LAPICHI-TYPE LINEAR ARRAYS AND VERTICAL RADIATORS USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78T04759A009300010011-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 21, 2003
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: June 1, 1969
• Content Type: REPORT

AppreTAR-FSEGilEcTse 2003/06/20 : C1ARDP78T04759A0093C001 0011-3
PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION REPORT
LAPICHI-TYPE LINEAR ARRAYS
AND VERTICAL RADIATORS
USSR
JUNE 1969
COPY ZO
34 PAGES
Declass Review by NIMA/DOD
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AUTOMATIC DOWNGRADING
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Lapichi-Type Linear Arrays and Vertical Radiators
UTM COORDINATES
NA
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
See Below
MAP REFERENCE
COUNTRY
UR
CATEGORY
See Below
RENUMBER
See Below
COMIREX NO
See Below
NIETB NO
See Below
ACIC. US Aix Target Charts 200, Scale 1:200,000
LATEST IMAGERY USED
See Photographic References
NEGATION DATE II[equI,ed)
See Below
REQUIREMENT
CIA /OSI/C-SI6-84079, DIA/40-66, DIC/FTD/37-66
NEGATION DATE III req.ed
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ABSTRACT
This report contains an extensive analysis of all known Lapichi-type linear arrays and
vertical radiators which are of high interest to several agencies. The DIA Scientific
Advisory Committee is interested in high-frequency antennas that may be suitable for
over-the-horizon detection and the is interested25X1A
in the unusually strong broadcast signals emanating from certain areas of the USSR
which may be connected to the Lapichi-type facilities. Although other functions, such
as ionospheric propagation research, are possible, photographic analysis indicates that
the Lapichi-type linear arrays are utilized for national and international broadcasting.
The facilities discussed in the report are listed below:
.Angarsk HF Communications Facility, Southwest; 52-26-00N 103-41-30E;
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.Kamo HF Communications Facility; 40-24-20N 045-12-10E; I 125X1A
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.Komsomolsk HF Communications Facility, South; 50-38-15N 136-56-20E;
.Tbilisskaya HF Communications Facility; 45-28-10N 040-05-20E;
.Krasnoye HF Communications Facility; 49-54-00N 024-40-10E;
Negation Date: None.
.Krasnyy Bor HF Communications Facility Popovka; 59-39-30N 030-42-30E;
Negation Date: None.
.Kurgan-Tyube HF Communications Facility; 37-32-50N 068-48-20E;
.Lapichi HF Communications Facility; 53-24-30N 028-31-20E;
Negation Date: None.
.Novosibirsk HF Communications Facility Oyash; 55-30-00N 083-44-00E;
.Razdolnoye HF Communications Facility; 43-32-08N 131-56-13E;
Negation Date: None.
INTRODUCTION
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In recent years, the United States and the USSR have placed great emphasis on studies
and experiments dealing with the use of HF ionospheric propagation as a long range
radar system not dependent on line-of sight transmissions. This type of system has been
designated over-the horizon detection (OHD).
Early in a signal with the necessary characteristics for OHD was intercepted,
apparently emanating from the Soviet Union. 1/ Since that time, a number of HF antennas
deployed in the Soviet Union have been investigated to determine the possibility of the
propagation of an OHD signal, including the Lapichi-type linear arrays and vertical radiators.
A total of 15 linear arrays have been seen at ten locations (Figure 1). Thirteen
Lapichi-type vertical radiators have been found, with at least one at each linear array
location except Krasnoye. As many as three linear arrays and as many as two vertical
radiators have been found at one facility.
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The preponderance of photo interpretation evidence supports the conclusion that
these facilities are engaged in national and international radio broadcasting. The vertical
radiators, with a probable range of more than one thousand miles, could broadcast far
beyond the border areas of the USSR. The linear arrays could be effective beyond these
ranges broadcasting at distances of several thousand miles or more. Evidence supporting
this conclusion includes: the peripheral locations of the facilities; the broadcasting function
of associated antennas; and the orientation of the antennas. Furthermore, there is no
known association of medium frequency (MF) vertical-radiator signals with OHD signals;
however, these antennas are collocated with the linear arrays and were built during the
same time frame. There is no evidence at this time that will substantiate an OHD function
for these facilities.
Although linear arrays were observed as early as at Razdolnoye, it was not until 25X1D
when a second antenna near Lapichi was observed, that linear arrays attracted
interest. This was primarily due to the increased interpretability of photography of the
antennas which permitted detailed analysis during construction. The Lapichi antenna had
an unidentified function. Subsequently the array has been referred to as the "Lapichi
linear array." During the same period, an associated vertical radiator was under construc-
tion at Lapichi which has been referred to as the "Lapichi vertical radiator." Subsequently
identified antennas of this type have been designated as "Lapichi-type linear arrays" and
"Lapichi-type vertical radiators." In this report, the two types of antennas will be called
either typical linear arrays or linear arrays and either typical MF vertical radiators or MF
vertical radiators.
The facilities are located around the periphery of the land mass of the Soviet Union
(Figure 1), beginning in the Leningrad area, continuing around the western, southern,
and southeastern portions of the Soviet Union, and terminating at the Komsomolsk Facility.
It is obvious that these locations are ideal for international broadcasting.
This report consists of two parts. Part I deals with antenna design and is based
primarily on ground photography. Part II deals with the individual facilities and concludes
with Table 1, which summarizes details of the linear arrays and vertical radiators. Fre-
quencies shown on Table 1 are based on an estimated radiating element wavelength and
are approximate. The chronology presented in the text is abbreviated, presenting the
major stages of construction of the linear arrays and vertical radiators.
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A Vertical radiator collocated with
A Lapichi-type vertical radiator
linear array (number present) not collocated with linear array
FIGURE I. LOCATIONS OF LINEAR ARRAYS AND VERTICAL RADIATORS.
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BASIC DESCRIPTION
Part I--Antenna Design
Linear Arrays_
General Description. Linear arrays incorporate a number of self-supporting, trussed
towers (Figures 2 and 3) which are equal in height, equally spaced, and positioned in
The25X1D
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25X1D spacings are I all but one of the spacings fall within this range.
The lengths of the arrays vary from including their dissipation iine25xi D
(Figure 4); however, the difference in length does not affect the basic components because
the length is simply a function of the number of towers utilized in a given array.
Two separately suspended catenaries of conductors, which together make up the
horizontal curtain, hang from a crossarm structure mounted on top of each pair of towers.
However, at the center point between each pair of towers (one bay), there are two strain
insulators, one for each set of conductors, with corona discharge rings at each end. This,
in effect, divides the entire horizontal curtain catenary of conductors into two separate
curtain elements, with the exception of the first and last bays of each linear array which
have only one horizontal curtain element (the first and last towers have no adjoining
curtain element but are simply used to support the catenary). This can be better visualized
by realizing that each tower is the center feedpoint for a pair of curtain arrays, one on
each side of the tower. Hence, there is no feedpoint on the first or last tower. From the
feedtap point, near the top of each tower, there is a single downlead which may be a
multiconductor. Figure 5 shows the relationship between the transmitting building, the
feedlines, the dissipation lines, and the radiating elements.
Normally five feed support racks (Figure 6) are equally spaced at ground level be-
tween centers of each pair of towers. The downleads are rigged into these support racks
which have four bays or sections carrying an undetermined number of conductors. These
racks continue past the next-to-last tower and become a dissipation line (the conductor
racks have been numbered on Figure 4 starting at the end of the array in a reverse
manner). Normally the transmitting area is placed alongside the antenna toward the feed
end. The feedlines travel directly to the first tower from the transmitting building.
Examination of the control areas, which include cooling ponds, leaves little doubt that
these linear arrays are transmitting antennas. Additionally, there is no need for dissipation
lines on a receiving antenna.
Krasnoye Linear Array. Details of this array are derived almost exclusively from
ground photography of good interpretability; however, this photography does not offer
complete coverage of the antenna and does not include the transmitting area and trans-
mission lines from the control building to the antenna.
This linear array incorporates 17 towers which are 135 feet high, and spaced 250 feet
apart, and four feed-rack supports situated either between each pair of towers or within
each bay (Figure 3). The tower spacing here is shorter than at the other linear arrays
(Table 1). The basic design, however, remains the same.
Transmitting originates at the centrally located control building, which measures 230
by 45 feet. From here radio frequency (RF) transmission lines travel in several straight-
25X1D line segments which total about before they enter the area of the first tower.
? At this point they proceed down the center line of the antenna, through each of the
towers. The feed-support racks between the towers are detailed in Figure 6. As they
pass through the towers, they are supported by the type of supports (Figure 6) which
are mounted directly on each side of each tower. Both types have four conductor bays.
Even though an accurate count of the number of conductors could not be made from
available photography, indications are that a number exist.
Each tower, except the first and the last, has a downlead running from the feedracks
up through the center of the tower, at which point it appears to feed a pair of horizontal
curtains, one on each side of the tower top. In effect, this would then be a center-fed
set of dipoles.
Within each bay and suspended from a pair of towers are two separate horizontal
curtains insulated from each other by bar insulators with corona discharge25x1 D
rings at their ends. This entire catenary has a vertical drop of at the center. 25x1D
a straight line. The average height is
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Each curtain is made up of two sections placed side by side, and each contains four
parallel conductors. These conductors are held apart by spreaders. At the ends
of each section the conductors converge to a common point where the insulator is attached.
It is observed that one type of feedrack is used between all towers. Beyond the last
Lower there are several types of conductor supports (Figures 3, 4, and 6; support racks
are numbered in reverse order from the direction of RF current in Figure 4). The dissi-
pation line begins at the sixteenth tower.
It would , appear that some of the conductors end before they reach the dissipation
rigging terminus. Vertically placed tiebars have been used in some cases to terminate
a conductor: this occurs on the first, the sixth, and the twelfth support racks.
Rigid Vertical Radiators
General Description. Vertical radiators have passed through many stages of develop-
ment since their original deployment in the function of broadcasting. During the evolution
of this type of antenna, there are three engineering advancements employed by the
Soviet Union which stand out: 2/
The first is the utilization of top loading (capacitance loading). This feature has
great economic value as it reduces the physical heights of the radiator with respect
FIGURE 2. GROUND PHOTOGRAPHY OF A LINEAR ARRAY (KRASNOYE HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY).
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Dimensions on curtains are slant measurements
95.0
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95.0
SEE FIG 4
FOR DETAIL OF SUPPORT RACKS
GROUND LINE
All dimensions in feet
LADDER \
ensura ion taken ir?m ground photography based on KH-4 mensuration of distances between towers
FIGURE 3. DETAILS OF A LINEAR ARRAY (KRASNOYE).
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FIRING DIRECTION
All Dimensions in Feet
Conductor
50
NOT OBSERVED
50
50
LAST TOWER
IN ARRAY
SUPPORT RACKS
SUPPORT RACKS
11 AND 120N TOWER
50
50
TOP VIEW
(ALSO SEE FIGURES 3 AND 5)
50
FIGURE 4. DETAILS OF LINEAR ARRAY DISSIPATION RIGGING.
HORIZONTAL CURTAIN MADE
UP OF 8 PARALLEL WIRES
4000 FT
.13
OVERHEAD CATENARY
50
50
50
SUPPORT RACK
17 ON TOWER
50
DISSIPATION/ABSORPTION RIGGING
50
LAST TOWER WITH
FEED THROUGH CENTER
TO RADIATING
ELEMENTS ABOVE
(TOWER NO t6)
COMPUTED IN TABLE 1 AS
II
N
ONE PAIR OF HORIZONTAL
CURTAINS CENTER FED
INSULATORS
DISSIPATION LINE
SINGLE DOWNLEAD OBSERVED
(MAY BE COAXIAL CABLE)
(Length and Number of Towers is Based on Krasnoye)
FIGURE 5. BASIC ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF A LINEAR ARRAY.
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OVERHEAD MULTIPLE
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BUILDING
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to the electrical height. That is, a shorter vibrator will appear longer electrically. Half-
wavelength radiators have been proved to have good antifading properties. However, at
broadcast frequencies, a half-wavelength radiator becomes extremely long; by reducing
the length great savings can be realized, because vertical towers become more expensive
per foot when they reach the higher elevations. Capacitance loading takes many forms,
but this report concentrates primarily on the type utilizing inclined beams (Figure 7).
These inclined beams (conductors) are suspended from the top of the tower and are held
by insulated guy lines at the bottom.
The second Soviet improvement came about with the use of inclined conductors to
reduce wave resistance. These conductors are suspended from the inclined beams just
above the insulators and converge to a point on the lower portion of the tower (Figure 7).
The third and most significant advancement, which stems directly from G.Z. Ayzen-
berg's work 2/ is the use of the expanded wave cylindrical grid (Figure 7). This grid is
comprised of from 6 to 12 vertical conductors positioned around the lower third of the
radiator, but insulated from the radiator and connected to the ground system. A combi-
nation of the three developments produces, in essence, the Lapichi-type vertical radiator.
Lapichi-Type Vertical Radiator. Basically this is a rigid vibrator (trussed tower), in-
sulated at the base from the ground and bottom fed (Figure 8). In most cases this
antenna incorporates four stories of guying (Figures 9 and 10). The guying, spaced 120
degrees apart, supports towers which average in height (Table 1). In additior25X1D
to this guying, there are 12 outboard guys, 30 degrees apart, which support 12 inclined
beat's forming a capacitance cap (Figures 10 and 11). Twelve inclined conductors have
been attached to the lower portion of the beams just above the insulators. These con-
ductors converge to a point on the tower just above a cylindrical grid cage.
The grid is comprised of 12 conductors placed vertically about the towers every 30
degrees. Bar insulators are used to insulate these conductors from the tower and a
dodecagonal support ring, from which they are suspended, a little more than one-third
of the way up the tower. The bottom ends appear to be connected to a ring-like structure
on the ground.
A ground radial system of wire which is tied into the system similarly to the one25X1D
shown on Figure 8 originates at the base of the tower and extends out to the area of
the cutboard anchors, in most cases. These radial wires are normally placed
apart, just below ground level. Overhead transmission lines originate at the transmitting
building which is always placed outside the area of the ground system.
On Table 1, frequencies have been computed for each vertical radiator based on a
one-half wavelength tower height. Also included on this table in parentheses are fre-
quencies based on an estimated 20 percent reduction of height due to top loading.
Singularly deployed vertical arrays have an omnidirectional pattern. Four of the
facilities included in Table 1 have two vertical radiators. Normally in these instances,
the beam pattern would be somewhat broadside or directional, depending on the phase
angle. However, if a directional beam is desired, the spacing of the elements would be
a wavelength or less, and at these facilities spacing is as much as three wavelengths.
This appears to negate their use as directive arrays. One other possibility exists?that of
redundance; however, this is not normally necessary with this type of antenna.
The following is a list of the locations of other Lapichi-type vertical radiators which25xi
are not collocated with linear arrays:
.Arman Possible HF Communications Facility; 59-41-00N 150-09-40E;
Status: under construction.
? Boguslavka HF Communications Facility; 44-32N 131-39E;
COMIREX; Status: under construction.
.Ado-Tymovo Probable liF Communications Facility; 51-05-30N 142-41-10E;
BE None; No COMIREX; Status: under construction.
?Nachikinskiy Possible MF Broadcast Station; 53-08-00N 157-41-50E;
No COMIREX. Status: under construction.
?Yerevan Radio Station 3; 40-13-58N 044-33-13E;
Status: complete.
?Aktyubinsk Communications Facility Northwest; 50-17-10N 057-10-20E;
No COMIREX; ; Status: complete.
BE None; Nc25X1 A
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APPROX
Approved
1ST SUPPORT RACK STARTING AT TERMINAL END AND WORKING BACKWARDS TOWARD THE TRANSMITTER
TIE BAR
PROB INSULATOR
MOUNTING
HARDWARE
FRONT
(TERMINAL END)
ONE, POSS TWO
CONDUCTORS
2ND THRU 5TH SUPPORT RACKS
/GUYING
45'
FOSS CONDUCTOR
(TWO ABREAST SMALL DAM)
6TH SUPPORT RACK
TIE BAR
11
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GUYING
APPEAR TO BEN,
CONDUCTORS,
HOWEVER ONE OR
MORE MAY BE USED
AS GUYING
HEAVY CONDUCTOR
MOUNTING HARDWARE
POSS CONDUCTOR
APPROX
10.0 :ENTER RING IN
IS OFFSET
SECTION
CENTER 111
11111
GUYING
MOUNTING
HARDWARE
ATTACHED TO
TOWER FRAME
Dimensions in Feet
Accuracy ? 10%,
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7TH THRU 10TH SUPPORT RACKS
=
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=

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PROB CONDUCTOR
SAME DIMENSIONS AS
6TH SUPPORT RACK
POSS CONDUCTOR
(TWO ABREAST)
CONDUCTOR
(PROS THREE ABREAST)
ALL OTHER CONDUCTOR SUPPORT RACKS BETWEEN TOWERS (FOR AS FAR DOWN THE
ARRAY AS CAN BE SEEN ON PHOTOGRAPHY, LOOKING TOWARD THE TRANSMITTER)
SAME DIMENSIONS AS
6TH SUPPORT RACK
TOWER-MOUNTED CONDUCTOR SUPPORT RACKS
POSS CONDUCTOR
(TWO ABREAST)
CONDUCTOR
CONDUCTOR
(PROS THREE ABREAST)
TIE OFF ROD WITH RING FRAME (CAN
BE SEEN ON TOWER RACK NO 12 ONLY)
FIGURE 6. DETAILS OF FEED/CONDUCTOR SUPPORT RACKS (KRASNOYE).
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See Fi ures 3 and 4
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CAPACITANCE LOADING (TOP LOADED)
REDUCED WAVE RESISTANCE (REDUCED IMPEDANCE)
WIDENED WAVE RANGE (BROADBAND)
1 TOWER
2 INCLINED BEAM
3 INSULATOR
4 FEED
5 GUY LINE
6 INCLINED CONDUCTOR
7 CYLINDRICAL GRID CAGE
FIGURE 7. CONFIGURATION OFA RIGID VERTICAL RADIATOR.
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111101111111111111
ITEM DESCRIPTION
1 Tower
2 Feed
3 Support insulator
4 Screen
5 Spherical discharger
6 Ground radials
7 Ground wire
8 Copper lining
FIGURE 8. FOUNDATION SCREEN AND FEEDING OF A BASE-INSULATED VERTICAL RADIATOR.
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NOTE: The radial lines are not true length lines on
this drawing due to the position on the tower
Vertical distances have an accuracy of ? 5 feet
Prepared from ground _photograph of Krasnyy Bor facility
supplemented b otograph of Kurgan Tyube facility
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INCLINED BEAMS
VERTEX OF
INCLINED CONDUCTORS
THIRD STORY
1-1UY IN G
CROSS SECTION STRAIGHT
LINE DISTANCE
T BOARD
GUYING
A
OUTBOARD
GUY ANCHORS
(5)
535 RAD OF THIRD-STORY
GUYING
30?
735 RAD OF FOURTH
STORY GUYING
15?
15.
845 RAD OF
OUTBOARD GUYING
TOWER
PRINCIPAL
GUY ANCHORS 0 Ai
rn
'100
190 RAD OF
FIRST STORY GUYING
DODECAGONAL
SUPPORT RING
ROD INSULATORS
30?
TOP VIEW
CURVE BELOW LAST INSULATORS
HAS BEEN ESTIMATED
CYLINDRICAL GRID OF
CONDUCTORS (CAGE)
FIRST STORY
GUYING
VERTICAL
RADIATOR
so'
340 RAD OF
SECOND-STORY GUYING
200 RAD (ANTENNA) VERTEX
OF INCLINED CONDUCTORS
NO GROUND PHOTOGRAPHY
COVERAGE BELOW THIS LINE
190
All dimensions in feet
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
BASE
INSULATOR
CIRCULAR WALL
(1)
ELEVATION SECTION A-A'
FIGURE 10. DETAILS OFA VERTICAL RADIATOR.
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ROTATED POSITIONS
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FIGURE 11. GROUND PHOTOGRAPHY OF A VERTICAL RADIATOR (KRASNYY BOR HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY
POPOVKA).
1. Broadband dipole
2. Spreader and harness assembly
3. Feeder connection points
4. Interconnecting support cable
5. Turnbuckle for tensioning the curtain
6. Transmission direction switch
7. Transmission line
FIGURE 12. EXAMPLE OF A STERBA CURTAIN ARRAY.
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Associated Antennas
Figures 12 and 13 are examples of curtain arrays and rigid dipole arrays which have
been mentioned in the facility description as being collocated, associated antennas.
Part II?Deployed Facilities
The directions of propagation of all linear arrays discussed in Part II of the report
are given in Figure 14. Mensuration is included on Table 1.
Angarsk HF Communication Facility
The Angarsk HF Communication Facility, a linear array facility, is located 11 nm
southwest of Angarsk and 20 nm south of Usolye-Sibirskoye at an approximate elevation
of 1,600 feet (Figure 15). The site is on relatively flat terrain, with some slight roll and
fairly dense vegetation.
General Description. The support area is positioned at the northernmost tip of the
facility. It is somewhat small, and contains only five general support buildings.
A substation has been constructed just southeast of the support area, along the
trapezoidal main service road. Photography indicates this substation is fed by a 110-
Approved For
FIGURE 13. EXAMPLE OFA RIGID DIPOLE ARRAY.
- 13 -
0 : CIA-RDPAT04759
TOP SECRET
Afe.,
00930001
011-3
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25X1
25X1
25X1C
5X1D
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : CIA-RDP78T04759A009300010011-3
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : CIA-RDP78T04759A009300010011-3
n.)
oi
0
0
0
CTI
01 01
X X
0 0
n.)
oi
0
n.)
oi
0
FIGURE 14. LINEAR ARRAY PROPAGATION CHART.
n.)
oi
0
IV IV
01 01
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awl oi
4><
0
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01
25X1
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
H3E1B
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
25X1
ITEM
a
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
a
15
16
17
18
19
APRX LENGTH OF
DISSIPATION LINE
-a
ACCURACY:
Horizontal ? 5 feet or 3%
Vertical ? 5 feet or 5%
Main service road
Security fence
RF feed line
^ Linear array support tower
500 0
2000
FEET (APPROXIMATE)
a
a
Approved For
TOWER
FOUNDATIONS
LINEAR ARRAY
1
All Dimensions in Feet
PROB CONTROL
BLDG U/CW
1
CLEARING
U, I ARRAYS U/C
OUTBOARD GUY ANCHORS
ALSO SUPPORT INCLINED BEAMS
CAGE RING
11H I OH

O
120?
C
O
C
??.3
oi?
ce-
VERTIr
RADIATOR
li
IGH
9300010011-3
CONTROL/SUPPORT BLDG
STRUCTURE
APRX 860
APRX 880
0
SUPPORT BLOCS
15,
16?.
17#
GENERAL
SUPPORT AREA
(BUILDINGS)
14
12
134
SUB-STATION
SECOND VERTICAL
RADIATOR U/C
TRANSMITTING/ 19
CONTROL BLDG
LINEAR ARRAY U C
/
RF FEED LINE TRACE
CLEARING
TOWER FOUNDATIONS
SEPARATION 245
0
0
0
0
0
0
110 KV POWER LINE
CLEARING FOR PRINCIPAL
GUY ANCHORS TO
VERTICAL RADIATOR
FIGURE 15. ANGARSK HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY.
- 16 -
Tnp cFrRE
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : CIA-RDP78T04759A009300010011-3
APRX 360 X 40
APRX LENGTH OF
DISSIPATION LINE
25X1
25X1C
25X1
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
25X1
25X1C
25X1
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
HF RHOMBIC ANTENNAS U/C
(APPDX ALIGNMENT)
1
8
3 5
2 MI la. MI 75. I
0
CONTROL AREA
do
59A009300010011-3
CONTROL AREA
N
ITEM DESCRIPTION DIMENSIONS (FT)
Road
Linear array support tower
500 0 1000
FEET (APRX)
All dimensions in Feet
Accuracy ? 5' or 5%, Azimuths
26X1
25X1C
25X1
25X1D
9 10 11
a
1
2
a
3
4
5
2 Cooling and storage ponds
Transmitting/control building
Storage tank
2 Cooling and storage ponds
Circular ground scars
25X1D
imaimmen
SUPPORT AREA
SUPPORT AREA (BLDGS)
ITEM DIMENSIONS (FT)
1
2
3
a
4
5
6
7
8
9
a
10
11
12
12a
DISSIPATION LINE
OUTBOARD GUY ANCHORS
(ALSO SUPPORT INCLINED BEAMS) 0
I
TRANSMITTING/CONTROL BLDG
_ ? ? E?E ?D RACKSSU P?P 0?R
6960
111111111110111110111110 111110
7
0111110
18070?
0 /11110111110111110 0 0 0111110
0 3111110
LINEAR ARRAY
EVATED RF FEED LINE
?
BASE TO RING
DIAM. OF RING
t
VERT RADIAT
840 HIGH
BURIED RADIAL GROUND SYSTEM
(WIRE RADIALS EVERY El
1:111111-0
FIGURE 16. KAMO I-IF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY.
- 17 -
TOP SECRET
0 0111110 111110
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : CIA-RDP78T04759A009300010011-3
0 00
?
PRINCIPAL GUY ANCHORS
FOR VERTICAL RADIATOR
?
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
25X1
25X1C
25X1
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
Appro
'ed For Re
kilovolt (kv) electrical power line entering from a northeast direction. Also along the
service road is one transmitting/control building, one control/support building, and a
probable control area under construction. The easternmost building, which is the above-
mentioned transmitting/control building, serves both the linear arrays and vertical radiators.
Its site has been well selected for the purpose: a 17-tower linear array originates just
25X1
5X1C
east, a 36-tower linear array which is is just south, and a vertical radiator25xi D
is a short distance north. The apparent firing directions of the linear arrays are 25X1D
respectively. The array with the firing direction has no signifi-25xi D
cant vertical obstructions for about 20 nm. The array with the azimuth has no25x1 D
significant vertical obstructions for about 6 nm (a slight vertical obstruction occurs about
6 nm out which amounts to only 1 percent rise). On the west side of the southernmost
linear array, a scar became apparent on The scar is25)(1 D
generally linear with a slight dogleg at one end, and contains five tower footings which
are indicative of Sterba curtain array tower footings.
Chronology. This facility was not present on
first identified on photography of
facility was in the early-to-mid stages of construction, with one linear array and one
vertical radiator nearly complete. Re-examination of photography from
revealed that construction of the main support area was just beginning.
Clearing for the service road was also detected on this coverage. On 25X1D
a second linear array and a second vertical radiator position were observed. The
latest photographic coverage used in the analysis of the facility, that of 25X1D
shows a new area under construction which includes several tower footings
which may be for Sterba curtain arrays. These footings do not have the characteristics
of linear array footings. The status of the facility at that time I was that25xi D
one linear array was complete, the second linear array was nearing completion, the first
vertical radiator was complete, and there had been no progress on the second vertical
radiator. In fact, the position for the second vertical radiator observed on earlier coverage
cannot be identified on
I
At this sighting was
p
Kamo HF Communications Facility
The Kamo Facility, a linear array facility, is located 6 nm northeast of Kamo, on a
small peninsula in Lake Sevan at an approximate elevation of 6,500 feet (Figure 16). The
site is relatively flat with a low growth of vegetation.
General Description. Basic components of the Kamo Facility include one typical
26-tower linear array, one typical vertical radiator, two transmitting/control areas, an
HF rhombic antenna field containing approximately six antennas under construction
at the date of latest coverage, and a general support area. No security fence could be
accurately defined; however, indications are that one exists.
The transmitting/control area nearest the linear array and vertical radiator also feeds
those two antennas. In the latter case, the feed extends from the control building to the
north end of the array, then travels south down the center of the array which is oriented
at 180 degrees (the direction of propagation), and finally terminates beyond the most
southernly tower in a dissipation line. There is no significant vertical rise in the terrain
for at least 15 nm. Two small probable switching areas are visible on the east side of
the transmitting/control building.
The second transmitting/control area, still under construction, is located southwest
of the other control area. The T-shaped transmitting/control building here has four
adjacent cooling ponds and one storage tank which apparently will be buried. This
building probably will house most of the power amplifying equipment in addition to
controlling the IIF rhombic antennas which are presently under construction in th5X1 D
southwest corner of the facility.
Chronology. Kamo HF Communications Facility was not present on
It was first identified on at which time on25xi D
linear array, one vertical array, one control area, and a general support area were exter-
nally complete or nearly complete.
Earlier photography,
stages of construction with 15 of the linear array towers in place and an adjacent trans-
mitting/control area begun. No evidence of a vertical radiator was seen.
the facility was in the early-to-mid stages of construction, with 20
25X1
shows the facility in the ear195X1D
- 18 -
Approved For Release 20010112(SEE
P78T04759A009300010011-3
25X1C
25X1
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25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
TO RHOMBIC ANTENNA FACILITY
APRX LENGTH Of
DISSIPATION LINE
GUY ANCHORS 0 LINEAR ARRAY
(PRESENT ON ALL TOWERS)
/./
Aec
^ ANTENNA SUPPORT TOWER
? 0
0
Wall
? RF feed line
Power line
1 1 1 1 1 1 RF feed support racks
? Elements stacked 2 high
Elements stacked 4 high
o Linear array support tower
A Sterba curtain array support tower
200 0 1000
FEET APRX/
All Dimensions in Feet
0
z
FEED SUPPORT RACKS
SEPARATION ni
? 0
0
Approved For Release-2.00M2/SURFA
DP78T04759
A009300010011-3
\. \
\. \
?\
.\. N.
\ N. ? AVERAGE POLE
\ N. ... SPACING 375 FT
\ N
SPACING POLE
N. /
N.
N. /
\ N.
?
\ N.
?
AVERAGE POLFE
\ N
T . \
SPACING 500 N ?
\ \ \
\? .\:\ SUBSTATION
\ ?It
\
\\\.*
\
AK'
HF STEREIA CURTAIN ARRAYS
4E
A
AM
2
CONTROL AREA ?
0.:15 *3
06
F
AG
pH
GENERAL
SUPPORT
AREA
CONTROL AREA a
? 111
9 11
10
RIGID HF
HORIZONTAL DIPOLES
DIMENSIONS KEYED TO CONTROL AREAS
ITEM DESCRIPTION
1 Control support bldg
a Bldg wing
2 Control support bldg
3 Control support bldg
4 Control support bldg
5 Water cooling and storage pond
6 Water cooling and storage pond
7 Transmitting/control bldg
a Bldg wing
Bldg wing
Bldg wing
8 Substation bldg
9 Control support bldg
10 Water cooling and storage basins
Transmitting/control bldg
a Bldg wing
12 Control support bldg
13 Transmitting/control bldg
a Bldg wing
14 Water cooling and storage basins
15 Control support bldg
R`7
v#4 3
113 11114
12
TERMINAL POINT
FIGURE 17. KOMSOMOLSK HE COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY SOUTH.
- 19 -
TOP SECRE
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//itl? 051,0
kvOSS\
4 RAISED RIGND
DIPOLES
SEPARATION 50 SEPARATION 50
WIDTH 10 WIDTH 15
1650
OUTBOARD GUY
ANCHORS
ALSO SUPPORT
INCLINED BEAMS
BURIED RADIAL GROUND SYS EM
WIRE RADIALS EVERY
f-
ii
VERTICAL RADIATOR
PRINCIPAL GUY ANCHORS
FOR VERTICAL RADIATOR
5X1C
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
25X1
25X1C
25X1
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25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
ved For Re
e se
TOP SECRET
009300110011-3
linear area towers in place and six lying on the ground. Judging from progress made
between the installation was probably first under construction
all 26 towers of the linear array were in place, but
the feedracks between each tower were still in the process of being erected. Clearings
for a vertical radiator and its feed were also present at this time.
was the first larger scale coverage of the facility which
revealed new construction including a second, larger, control area and an HF rhombic
antenna field under construction. Foundation work for the transmitting/control areas was
present on
2?x1
25X1C
Komsomolsk HF Communications Facility, South
Komsomolsk, a linear array facility located 5.5 nm northwest of the city of Komsomolsk,
is positioned at an elevation of approximately 300 feet (Figure 17). The site itself is
relatively flat, but the surrounding terrain consists of rolling hills, except in a south-
southeast direction, which is nearly flat. The linear array is oriented in a southeast
direction.
General Description. The facility is comprised of one linear array; one MF vertical
radiator, located in the northwest corner of the facility; nine arrays of HF rigid dipoles,
each array separately tower-mounted and located adjacent to the vertical radiator; an HF
Sterba curtain installation containing 11 Sterba curtain arrays situated in two groups, one
group containing four and the other seven; two transmitting/control areas; a general
support area; and an electrical power substation.
It should be pointed out that the Komsomolsk area has a number of separate commu-
nications facilities which include MF radiators and numerous HF antennas such as rhom-
bics.
The linear array contains 17 towers which support the overhead array of horizontal
curtains. The towers, which are normally self-supporting have been guyed in a four-way
manner indicating an apparent bearing soil problem. This is the only known linear array
which uses guying. All towers reach an elevation of and are points on a straight25x1 D
line oriented The azimuth of propagation is probably 25X1D
Figure 17 delineates the plan view of the MF (medium frequency) radiator taken
from good quality photography which defines this geometry.
Rigid HF dipoles have been used for directive broadcasting for some time in the
Soviet Union. Five of the nine arrays at this facility have four short dipoles on a level
and are stacked four high. The remaining four arrays are stacked two high with four
longer dipoles on each level (Figure 11).
High frequency Sterba curtain arrays have also been used for directive broadcasting
for some time, with considerably more popularity than the rigid dipoles. They are found
at almost every major communications center across the Soviet Union. Those installed
here are typical of those shown in Figure 12.
The centrally located transmitting/control area, which contains one transmitting/control
building, two cooling ponds, and several control support buildings, appears to serve only
the Sterba curtain arrays. The remaining control area on the western side of the facility
includes two transmitting/control buildings, two large water-cooling and storage basins,
and several control support buildings. It is this control area that serves the rigid dipoie25X1D
arrays, the linear array, and the vertical radiator.
Chronology. The Komsomolsk facility was first observed on
Lack of coverage during the
'precludes fixing the periods of early and midstage construction.
the facility contained a linear array, where most of
the towers appeared to be in place; a dissipation line scar; feedlines under construction;
a vertical radiator under construction; a completed Sterba curtain array field; and a
tower-mounted rigid dipole installation containing approximately 13 towers. Transmitting/
control buildings were also present.
On the facility appeared to be externally complete and
nearly the same as it is today, except that the radial ground system at the vertical
radiator site was still under construction. It was also noted on this coverage that four
of the rigid dipole towers had been removed to make room for the radial ground system.
- 20 -
Approved For Release 2019436/gf&kiRDP78T04759A009300010011-3
25X1
25X1C
25X1
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
://N,
DISSIPATION
Approved
TOP SECRET
For Release 2003/
PROBABLE BURIED
GROUND SYSTEM,
2650
5
0
0
9A009300010011-3
DISTANCES BETWEEN STERBA CURTAIN ARRAY TOWERS
GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C
TOWER
NOS.
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
3
sp
LINEAR ARRAY
RHOMBIC ANTENNA POLE
POSITIONS AND DIMENSIONS
ARE APPROXIMATE
LENGTH- 1790 FT
WIDTH-600 FT
9
7
STERB
CURTAIN
ARRAY
t> (GROUP A)
25X1
25X1C
DISTANCE
IN FEET
TOWER
NOS.
DISTANCE
IN FEET
TOWER
NOS.
DISTANCE
IN FEET
300
13-14
320
25-26
345
275
14-15
355
295
15-16
375
26-27
320
290
16-17
395
27-28
325
280
17-18
285
28-29
420
305
18-19
295
29-30
210
315
290
19-20
20-21
320
300
30-31
31-32
I i
25X1D
135
310
21-22
275
455
22-23
135
210
23-24
135
2
1
WATER COOLING AND
STORAGE PONDS
PROBABLE TANK
LINE
1088 APPROX
RHOMBIC ANTENNA ONLY
PARTIALLY VISI BLE
LENGTH 1150 FT
6170
25
STERBA CURTAIN ARRAY A
(GROUP C)
31
32
30
29
CENTERLINE OF RHOMBIC
27
A28
26
TRANSMITTING/CONTROL BLDG
14
13
15
V
CONTROL BLDG
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
iTO GENERAL
SU'PPORT AREA
16
17
Road
RF feed line
A Sterba curtain array support tower
o Linear array support tower
500
1000
FEET (APRX)
Accuracy ? 10%. Azimuths+ 5?
ANCHORS FOR
VERTICAL RADIATOR
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SCAR
STERBA CURTAIN ARRAY
(GROUP B)
18
FIGURE 18. TBILISSKAYA HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY.
- 21 -
TOP SECRET
19
20
21
22
> 23
I> 24
VERTICAL RADIATOR
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
ITO SUBSTATION
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : CIA-RDP78T04759A009300010011-3
All Dimensions in Feet
25X1
25X1
25X1C
TOP SECRET
59A009300010011-3
The latest photography used in the analysis of this facility is
Tbilisskaya HF Communication Facility
The Tbilisskaya Facility, formerly known as Krasnodar, is located 8 nm northwest of
Tbilisskaya where terrain variations are minor (Figure 18). There are no significant
vertical obstructions in any direction. Site elevation is approximately 300 feet, with a
low cover of vegetation in an area formerly under cultivation.
General Description. Components of the facility are as follows: one 27-tower linear
array; one completed MF vertical radiator and one MF vertical radiator under construction;
two HF rhombic antennas; 29 HF Sterba curtain arrays; one transmitting/control building;
one control building under construction; an electrical power substation; and a general
support area.
The linear array is typical in design, being end fed and terminated in the same
manner as all the linear arrays covered in this report. The antenna is thought to be
firing (propagating) towards the terminated end at an azimuth ofl (The estimated
basic frequency of 3.66 MHz is based on a half-wave dipole element. If these are assumed
to be quarter-wave dipoles, the frequency would be about 1.83 MHz. Multiples of this
frequency could extend throughout the HF band. Tower heights have not been included
on Table 1 because the coverage has not been of adequate interpretability; however, an
estimated height of 130 to 140 feet is reasonable.
The completed vertical radiator is typical of the example discussed in the antenna
design section of this report, except the ground system is somewhat irregular in shape.
The second vertical radiator is under construction and appears typical in design. The
tower (radiator) has not yet been erected.
The Sterba curtain arrays are similar to those shown on Figure 12. They are positioned
here generally around the transmitting/control building. With respect to positioning in
general, it should be observed that no antennas have been placed off the ends of the
linear array. This tends to support the end-fire theory for the linears.
Three cooling and storage ponds and one probable tank are located adjacent to the
transmitting/control building. All of the above features are located within a security fence,
25X1D except the electrical power substation, which is separately secured.
Chronology. First sighting of the Tbilisskaya facility occurred on
Construction was in the mid- to late-stages, with the linear array nearly complete
(all towers in place), preparation .for the erection of the vertical radiator was underway,
scarring for feed lines to both antennas was present, and the transmitting/control and
25X1D general support areas were under construction.
A review of photography reveals that construction did not begin until after
I However, construction was in the very early stages with scarring
25X1D present on r(The facility was probably first under construction
25X1D in the eprly part of(
25X1D On J the linear array and vertical radiator appeared to be
complete. The control building was present, but the adjacent cooling ponds were not
present. Rhombic antenna and HF Sterba antenna footings were observed at that time.
25X1D Photography of I lis the most recent photography used in
the interpretation of this facility. The entire facility appears to be complete, with the
exception of a second control building which is in the late stage of construction and a
new vertical radiator which is in the early stages of construction.
5X1
Krasnoye HF Communication Facility
The Krasnoye Facility, located 2.5 nm east-southeast, is probably the best known
facility with respect to antenna details of those covered in this report (Figure 19). This
is principally due to the amount of available ground photography of this facility. It is
therefore the basis of much of the detailed analysis presented under the antenna design
section.
Positioned on flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 350 feet that requires
drainage ditches to carry off excess water, there is very little vegetation because the
land was formerly under cultivation. Approximately 7 nm to the south and east a moun-
tainous area begins, but there is no masking in the expected azimuth of propagation of
the linear array for about 15 to 20 nm.
Approved For
- 22 -
93000100
25k
25X1C
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
25X1
25X1C
All
LOA I
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
?5X1D
?5X1D
?5X1D
15X1D
15X1D
5X1
proved Fo
j25k
25X1C
General Description. Principal components at Krasnoye include: a 17-tower linear
array; 14 HF Sterba curtain arrays; a transmitting/control building with two adjacent
cooling and storage ponds; a general support area and a nearby, associated, electrical
power substation. All are within one common security fence, except for the electrical
power substation which is separately secured outside the main area.
Here again the linear array is end fed, with the feed entering from the northeast
end and terminating at the southwest end. The azimuth isL The antenna 25X1D
support towers, 135 feet in height, are points along this azimuth.
As in the previous cases, the HF Sterba curtain arrays are similar to those shown
on Figure 12 and propagate broadside to the array, i.e., perpendicular to a line connecting
each pair of towers.
chED:y?_l_d_g.,y: No attempt was made to determine when this facility was not present
on photography because of its presence as an HF curtain array broadcast facility long
before the linear array was constructed. The linear array was constructed after 25X1D
and the Sterba curtains were operational prior to I 25X1D :
TRANSFORMER/
SWITCHES
SUPPORTGENERAL
AREA
ARRY
Drawn from Unrectified Photography
P q
14 4 15 ?
16
TRANSMITTING/
CONTROL BLDG
230 X 45'
N
? N.,
*N
COOLING AND I
STORAGE PONDS
LINEAR ARRAY
4000
0 _
? 0 a
430
APRX LENGTH OF
DISSIPATION LINE 750
TOWER SEPARATION 250
TOWER HEIGHT 135'
DISTANCES BETWEEN & HEIGHTS OF STERBA
CURTAIN ARRAY TOWERS
Item Distance
No in feet
Item Distance Item Height in Item Height in
feet feet
No in feet
1 395 9
2 385 10
3 F-1 11
4 12
5 385 13
6 14
7 15
8 16
a 425 k I?I
b 425 I 39U
c 415 or 370
d 275 n 390
f ri P
1;1
e o
g 3d5 cl
h I I r 450
N.
'N.
Road
Fence
-- ?
Power line
RF transmission
line
Linear array
support tower
Sterba curtain
array support tower
1000 0
FEET (APRX)
ACCURACY
FIGURE 19. KRASNOYE HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY.
Approved For Rele
- 23 -
2000
Dimensions ? 10%
Height ? 10%
Azimuth ? 5%
All Dimensions in Feet
P78T041759A00930001001
25X1D
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
25X1
X1C
25X1
25X1
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1D
25X1
ELECTRIC
SUBSTATION
Approved
TOP SECRET
PRINCIPAL
GUY ANCHORS FOR
? VERTICLE
RADIATOR
9300010011-3
ate a
a
I " ma am
?
a aa an ftI 4. ? 17
GENERAL
SUPPORT
AREA
SEE INSET ^ A
TRANSMITTING/
CONTROL
BLDG
LINEAR ARRAY
FEED L'NE
'..... --....
---.
....? ?
"?,.. for TRANSMITTING/
....... RHOMBIC
CONTROL
,...,_ ANTENNA Q
13 -...... CLEARING cv BLD
A 14 .1
12
\ it/
rA10
- T?R cA- -0N ?SN MT- RT 0T?LI N
BLDG 23
A6
A
....*--
...,-//
-..... . / i
I 246,
-...?.
/ 1
..----...-- / I \ 254
/ / \
/
26c.
\ 27
A
29 \ p28
OUTBOARD
GUY ANCHORS,
ALSO SUPPORT
INCLINED BEAMS
STERBA
CURTAIN ARRAY
FACILITY
VERTICLE ?
RADIATOR
855 HIGH SEE
INSET C
ANTENNA
SUF PORT TOWERS
LINEAR ARRAY
PROBABLE \ ..-----
RHOMBIC).'
ANTENNA r
CLEARINGS /
./
DISSIPATION LINE
r?rT (APRX)
All Dimensions in Feet
FIGURE 20. KRASNYY BOR HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY POPOVKA.
- 24 -
TOP SECRET
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A
FEED SUPPORT RACK SEPARATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
?145 145 145 145 145 145 145 1 45
FEED SUPPORT RACK SEPARATION
GUY ANCHOR SEPARATION
Drawn from Unrectified Photography
Accuracy ? 10' or 10%.Azimuths ? 50
U
? Fence
Drainage ditch
? ? ? Power line
RF transmission line
? Linear array support tower
A Sterba curtain array
support tower
0 Water cooling pond
500 0 2000
FEET (APRX)
RK1
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25X1D
25X1D
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ved For
The linear array was first observed, with only the footings present, on
A review of earlier photography indicates, however, that terrain
preparations were underway prior to on which a very faint
outline of the site can be observed.
Ground photography of reveals the linear array to b
complete. No new construction has occurred since that time. Photography of
is the latest coverage utilized in the detailed analysis of the Krasnoye
Facility.
Krasnyy Bor HF Communication Facility Pc?povka
Located just south of Krasnyy Bor and about 20 nm southeast of the center of
Leningrad, this facility was an HF Sterba curtain array broadcast facility prior to the
installation of the linear array and vertical radiator (Figure 20).
Except for the antenna clearings the site is heavily vegetated, and is at an approxi-
mate elevation of 150 feet. Rolling terrain prevails here, offering no significant vertical
obstruction in any direction.
General Description. Krasnyy Bor consists of one typical 26-tower linear array, two
MF vertical radiators, 27 Sterba curtain arrays, two cleared areas for an undetermined
number of probable HF rhombic antennas, three transmitting/control areas, a general
support area, and a separately secured electrical power substation located to the north
and outside the main security fence which surrounds the balance of the facility.
Propagation of the linear array appears to be off the dissipated end, at an azimuth
The feedlines leave the control building, continue to a point near the
antenna, and parallel the antenna to the eastern end. The towers in this array
feet high and have a separation.
As previously mentioned, Sterba curtain arrays are used for HF broadcasting. Here
they are placed in a normal manner with groups of supporting towers positioned on lines
which form an eight-sided polygon.
Two of the three transmitting areas serve the curtain arrays and rhombic antenna
fields. The remaining transmitting area, which includes two cooling and storage ponds,
is positioned next to and serves the linear array.
Chronology. A review of photography over this facility shows that at the time of
first sighting, the linear array was in the early stages of
construction. The Sterba curtain arrays were operational at that time; however, work
had not commenced on the vertical radiators.
Twenty-six towers supporting the linear array were in place on
Both vertical radiators were in the early stages of construction. All of the antennas
appear complete on however, the radial ground system,
normally present around this type of vertical radiator, had not developed. No significant
change has occurred up to which is the latest coverage
utilized in the detailed analysis of this facility.
Kurgan-Tyube HF Communication Facility
Located 17 nm south of Kurgan-Tyube, this linear facility has the largest number of
linear arrays of any of the linear array facilities (Figures 21 and 22). Three such arrays
are situated on flat terrain with an approximate elevation of 1,500 feet. The surrounding
area, however, becomes quite rugged.
General Description. The facility contains three linear arrays, one of which is under
construction; one MF vertical radiator nearly complete; 12 HF double rhombic transmitting
antennas; three transmitting/control areas; two groups of unidentified antenna footings
under construction; and a small electrical power substation. New construction on the
unidentified arrays consists of anchor positions and tower footings for three three-bay
vertically stacked horizontal HF arrays. Each array will be made up of four towers. The
end towers each have four anchor positions which are in line with the main axis of the
array. All four towers are cross braced by three guy legs on each side of the main axis
of the array. Similar HF antenna construction has been observed at the Nikolayev HF
Communications Facility.
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-RDP78TC
4759A00930001
0011-3
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FIGURE 21. KURGAN-TYUBE HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY.
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ed For Release 2019CF6/g:
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The eastern and western linear arrays appear to be complete, having 27 and 12 towers
respectively. The 12-tower linear array is the shortest of all the known linear arrays. Thg5X1D
remaining linear will have 27 towers and lies on the southern side of the facility. This
25X1D 1
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I. A rectangular grid/trench system is evident on
all three linear arrays. On the third, or 27-tower array, the rectangular grid/trench system
extends from the first tower of the array to the last and has an approximate width of
2.5 tower spacings. In addition, a radial trench system is under construction at 14 of the
towers. Based on the construction of other linear arrays, this trenching appears to be a
probable drainage system. However, the possibility that this trenching may contain a
type of ground system cannot be overlooked.
The three linear arrays form a triangle in such a manner that none are across or in
front of any of the others.
The rhombics are placed in four groups of three. In each group there are two night
rhombics and one day rhombic. They can all be identified as transmitting antennas, as
evidenced by dissipation lines placed at the propagating ends.
The vertical radiator is of the typical design and is apparently complete, except for
a small section of the ground system on the south side where no evidence of radials
exists.
Two of the transmitting/control areas lie to the north. The easternmost of the two
is complete and serves the two completed linear arrays as well as the rhombic field.
The other northern area, when finished, will serve the linear array that is presently
under construction. The location of the third transmitting and control area, just south25X1D
of the linear array under construction, might indicate that its purpose would be to serve
the adjacent linear array; however, based on it appears that
the unidentified antennas under construction on the
25X1D
this transmitting area will serve
southwest side of the facility.
Chronology. This facility was constructed after I Firs 5X1D
identification was made on I however, earlier coverage --
I-- showed that the facility containing the shorter array was com25xi D
of the eastern array and the support area were under construction.
12 towers of the second array were in place and
construction of the radial ground system for the vertical radiator was underway. Mission
shows that all the towers of the second array had been erected.
Footings for the majority of the towers for the third linear array were present on Missio
The vertical radiator appeared nearly complete at this time, with th5X1D
plete; three towers
radiator itself in place.
The latest coverage used in the analysis of this facility was
At this time the entire installation appeared nearly complete.
Lapichi HF Communication Facility
Lapichi was the first facility observed to contain a linear array; therefore, this type
of array, including the vertical radiators, is sometimes referred to as "Lapichi-type array"
(Figure 23). The facility is across the river from the town of Lapichi and north of the
highway that runs into Bobruysk about 30 nm to the southeast. The site is flat at an
elevation of approximately 500 feet, with a considerable amount of swamp in the adjacent
areas. Lapichi is somewhat deeper in the interior of the USSR than the majority of the
linear array facilities. This is also one of the few facilities that has none of the standard-
type HF antennas, such as curtain arrays and rhombic antennas.
General Description. Enclosed within the security fence are one 26-tower linear array?5X1D
two vertical radiators, a transmitting/control area, and an electrical power substation.
Tower height of the linear array is 135 feet. The probable end-fire orientation is
degrees, which is in the direction of the dissipation line. It is of typical configuration in
every visual respect, including the rectangular area on which the antennas have been
constructed. The vertical arrays are also typical; each one incorporates a full radial ground
system.
Both the linear and vertical arrays are fed by the same transmitting/control area
which includes the transmitting/control building, two cooling ponds, and several control/
support buildings.
Chronology. Clearing for the linear array can be observed through a small opening
in the clouds with some evidence of construction on the tower foundation on Mission 25X1
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Approved For Release 20019E/25E -RflP7RTfl1759A0193OOO1001
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X1 C
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roved For
road.
Towers of the linear array were up on No work on the 25X1D
vertical arrays was discernible. Both vertical arrays were later seen in the early stages of
25X1D construction on
A009300010 11-3
This is the first interpretable coverage of the site. On Mission
survey work had begun on the vertical array closest to the main
26X1
25X1C
25X1D
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25X1D
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The entire facility was externally complete on
coverage utilized in the analysis of this facility is
Novosibirsk HF Communication Facility Oyash
Of all the linear array facilities, this facility is the least sophisticated from outward
appearances (Figure 24). The installation is some 40 nm northeast of the center of Novo-
sibirsk and just 3.5 nm northwest of Oyash. The elevation is approximately 500 feet, with
rolling terrain characteristics. The interpretability of photography over this area is quite
poor.
I The final 25X1D
I
25X1D
'1000
- \
...,
000's SEE INSET A
?':""
LINEAR ARRAY
_----
sO
% TOWERS .-------
HEIGHT--13/
__?----
COOLING
PONDS
SEE INSET B'
GROUND
RADIALS
ONTROL
SUPPORT
BLDGS
DISSIPATION LINE545
(APPROXIMATE LEN 0TH)
POWER
SUBSTATION
?-?,,,>-- .
.
? .
. \ ------
?
. '`.
''''''. ? VERTICAt_
?
"...,..._ .....RADIATOR
\ HEIGHT-530
?
TRANSFORMERS
OUT
GUY
ANCHORS
Accuracy .?5'- or 5%, Azimuth
Drawn From Unratified- Photography
PRINCIPAL
GUY ANCHORS
FOR VERT ICA
RADIATOR
_ Fence
Power line-
---RF_teed- line
Linear - Array support tower
00 - 2000
'FEET IAPRX)
GROUND
I
?
FIGURE 23. LAPICHI HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY.
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4759A00930001001
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General Description. Novosibirsk contains one 16-tower linear array 145 feet high, one
typical radiator under construction, one transmitting/control building, and a general
support area. Portions of a security fence can be observed on the south and west sides.
A second linear array, oriented 165/345 degrees, and a second control building are now
under construction at Novosibirsk, 25X1D
Chronology. Photography has established that this facility was constructed subsequent
25X1D to On I this facility was observed 25X1D
under construction. At that time the support area was near completion, the linear array
was in the early stages of construction with only footings visible, and construction of the
vertical array had not yet commenced.
The facility was first reported on and at that time all of 25X1D
the linear towers were up and the first stage of construction on the vertical radiator was
evident.
25X1D
was the last coverage utilized in the analysis of this
installation. The installation appeared to be complete, but the vertical radiator itself
could not be observed.
Razdolnoye HF Communications Facility
Razdolnoye HF facility has been constructed along the ridge line of fairly hilly
terrain at an approximate elevation of 800 feet (Figure 25). This area is east of the
town of Razdolnoye and about 25 nm north of the center of Vladivostok.
This facility was built at least five years prior to any of the other known linear array
facilities. It is therefore assumed that this is the prototype for all those that have followed.
The subsequent arrays have not changed appreciably from the early arrays. Only differences
in support elements have taken place, e.g., the later arrays are placed on better prepared
sites.
General Description. The facility contains one 15-tower linear array with an end-fire
25X1D orientatio7r-OTI one 25-tower linear array with an end-fire orientation of 230
degrees, one probable low-frequency (LF) hexagonal antenna containing six perimeter
25X1D towers and one central tower 295 feet high, one probable HF circular antenna
containing approximately 16 poles placed on a circle, one typical vertical radiator, two
25X1D
25X1
GENERAL SUPPORT
AREA
LINEAR ARRAY
\,
o 0 /\
\ ''.----\TOWER SEPARATION
TOWER HEIGHT 145
APRX LENGTH OF
DISSIPATION LINE[1
All Dimensions in Feet
Service road
RF feed trace
Guy anchor
foundations
Linear array
support tower
500 u
FEET (APRX)
1500
Accuracy ?10 or 100c Azimuth ?5'
Drawn from Unrectified Photography
VERTICAL
RADIATOR U/C
)4'1
TRANSMITTING/
CONTROL BLDG
Note: Second Linear Oriented 165/345 Degrees
FIGURE 24. NOVOSIBIRSK HF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY.
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secured transmitting/control areas which have two cooling ponds each, two separately
secured electrical power substations, and a general support area. The westernmost trans-
mitting/control area serves only the probable LF antenna. The remaining control area
serves all of the other antennas.
It is significant to note that this facility was operational at least nine years prior
to the time the "typical" vertical radiator was constructed. This vertical radiator was
constructed during the same period that vertical radiators were being constructed at25X1D
the other much newer facilities.
Chronology Razdolnoye was first observed in
At that time it was operational with two linear arrays completed, including two trans-
mitting/control areas, a substation, and a general support area. It was first observed on
photography on There has been no discernible change
since its first sighting.
On
a hexagonal probable LF antenna was observed
in the midstages of construction. A circular probable HF antenna, first observed on this
mission, was located just north of the eastern transmitting building. No evidence of a
MF vertical radiator could be detected. a typical MF25x1 D
vertical radiator was observed in the early stage of construction, with guy-anchor foun-
dations underway.
the best coverage to date, reveals the facility to be
complete, except for the vertical radiator which is nearly complete. The latest coverage
used to compile data on this facility is 25X1D
?
REFERENCES
25X1D,
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proved For ReleasMO3ME.TCIA-RDP78T04759A009300010011-3
REFERENCES (Continued)
25X1
25X1C
25X1D
MAPS OR CHARTS
ACIC. US Air Target Charts, Series 200, Scale 1:200,000
DOCUMENTS
2. G.A. Savitskiy, Antenna Devices (Antennyye Ustroystva), (UNCLASSIFIED)
"Photographic missions subsequent to those listed show no significant changes.
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