JIM MANDROS,

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00798A001000140011-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 9, 1999
• Sequence Number: 11
• Content Type: LETTER

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Jim Mandros,
Regret we are late in mailing you this copy of the translation, but in
effect Wednesday of this week is our first working day since we had to
relocate our Offices on Monday and Tuesday.
40 attached herewith are the two chapters of interest to our analyst for
your review. These two chapters contain 0,600 words of the 26,000 word
booklet.
If you still wish the entire booklet translated, the cost will be $17.00
per thousand words, approximately $350.00 for the remaining chapters.
Upon completion of your review and approval by yo,.r staff, the translation
should be completed within four to five weeks dependinp. on the workload
of the translators.
Yours Truly
25X1A
Committee on Exchanges
1)1-2L 92
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Moscow PRIRODA POD OKITRANOY ZAKONA [Nature Under the Protection of the Law]
in Russian 1975 pp 61-76, 114-127
[Chapters from the brochure PRIRODA POD OKHRANOY ZAKONA by 0. S. Kolbasov,
edited by M. M. Slavin, candidate of juridical sciences, Izdatel'stvo
Moskovskiy Rabochiy, 1975, 128 pages]
[Text] Do Not Spit in the Well
These words of the old Russian proverb express very precisely man's concern
for a source of water. People understood long ago that places where water is
kept must be protected from pollution.
Unfortunately, pollution of water is one of the most dangerous and widespread
phenomena that lead to deterioration of the condition of man's environment,.
A persistent struggle has been waged for a long time and will continue to be
waged against it. This struggle requires the mobilization of forces of state
agencies, scientific, design, construction and other economic organizations
and also the broad masses of workers.
In recent years organizational and technical measures directed toward avoid-
ing pollution of the bodies of water have been carried out on a large scale..
Water purification and other water management structures are being constructed.
immediate measures have been earmarked for organizing closed cycle water sup-
ply. Ministries and departments of the RSFSR have begun to allot greater
amounts of capital investments for the construction of sewage installations
.and equipment for rendering wastes harmless. Under the Eighth Five-Year Plan
more than 4,000 purification complexes were put into operation for purifica-
tion of industrial wastes. Many of them are large biochemical enterprises:
'phis made it possible to increase purification by 15 million cubic meters of
water a year. During the same period systems were introduced for recycling
70 million cubic meters of water a day. The work for utilization of valuable
pr'oduc'ts from waste waters has been improved. As a result there has been an
appreciable improvement in the sanitary condition of rivers, lakes and water
T';ascrvo:.rs. Under the Ninth Five-Year Plan installations are being put into
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pollution of the bo es o
Ryazan' petroleum processing plants, the Ust'-Izhora Plywood Plant and others.
operation for purification of wastes with an overall capacity that is 3.3
times greater than. that under the last five-year plan.
An immense amount of work. has been done in this area in Moscow Oblast. Here
the discharge of waste waters has been reduced from 1.8 million cubic meters
in 1963 to 30,000 in 1973.
From year to year there are more and more enterprises which, while increasing
the output of products, have reduced the consumption of water and curtailed
di f water They include the Novogor'kovskiy and
Measures taken by the government- of the republic, local soviet agencies, eco-
nomic and social organizations have made it possible to put a halt to the in-
crease in pollution in a number of important rivers. and to improve their san-
itary condition. But the problem of protection of the waters is still. very
important and critical.
The Fundamentals of Water Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics, the
republic water codes and other legal documents have envisioned a number of
important conditions and requirements directed toward insuring protection of
the waters from pollution.,
As distinct from previously effective legislation, present legislation com-
pletely prohibits the discharge of production, household and other kinds of
wastes and byproducts into the seas, lakes and rivers. The discharge of waste
waters is allowed only with the observance of a whole number of special re-
quirements that are stipulated by legislation and are directed, in the final
analysis, toward an essential limitation of the discharge of these wastes.
It is impossible for the law to completely prohibit the discharge of waste
waters into the bodies of water. This would be unrealistic and impracticable.
People take water and use it. But this does not make the water disappear.
It must go somewhere and be thrown away. It is impossible to get rid of cer-
tain kinds of industrial waste waters because we have still not found means
of production that do not involve the use of liquid to cover all cases. Dis-
charges of drainage waters from the ever increasing areas of irrigated land.
have also not been eliminated. Finally, the discharge of waste waters has a
useful side as well: it is necessary for maintaining the normal hydrological
regime of our bodies of water. For example, in 1971 the intake of water from
the rivers, lakes and water reservoirs in the RSFSR for the needs of the na-
tional economy and the population amounted to more than 104 cubic kilometers.
If a large part: of this water had not been returned to the rivers, lakes and
water reservoirs In the form of waste waters, many of them would have ceased
to exist.
Without prohibiting the discharge of waste waters, Soviet legislation stipu-
lates measures so as to reduce the pollution of seas, rivers, lakes and under-
ground water resources. Two basic tasks are set here: not to allow the
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appearance of new causes of pollution and gradually to limit, reduce to a min-
imum and, finally, completely eliminate existing causes of pollution of bodies
of water.
To these ends, the law prohibits the startup of new and reconstructed enter-
prises, shops, aggregates, municipal and other projects that are not provided
with devices for avoiding pollution. This is a very important rule which, if
consistently followed, will make it possible to achieve great successes in
protection of the water. The responsibility for following this rule lies ba-
sically with the state acceptance commissions and managers of ministries and
departments, main boards, trusts and individual enterprises.
In order to increase the guarantees against accepting economic projects that
are not provided with means for protection of water from pollution, authori-
tative state agencies have established that the construction of enterprises
that discharge wastes must be carried out in such a way that installations
for purification of the wastes are constructed before the startup of the ba-
sic industrial projects. It is recommended to USSR ministries and depart-
ments, the councils of ministers of the Union republics and design and con-
struction organizations that they:
Provide a separate line in the itemized lists of construction sites and proj
ects for the construction of purification installations, envisioning the nec-?
essary capital investments for this and the volumes of construction and in-
stallation work and establishing earlier deadlines for the completion of
their construction;
Include the construction of purification installations in the startup com-
plexes of enterprises in volumes providing for complete purification of waste
waters of production objects that have been started up, in keeping with the
plan;
Construct purification installations strictly within established time limits,
promptly providing blueprints and material and technical resources for them,
.keeping in mind that installations for the purification of wastes must be
completed with the construction and pass the necessary tests before the
startup of the basic production. objects of the enterprise.
But the changeover to waterless production technology should he considered to
tie' the most progressive way-of precluding the appearance of new instances of
industrial pollution. It. Is necessary to design and construct enterprises in
such a way that they do not use water at all and do not discharge waste
waters. To accomplish this it is necessary to develop research on new pro-
duction technology in all branches of industry and to utilize the achieve--
ments of modern science and technology more effectively.
Preventive measures play a large role in solving problems related to the in-
admissibility of the appearance of sources or factors in pollution. This is
why in a number of cases legislation snakes it incumbent on enterprises,
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institutions and organizations to take all necessary measures to prevent
pollution.
Typical in this regard Is the obligation stipulated in article 38 of the Fun-
damentals of Water Legislation which pertains to the makeup of the area where
water is discharged, that is, the territory on whose surface water from atmos-
pheric precipitation (rain, snow) is collected, water which flows into the
bodies of water and also forms the underground streams.
Enterprises, organizations and institutions are obliged not to allow pollution
or obstruction of surface catchment areas, the ice cover of seas, rivers, and
lakes or the surface of glaciers with industrial, household and other wastes,
refuse or discharges and also petroleum and chemical products whose washoff
causes deterioration of the quality of surface and underground waters.
Moreover, obligations of a preventive nature have been established for trans-
portation, agricultural and several other kinds of enterprises.
Those in charge of the means of water transportation, pipelines, floating and
other installations on bodies of water, timber-floating organizations and also
other enterprises, organizations and institutions are obligated not to allow
pollution and silting up of the water as a result of losses of oil, wood, and
chemical, petroleum and other products.
The administrations of state water management systems, kolkhozes, sovkhozes
and other enterprises, organizations and institutions are obligated to avoid
pollution of the hydrosphere with fertilizers and toxic-chemicals.
As for the gradual limitation and subsequent complete elimination.of existing
sources of pollution, this task is being carried out through strict regula-
tion of all conditions for the admissibility of discharging wastes in each
individual case (places, times, quantities and qualities) and through exten-
sive, energetic economic and organizational work in order to introduce pro-
gressive methods of production (dry technology, replacement of water cooling
with air cooling, changeover of existing enterprises to closed recycling
water supply systems) and also through providing for reliable purification
of waste waters (industrial, municipal, drainage, rain water and mine water).
Before the Fundamentals of Water Legislation became effective there was no
single policy for establishing the right to discharge waste waters. Enter-
prises, institutions and organizations were guided by documents of state re-
ceiving commissions that accepted industrial and municipal sewage installa-
tions for operation. The rules for protection of surface waters from pollu-
tion with waste waters that were established in 1961 introduced strict control
and stipulated that agencies for the utilization and protection of water
should issue conclusions regarding the conditions for release of waste waters.
These conclusions must be renewed every 3 years.
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When the aforementioned Fundamentals were put into affect a single policy was
established for permitting the discharge of waste waters both into surface
and into underground bodies of water. This means that permission from the
agency for regulating the utilization and protection of water filled out un-
der the established policy must be obtained for each individual discharge
into a river, lake or sea. The permission is a document that certifies the
right of one enterprise, organization or institution or another to discharge
water. The permission points out the institution, the body of water, the
place, the kind and quantity of waste waters that are to be discharged., their
makeup, their temperature, the degree of purification, possible deviations
from the amounts of discharges at various times and other legal and technical
data.
The conditions and requirements placed on water users when discharging waste
waters are differentiated depending on whether the discharge is into surface
bodies of water or into underground water-bearing horizons. In a number of
cases legislation completely prohibits discharge of waste waters into surface
bodies of waters, regardless of the degree of purification (for example, in
zones of sanitary protection of the sources of the centralized drinking water
supply, health resorts, and places that are designated for bathing). In the
other sections of the bodies of water it is permitted to discharge only puri-
fied waste waters.
According to existing legislation the term "purifed waste waters" is defined
by the sum of requirements which must be satisfied with respect to the quality
of the water that is discharged after its utilization and subsequent pur.ifica-
tion by each enterprise that discharges water individually. There is no sin-
gle understanding of purified water that is the same for all enterprises that
discharge it. On the contrary, for each of them agencies for regulating the
utilization and protection of water outline the requirements concerning the
conditions for the discharge of water. Therefore waste waters are recognized
as purified if they satisfy the qualitative characteristics and in general
those conditions under which their discharge is sanctioned by agencies for
regulating the utilization and protection of water.
Enterprises are forbidden to discharge waste waters that contain valuable by"
products which can he utilized by one enterprise or another that is interested
in these byproducts. It Is also not allowed to discharge wastes that contain
industrial raw material, reagents, somimanufactured products and final-
prod-ucts of production In quantities that exceed the normatives for admissible
technological losses for the corresponding industry that are established by
the management organization. Observance of these rules should be controlled
primarily by state agencies and directly by the management of the enterprises.
Exercise of the right to discharge waste waters into surface bodies of water
hinges on meeting requirements not only with respect to its quality, but also
with respect to quantity. Enterprises do not have a right to increase the
quantity of waste waters discharged into the bodies of water when the estab-
lished policy prohibits this. On the contrary, they are obligated to do
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:y
everything possible to reduce their quantity with the permissible quality,
displaying initiative in rationalization of production technology and in cre-
ating circulating water supply systems..
The right to discharge purified waste waters into surface bodies of water is
conditioned by observance of the requirements not only with respect to quality
and quantity, but also with respect to the place of their discharge. Enter-
prises do not have the right to arbitrarily change the place in which the
water is discharged.
The rights and responsibilities of enterprises, institutions and organizations
that use surface bodies of water for discharging waste waters are restricted,
finally, by the requirements of legislation pertaining to regular self-control
over water utilization.
The general rules determining the policy for discharging waste waters into
underground water.--bearing.liorizons are stipulated in the decree of the USSR
Council of Ministers "On Establishing State Control Over the Utilization of
Underground Waters and on Measures for Their Protection" of 4 September 1959
and the Provisions for the Policy for Utilization and Protection of Under-
ground Waters on the Territory of the USSR that was approved in April 1960
by the USSR Ministry of Geology and Protection of the Earths Interior and
the USSR Main State Sanitation Inspection Team.
1 1 The drilling of inverted wells and the installation of inverted wells for
discharging industrial and domestic and fecal. waste waters of enterprises is
forbidden in all cases when these wells can be sources of pollution of the
water--bearing horizon which is being used or is intended for use and also
which can be used for the domestic water supply or for therapeutic purposes.
Permission to drill inverted wells is granted only after conducting special
hydrogeological and sanitary-bacteriological investigations that prove that
it is impossible for the discharge of wastes to affect the water-bearing
horizons that are being used or are intended for use and also those that can
be used for.. purposes of water supply or for therapeutic purposes
on open
,
:d bodies of water and on adjacent territory and under the condition that the
r I absorptive horizon has adequate capacity.
Inverted wells must have reliable installation of the upper horizon through
which the well passes from pollution with waste waters that are discharged
into the well, taking into account possible corrosion of the casings.
It is prohibited to install inverted wells in belts I and II of zones for
sanitary protection of sources of water supply.
It is also prohibited to discharge into inverted wells waste waters that con-
tain radioactive substances; in exceptional cases after special investigations
have been conducted this can be permitted with the agreement of the USSR Min-
istry of. Health and the USSR Ministry of Geology.
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Thus the discharge of waste waters is permitted only in cases where it does
not lead to an increase in the content of polluting substances in, the body
of water that is higher than the established norm and under the condition
that the water user purifies the waste waters up to the limits established
by the agencies for regulation of the utilization and protection of water.
If the aforementioned requirements are not met, the discharge of waste waters
can be limited, halted or prohibited by agencies for regulating the utiliza-
tion and protection of water, right down to halting the activity of individual
industrial installations, shops, enterprises, organizations and institutions.-
In cases where the health of the population is threatened, agencies exercis-
ing state sanitary supervision have a right to put a stop to the discharge of
wastes right down to stopping the operation of the industrial and other ob-?
jects after the agencies for regulation of the utilization and protection of
water have made notification of this.
Organizing and providing for legal protection of water from pollution, the
Soviet State takes into account that any kinds of negative effects related
to its utilization usually involve entire physical and geographical basins.
Therefore a great deal of importance is attached to measures for protection
of water in basins of the main rivers, lakes and seas.
Thus with the decree On Additional Measures for insuring Rational Utilization
and Protection of the Natural Riches of the Lake Baykal Basin," the CPSU Cen-
tral Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers made it incumbent on the min-
istries and departments involved in the utilization of the natural riches of
Baykal to take the necessary protective measures. In order to implement this
decree dozens of purification installations have been constructed at enter-
prises that are located in the Baykal area. Steam driving of timber has been
completely curtailed on all rivers that flow into the lake. Waterlogged wood
is cleaned out of their tributaries. A plan for the organization of a water
protection zone around the lake has been approved. The USSR Ministry of Land
Reclamation and Water Resources has approved "Temporary Rules for Protection
of the Water of Lake Baykal and the Natural Resources of its Basin" which are
mandatory for all ministries and departments, enterprises, institutions and
organizations.
The temporary rules which apply to a territory of about 30 Million hectares
determine the policy for application of effective means of protection of the
natural resources of Baykal. The rules prohibit continuous felling of trees
on slopes that are'steeper than 15 degrees. A protective zone has been es?-
tablished along the banks of rivers where fish of salmon and sturgeon varie-
ties go to spawn. Within its limits it is prohibited to fell trees, to apply
chemical means for protection of plants, to store fertilizers and so forth.
Only organized tourism.is allowed within the water protection zone of Baykal.
The development of toutism should preclude even minimum damage to the sensi-
tive "organism" of the lake and should provide for saving on the supplies of
trees and animals for hunting. Preserves have been set aside along the banks
of the lakes and places have been determined for the construction of sanitor-
iums, recreation facilities and bases.
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Extensive measures have been taken for protection of nature and the basins of
the Volga and Ural rivers. But certain ministries and departments are still
not concerned enough about protection of the purity of these rivers. They
are slow in doing work for insuring purification of waste waters at enter-
prises under their jurisdiction and they do not completely assimilate capital
investments that are allotted for the protection of waters.
In connection with this, the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of
Ministers adopted the decree "On Measures for Avoiding Pollution of the Basins
of the Volga and Ural Rivers With Unpurified Waste Waters."
The decree established concrete assignments for the ministries and departments
of the USSR regarding construction of purification installations at 42l enter.-
prises. valued at about 700 million rubles. In 15 cities that are located on
the'Volga and Kama rivers it is planned to construct city purification instal-
lations valued at more than 300 million rubles.
The RSFSR Council of Ministers and the Kazakh SSR Council of Ministers have
been instructed to develop and implement measures for complete elimination
by 1.980 of discharges of unpurified business and household waste waters in
all cities that are located in the basins of the Volga and Ural rivers, en--
listing funds of USSR ministries and departments under a policy of shared
participation.
It was suggested to the USSR Ministry of the Fishing Industry, the RSFSR Min-
istry.of the River Fleet and other ministries and departments that have fleets
in the basins of the Volga and Ural rivers that they equip ships traveling
along these rivers with devices and systems for discharging polluted business
and domestic wastes and bilge waters and also that thy gather up petroleum
products and other polluting liquids and solid wastes from ships, aquatoriums
and territories of ports in the basins of these rivers.
In order to protect the basins of the Caspian and Asov seas from depletion,
the Soviet State is preparing for large-scale diversion of part of the cur-
rents of northern rivers to the south. If one continues to take water from
the Volga, Ural, Terek, Kura, Don and Kuban' without replenishing the sup-
plies, these sells will grow shallow more rapidly and the salinity of their
water will increase which has a negative effect on maritime transportation
installations and shipments, affects fishing and raises many new problems.
There are. several variants for diverting northern rivers into the Caspian and
Azov seas. The most economical of them is the Pechora-Kama variant which is
in the stage of a planning assignment. Each year the Volga will be augmented
with about 40 cubic kilometers of water from the Pechora and Vychegda. It
will be necessary to construct new hydraulic engineering installations and
many kilometers of dams and sluices and to dig the Pechora-Kolva Canal.
Along with solving the problems of the Caspian, the water reservoirs and
canals that are constructed will link the Pechora with the Kama and the
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Volga. Coking coal, timber and other cargoes will travel along this water
route to the southern and central regions. The GES will operate at full ca-
pacity and the water supplies for the population, industry and agriculture
will improve.
Northern water will go into the Azov Sea along the Volga-Don Canal. With ar-
tificial regulation of the exchange between the Azov and Black seas through
the Kerch Straits, in the near future it will be enough for the Azov to have
5-10 cubic kilometers of water. Now research is being done on the Kerch
Straits. Specialists think that in order to regulate the regime of the sea
it will be necessary to construct a dam across the straits.
Thus an extensive system of state measures that are based on scientific cal.-
culations and predictions will make it possible to provide for protection,
restoration and improvement in the natural supplies of water in the more in-
habited and economically developed regions of the country.
However not only economic and technical measures, but also regulation of the
behavior of officials and citizens is very important. The Fundamentals of
Water Legislation stipulate that people guilty of the following acts are to
be held criminally or administratively liable in keeping with the legislation
of the USSR and the Union republics: startup of enterprises and municipal and
other objects without installations and devices to avoid pollution and silt:-
ing up of the waters or their harmful effects; inefficient utilization of
water (that is taken or removed from water facilities); violation of the pro-
tective system at water intakes causing pollution of them, erosion of the
soil and other harmful phenomena.
According to the RSFSR Criminal Code (article 223) pollution of rivers, lakes
and other bodies of water and sources of water with unpurified waste waters
and waters that have not been rendered harmless and wastes from business,
municipal and other enterprises, institutions and organizations that causes
or can cause harm to people's health or to agricultural production or fish
supplies is punished by corrective labor for a period of up to 1 year or by
a fine of up to 300 rubles. The same actions that cause essential harm to
people's health or agricultural production or cause mass death of fish-
in-volve jail sentences of up to 5 years.
Administrative liability is applied in cases of pollution, silting up or de-
pletion of water supplies when the guilty parties cannot be held criminally
liable for these violations.
A decree of the RSFSR Council of Ministers of 18 February 1963 established
that managers and other officials of enterprises, institutions and organiza-
tions and also individual citizens who are guilty of polluting and silting
up surface and underground bodies of water with unpurified wastes and other
violations. of the rules for protection and utilization of water resources are
fined under the administrative policy in the following amounts: for officials,
up to 50 rubles and for individual citizens, up to 10 rubles.
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As is stipulated by the Fundamentals, enterprises, organizations, institutions
and citizens are obligated to reimburse losses caused by violation of water
legislation in the amounts and under the policy established by legislation of
the USSR and the Union republics.
The specific measure of punishment is withdrawal of the right to use water.
As is pointed out in article 18 of the Fundamentals, this right of enter-
prises, organizations, institutions and citizens (except the right to use
water for drinking and household needs) can be withdrawn in cases of viola-
tion of rules for the utilization of water and its protection.
Thus there is a well-developed system of state measures providing for legal
protection. of the water.
Through the Efforts of the State and the Public
The population of the Soviet Union which in 1940 amounted to 194.1 million
people had increased by 9 August 1973 to 250 million people and during this
same period the' urban population more than doubled and at the present time
amounts to 146 million people or 59 percent of the overall number of the pop-
ulation.
While in 1926 there were 9.5 million people, that is, 6.5 percent of the total
population of the country living in large cities (with populations of more
than 100,000), in 1970 there were more than 75 million residents in the cit-
ies, that is, 31 percent of the total population of the USSR. At the present
time the Soviet Union has 33 cities with more than 500,000 residents.
The process of urbanization which objectively accompanied the increase in
the productive forces of the society takes place in our country under the
control and with the guidance of the state which is based on scientific pre-
requisites and all-around accounting for natural and social conditions and
possible changes in these conditions under man's influence.
As distinct from a bourgeois society where urbanization is spontaneous and
acquires distorted forms (overpopulation of large cities, slums, and unsani-
tary living conditions) and causes serious dangers, in the Soviet Union the
development. of cities is accompanied by an improvement in the living condi-
tions of the poop lu .
Comprehensively Rubstanttated general plans for development have been approved
for the overwhelming majority of cities (in the USSR there are 5,500 popula-
tion points of an urban type). There are no slums in Soviet cities. On the
contrary, good housing, schools, cultural and trade centers, communications
and service systems are constructed and recreation zones are created.
During the last 15 years 33 million apartments have been constructed in the
Soviet Union, mainly in the cities, which made it possible to offer 120 mil-
lion residents, that is, more than half of.the country's entire population,
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new well-arranged apartments that meet modern standards. During the 5-year
period of 1966-1970 more than a half billion square meters of dwelling space
were constructed in the Soviet Union which is equal to 50 cities with a pop-
ulation of a million each. In 1971-1975 new residential buildings with an
overall area of 580 million square meters (12 percent more than under the
preceding five-year plan) will be constructed.
It is planned to provide the main part of the urban population with central-
ized water supply, to construct facilities for running water for 700 cities
and workers' settlements, to extend gas lines to up to 65-70 percent of the
residences in cities and settlements of an urban type and up to 40-50 percent
in rural areas and to increase the utilization of electric power for house-
hold needs of the population considerably. In keeping with the five-year plan
there will be accelerated construction and reconstruction of purification in-
stallations for industrial and household waste waters and gas purification and
dust removal installations. Measures will be taken for reducing the pollution
of the air of cities with exhaust fumes from motor vehicles. The Soviet State
also regulates the numbers of urban residents by improving the building up of
rural population points and thus reducing the migration of rural population
to the cities, by limiting the development of industry in large cities and by
planned resettlement of residents of the European part of the country in re-
gions of Siberia and the Far East.
All this bears witness to the active influence of the Soviet State on the
structure of the population and the maintenance of a favorable condition of
man's environment while the cities are growing. But this does not remove the
need for further measures for improving the environment in cities.
Moscow provides a clear example of a large amount of purposeful activity for
protecting the environment. The 24th CPSU Congress set the task of turning
Moscow into an exemplary communist city. And the basis for this is being
laid ever more substantially.
During the years of Soviet power our capital has become one of the most well-
arranged and one of the cleanest cities in the world, with broad main high-
ways and streets and large areas planted in greenery. With respect to the,
condition of the environment and conditions for the life, labor and recrea-
tion of the population and prospects for further development, Moscow has great
advantages over large cities of capitalist countries.
The new Cenerni. Plan for the Development of Moscow which was approved by the
.?CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers has created an ex-
pert commission of urban construction which will make it possible to solve
the complex of social, economic, technical and sanitary-hygienic problems
that determine the further paths of the formation of the capital. One of the
most important provisions in the plan is improvement in the base for urban
formation. New industrial enterprises should not be constructed or existing
ones expanded in Moscow with the exception of those that are necessary for
serving the needs of the city and satisfying the needs of the population.
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The General Plan envisions basic improvement in the planning and building up
of new and reconstruction of existing residential regions, the creation of
sanitary protective zones between them and industrial enterprises and the ob-
servance of hygienic requirements in designs and construction.
The session of the Moscow Soviet that was held in March 1973 established im-
mediate measures directed toward protection and improvement of the surround-
ing environment. The session was preceded by a great deal of preparatory
work which was done by the ispolkom of the Moscow Soviet. In addition to the
corresponding administrations and departments and sanitary supervision agen-
cies, permanent commissions of the Moscow Soviet, many deputies and ministries..
and departments with enterprises on the territory of the city participated in
this work: Through their joint efforts a plan of measures was developed and
concrete assignments were earmarked for enterprises and organizations during
1973-1975 and subsequent years.
In the resolution that was adopted at the session special attention was de-
voted to control over fulfillment of work associated with design, construction
and operation of purification installations and strict observance by all the
city's enterprises and organizations of legislation for protection of nature.
It was noted at the session of the Moscow Soviet that in recent years more
than 300 enterprises that pollute the environment had been erected beyond the
city limits or had been reconstructed, gas had been provided for about 1,500
industrial and municipal facilities, more than 4,000 small boilers had been
eliminated and purification installations had been constructed at 780 indus-
trial enterprises and automotive enterprises. More than 7,000 gas and dust
removing installations are in operation at Moscow plants and factories.
Exceptional importance, is attached to the fight against pollution of the at-
mosphere. In,order to meet the requirements of legislation the necessary
measures have been taken and are being taken to reduce discharges of indus-
trial, transportation and household pollutants into the atmosphere.
Thus at the Fizelektropribor and Bodopribor plants thermal furnaces and cupola
furnaces have been replaced by electric ones. An installation has been con-
structed for the utilization of gases at the petroleum processing plant and
the technological process at the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant imeni
Karpov has been sealed. Smelting shops have been eliminated at automotive
repair plant No 3 and the plant for reinforced concrete items No I and the
production of wnshtng detergents has been curtailed at the plant for house-
hold cht-micil1H.
More automobll.ei operating on natural gas which pollutes the air less are be-
ing used in Moscow. At the same time urban transportation enterprises are
achieving more rational utilization of all kinds of means of transportation.
City automobile Inspection agencies have stepped up control over the tech-
nical condition of means of transportation and are making sure that automo-
biles pollute the air less.
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Keeping the rivers and other bodies of water in pure condition is very impor-
tant in making the city environment more healthful. Because of the develop-
ment of housing and industrial construction and the increased building up of
the existing housing, reserves of existing water sources in Moscow are decreas-
ing more and more. In order to replenish them a complex of objects Is being
constructed on the Vazuza River and the planning of the Novo-Zapadnaya Water
Station has been started. This will. make it possible to bring an additional
800,000 cubic meters of water a day into Moscow.
Recently many enterprises of the city have constructed and reconstructed puri-
fication installations. As a result, the discharge of unpurified waste waters
has been reduced by more than 800,000 cubic meters a day. The initiative of
the ispolkom of the Krasnogvordeyskiy Raysoviet for creating combined purifi-
cation installations for 52 enterprises through shared participation is worthy
of attention. This kind of consolidation makes it possible to better utilize
modern equipment for purifying wastes, rendering residuals harmless and util-
izing byproducts.
The removal of byproducts and cleaning the area of garbage are two of the la-
bor-intensive processes. The_ quantity of household wastes is constantly in--
creasing. While the overall volume of them in 1972 was 7.4 million cubic
meters., by the end of the five-year plan it exceeded 8 million cubic meters,.
Moreover there is a change in the composition of the garbage with a consider-
able increase in the content of plastics, glass, synthetic and other materials
that cannot be reprocessed.
Household wastes are mainly transported to dumps which take up more than 20()
hectares of land. They are operated unsatisfactorily: the leveling and cov-
ering of sections that are used is being done with great delays and the gar-
bage is not compacted. The average distance for the shipment of garbage has
Increased to 29 kilometers which has led to a considerable increase in trans-
portation expenditures which now exceed 11 million rubles a year.
Under presently existing conditions, industrial reprocessing of household
wastes at special plants has been recognized as the main way of solving the
problem of rendering them harmless., In Moscow there are already several
plants for reprocessing of garbage in operation. It is planned to construct
two more plants with an overall capacity of 1.6 million cubic meters a year.
The high rates of development of industry and construction, the expanding
network of municipal-domestic and trade enterprises, the increase in cargo
and passenger transportation, and the increased capacities and speeds of
means of transportation--all this leads to a rise in the noise level. And
this hampers the rent and sleep of citizens and reduces labor productivity.
Therefore the f(-ght against noise is considered to be one of the most impor-
Lant and urgent problems. More than 380 industrial enterprises, motor vehicle
bases, individual shops and repair shops which were sources of increased noise
have been removed from a number of regions to industrial zones or eliminated.
More than 300 boilers and heating units whose noise caused complaints have
.been removed from the basements of residential buildings.
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 In new regions a number of urban construction measures have. been taken: r.eai-
dential buildings are located basically at a distance from the traveled are4E
of the streets. Stores and municipal and domestic enterprises, as a rule,
are constructed in the form of buildings that stand alone. Greenery is being
planted on large areas. During the last 10 years alone city and rayon organ-
iza.tions have planted greenery on 6,000 hectares and next to more than 400
streets and highways and they have created 20 parks and gardens and about
300 squares and spaces for greenery.
In 1973 the USSR Government adopted a special decree on measures for reducing
noise at industrial enterprises and in cities and other population points.
The decree earmarked measures for introducing less noisy technological proc-
esses and when necessary applying means of automation and remote control that
preclude the contact of workers with equipment that creates intensive noise.
It is also envisioned to provide for maintaining pavements, trolley lines and
also means of transportation, technological. equipment and mechanized instru.?-
ments in a condition that does not cause increased noise during use. It was
decided to considerably reduce (right down to complete prohibition) work at
night in yards and on streets and areas of the city when the noise from it
exceeds the norms for good health.
During 1973-1975 the corresponding ministries and departments are obligated
to reduce the noise level of technological equipment, the rolling stock of
various kinds of transportation, machines, instruments and ultrasonic equip-
ment.
Measures are also earmarked for increasing the volume of production of sound-
insulating and sound-absorbing materials and highly effective vibration-ab-
sorbing mastics.
The State Committee for Standards of the USSR Council of Ministers has been
instructed to step up state supervision of the introduction and observance
of standards and technical specifications for series-produced and assimilated
items, regulating the maximum noise level.
The USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs is obligated to provide supervision of
the technical condition of means of automotive transportation so that the
level of noise produced by them during operation corresponds to the estab-
lished norms. The USSR Ministry of Health must step up sanitary supervision.
of the development and implementation by ministries, departments and other
organizations of measures directed toward reducing noise at enterprises, in
cities and in other population points.
Measures for protecting the environment should become a constituent part of
the annual production plans for industrial and transportation enterprises
and also city services. When designing each enterprise it is necessary to
especially envision everything that is needed for protection of the atmos-
phere, soil and bodies of water and to insistently make sure that everything
that is earmarked is unwaveringly carried out.
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We are speaking not of a short-term, seasonal campaign, but of daily control
over the observance of the laws. The decisions of the session of the Moscow
City Soviet of Workers' Deputies were imbued with this idea. At 52 enter-
prises of the Moscow City Ispolkom and 203 enterprises of the ministries and
departments it is planned to construct and reconstruct dust and gas removing
installations. More than 200 enterprises of the city economy and 260 enter-
prises of the ministries and departments are to put into operation 511 in-
stallations for purification of industrial waste waters and rain water.
It is planned to construct 87 systems for circulating water supply. New tech-
nological processes that prevent pollution of both the atmosphere and the
basins of rivers and other bodies of water will be developed and introduced
at 106 enterprises. With the further introduction of centralized heating,
more than 400 boilers and 125 enterprises and individual shops that are un-
desirable in the sanitary and hygienic sense are to be eliminated and it is
planned to move 90 of them beyond the city limits and rebase them in indus-
trial zones.
All these measures will be taken as part of a historically immense program:
Moscow must become the first exemplary communist city.
The work of state agencies for protection of man's natural environment relies
on broad public support. Republic societies for the protection of nature
which combine more than 35 million people in their ranks make up a great
force that assists the state in implementing the policy for protection of the
natural environment. The work of the largest of these societies, the All--
Russian Society for the Protection of Nature, is typical.
Having originated in 1924 and celebrated its "golden" anniversary at the end
of 1974, it now includes about 26 million people which makes up more than 19
percent of the population of the Russian Federation. There are 66,000 indus-
trial enterprises, kolkhozes, sovkhozes and institutions that make up the
collective members of the society.
The All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature has organized a mass
public movement under the motto "For a Leninist attitude toward nature,"
within the framework of which a great deal of varied work has been done:
trees have been planted on an area of about 3 million hectares, control over
the condition and utilization of land, water resources and other natural
riches has been stepped up; and extensive propaganda has been developed for
the ideas of protection of nature. Many industrial enterprises have created
public technical committees and control posts for the protection of nature.
Thousands of scientists and specialists who are capable of rendering expert
assistance when. drawing up recommendations concerning urgent problems in the
protection of nature work in the various kinds of subdivisions of the society
--sections and scientific-technical councils..
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On the initiative of the Central Committee of the Society, in 1965 and 1969
all-Russian inspections were conducted to check on the observance of the law
concerning protection of nature in the RSFSR. The inspections were broadly
supported by local soviets of workers' deputies. In the Dagestan, Buryat,
Kabardino-Balkar and Kalmyk autonomous republics, sessions of the supreme
soviets of these republics were held and in Moscow, Leningrad, Volgogradskaya,
Rostovskaya, Tul'skaya, Kuybyshevskaya and other oblasts there were sessions
of the oblast and rayon soviets of workers' deputies. In 1974a third all-
Russian inspection was declared for public checking on observance of legisla-
tion for protection of nature.
.The Central Council and local organizations of the Society have considerably
increased the publicity given to questions of protection of nature and the
mass measures for protection of nature. With the cooperation of the Society,
at the present time there are more than 500 people's universities and depart-
ments for protection of nature in operation. During 5 years, through the
efforts of members of the Society, more than 2 million lectures, speeches and
discussions have been held, more than 16,000 exhibitions have been organized,
more than 200,000 articles and letters on subjects pertaining to protection
of nature have been published in the central and local press, 3.5 million
posters and pamphlets have been published and there have been 1.5 million
showings of movies on protection of nature.
The funds of the Society have been used to construct and operate 52 buildings
for the protection of nature which have become real centers for propagandizing
Lenin's ideas on protection of nature. A "Day of Nature" will be held in a
number of oblasts of the RSFSR (Leningrad, Volgogradskaya, Kuybyshevskaya and
others). In addition to lectures, speeches and discussions, on this day
practical work is organized for planting greenery in population points and
along roads, building parks and lanes, dividing up squares, creating local
organizations of the Society, and so forth.
All this immense amount of work on the part of the Society in many cases has
directly led to improvement in the quality of the environment and increased
effectiveness of measures for the protection of nature. Additionally, it has
brought about more widespread interest on the part of the public in the pro-
tection of nature and has stimulated further increase in the activity of the
population in solving problems of protecting, restoring and improving the
condition of man's natural environment.
The All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature was awarded the Order of
the Labor Red Banner for its services in the cause of protecting nature and
rational utilization of natural resources and because of its 50th anniversary.
Orders and medals of the USSR were also awarded to 200 activists of the Society.
Republic societies for the protection of nature and also trade unions and the
All-Union Znauiye Society are doing a great deal of educational and publicity
work among all segments of the population. Many members of these public or-
ganizations participate in supervising the observance of legislative
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requirements for the protection of the environment, participate in the fight
against poaching and so forth. A large number of public inspection teams
have been created and operate to help state inspection teams for the protec-
tion of nature. They include about 14O,000 people. Broad segments of the
Soviet public participate in considering drafts of legislative acts pertain-
ing to protection of man's natural environment and assist authoritative
agencies and administrations in conducting measures for protection of nature.
This practice which shows the interests of the population of the Soviet Union
in solving problems of man's natural environment and demonstrates the power-
ful move to action- of the masses, to a practical solution to the problems of
protection of nature is an important part of the system of the measures of
the Soviet Union which are constructive and produce positive results and
which are directed toward providing for the well-being of mankind from the
point of view of maintaining favorable natural conditions for the life of
people on earth.
There can be no doubt that the time has come when a dynamic balance will be
maintained between economic development and a favorable condition of the eri
vironment.
One asks, will the need for protection of nature no longer exist then? Most
likely the answer to this will be in the negative: no, the need will not fall
away.
Protection of nature is not a short-term campaign which ends with the achieve-
ments of certain results. The protection of nature is a constant function of
the society and the state. Just as safety of technical equipment in produc-
tion is necessary as long as production exists, protection of nature is con-
stantly necessary as long as human society exists and develops, as long
as it interacts with the surrounding nature (and it cannot but interact for
all of its physical existence is based in interaction with nature).
Of course, the tasks of protection of nature will. change, depending on his-
torical conditions.
In the present period which Ls still only the initial stage of the great sci-
entl.Fic and technical revolution in the world, the main and immediate tasks
coneir-t in overcoming and- eliminating negative consequences for the natural
environment which have already arisen. In the future the main tasks will be
to step up preventive work and to exercise preliminary control over each
kind of activity that Influences the surrounding nature. Plans for the trans-
Formation of nature will require especially serious control for the protec-
tion of nature.
The very work for protection of nature acquires the character of a profession.
Even today there are specialist: who.are called ecologists: ecologist-designers,
ecologist-technologists, ecologist-economists and so forth.
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Legislation will also change. A well--arranged system of rules for protection
of the surrounding environment will gradually take form. From it each person
will be able and will be obligated to decide how to act with respect to nature
in each specific case. These rules. will ever more precisely reflect both the
needs of society and the objective laws of nature. Knowledge of the rules
for protection of nature will become general the same as today knowledge of
the native language and the basic fundamentals of mathematics'is.
Protection of nature will become a customary and habitual matter for everyone.
But today we must study and learn and master all necessary knowledge for really
reasonable and efficient dealings with nature and in practice, in the process
of professional work just as during recreation, we must really protect and
love our land, our nature--the source of life on earth.
11772
CSO: 1822
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