a
Izbachenkov
48 43 N
46 01 E
Kabakovo
48 06 N
16
46 42 !
Kalabukov
49 07 N
A/
4609E
Kalashnikov
48 45 N
13
45 56!
Kalinkin
49 02 N
A/
46 25 E
Kalinovka
48 55 N
less than 100
4633!
? 12
SECRET
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'00 SECRET
4
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : 00200020001-5
1I - P ~ 0 i4
UMS
Coordinates Pop tion Remarks
0 9
Kalkhan?Kul'
48 54 N
A/
46 51
Kalman
47 54 N
A/
47 43 P.
Kal'novka
48 19 N
421
45 38
Kamennyy Bubrerak
48 48 N
118
44 23 E
Kamennyy Yar
48 27 N
1,950
45 34 M.
Kand-Kuduk
48 23 N
gf
46 35 1C
Kapustin Yar
48 35 N
99487
45 45 !;
Karabidachka
49 03 N
a/
46 55 r.
Karagalinakiy
48 51 N
47 42 E
48 39 N
A/
47 38 S
Karagay
48 23 N
A/
4638E
Karagay Khuduk
47 48 N
J
47 55 F
Karakuduk
49 10 N
less than 100
47 24 'T
Karantinka
49 04 N
a/
46 42 F
Karasev
48 07 N
a/
46 59 E
Kardayev
48 34 N
16
46 15 T.
Karev
49 13 N
A/
46 59
Kargin
48, 06 N
a/
46 12 T,
Karpov
48 07 N
a/
45 40 E
Karpov
49 13 N
187
46 53'
Karpov
49 00 N
a/
4640 F
~13-
T 0P SECRET
Sellsovet center;
brick making
Rayon center;
sel'sovet center
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 1 U? `W
S DTJRITY INFORMATION
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
0
Kasin
48 29 N
46 35 E
Kasymtay
48 36 N
46 55 E
Katarkul
47 59 N
aj
47 14 1
Katkov
48 29 N
23
46 10 R
Kayp
48 36 N
46 49 r:
Kayudino
48 00 N
a/
4642E
Kazachek.
47 31 N
4657ns
Kazachkov
48 34 N
4623!
Kazanchenkov
48 04 N
46 56 F
Kazennyy
48 19 N
gf
4529E
Kense?Basy
49 17 N
less than 100
47 25 E
Kenzhegora
48 V. N
a/
47 30 E
Khakshakhta
47 37 N
461+3 P.
Khara
49 14 N
89
4639E
Khara-Usuk
48 25 N
4419':
Kharbulya
48 05 N
A/
44 54 r
Kharlashkin
48 17 N
45 10 B
Khleborob
49 14 N
83
46 11 ?
Khlynov
49 03 N
4632r
Khokhlatskiy
48 08 N
a/
44 07 E
Khokhlatskiy
48 28 N
146
45 34 E
14
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 M
~
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : L
I~"DP7~~A 00020001-5
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
Khomichev
4811N
A/
45 01 F
Khonul
48 06 N
A/
4516E
Khrenovoy
48 55 N
22
46 22
Khurul Khuracha
47 56 N
I/
45 37 F
Khutora Solodovskiye
48 34 N
A/
45 16 T
Kilyakovskiy
4844N
92
44 47 E
Kirichkov
48 49 N
less than 100
46051
Kirova
49 06 N
A/
44 57 E
Kirovets
48 46 N
A/
44 44 E
Kirnosov
4824N
46 20 r
Kiraanov
48 38 N
A/
46 23 E
Kletskiy
48 37 N
379
44 44 E
Klimenkov
4831,N
.A/
46 20 E
Klimkin
.48 45 N
less than 100
46 22 F.
Klochkov
48 40 N
124
4618E
Klochkov
48 36 N
less than 100
46 23 E
Kobylin
48 20 N
a
46 20
Kochergin
49 02 N
70
46 16 F
Kochevnoy
4816N
53
46 26 v
Kochevnoy
49 00 N
.A/
4631r
Kochkovatka
47 33 N
2,063
SelDeovet center
47 03 r.,
m15m
I OP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : t ( D 19
'9 R%00020001-5
am
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
Kochkutov
48 57 N
S/
46 42''
Kolkhoz Imeni Ka.ganovicha
48 52 N
A/
45 20 E
Kolkhoz Imeni Kirova
48 28 N
398
4430 P.
Kolkhoz Imeni Kuybysheva
4800N
4718E
Kolkhoz Imeni Sheatnadsatogo
49 00 N
Nf
Parts"yezda
45 55 F
Kolkhoz Imeni Voroshilova
48 48 N
30
45 31
Kolkhoz Imeni Vtoroy
48 57 N
1S0
Pyatiletki
45 10 !
Kolkhoz Lenin Zhol
49 20 N
A/
47 07 R
Kolkhoz Novyy Put'
48 00 N
A/
47 08
Kolkhoz Put' Il'icha
48 56 N
525
45 52 E
Kolkhoz Vpered
49 17 N
less than 100
4619E
Kolkhoz 7ekpe derkurlus
4749N
W
47 17 E
Kolkhoznayn Akhtuba
48 42 N
36
44 48 R
Kolobovka
48 40 N
356
Sel'sovet center
45 28 :R
Kolomiytsev
48 56 N
A/
4645 !
Kol'kta
4731N
il
46 44 r
Komarov
4814N
A/
45 03 R
Komissarov
48 58 N
A/
4606E
Kommunar
48 49 N
a/
45 13 R
Komrakta
47 48 N
8/
47 33 F
Kondrashov
49 10 N
I/
46 11 r
Konev
4809N
45 10 ra
-16..
TOP SEC6ET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 S^ 11 No so
E
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : ~I(- 9-89 ~66%00020001-5
-Name
Coordinates Population Remarks
O q
Konovalov 48 27 N
4606?.
Konovalov 48 31 N
4614 3
Konstitutsiya 48 40 N
4545E
Korchevataya 14,8 34 N 188
44 44
Kordon
Korochin
Korolev
Korolevskiy
Kofteyev
Korahavityy
Korshavityy
Korzhov
Koshary Khaptaga
Koshary Sem' Bugrov
Koshary
Koshmanov
Kosopan
Kostenkov
Kostin
Kosukhin
Kosunov
48 10 N 362
46 50 E
48 39 N
4612x;
A/
48 52 N
45 57 !r
I/
4859N 29
46 25 r,,
48 27 N
46 12 F
48 27 N 760
45197:
48 28 N
45 -16 3
A/
4819N
46 29 R
47 32 N
46 09
47 56 N
45 46 F
A/
S/
A/
48 22 N 156
4416E
48 14 N
46 33 E
A/
4' 33 N less than 500
46363
44 47 N less than 100
46 08
49 12 N 299
44 50
48 51 N less than 100
46 06 T.
4854N
4616!
a,
I Up SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 9 614 WI%U
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 29NR7%S975Ab0200020001-5
am
Coordinates
PO ian
Imlat
a 9
Kovalev
48 36 N
ml
46 12 ?
Kovalev
48 56 N
less than 100
46 30 E
Kovalev
4815N
m/
46 16 3
Kovzaiov
4846N
less than 500
46 00 E
Kozelin
47 43 N
A/
46 13 E
Kozhanov
4840N
A/
46 49 E
Kramarev
48 33 N
less than 100
46 10 F
Kramarev
4P46N
a/
46 07 r
Krasnaya Derevnya
49 08 N
35
4630E
Krasnaya Sloboda
4842N
over 10,000
4434
Krasnaya Zvezda
49 16 N
308
4547?
Krasnoarmeysk
4( 31 N
over 10,000
4434E
Krasnoye Selo
4803N
A/
45 13 F
Krasnyy
48 37 N
787
4448.
Krasnyy Buksir
48 43 N
a/
44 42 E
Krasnyy Oktyabr9
4840N
$/
44 44 J
Krasnyy Oktyabr4
49 08 N
less than 500
45 38 F
Krasnyy Sad
41 40 N
}/
44 54 E
Kravtsov
4841 N
46 09 E
Krestovy
48 34 N
44 30 E
.. 18d
TOP SECRET
Sel'sovet center
Rayon center;
workers' settlement;
river craft
repairing
Agricultural
machinery repairing
Urban rayon of
Stalingrad; river
shipbuilding
Selosovet center
Selosovet center
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 r SLUE
SXURTTY TNF0~.MATTQ N
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
am
Coordinates
Po pulation
Ramrks
0 0
Krivusha
4832N
117
44 45 E
Krutenokiy
4841N
4429'R
Kryachkov
49 03 N
463gF
Kryk?Kuduk
48 06 N
il
47 14 3
Krylov
49 08 N
i/
44 46 E
Krysalov
48 52 N
A/
4618:
Kryuchkov
49 14 N
130
46 56 F
Kubayev
4840N
IL/
46 51 F
Kubek
4846N
A/
46 46 E
Kulkin
4902N
a/
45 20 Q
Kumak Vtoray
48 54 N
a/
4649E
Kumkuduk
48 47 N
less than 100
46 46 P.
Kupriyanov
4P00N
4635E
Kursanov
49 08 N
A/
45 27 E
Kurtkuk
48 04 N
a'
45 09 E
Kuyandy
4803N
J
4718E
Kuygen Kula
49 18 N
A/
47 59 F
Kuzhnoy
4916N
a/
45 15 r
KuzOmichevskiye
48 36 N
286
4440E
Kuzemichi
48 54 N
413
Sell sovet center
4422E
Kuznetsova
48 35 N
a/
45 51 F
-19 m
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/04/1T: C-6P009Tb~A000200020001-5
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
Kylykov Sad
o r
4917N
J
45 47 F
Kyporoshoye
48 40 N
A/
4429 E
Kyzyldzhar
4831N
A/
47 00 F
Kzyl-Tu
49 11 N
A/
4731E
Lanin
48 51 N
A/
46 12
Lankin
48 36 N
A/
46 33 E
Lantsiya
49 15 N
257
46313
Lantsug
49 14 N
A/
4637E
Lapin
48 40 N
less than 500
46 06 E
Larin
4741N
a/
46 12 J
Latanov
48 49 N
less than 100
4607E
Latashanka
48 51 N
iI
4439V
Laykov
48 16 N
A/
,46 46 F
Lebedev
48 34 N
A/
46 11 T
Legenfkin
4817N
A/
4602
Legkodimov
48 59 N
229
46 16 M
Lekseyenko
4905N
a/
46 27 E
Len akin
49 18 N
L/
4637E
Leninsk
48 42 N
4,537
Rayon center; selosovet
45 13
center; iron foundry;'
Lesobaza
4833N
a/
food processing
4429E
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 U2SEN
Sg
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CI RDP~ 9
~~` T
if6A666IC00020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o t
Lin' kovo
49 3? N
J/
4600*'
Lis'ya Balka
49 18 N
103
46 42 1~
Litvinov
49 06 N
less than 100
46 22 v,
Litvinov
4823N
n/
46 23
Lomakin
49 04 N
A/
46 02 '
Lopanev
49 09 N
A/
46 14 F
Lopinskiye
4q 31 N
A/
45 24 F.
Loshchina
48 58 N
278
4614;
Loznoye
49 17 N
1,9163
Sel'sovet center
44 26 T:
Lugo-S,hirokoye
49 17 N
917
45 01 F
Lugo-Vodyanoye
49 15 N
19578
Sel'sovet center
45 01 F
Lukpan
48 34 N
A/
47 31 F
Lyagushatnyy
48 36 N
A/
44 34 q
Malakhov
47 57 N
less than 100
46 12 T.
Malaya Ivanovka
49 23 N
19513
Selesovit center;
44 31
grain milling;
agricultural
machinery repairing
Malaya Kazinka
47 45 N
A/
46343
Malaya Solyanka
48 30 N
a/
45 54 E
Malaya Solyanka
48 30 N
86
46 54 ?3
Mall tsev
4820N
A/
46 18 N
Malyayevka
44 41 N
126
Sel'sovot center
45 17 E
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 :~C - 07M
00020001-5
MO
Name
I4&3yy Karakul'
Malyy Lemeshkin
Mahye Chapurniki
Mamayev
Mamtsev
Mamtaev
Mare
MJlartykhin
Maseykin
Maslov
Matveyevskiy
Mayak Oktyabrya
Mednikov
Medvedev
Medyanka
'4elekhin
Men'gdvay
Merezhkin
Meshchanskiy
Mikhaylovka
Milayerv
Coordinates Poi u atio_ Remar s
a i
4826N
4632E
4843N
4604E
4? 2'' N 1,670 Sel'sovet center
4435E
48 48 N
46 59 E
417N
46351
48 11 N
46 34 E
49 10 N
4625 R
4q 55 N
4631E
48 16 N
4519'Q
49 12 N
46 56 1?
47 59 N 209
4609E
49 14 N 49
45 39 g
41 46 N less than 100
4613E
49 08 N
4519E
4812N
46 37 E
48 47 N 49
46 11 F
47 53 N
47 10 F
49 06 N
46121:
49 16 N
46 19 F
47 39 N 2,399 Sel'eov?t center
46 52 F
4q 57 N less than 100
46 23 F
TOP SECRET
a/
8/
A/
A/
A/
A/
M/
at
A/
at
A/
N/
A/
A/
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 S -,:;it MAPON
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
MSilovodakiy
Minima
Mirskoy
Mishakov
Misyurin
Misyurki
Moehazbki
Molokanskiy
Molokanskiy
Mololkin
Morozkov
Morozov
Mdorozov
Morozovka
Moskalatsov
Mostovoy
Mukhambet
Mukhet
Mukovnikov
Mumantsin
Murat$ay
Myshkin
Coordinates Po; ula ionn Remarks
4 4
48 49 N less than 200
46 02 P.
48 42 N
44 26 F
A/
4829N
46 15 F
49 to N
45 21 a
48 35 N
4600E
49 05 N
46 24 r
4829N
4605E
48 13 N
45 13 E
A/
A/
A/
A/
A/
A/
48 15 N less than 100
46 45
49 03 N
46 56 r,
A/
48 23 N
46301
A/
49 24 N less than 500
46 32 F
49 15 N 113
4648E
4902N
46 55 F
A/
48 23 N
46 25 F
4/
48 02 N
46 41 E.
49 1R N
46531
A/
48 15 N
47 20
48 14 N
45 08 F
a/
A/
48 08 N a/
4523:
49 13 N a/
47 10 F
48 26 N
45 25 7.
A/
0. 23
10 ,? SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 fur' cunt
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 :G~~X7!T07&Q0003200020001-5
Awe
C oordinates
Po t ion
P 6
Nachevkova
48 37 N
45598
Nachevnov
49 04 N
A/
46,47 E
NagolInyy
48 04 N
278
4611;
Narezki
4957N
N/
45 57 !
Nariman
4R29N
-/
4413!
N.-Irian
49 14 N
$/
4729E
Neserin
4909N
A/
45 18 F
Nevidimka
.48 36 N
86
44 4P` E
Nezhintev
49 01 N
A/
4619;
Nikol'skoye
47 46 N
4,929
46 24 V.
Nikonovo
48 31 N
25
45 42 !
Nitipanov
48 31 N
IL/
4601 's
Nithnaya Kilyakovka
48 49 N
if
4447!
Niahneye-Pogromnoye
48 52 N
less than 100
44 43 E
.Nizhneye Zaymishche
4g01N
J
46 07 E
Nizhniy Baskunchak
48 13 N
3,628
46 50 E
?
Noskov
49 19 N
A/
46 27 !
Nov$
4r'3 54 N
less than 100
45 26 z
Novaya nero'nnra
49 06 N
A/
46 18 E
24
I1W St ;ntT
Re,_,~mar. kj
Rayon center;
sellsovet center;
brick raking; fish
processing
workers' settlement;
salt extraction;
gypsum processing;
railroad car
repairing
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 STddyly 4-0 ION
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o 0
Novaya Nadezhda
4850N
250
4418E
Noven?kiy
48 06 N
A/
4528r
Noven?kiy
48 37 N
A/
4615E
Novenokiy
481?N
A/
46 28 r
Novena kiy
48 58 N
A/
46 46 E
Novikov
49 18 N
a/
4648E
Novokalinovka
49 16 N
less than 500
4624E
Novokalinovka
49 04 N
a/
4612E
Novonikolayevka
4804N
2,561.
Sel'sovet center
46 21 E
Novonikol I skoye
49 08 N
29513
Sel'savet center
45 00 P.
Novyy
4815N
a/
4624 F.
Novyy
47 41 N
A/
46 10 E
Novyy Byt
48 57 N
less than 500
45 58
Novyy Kloehkov
4844N
A/
4627E
Nozdrin
4909N
45 28 E
Oblova
4? 36 N
A/
45 51 E
Ogloblin
4904N
A/
45 30 E
Ogurtsova
4822N
A/
4552E
Okhon-Kulo
48 55 N
a/
4659E
Olen'ye
49 10 N
544
Sel'sovet center
44 .53
4810N
Al
4632E
- 25 -
t;N
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 I Uri S MET
S']^URITY INFOPIt&AT IO
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o e
Opytnaya Stantsiya
48 44 N
168
44 23
Orlav
48 30 N
of
46 07 y
Orlov
48 50 N
less than 100
46 14 8
Orlova
4822N
A/
45511
Orlovka
48 51 N
1,346
Selosovet center
44 32 F
Osadwra Ba]ka
48 4" N
260
44 43
Ostapenkov
4P 49 N
less than 100
46 29 E
Otgonnyy
49 02 N
A/
46 33 E
Otgonnyy
4837N
a/
4618E
Pally
48 15 N
811
45 53 F
Panichkin
49 07 N
81
4656E
Pashchenkov
48 26 N
less than 100
46 21 n
Pavlovskiy
4"35N
A/
4429 r
Pechenevka
48 21 N
198
46 07 7-1
Pechenov Ugol
4841N
A/
44 57
Perevayev
4905 N
a/
4619?:
Perevayev
4" 30 N
a/
45 05 E
Pervomayskiy
48 38 N
a/
4454E
Peschanka
48 40 N
1,900
Seltsovet center
44 20 ?
Pesc'^anka
4 30 N
a/
45 21 E
Peschenyy
48 40 N
89
4435:
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 SEi ET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17T8WA200020001-5
an
Coooroinates
Population
Peschanyy
48 38 N
197
4442 '
Peskovatka
49 07 N
1?114
44. 52 E
Peski
48 19 N
$f
46 15 F
Petropavlovka
4Q 16 N
6,078
46 10 F
Pichuga
4? 59 N
1,399
44 43 E
Pirogovka
47 53 N
29398
Pisakin
4907N
il
45 11 F.
Piskunov
48 01 N
A/
46 51 1
Pitomnik
4844N
A/
44 13 E
Plaksina
48 34 N
A/
45 59 E
Plodovitoye
48 08 N
A/
4422 3
Pochta
49 30 N
20
444?E
Pochtarev
48 40 N
31
46 08 E
Podbereznikov
49 07 N
A/
45 31 E
Podsobnoye Khozyaystvo
4851N
4414F:
Pokrovka
48 22 N
1,268
4604 F.
Pokrovka
48 28 N
574
45 03 E
Polenevskiye
4835N
A/
4440E
Pologoye Zaymishche
48 30 N
2,186
45 56 F
Polovnikov
48 02 N
94
4609E
1 Petropavlovakiy on most recent Soviet maps.
Remarks
Sel'sovet center
Workers' settlement;
salt processing; salt
shipping
Sel'sovet center
Sel'sovet center
Sel'sovet center
Sel'sovet center
Sel'sovet center
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 IaPSECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 j 7UM;
Name
Coordimt s
Population
Ras- s
Polubabkina
w i
48 37 N
a/
4548E
Polyanskiy
49 10 N
A/
4620E
P opovichev
48 37 N
A/
4607
Popovicheva
V 37 N
67
45563
Poselok
4,0 50 N
46 43 E
Al
Predkov
48 22 N
less than 500
4615,;
Presnyakov
4853N
Al
46 40 E
Presnyy Limas
49 09 N
A/
46 31
Prishib
47 41 N
3,164
Sel'sovet center
46 29 V
Probuzhdeniye
49 05 N
less than 500
46 00 F
Pronin
49 20 N
in
46 y ';
Pron'kin
4'' 37 N
Al
46 36 r,
Pronyashina
4? 36 N
J
45 55 F
Pryamaya Balks
49 14 N
723
Sel'sovet center
44 43 F
Pryshchenkov
40 27 N
A/
46 14 r
Pryshchevskiye
48 36 N
A/
44 40 F
Psheniehny=.r
48 21 N
A/
46 20 n
Pshenichnyy
41 14 N
less than 100
4608E
Puposkov
47 57 N
A/
46 15 F.
Pushnin
4i 11 N
A/
45 12 E
Put' I1' iche,
48 56 N
less than 500
45 50 E
.28.
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 p
SVC RI II ~0 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79- d0b00916 200020001-5
Nam
Coordinates
Population
Remar
0 p
Putilin
48 03 N
less than 500
4640E
Pyatov
48 03 N
I/
465R P,
Pylev
4*39N
A/
46311
Rakhinka
49 02 N
1,655
Selosovet center
44 50 r-
Rakov
49 13 N
A/
45 18 F
Rassvet
49 09 N
A/
46 23 R
Raygorod
48 25 N
2,52?
Sel'sovet center;
44 55 E
grain milling
Razgulyayevka
48 46 N
202
4430E
Reps ino
48 33 N
107
Sell sovet center
44 49 1
Repnev
48 40 N
28
45 50 E
Reshetnikov
4831N
A/
45 24 1
Reshetnyakov
48 55 N
A/
46 24 T'
Rodniki
49 18 N
436
44 56 E
Rogozhin
,49 09 N
32
46 28 E
Rogozin
48 42 N
less than 500
46 02 F
Romanenkov
49 02 N
90
46 23
Romanov
4741N
A/
46 09 E
Rozhdestvenka
48 06 N
46 20
692
Selesovet center
Rudenkov
.4 48 N
less than 100
45 42 n
Ryaboy
48 13 N
46 30 E
Rybachiy
4842N
a/
44 45 q
029?
Y np SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 TOP SEMIET
ii
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 :%F
RZ00020001-5
an
Co rdinates
Population
Itemrim-
P
Rybnikov
49 06 N
I/
45 14 E
Rybvod
48 35 N
a/
44308
Rybzavod
4! 24 N
AJ
45 39 !
Rykunov
49 10 N
A/
4615 P.
Rynok
48 33 N
I/
44 42 R
Rynok
48 50 N
Nf
44 3R E
Sabinin
4912N
A/
46 18 E
Sadki
49 11 N
229
4426E
Sagunov
48 26 N
L/
46 18S
Sakhnov
49 03 N
A/
4614!
Sakhnov
48 31 N
A/
45 25 E
Salipov
4431N
$/
46 011, E
Salygbay
4821N
less than 100
46 43 E
Samafalovka
4? 56 N
623
Sel'sovet center
44141:
Samarina
4R20N
L/
45 16 1
Samilov
4g10N
A/
4643 E
San' Mmtsm
48 02 N
A/
45228
Sarafnov
48 34 N
A/
45 27 E
Saranzhin
48 20 N
less than 100
46 46
Sarbasta
4818N
a/
47 03
Sarepta
48 31 N
A/
44 32 E
-0 30
.0
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 AP SECK"T
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 16'j%- 79--%WWM 200020001-5
Imme-
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
0 1
Sareptskiy Perekat
48 34 N
A/
44 36 3
Sarpiyev
4822N
A/
46 36 E
Sartulogen
49 00 N
A/
47 04 E
Sartulogen
48 55 N
A/
47032
Sarvasty
40 51 N
46 54 r
Sarvastykakiy Zhaylev
/.8 54 N
A/
46 53
"arty-Rstau
48 50 N
A/
46 51
Sary-Stan
40 24 N
A/
46 51 J
Sasykoli
47 34 N
4,423
Rayon center;
47013
sellsovet center
Satanov
48 05 N
a/
4650E
Saykhin
4851N
A/
46 50 F
Saykhin
4849N
Al
46 46 r.
Sedenkov
-4842N
A/
45 45 g
Semiglazov
48 02 N
Al
46 33 3
Semkin
4806N
Al
4+4. 35 R
Shamak
4a 26 N
less than 100
47542:
Shaposhnikov
47 40 N
a
46 07 1
Sharapka
485SN
46 11 N
Sharon
4801N
Al
4446 E
Shchelkunov
41 19 N
less than 100
46 37 r,
Shchepkin
4809N
Al
45 17
-0 31-
1 w' t EY
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17: Fy79
kg00020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o e
Shcherbakov
48 59 N
I/
4632!
Shcherbakov
49 00 N
A/
46 10 P.
Shchuch'a
48 35 N
50
44 41 F
Shilikhin
49 18 N
I/
46 31 'T-
Shilov
4Q 50 N
W/
46 19 E
Shinkarev
48 52 N
28
46 13 E
Shirokov
49 07 N
A/
44 16 M.
Shiehkin
4911N
A/
46 22 !
Shishkin
49 12 N
A/
46 36 !
Shiehkin
4817N
A/
4696E
Shiehkin
4q 25 N
A/
46 18 F
Shishkin
41t 14N
A/
46 26'!
Shishkin
4816N
A/
4631!
Shishkin
49 02 N
A/
46 12 F
Shiyanov
48 28 N
A/
4621 V.
Shiyanov
4A 39 N
J
4629!
Shiyanov
48 34 N
less than 500
4644E
Shiyanov
48 54 N
A/
4639E
Shkolenyy Aul
48 49 N
4724
Shovgyr
4749N
A/
47 42 !
Shtyrev
4840N
I/
4637!
-32-
~U SHUT
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 A? SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/173,q-fPY"@R0200020001-5
Alm
Coordinates
Population
Reba r s
Shtyrin
48 41 N
,46 Oo E
51
Shubin
4832N
26
46 32 r,,
Shubin
48 47 N
less than 100
46 03 !
Shugayev
48 09 'N
A/
45 05 V.
Shungay
.49 32 N
A/
46 46 E
Shunguli
48 17 N'
less than 500
4648!
Shutovka
48 33 N
146
44 43
Shutovy
48 33 N
.A/
4441E
Siyun
41 12 N
A/
47 11 8
Sklady
47 52 N
A/
4741 ?r
Sklyarov
48 33 N
less than 500
46 33.!
Skorikov
48 38 N
I/
45 44
Smirnov
49 11 N
126
4658E
Smolyakov
49 14 N
d/
46 21
Smysiina
48 33 N
23
45 53 r
Sokrutovka
47 55 N
1,937
Sel'sovet center
46 32
Sokur-Kurt
48 28 N
.A/
47 43 E
Soldatskiy
48 35 N
168
44 41 F
Solenoye Zaymishche
47 56 N
3,526
Selteovet center
46 07
Solenyy
4`837N
424
44.55 B
Solodniki
48 25 N
3,924
Seltsovet center;
45 17 's
saw, ro
33
'Cdr SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 3 680200020001-5
Coordinates
Population
R rke
0 9
Solodovka
48 40 N
470
Sal'sovet center
45 23
Solokhin
49 01 N
i/
46 15 E
Solonchack
48 15 N
A/
46 43 F
S olov?yev
48 38 N
A/
44 18 E
Solov'yev
4905N
a/
45 16
Solyanka
48 25 N
91
45 22 F
Solyanka
48 31 N
Sel?eovet center
45 52 E
Solyanka
4826N
421
4428E
Soplyakov
4848N
11.
46 16 r-
Sovin
48 27 N
A/
46 26 F
Sovkhoz El'tonskiy
48 55 N
46 45 E
Sovkhoz Gornaya Polyana
48 38 N
A/
44 23 ;,.
J
Sovkhoz Lebyazhsya Polyana
4847N
682
4442 E
Sovkhoz Opytnoye Pole
48 53 N
A/
44 24
Sovkhoz Prigroyodnoye
49 04 N
A/
44 54 F
Sovkhoz Privolzhakiy
48 14 N
A/
44 36 E
5ovkhoz Proletariy
4915N
LL/
4422 F.
Sovkhoz Sila
49 19 N
I/
45 02 r,
Spartak
49 06 N
.q/
4420 F.
Spartakovets
4849N
a/
44 37 E
Sredne4ogromnoye
40 55 N
39498
Sel'eavet center;
4446E
wool washing
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 JR
Approved For Release 2000/04/17: CIA-RDP79-0 !60,00020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
0 Y
Srednyaya Akhtuba
4844N
5,610
44 52 V.
Stakhanovets
4839N
A/
4447!
Stalingrad
48 42 N
1939 Census,
44 30 3
4451,000
1950 estimate,
650x000
Stalingradete
4837N
A/
44 47 E
Stalingradskiy
44 46 N
A/
4426E
Stamgazi
47 54 N
A/
47 45 E
Starodubovka
48 39 N
115
44 19
Staraya Otrada
48 33 N
2,000.101,000
44 28 1
Staren'kiy
48 45 N
176
44 39 E
Staritsa
40, 14 N
4,287
45 56 F
Stasav
48 36 N
192
4537E
Stolyarov
49 18 N
185
45 24 P.
Strel'no Shirokoye
49 18 N
608
44 56 E
Stupino
V 19 N
828
4548E
Subotnikov
4853N
59
46 05 P.
Suchiy
4806N
A/
4527E
Sukhodol
48 37 N
481
4454E
Surganov
48 55 N
44
4609E
Surgol
48 34 N
47 03 F.
-35-
Y OP SECRET
Re arks
Rayon center;
aellsovot center;
wool washing; food
processing
metallurgy; eanmilling,
Woodworking, food
processing
City of republic
subordination; oblast
center; machine
manufacturing;
Sel'sovet center
Sel'sovet center
Sel'sovot center
Sel'sovet center
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 s mlg?y lla
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79009
V * 11 !z00e0200020001-5
I
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
co 9
Suyunduk
48 08 N
a/
47 37 F
Svetlyy Byt
49 17 N
57
45 31!:
Svetlyy Yar
48 29 N
3,052
Rayon center;
.4447E
selesovet center
Svitachev
49 O1 N
il
4609r
Syangerdyk
48 08 N
a/
:4458'
Syrikov
48 24 N
R/
46 10 K
Syrmolotov
48 10 N
45 35 K
Syrovatskiy
48 54 N
less than 100
4611 r
Syytyk
48 37 N
a/
47 07 s
Taldapan
4810N
a/
47 08 F
Talovoy
48 35 N
112
44 59 E
Tama 0V
49 01. N
A/
45 29 r,,
Tarabarin
48 33 N
g/
46 18 F
Tarasov
4837N
a/
4616E
Taskuduk
48 45 N
less than 100
46 46 E
Tay-Gore
48 28 N
A/
46 48 E
Tazikov
48 37 N
a/
4606E
Terekhov P ervyy
48 50 N
less than 100
46 32 K
Terekhov Vtoroy
48 51 N
less than 100
46 22 E
Teren-Kuduk
48 24 N
A//
47 11 K
Tereshkin
4829N
I/
46 18 K
-36-
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : ClA=
09 X~b200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
a G
Teteryashnikov
4820N
P/
46 02 r
Teteryatnikov
48 36 N
82
46 19 E
Tinguta
48 13 N
a/
44 25 E
Tishanka
49 09 N
a/
44 40
Tkachev
48 19 N
less than 100
46 21 F
Tkachev
48 02 N
a/
46 53 F
Tkachev
48 18 N
less than 100
46 42 E
Tokarev
49 35 N
163
45 40 r,,
Toktarov
48 57 N
A/
4604,,
Tonkonozhkin
49 12 N
1/"
4619r
Tonkonozhkin
49 01 N
less than 500
46 27 F
Traktorstroy
49 03 N
602
4534r
Tretiy Reshayushchiy
48 41 N
503'
44 43 E
Tri Khutora
49 00 N
a,
46 49 r
Trishin
49 02 N
less than 100
45 15 E
Trudolyubiye
48 15 N
a/
Sel?sovet center
44 51
Tsagan-Aman
47 34 N
A/
46 43 E
Tsarev
48 40 N
972
Sel?sovet center
45 22 F
Tsatsa
4812N
38846
Sel.tsovet center
44 41 E
Tsatvalda
4802N
a/
47 09 E
Tsyganskaya Zarya
4841N
A/
44 40 P;
37
TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 1' rig
S'"'.CIJRITY INFO-II TTON
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o q
Tul'skiy
47 56 N
A/
46 14 R
Tumak
48 38 N
360
44 38 F
Tumanov
49 19 N
9/
4641E
Tumanov
49 01 N
A/
4654E
Tundutovo
48 25 N
44 25 E
Turgay
48 19 N
A/
46 56 x
Tutovyy
48 44 N
158
4444E
Tveritin
48 48 N
A/
Tyulyngen
45 54 F
48 OP N
A/
4742E
Tyyu..Gostov
48 44 N
A/
46 42 *:
Udachnoye
47 44 N
1,093
Sel'sovet center
46 45 E
Udarnik
4847N
44 40 3
Ukolov
48 51 N
45 54 F
Ulzhatay
4804N
A/
47 25 F.
Umet
48 50 N
404
45 50":
Unege
49 15 N
a/
47 24r%
Urazali
49 17 N
A/
46 48 E
Urda
4a 46 N
2,000?10,000
Rayon center
48 26E
Uehakovka
48 25 N
1,118
Sel'sovet center
45 07 E
Uspenka
48 13 N
1,420
Selasovet center
4615 F.
Uvarovka'
48 48 N
w
4428r
38 .
IIiET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 ~r
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CI
at1200020001-5
am
Coordinates
Population
0 v
Varakin
49 17 N
S/
45 35 E
Varchenkov
48 38 N
A/
46 35 E
Vasil'-yev
48 03 N
A/
44 35 -,
Vendelovskiy
49 17 N
I/
4649E
Verblyuzh'ya
47 43 N
A/
4653'
Verkhneye?Poromnoye
48 5q N
605
44 51 E
Verkhniy Baskunchak
4814.4
48988
4644E
Verkhnyaya Akhtuba
4848N
28214
44 44
Vershinin
48 51 N
35
46 02
Vetla
48 11 N
A/
46 39 s
Vetlyanka
47 38 N
1,604
46 38 E
Vinnovka
48 52 N
44 40 F
Vitchinkin
48 15 N
a/
4602'
Vladimirovka
48 18 N
6,920
4610E
Vlasov
47 45 N
A/
46 06 E
Volgostroy
48 33 N
a/
44 33
Volodarskiy
48 10 N
a/
46 42
Vorob'yev
40 45 N
less than 100
45 53
Voroponovo
48 40 N
304
44 20 r
39
iu~ EET
Re ks
Sel'sovet center
Workers' settlement;
food: processing;
transport'ttion and
storage hub for salt
extracting industry
Rayon center;
sel'sovet center;
river craft.
repairing; brick
making; iron foundry
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17: Cl
JON
96- 0 6A000200020001 -5
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
0 1
Vostok Pvvyy
49 03 N
less than 100
4629E
Vostok Vtoray
49 04 N
less than 100
46 28 F
Vyazova a Griva
47 54 N
34
4619!
Vyazovka
48 19 Id
1,927
Sellsovet center
45 36 E
Vyazovka
48 39 N
528
44 46 ':
Vyaz ovyy
48 33 N
A/
4433E
Vyreznoy
4.1 15 N
25
46381
Yalkhi
48 34 N
68
4417 F
Yagodny-'
48 34 N
201
4415E
Yamy
4839N
347
4440E
Yarkin
48 01 N
A/
4529E
Yarmoshkin
48 13 N
less than 100
46221
Yefremkin
48 42 N
I/
46 16 r
Yegrashkin
48 23 N
20
46 14 F
Yekaterinovka
49 12 N
416
Grain milling
44 53
Yeksmeter
47 58 N
A/
47 53 F.
Yepikhin
4816N
a/
45 14 1
Yermilin
49 19 N
A/
4644E
Yerminay
4!-k 11N
A/
4751E
Yershov
49 14 N
less than 100
46 15 P.
? 40 s
fl? SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 fur a bI%t I.
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
Coordinates
Population
Re.rks
48 57 N
129557
Sel's?ovet center;
44 38 R
brick Wig;
Ysvdokimov
49 03 N
A/
quarrying
4653E
Yezhovka
48 43 N
4.422E
Ylf inlca
49 14 N
at
44 44 ,
48Ott N
45 31 F
at
Zakurdayev
48 46 N
AJ
46 06 x
Zakutskiy
48 39 N
196
44 40 E
Zaplavnoye
48 43 N
39916
Se1?covet center;
45 01
gain milling
Zarya
48 43 N
4441E
Zaslavskiy
4120N
at
46 32 V.
Zaeypkina
4839 N
1?6
45488
Zaavarykin
49 14 N'
at
44 74
Zaychiki
48 37 N
of
4433':
Zelenakiy
4817N
A/
4631!
Zemskiy
48 29 N
2/
46 02 V.
Zhanali
491c'N
A/
46 54 E
Zhas-Khayrat
49 19 N
IL/
47 40 F
Zheltukhin
4901N
75
44 38 E
Zheltyy
48 23 N
at
46 13
Zhidkov
49 19 N
at
464gF
Zhigalkin
48 15 N
leas than 100
46 36 F
10P SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 TOP SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 IFJW64A~b0200020001-5
&me
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
.
o t
Zhilga
48 14 N
451
461.4E
Zhitkov
48 54 N
A/
46 04 'T
Zhitkov
48 57 4622N
Al
Zhitkur
48 57 N
2,000-10,000
Rayon center;
46 16-r
sel'sovet center;
agricultural
machinery repairing
Zhivakov
48 36 N
A/
46 10 F
Zhizhimov
49 02 N
65
4638E
Zhukov
49 00 N
A/
46 24 r,,
Zhurbin .
48 29 N
A/
46 14 r
Zhurbin
48 06 N
16
46 27 R.
Zimovka Dzhaysan
47 52 N
A/
47247:
Zimovka Kara-Bulak
47 50 N
a/
47 11 E
Zimovka Kara?Khuduk
47 57 N
Al
4707E
Zinin
49 09 N
A/
45 15 V
Zloy
48 22 N
46 22 1T
Zmeykin
49 11 N
22
4522E
Zolin
4800N
a/
46 33 t
Zolotukha
47 49 N
2,336
Sel'sovet center;
46 44 P.
grain milling
Zonalenyy
4'44N
A/
44 42 E
Zorin
48 12 N
a/
45 11 n
Zotov
48 35 N
94
,44"F,
Zubarevka
48 30 N
91
45 17
42
~U9 SECRET
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5
 Approved For Release 2000/04/17 ':
TS -
A 200 20001-5
-14b
Name
Coor1inates
o Q
Zubovka
4R 38 N
45 31 R
Zubovka
4Ft 09 N
46 02 r
Zubrichev
48 34 N
46 31 R
Zubrichev
41 44 N
4625E
Pogu1ation Remarks.
910 Sel'sovet center
103
less than 100
less than 100
-43m
Approved For Release 2000/04/17 : CIA-RDP79-00976A000200020001-5