THE SOVIET BIOASTRONAUTIC RESEARCH AND MANNED SPACE PROGRAM

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• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78T05439A000400350028-3
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• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 31, 2002
• Sequence Number: 28
• Publication Date: December 22, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

ILLEGIB Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP78TO5439A000400350028-3
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP78TO5439A000400350028-3
 Scientific
Intelligence
Research
Aid
SECRET
N? 206
The Soviet Bioastronautic Research
and Manned Space Program
Organization, Personalities, and Facilities
OSI-RA/64-4
22 December 1964
Office of Scientific Intelligence
SECRET
 This compilation of basic data on the Soviet space program
covers research institutes, cosmonaut training facilities, and
sites for subsystem and capsule development. A discussion of
the possible command 'structure of the program, along with
the key people involved in Me planning and research for the
manned space program, is included. A summary of some im-
portant aims of Soviet bioastronautic research and develop-
ment, along with some assessment of the extent and caliber
of this work, is also provided. Available evidence concerning
research and development trends which can relate to Soviet
space objectives or emphasis is supplied.
This paper is based on all information that is presently
available. The cutoff date for the information is 1 September
1964.
 CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
PROBLEM . . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DISCUSSION . . . . . . . ? ? ? . ? ? . ? ? ? 2
Organization of the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Support facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Aviation medical support facilities . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ministry of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ministry of Health . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . 5
Training and spacecraft development sites . . . . 5
Cosmonaut Training Center . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tomilino facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute . . . . . . . . 9
Zhukovskiy Air Engineering, Academy . . . . . . . 10
Other facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Soviets involved in cosmonaut training . . . . . . . 11
Research institutes and facilities . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR . . . . . . . . 11
Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology . . 11
Institute of Experimental Biology . . . . . . . . 13
Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Other institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Academy of Sciences, USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Institute of Biological Physics . . . . . . . . . . 15
Institute of Cytology . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 16
Institute of Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov . . . . . 18
Institute of Plant Physiology imeni K. A. Timiryazev 20
Other institutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ministry of Health, USSR and RSFSR . . . . . . . 22
Institute of Biophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Other institutes 22
Facilities of the Moscow State University imeni
M. V. Lomonosov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Bioastronautic research and development . . . . . . . . 23
Exobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Biotelemetry . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Environmental and life-support systems . . . . . . . . 25
 CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Weightlessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Radiation . . . . . 28
Other physiological and psychological problems . . . . 30
APPENDIX - Scientists Involved in the Soviet Bioastro-
nautic and Manned Space Program . 31
UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Soviet ?Bioastronautic Personalities by Institute Affiliation 41
Following Page
1. Nikolayev possibly reporting to the Chairman of the
State Commission prior to the launch of Vostok 3 . . . 4
2. Meeting of State Commission affirming Gagarin's selec-
tion for flight of Vostok 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Organizations concerned with' Soviet Bioastronautic Re-
search and Manned Space Program . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Al. V. Keldysh at cosmodrome before launch of Popovich
in Vostok 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Biomedical conference at time of Gagarin's flight . . . 4
6. O. G. Gazenko participating in Vostoks 5 and 6 flight . 6
7. Scientific Research Testing Institute of Aviation Medi-
cine (NIIIAM), Moscow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8. Centrifuge probably at NIIIAM used in the training of
dogs for space flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
9. Titov training on wheel at Cosmonaut. Training Center 6
10. Training under weightless conditions in aircraft . . 6
11. Isolation chamber used in cosmonaut training . . . . 6
12. Bykovskiy and Tereshkova (cosmonauts 5 and 6) during
vestibular training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
 FIGURES (Continued)
Following Page
13. Rotor used in cosmonaut training . . . . . . . . . . 6
14. Titov in Vostok cabin simulator . . . . . . . . . 6
15. Ejection test stand identical to stand at Tomilino . . . 6
16. Facilities of aerospace research test area (Alekseyev's
OKB-Plant 1052) at Tomilino . . . . . . . . . . . 8
17. Location and outline of Tomilino Complex . . . . . . 8
18. Gagarin in centrifuge at Tomilino . . . . . . . . . . 8
19. Closeup of centrifuge al`rn1 at Tomilino . . . . . . . 8
20. Tereshkova entering Swedish-built centrifuge . . . . . 10
21. Swedish-built centrifuge in operation . . . . . . . . 10
22. Soviet cosmonaut training facilities . ... . . . . . . 10
23. Model kasin at Old TsAGI . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 10
24. Man wearing space suit and helmet being pulled through
model basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
25. Marshal Vershinin at briefing of candidates for cosmo-
naut training before Gagarin's flight . . . . . . _ . . 12
26. Original group of cosmonauts with Marshal Vershinin . 12
27. Certain Soviet institutes and facilities involved in bio-
astronautic research and the manned space program . . 12
28. a. Babskiy in his laboratory at the Institute of Therapy 12
b. Babskiy participating in physiological monitoring
of Titov (cosmonat?~ 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
29. V. N. Chernigovskiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30. G. M. Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
31. O. G. Gazenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
32. A. A. Imshcnetskiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
33. V. V. Parin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
34. N. M. Sisakyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
35. V. I. Yazdovskiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 THE SOVIET BIOASTRONAUTIC RESEARCH
AND MANNED SPACE PROGRAM
ORGANIZATION, PERSONALITIES, AND FACILITIES
PROBLEM
0
To collate data on the organization, personalitie., and fa-
cilities involved in the Soviet bioastronautic research and
manned space program.
Responsibility for the direction of the So-
viet space program apparently rests with an
unknown authority directly under the Coun-
cil of Ministers, USSR. Subsystem, space
suit, and capsule development is largely the
responsibility of the State Committee for
Aviation Technology (GKAT). The Academy
of Sciences, USSR, the Academy of Medical
Sciences, USSR, and the Soviet Air Force pro-
vide basic research support for the program.
Cosmonauts are trained by the Soviet Air
Force, and the operational handling of the
launching of the space vehicle is the respon-
sibility of the Strategic Rocket Forces. The
Chief Scientific Secretary of the Academy of
Sciences, N. M. Sisakyan, is head of the bio-
astronautics or life-science aspects of the So-
viet space program. Important roles also are
played by M. V. Keldysh, who has been called
the "Chief Theoretician"; V. V. Pax-in, in bio-
medical research support; V. I. Yazdovskiy,
in the applied aspects of the program and
cosmonaut training; and V. N. Chernigovskiy,
in experimental physiology and coordination
between the Academy of Sciences and Acad-
emy of Medical Sciences: The Commission on
Exploration and Utilization of Cosmic Space
(CEUS), chaired by A. A. Blagonrovov, sup-
ports and coordinates Soviet space scientific
activities.
The Soviets have used at least five aviation
medical facilities (four of which are under the
Ministry of Defense, USSR) in support of
their manned space effort. The cosmonaut
training facilities which have been identified
are in the vicinity of Moscow. The training
center is located in the Chkalovskaya-Monino
area. Much of the theoretical training of the
cosmonaut is at the Zhukovskiy Air Engineer-
ing Academy. A facility at Tomilino is con-
cerned with the development of the space
suit and an ejection system for cosmonaut re-
covery, and with the physiological testing of
SECRET
Approved For Release 12002/11/15 : CIA-RDP78T054 9A000400350028-3
 cosmonauts under conditions of stress by
using the centrifuge and pressure chamber.
The Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute
(TsAGI) at Zhukovskiy probably is involved
in the subsystem and space-capsule develop-
ment; the branch of TsAGI at Moscow has
tested the Soviet space suit.
Bioastronautic research supporting the So-
viet space program is carried out at over 30
research institutes and facilities of the Acad-
emy of Sciences, USSR; the Academy of Med-
ical Sciences, USSR; the Ministry of Health:
and Moscow State University. A key insti-
tute is the Institute of Normal and Pathologi-
cal Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences,
which is involved in the development of bio-
instrumentation for monitoring cosmonauts
and in research relating to the environmental
and life-support systems and pressure suits.
Among the important scientists engaged in
this work are G. M. Frank in radiobiology,
A. A. Imshenetskiy in exobiology, 0. G. Ga-
zenko in the environmental and life-support
systems, and several of the younger scientists,
such as V. V. Antipov and A. A. Gyurdzhian.
The Soviets have supported their manned
space effort with a program of research and
development in such areas as bioinstrumen-
tation, life-support and environmental control
systems, exobiology, and the hazards of space
flight (weightlessness, acceleration, and radi-
ation). An early research effort and flight
testing of equipment during the animal space
flights resulted in?the experience and equip-
ment which have been used in the Vostok
manned flights.
0
DISCUSSION
ORGANIZATION OF THE PROGRAM
The directing. authority for the Soviet. space
program is considered to be under the Council
of Ministers, USSR. Very little information
is available concerning the existence or mem-
bership of such an authority. The Soviets do
refer to a "State Commission charged to di-
rect the new long manned space flight" or
"the ,State Commission for the launching of
the spaceship 'Vostok.' " (See figure 1.) This
State Commission probably has both a de-
cision-making and an operational authority
for manned space flights.
The following Soviets may have some role
in the decision-making process in the Soviet
space program: D. F. Ustinov, now First Dep-
uty Chairman, Council of Ministers, USSR,
and the Chairman of the Supreme National
Economic Council, USSR; K. N. Rudnev, Dep-
uty Chairman of the Council of Ministers and
Chairman of the State Committee for Coordi-
nation of Scientific Research; and L. V. Smir-
nov, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Min-
isters,. USSR. All have been associated with
the defense industry and armaments produc-
tion and technology. In 1961, both Ustinov
and Rudnev received awards for rocketry and
manned space flight achievements. At that
time, Rudnev had been Chairman of the State
Committee for Defense Technology and Usti-
nov had been a Deputy Chairman of the Coun-
cil of Ministers with his role as deputy de-
scribed recently by N. S. Khrushchev as "re-
sponsible for the defense industry." There
was some speculation previously that Ustinov
may have served as chief of a state committee
for missiles and space.
The operational handling for the launching
of the space vehicle is the responsibility of the
Strategic Rocket Forces. At the time of Ga-
garin's selection as cosmonaut for the first
manned space flight, a meeting was held of
the "State Commission for the launching of
the spaceship 'Vostok.' " At that time, movies
recorded the affirmation of Gagarin's selec-
tion. Photographs available from a movie
that apparently was taken during that same
selection period reveal Marshal K. S. Moska-
lenko, then Commander-in-Chief of Rocket
SECRET
2
 Forces, and USSR Deputy Minister of Defense,
at one end of the table with V. I. Yazdovskiy
and probably Admiral S. G. Gorshkov and Lt.
General N. P. Kamanin along with cosmonaut
Gagarin and his backup Titov. (See figure
2.) For this flight the Chairman of the State
Commission was said to have arrived at the
cosmodrome (i.e. Tyuratam) from Moscow
6 days before the flight.
The first deputy chairman of the State
Committee for Aviation Technology (GKAT),
S. M. Leshchenko, has been identified as hav-
ing a coordinating role for GKAT space activi-
ties. GKAT has an important role also fn
the development of the environmental and
life-support subsystems, the space suit, and
the space capsule. Coordinating and basic
research support for these activities is a func-
tion of the Academy of Sciences, USSR; the
Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR; and the
Soviet Air Force. All indications are that
cosmonaut training is under the control of
the Air Force. (See figure 3.)
N. M. Sisakyan is the head of the life science
or bioastronautic aspects of the Soviet space
program. Formerly Academician Secretary
of the Department of Biological Sciences, he
was named in 1963 Chief Scientific Secretary
of the Academy of Sciences, USSR. Within
the presidium level of the Academy is M. V.
Keldysh, Academy President, who has been
identified as the "Chief Theoretician," behind
the Gagarin flight. (See figure 4.) Under
the Academy of Sciences is the Commission
on Exploration and Utilization of Cosmic
Space (CEUS) whose chairman is A. A. Bla-
gonravov; the Scientific Secretary is I. V.
Milovidov. This is not considered to be a
policy-making body, but rather its function is
one of supporting and coordinating Soviet
space activities. Recently, the role of the In-
stitute of Machine Studies directed by Blagon-
ravov has been described. Its work has in-
cluded the development of the pressurization
of the Vostok capsule, various prosthetic de-
vices, and work on a prototype device employ-
ing the hard-suit concept for cosmonaut ac-
tivity outside the space capsule. Blagonravov
also has played an important role in the pre-
liminary arrangements for the US-USSR co-
operative agreement in the area of bioastro-
nautics.
Just below Sisakyan is V. V. Parin, Vice
President of the Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR, and Director of the Institute of Normal
and Pathological Physiology. Part is re-
sponsible for basic biomedical research sup-
port of the manned space program. In addi-
tion, his Institute has been named the lead-
ing institute for, cardiovascular physiology in
the USSR. Cardiovascular research may well
play a key role in the manned space program
in the future because the Soviets have re-
ported that the cosmonauts have experienced
post-flight cardiovascular problems (ortho-
static hypotension) and general cardiovascu-
lar deconditioning during flight, and have in-
dicated concern for cosmonaut reentry after
prolonged orbital flight. On the same level
with Parin is V. I. Yazdovskiy, who is con-
cerned with the applied aspects of the pro-
gram. (See figure 5.) Described as Chief of
Medical Services of the manned space pro-
gram with responsibility in selection and ap-
proval of cosmonauts, Yazdovskiy is the mili-
tary physician who is knowledgeable also in
engineering and is directly involved with the
hardware needed in the program. Direct con-
tact is maintained between Yazdovskiy and
Parin not only at the research level but also
in the development and application of equip-
ment such as that used in the cardiovascular
monitoring of cosmonauts. Communication
between. the Academy of Sciences and the
Academy of Medical Sciences probably is
handled by V. N. Chernigovskiy. Chernigov-
skiy, a leading physiologist in the USSR, was
one of those who was responsible for the early
animal space flights. He is said to be about
on the same level as Parin and Yazdovskiy
in relation to the Soviet manned space effort.
In addition to being an active member of the
Academy of Medical Sciences and the Acad-
emy ? of Sciences, USSR, he is represented
within the Presidium of the Academy of Sci-
ences as Academician Secretary of the De-
partment of Physiology.
 Key personalities who have important re-
sponsibilities in the Soviet manned space pro-
gram are G. M. Frank, Director of the Insti-
tute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR, whose field is radiobiology; A. A.
Imshenetskiy, Director of the Institute of
Microbiology, who is consulted in matters re-
lating to exobiology; O. G. Gazenko, who is
involved in the evaluation and development of
environmental and life support syste;ns (see
figure 6) ; and Chernigovskiy who is a key
man in the field of experimental physiology.
Detailed information on the key personalities
who have important responsibilities in the So-
viet manned space program appears in the
appendix.'-12 (See figures 29-35.)
Aviation Medical Support Facilities
At least five aviation medical facilities are
supporting or have supported the Soviet bio-
astronautic and manned space program.
Three of them are under the Ministry of De-
fense, USSR: (i) the Scientific Research Test-
ing Institute of Aviation Medicine, Moscow;
(ii) the Central Scientific Research Aviation
Hospital, Moscow; and (iii) the Military Med-
ical Academy imeni S. M. Kirov, Leningrad.
The Central Institute for the Advanced Train-
inaef Physicians in Moscow is under the Min-
istry of Health, USSR. The Scientific Re-
search Institute of Aviation Hygiene at Chka-
lovskaya is probably also under the Ministry
of Defense. Detailed information concern-
ing the facilities follows.
Ministry of Defense
Scientific Research Testing Institute of
Aviation Medicine,* Moscow - The Scientific
Research Testing Institute of Aviation Medi-
cine (I IIIAM) was organized about 1946 as
the primary Soviet facility devoted to space
medicine. (See figure 7.) (The Institute of Avi-
'Alternate names include the Central Scientific
Research Institute of Aviation Medicine, the Insti-
tute of Aviation Medicine imeni Pavlov, the Insti-
tute of Aviation Medicine, the Scientific Research
Testing Institute of Aviation Medicine of the Soviet
Air Force, and the Institute of Cosmic Medicine.
ation Medicine which had been set up in 1935
was closed during World War II.) NIIIAM
has conducted experimental studies and
equipment development in the various areas
of aeromedical research, including the devel-
opment of a pressure suit and oxygen equip-
ment, studies on the effects of decompression
on the human organism, and research con-
cerning stress effects (vibration, acceleration,
and so on) on the nervous system, vestibular
apparatus, and visual acuity of the human.
In addition, it was this institute that prob-
ably trained the dogs for space flight.
NIIIAM is equipped with an underground
pressure chamber, a human centrifuge, an
ejection test stand, and at one time had some
80 doctors, 12 aeronautical engineers and from
5 to 7 test pilots conducting research here.
There is almost no additional information
concerning personnel and research conducted
at this Institute since 1959. However, the di-
rector of the institute between 1956 and 1959
was A. V. Pokrovskiy, author and spokesman
concerning many of the effects on animals
during the early rocket flights _ in the upper
atmosphere. (See figure 8.) The present di-
rector of NIIIAM is unknown, but there is
some suggestion that the institute receives
research guidance from V. V. Parin.
Departments and laboratories at this insti-
tute in the 1946-59 period were:
1. Physiology Department - Head : A. G.
Kuznetsov, and possibly now headed by O. G.
Gazenko
2. Clinical or Psychology Department -
Head: K. K. Platonov
3. Research Department for Testing Resist-
ance of the Organism to Stress. This depart-
ment was co-located in 1946 at NII VVS,
Chkalovskaya and at the Koltsovo aerodrome
near Sverdlovsk. It was to be moved some-
time after 1946 to Monino
4. Acceleration Laboratory -Head: P. K.
Isakov
5. Laboratory for High-Altitude Research -
Head: I. Ya. Borshchevskiy
 Figure 1. Nikolayev possibly reporting to the Chairman of the State
Commission prior- to the IauricPi of Vostok 3
Marshal K. S.Moskalenko,then the Commander in chief of the Strategic Rocket
Forces. is the man at the head of the table with cosmonauts Gagarin and Titov
shown on the far right. V. I. Yazdovskiy,chief of Medical Services is to the left of
Gagarin. Going right to left are Lt. General Kamanin and Admiral S. G_ Gorshkov.
Figure 2. Meeting of State Commission affirming Gagorin's
sclcctic n for flight of Vostok 1
 ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH SOVIkT BIOASTRONAUTIC RESEARCH AND MANNED SPACE PROGRAM
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CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 4. M. V. Keldysh at cosmodrome before launch of Popovich in Vostok 4
Facing the camera, left to right, V. V. Parin, N. M. Sisakyan,
J and V. 1. Yazdovskiy. Seated next to Parin is Ye. B. Babskiy.
Figure 5. Biomedical conference at time of Gagarin's flight
CONFIDENTIAL
 The following personnel have been located
at NIIIAM in addition to the above: V. V.
Baranovskiy, G. A. Demedov, Ye. A. Derev-
yanko, O. G. Gazenko, D. I. Ivanov, P. N.
Ivanov, A. A. Koreshkov, T. I. Lepenitsyna,
V. G. Lerent'yev, V. B. Malkin, S. S. Markar-
yan, Yu. P. Petrov, R. A. Stasevich, G. G.
Sturua, S. I. Subbotnik, M. I. Vakar, A. S.
Vitenzon.
Those who have been associated with
NIIIAM include I. S. Balakhovskiy, .6. V.
Demedov, A. Ye. Ivanov, L. A. Mokhov, ? and
N. V. Samukhin.
Central Scientific Research Aviation Hospi-
tal, Moscow-During World War II, the
Clinical Department of the Scientific Re-
search Testing Institute of Aviation Medicine
(NIIIAM) was converted into the Central Sci-
entific Research Aviation Hospital (TsNIAG),
which was involved in a system for evacuation
and the care of flight personnel and the train-
ing of military flight surgeons. This facility
also undertook studies directed toward the
scientific elaboration of problems and criteria
in the medical examination and selection of
flight personnel. K. K. Platonov probably
worked there during the war; during the post-
war period this facility may have been incor-
porated again into the clinical department
of NIIIAM with K. K. Platonov as head. This
also may be the facility at which Titov states
he underwent his initial examinations for cos-
monaut selection. The present director is un-
known.
Other personnel at TsNIAG include A. Ya.
Kavyrshin, Captain B. L. Pokrovskiy, and A.
S. Usanov.
Military Medical Academy imeni S. M.
Kirov, Leningrad - Primarily a training and
advanced training institution for military
medical cadres, the Military Medical Acad-
emy imeni S. M. Kirov in Leningrad is one,
of the foremost medical institutions of the
USSR, both because of the character of mili-
tary medical training it conducts, and because
of its tradition as an important center of re-
search. In 1943, a laboratory of aviation
medicine was organized at the Chair of Physi-
ology of the Military Medical Academy imeni
S. M. Kirov headed by M. P. Brestkin and
under the guidance of L. A. Orbeli. Research
has been conducted in such areas as the ef-
fect of phenamine on vision at reduced baro-
metric pressure, and physiological problems
encountered in hypoxia and high altitude.
The director is A. A. Sinitsky. Other per-
sonnel who have been identified with the in-
stitute and have published in the field of space
medicine are R. M. Bayevskiy, Ye. A. Kova-
lenko, V. G. Petrukhin, V. I. Polyakov, A. N.
Razumeyev, P. V. Vasil'yev, A. V. Yeremin, and
A. G. Zhironkin.
Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Ily-
giene (NIIAG), Chkalovskaya-Alonino - Di-
rector: Unknown. Subordination: (Probably
Ministry of Defense). Personnel includes Col.
V. Ye. Danilov."--:
Ministry of Health
Central Institute for the Advanced Train-
ing of Physicians, Moscow - Along with ad-
vanced training of the general physician, ad-
vanced medical training of aviation physi-
cians takes place at the Central Institute for
the Advanced Training of Physicians (TsIUV),
along with experimental studies in visual per-
ception, anoxia, and physical stress. A De-
partment of Aviation Medicine was organized
at the Institute in 1939.
Personnel who have been identified with the
institute and have published in the field of
space medicine are R. M. Bayevskiy, I. M.
Khazen, G. L. Komendantov, and V. I. Ko-
panev.
Training and Spacecraft Development Sites
Support facilities for training and the de-
velopment of spacecraft equipment in the
USSR include the Cosmonaut Training Cen-
ter in the Monino-Chkalovskaya area, the Sci-
entific Testing Institute of the Soviet Air
Force at Chkalovskaya. the Tomilino research
facility near Moscow, the Central Aerohydro-
 SECRET
F_ -1
dynamics Institute at Zhukovskiy near Ra-
menskoye and at Moscow, and the Zhukov-
skiy Air Engineering Academy in Moscow.
Cosmonaut Training Ccntcr
The Cosmonaut Training Center of the
USSR is located in the Monino-Chkalovskaya
area. Monino has been described as the site
of the cosmonaut training camp. This area
is the base for the preliminary training of the
cosmonaut. Reportedly, the equipment in-
cludes that used in the physical training of
the cosmonaut such as the rotating wheel and
_Irampoline; this facility is said also to have
a centrifuge and at least one altitude cham-
ber. (See figure 9.) One department of
NIIIAM was to have been moved to Monino
sometime after 1946; the Aviation Command
Academy also is located at Monino. Person-
nel of the Academy cannot gain admittance
to the cosmonaut area and it is guarded with
two security gates. Approximately 20 cosmo-
nauts were noted in the secure area at a time
early in the training program, along with.
numerous physilrians and scientists.:-*-*
Little is known about the actual cosmonaut
training and available equipment at Chkalov-
skaya. However, it is at this site that the
cosmonaut maintains his flying skills in the
MIG 17 and 21 and is given training under
weightless conditions in the especially
equipped TU 16 where weightlessness can be
achieved for a period of 30 to 40 seconds.
(See figure 10.) Reportedly, the cosmonauts
live in the nearby town of Chkalovskiy.:"'
The Scientific Testing Institute of the So-
viet Air Force (NII VVS) also is located at
Chkalovskaya (Shchelkovo) and it has been
stated that the training and recruitment of
candidate cosmonauts is under the direction
of NII VVS. The equipment which has been
reported at this facility includes more than
one pressure chamber, a human centrifuge,
and an ejection seat catapult.:'-'
Additional training equipment described by
the Soviets, and which may be located at the
Center, include an isolation or silence cham-
ber, equipment for vestibular training, and
flight simulators or trainers. The isolation
chamber is a pressure chamber with a total
volume of 7 cubic meters equipped for main-
taining a man for from 2 to 4 weeks. (See
figure 11.) Some additional training in iso-
lation is obtained in the Vostok-type cabin.
Some of the standard equipment used for
vestibular conditioning consists of the Barany
chair, the Khilov swing, and a three-dimen-
sional rotor which moves horizontally, verti-
cally, and diagonally.:' (See figures 12 and
13.)
The early cosmonauts were trained in the
Vostok cabin under simulated flight condi-
tions. (See figures 14 and 15.) A Vostok-
type spacecraft used in the flight of Zvez-
dochka (Sputnik 10) in March 1961 was sent
to the Center for training purposes. This de-
vice also was used to obtain the basic, physio-
logical background data on the cosmonaut
during final preparation for flight and under
the required flight parameters of pressure,
humidity, and temperature for at least one
diurnal cycle. Individual adjustments of the
space suit were made along with final prepa-
ration for the attachment of electrodes and
sensing elements for the physiological mon-
itoring of the cosmonaut during flight.'""
More recently, simulated flight training also
has been conducted by using the Vostok 4
spacecraft of Popovich. This is used as a pro-
grammed flight simulator for the training
of the cosmonaut in the simulated flight con-
ditions of (i) noise during launch. (ii) com-
municating with the ground, (iii) checking
of the spacecraft instruments and systems,
(iv) orienting the spacecraft manually, (v)
carrying out programmed tasks, (vi) deter-
mining position by using displays of the star
fields and the earth, and (vii) making the
necessary preparations for reentry of the
spacecraft after orbital flight.,'
Tonzilino Facility
Tomilino, a research area using Post Office
Box 1052 is located near Moscow. The chief
of the facility is S. M. Alekseyev, the deputy
chief is F. I. Gibkiy, and the chief medical
SECRET
6
 SECRET
Figure 7. Scientific Research Testing Institute of Aviation Medicine (NIIIAMI. M~ cow
 Figure 8 Centrifuge probably at NIIIAM used
in the training of dogs for space flight
 SECRET
Figure 10. Training under weightless conditions in aircraft
f J
Figure 11. ,solation chamber used in cosmonaut training
 CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 12. Bykovskiy and Tereshkovo (cosmonauts 5 and 61 during vestibular training
Figure 13. Rotor used in cosmonaut training
CONFIDENTIAL
 SECRET
Figure 14, Titov in Vostok cabin simulator
Figure 15. Ejection test stand identical to stand at Tomilino
 officer is probably A. S. Barer or possibly A. V.
Pokrovskiy. The facility is concerned with
the development of the space suit, the ejec-
tion system for cosmonaut recovery, and the
physiological testing of humans under condi-
tions of stress. Expansion of the Tomilino
facilities appears to have begun in the latter
part of 1960. (See figure 16.)
There are three research areas reportedly
located at Tomilino; the, area. of Tupolev, the
aircraft designer; the area of Mil', the heli-
copter designer ; and, the Tomilino area (Area
A) for aerospace research. (See figure 17.)
The latter area is the only secured area.
Equipment at the Tomilino aerospace research
area includes a centrifuge used by the previ-
ous cosmonauts in acceleration training and
testing while wearing the pressure suit, an
ejection test stand where testing of an ejec-
tion seat was observed "see figure 15), and
a possible propellant test stand for the de-
velopment of the rocket ejection system. In
addition, the installation of a pressure cham-
ber was initiated in 1963. Several smaller
pressure chambers apparently are also located
at this site .41-47,
The centrifuge at Tomilino was purchased
from West German manufacturers and ac-
cepted as operational early in March 1961.
Gagarin went to Tomilino shortly before his
orbital flight and was tested on the centri-
fuge. (See figure 18.) However, this centri-
fuge could not have been available for any
extensive training before Gagarin's flight in
Vostok 1 on 12 April 1961. Pressure continu-
ally was exerted, however, for early installa-
tion of the centrifuge and the need for it was
described as urgent. Modification of the
centrifuge was requested and made after the
acceptance date with a change from the usual
8-G capacity to a higher acceleration force
of 30 G's. The possible reason for the Soviet
request is that abort profiles for simulating
emergency and escape conditions may require
acceleration up to 30 G's with average-rate-
of-change of acceleration up to 12 G's per
second. It was probably at this time also that
the gondola arm was changed by the Soviets
and that the cosmonaut couch arm, which
has a steering capability, was used. The arm
uses compressed air tanks for positioning of
the subject for resistance to a higher gravity
force. (See figure 19.)
The centrifuge originally was supplied with
four interchangeable arms:
1. A normal arm.- An arm with an 8-meter
radius was used with a free-swinging chair
gondola. This was the arm the Soviets mod-
ified; it would also be adequate for a two-
man capsule.
2. A second arm with turntable. An arm
that was 150 centimeters in diameter. This
arm was discarded by the Soviets and con-
verted into a small floor centrifuge.
3. A swivel arm. The swivel arm was in-
tended to simulate two degrees of freedom,
which would have been obtained if a gimbaled
mount had been used. However, a structural
defect caused the fork to break off and the
vacuum cabin was damaged.
4. A 5-meter arm. The 5-meter arm was
for the testing of equipment and for experi-
mentation with animals. It was designed for
use up to 100 G's.4a-4"
A large amount of biomedical equipment
was supplied with the centrifuge. The im-
pulses were designed to be transmitted
through the gondola centrifuge arm into the
control room for recording. The instrumen-
tation was not designed for use in vehicles
in space. The biomedical equipment in-
cluded: that used for electrocardiograms
(EKG), electroencephalograms (EEG-).. and
electromyograms (EMG), and for measuring
blood pressure and temperature; microphones
for heart rate, respiration and voice; a double-
oxvmeter for a simultaneous measurement of
oxygen saturation on two parts on the body,
preferably the ear and one finger; an X-ray
device; and a television camera.`,"
The research area at Tomilino, which was
known as Alekseyev's OKB or Plant 1052, was
originally under the direction of GKAT.
There is no evidence which either updates
SECRET
7
 this or changes this information. Reportedly,
in the latter part of 1961, 600 construction
workers and 1,400 civilians were employed at
Tomilino.
The following people are or have been as-
sociated witl3 the installation of Tomilino:
ALEKSEYEV, Semen Mikhaylovich
Chief of the Tomilino installation. He is
almost certainly the space suit designer de-
scribed in Soviet publications and was deputy
chief designer of the S. A. Lavochkin Experi-
mental Design Bureau in 1944. His publica-
tions include a book which reviews the state
of the art of pilot escape from aircraft, includ-
ing the design and construction of ejection
seats and parachutes in addition to the pro-
tective clothing and facilities involved.
BARER, (Fnu)
Doctor of Medical Sciences and reserve cap-
taizi, ,probably A. S. Barer, who was associated
in 1960 with the Central Institute for Ad-
vanced Training of Physicians. At the pres-
ent time, he is probably the chief medical offi-
cer at Tomilino. He is said to be knowledge-
able in all phases of aeromedical research and
his publications include an article in Volume
II, Problems of Space Biology, on "Limit of
Human' Tolerance to Transverse Accelera-
tions and .the Physiological Reactions of the
Body," where acceleration rates up to 15 G's
were experienced by human subjects.
POKROVSKIY, Aleksey Vasilyevich
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Reserve Lieu-
tenant Colonel, deputy to Popov. Formerly
director of NIIIAM in Moscow and author
and biomedical spokesman for the animal
space events. In.his sixties, he is expected to
retire soon.
POPOV, (Fnu) (Probably Aleksey Pavlovich
Popov).
Major General, Medical Service, Red Army.
Popov, now retired, was formerly the chief
medical officer at Tomilino and was respon-
sible for the physiological tests conducted at
that institute. His publications include a
history of aviation medicine in the USSR
and research in the fields of spatial orienta-
tion and aerospace physiology.
Others associated with the institute include:
FOMIN, Aleksandr Nikolayevich
Chief of the organization responsible for
construction of the centrifuge and pressure .
chamber buildings.
GIBKIY, Fedor Ivanovich
A mechanical engineer who replaced Tatar-
skiy and was responsible for the installation
of equipment at Tomilino.
MISKARYAN, A. A.
Chief of admigistration.4"' 51 Z. '
SEVERIN, Guy Ilich
Engineer specializing in electromedical
equipment.
SHARKOV, Valenten Ivanovich
A participant in the contract negotiations,
he had been assigned to the Ministry of Ma-
chine Building, Moscow. An electrical engi-
neer, he is now said to be located in Siberia as
chief of a space testing station.
TATARSKIY, Lev Petrovich
Deputy to Alekseyev and prominent in the
contract negotiations. A mechanical engi-
neer, he reportedly was responsible for all
equipment purchased outside of the USSR.
He is said also to have been involved in the
development and manufacture of the space
capsule used in the dog flights. He has been
replaced as deputy.
Negotiations with West Germany started in
1959 for the delivery of two pressure chambers
to the USSR. One was destined for Tomilino
and the installation of the chamber was to
begin in early 1963. Part of the equipment
for the pressure chambers was delivered and
installation of the biomedical equipment in
the control center of the chamber at Tomi-
lino began at that time. However, contrac-
tual difficulties developed in July 1963 and
the Soviets indicated they were no longer in-
terested in obtaining delivery of the remain-
ing environmental control equipment or in
(0
SECRET
 FACILITIES OF AEROSPACE RESEARCH TEST AREA.
(ALEKSEYEV'S OKB-PLANT 1052) AT TOMILINO
LEGEND
1. Guard Office
2. Entrance: Two Panel
Iron Gate
3. CPSU AGITPROP Center
4. Guard Office
5. Outdoor Area of AGITPROP
6. Large Assembly Room
7. Administration Bldg
8. Transformer Station
9. Drafting & Design Office
10. New Construction (1961)
D
11-14. Buildings with Propellant
Test Stands
15. Centrifuge Hall
16. New Building for Thermo-Baro
Chamber
17. Test Stand
18. Chemical Research Area
19. Fence
 SECRET
LOCATION AND OUTLINE OF TOMILINO COMPLEX
KUR J VSHOYE
n APARTMENTS
MIIliVA - - SPACE RESEARCH FACILITY
 SECRET
 renewing the installation contracts. There is
some suggestion that the Soviets would man-
ufacture the remaining equipment and in-
stall the second chamber themselves. The
specifications of the Tomilino chamber were
as follows :
Size 6 meters long; 2.8 meters in di-
ameter; working space, 10 cubic
meters
Vacuum 100 kilometers or 10 4 Torr
Temperature -60? C to +300? C (temperature
range within chamber)
-60? C to +200? C (air supplied
to chamber)
to +600? C (wall of
cabin)
Radiation Solar, ultraviolet, X-ray
Emergency 40 seconds for repressurization: 40
provisions seconds for opening door
Gaseous Composition of air supplied to
composition chamber could be selected and
controlled for CO... 0... CO, ni-
trogen, hydrogen, and ozone
content
Miscellaneous One end of the chamber had 3
quartz windows; the other end
had 1 window along with an
automatic door. One.side con-
tained 3 quartz windows. the
other-side 2 windows (150 x 30
millimeters in diameter) ; nor-
mal period of operation planned
up to a maximum of 8 hours a
day: continuous service up to
72 hours.
Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute
The second pressure chamber was destined
for M. S. Yegorov's institute, which probably
is the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute
(new TsAGI) located at Zhukovskiy near
Ramenskoye. This facility reportedly was
concerned with space capsules.-'-' In 1958,
Yegorov was one of the authors of a book
on principles, construction, basic theories, and
engineering design principles for determin-
ing equipment requirements for pressurized
cabins, oxygen equipment, and pressure suits.
The Flight Research Institute (LII) is also
located at the Ramenskoye Airfield. ?Korolev,
reportedly the chief designer for the booster
used in the manned space program, is said, to
be a frequent visitor at Zhukovskiy. Alek-
seyev (almost certainly S. M. Alekseyev who is
chief.of the Tomilino installation) also visits
Zhukovskiy often and is described as one of
Korolev's chief design assistants.
Installation of the pressure chamber was
to begin sometime about the middle of 1963.
The specifications were as follows:
14 meters long; 4 meters in di-
ameter; working space, 56 cubic
meters
Vacuum 40 kilometers or 10 2 Torr
Temperature -60? C to 4-500' C (temperature
range within chamber)
-60? C to +400? 0 (air supplied to
chamber)
to +600? C (wall of test
cabin)
Radiation Solar, ultraviolet, X-ray
Emergency 40 seconds for repressurization;
provisions 40 seconds for opening door
Gaseous Composition of air supplied to
composition chamber could be controlled for
0... CO.., CO. nitrogen, hydrogen,
and ozone content
Miscellaneous There is a door at either end of
the chamber-one end has a
sliding door locked by com-
pressed air; within this door is
a smaller door which can be
operated only manually; win-
dows, 6 quartz; windows 150 to
300 millimeters in diameter;
normal period of operation
planned up to maximum of 8
hours a day; continuous service
up to 72 hours.~-:i az
A second centrifuge was also purchased by
the Soviets. Nearly all specifications of the
second centrifuge were similar to those of the
first one. However, an automatic program-
mer was to be included in the design of the
second centrifuge, along with a different
motor. The centrifuge arms probably were
not supplied, but were manufactured and de-
signed in the USSR. The exact location of
this second centrifuge is unclear. There is
some possibility that it could have been in-
stalled at Tomilino. However, it probably
was only stored at Tomilino and destined for
Yegorov's institute, along with the second
pressure chamber. Reportedly this centri-
fuge was installed in a building already in ex-
SECRET
 I I
istence, but which was enlarged for the cen-
trifuge. The centrifuge was delivered early
in 1963 and probably became operational sev-
eral months later.' G, "+
:.The total cost of the two pressure chambers
has been estimated as 21 million Deut.schO
mark (DM) ($5,250,000). The cost of the
second centrifuge was estimated at. 460,000
Deutsche mark (DM) ($115,000). which was
lower than the probable cost of the first cen-
trifuge because it did not include the centri-
fuge arms, the instrumentation, and the con-
trol equipment.-?'
The facilities described are adequate for the
environmental testing of equipment alone and
also for integrated human-equipment testing.
Even though the facilities are limited in some
aspects of space simulation, this equipment
could represent a. compromise between cost
and the useful amount of information that
can be. obtained, for example, during space-
suit testing and ? development by using the
more modest vacuum of 10 4 Torr in the cham-
ber at Tomilino. However, the facilities de-
scribed (at Yegorov's institute) also bear a
resemblance to those that are useful for high-
altitude checkout of structural integrity for
supersonic aircraft, and pilot training for
supersonic flight. The second chamber could
be used for capsule or subsystem engineer-
ing tests, but the required operational time of,
both chambers is limited to 72 hours, which
suggests the development of aircraft more
than spacecraft. However, the Soviet space
development capability includes integrated
capsule subsystems and man checkout at 40
kilometers for periods up to 72 hours, which
is similar to the altitude used in the US sys-
tems-man checkout conducted in a pressure
chamber at Cape Kennedy.
The Soviets have also received a centrifuge
from Sweden; the_,destination of this centri-
fuge is unknown. This centrifuge was used
for the later space flights, including the train-
ing of V. Tere4hkova for her flight in Vostok 6.
(See figure 20.) The Soviets have expressed
an interest in the rapid rate of buildup of
acceleration, which is applicable to abort type
studies. They are interested -also in study-
ing the effects of rapidly changing directions
of acceleration, which is useful in training for
the ejection method of recovery. The cabin of
this centrifuge consists of aluminum and has
a Plexiglass hood. The cabin is suspended in
a steel gimbal frame and is free to move both
radially and tangentially. At. maximum cur-
rent it can be accelerated to 30 G's."', (See
figure 21.)
Zlzukovskiy Air Engnnce?ring Academy
The cosmonaut receives much of his theo-
retical training at Zhukovskiy Air Engineer-
ing Academy in Moscow. He takes courses in
subjects such ?as rocket engineering, astron-
omy, and geophysics at this Academy." (See
figure 22.)
Other Facilities
The location for the parachute training of
the cosmonaut is unknown, but is described-
as a site far from Moscow. One facility which
conducts research applicable to the recovery
phase of manned space flight has been iden-
tified. Photographs of a model-testing basin
in which a man wearing a space suit and
helmet is being pulled through the water
identify it as the model basin at Old TsAGI
in Moscow. (See figures ? 23 and 24.) Ac-
cording to Soviet information of the mid-
1940's, the basin was 200 meters long and 12
meters wide, the depth of the water in the
basin was 6.5 meters, and the maximum car-
riage speed was 15 meters per second. In ad-
dition, the basin is equipped with a wave
maker that is capable of producing waves that
are 3 feet high. Problems to be undertaken
at this institute are designated by the State
Committee for Aviation Technology (GKAT).
The role of Old TsAGI was probably the test-
ing of the space suit in the event of landing
by parachute in water after emergency re-
entry and possibly also'-the testing of the suit
as a flotation device.
A medical center is located at the launch
site, Tyuratam. It is here that the cosmo-
SECRET
10
 Figure 21. Swedish-built centrifuge in operation
 Figure 24. Mon wearing space suit and helmet being pulled through model basin
 SECRET
naut receives his final preparation and check-
out before flight, and dons his space suit for
flight.: ?
Soviets Inrolvcd in Cosmonaut Training
All information indicates that the Cosmo-
naut Training Center is under the control of
the Soviet Air Force. Marshal Vershinin,
Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Air Force,
was a member of the cosmonaut examining
commission and participated in the briefing of
candidates for cosmonaut training. (See fig-
ures 25 and 26.) Titov states that three ad-
ditional generals of the Air Force worked with
the cosmonaut group. They are Colonel Gen-
eral F. A. Agal'tsov, Colonel General A. G.
Rytov, and Lieutenant General N. P. Kama-
nin, who is probably a commanding officer in
the cosmonaut training center.
The cosmonaut group commander was for-
merly Yuriy Gagarin. Recently Lieutenant
Colonel Nikolayev was put in command of the
group and Colonel Gagarin was promoted to
another post.
Additional Soviets who can be identified
with the Cosmonaut Training Center are:
GYURDZHIAN, A. A.
Candidate of Medical Sciences. May be
chief of physiological training of the cosmo-
naut.s. Apparently works with Yazdovskiy
and is one of the younger scientists participat-
ing in the program. He has published in the
fields of the biological effects of cosmic radia-
tion, the results of biological investigations
of organisms and animals after space flight,
and has been a coauthor of some of the ap-
plied work -relating to the animal flights.
PETROV, Colonel Ye. A.
One 'of the commanding officers of the cos-
monauts.
VOLYNKIN, Yu. M.
Lt. General, Military Medical Service.
Headed a group discussing and publishing on
the subject of cosmonaut training, physio-
logical investigations, and post-flight exami-
nations for the flights of Nikolayev and Popo-
vich in Vostoks 3 and 4."
YAZDOVSKIY, V. I.
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Col., Medical
Service. He is Chief of Medical Services for
the cosmonauts. He also has taught space
medicine at the cosmonaut training school.
Over 30 research institutes and facilities of
the Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR; the
Academy of Sciences, USSR; the Ministry of
Health, USSR; and the Moscow State Univer-
sity are engaged in bioastronautic research.
Details concerning their activities follow.
(See figure 27.)
Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR
Institute of Normal and Pathological Phys-
iology, Moscow - The Institute of Normal
and Pathological Physiology under V. V. Parin
is a key Institute in the Soviet manned space
program. Much of the research at the insti-
tute directly supports the space program.
The results of this research are incorporated
into the applied aspects of the program in the
development of the bioinstrumentation used
for monitoring the cosmonauts, the environ-
mental and life-support system, and the pres-
sure suit. In addition to these activities, this
institute recently was designated as the center
for cardiovascular research in the USSR.
Khayutin and his associates at a laboratory
at the institute are attempting to correlate
muscle activity (myographic measurement)
with regional blood flow in determining the
relationship of muscle work to circulation.
They hope to establish the proper exercise
tests and from this infer the expected blood
flow. Research is also conducted on the effect
of localized muscle activity on the circulation,
of other organs. These studies have an im-
portant bearing on some of the problems in-
volved in weightlessness.
Sinyakov is working on measuring heart
action by ultrasonic flow meters and is minia-
turizing much of the equipment. and electronic
components used in these studies. Babskiy
 and Karpman are involved in developing bio-
instrumentation for measuring the electrical
activity of the heart. This instrumentation
was used in the* cardiac monitoring of the
cosmonauts. (See figure 28.) The animal
work, research, and electronics development is
done at the institute; after new equipment is
developed it is taken to the Institute of
Therapy for clinical evaluation. Marshak is
interested in studying the effects of CO, on
the, circulation of the brain and coronary cir-
culation. This relates to information that
can be used in developing the environmental
control system. Meyerson is involved in re-'
search in the nature of heart failure and
studies of the adjustment of the heart to in-
crcased work demands and the response of
the 'circulatory system to 02 deprivation.
Some of the research and preparatory work
with dogs for the early animal space flights
was probably conducted at the Institute when
V. N. Chernigovskiy was director (up to 1959).
The present institute still has animal facilities
available for research. Yazdovskiy has an
office at this institute, but is said to conduct
most of his work at another facility. Re-
search activities and personnel at the institute
are increasing. Khayutin's laboratory has
expanded considerably in the last year. The
electronics laboratory added another engineer
and Pozdnyakov was brought in to develop an
integrated morphology laboratory for the sup-
port of the other laboratories. As a whole,
the heads of the laboratories belong to a
younger group of scientists, and possible suc-
cessors to Parin could be Khayutin or Meyer-
The Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology occupies several floors of a build-
ing in a two square block area in Moscow.
The Institute of Experimental Biology 'and the
Institute of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy
are located in the same building. The build-
ing is guarded and several wings of the build-
ing are secure areas. Some of the laboratories
in the institute are padlocked, including those
of Khayutin and Babskiy.
The institute is made up of the following
laboratories :
Laboratory
Bloinstrumentation
V.
S. Sinyakov
Biophysics of Circulation
V.
M. Khayutin
Clinical Physiology
Ye.
B. Babskly'
Heart
F. Z. Meyerson
Morphology
O. M. Pozdnyakov
Physiology and Pathology
S. I. Filippovich
of Digestion
Physiology of Circulation
M. Ye. Marshak
and Respiration
Additional laboratories that are conducting
neurophysiological research include the fol-
lowing: .
Laboratory
Comparative Physiology S. I. Frankshteyn
Infectious Pathology of the A. Ye. Alymov
Nervous System
Neuropathology Ye. K. Pleshkova
Physiology of Afferent P. G. Snyakln
Systems
Tropic Pathology of the O. Ya. Ostryy
Nervous System
Institute personnel who are conducting
bioastronautic research include:
BABSKIY, Yevgeniy Borisovich
Active -Member, Academy of Sciences,
Member of the institute 1959-63, Head, Lab-
oratory of Clinical Physiology, 1959-64.
Physiology.
FILIPPOVICH, Sofiya Iosifovna
Doctor of Medical Sciences; Head, Labora-
tory of Physiology and Pathology of Digestion,
1957-62. Physiology.
KARPMAN, V. L.
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Member,
Laboratory of Clinical Physiology, 1959-64.
Cardiology.
KAS'YAN, Ivan I.
Member of the institute, 1960-62. Space
Flight Physiology.
KIIAYUTIN, Vladimir Mikhaylovich
Doctor of Medical Sciences; Member of the
institute, 1957-63. Head, Laboratory of Bio-
physics of Circulation, 1962-64. Physiology.
SECRET
12
 Figure 25. Marshal Vershinin at briefing of candidates for cosmonaut training
before Gagarin's flight
a. Fifth man on Vershinin's right is Nikolayev (cosmonaut 3
second man is Popovich cosmonaut 4).
b. Left to right Gagarin (cosmonaut 1), unknown,
unknown, and Bykovskiy cosmonaut 51.
Figure 26. Original group of cosmonouts with Marshal Vershinin
 SECRET
CERTAIN SOVIET INSTITUTES AND FACILITIES INVOLVED IN BIOASTRONAUTIC RESEARCH
AND THE MANNED SPACE PROGRAM
MINISTRY OF HIGHER
AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZED
EDUCATION USSR
Moscow Slate Un'.enny
imem M V Lomonosov
(rod.ot~on, space
biology lrommg program,
Central Institute fcr
the Advanced
Training of
Physicians
Institute of Brophyscs
A V. Lebed.mt,y Rode
ohon
ACADEMY
OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. USSR
Irnteute of Normal and
Pathc,log,cal PhysOlogy
V V Porn environme, tol
and cardiovascular phys,.Ugy
including b,otelemetnc
monitoring
Institute of E.per,mental
B:olo9y. 1 N Moydq
space biology
Institute of Labor Hygiene
and Occupational D,seoses.
L I Medved ,to.rcolagy
rad,ob,ology!
Inst.ture of Nutrition
A A Pokrovskq (foods
fer space fl ght
Institute of Therapy, A L
Myasmkov lcl~n~col
evaluation of biomedical
monitoring methods.
Institute of B,olog.cal
Phys,cs. G M Fronk
space b~olo9y ,clud:ng
iod cb,clogy,
STATE COMMITTEE FOR
AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
IGKATi
Crnlrol Arrohydrodynom.cs
In st tuie' T sAGI space
suit, subsystem and
capsule development
and Iecrngi
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE. USSR
AIR FORCE
Cosmonaut Tra:n:ng Center
Chkalovttoya Manna
icondihon,ng, training:-
Scientific Tesen9 Institute
Ino.ture of Cytology
of the Soviet An Force
Laboratory of Cosmic
Tom:Lno space suit
(NIL VVS, (cosmonaut
B,ology L K Lotina
development and testing.
training-v.e,ghtlessness)
Lonrnty -extreme
phys.olog,cal testing
e-rOnmenIs
and Iro.n,ng'
Military Air Engineering
Inst sure of M.crobwlogy
A A Imshenetskq
(spoce mcrob,clogy
e^ob.ology,
institute of Phys,olo9y
.men. I P Po.luv, V N
Chern.govsa y phyuologyp
Institute of Plant
Physiology men. K A
Tim;ryotev, A L Kursanov
(closed ecological
systems
Academy men. N K
Zhukovsk,y itheoretical
study
Sc entifc Research Testing
Institute of Aviation
Medicine NIIIAM aerospace
medical research
Military Med,ol Academy
.men. A V Kirov, A A.
Smitskiyaerospace
medical research and -
training)
Scientific Research Institute
of Aviation Hygiene (NIIAG)
(aerospace research)
SECRET
 r
is
Figure 28 ,1 Babskiy in his laboratory at the Institute of Therapy
Figure 281 Bobskiy participating in physiological monitoring of Titov (cosmonaut 2
b ?.
5031 Q E.~ CONFIDENTIAL
o?.
 MARSHAK, Moisey Yefimovich
Corresponding Member, Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences, USSR: Doctor of Medical Sci-
ences; Head, Laboratory of Physiology and
Pathology of Respiration and 1i lood Circula-
tion, 1956-62. Aviation Medicine.
MEYERSON, Feliks Zalmanovich
Doctor of Medical Sciences: Member, Labor-
atory of the Heart, 1960-64. Physiology.
PARIN, Vasiliy Vasil'yevich
Active Member and Vice President, Academy
of Medical Sciences, USSR; Doctor of Medical
Sciences; Director, 1960-64; Head, Department
of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, Cen-
tral Institute for Advanced Training of Phy-
sicians, Moscow, 1956-60. Physiology.
POZDNYAKOV, O. M.
Head, Laboratory ' of Morphology, 1963-64.
SINYAKOV, V. S.
Head, Laboratory of Bioinstrumentation,
1961-64. Electrophysiology.
TSIVILASHVILI, A. S.
Lt. Colonel, Military Medical Service, USSR;
Member, Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR, Moscow, 1961.
YAZDOVSKIY, Vladimir Ivanovich
Doctor of Medical Sciences; Colonel, Medi-
cal Service, USSR; Member of the institute,
1960-64. Space Medicine.
YUGANOV, Yevgeniy M.
Lt. Colonel, Medical Service. USSR; Candi-
date of Medical Sciences; Member of the in-
stitute, 1960-62. Aviation Medicine.
Associated with this institute are:
AGADZHANYAN, N. A.
Lt. Colonel, Medical Service, USSR; Candi-
date of Medical Sciences; Member of the in-
stitute, 1961-62. Aviation Medicine.
ANOKHIN. Petr Kuz'mich
Active Member, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, USSR; Member of the institute, 1961-
62; Head, Laboratory of General Physiology
of the Central Nervous System, 1961; Head,
Chair of Physiology and Pathology of Higher
Nervous Activity, Central Institute for Ad-
vanced Training of Physicians, Moscow, 1960;
Head, Chair of Normal Physiology, First Mos-
cow Medical Institute imeni I. M. Sechenov,
1955-61. Neurophysiology.
VOROB'YEV, A. I.
Associate, Institute of Normal and Patho-
logical Physiology, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, USSR, Moscow, 1962; Medical Director,
Aeroflot, Moscow, 1958-59; Member, Institute
of Aviation Medicine, Moscow, 1960.,', " 3 7+
Institute of Experimental Biology, Moscow
- The Institute of Experimental Biology, di-
rected-by I. N. Mayskiy, has a number of peo-
ple working on the microbiological and cyto-
logical aspects of the Soviet bioastronautic
program. This includes work on the biologi-
cal package carried on Sputnik 5 in 1960 and
on the biological experimentation carried on
the Vostok manned space flights.
The purpose of these experiments was to
study (i) the effect of vibration, weightless-
ness, and radiation on somatic (HeLa), as
Fell as on reproductive tissues, (ii) the radio-
sensitivity of microorganisms related also to
vibration, acceleration, and weightlessness ef-
fects, (iii) these same effects on immuno-
genicity, and (iv) automatically controlled in-
vestigation of reproduction and growth under
varying conditions (vibration, weightlessness,
radiation) by using bacteria.
Bioastronautic research at the institute is
performed under the guidance and direction
of N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov, head of the De-
partment of Immunology. He is a competent
microbiologist who initially developed the
bioelement that was flight tested on Sputnik
5 and which is still undergoing development
for use in the detection of extraterrestrial life.
This institute was established in 1945 and
includes the following laboratories and de-
partments:
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Radiobi-
ology
Laboratory of Cytology
Department of Growth and Development
 Department of Immunobiology (with labo-
ratories for the study for biological incompati-
bility of tissues, neuroinfectious immunology,
genetics of microorganisms, immunology of
,embryology, and immunochemistry).
Institute personnel who are conducting bio-
astronautic research include:
BUYKO, Ye. A.
Member, Department of .Immunobiology,
1961. Bacteriology.
KAPICHNIKOV, Mikhail Mikhaylovich
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Member,
Laboratory of Antigen Biology, 1955-56; Mem-
ber:. Department of Immunology, 1957-62.
Immunology.
KLIMOV, V. Yu.
Member of the institute, 1960. Biochem-
istry.
MAYSKIY, Ivan Nikolayevich
Doctor of Medical Sciences; Director, 1953-
63; Head, Laboratory of Noninfectious Im-
munology, 1955-62. Immunology.
NEFED'YEVA, Nataliya P.
Member, 1961; Member, Institute of Nu-
trition, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1953-163. Microbiology.
PEKHOV, Aleksandr Petrovich
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Member of the
institute, 1956-63; Member, Department of
Immunobiology, 1958-61; Head, Laboratory
of Genetics of Microorganisms, 1963. Micro-
biology.
PODOPLELOV, I. I.
Candidate of Medical Sciences;. Member,
Department of Immunobiology, 1959. Micro-
biology.
RYBAKOV, Nikolay Ivanovich
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Member of
the institute, 1957-62; Member, Department
of Immunobiology, 1957-60; Member, Labora-
tory of Noninfectious Immunology, 1961.
Microbiology.
TRIBULEV, G. P.
Colonel, Medical Service; Candidate of Med-
ical Sciences; Science Director, Institute of
Experimental Biology, Academy of Medical
Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1962. Microbiology.
YUDIN, Yq. V.
Associate, Institute of Experimental Bi-
ology, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1963.
ZHUKOV-VEREZHNIKOV, Nikolay Nikolaye-
vich
Active Member, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, USSR; Doctor of Medical Sciences;
Member of the institute, 1955-63; Head, De-
partment of Immunobiology, 1955-61. Mi-
crobiology." '^ `L "=
Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupa-
tional Diseases, Moscow - This institute is the
largest scientific research establishment in
the USSR for industrial hygiene and occupa-
tional diseases, employing some 620 persons.
The director of this institute is L. I. Medved.
There are three principal departments: clini-
cal, hygiene, and radiology. Two sections also
function within the frame of the institute:
the laboratory for labor physiology, and the
pathomorphological laboratory.
This institute can be said to support the
Soviet space program with its experience in
determining toxic substances in the environ-
ment, in studying effects of harmful levels of
noise, and with research related to the setting
of industrial toxicological standards. More
specifically, however, there has been some
effort by the institute in the field of radio-
biology. Scientists there have studied the
biological effects of protons in animals, and
have attempted to find radioprotective agents
in mice against whole body radiation with
high-energy protons.
Institute personnel who are conducting re-
search related to bioastronautics include:
AVRUNINA, G. A.
Associate, Laboratory of Radiotoxicology,
Institute.of Labor Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1961. Radiation biology.'
GOVORUN, R. D.
Associate, Laboratory of Radiotoxicology,
Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational
 Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1961. Radiation biology.
KURLYANDSKAYA, Ettel' Borisovna
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Member of
the institute, 1943-63; Head, Laboratory of
Radiobiology, 1958; Head, Laboratory of Radio-
toxicology, 1962. Industrial hygiene.
SHASHKOV, V. S.
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Associate,
Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1961. Pharmacology.
YARMONENKO, S. P.
Member of the institute, 1961-63; Member,
Laboratory--'of Radiotoxicology, 1962. Radia-
tion biology.
Other Institutes - Some additional insti-
tutes of the Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR, that are conducting bioastronautic
research include:
Institute
Institute of Epidemiology P. A. Vershilova
and Microbiology imeni
N. F. Gamaleya, Moscow
Institute of Experimental D. A. Biryukov
Medicine, Leningrad
Institute of Experimental B. A. Lapin
Pathology and Physiology,
Sukhumi
Institute of Nutrition, A. A. Pokrovskiy
Moscow
Institute of Therapy, A. L. Myasnikov
Moscow
Institute of Virology iment V. M. Zhdanov
D. I. Ivanovskiy,
Moscow
Academy of Sciences, USSR
Institute of Biological Physics, Moscow -
The Institute of Biological Physics has the
following laboratories:
Laboratory Head
Biophysics of Vision
Complex Processes
Computer Applications
Living Structures
Photobiology
Radiation Genetics
Radiobiology
Ultrasonics
N. D. Nyuberg
V. S. Gurfinkel'
) Fnu) Foinin
G. M. Frank
M. V. Sokolov
N. P. Dubinin
A. M. Kuzin
1. Ye. El'piner
In 1963, the following laboratories were
designated as laboratories to be established
in the future: Laboratory of Scientific Meth-
ods and Equipment for Biological Investiga-
tions, Laboratory of Automatics, Laboratory
of Radioinstrument Making, and Laboratory
of Electronic and Vacuum Instruments.
The Institute of Biological Physics has par-
ticipated with a relatively large number of
personnel in the biological experiments con-
ducted in Soviet space flights. G. M. Frank,
director of the institute, is a key man respon-
sible for the radiobiological aspects of these
space studies. This group has attempted to
establish the biological effect of cosmic radia-
tion under space-flight conditions. However,
most of the experimental results can only be
discussed as induced by a combination of
space-flight factors such, as acceleration, vibra-
tion, and weightlessness. Drosophila was
used to determine mutation effects; actinomy-
cetes were analyzed for characteristics of
growth and development during flight; seeds
of wheat, peas and corn (maize) were used
in cytological studies of chromosome aber-
rations; and two types of seeds (spring onion
and nutmeg flower) varying in radiosensitiv-
ity were examined for genetic effects of cosmic
radiation. Investigations were also made at
the institute to compare the acute and long-
term effects of radiation on the central nerv-
ous system of rats. Research applicable to a
biological closed environmental system was
carried on by investigating the growth prop-
erties of Clilorella by determination of the
absorption coefficient of light during various
periods of growth.
Scientists who are conducting bioastro-
nautic research at the institute include: ?
ABELEVA, Ye. A.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow; 1960-63.
Member, Laboratory Radiation Genetics, 1960.
Radiation biology.
. APANASENKO, Z. I.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1961-62.
15
 I
ARSEN'YEVA, Militsa Alfredovna
Candidate of Biological Sciences; Member
of the institute, 1958-62. Radiation genetics.
BRANDT, Andrey B.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1958-63.
_ DELONE, N. L.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1956-63.
Member, Laboratory of Radiation Genetics,
1959.
DUBININ, Nikolay Petrovich
Corresponding Member, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR; Member of the institute, 1955-
63; Associate, Institute of Cytology and Ge-
netics, Siberian Department, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR, Novosibirsk, 1958-62. Genetics.
EYGES, N. S.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1961.
Radiation biology.
FRANK, Gleb Mikhaylovich
Corresponding Member, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR; Corresponding Member, Acad-
emy of Medical Sciences, USSR; Doctor of
Biological Sciences; Director, 1958-63. Bio-
physics.
GENEROZOVA, I. P.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1963.
GLEMBOTSKIY, Ya. L.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences; Mem-
ber, Institute of Biological Physics, Academy
of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1960-61. As-
sociate, Laboratory of Radiation Genetics,
1960. Genetics.
KHVOSTOVA, Vera V.
Candidate of Biological Sciences; Member,
Institute of Biological Physics, Academy of
Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1956-64. Member,
Laboratory of Radiation Genetics, 1959-64.
Genetics.
KORSHUNOVA, V. S.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1961-63.
KUZNETSOVA, M. A.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1961.
LAPKIN, Yu. A.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1957-62.
Genetics.
MOZHAYEVA, V. S.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1961.
Radiation genetics.
NEFEDOV, Yuriy G.
Candidate, Medical Sciences; Associate, In-
stitute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR, Moscow, 1960. Radiation biology.
NEVZGODINA, L. V.
. Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, -1959-62.
Member, Laboratory of Radiation Genetics,
1959. Genetics.
SHAMINA, Z. B.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1959-61.
Space biology.
SIDOROV, Boris N.
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1960-63.
Space biology.
SOKOLOV, Nikolay Nikolayevich
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1959-63.
Space biology.
TAGEYEVA, Sofiya Viktorovna
Member, Institute of Biological Physics,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1957-63.
Among the scientists who are associated with
this institute is G. P. Parfenov.'4 lu r., ~6
Institute of Cytology, Leningrad - The Lab-
oratory of Cosmic Biology of the Institute of
Cytology in Leningrad, directed by L. K.
Lozina-Lozinskiv, has done research on the
adaptation of cells and organisms to extreme
environmental conditions, such as low tem-
SECRET
16
 SECRET
perature, ultraviolet, ionizing radiation, low
pressure, and oxygen deficiency. Established
in 1961, this Laboratory was set up to study
(i) the probability and forms of life`on other
planets and (ii) the behavior and adaptation
of cells and organisms to extreme environ-
mental conditions.
Institute personnel who tyre conducting bio-
astronautic research include: CD
LOZINA-LOZINSKIY,, Lev .Konstantinovich
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Head, Lab-
oratory of Cosmic Biology, 1961-63; Head,'
Laboratory of Cell Adaptations, 1959-61. Cy-
tology.' ::..
Institute of Microbiology, Moscow - The In-
stitute of Microbiology under A. A. Imshe-
netskiy's direction is the leading institute in,
volved in the field of exobiology and in- soje
of the work relating to the sterilization of
space vehicles. Imshenetskiy is oriented more
toward basic research in exobiology than to-
ward direct involvement in the applied or
hardware end of the space program. For ex-
ample, he did not participate directly in the
sterilization of Lunik II. More recently, how-
ever, some technical facilities have been added
to the research activities of the institute. A
small engineering laboratory and electronics
shop have been engaged in the designing and
building of electronic components for a mul-
tivator' used in sampling extraterrestrial life.
This engineering facility is limited, however,
by lack of experience in dealing with space-
oriented problems in instrumentation. Im-
shenetskiy is also a consultant and reportedly
can make recommendations to the space coun-
cil in the field of exobiology.
Some of the space-oriented research con-
ducted at the institute which relates to the
problem of sterilization of space vehicles in-
cludes a study on the stability of terrestrial
microorganisms in deep vacuum done in co-
operation with the Physico-Technical Insti-
tute of Low Temperatures, Academy, of Sci-
ences, Ukrainian SSR. Recent publications
from personnel of the, institute include a re-
port on the possibility of the existence and
methods of detection of extraterrestrial life.
The report discusses terrestrial unicellular or-
ganisms and the limits of their ability to with-
stand (i) low temperatures, (ii) heat, and
(iii) cosmic and ultraviolet radiation in the
absence of oxygen. Methods of recording life
forms on another planet are also discussed.
At the 1964 COSPAR meeting a paper was
given concerning a technique for and the re-
sults of meteorite microbiological investiga-
tions.
Several others at the institute are engaged
in research relating to exobiology. M. N.
Meysel, an expert on light and electron micros-
copy who also does his research at the In-
stitute of Physico-Chemical Biology, has con-
tributed to the method of fluorescent micros-
copy for detecting extraterrestrial life. Iye-
rusalimskiy, deputy director and department
head at the institute, has been concerned with
the decontamination of space vehicles. In
1962, Iyerusalimskiy was to become director
of the Institute of Physiology and Biochem-
istry of Microorganisms at Pushchino, a bio-
logical complex under construction near Mos-
cow.
The institute is made up of the following
departments:
Department Head
nisms
Bacter16phagy and
Actinophagy
Experimental Variability of A. A. Imshenetskly
Microorganisms
Geological Activities of S. I. Kuznetsov
Microorganisms
Marine Microbiology A. Ye. Kriss
Microorganisms Interaction N. A. Krasil'nikov
Photosynthetic Microorga- S. V. Gorunova
nisms
Physico-Chemical Methods Unknown
in Research
Physiology ' of Chemoauto- G. A. Zavarzin
trophic Microorganisms
Physiological Cytology'. .of M. N. Meysel
Microorganisms
 Physiology of Growth and
'Development of Microor-
ganisms
Soil Microorganisms
Technical Microbiology
Thermophilic Microorga-
nisms
Transformation of Steroids
and Other Compounds
Type Culture Collection
Viruses
N. D. Iycrusalimskly
Ye. N. Mishustin
V. N. Shaposhnikov
L. G. Loginova
V. I. Kudryavtsev
V. L. Ryzkov
Institute personnel who are conducting bi-
oastronautic research include:
ABYZOV, S. S.
Member, Institute of Microbiology, Acad-
emy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1958-60; As-
sociate, All-Union Institute of Agricultural
Microbiology, All-Union Academy of Agricul-
tural Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin (VASKhNIL),
Leningrad, 1961. Microbiology.
IMSHENETSKIY, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Active Member, Academy of Sciences, USSR;
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Director, 1949-
63. Microbiology.
IYERUSALIMSKIY, Nikolay Dmitriyevich
Corresponding Member, Acadefny of Sci-
ences, USSR; Member, Institute of Microbi-
ology, Academy of " Sciences, USSR, Moscow,
1935-64 (Deputy Director, 1950-61; Head, De-
partment of Physiology, Growth and Develop-
ment of Microorganisms, 1961-63) ; Deputy
Academician-Secretary, Department of Bio-
logical Sciences, Academy of Sciences, USSR,
1962; Member, International Union of Biologi-
cal Sciences (IUBS) and Executive Council,
Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)
1964; Member, Editorial Board, Mikrobio-
logiya, 1956-63. Microbiology.!:" MEYSEL' Maksim Nikolayevich
Corresponding Member, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR; Associate, Institute of Chem-
istry of Natural Compounds, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR, Moscow, 1964; Member, Institute
of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1934-63 (Deputy Director, 1937-49;
Head, Section on Physiological Cytology of
Microorganisms, 1962); Head, Laboratory on
Functional Morphology of the Cell, Institute
of Radiation and Physico-Chemical Biology,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1959-
62; Member,. Moscow State University imeni
M. V. Lomonosov, 1946-62; Member, Institute
of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences,
USSR, Moscow, 1955-62 (Laboratory Head,
1962) ; Member, Editorial Board, Tsitologiya
(Cytology), 1960-64. Microbiology.
Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov -
The Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov
is located in three principal areas in or around
Leningrad. The following laboratories are
located outside Leningrad in the village of
Koltushi (this facility is undergoing expan-
sion with some of the laboratories at Lenin-
grad moving to Koltushi) :
Interoceptive Conditioned V. A. Kislyakov
Reflexes
(This facility may be a
new laboratory or only an
expansion of the labora-
tory of Ayrapet'yants. o
Comparative Ontogenesis of G. A. Obraztsova
Higher Nervous Activity
Comparative Physiology of E. Sh. Ayrapet'yahts
Interoceptive Conditioned
Reflexes
Ecological Physiology A. D. Slonim
Higher Nervous Activity of M. M. Kol'tsova
the Child
Pharmacology of Central G. I. Izokallo
Nervous System
Physiology and Biochemistry I. A. Baryshnikov
of Lactation
Physiology and Genetics of V. K. Krasuskiy
Types of Higher Nervous
Activity
Physiology and Pathology of A. Y. Solov'yev
Direction and Blood Circu-
lation
Physiology of Circulation G. P. Konradi
Physiology of Endocrine Ye. N. Speranskaya
Glands
Physiology of Higher Nerv- V. B. Pavlov
ous Activity
Physiology of Lower Animals N. G. Lopatina
SECRET
18
 These laboratories are located in the main
institute building in Leningrad:
Laboratory Head
Corticovisceral Physiology I. T. Kurtsln
and Pathology
ElectrophysiologY V. Ye. Delov
Functional Biochemistry of N. N. Demin
the Nervous System
General Physiology V. N. Chernigovsky
Morphology N. G. Kolosov
Physiology and Experimen- F. P. Mayorov
tal pathology of Higher
Nervous Activity
Physiology of the Autonomic A. V. Tonkikh
Nervous System
The Visual Analyzer V. D. Olezer
The following laboratories are located in
another part of Leningrad on the Petrovsky
Embankment :
Laboratory He Ad
As one of the leading physiological insti-
tutes in the USSR, this Institute has approxi-
mately 700 people working in the Leningrad
area. In addition to the research activities
with dogs for the early animal flights, the
institute reportedly established a secret lab-
oratory in 1962 under Kislyakov and Ayrapet'-
yants for the study of the labyrinth and ves-
tibular apparatus. This research probably
was used in the reported changes in the train-
ing program of the cosmonauts after Titov's
experience of space sickness and for a basic
understanding of the vestibular problem. An-
other laboratory was set up recently by
Chernigovskiy, the Laboratory of Biophysics
and Complex Processes, headed by M. L. Gar-
funkel', to study the movement of muscle
mass and how these muscle masses are co-
ordinated with other muscle activity. This
group also is working on the significance of
oculographic measurements. These measure-
ments have been taken on four of the cosmo-
nauts during space flight.
N. A. Rokotova and her group, who do
primate behavior work with rhesus monkeys,
have published their research on the effect
of prolonged limitation of motor activity on
the activity of monkeys in Problems of Space
Biology, volume 2. An investigation related
to future communication problems during
prolonged flight is described in the same pub-
lication series by L. A. Chistbvich and V. A.
Kozlievnikov. Their article concerns the sig-
nificance of the physiological studies of the
speech process in the design of systems for
the automatic decoding of human speech.
Institute personnel who are involved in
bioastronautic research include:
AYRAPET'YANTS, Ervand Shamirovich
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Member of
the institute, 1949-63; Head, Laboratory of
Interoceptive Conditioned Reflexes, 1952-63;.
Head, Laboratory of the Physiology of Higher
Nervous Activity, Scientific Research Institute
of Physiology imeni A. A. Ukhtomskiy, Len-
ingrad State University imeni A. A. Zhdanov,
1956-61. Neurophysiology.
Biochemistry of the Nervous N. N. Demin
System
Higher Nervous Activity in M. M. Koltzova
Children
Neurophysiology P. A. Kisselev
Physiology and Pathology of V. G. Baranov
Age in Man and Ontogeny
of Endocrines
Physiology of the Auditory G. V. Gershuni
Analyzer
The location of the following laboratory is
unknown :
Laboratory of Biophysics and Complex
Processes-Head: M. L. Garfunkel' (Although
this laboratory was set up by Chernigovskiy,
it may well be located at the Academy of Sci-
ences in Moscow.)
V. N. Chernigovskiy, director of the insti-
tute, has been a respected spokesman and
leader in the Soviet space program since its
inception. In 1959, he was cited as director
of training and preparation of animals for
space flight. Recently he has been named
Academician-Secretary of the Department of
Physiology, Academy of Sciences, USSR. He
appears to coordinate the bioastronautic ac-
tivities of the Academy of Medical Sciences
and the Academy of Sciences.
 BOLOTINA, O..P.
Candidate of Biological Sciences; Member,
Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of
Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Physi-
ology imeni I. P. Pavlov, Academy of Sciences,
USSR, Leningrad, 1952-60. Physiology.
CHERNIGOVSKIY, Vladimir Nikolayevich
Active Member, Academy of Sciences, USSR;
Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR; Academician-Secretary, Department of
Physiology, Academy of Sciences, USSR; Doc-
tor of Medical Sciences; Member of the insti-
tute, 1952-63, Director, 1961-63; Director, In-
stitute of Normal and Pathological Physiology,
Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow,
1953-60; Head, Laboratory of General Physi-
ology,. 1958-62. Physiology.
CHISTOVICH, L. A.
Head of a laboratory of the Institute of
Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR, Leningrad, 1963.
DEMIN, N"ikolay Nikolayevich
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Head, Lab-
oratory of Functional Biochemistry of the
Nervous System, 1963; Member, Institute of Bi-
ological Physics, Academy of Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1962. Biochemistry.
GORBUNOVA, Irina M.
Member, Institute of Physiology imeni I. P.
Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Lenin-
grad, 1958-62 (Member, Laboratory of Neu-
rophysiological Problems, 1959-60). Physi-
ology.
KISLYAKOV, V. A.
Candidate of Biological Sciences; Member,
Laboratory of Interoceptive Conditioned Re-
flexes, 1953-60. Physiology.
KOZHEVNIKOV, V. A.
Director of Biological Sciences; Member,
Laboratory of Physiology of Auditory Ana-
lyzer, Institute of Physiology imeni I. P.
Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Lenin-
grad, 1953.
KUCHERENKO, T. M.
Member, Institute of Physiology imeni I. P.
Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Lenin-
grad, 1954-61 (Member, Laboratory of Experi-
mental Pharmacology,, 1954-56; Member, Lab-
oratory of Experimental Genetics and Higher
Nervous Activity, Experimental Pharmacology
Group, 1957-58; Member, Laboratory on Phar-
macology of the Central Nervous System,
1959-61). Pharmacology.
MITYUSHOV, Mikhail Ivanovich
Candidate of Biological Sciences; Member,
Institute of Physiology iineni I. P. Pavlov,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Leningrad, 1954-
60 (Associate, Laboratory of Neural-Regula-
tion' Endocrine Functions, 1954-56; Associate,
Laboratory of Physiology' Internal Glandular
Secretions, 1955; Acting Deputy Director,
1960). Physiology.
ROKOTOVA, N. A.
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Member of
the institute, 1952-63; Member, Laboratory of
Neurophysiological Problems, 1959-60. Neu-
rophysiology." 14-' 8:-P1
Institute of Plant Physiology imeni K. A.
TimiryazeK, Moscow - The Institute is direct-
ed by A. L. Kursanov and consists of 11 labora-
tories and 4 sections, as follows:
Accumulation of Storage
Products
Cold Resistance
Evolutionary and Ecological
Physiology
Growth and Development
Heat Resistance and Dor-
mancy
Photosynthesis
Physiology of Drought and
Salt Resistance
Root Nutrition
Stimulation and Inhibition
Translocation and Metabo-
lism
Water Relations
I. I. Tumanov
A. A. Shakhov
M. Kh. Chaylakhyan
P. A. Genkel'
A. A. Nichiporovich
P. A. Genkel'
Z. I. Zhurbitskly
Yu. V. Rakitin
A. L. Kursanov
SECRET
20
A
 Blomagnetism A. L. Kursanov
Nforphogenesis A. S. Kruzhilin
Seed Physiology K. Ye. Ovcharov
Tissue and Organ Culture A. L. Kursanov
Institute personnel who are involved in bio-
astronautic research include:
CHUCHKIN, V. G.
Institute of Plant Physiology imeni K. A.
Timiryazev, Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1963.
KHAZANOV, V. S.
Candidate of Technical Sciences; Member,
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of
Lighting Engineering, Moscow, 1955-62 (Mem-
ber, Laboratory of Light Measurement, 1957-
61, Head, 1961) ; Associate, Institute of Plant
Physiology imeni K. A. Timiryazev, Academy
of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1959-62; Associ-
ate, Pamir Botanical Garden, Academy of Sci-
ences, Tadzhik SSR, 1962. Luminescence.
The institute also has a facility designed for
.the study of extreme environments. In 1963
the facility was making extensive tests of vari-
ous light sources.
The Institute of Plant Physiology is one of
the important Soviet facilities that is doing
basic research in biological regenerative sys-
tems for prolonged space flight. Under the
leadership of A. A. Nichiporovich, head of the
Laboratory of Photosynthesis, investigations
have been made of the algae Cllorella. This
is the algae that the Soviets have indicated
could be used in fulfilling biological gas-
exchange requirements for a biological closed
ecological system. However, recently the So-
viets have indicated that Chlorella is no longer
the algae of choice for this system. This
laboratory is said to be well equipped for its
research work. The quality of.the work has
been described as varying from excellent to
poor.
Research activities have centered upon de-
termining the growth characteristics of Chlo-
rella under both laboratory and space-flight
conditions. A model has been developed for
laboratory use in standardizing the method
of cultivation of Chlorella. The Soviets are
interested also in the automation of cultiva-
tion for flight conditions and have described
an automatic device for regulating the com-
position of the media and for measuring
photosynthesis by an infrared gas analyzer.
Studies have been made on the algae Chlorella
under the conditions of space flight to deter-
mine the effect of these conditions on external
characteristics, the microscopic appearance,
and the extent of photosynthesis. In deter-
mining the effect of radiation on the organism
during flight the Soviets have made further
studies on the growth characteristics of this
algae.
NICHIPOROVICH, Anatoliy Aleksandrovich
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Member,
1943-63, Head, Photosynthesis Laboratory,
1958-61. Plant physiology.
SEMENENKO, V. Ye.
Member, Institute of Plant Physiology imeni
K. A. Timiryazev, Academy of Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1957-61 (Member, Photosynthesis
Laboratory, 1961). Botany.
SHAKHOV, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Doctor of Biological Sciences; Member of
the institute, 1955-63; Head, Kola Peninsula
Expedition, 1962; Head, Mount Aragats Biolog-
ical Station, 1962. Botany.
STANKO, S. A.
Associate, Institute of Plant Physiology
imeni K. A. Timiryazev, Academy of Sciences,
USSR, Moscow, 1959-62; Associate, All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Lighting En-
gineering, Moscow, 1959-62; Associate, Pamir
Botanical Garden, Academy of Sciences, Tad-
zhik SSR, 1962. Space botany.
VLADIMIROVA, M. G.
Member, Institute of Plant Physiology imeni
K. A. Timiryazev, Academy of Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1960-61. Space biology." '" t'+
Other Institutes-The following institutes
of the Academy of Sciences, USSR, are also
engaged in bioastronautic research:
 SECRET
F__ I
Institute of Biochemistry A. I. Oparin
imeni A. N. Bakh, Moscow
Institute of Botany imeni A. A. Fedorov
V. L. Komarov, Leningrad
Institute of Cytology and D. K Belyayev
Genetics, Siberian Depart-
ment, Novosibirsk
Institute of Evolutionary Ye. M. Kreps
Physiology imeni I. M.
Sechenov, Leningrad
Institute of Genetics, Mos- T. D. Lysenko
cow
10 Institute of Physics, Siberian L. V. Kirenskiy
Department, Krasnoyarsk
Institute of Physiology imeni A. F. Makarchenko
A. A. Bogomolets, Kiev
Institute of Radiation and V. A. Engel'gardt
Physico-Chemical Biology,
Moscow
Ministry of Health, USSR and RSFSR
Institute of Biophysics, Moscow - Little is
known about the activities and personnel of
the Institute of Biophysics in Moscow. A. V.
Lebedinskiy, director of the Institute, was a
member of the editorial board and an author
in the major Soviet publications relating to
the Soviet bioastronautic program, Problems
of Space Biology, volumes 1 and 2.
Major research activity of this institute
appears to be centered around an elaboration
of problems pertaining to the pathogenesis of
radiation sickness and the study of the mech-
anism of biological action of ionizing radia-
tion. Lebedinskiy probably was one of the
Soviet scientists who was instrumental in
determining the Soviet standards of the level
of acceptable risk in the exposure of the cos-
monauts to radiation. Research has been
conducted at the institute on protective agents
against radiation and in determining the toxic
effect of beryllium on animals. Dosimetric
monitoring equipment has also been produced
in a workshop in the institute. Details con-
cerning Lebedinskiy follow.
LEBEDINSKIY, Andrey Vladimirovicli
Doctor of Medical Sciences; Major-General,
Military Medical Service, USSR; Active Mem-
ber, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR;
Head, Department of Physiology, Moscow
State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov, 1961-
63;. Director, Institute of Biophysics, Moscow,
1955-62. Physiology.
Other Institutes-The following institutes
are also engaged in bioastronautic research :
Institute Head
All-Union Scientific Research A. G. Baychikev,
Institute of Antibiotics, Director
Moscow (USSR)
Central Institute of Hema A. Ye. Kiselev,
tology and Blood Trans- Director
fusion, Moscow (USSR)
First Moscow Medical Insti- V. V. Kovanov,
tute imeni I. M. Sechenov Rector
(RSFSR)
Institute of Experimental Yu. I. Borodin, Act-
Biology and Medicine, ing Director 11 14 111
Novosibirsk (RSFSR)
Facilities of the Moscow State University
imeni Al. V. Lomonosov, Moscow
Ivan Georgiyevich Petrovskiy is the head
of the Moscow State University imeni M. V.
Lomonosov, Moscow, which is under the Min-.
istry of Higher and Secondary Specialized
Education, USSR.
Certain of the activities of the University
have to do with the study and evaluation of
the radiation hazard for space flight. The ex-
pected radiation level is determined before
each manned space flight and includes solar-
flare studies. At the 1964 COSPAR meeting,
personnel of the University discussed the radi-
ation level during the flights of Vostoks 3, 4,
5, and 6.
Within the last several years a space biology
training program has been initiated at the
University: Classroom work begins there and
then progresses to the major institutes in
Moscow. This program is to shift soon to the
new biological center at Pushchino. This
course is a graduate program for individuals
who will go into key laboKatories as heads of
laboratories or sections. It is estimated that
SECRET
22
 I
from 90 to 100 students are involved at a given
time. Yazdovskiy, a leading figure in the So-
viet manned space program, is responsible for
this spacer iology program at the University.
University staff members who are contribut-
ing to bioasWnautic research include:
NESTEROV, V. Ye.
Member, All-Union Scientific Research In-
stitute of Fertilizers and Agro-Soil Science,
Moscow, 1958-62; Member, Scientific Research
Institute of Nuclear Physics; Moscow State
University imeni M. V. Lomonosov, 1961-62.
PISARENKO, N. F.
Member,-, Institute of Biochemistry imeni
A. N. Bakh, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Mos-
cow, 1961; Member, Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State Univer-
sity imeni M. V. Lomonosov, 1961-62.
SAVENKO, Ivan Andreyevich
Member, Scientific Research Institute of
Nuclear Physics; Moscow State University
imeni M. V. Lomonosov,' 1961-63; Member,
Consultative Group on Potentially Harmful
Effects of Space Experiments, Committee on
Space Research (COSPAR), 1962-63.
SHAVRIN, P. I.
Member, Scientific Research Institute of
Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University
imeni M. V. Lomonosov, 1958-62.
YAZDOVSKIY, V. I.
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Colonel,
Medical Service; Member, Institute of Normal
and Pathological Physiology, Academy of
Medical Sciences, USSR, 1960-63; Head, Cos-
mic Laboratories, Moscow State University
imeni M. V. Lomonosov, since 1959; space
medicine; born 24 June 1913; Stalin Prize." I.,_.3
BIOASTRONAUTIC RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT
The many institutes involved in Soviet bio-
astronautic research and development are
concerned with exobiology, biotelemetry, en-
vironmental and life-support systems, and
space physiology.
Exobiology
There is apparently no well-organized exobi-
ology program as part of the Soviet space
effort. While an exobiology program report-
edly has been recommended to the Soviet deci-
sion-making body, there has been little imple-
mentation and indication of priority interest
in such a program.
The principal research in exobiology is con-
ducted at the Institute of Microbiology under
Imshenetskiy's direction. (See "Institute of
Microbiology" section.) Several other insti-
tutes are engaged in supporting research with
a small number of personnel involved. There
is a report also that Tomilino is concerned
with the investigation of elements on other
planets and the study of earth contamination
by extraterrestrial substances.'' 1' s1 76 ho
Soviet institutes involved in exobiology are:
Institute of Microbiology, -Academy of
Sciences, USSR
2. Institute of Cytology, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR
3. Institute of Experimental Biology,
Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR
4. Central Scientific Research Institute of
Disinfection, Ministry of Health, USSR
Tomilino, State Committee for Avia-
tion Technology (GKAT)
**6. Institute of Physiology and Biochem-
istry of Microorganisms, Pushchino,
Academy of Sciences, USSR
7. Institute of Radiation and Physico-
Chemical Biology, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR
8. Institute of Biochemistry imeni A. N.
Bakh
*Leading institute.
-Possible involvement.
SECRET
23
 Leading Personalities
Leading Soviet personalities who are work-
ing in the field of exobiology include:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty :
0
Name:
Affiliation*:
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation*:
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Biotelemetry
Imshenetskiy, A. A.
1
Leading spokesman and director of
exobiological research
Abyzov, S. S.
1
Microbial investigations of mete-
orites
Chernov, V. N.
1
Engineering in the welding of life-
detection equipment
Iyerusalimskiy, N. D.
1,6
Decontamination of space vehicles
Lozina-Lozinsky, L. K.
2
Extraterrestrial life on Mars
Meysel, M. N.
1.7
Fluorescent microscopy in detection
of extraterrestrial life
Oparin, A. I.
8
Extraterrestrial life
Vashkov, V. I.
4
Sterilization techniques
Zhukov-Verezhnikov, M. N.
3
Space microbiology, development of
bloelements
blotelemetry program has been
a considered, methodical, and careful one.
Initial requirements and biotelemetric instru-
mentation for in-flight medical control and
experimentation were determined in the early
animal space flights. This started in Novem-
ber 1957 with the dog Laika (Sputnik 2) and
with the first comprehensive experimentation
that used biotelemetry on the dogs Belka,
Strelka, Pshelka, and Muska (Sputniks 5 and
6) in 1960. The methods were concerned
with the cardiovascular system (electrocardi-
ography, phonocardiography, and seismocar-
diography) , respiration (pneumography), the
'The number refers to the institute location shown
in the previous section on "Institutes."
24 .?
motor reactions of animals (electromyog-
raphy), and heat regulation (temperature).
The main units of biotelemetry used in the
Vostok manned space flights underwent flight
tests in early 1961 with the dogs Chernushka
and Zvezdochka (Sputniks 9 and 10). The
validation of biotelemetric equipment by flight
testing had been preceded by& refinement of
requirements, laboratory research and devel-
opment, clinical evaluation, and equipment
testing under simulated flight conditions.
R. M. Bayevskiy, Ye. B. Babskiy, and V. L.
Karpman are leading Soviet medical special-
ists in space-oriented biotelemetry. Medical
radioclectronic considerations in the design,
development, and application of biotelemetry
for space flight have been undertaken by I. T.
Akulinichett and his group. The key institute
involved in the research and development of
bioinstrumentation used for the monitoring of
cosmonauts has been the Institute of Normal
and Pathological Physiology. This is a com-
petent group that is doing research and in-
strument development applicable not only to
the medical control of the cosmonaut, but also
to experimental studies relating to the re-
sponse of man under such conditions as
weightlessness.
The Soviets have been ready to incorporate
instrumentation needed for successive flights
as determined by the results and problems en-
countered on previous flights. For example,
Titov's experience of in-flight sickness neces-
sitated the use of the oculogram on the next
flights. Instrumentation for future flights is
undergoing improvement And development.
The Soviets indicate that detachable elec-
trodes will be needed for prolonged flight for
the periodic examination and medical control
of the cosmonaut. This would also be needed
for possible extra-vehicular activity. Work is
continuing on on-board recording; an autono-
mous recorder is now used for monitoring the
pulse and respiration of the cosmonaut at
ejection and during descent by parachute.
Bayevskiy is working on an on-board diagnos-
tic machine for rapid and real-time evaluation
of all biomedical data from the cosmonaut and
I.T
the environmental control system.-- " 14 1.1 P II
 Institutes
Soviet institutes involved in the field of
biotelemetry are :
*1. Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, USSR
2. Institute of Physiology imeni I. P.
Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR
Scientific Research Testing Institute of
Aviation Medicine, Ministry of Defense,
USSR
4. Institute of Evolutionary Physiology
imeni I. M. Sechenov, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR
5. Institute of Therapy, Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences, USSR
Leading Personalities
The leading personalities involved in bio-
telemetry in the USSR are :
Name: Agadzhanyan, N. A.
Affiliation"': Associated with I
Specialty: Placement and method of attach-
ment of electrodes
Name: Akulinichev. I. T.
Affiliation''': Associated with 1
Specialty: Design, development, and applica-
Name:
Affiliation''' :
Specialty:
Name:
ABiliat.Ion?' ? :
Specialty:
Name :
Affiliation'' ? :
Specialty
Name :
Affiliation' ? ? :
Specialty:
tion of bioinstrumentation for space
flight (including galvanic skin re-
sponse, vectorcardioscope)
Anokhin. P. K.
I
Electroencephalogram
Babskiy, Ye. B.
1
Instrumentation for cardiovascular
monitoring
Bayevskly, R. M.
1
Phonocardiogram. seismocardio-
gram, blood pressure. ballistocardi-
ogrsm
Filippovich, S. I.
1
Digestive physiology
'Leading institute.
-Possible involvement.
'"The number refers to the
shown in the previous section on
institute location
"Institutes."
Name:
Affiliation' ? ? :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' ? ? :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation" ? :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation''':
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation''' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation"':
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation"*:
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation'":
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation'"O:
Specialty:
Oculographic measurements
Gazenko, O. 0.
3
Support on methods and tech-
niques of bioinstrumentation
Karpman, V. L.
1
Dynamocardiogram cardiac meas-
urements
Khayutin, V. M.
1
Electromyogram
Marshak, M. Ye.
1
Environmental and respiratory
physiology
Meyerson. F. Z.
1
Weightlessness effects on cardio-
vascular system
Moskalenko, Yu. Ye.
4
Electroplethysmogram
Parin, V. V.
1
Ballistocardiogram, all cardiac
measurements
Sinyakov, V. S.
1
Bloinstrumentation electronics
Environmental and Life-Support Systems
The Soviets began experimentation and
testing of their present environmental life-
support system in the early 1950's with the
work of A. D. Seryapin and his use of chemical
compounds (superoxldes) for regeneration of
oxygen. Work related to this problem may
well be the reason for Seryapin's sharing the
Stalin Third Prize with A. V. Pokrovskiy, V. I.
Popov, and V. I. Yazdovskiy "for work in the
technical field" in 1951. Testing of this
method was carried out with dogs by using
the criteria of an oxygen content range of
40 percent, CO_ content 0.5-1.5 percent or
less, and the normal life span of the system
as 14 days. This method was flight tested
with the dog Laika in Sputnik 2 on 3 No-
vember 1957.
Detailed information on the location of
facilities and on personnel concerned with
 environmental life-support equipment devel-
opment is sparse, but much of the basic re-
search work is probably done at the Institute
of Normal and Pathological Physiology. Ex-
perimental evaluation and development work
is done at NIIIAM in Moscow. The key men
in this field are 0. G. Gazenko and A. M.
Genin, in coordination with V. I. Yazdovskiy.
Space suit development has been undertaken
at Tomilino under S. M. Alekseyev. Possible
subsystem-capsule development is done at new
TsAGI. The Soviets also have conducted a
basic research program that is oriented to-
ward closed ecological systems under the
Academy of Sciences with A. A. Nichiporovich
directing a group at the Institute of Plant
Physiology imeni K. A. Timiryazov.
Indications are that - the present Vostok
environmental life-support system consists of
a two-gas system with potassium superoxide
as the oxygen source, along with partial
carbon-dioxide absorption. Lithium hydrox-
ide is used as an additional carbon-dioxide
absorber and the atmospheric pressure level
of the cabin is 14.7.pounds per,square inch
(psi) ; the suit inflates to one-half an atmos-
phere (7.5 psi). This superoxide system at
one time was said to be prime during flight
and secondary during launch; during reentry
high-pressure oxygen was used. However,
fiiaal testing of the environmental system was
sod- to be concluded before the flights of
Vostoks 3 and 4. For those flights the sys-
tem was put into operation 1 hour before
launch for Vostok 3, and 4 hours prior to
launch for Vostok 4. This life-support sys-
tem is adequate for flights of 10 to 14 days.
In future missions, the Soviets are consider-
ing raising the level of oxygen from 20 to
29 percent up to 40 percent and lowering the
nitrogen level accordingly down to the 60 per-
cent range. The Soviets also may be reiidy
to incorporate a water regeneration system
in subsequent flights. For future prolonged
space missions, the Soviets are conducting
research and have indicated the need for de-
veloping a completely closed ecological en-
vironmental life-support system." "? :,. -" i., 1-;
Institutes
Some of the leading Soviet institutes in-
volved in environmental and life-support re-
search and development are:
1. Scientific Research Testing Institute
of Aeration Medicine (NIIIAM), Min-
istry of Defense. USSR
2. Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, USSR
3. Institute of Plant Physiology imeni
K. A. Timiryazov, Academy of Sciences,
USSR
tion Technology (GKAT)
The Central Aerohydrodynamics Insti-
tute (TsAGI), GKAT
Leading Personalities -
Leading personnel working in environmen-
tal and life-support research and systems in
the USSR are :
Name: Alekseyev, S. N1.
Afflliation?? : 4
Specialty: Space suit and equipment
Name: Gazenko. 0. G.
Affiliation' ? : 1
Specialty: Life-support research and develop-
ment
Name: Genin, A. M.
Affiliation'': -
Specialty: Life-support research and devel-
opment
Name: Nichiporovich, A. A.
Aniliation??: 3
Specialty: Closed biological ecological systems
Name: Serapin, A. A.
Affiliation'
Specialty: Chemical method for the regener-
ation of oxygen
Name: Sergeyev, N. P.
Affiliation'': -
Specialty: Space capsule environments
Name: Yazdovskiy. V. I.
Affiliation ? ? : -
Specialty: Life-support research and develop-
merit
'Possible involvement.
?? The number refers to the institute location
Shown in the previous section on "Institutes."
 Weightlessness
The Soviets have considerable flight experi-
ence for the study of the problem of weight-
lessness. They began more extensive study
of. the effects of weightlessness during the
suborbital or vertical flights with dogs during
the early 1950's. Biological experiments have
been conducted and Soviet cosmonauts have
experienced weightlessness for periods up to
5 days. Experiments under laboratory condi-
tions are conducted at Chkalovskaya (Shchel-
kovo) on planes flying parabolic -curves last-
ing-from 30 to 40 seconds. The Soviets are
aware of the increasing problems for man in
the weightless condition during prolonged
flight and have an expanding and highly
competent basic research program oriented
toward the study of this problem. The center
for the study of the cardiovascular effects of
weightlessness is the Institute of Normal and
Pathological Physiology under V. V. Parin.
Selection procedures for Soviet cosmonauts
have not always demonstrated the correctness
of such procedures under the weightless condi-
tion, as for example in the case of G. Titov,
or an extensive experimental approach to the
selection process. More recently, the Soviets
have conducted experiments on some 200 hu-
mans' and have separated out those who are
able to adapt to the weightlessness state dur-
ing these tests and have categorized them by
the degree of adaptation. Those with con-
siderable flight experience k82 percent) were
able to adapt to weightlessness and only 17
percent without flight experience were able
to adapt. The results of adaptation to weight-
lessn4ss were found to be similar for both
men and women. After the experience of
Titov in Vostok 2 basic research also has been
expanded in the study of the vestibular sys-
tem. A laboratory was established at the In-
stitut~ of Physiology imeni Pavlov under
Kislay kov and Ayrapet'yants. Another group
under A. V. Lebedinskiy has been studying the
autonomic nervous system reactions from
stimulation of the vestibular analyzer for an
understanding of this problem in relation to
space flight. Research in artificial gravity
will be discussed under the section on ac-
celeration.,14 14 104
Institutes
Some of the leading Soviet institutes and
facilities involved in the study of weightless-
ness are :
1. Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, USSR
2. Chkalovskaya (Shchelkovo)
'3. Scientific Research Testing Institute
of Aviation Medicine (NIIIAM), Minis-
try of Defense, USSR
4. The Institute of Physiology imeni
Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR
Leading Personalities
Some, of the leading personalities who are
doing research in weightlessness are:
Name: Kas'yan, I. I.
Affiliation" : 1
Specialty: Research in weightlessness
Name: Kislyakov, V. A.
Affiliation' ? : 4
Specialty: Study of labyrinth and vestibular
apparatus
Name: Kitayev-Smyk, L. A.
Affiliation' ? : 1
Specialty: Effects of weightlessness on ani-
mals and humans
Name: Khayutin, V. M.
Affiliation**: 1
Specialty: Research in correlating muscle ac-
tivity with blood flow (effect of in-
flight exercise on circulation of
blood through other organs of the
body)
Name: Meyerson, F. Z.
Affiliation": 1
Specialty: Effects of prolonged weightlessness
on cardiovascular system
Name: Parin, V. V.
Affiliation' ? : I
Specialty: Cardiovascular physiology during
weightlessness
Name: Yazdovskiy, V. I.
Affiliation' ? : -
Specialty: Study of weightlessness problem
Name: Yuganov, Ye. M.
Affiliation": : 1
Specialty: Research in weightlessness
?Possible involvement.
"Tlic number refers to the institute location in
the previous section on "Institutes."
Approved For Release 2002/11/158 lg[kP78T05439A000400350028-3
 Other Soviets who are studying problems
associated with weightlessness include M. A.
Cherepakhin, O. G. Gazenko, A. I. Gorshkov,
u
W . G. Grigor'yev, G. L. Komendantov, V. I.
opapev, A. V. Lebedinskiy, R. M. Lyubimova-
Gerasimova, B. I. Polyakov, Yu. V. Vanyushina,
B. A. Zhuravlev, and A. T. Zverev.
A large amount of the background work in
acceleration research on animals and humans
was done at the Scientific Research Testing.
Institute of Aviation Medicine (NIIIAM) in
Moscow under P. K. Isakov. Research that
can be applied to the dog flights was con-
ducted in 1957 by A. R. Kotovskaya and Ye. M.
Yuganov. They conducted experiments on
the effect of transverse acceleration on the
cardiovascular and respiratory system of dogs.
The results indicated that dogs could with-
stand from 2 to 10 G's during a 6-minute
period satisfactorily.
The Soviets have indicated that the cen-
trifuge~ is of considerable value in the selec-
tion and training of cosmonauts. A. S. Barer
has conducted tests on the centrifuge at
Tomilino on the limits of human tolerance to
transverse accelerations. The cosmonauts are
known to have undergone training and test-
ing on.this centrifuge. Recently the Soviets
have expressed the need for artificial gravity
for prolonged space flights. Preliminary ex-
periments on rats and mice have been con-
ducted to determine the minimally effective
level of an artificial force of gravity for main-
taining normal body position and coordina-
tion. This level was found to be 0.3 G. The
Soviets have also indicated that the cosmo-
naut may alleviate cieconditioning during pro-
longed flight by periodic acceleration on an
on-board centrifuge." -1? 1 1?T
Some of the leading institutes or facilities
involved in acceleration research are:
1. Scientific Research Testing Institute
of Aviation Medicine, Ministry of De-
fense, USSR
2. Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sci-
ences, USSR
3. Tomilino, the State Committee for
Aviation Technology (GKAT)
Leading Personalities
Some of the leading personnel doing ac-
celeration research include:
Name: Barer, A. S.
Afflliation? : 3
Specialty: Physiological testing of humans
during acceleration on a centrifuge
Name: Isakov, P. K.
Afnliation?: 1
Specialty: Acceleration research
Name: Kas'yan, I. I.
Afilation? : 2
Specialty: Acceleration research
Name:
Affiliations :
Specialty:
Yuganov, Ye. M.
2
Acceleration research
Others involved in acceleration studies in-
clude N. A. Agadzhanyan, V. I. Babushkin,
V. Ye. Belay, O. G. Gazenko, G. D. Glod, S. A.
Gozulov, O. V. Graunov, A. A. Gyurdzhian,
G. V. Izosimov, G. F. Khlebnikov, A. A. Kiselev,
S. P. Kolchin, Yu. N. Kopayev, A. R. Kotov-
skaya, Ye. F. Kotovskiy, S. I. Lobashkov, G. P.
Mirolyubov, Yu. Ye. Moskalenko, A. N. Rozu-
meyev, D. Ye. Rozenblyum, S. F. Simpura,
P. M. Suvorov, N. N. Timofeyev, P. V. Vasil'yev,
and V. G. Yeliseyev.
Since the inception of the space program,
the Soviets have expressed concern and inter-
est in determining the biological effects of
cosmic radiation. Beginning with Sputnik 2
through Sputnik 5 in the period prior to
manned flight, an array of biological speci-
mens was carried aboard the spaceships.
Much of this work was conducted at the Insti-
tute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR, and the Institute of Experimen-
tal Biology, Academy of Medical Sciences,
The number refers to the institute location in
the previous section on 'Institutes."
SECRET
28
 USSR. These experiments were not able, how-
ever, to separate the effects of radiation from
those of other space flight factors, such as vi-
bration, acceleration, and weightlessness.
The manned space program has continued
the biological experimentation in near-earth
orbit'I and the concern for radiation safety of
the flan during flight with a solar-flare detec-
tion program. The monitoring o~ the cosmo-
naut; has indicated a level of radiation ex-
posure of from 8 to 15 millirads per day. The
Institute of Biophysics, Ministry of Health,
USSR, under A. V. Lebedinskiy has studied
the biological effects of ionizing radiation in
determining the acceptable level of risk for
Soviet cosmonauts and also has done some
basic research in protective agents against
radiation. N. F. Pisarenko, I. A. Savenko, E. I.
Shavrin, and V. Ye. Nesterov from the Moscow
State University and Keirim-Markus, et al.,
have been involved in the study and evalua-
tion of the radiation hazard during flight.
The key Soviet consultant in radiobiology - is
G. M. Frank, with V. V. Antipov playing an
increasingly important role in the field of
radiobiological research. For future prolonged
flights the Soviets are continuing their re-
search in attempting to find drugs that will
be effective against radiation. They have also
indicated a willingness to increase the level of
risk to be assumed by the cosmonaut in the ex-
posure to radiation during flight."
Institutes
Some of the leading Soviet institutes in-
volved in radiation studies are:
1. Institute of Biological Physics, Acad-
emy of Sciences, USSR
2. Moscow State University - iZeni M. V.
Lomonosov, Ministry of Higher and
Secondary Specialized Education, USSR
Institute of Biophysics, Ministry c
Health, USSR ;3
4. Institute of Experimental Biology,
Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR
Leading Personalities
Some of the leading personnel doing re-
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty: -
Name:
Affiliation':
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation*:
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation*:
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation*:
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation' :
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation'.:
Specialty:
Name:
Affiliation*:
Specialty:
Antlpov, V. V.
Key researcher in radiobiology
Dobrov, N. N.
Cosmonaut dosimetry
Frank, 0. M.
1
Key administrator in the field of
radioblology `
Ivanov, V. I.
Cosmonaut dosimetry
Keirim-Markus, I. B.
Cosmonaut dosimetry
Kovalev, E. E.
Cosmonaut dosimetry
Lebedinskiy, A. V.
3
Biological action in ionizing radia-
tion
Nesterov, VbYe.
2
Cosmonaut dosimetry and radiation
measurements in the study of
flights
Pisarenko, N. ~'.
2
Cosmonaut dosimetry and radia-
tion measurements in the study of
safety of flights
Saksonov, Pr,P.
Cosmonaut dosimetry
Savenko, I. A
Cosmonaut gosimetry and radia-
tion measurements in the study of
safety of tfights
Shavrin, P. I.
Cosmonaut dosimetry
ton measurements in
safety of flights
Narv..Q, UspenskiyOL. N.
Affili'ation' :
Specialty: Cosmonaut dosimetry
and radia-
the study of
'The fluni4r refers to the institute location in
the previous section on "Institutes."
Approved For Release
39A000400350028-3 29
r .......... ' -7
 Other Ph ological and Psychological ~
Proble r3is
G. D. Glod and N. N. Timofeyev are work-
ing in the area of increasing the resistance
of the body to environmental hazards. To
determine the effect of increased G-load, they
conducted studies on rats in a state of deep
hypothermia. Glod and Timofeyev experi-
mented with transverse G effects of the mag-
nitude of 75 G's lasting for 3 to 5 minutes.
They were able to restore the cardiac activity
partially, and in some cases they completely
?
restored the cardiac, respiratory, and motor
activity of the rats.
V. G. Denisov has responsibilities in engi-
neering psychology or man-machine relation-
ships. He has studied the interrelationships
between the man and the vehicle control panel
to determine the optimum arrangement for
information assimilation and manual control
of the vehicle.
V. I. Myasnikov has investigated the effects
of prolonged isolation on the central nerv-
ous system and the motor reaction time of
man.1S 16 110
 APPENDIX
Scientists Involved in 4he Soviet Bioastronautic
and Manned Space- Program
The key scientists in the Soviet bioastronautic and manned
space program are V. b1p Chernigovskiy, G. M. Frank, O. G.
Gazenko, A. A. Imshenetskiy, V. V. Parin, N. M. Sisakyan, and
V. I. Yazdovskiy. Detailed information concerning their back-
grounds and activities follows.'-1-16 (See figures 29-35.)
CHERNIGOVSKIY, Vladimir Nikolayevich Born 16 Feb-
ruary 1907, Sverdlovsk, RSFSR. Active Member, Academy of
Medical Sciences, USSR; Active Member, Academy of Sciences,
USSR.
Current position: Academician-Secretary, Department of Physi-
ology, Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1963-64; Director, Institute
of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR,
Leningrad, 1959-64; Member, Editorial Board, Byulleten' Eks-
perimental'noy Biologii i Meditsiny, 1954-64 (Chief Editor, 1954-
60) ; Member, Editorial Board, Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal SSSR
imeni I. M. Sechenova, 1960-64 (Assistant Editor, 1960-62).
Role in Soviet space program: Played an important role in re-
search with test dogs; cited as director of training and prepara-
tion of animals for experimental space flights. Probably is link
between the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Academy of
Sciences for communication in the area of bioastronautics.
Education: Graduate, Medical Faculty, Perm' University, 193
Doctor of Medical Sciences.
Career: Assistant, Chair of Physiology, Orenburg Veterin In-
stitute, 1930-32; Member, Chair of Physiology, Sverdl Med-
ical Institute, 1932-37; Senior Scientific Ass , General
Physiology Division, All-Union Institute of Exp ental Medi-
cine imeni A. M. Gor'kiy (VIEM), Leningrad, 7-41; Member,
Naval Medical Academy, Leningrad, 1951-53; lember, Institute
of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Medic~tt1 Sciences, USSR,
Leningrad, 1946-c1952 (Head, Laboratory c- Physiology of Re-
ceptors, General Physiology Division, 19461; Head, Laboratory
of Physiology of Receptors, Institute of Phyogy imeni I. P.
Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Leningrad, x1J49-59; Mem-
ber, Institute of Surgery imeni A. V. Vishnevskiy, Alemy of
Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1953; Associate, Leningrad
31
 CHERNIGOVSKIY (Continued)
Scientific Research Tuberculosis Institute, 1953-58 (Scientific
Director, 1953) ; Vice-President, Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR, 1953-57; Member, Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1953-
61 (Director, 1953-59; Head, Laboratory of General Physiology,
1961) ; Member, Bureau, Department of Medical and Biological
Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, 1957; Member,
Bureau, Department of Biological Sciences, Academy of Sciences,
USSR, 1960; Chairman, Coordinating Council for the Complex
Problem "Physiology," Presidium, Academy of Sciences, USSR,
1962-63.
Scientific specialties: Internal receptors; chemoreceptors; me-
chanoreceptors; pulmonary emphysema and the nervous system;
interoceptive analyzer; nervous regulation of circulation; inter-
oceptive reflex arch; space biology and physiology.
Travel: Hypertension Symposium, World Health Organization,
Prague, May 1960; International Symposium on Basic Environ-
mental Problems of Man in Space, Paris, October 1962..
Honors: Prize imeni I. P. Pavlov 1944; Order of .Labor Red Ban-
ner 1957; Member, Rumanian Society of Medical Sciences, 1960.
FRANK, Gleb Mikhaylovich - Born 24 May 1904. Corre-
sponding Member, Academy of Sciences, USSR; Corresponding
Member, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR.
Current position: Member, ,Institute of Biological Physics, Acad-
emy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1952-64 (Head of a laboratory,
1953-58; Director of Institute, 1958-64) ; Member, Editorial
Board, Priroda (Nature), 1962-64; Chief Editor, Biofizika (Bio-
physics), 1956-64.
Role in Soviet space program: Consulted in matters relating to
radiobiology.
Education: Graduate, Crimean State University, Simferopol'
1925; Doctor of Biological Sciences.
Career: Member, Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute imeni
A. F. Ioffe, Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1929-46; Member, All-
Union Institute of Experimental Medicine imeni A. M. Gor'kiy,
1934-35; Member, Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Leningrad, 1945-50 (Member, Bio-
physics Laboratory, 1950) ; Head, Biophysics Laboratory, Insti-
tute of Experimental Biology, Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR, Moscow, 1946-50; Director, Institute of Biophysics, Acad-
emy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1948-53; Member,
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomono-
sov, 1955-56. 49
 FRANK (Continued)
Scientific specialties: Radiation biology; mechanical properties
of the nerve; structural and physical-chemical processes during
muscle contraction; radioisotopes; auto-regulation of cellular
processes; Mullerian cells of the retina; transverse striated
muscles.
Travel: Berlin, East Germany, January 1961; Second Interna-
tional Congress of Radiation Research, Harrogate, England,
August 1962; International Symposium on Basic Environmen-
tal Problems of Man in Space, Paris, October 1962; Council
Meeting, International Organization of Pure and Applied Bio-
physics, Paris, May 1963.
Honors: Order of Labor Red Banner, 1945; State (formerly Sta-
lin) Prize, third class 1950; Order of Lenin, 1964.
GAZENKO, Oleg Georgiyevich - Born 1918. Lt. Colonel,
Military Medical Service, USSR.
Current position: Associate, Institute of Normal and Pathologi-
cal Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow,
1963; possible association with Scientific Research Testing In-
stitute of Aviation Medicine (NIIIAM), Moscow; Member, Work-
ing Group Five on Space Biology, Committee on Space Research
(COSPAR), 1963; Senior Scientific Associate, Department of
Biological Sciences, Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1960-62; Mem-
ber, Editorial Board, Nauka i Zlzizn', 1961-64.
Role in Soviet space program: .involved in the evaluation and
development of environmental life-support systems.
Education: Doctor of Biological Sciences, 1961; Candidate of
Medical Sciences. ,
Career: Member, Barothermic Laboratory, Chair of Physiology,
Military Medical Academy imeni S. M. Kirov, Leningrad, 1954.
Scientific specialties: Biological and physiological investigations
during space flights; biological telemetry; blood circulation in
the brain under conditions of changes in gravitational field;
vestibular nuclei and stimulation of vestibular receptors; pro-
tective adaptation of body in conditions of maximal overstrain
and weightlessness; pressure-chamber training; artificial en-
vironments in space vehicles.
Travel: Second World and Fourth European Congress on Avia-
tion and Space Medicine, Rome, October 1959; Plenary Meeting
and International Symposium, Committee on Space Research,
Florence, Italy, April 1961; Seventh Plenary Meeting, Commit-
tee on Space Research, Florence, May 1964.
 IMSHENETSKIY, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich - Born 8 Jan-
uary 1905, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR. Active Member, Academy of
Sciences, USSR.
Current position: Director, Institute of Microbiology (INMI),
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1949-64; Chief Editor,
Mikrobiologiya, 1950-64; Member, Editorial Board, Zeitschrift
fur Allgenzeine Mikrobiologie (an East German publication),
1964; Member, Editorial Board, Vestnik Akadenzii Nauk SSSR,
1964.
Role in Soviet Space program: Chief spokesman in matters re-
lating to exobiology and *st.erilization of space vehicles.
Education: Graduate, Voronezh University, 1926; Doctor of Bi-
ological Sciences, 1939.
Career: Member, INMI, 1939-64 (head of a department 1941,
1945; Deputy Head, Division of Ecology of Microorganisms,
1948; Director, 1949-64; Head, Department of Experimental
Variability of Microorganisms, 1957-62) ; Associate, All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of the Alcohol Industry, Moscow,
1946, 1953; Member, International Society of Soil Science, 1960;.
Chairman, All-Union Microbiological Society, 1960-63; Member,
Editorial Board, Antibiotika, 1952-59.
Scientific specialties: Myxobacteria; physiology and biochem-
istry of microorganisms; yeast adapted to phenol and mercuric
chloride; Azotobacter clzroococcum; citric-acid-producing As-
pergillus niger; life at high temperatures; nitrifying microor-
ganisms; interspecies transformation in microorganisms; Fu-
sarium variants; sterilization by radiation and vitamins.
Travel: Lectured at US Academy of Sciences, Washington. D. C.
April 1960; visited Cairo, Egypt, January 1961; Plenary Meet-
ings and Working Group Sessions, Committee on Space Re-
search (COSPAR) , Washington, D. C., April 1962; Third Inter-
national Space Science Symposium, COSPAR, Washington,
D. C., May 1962; Fourth International Space Science Sympo-
sium, COSPAR, Warsaw, June 1963; COSPAR, Florence, May
1964.
Honors: Order of Labor Red Banner, 1945; Order of Lenin, 1953.
PARIN, Vasiliy Vasil'yevich - Born 18 March 1903, Kazan',
RSFSR. Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR.
Current position: Vice-President, Academy of Medical Sciences,.
USSR, 1963-64; Director, Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1960-
64; Member, Editorial Board, Mcditsinskiy Ref erativnyy Zlzur-
nal, 1957-64; Member, Editorial Board, Vestnik Akadenzii AMedi-
tsinskikh Nauk SSSR, 1957-64; Member, Editorial Board, Nauka
i Zhizn', 1962-64; Chief Editor, Byullcten' Eksperimental'noy Bi-
ologii Meditsiny, 1960-64 (Assistant Editor, 1957-60).
 PARIN (Continued)
Role in Soviet space program: Key role in the area of biomedical
research support for the manned space program.
Education: Graduate, Medical Faculty, Perm' University, 1925;
Doctor of Medical Sciences.
Career: Member, Physiology Department, Perm' University,
1925-32; Member, Physiology Department, Sverdlovsk Medical
Institute, 1932-41; Director, First Moscow Medical Institute,
1941-42; Head, Physiology Department, Third Moscow Medical
Institute, 1943-47; Deputy People's Commissar of Health, USSR,
1942-45; inmate, Vladimir ' Prison, 1947-53; Head, Physiology
Laboratory, Institute of Therapy, Academy of Medical Sciences,
USSR, Moscow, 1954-56; Head, Department of Clinical and Ex-
perimental Physiology, Central Institute for Advanced Train-
ing of Physicians, Moscow, 1956-60; Chairman, Scientific-Tech-
nical Council, Presidium, Academy of Modical Sciences, USSR,
1958; Chief, Section Medical Application of Electronics, All-
Union Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Engineering
and Electrical Communications imeni A. S. Popov (VNORiE),
1959; Chairman, Cybernetics and Animate Nature Section, Sci-
entific Council on the Complex Problem "Cybernetics," Academy
of Sciences, USSR, 1963.
Scientific specialties: Ballistocardiography; electronics in biol-
ogy and medicine; hypertension; pulmonary ventilation; cyber-
netics and physiology in medicine; biological telemetry; protec-
tive adaptation of the body and the limits of adaptation in con-
ditions of maximal overstrain and the state of weightlessness.
Travel: Hypertension Symposium, World Health Organization,
Prague, May 196 ; Third International Conference on Medical
Electronics, London, July 1960; 10th European Congress on
Aviation and Cosmonautical Medicine, Paris, September 1961;
Plenary Meeting and Working Group Sessions, Committee on
Space Research (COSPAR), Washington, D. C., April 1962; Third
International Space Science Symposium, COSPAR, Washington,
D. C., May 1962;' Symposium on Pulsatile Blood Flow, Phila-
delphia, April 1963; Seventh Plenary Meeting and Fifth Inter-
national Space Science Symposium, COSPAR, Florence, Italy,
May 1964.
Honors: Order of Labor Red Banner, 1943: Order of Lenin, 1963.
SISAKYAN, Norayr Martirosovich - Born 12 January 1907,
Ashtarak, Armenia. Active Member, Academy of Sciences,
USSR; Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences, Armenian
SSR.
Current position: Chief Scientific Secretary, Academy of
Sciences, USSR, 1963-64; Member, Editorial Board, Biokhinziya,
 SISAKYAN (Continued)
1946-64 (Assistant Editor 1949-64) ; Chief Editor, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 1959-64; Assistant
Editor, Kosmicheskiye Issledovaniya,. 1963-64.
Role in Soviet space program: Head of life science aspects of
Soviet space program.
Education: Graduate, Yerevan State University; Graduate, Mos-
cow Agricultural Academy imeni K. A. Timiryazev, 1932; Doctor
of Biological Sciences.
Career: Member, Institute of Biochemistry imeni A. N. Bakh,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1939-59 (Scientific Secretary, 1945;
Deputy Director, 1949-59; Head, Laboratory of Cellular Anat-
omy and Function, 4J57-58; possibly Head, Laboratory of Enzy-
mology, 1944-63) ; Associate, Institute of Viticulture and' Vini-
culture, Academy of Sciences, Armenian SSR, 1947-50; (Head,
Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1947) ; Deputy Chief Scientific .c-
retary, Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1953-59; Academician Sec-
retary, Department of Biological Sciences, Academy of Sciences,
USSR, 1959-63; Member, Commission for International Scien-
tific Relations, Presidium, Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1957-61
(Chairman 1957); Member, International Advisory Committee
on Research in the Natural Sciences, UNESCO, 1957-58; Head,
Committee on Natural and Exact Sciences, USSR, Commission
for UNESCO, 1958; Member, Executive Board, UNESCO, 1959.
Scientific specialties:. Amino acids; biochemical properties of
plastids; radiobiology; protein synthesis; synthesis of the pep-
tide bond; mitochondrial factors affecting glycolysis; 'action of
X-irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation in plant mitochon-
dria; intracellular respiration; phosphorylating and nonphos-
phorylating oxidation reactions; Chlorella pyreudoidosa; pro-
teins in chloroplasts; peptides and nucleotide peptides; adeno-
sinetriphosphoric acid and protein synthesis in chloroplasts; nu-
cleotide composition of microsomal and soluble ribonucleic acid
(RNA) in insects.
Travel: UNESCO Executive Council Meeting, Paris, October
1960; Peaceful Coexistence Conference, Hanover, New Hamp-
shire, October 1960; Conference on Stability in a Demilitarized
World, Santa Barbara, California; September 1961; Seventh Pug-
wash Conference, Stowe, Vermont, September 1961. Fourteenth
International Astronautical Congress (IAF), Paris, September
1963.
Honors: Order of Banner of Esteem, 1944; Order of Labor Red
Banner, 1945, 1954; Prize imeni A. N. Bakh, 1949; State (for-
merly Stalin) Prize, Third Class, 1952; Medal "For Labor Valor,"
1953; Presidium Prize, Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1958.
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SECRET
 YAZDOVSKIY, Vladimir Ivanovich - Born 24 June 1913,
Ashkhabad, Turkmen SSR. Colonel, Military Medical Service,
USSR.
Current position: Head, Cosmic Biology Program, Moscow State
University imeni M. V. Lomonosov, 1959-63; Associate, Institute
of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Academy of Sciences,
USSR, Moscow, 1960-63; Deputy Director of a scientific research
institute, 1963.
Role in space program: Has been directly involved in Soviet space
program for at least 12 years; active in the applied aspects of
the program; once reported to be Chief of Medical Services for
the "man-in-space" program.
Education: Candidate of Medical Sciences; Doctor of Medical
Sciences.
Scientific specialties: Muscle tone during weightlessness; sen-,
sory reactions and voluntary movements in man under condi-
tions of weightlessness; microbiological and cytological experi-
ments in space; effect of explosive decompression on the orga-
nism; tolerance of animals to shock overloads acting in the di-
rection close to the long axis of the body; effect of prolonged
weightlessness; effect of pure oxygen respiration on the lungs
and heart of white rats; biological aspects of the theory of
relativity.
Travel: Twelfth International Congress of the International
Aeronautical Federation, Washington, D. C., October 1961.
Honors: State (formerly Stalin) Prize, Third Class, 1951; Medal,
International Academy of Aviation Medicine, 1962.
SCIENTISTS WITH A POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT ROLE
In addition to the Soviet scientists who play a key role, three
others have a potentially important role in the Soviet manned
space program. They are V. V. Antipov, R. M. Bayevskiy, and
A. A. Gyurdzhian. _ Details concerning their activities follow.
ANTIPOV, Vsevolod V.-Born 1923.
Current position: Associate. Institute of Normal and Pathologi-
cal Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow,
1963.
Education: Candidate of Medical Sciences, Central Institute for
Advanced Training of Physicians, Moscow, 1956.
Career: Associate, Central Scientific Research Institute Experi-
mental Military Medicine, Moscow, 1959; Member, Physiology
Group of A. I. Smirnov, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR,
Moscow, 1959-60.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 CI RDP78TO5439A000400350028-3 .
 ANTIPOV (Continued)
Scientific specialties: Problems of radiation safety of space
flights; problems of space microbiology and cytology; use of
tryptamine in mice with acute radiation sickness; medicobio-
logical investigations in the second and third spaceships;
changes in the haemopoietic organs of mammals under the in-
fluence of space flight; biological effect of high-energy protons.
Travel: 14th International Astronautical Federation Congress,
Paris, September 1963. Committee on Space' Research
(COSPAR), Florence, May 1964.
BAYEVSKIY, Roman Markovich - Captain, Military Med-
ical Service, USSR.
Current position: Member, Institute of Normal and,Pathologi-
cal Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow,
1962-63.
Education: Candidate of Medical Sciences, Central Institute for
Advanced Training of Physicians, Moscow, 1959.
Career: Member, Clinic Propaedeutic Therapy, Saratov Medical
Institute, 1954; Member, Chair of Faculty Therapy, Military
Medical Academy imeni S. M. Kirov, Leningrad, 1959; Member,
Chair of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, Central Insti-
tute for Advanced Training of Physicians, Moscow, 1959-G0.
Scientific specialties: Ballistocardiography; biomedical methods
and techniques under space-flight conditions; integral phono-
cardiography; sphygmograms; cybernetics in medicine and
physiology; blood circulation in conditions of weightlessness.
GYURDZHIAN, Armen Aramovich -Born 30 June 1924,
Kizlyar, RSFSR. Captain, Military Medical Service, USSR.
Current position: Member, Department of Biological Sciences,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1961-62; possibly Chief of Train-
ing and Physiological Control of the USSR Cosmonaut Pro-
gram, 1962.
Role in Soviet space program: Reportedly worked for V. I. Yaz-
dovskiy in 1963.
Education: Candidate of Medical Sciences.
Career: Member, Main Military Hospital imeni N. N. Burdenko,
Leningrad, 1954-59 (Head, Experimental Laboratory, 1957-59),
Member, Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, Academy of
Sciences, USSR, Leningrad, 1956.
Scientific specialties: Weightlessness; radiation sickness; micro-
biological and cytological experiments in space; metabolism in
animals which have undergone a space flight; physiology of
light and color sensitivity of the eye;, sanitary appliance in a
space capsule; prolonged flight of mice in a spaceship; biologi-
cal effect of cosmic radiation.
 GYURDZHIAN (Continued)
Travel: 10th European Congress on Aviation and Cosmonautical
Medicine, Paris, September 1961; 22nd International Congress,
International Union Physiological Sciences, Leiden, Holland,
September 1962; International Symposium on Basic Environ-
mental Problems of Man in Space, Paris, October-November 1962.
LEADING SCIENTISTS
Some leading Soviet scientists who support the key figures
and the potentially -important scientists in the bioastronautic
research and the nAnned space program include the follow-
ing:
AGADZHANYAN. N. A.
Candidate of Medical Sciences; Lt, Colonel, Medical Service,
USSR, Associate, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physi-
ology. Biotelemetry-method and placement of electrodes.
AGAL'TSOV, F. A.
Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Soviet Air Force, possible
'Deputy Commander-in-Chief in charge of cosmonaut training.
AKULINICHEV, I. T.
Lt. Colonel, Military Medical Services, USSR; Associate,
State Institute of Health Resorts and Physiotherapy, Moscow,
1961; expert in cardiac instrumentation; design, development,
and application of bioinstrumentation for space flight.
ANOKHIN, P. K.
Professor, Doctor of Neurophysiology; Director of Sechenov
Institute of Neurophysiology, Moscow; Associate, Institute of
Normal and Pathological Physiology; physiological monitoring
of cosmonauts in training and orbital flights.
DENISOV, Viktor Grigor'yevich
Candidate of Technical Sciences; Associate, Moscow Avia-
tion Institute imeni S. Ordzhonikidze, 1959; engineering psy-
chology; space-flight conditions.
DOBROV, N. N.
Radioblological problems of space flight; chemical protec-
tion from radiation.
GENIN, A. M.
Doctor Biological Sciences; probable associate, Institute
Normal and Pathological Physiology; medical and biological
aspects of space flight.
GILEVA, E. A.
Institute of Biology, Ural Affiliate, State Committee for
Coordination of Scientific Research, RSFSR; biological accumu-
lation and metabolism of radioisotopes; waste purification.
39
 GUROVSKIY, N. N.
Candidate Medical Sciences; Lt. Col., Medical Service; pos-
sible teacher of cosmonauts; life-support system.
KAMANIN, N. P.
Lt. Gen., Aviation; Chief Officer, Soviet Air Force Cos-
monaut Training Program.
KAS'YAN, Ivan I.
Member, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1960-62; space flight
physiology.
KUZNETSOV, Andrey G. _
Candidate, Medical Sciences, Colonel, Military Medical
Services, USSR; Member, Scientific Research Testing Institute
of Aviation Medicine, Moscow, 1957-60 (Head, Department of
Physiology, 1958-60) ; physiological effects of high altitude and
weightlessness on the organism.
PROKOF'YEVA-BEL'GOVSKAYA, A. A.
Institute of Radiation and Physico-Chemical Biology, AN,
SSSR; cytogenetics, cytogenetic effects of cosmic flight factors
on Drosophila and man.
SAKSONOV, P. P.
Lt. Colonel, Military Medical Service, USSR; Associate,
Academy of Sciences, USSR, 1963; radiobiological problems of
space flight.
SERYAPIN, Aleksandr Dmitriyevich
Doctor, Medical, Sciences; Chairman, Scientific and Tech-
nical Committee on Biology of Cosmic Flight, Astronautics
Section, Central Aeroclub, USSR imeni V. P. Chkalov; physico-
chemical means of regenerating a gaseous environment in a
small cabin.
SHUVATOV, Lev Petrovich
Head, Laboratory of Biochemistry, unidentified institute
1961; devised a radio kit that was used operationally during
Gagarin's flight.
VOLYNKIN, Yuvenaliy Mikhaylovich
Lt. General. Military Medical Service, USSR; possible As-
sociate, Institute of Normal and pathological physiology, Acad-
emy of Medical Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1961; physical condi-
tions of space flight and their biological characteristics.
YUGANOV, Yevgeniy M.
Candidate, Medical Sciences; Lt. Colonel, Military Medical
Service USSR; Member, Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology. Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow, 1960-62; in-
teraction of the senses in space-flight conditions, weightlessness,
acceleration.
 OTHER SCIENTISTS
Over a hundred Soviet scientists at various research centers
are also involved in the Soviet bioastronautic and manned space
program. The research centers include institutes of the Acad-
emy of Medical Sciences, USSR; the Academy of Sciences, USSR;
and the Ministry of Defense, USSR. An alphabetical list of
these scientists, by institu( or other affiliation is shown in
the table.
TABLE
Soviet Bioastronautic Persogalities by Institute Affiliation
Name
ABELEVA, Ye. A.
ABYZOV, S. S.
AGADZHANYAN, N. A.
AGAL'TSOV, F. A.
ALEKSEYEV, S. M.
ANOKHIN, P. K.
APANASENKO, Z. I.
ARSEN'YEVA, M. A.
AVRUNINA, G. A.
AYRAPET'YANTS, E. S.
BABSKIY, Ye. B.
BARER, A. S.
BOLOTINA, O: P.
BORSHCHEVSKIY, I. Ya.
BRANDT, A. B.
BUYKO, 'Ye. A.
CHERNIGOVSKIY, V. N.
CHISTOVICH, L. A.
CHUCHKIN, V. G.
DELONE, N. L.
DEMIN, N. N.
DUBININ, N. P.
EYGES, N. S.
FILIPPOVICH, S. I.
FRANK, G. M.
GENEROZOVA, I. P.
GLEMBOTSKIY, Ya. L.
GORBUNOVA, I. M.
GOVORUN, R. D.
Institute
Afflliation*
Name
Institute
Affiliation*
10
GYURDZHIAN, A. A.
2
9
IMSHENETSKIY, A. A:
9
4
TSAKOV, P. K.
1
2
IYERUSALIMSKIY, N. D.
9
3
KAMANIN, N. P.
2
4
KAPICHNIKOV, M. M.
5
10
KARPMAN, V. L.
4
10
KAS'YAN, I. tiI.
4
6
KHAYUTIN, V. M.
4
11
KHAZANOV, V. S.
12
4
KHVOSTOVA, V. V.
10
3
KISLYAKOV, V. A.
11
11
KLIMOV, V. Yu.
5
1
KORSHUNOVA, V. S.
10
10
KOZHEVNIKOV, V. A.
11
5
KUCHERENKO, T. M.
11
11
KURLYANDSKAYA, E. B.
6
11
KUZNETSOV, A. G.
1
12
KUZNETSOVA, M. A.
10
10
LAPKIN, Yu. A.
10
11
LEBEDINSKIY. A. V.
7
10
LOZINA-LOZINSKIY, L. K.
8
10
MARSHAK, M. Y.
4
4
MAYSKIY, I. N.
5
10
MEYERSON, F. Z.
4
10
MEYSEL,' M. N.
9
10
MITYUSHOV, M. I.
11
11
MOZHAYEVA, V. S.
10
6
NEFEDOV, Y. G.
10
? The Key to Institute or other Affiliation appears at the end of the table.
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SECRET
 Name
Institute
Afliation*
Name
Institute
Afnliation*
NEFED'YEVA, N. P.
5
SHAKHOV, A. A.
12
NESTEROV, V. Ye.
13
SHAMINA, Z. B.
10
NEVZGODINA, L. V.
10
SHASHKOV, V. S.
6
NICHIPOROVICH, A. A.
12
SHAVRIN, P. I.
13
PARFENOV, G. P.
10
SIDOROV, B. N.
10
PARIN, V. V.
4
SINYAKOV, V._ S. _
4
PEKHOV, A. P.
5
SOKOLOV, N. N.
10
PETROV, Ye. A.
2
STANKO, S. A.
12
PISARENKO, N. F.
13
TAGEYEVA, S. V.
10
PLATONOV, K. K.
1
TRIBULEV, G. P.
5
PODOPLELOV, I. I.
5
TSIVILASHVILI, A. S.
4
POKROVSKIY, A. V.
3
VLADIMIROVA, M. G.
12
POPOV. A. P.
3
VOLYNKIN, Yu. M.
2
POZDNYAKOV, O. M.
4
VOROB'YEV, A. I.
4
ROKOTOVA, N. A.
11
YARMONENKO, S. P.
6
RYBAKOV, N. I.
5
YAZDOVSKIY, V. I.
2,
4,
13
RYTOV, A. G.
2
YUDIN, Ye. V.
-5
SAVENKO, I. A.
13
YUGANOV, Ye. M.
4
SEMENENKO, V. Ye.
12
ZHUKOV-VEREZHNIKOOV, N.- N.
5
Key to Institute or Other Affiliation of Soviet Bioastronautic Personalities
1. Scientific Research Testing Institute of Aviation Medicine (NIIIAM), Ministry
Defense, USSR
2. Cosmonaut Training Center, Soviet Air Force, Monino-Chkalovskaya area
3. Tomilino, State Committee for Aviation Technology (GKAT)
4. Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR
5. Institute of Experimental Biology. Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR
6. Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR
7. 'Institute of Biophysics, Ministry of Health, USSR
8. Institute of Cytology, Academy of Sciences, USSR
-9. Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, USSR
10. Institute of Biological Physics, Academy of Sciences, USSR
11. Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, Academy of Sciences, USSR
12. Institute of Plant Physiology imeni K. A. Timiryazei, Academy of Sciences, USSR
13. Moscow State University -imeni M. V. Lomonosov, Ministry of Higher and Secondary
Specialized Education, USSR
Approved For Release 200=d1llICIA-RDP78T05439A000400350028-3
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