CZECHOSLOVAKIA HANDBOOK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00891A001100050001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 14, 2002
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1972
• Content Type: REPORT

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Secret
Czechoslovakia
Handbo6(
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Secret
N2 92
No, 0613
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%R
I Ins document contains information affecting th national
kijelISU of the I,nited States within the meanir a of Title
wetions 793 and 794, of the US Code_ as amended.
Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re-
:int hv an untnithorized nerson is prohibited by law.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I. GEOGRAPHY
Page
Location and area 1
Topography 1
Climate 1
Natural resources 2
Human resources 2
II. ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
Economic policy and development 1
Sectors of the economy 2
Financial system 3
Transportation and telecommunications 3
International trade 5
III. POLITICAL SITUATION AND TRENDS
Historical summary 1
Structure of the government 3
Political dynamics 6
25X1C 8
IV. SUBVERSION
25X6
VI. ARMED FORCES
Defense organization 1
Training 2
Logistics 2
VII. FOREIGN RELATIONS
Communist world 1
Non-Communist world 2
VIII. US INTERESTS
MAP
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INTRODUCTION
Lying in an historic zone of conflict between East and West and
between Slav and German, Czechoslovakia has been troubled since its crea-
tion after World War I by pressures from without and within. Czechs and
Slovaks, though both of Slav background, differ in cultural and institutional
heritage, and the country's enemies have been able to exploit their mutual
antagonisms at critical points in Czechoslovakia's history. Hitler did so in
1938 and in the years following, and the USSR followed suit after the 1968
Warsaw Pact invasion.
The Czechs, inhabiting the western part of the country?Bohemia and
Moravia--have a particularly rich cultural tradition dating from the 13th
century. The Slovaks, living mainly in the eastern part of the country and
comprising less than a third of its fourteen and a half million people, have
been junior partners in the Czechoslovak Republic. Under Hungarian dom-
ination for centuries, the Slovaks became culturally repressed and locked
into an agriculturally oriented society. Industrialization in Slovakia has been
more recent and far less extensive than in the Czech regions of Bohemia and
Moravia, where industry was firmly rooted by the mid-19th century.
Long periods of foreign domination have made an impact that has
played an important role in modern Czechoslovak politics. As a result, the
Czechoslovaks have developed an ingrained resignation and a tradition of
passive resistance to superior force that even the Communists find difficult
to breach. This characteristic of "Schweikism" manifests itself in popular
apathy, cynicism, and noncooperation.
When, in 1968, the Czechoslovaks finally did react to 20 years of
oppressive Communist rule, they chose a course that was intended to fuse
the basic tenets of socialism with democratic methods?"socialism with a
human face." For eight months during the Prague spring they looked
forward to a more democratic life where cultural and political individuality
would be tolerated. This experiment ended with the Soviet-led invasion in
August 1988.
The Soviet-installed regime of Gustav Husak has not, however, brought
back a Stalinist-type police state. Husak has boasted with some justification
that "normalization" was accomplished primarily through "political" meas-
ures rather than by terror tactics.
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The regime is faced with numerous economic problems. Stagnation in
industry, brought on by years of overcentralized economic planning, persists.
Worker morale is poor, resulting in poor on-the-job discipline. Local man-
agers are root free to exercise initiative. In spite of these problems, however,
the Czechoslovak economy functions tolerably, the standard of living re-
mains high by Communist standards, and major consumer wants are met.
Nevertheless, prospects for substantial economic improvement in the near
term are among the poorest in Eastern Europe.
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I. GEOGRAPHY
Location and area
Czechoslovakia is a landlocked country bordered on the north by the
German Democratic Republic and Poland, on the east by the Soviet Union,
on the south by Hungary and Austria, and on the west by the Federal
Republic of Germany. Czechoslovakia is 49,400 square miles in area, about
the size of New York State? From east to west the country stretches some
500 miles.
Topography
Czechoslovakia is a land of physical contrasts. It consists of three major
natural regions, which from west to east are: the Bohemian basin, with its
hilly to moantainous rimland; the Moravian lowland; and the predominantly
mountainous area of Slovakia in the east.
The Bohemian basin, the core of the Czech lands, is a rolling fertile
plateau, with broad river valleys and intervening forested divides. The area is
extensively cultivated. The radial convergence of streams toward the middle
of the basin further emphasizes the physical unity of Bohemia. The basin is
drained by the Elbe River, which flows northward out of the country and
provides a water route to the North Sea.
Moravia is a fertile, rolling lowland. A low divide separates the head-
waters of the Oder, which flows north to the Baltic Sea, from the Morava,
which flows south to the Black Sea via the Danube.
In contrast to the Czech lands, Slovakia is predominantly mountainous.
Forming a barrier in their arc-like configuration from the Danube to the hilly
northeastern border, the mountains historically provided a sanctuary for
plains people evading oppressive invaders. The core of the mountain system
is the stark, craggy mountain chain of Vysoke Tatry (High Tatras) that forms
part of the border with Poland. Major communications routes follow river
valleys that penetrate deeply into the mountainous mass from the Danubian
Plain in the south. Drainage from Slovakia is to the Danube.
Climate
Czechoslovakia has a temperate climate with both maritime and con-
tinental characteristics. Winters (December through February) are fairly
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has a population density of 294 persons per square mile, lower than that of
most Western European nations. Some 70% of the population lives in the
predominantly industrialized Czech lands of Bohemia and Moravia. With
60% of the population living in cities and towns, Czechoslovakia is the
second most urbanized country in Eastern Europe after East Germany.
Persistent migration of agricultural workers to the cities in the past two
decades has seriously depleted the agricultural work force and has affected
agricultural production.
As elsewhere in Eastern Europe, the rate of population growth has been
slow. The 1971 population represented a 17% increase since 1950. In 1970
the annual rate of population growth was 0.3%, the lowest in the country's
history. The low population growth rate has led to chronic labor shortages
vvhich add to the economic problems of the Communist regime.
Czechoslovakia also suffers from an imbalance in the age structure of
the population which has helped depress the country's manpower pool. The
median age of the population was 32 in 1970, and this is expected to rise in
the coming years. One out of every five citizens is a pensioner.
Ethnically, the population of Czechoslovakia consists of two principal
groups?Czechs and Slovaks. Czechs comprise 65% of the total population,
while Slovaks account for 30%. Hungarians, Germans, Jews and other mi-
nority groups make up the remainder. The Czechs and Slovaks are ethnically
and linguistically related, but the historical divisions between them, notably
their separation under German and Hungarian domination respectively, have
resulted in cultural differences. The Czechs are well-educated and disci-
plined; they are often called the Teutons of the Slavic world. The more
temperamental Slovaks still display most of the characteristics of a religious,
rural society.
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cold, cloudy, and damp, with frequent light rain or snow. Summers (June
through August) have warm to hot afternoons, cool nights, and are less
cloudy and humid. Summer precipitation is heavier than in winter. Thunder-
storms occur on three to eight days per month in May through August but
are rare from October through March. Throughout the year, the worst
weather conditions occur in the higher mountains, where freezing tempera-
tures are common in winter and sometimes occur in summer. Most precipi-
tation in the mountains from late November through March is snow, but
snow depths seldom exceed six inches except in the higher regions, where
the ground is usually covered with snow from early November through April.
The predominant westerly surface winds are largely deflected by the moun-
tains, and seldom exceed 20 knots.
Natural resources
The natural resources of Czechoslovakia provide a base for an advanced
industrial and agricultural economy. Nevertheless, mineral reserves are insuf-
ficient to meet all domestic needs, despite their wide variety. Coal, uranium,
pitchblende, tungsten, lead, and copper help support an industrial belt in
northwest Bohemia. Hard coal mined in the Plzen-Kladno area and nearby
iron deposits support an active mining and metallurgy industry. In Moravia,
hard coal deposits also serve as the basis of a large metallurgy industry in the
Ostrava area, which is essentially part of the Silesian basin. Brown coal
(lignite) is used as a raw material in chemical plants and as fuel in the huge
thermal power plants in the Ohre Valley in northwest Czechoslovakia.
Almost all uranium ore is exported to the Soviet Union.
In Slovakia, mining of iron ore, magnesite, gold, and nonferrous metals
is centered near Kosice, but only magnesite is produced in sufficient quanti-
ties to meet domestic needs. Iron-ore reserves are generally of low quality.
Of the total land, 42% is arable, 14% is meadow and pasture, and 36% is
forested. Agriculture is well developed, but production is insufficient to
meet domestic needs. Exceptions are the high quality hops and beet sugar;
both are exported. Main agricultural crops are wheat, rye, potatoes, and
sugar beets. Forests cover much of the uplands of Slovakia which contain the
country's principal stands of valuable hardwood.
Human resources
With an estimated population of 14,526,000 in mid-1971, Czechoslo-
vakia ranks fifth among the eight countries of Eastern Europe. The country
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II. ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
Economic policy and development
The Bohemian and Moravian regions of Czechoslovakia are one of
Europe's oldest and most highly developed industrial areas. The country's
Gross National Product (GNP)?$30.9 billion in 1970?is Eastern Europe's
third largest. Its per capita GNP?$2,130?tops that of the USSR and is
surpassed in Eastern Europe only by that of East Germany. Ninety-six
percent of Czechoslovak economic activity is controlled by the state and
governed by the National Economic Plan. Five-year plans outline "perspec-
tive" goals, but the annual plan provides the basis for actual economic
activity.
Following their take-over in 1948, the Communists embarked on an
intense expansion of heavy industry, at the expense of consumer-oriented
light industries, food processing, and agriculture, and reoriented foreign
trade from traditional Western markets toward Eastern Europe and the
USSR. Production achievements throughout the 1950s were impressive, but
misleading because of the overemphasis on capital goods for export to the
USSR. The initial availability of surplus agricultural labor and public accept-
ance of very slow improvements in living conditions helped the regime
increase industrial employment by 40% and production by 92% during the
decade. As a result, the Communist leaders ignored the rapid obsolescence of
their new plants, lagging efficiency, and the fact that Czechoslovak products
could not be sold competitively on world markets.
Overconfidence led the regime to set overambitious goals for the 1960s,
and to pursue them well after the appearance in 1962 of economic danger
signals such as balance-of-payments deficits, shortages of materials, and a
growing volume of unfinished construction. The ensuing strains exposed the
regime to nationwide criticism and prompted a broadly supported movement
for economic reforms.
Pressure for change was so compelling that party leaders agreed to give
enterprise managers more freedom in setting prices, determining production,
and investing profits. Enterprise managers, however, used their new freedom
of decision to increase output of what was easiest to produce, raise prices,
increase wages, and initiate many new projects. Plan fulfillment reports
appeared more impressive, but serious inflationary pressures began to
develop.
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In January 1968 Alexander Dubcek took power from Antonin
Novotny, and began drafting new plans. Meanwhile, however, the economy
drifted even more freely than under Novotny. The establishment of workers'
councils contributed further to the inflationary spiral by allowing worker
representalives to make enterprise decisions that upset wage and productiv-
ity relations. Dubcek implemented a few economic reforms, but they were
short lived, more because of insufficient preparation and foresight than
because of Soviet intervention in August 1968.
In April 1969 the new regime of Gustav Husak adopted an economic
policy in line with its political strategy of tight domestic controls and close
relations with the USSR. By freezing prices and wages, Husak contained the
inflationary pressures that burst forth in 1968. By imposing goals for output
and trade, he prevented further marked deterioration in the balance of
payments. In planning for the future, the regime emphasizes increased
variety and quantity of consumer goods and services, improved housing,
transport, and energy production. Czechoslovak investment in industry now
is being scheduled mainly to modernize existing plants with allowances to
finish projects long delayed.
The reforms and counter-reforms of the past four years have not caused
irreparable damage to the economy, but prospects for a substantial early
improvement in the economic situation are the poorest of any East Euro-
pean country.
Sectors of the economy
Industrial production accounts for about half of Czechoslovakia's GNP
and employs 38% of the country's labor force. Manufacturing is the largest
branch of industry. Its development after 1948 followed the Soviet model,
concentrating on machine building and chemicals. For its size, Czechoslo-
vakia has the most varied machine building industry in the world. Other
leading industries are metallurgy, textiles, and food processing. Output
increasingly resembles that of Soviet manufactures in quality and mix.
Famous before World War It for quality engineering and light industrial
products, Czechoslovakia is no longer competitive in the world market,
although it easilysatisfiesthe less demanding markets of other Communist
member countries of the Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA).
Moreover, past investment had been funneled into new projects and the
modernization of existing plants is not far enough along to show results.
Czechoslovakia's highly diversified agriculture accounts for about 12%
of the GNP. In recent years, gross production has been almost evenly divided
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between crops and livestock. Development under Communist management
has been held back by the effects of forced collectivization and by lack of
inputs, especially fertilizer. Over 90% of arable land is managed by state
farms and collectives. Employment opportunities in the cities have reduced
the agricultural labor force by nearly one half since 1948, and has increased
its average age. Extensive mechanization has not offset these problems.
Agricultural output satisfies about 80% of domestic consumption.
Nonetheless, Czechoslovakia is a major net importer of fruits and vegetables,
meat, and grain. Traditional exports are beet sugar and hops. Feed shortages
during 1969-70 caused temporary restrictions on the development of live-
stock production, especially hogs. In 1968 pork accounted for 55% of
domestic red meat consumption. Cattle herds are below pre - World War II
levels, but milk yields exceed prewar production. Although Czechoslovakia is
densely forested, lumbering accounts for only about 1% of the GNP. Produc-
tion, however, exceeds domestic needs and allows for substantial exports,
particularly to Western Europe.
Financial system
The Czechoslovak financial system provides sufficient cash and credit
to carry out the National Economic Plan. The Ministry of Finance and the
State Bank of Czechoslovakia share responsibility for financial planning, but
in practice the financial authorities merely execute political decisions made
at a higher level. Over-all monetary policy is implemented by the State Bank,
which delegates some of its authority to a Czech national bank and a Slovak
national bank. These banks carry out day-to-day domestic transactions,
including the extension of long-term and short-term credits, and foreign
banking transactions as well.
The crown (Koruna Ceskoslovenska)?Kcs?is the national monetary
unit, and is used exclusively for internal transactions. The nominal exchange
rate for commodity trade is Kcs7.2=US$1, and for non-commercial transac-
tions and tourist exchange, Kcs14.36=$1, except that tourists from "capital-
ist" countres, Cuba, and Yugoslavia can buy crowns at a rate of about
Kcs16.20?$1. In terms of internal purchasing power, the average value of the
crown is somewhere between the two tourist rates.
Transportation and telecommunications
Czechoslovakia's well-developed transportation and telecommunica-
tions networks meet current economic needs. Transportation facilities in the
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heavily populated and industrialized Czech lands are far more extensive than
those in mountainous Slovakia. Over-all control is vested in the Ministry of
Transportation.
The rail system is the principal mode of transport. The 593-mile
double-track, electrified east-west line extending from the Soviet border at
Cierna to the East German border at Dolni Zleb is the most important route.
It passes through the heart of the country, connects many of the major rail
terminals, and carries most of the Soviet-Czechoslovak traffic as well as a
large amount of domestic freight. Direct exchange of rail equipment on the
standard-gauge (4'81/2") Czechoslovak network is made with all adjacent
countries except the Soviet Union, which uses a 5'0" broad-gauge system.
Highways provide a short-haul supplement to the railroads and, although
inferior to those in most West European countries, are superior to those in
other East European countries. An extensive system of oil and gas pipelines
provides an important complement to surface transport facilities.
Czechoslovakia's 517 miles of commercially navigable waterways?parts
of the Danube and Elbe systems and short sections of the Oder and Tisa
rivers?provide dependable and economical means of river transport through
East Germany to West German and Polish maritime ports on the North and
Baltic seas, and southeast to Romanian Black Sea outlets on the lower
Danube. The Czechoslovak merchant fleet, 12 small ships, operates from
maritime port facilities in West Germany, East Germany, Poland, Romania,
and Yugoslavia, primarily in tramp operations.
International and domestic air services are highly developed and are
provided by Czechoslovak Airlines (CSA), which is estimated to have 40
major transport aircraft. CSA operates an extensive international network;
among the Communist air carriers, only the USSR's Aeroflot has service to
more cities. Scheduled flights from Prague and Bratislava serve 47 cities in 40
countries. CSA flies to Western Europe, the Middle East, North and West
Africa, the Western Hemisphere, and South and Southeast Asia, as well as to
the USSR and all Communist East European countries except Albania. Some
of these services, notably the weekly flight to Montreal and New York, are
operated more for prestige purposes than economic gain. Czechoslovakia is
served by 24 foreign carriers, 16 of them non-Communist airlines.
CSA's scheduled domestic services?more than 200 flights a week from
Prague to ten locations in country?are supplemented by air taxi transporta-
tion. The air taxi unit has about 35 L-200 (Morava) twin-engine light
aircraft. These Czechoslovak-built four-passenger planes serve more than 70
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airfields in the country. Agricultural services?spraying, dusting, seeding, and
fertilizing--are performed by the Bratislava-based enterprise, Slov-Air, which
operates a fleet of about 100 light aircraft and helicopters. The Czechoslovak
Aeroclub provides basic flight training and has under its control an estimated
1,000 light aircraft, helicopters, and gliders located at about 90 airfields in
all parts of the country.
The vvell-developed telecommunications (telecom) system is equipped
with relatively modern facilities and is used primarily to support industry
and goVernment. Among East European Communist countries, the Czecho-
slovak telecom system is surpassed only by those of the USSR and East
Germany. Czechoslovakia ranks third among the East European Communist
countries in the number of telephone subscribers. At the beginning of 1970
about 1.8 million telephones were in use, and 91% of those were automatic.
At the beginning of 1971, there were 3.1 million TV receivers and 3.9
million radio receivers in the country. Most home-received TV programs
originate in Prague; some infrequent transmissions come from Bratislava. TV
programs are exchanged with West European Eurovision and the Soviet-
sponsored Intervision networks.
International landline service is provided by interconnections between
cables in the domestic network and similar cables in neighboring countries.
These lancllines, together with radio-relay links and radiocommunication
stations, provide circuits to all neighboring countries and many principal
cities throughout the world. Direct radiotelegraph service is available to 14
countries. In addition, there is radiotelephone service to Peking, China.
International trade
Since World War II, Czechoslovak trade patterns have undergone drastic
changes that coincided with the country's shift in emphasis from light
industry and quality engineering to machine building and chemical produc-
tion primarily for consumption by Communist countries. Imports of raw
materials and exports of machinery and equipment have increased sharply.
Czechoslovakia is a net importer of all major raw materials except
uranium, wood, and coal. Ninety-eight percent of the crude oil used, 87% of
iron ore, 95% of zinc, 75% of copper, 59% of lead, and almost all alloying
materials are imported. Until 1967 the country exported its total output of
uranium ore and concentrates?enough to provide 3,000 metric tons of
uranium metal per year?to the USSR. Since then, Czechoslovakia has also
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been producing small quantities of uranium fuel elements for domestic
consumption. Czechoslovakia is committed to deliver uranium to the USSR
until 1980. Brown and hard coal reserves are ample and furnish the major
source of energy. The USSR supplies more than 40% of the gross raw
materials; other Communist countries supply large quantities of ores, non-
metallic minerals, petroleum, and foodstuffs; and non-Communist countries
account for the remainder.
Since World War II, Czechoslovakia's international trade has grown
more than twice as fast as its GNP. Before World War II, the countries of
Eastern Europe that are now Communist accounted for less than one sixth
of Czechoslovakia's trade; by 1950 well over half, and since 1958 their share
has ranged from 70 to 75%. Trade with the USSR, which represents nearly
half of that carried on with the Communist world, expanded most in
absolute terms, but trade with East Germany increased most rapidly. Poland
is third in order of importance, followed by Hungary, Romania, and Bul-
garia.
Czechoslovakia conducts about 20% of its international commerce with
developed non-Communist countries and is a large net importer of Western-
produced machinery and chemical products. West Germany heads the list,
followed by Austria, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Italy, and the
Netherlands. Commerce with the United States has been consistently less
than half of one percent of Czechoslovak foreign trade.
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III. POLITICAL SITUATION AND TRENDS
Historical summary
The Czech and Slovak peoples have consistently struggled to maintain
their cultural and national identities through successive periods of foreign
domination. The Czechs fell under the rule of the Hapsburg monarchy in the
17th century, and the Slovaks under Hungarian rule in the 10th. Following
the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of the first
Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the country under President Tomas G.
Masaryk and his successor Eduard Benes emerged as the most democratic
state in Eastern Europe. This period of rapid cultural and national develop-
ment was abruptly halted by the 1938 Munich Agreement and subsequent
Nazi occupation. Nevertheless, neither six years of Nazi rule nor Communist
domination since 1948 have obliterated the democratic impulses of the
Czechoslovak people.
The heritage of foreign domination has left an imprint on the Czecho-
slovak national character which has played an important role in the political
life of the nation. A national trait, personified by the fictional character
"Good Soldier Schweik," consists of feigned compliance with but passive
resistance to overwhelming force.
A major historical weakness of Czechoslovakia has been the ethnic and
cultural dissimilarities between the Czechs and Slovaks, which all foreign
dominating powers, including the Soviets, have exploited. The more numer-
ous Czechs, inhabiting the western regions of Bohemia and Moravia, have a
rich cultural tradition. Though both of Slavic origin, the Czechs are pre-
dominantly a highly industrialized, Western-oriented people, while the
Slovaks, living in the mountainous eastern portion of the country, have
retained a more rural society. While various political mechanisms have been
fried to provide the Slovaks with effective political expression?most re-
cently the introduction of a federal system in 1970?the prevailing tendency
in the government has been centralism. Slovak resentment of Czech
bureaucratic and cultural dominance persists and remains a potential under-
current that may be tapped by an outside power seeking to divide and rule.
Following World War II, democratic government was restored but with
early and significant Communist influence. There were few extremes of
wealth and no significant political or economic repression, so the political
and social conditions seemed to offer little ground for Communist exploita-
lion. Nevertheless, the Communist coup of 1948 resulted from skillful
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Communist creation and use of a parliamentary crisis. It was accomplished
with relative ease and without direct aid from Soviet troops, which had been
withdrawn from the country by the end of 1945.
Despite the nearly universal disdain for the Communist system today,
the Czechoslovaks showed little apprehension of the Communist danger in
the 1945-48 period. In the years following World War II, the Communists
were able to point to their record of consistent opposition to the ills of
Czechoslovak and European society?fascism, racism, and appeasement. Even
before the debacle of Munich, which eroded the trust of many Czecho-
slovaks in Western military and political guarantees, the Communist Party
had represented to many Czechoslovaks the avant garde in human relations
seeking radical ways to better the lot of the average citizen.
The seizure of power by the Communists in 1948 was followed by
rapid transformation of the nation's social structure and a remolding of its
political, economic, and cultural institutions on the Soviet pattern. The
former upper and middle classes virtually disappeared, while a "new class"
typical of a highly bureaucratized Communist society developed. Collective
bargaining was abolished, and trade unions became mere tools of govern-
ment. The educational system was radically restructured and religion was
persecuted. By the early 1960s the Czechoslovaks appeared to be cowed and
docile, their disinclination to struggle against heavy odds nurtured by the
regime's ability to maintain a relatively high standard of living and to make
timely economic concessions.
The vast majority of Czechoslovaks, including many Communist Party
members, became disillusioned with the party beginning with the
cataclysmic Stalinist purge trials in the early 1950s and with the subsequent
ossification of the party in the hands of the "new class" of party adminis-
trators.
By 1963, pressures for relaxation of the hard line were generated by
mounting economic problems, disaffection from within the party apparatus,
and cultural and educational stagnation. Encouraged by the general de-
Stalinization campaign elsewhere in the bloc, Czechoslovak liberals began
demanding reform. The regime of Antonin Novotny was gradually forced to
modify its policies, a trend which took on the image of "national Corn-
r.lunism" and the diminution of subservience to Moscow. At no time were
independent foreign or military policies considered, however, and Czecho-
slovakia remained closely tied to the Warsaw Pact.
Czechoslovakia
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Liberalization, nevertheless, loosened some of the tightest shackles on
political life, permitting, for example, a feud between party liberals and
conservatives to break out into the open. Deep-seated differences within the
Communist leadership were aired publicly, often impeding the implementa-
tion of effective policies. Inertia gripped the leadership, leading to crippling
confusion and an intra-party crisis at the end of 1967. Alexander Dubcek, a
Slovak and a leading spokesman for the liberals, replaced Novotny as first
secretary in January 1968.
Dubcek and his colleagues won popular acceptance after announcing a
comprehensive reform program, which called for ending the Communist
Party's tight control of society and guaranteed personal rights, including
freedom of speech, assembly, and the right to travel and work abroad. The
program freed the process of government from party dictat and allowed the
parliament to assume its constitutional role as "supreme organ of state
power." In sum, the party was "humanizing" socialism by making it respon-
sive to basic democratic processes.
From the beginning, however, the Dubcek regime faced considerable
opposition, both foreign and domestic. The Soviet Union and other Warsaw
Pact countries saw in the reform program the seeds of disintegration of
Communist control in Czechoslovakia, which could eventually destroy the
political, economic, and military integrity of the bloc. Conservative Czecho-
slovak Communists were concerned over the "deviations" inherent in the
reform program. Soviet pressures on Dubcek to modify his program
mounted, culminating in the summit conference between the Soviet and
Czechoslovak leaders in Cierna nad Tisou. Concerned by Dubcek's apparent
failure to slow down the reform movement and by the increasing solidarity
of the Czechoslovaks behind the regime, the Soviets instigated the Warsaw
Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on the night of 20-21 August 1968.
Romania alone did not participate. Then, after eight months of intense
Soviet pressure, the Dubcek regime was forced to resign. Gustav Husak, who
emerged during this period as principal spokesman for the "realists"?those
willing to accommodate the Soviets?was named party first secretary in April
1969.
Structure of the government
Ostensibly governed through parliamentary republican institutions, the
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is under the complete domination of the
Czechoslovak Communist Party (KSC). The KSC maintains control of the
Czechoslovakia
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government by filling key posts in party and government with the most
powerful Communist leaders. Because the party structure parallels that of
the government, KSC control is ensured down to the lowest government
level.
The present "socialist" constitution was promulgated in July 1960,
replacing the one adopted in 1948. It is primarily an outline guide for the
transition of the state to "mature socialism." Only secondarily is it a charter
setting forth the structure of government and rights of citizens. The con-
stitution explicitly underscores the fact that the KSC is the "leading force"
in Czechoslovak society.
A major constitutional change, implemented in January 1969, was the
creation of a federal system, composed of separate Czech and Slovak
republics. Federalization was the culmination of a Slovak drive begun in
1968 to attain constitutional equality with the more numerous Czechs. The
major provisions of federalization, such as the decentralization of govern-
ment operations, were later annulled, however, as part of the party's "con-
solidation" campaign under Husak.
The iD icameral legislature, known as the Federal Assembly, consists of a
Chamber of People and a Chamber of Nations. The Chamber of People has
200 deputies popularly elected on a proportional basis for a five-year term.
The Chamber of Nations consists of 75 Czech and 77 Slovak representatives.
The Federal Assembly is governed by a president, a first vice president, and a
40-member Presidium which carries out the duties of the assembly when the
latter is not in session. The Presidium cannot make decisions on such major
issues as peace or war or the federal budget.
In contrast to -the constitutions of most other Communist countries,
ihe Czechoslovak document continues to provide for a one-man presidency,
constitutionally endowed with real executive functions. This concession to
the tradition of the interwar period is in large part due to the prestige
originally attached to the office by Tomas Masaryk. Under the 1960 con-
stitution, which was tailored to fit President and party boss Novotny, the
president is assigned executive functions as chief of state, commander in
chief of the armed forces, and representative of the state in all international
dealings. He also appoints the premier and cabinet ministers, all ranking
government officials, and diplomatic representatives. The president is elected
by a three fifths majority of the Federal Assembly sitting in joint session.
Since the advent of the Husak regime, the popular Ludvik Svoboda, who
replaced Novotny as president in May 1968, has become a mere figurehead.
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The federal cabinet consists of a premier and 12 ministers. The min-
istries of foreign affairs and national defense are independent of the Czech
and Slovak national governments, while the remaining ten are required to
coordinate their activities with their counterparts at the national level. All
federal cabinet members are appointed by the president; their tenure is
subject to resignation or presidential recall. Lubomir Strougal was named
premier in January 1970.
The Czech and Slovak National Councils are the legislative organs
representing the "national sovereignty" of the respective republics. Their
legislative powers are limited to regional matters but still provide the
individual republics with more autonomy than they had prior to federa-
lization. The councils implement federal laws, pass their own legislation
dealing with regional matters, and appoint regional judiciaries. Subordinate
to the councils are commissions which coordinate legislative activity in such
fields as health, education, and transportation. The Czech and Slovak
National Councils, with 200 and 150 representatives respectively, are elected
at five-year intervals.
Local administration in Czechoslovakia is conducted by a system of
national committees which exist on the regional (kraj), district (okres), and
community levels. The committees are constitutionally responsible, under
the jurisdiction of the respective national governments, for the regulation of
economic, cultural, educational, security, and civic services. Corresponding
to the country's administrative breakdown, there are 11 national committees
with regional status, 118 with district status, and about 11,000 local com-
mittees. The committees are elected simultaneously with the National
Councils and serve as administrative transmission belts for the national
governments.
The judicial system is charged by the constitution with first protecting
the "socialist state" and only secondarily with the rights of citizens. The
Supreme Court of Czechoslovakia is the highest judicial organ in the
country. it has the power of judicial review over the Supreme Courts of the
Czech and Slovak republics (established in 1970), which in turn exercise
review authority over the krai and okres courts. The Czech and Slovak
ministers of justice supervise the training and examination of judges and
administrate the regional judicial systems. The federal prosecutor general
initiates judicial proceedings through subordinate regional and district public
prosecutors.
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The military judicial system is directly under the jurisdiction of the
federal minister of national defense, who acts through the ministry's Military
Courts Administration. There are two levels of military courts?military
district courts and "higher" military courts?which exercise jurisdiction in all
criminal matters involving members of the armed forces. Commanding
officers exercise judicial authority over minor offenses. Judicial review of the
military courts is exercised by the federal Supreme Court.
Political dynamics
Shortly after succeeding Dubcek as party leader in April 1969, Gustav
Husak delineated his policy of "realism" and became the foremost spokes-
man for ''normalization"?broad compliance with Moscow's demands?as the
only possible course under military occupation and violent repression. It
took time, however, for the moderate Husak to establish his pre-eminence
within the party in the face of liberal, centrist, and conservative factionalism,
and it was not until the 14th Party Congress in May 1971 that he emerged as
the undisputed head of the party.
The Party Congress capped the regime's two-year "consolidation"
campaign designed to dismantle the liberal innovations introduced by
Dubcek. Nationwide purges of both the party and government social institu-
tions were conducted. The primacy of the party based on orthodox Com-
munist tenets was re-established. The major vehicle in the regime's ideolo-
gical offensive was the Lessons* document, promulgated in December 1970,
which gave the official interpretation of the crisis period, justified the Soviet
invasion, and served as a warning to other Communist regimes involved in
domestic reform.
The Communist Party is the central motivating force of the Czecho-
slovak political, economic, and social systems, which have been patterned
closely after those of the USSR. The KSC Party Congress, which convenes
every five years, is theoretically the supreme organ of the party. In practice,
however, the congress has merely served to ratify the policies fixed by the
top leadership. The congress "elects" the central committee.
The Central Committee directs the work of the party between con-
gresses and organizes and supervises the executive agencies of the KSC,
*Full title-Lessons Drawn from the Crisis Development in the Party and Society After the
13th Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia
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including its own 11 administrative departments. The Central Committee
consists of 115 members and 45 candidate members, most of whom are
technicians and "apparatchiki" (plant managers, party functionaries, and
bureaucrats). The Central Committee supervises government programs
through the departments, which deal with such sectors as agriculture, indus-
try, and press.
At the apex of the party structure is the general secretary, who
dominates the party's leading bodies, the Presidium and the Secretariat.
Power rests mainly in the Presidium, a group of 11 members and two
candidate members who determine the policies and tactics of the party.
Although the Central Committee "elects" the Presidium, the latter body in
practice determines its own membership. The Secretariat is the administra-
tive arm of the Presidium and the only other party organ with substantial
authority. Its 11 members, several of whom are also in the Presidium,
supervise such functional areas as government, international relations, and
economics. Their authority is transmitted downward within the party
through regional and local party organs. The Slovak Communist Party (KSS),
while theoretically autonomous, in practice is subordinate to the KSC and
does the latter's bidding in Slovakia.
The KSC traditionally has been a "mass" party, designed to incorporate
representatives of all groups and major segments of Czechoslovak society.
Legal before World War II, the party had a core of several hundred thousand
upon which to build following the end of Nazi rule. Because of the party's
traditional "legitimacy" and its anti-Nazi record, membership rose sharply
after the war, soaring?when the Communists came to power in 1948?to a
peak of two and a half million, or 19 percent of the population. Party
membership has since fluctuated due to periodic purges and membership
drives, but it has remained the largest in proportion to the population of all
East European Communist parties, including that of the USSR. At the
beginning of 1972, party membership was estimated at 1.2 million or nearly
12 percent of the population.
To help extend its control over the population, the party also employs
a number of political and social mass organizations. The most important
mass orQanization is the Czechoslovak National Front, which actually is a
coalition of all other organizations and the puppet parties. Under the
complete domination of the Communist Party, the National Front coordi-
nates the activities of cultural, professional, and youth groups. The National
Front also supervises national elections and serves as the Communists'
vehicle for nominating candidates to the Federal Assembly and other govern-
ment offices. Other important mass organizations are the Revolutionary
Trade Movement and Socialist Youth Union.
Czechoslovakia
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Czechoslovak policies are kept in line with Soviet desires through
personal contacts between top party and government leaders, numerous
exchanges of delegations representing various government and economic
bodies, and through the watchful eyes of the Soviet ambassador in Prague
and other Soviet personnel in Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia
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IV. SUBVERSION
No organized subversive activity has been known to exist on a national
scale in Czechoslovakia. The reform movement of 1968 arose from within
the ruling Communist Party and involved no attempt to overthrow the
government or the constitution. Popular dissatisfaction with the Communist
regime has traditionally been manifested by such nonviolent means as
malperforrnance of duties, nonconformity with Communist standards of
conduct, theft of state property, and pamphleteering. On some occasions,
however, such as the time of marked economic deterioration in 1962 and
1963, and following the Soviet invasion in 1968, public discontent engen-
dered open resistance, culminating in work stoppages and demonstrations.
The cautious nature of the Czechoslovaks and efficient police tactics have
kept such situations from presenting a real threat to the regime.
Most persons arrested for "subversion" have been charged with the
distribution of anti-regime and anti-Soviet leaflets. From time to time small
groups of dissident intellectuals have sought to generate active opposition
movements, but except for 1967 and 1968, they have attracted little public
support. Since Husak came to power in 1969 there have been occasional
arrests anc trials of prominent intellectuals for pamphleteering. The "Czech-
oslovak Citizens Socialist Movement," a small group of liberal intellectuals,
began handing out anti-government samizdat in 1970. By 1972, however, the
regime had arrested some of the movement's members and seemed to be
putting it out of business.
Domestic dissidents have remained in touch with fellow ex-reformists
who fled Czechoslovakia following the Soviet invasion. Several small exile
groups composed of liberal intellectuals have taken up residence in the West.
They consider themselves enlightened Communists, but the regime in Prague
views them as enemies of the state. The degree to which they support their
colleagues remaining in Czechoslovakia is not known, although the latter are
believed to supply the exiles with materials for publication.
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VI. ARMED FORCES
The armed forces, known collectively as the Czechoslovak People's
Army, consist of regular ground and air elements and a militarized Interior
Guard. All are under the federal Ministry of National Defense (MOD). The
Frontier Guard was transferred from the MOD to the Ministry of Interior in
December 1971. Czechoslovakia has no navy in the usual sense, but main-
tains a small Danube Defense Guard consisting of some 50 patrol craft.
Total personnel strength of the armed forces as of January 1971 was
172,000, including 154,000 in the ground forces and 18,000 in the air force.
Major combat elements include ten ground force divisions (five motorized
and five tank) and about 550 combat aircraft. The Interior Guard consists of
4,000 men.
Since Czechoslovakia is a member of the Warsaw Pact, the armed forces
are integrated into the Soviet strategic concept in the area. The armed forces
are organized, trained, and equipped along Soviet lines. The ground and air
forces are the third largest among the Warsaw Pact nations, ranking behind
those of the Soviet Union and Poland.
Defense organization
Under the constitution, the president of the republic is the commander
in chief of the armed forces. With the support of the legislature, he can
declare war, proclaim a national emergency, and institute mobilization. The
federal minister of national defense exercises operational control over all
military headquarters and units. He is assisted by a General Staff, six
functional directorates, and an inspector general. There are two military
administrative districts in Czechoslovakia, the Western Military District with
headquarters at Tabor, and the Eastern Military District with headquarters at
Trencin.
Real control over the military is exercised by the Communist Party,
however. The party's control of the armed forces is exercised through the
MOD's Main Political Directorate, which extends its influence to all levels of
command independent of normal command channels.
The armed forces are supported by a compulsory military service
system similar to that of other Warsaw Pact countries. The basic term of
service is two years. Volunteers are accepted only by special branches such as
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airborne and armored troops, and by the air force. After release from active
duty, conscripts pass into the reserve. Trained ground forces reserves are
estimated at 1.5 million.
While Czechoslovak military personnel traditionally have undergone
Communist political indoctrination, this training has been intensified under
the Husak regime. Czechoslovak troops normally are well disciplined, but
morale was lowered following the invasion. Subsequent purges resulted in
widespread loss of junior and middle grade officers.
Training
Nearly all recruits receive some form of pre-induction training in
various state-controlled paramilitary organizations known collectively as
SVAZARIVI (Union for Cooperation with the Army). All in-service military
training is supervised by the military district headquarters under the direc-
tion of the General Staff. Czechoslovak training schedules are coordinated
with the over-all Warsaw Pact plan for combined training of Pact forces.
Instruction for field-grade officers of all services is provided by a
command and staff college, the Zapotocky Military Academy, in Brno. The
main training facilities for the air force are located at the air academy in
Kosice and the airfield at Hradec Kralove. Specialized schools are maintained
by various military branches. In addition, selected officers from ground and
air units are sent to high-level military schools in the Soviet Union.
Joint air-ground training exercises are frequently conducted. Air
defense exercises, aimed at perfecting the coordination of surface-to-air and
conventional anti-aircraft elements with fighter aircraft, are regularly held.
The armed forces have participated in major Warsaw Pact exercises, including
the most recent exercise, "Comrades in Arms" in 1970.
Logistics
Czechoslovakia has the most important military materiel production
industry among the Eastern European Communist countries, based on an
advanced native design capability and a highly industrialized economy.
Production of ground forces materiel includes small arms, artillery, tanks,
and transport vehicles. Ammunition of all types is produced to meet indig-
enous requirements and to provide modest quantities for export. Chemical
warfare production includes toxic agents and biological and chemical warfare
agents, although production is in small quantities mainly for research pur-
poses.
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Czechoslovakia is second only to the Soviet Union as a Communist
exporter of military materiel and was the first to supply arms to Arab
countries in the Middle East under agreements concluded in 1956 with Syria,
the UAR, and Yemen. A major export item has been the OT-62 TOPAZ
tracked personnel carrier.
Czechoslovakia has the leading aircraft industry among Communist
Eastern Europe nations. Military jet trainers are produced in quantity, as are
several types of light civil aircraft. Aircraft not produced domestically are
obtained from the USSR.
Czechoslovakia
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VII. FOREIGN RELATIONS
For over a decade following the Communist take-over in 1948, Czecho-
slovakia was Moscow's model satellite and consistently pledged its steadfast
loyalty to the Soviet Union. This subservience to Moscow stemmed from the
ideological affinity between the two Communist parties and from the belief
held by many Czechoslovaks that Soviet military power was the best insur-
ance against a renascent Germany. Czechoslovakia is a member of the
Warsaw Pact and of the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (CEMA). As
a result, it has structured its political, military, and economic policies to
meet Soviet desiderata.
Prague's close relationship with Moscow was jarred by the de-Staliniza-
tion campaign launched by Khrushchev in 1956. Although the party leader-
ship of Antonin Novotny was reluctant to divorce itself from the orthodox
style of rule upon which its power rested, gradual domestic pressure for
reform forced Novotny to initiate his own belated "de-Stalinization" cam-
paign in 1963. The Novotny regime subsequently became less inclined to
follow unquestioningly the Soviet lead in international affairs. It was not
until after Novotny's demise in early 1968, however, that Czechoslovak
foreign policies challenged Soviet interests by going beyond the limits of
self-interest acceptable to Moscow. The policies of greater cooperation with
the West that the Dubcek regime began formulating were crushed by the
August 1968 invasion, which began a period when Czechoslovakia almost
totally withdrew from the international arena.
The Party Congress of May 1971, capping two probationary years of
"consolidation" under Gustav Husak, formalized Czechoslovakia's return as
a reliable member of the socialist camp. Except for Romania, all of the
Warsaw Pact nations sent their top party leaders to welcome the errant
comrades back into the fold. Brezhnev's reference at the congress to the
"international prestige" that the Husak regime had earned no doubt miti-
gated any remaining doubts by Prague's allies over the reliability of the
Czechoslovak regime.
Communist world
Czechoslovakia "normalized" its relations with the Soviet Union by
signing a new Soviet-Czechoslovak Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and
Mutual Assistance in May 1970. The 20-year treaty endorsed the Brezhnev
doctrine of limited sovereignty in Eastern Europe and mortgaged Czecho-
slovakia's own political future to Moscow. Nevertheless, there are indications
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that the invasion of Czechoslovakia remains a sensitive issue between
Czechoslovakia and some other Communist countries, as well as within the
bloc as a whole. Romania has continued to voice its opposition to the
invasion, thus violating Prague's most important condition for improved
relations. Belgrade's persistent criticism of the Soviets' use of force in
Czechoslovakia has kept Yugoslavia's relations with the Husak regime cool.
Czechoslovakia's relations with Poland and East Germany have
markedly improved since 1968. New economic agreements with those two
countries and the relaxation of travel restrictions in January 1972 substan-
tiate observations that the three neighboring nations are developing a special
relationship within the bloc. The Czechoslovaks are closely watching Polish
First Secretary Gierek's handling of Poland's domestic difficulties, which are
similar to their own.
Czechoslovakia encourages cooperative relations with Bulgaria, al-
though the two countries have no major bilateral interests. Czechoslovakia's
dealings with neighboring Hungary are constructive in nature, and Prague
watches Budapest's reformist economic policies with cautious interest.
Prague's relations with Western Communist parties were severely jolted
by the invasion and by the Husak regime's justification and acceptance of it.
The French, Italian, Spanish, and British Communists were particularly
hostile to the invasion and to the imposition of a pro-Soviet government in
Prague, although the French and to a lesser extent the Italians have toned
down their public criticisms. Prague's relations with the British and Spanish
Communist parties, neither of which attended the last Czechoslovak Party
Congress, remain icy.
Non-Communist world
The Husak regime has taken no major foreign policy initiatives vis-a-vis
the West. West Germany is the only West European country with which
Prague has engaged in substantive political talks, and these are within the
framework of the Bonn government's Ostpolitik. The two countries have
narrowed their differences emanating from World War II to the issue of the
manner and degree to which the 1938 Munich Agreement should be invali-
dated. In early 1972 the two sides appeared confident that a compromise
could be reached, thus leading to an eventual treaty normalizing relations.
Attempts to reconcile differences with Austria, begun by the Dubcek
government, were sidetracked by the invasion. Working level talks were
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resumed in late 1971, but rapprochement seems distant due to Prague's
suspicions of alleged Austrian ties with NATO and Czechoslovak reluctance
to compensate Vienna for nationalized Austrian property in Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia's relations with the United States, although con-
siderably better than in the Stalinist period, remain minimal. Prague con-
tinues to take diametrically opposed views on most major international
issues, especially the Vietnam war and the US role in the Middle East.
Bilateral issues also mar US-Czechoslovak relations, particularly the re-
tention, at US insistence, of some $20 million in Nazi-looted Czechoslovak
gold by the Tripartite Gold Commission and by the yet unsettled issue of
nationalized US property in Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia would like to improve trade with the West and to
acquire badly needed Western technology. Political imperatives and Czecho-
slovakia's close economic ties with the Soviet bloc preclude broad initiatives
on Prague's part, however, and economic dealings with the West remain
minimal.
Czechoslovakia has traditionally ranked second to the Soviet Union in
terms of Communist aid to less developed countries. Most Czechoslovak
economic aid has gone to Latin America and Africa. Since 1950 Czecho-
slovakia has been a major supplier of military aid, mainly small arms, to Arab
countries in the Middle East.
Czechoslovakia
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VIII. US INTERESTS
The US has no major bilateral treaties or agreements with Czecho-
slovakia, US citizens have no private investments there, trade between the
two countries is negligible, and common ground with the Czechoslovak
Government can be found only on issues in which the US and the USSR are
in accord. The US Embassy in Prague, nevertheless, attempts to maintain
useful relations with the Czechoslovak Government and to broaden contacts
with the Czechoslovak people, particularly in the cultural, economic, and
technical fields. The Czechoslovaks have shown tentative interest in broaden-
ing ties with US commercial firms.
The US is interested in resolving issues which have burdened relations
with Prague for more than 20 years. Among these is the linkage imposed by
the US on its approval of the release of about $20 million of Nazi-looted
gold held by the Tripartite Gold Commission (US, UK, and France), and
Prague's agreement to a satisfactory settlement of US citizens' claims for
property nationalized in Czechoslovakia after 1948. The US would also like
to collect for US citizens $2.7 million in dollar bonds on which Prague has
defaulted, as well as the $5.7 million (interest included) owed to the US
Government for post - World War II surplus property sales. Prague has not
been forthcoming on these issues, although it has long voiced its objection to
not receiving most favored nation trade treatment from the US.
More recently, detention of US citizens by Czechoslovak authorities for
alleged crimes has placed additional strains on relations. The detentions have
heightened US interest in reaching a bilateral consular agreement providing
for prompt and continuing consular access to detained US citizens.
The US and Czechoslovakia have no formal agreement on informational
activities. The small USIA program is operated by two US employees. The
US presence in Czechoslovakia in mid-1971 amounted to about 33 officials
and their families, all of whom were stationed or living in Prague, and about
50 private citizens?businessmen, students, and their dependents.
Czechoslovakia Mar 72
No Foreign Dissem
SECRET
Approved For Release 2002/01/29 : CIA-RDP79-00891A001100050001-6
Indianapolis
Cinclena
rleston.
Approved For Release 2002/01/29 : CIA-RDP79-00891A0011000500116k RESOURCES
AND PROCESSING
POPULATION
Persons per square mile
ci 78 18! 285
11111MST,
0 30 70 f/0
Persons per square kilometer
Based on 1961 census data
Dieln
Usti nad Labem
Tepllee
Lltviner
Yarns orf
RESOURCES
Hard coal
FA-1 Brown coal
Iron ore
Magnesite
Uranium
PROCESSING
.11 Iron and steel
di Oil refining
PIPELINES
Crude oil (CEMA)
Refined products
- Natural gas
lablonec
Chomutov
Nathed
Karlovy Vary
Kladno
Sokolov
Kra..
Ostrava
LAND UTILIZATION
Kolln
RAGUE
Olomou
? jovil
Forest Major hops area
Strakonlca
GENERAL AGRICULTURAL REGIONS
Corn, wheat, barley
Wheat, barley, sugar beets
Oats, potatoes, rye
Mountain farming
I- 1
211Ina
R tomberok
Limit of Polish
Administration
Stacie
Bratislava
110440
Komarno
INDUSTRIES
Ferrous and nonferrous mining and metallurgy
0 Machine building
Machine tools, mining and transportation equipment,
agricultural machinery, electrical equipment
Light industry
Textiles andclothing, glass, ceramics, wood, paper
Ch
Industrial chemicals, fertilizers, petroleum products
0 Food processing
Size of circles and segments
indicate relative importance
Varns
Dolni 2Ieb
Dean
International boundary
Republic boundary
Kraj (region) boundary
Railroad
National capital
Republic capital
Kraj (region)center
Road
DvOr Kral?
1596.
Jerome/.
Spot elevations in feet
Scale 1:1,430,000
15 50
Nymburk
Krnov
ra
FrYd_ak
? .Koprivnioa
Novi Ilan -1
Valadslai
Mezifitt
?
Roiritov
'430e-
500009 9-71
Approved For Release 2002/01/29 : CIA-RDP79-00891A001100050001-6
OUNOARY REPRESENTATION IS
OT NECESSARILY AUTHORITATIVE
Approved For Release 2002/01/29 : CIA-RDP79-00891A001100050001-6
Secret
No Forekn Dissem
Secret
Approved For Release 2002/01/29 : CIA-RDP79-00891A001100050001-6