THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN - NORTH AMERICAN EDITION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B05703A000400100001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 1, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 21, 1970
• Content Type: NSPR

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FORM NO, REPLACES FORM 10-01
I AUG 54
Declass Review by NIMA/DOD
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tLi 1 l~Vk
Russia's first
moon-mini........... 3
vol. 103. No 20. Week ending November 21, 1970
K,R 15 VIf \\
Changes at
FEx CI nES'
the top 'in
Rolls-Royce
Report,
page 22
n I I
Comment,
page 12
Miners started returning to work this week as their unofficial strike collapsed. Lord Robens, head of the Coal Board,
has blamed the strike on Communists. Harold Jackson investigates the extent of Communist influence in British
industry on page 8.
M r K's
memoirs-
are they
genuine?
Victor Zorza,
page 13
American
justice - a
tour of
courtrooms.
with
Adam
Raphael,
page 6
Catastrophe
in Pakistan -
The challenge for Pakistan
For East Pakistan it is tragedy, as
usual. Simple tragedy, with tens of
thousands dead: complex tragedy, full
of ironies and human sloth and sicken-
ing fatalism. The world can and must
respond to the simple challenge, pro-
viding relief and expertise and some
of the money to make the Ganges
Delta safe. But only Pakistan can
tackle the complex issues. Pakistan
asks for help, but in the deepest sense,
she must help herself.
For 23 years of freedom, the rulers
of West Pakistan have allowed the list-
less millions of the overcrowded, un-
dernourished East to languish. Paki-
stan has been the Punjab-wittier,
cleverer, fatter. The Army, the Civil
Service, and the landlords together
have contrived to bleed away what
scanty wealth the East produces, leav-
ing the victims of the delta as ex-
posed as ever. It has not always been
a cynical process. There is dire
poverty in the West as well. But no
impartial observer, looking especially
at the wasted years of Ayub Khan,
can pretend that Bengali anger is
misplaced or much exaggerated. Few
in the East wanted war with India in
1965, and the cost of that bizarre
military excursion would have paid
for dikes clear across the Ganges.
World Bank studies have shown what
needs to be done, but little has moved
beyond rhetoric. Pakistan as a united
nation has failed to respond. The con-
trast between the concrete delights of
Ayub's Brasilia, Islamabad, and the
shanties of the delta is sharp enough
to gladden any Maoist agitator; but
it remains valid, for all that.
This cyclone, particularly, comes at
a bitter time-three weeks before the
first election in which East Pakistan is
to have one man, one vote, and thus,
probably, the making of the new Prime
Minister. Few are truly hopeful for
democracy, but the likelihood of
Shaikh Mujibur Rahman and his
Awami League as dominant partners
in a governing coalition does mean
that the centuries of neglect could be
coming to an end, however briefly.
The new tragedy underlines the need
and the opportunity. Many commenta-
tors expect a democratic Pakistan to
crumble into feudal or cynically oppor-
tunistic factionalism-Rahman and Mr
Bhuttq's Left-wingers, Maulana Bha-
shani's Chinese-style "Socialists";
squabbles to bring Yahya Khan or
some tougher soldiers back from the
sidelines. But soldiers have never
faced up to the appalling human ant-
hill of Bengal; soldiers and martial law
may stifle strife, but can never reflect
the mass concern to guard East Paki-
stan from the elements.
Perhaps once again (as in August)
natural disaster will postpone polling;
perhaps democracy, in all its trivial
and gimmicky aspects, seems irrele-
vant to the enormity of the carnage.
The first and right problem is simply
saving lives. But later there will be
a second choice. Pakistani forgetful-
ness and acceptance of more tragedy
or Pakistani determination finally to
stem the floods. A challenge to new
parties, new leaders; a challenge,
literally, which will make or break a
country.
Did King
Hussein
meet the
Israelis?
Eric Silver,
page 4
what can
Yahya Khan
do about it?
Page 5
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 The Manchester
Guardian Weekly
Week ending
November2l, 1970
Vol. 103, No 20
Editor
JOHN PERKIN
Asst. Editor
IAIN WILLIAMSON
The "Guardian Weekly" draws on the services
of the British morning newspaper the
'"Guardian," published daily in London and
Manchester
Arab World: David Hirst
Australia: Geoffrey Tebbutt
Belgium: HenriSchoup
Canada: Clyde Sanger
Communist Affairs: Victorlorza
Eastern Europe: Jonathan Steele
France: Nesta Roberts
Margot Lyon
Germany: Norman Crossland
India: Inder Malhotra
Israel: Walter Schwarz
Italy: George Armstrong
Japan: Stuart Griffin
LatinAmerica: Christopher Roper
Netherlands: Rienkldenburg
New Zealand: Ian Templeton
Pakistan: S.R.Ghauri
Rhodesia: Peter Niesewand
South Africa: Stanley Uys
Spain: Bill Cemlyn-Jones
Tanzania: David Martin
Turkey: Sam Cohen
UnlledStales: AlistairCooke
Richard Scott
Adam Raphael
Jefferson Morgan
Zambia: Christopher Parker
Roving
correspondents: Harold Jackson
Michael Lake
Martin Woollacott
Hella Pick
Marcolm Dean
Jonathan Steele
Di ptomatic and
Commonwealth: Patrick Keatley
Defence: DavidFairhall
Education: Richard e
Victor Keegan
Industry:
Labour: JohnTorode
Literary editor: W. L. Webb
Parliament Norman Shrapnel
Planning: Judy Hillman
John Arddl
Francis Boyd
Ian Aitken
Mark Arnold- Forster
Peter Jenkins
Science: Anthony Tucker
Welfare: Ann Shearer
Features: Peter Preston
Dennis Johnson
HarryWhewell
TerryColema n
John Hall
Miscellany: Eric Silver
The Arts: Merete Bates
Neville Cardus
CarolineTisdall
Edward Greenfield
Derek Malcolm
Richard Roud
Philip Hope-Wallace
Saleroom: Donaldwintersgill
Sports: John Arlott
Richard Baerlein
Albert Barham
Michael Carey
Brian Chapman
Alan Dunn
David Gray
David Frost
John Rodda
John Samuel
Eric Todd
Pat W ard-Thomas
Business: Anthony Harris
Subscription prices
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Editorial correspondence to
the Editor:
Manchester Guardian Weekly,
164 Deansgate,
Manchester M60 2RR, England
Please mail the
Manchester Guardian Weekly
for one year to:
I enclose:
Manchester Guardian Weekly,
20 East 53rd Street,
New York, N.Y.10022
DP78B05703A000400100001-0
British
Sir,-The acquisition of the
British-owned motor- industry by
Lancashire's lordly whizz kid and
his team of supersalesnten was
vaunted as the opening of a new
age for the British motor industry:
BLMC was to be the imperial gem
of a newtrade imperialism.
But just as Lancashire cotton
imperialism collapsed in paranoic
megalomania-how could we prefer
Empire-made cotton goods? -so
also would the motor industry
appear to he collapsing. Lord
Stokes says we must be nuts to
buy foreign: protection by patri-
otism is to replace protection by
tariff.
No credence can be given to his
view. We buy foreign if, within our
area of choice, the foreign buy
appears best. British motor vehicle
technology is undoubtedly ad-
vanced, but the quality of the
finished product remains low. The
theoretical technology is of no
avail if it cannot be applied effec-
tively on the production line. The
excuse that component parts are
to blame is no excuse, unless
BLMC renounce responsibility for
v. foreign cars
A soundly-built car, even if based
on a rudimentary technology, is
worth all of Lord Stoke's exhorta-
tions. It is to the end of
good quality throughout the whole
of the BLMC range that. BLMC
management should apply them-
selves. Or in other words supply us
with a choice that is viable rather
than with insults.
In the 1970s the market is not
going to be home and export: it
will be a single entity. All areas
must he supplied with the product,
service facilities. 'Ind spares. But
even now distribution in the UK
seems haphazard. Criticism of
BLMC by franchise-holders is re-
garded as hostility and incurs
threats rather than assistance.
Several franchise-holders are de-
monstrating their kick of faith in
their future with BLMC and are
opting for imported manes. They
feel that they will be involved in a
trading partnership which is coo-
structed for the benefit of the
customer as well as themselves.
It is on two fronts that BLMC
fail down: on their product and on
their marketing. The analogy With
cotton is perhaps complete. There
is even trouble down at t'mill.-
Yours faithfully,
A. Robert Ellison
University of Keefe
Students' Union.
Sir, -Recent writings and argu-
ments about the considerable
increase in Continental car sales
in Britain seem to have skated
round a key point without men-
tioning it. The sales policies of
home manufacturers have given
considerable stimulus to foreign
car sales. Their main distributors
in every town are rapidly becom-
ing their sole distributors. The
smaller garage men are losing
their local agencies. This small
incentive bought their loyalty and
their interest in giving a good
maintenance service to their
neighbourhood customers to sell
the replacement and preserve the
good reputation of the cars they
sold and cared for. Many of these
disfranchised former agents refuse
to decline: they are in a com-
petitive rush to pick tip foreign
agencies. -Yours faithfully,
J. E. Battye.
134 Wetherby Road,
Harrogate.
then buying-
Democracy and Quebec
Sir, -As a Canadian I was like 80 per cent of them F ench-
pleased to read Stephanie speaking, disag with
Williams's letter published beside separatists, a minority group
the sweeping denunciations of the among them, t stru adr ark by
r
group from Bristol Gardens. The lack of support
two letters sent me back to re- savagely violent methods to force
read Adam Raphael in the issue their opinions upon the majority.
of October 24. His report is, I The French-speaking Government
think, a very fair and fairly com- of the iProvince of Qseb c, to phis feet
fro t
plete one.
The present situation arises violence, requested aid from t he
out of the struggle, in the Province Federal Government.
of Quebec, between those who. The other provinces of Canada
recognising and accepting as valid have refrained from active inter
the various grievances of the ference, believing that this is, at
people, believe that these can be this point, a matter for the pehl
righted within the framework of of Quebec to settle. The only
confederation, and those who opposition hati~ol come f omspe he
believe that only separation can -mainly pol lication o
do this. When the provincial elec- affect to see in the app
tion showed that a very significant the War Measures Act aTthre t
majority of the voters, something to their political liberty.
Waste not, want not
Sir, -Dr Anthony Harris sets out
(November 14) to tell us what is
wrong with our body economic.
And suddenly, bang, in the middle
of the diagnoses, there it is: the
indication that the good doctor
himself is not very well. "It is
essential not to take action to
check growth, but rather to
stimulate it ... the purpose of a
freeze is to check price move-
ments, not to control demand."
"Growth" of what? "Demand
for what? For more vehicles to
add to road congestion and other
problems; for colour TV sets; for
plastic trinkets; for Concorde air-
craft; for moon rockets; or for
what?
My parents and grandparents
in their day believed in "waste
not want not," in "cutting your
coat according to your cloth."
What is wrong with that, I)r
Harris? -Yours etc.,
Norrie Ward.
3 Britannia Road,
Morley, Yorkshire.
What incentive?
Sir. --By stating, as he did during
his interview oil '' panorama," that
those families who will be worse
off as a result of the Barber pack-
age should overcome their diffi-
culties by changing their pattern
of expenditure, does Mr Heath
really mean that:
spite of the fact that Mr Trudeau
stated at the beginning that it
would be retired as soon as Parlia-
ment could draft it less drastic
measure to control the situation.
This is presently being done.
If to be democratic one must
sit passively and allow a turbulent
minority to ride roughshod over
the majority and its elected repre-
sentatives and dictate what tbc)
shall think and do, then I suppose
we are now being undemocratic in
Canada. There are a few people
here who seem to think so. But
most of us have other ideas.-
Yours very truly,
Hamilton,
Ontario.
The tax on
knowledge
Sir,-How reasonable the pro-
posal that there should be a
charge of 2s 6d to enter national
museums and art galleries
sounds. This seems little enough
when today 2s 6d will only buy
a large packet of cornflakes. But
having spent a marvellous week
in London taking our children
(aged 4, 5, 6, and 8) to the
museums and art galleries we
realise fully the value of the
privilege we have just had with-
drawn.
With a charge to enter, say, the
Tate we would have to weigh up
our priorities very carefully in the
context of our family budget.-for
an hour-long visit (which is
enough for a start) one would have
to think twice and perhaps be
forced to decide that they were
after all a trifle young to appre-
ciate all they might see. To
impose charges would widen the
gap between those that go and
those that never have, to the
detriment of society as a whole.
There is no better way to enrich
the life of the nation than pro-
viding the facilities for everyone
to know and enjoy their heritage
This is another petty econon~t,
the effect of which is not
mediately apparent-how c-tn we
expect future generations to care
for their nations treasures if they
only belong to those who can
afford to look?
The estimated "benefit" front
this exercise will be ?1 million:
the cost to the corning generations
will be enormous.
Beryl and Brian Mason-
8 Cound Close,
Wellington, Salop.
Sit. -Fur 16 years I have held a
reader's ticket for the British
Museum. serious
there, , day in, day out, winter and
summer, so far as earning my'
living allows. This ticket is one of
the most precious possessions of
my life. It is not true to say it is
free; I pay rates and taxes-
Most Most London national munbamm
are together at South Ktin to o0
Families visit one exxpes ee n for
to the other three.
small families, for four museums,
could be very burdensome. Even-
ing course fees are to be raised.
Serious users of museums do not
treat their visit as entertainment;
they go to learn and worship
beauty.
The nineteenth century saa
victory in the fight for the un-
stamped press, the free and public
library, the abolition of the taxes
on knowledge.
Is the latter part of the twentieth
century going to put fetters on
the mind and reimpose the taxes
on knowledge? How feeble a flame
is liberty, how it gutters.-Yours
faithfully,
(Miss) G. Hawtin.
Wimbledon,
London SW 19.
my family's standards and
welfare.
Alan Legg.
Old Marston, Oxford-
Doomwatch
Sir,-1 am astonished that the
BBC should jeopardise its tradi-
tion of political impartiality. On
page 67 of the current issue of
the "Radio Times" is published
a picture of Mr Heath having
won the election. Also shown
are scenes from five inter-
national catastrophes. - Yours
faithfully, I) II. Stokes.
74 Gaynes?ord,
Basildon, Essex.
(a) I should refrain from buying
the milk for my two young chil-
dren for which I will no longer
recieve a welfare voucher;
(b) my wife should refrain from
taking the Pill when the cost of
its prescription is increased and
run the risk of an unwanted
addition to our family;
(c) We should both resist the
temptation to pay regular six
monthly visits to the dentist?
If he does not, then I ant truly
at a toss to know how I can
possibly gain an incentive from
the measures to work harder
when, in fact, they cause a real
increase in my cost of living or
table deterioration in
an unaccep
nth Africa-evolution or .at revolt* t?
So e light Df the
Sir,-Surely it is a fine rage Pro-
fessor Blacking is in over the pro-
posed sale of arms to South Africa
(Weekly: October 31) . But the
blood in his eye is really no excuse
for his misuse of English words.
There may be some validity in the
catch phrase "black power" in the
American political context: or
even in the early enthusiasms of
the OAU before it began to fall into
disarray alter personal powe-
struggles and the quid pro quo
manoeuvres now evident in the
Middle East. In the South African
context, the phrase is meaningless.
There are 21.3 million people
here: 14.9 million "blacks," 3.8
million "whites," 2 million onus ai elicit economic changes
"browns" (Coloureds), and 0.6 1-;11- cy . t l tee, radical new
million Asiatics (mostly Indian now taking p
and Malay) . Of the 14.9 million economic alliances will have to be
blacks, Lit least 12.0 million are formed to aver anisunpiecedented
Zulus, Xhosas, Tswanas, and inflationary adiit links be
Sothos, who will nut welcome Yro- broadening of U g
fessor Blacking's careless treat- tween black and white in Africa
ment of their ethnic pride. The 2.0 (and thus "dialogue) ales'e I art
million Coloureds have been bred of a new emerging l:
to Western European culture and heady than assegais. knobkerries,
tradition for 300 years and are demonstrations, and nail bombs
mostly upper blue collar workers but, then, evolution (persuasion)
moving fast into white collar jobs: has never made newspaper head-
ce'tainl_y they are no possible part lines has it? -Youu s laithfullY, .
of a black power group.
South Africa and the (_'onunon Ma shalitowlr,
Market need cause no concern: Transvaal.
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THE WEEK
In what might finally he recorded
as lie worst natural disaster in
history, a cyclone and tidal wave
struck coastal areas and offshore
islands in the Bay of Bengal. By
midweek, official estimates put the
death toll at around 60,000, but
the "Pakistan Times," published
by the Government Press Trust,
said the figure could reach a mil-
lion. More than two million people
across a wide area of East Paki-
stan were affected by the floods,
and half that number are thought
to be left homeless and without
proper food and water supplies.
The fertile region to the south
of Dacca has attracted one of the
most dense populations in the
world, and relief organisations
said that the loss of crops and
cattle could lead to acute short-
ages. But a more immediate threat
is that of cholera and typhoid
epidemics spread by polluted
water.
Reports said bodies were still
floating in streams and rice
paddies, in spite of efforts since
the weekend to put them in com-
munal graves. The largest island,
Bhola, was said to contain 50,000
dead; another island, llatiya, wits
submerged under l0 feet of water.
India was one of the first
countries to promise aid, worth
.?27,000. The British Government
committed ?30,000 for immediate
relief, and voluntary organisations
donated another ?'20,000, Mr
Nixon promised I1S aid amounting
to tt millions.
The Lockheed TriStar airliner
made a successful maiden flight,
powered by Rolls-Royce RB 211-22
engines. Rolls - Ito yce itself an-
nounced a loss of ?48 millions for
the first half of the year, chiefly
provision for escalating develop-
ment costs of the engine, which
has run into trouble with the
original carbon - fibre turbine
blades. Rolls-Royce negotiated a
fixed price contract with Lockheed
in 1968, and now the British
Government has stepped in with
?12 nril!ions in aid on top of tie
?47 millions already granted. The
move goes against the Govern-
ment's stated refusal to bail out
ailing industries, but too much
was involved both in prestige,
eventual dollar earnings, and
penalty clauses for it to stand idly
hy.
The decision to grant Govern-
ment aid was criticised by the
Conservative fundamentalist, Mr
Enoch Powell, who said he would
have let the firm go bust; all it
would do would increase inflation-
ary wage demands. Mr heath
replied to critics of his economic
policy during a major speech in
London, arguing that the strategy
on which the Government had
embarked was it long-term one.
lie said previous administrations
had been diverted from their long-
term aims by short-term difficul-
ties.
The unofficial strike by coal
miners showed signs of breaking,
as a number of collieries went back
to work. Lord Roberts, chairman
of the National Coal Board,
blamed the strike action on Com-
munists: this was denied by the
miners' leaders. Lord Rohens's
term of office is due to expire
shortly but he is expected to be
reappointed, with a rise of ?2,500,
bringing his salary to .?20,000 a
year.
There was good news for the
Government in the trade figures
for October a surplus of ?27
millions. Exports were a record
?719 millions, compared with
?724 millions in September.
The Israeli Cabinet, including
the Prime Minister, Mrs Meir, ap-
peared this week to have shifted
their ground in the attempts
being made to break the impasse
on the Middle East peace talks.
Mrs Meir called in the Knesset
for the creation of conditions mak-
ing possible the resumption of
contacts with Egypt and Jordan
through the UN mediator, Dr
Jarring. In Syria, the Defence
Minister, Mr Hafez Assad, was
firmly established in power after
a bloodless coup against his
civilian rivals.
The Russian author, Andrei
Amalrik, was sentenced to three
years in it labour camp after stand-
ing trial at the Urals city of Sverd-
lovsk accused of writing articles
criticising Soviet domestic and
foreign policy. But in Moscow
there were further signs of a grow-
ing struggle for civil liberties.
Three leading scientists, including
Dr Andrei Sakharov, "father" of
the Soviet II-bomb, formed a conr-
mittee for human rights, and sent
details of its aims to Western
correspondents in Moscow.
Mstislav Rost-opovich, the cellist,
openly criticised the official con-
trol over the arts and literature,
and complained of a Soviet press
campaign criticising the Nobel
literature prize winner, Alexander
Solzhenitsyn.
Archbishop ,soothes Moslems
by Stanley Uys in Cape Town
The Archbishop of Canterbury
explained to South Africa's upset
Moslem community on Tuesday
that he. had not meant to link
Islam with Communism in remarks
he made last week. Dr Ramsey
had said that resumption of arms
sales by Britain to South Africa
might be seen by Africans as
symbolic of upholding Mr Vorster's
regime, and might cause them to
turn away from Christianity and
towards other creeds "like Islam
and Communism."
The Archbishop is on a three-
week visit to South Africa in con-
nection with the centenary of the
autonomy of the Anglican Church
in South Africa.
On arrival in Port Elizabeth, Dr
Ramsey said he had the "friend-
liest relations with Islam, both in
England and other places where I
have been. We share with Islam
a belief in God."
Dr Ramsey told reporters he had
merely mentioned two things that
were different from Christianity.
Questioned about allegations
that the Anglican Church prac-
tised apartheid in South Africa,
I)r Ramsey said that in a country
where the races were separated,
it was not easy for any Church to
practise integration. It was his
impression that the Anglican
Church was doing its best to
achieve integration.
Asked why clergy of different
races were paid different stipends,
the Archbishop said this was a
difficult and complex matter, and
he did not have all the facts.
s
Russia's moonrover
by Anthony Tucker
Lunokhod-1, Russia's moon
crawler, this week became the first
vehicle to travel across the lunar
surface. It represents a technical
level yet unapproached in the
American moon programme.
The crawler was shown on Mos-
cow television to be about ]Oft
long and 5ft wide. Power comes
from batteries which are recharged
by solar cells.
The Soviet space base at
Baikonus is guiding it around the
moon's surface by radio, but be-
cause of the inevitable delay in
response time over the double
journey of 240,000 miles, an auto-
matic switch off has been incor-
porated should the crawler pitch or
roll above pre-set angles.
It is not clear what equipment
the crawler is carrying. It. rolled
down automatic ramps from Luna-
l7 two hours after touchdown at
4 37 BST on Tuesday on the Marc
Imbrium.
This initial journey of about 20
yards was followed by slow
manoeuvres, but included the de-
ployment of a French-built laser
reflector which will be used, as the
Apollo equipment has been, for
accurate measurements of lunar
distance and oscillation.
Signals picked up at Britain's
Jodrell Bank radiotelescope were
complex and could include infor-
mation from an on-board surface
analysis system, but with Luna-16
experience of drilling and scooping,
it seems very probable that Lunok-
hod-I and its followers will be
capable of collecting material that
is seen by TV and selected from
earth.
If the quality of television is
high, this could be a more effective
way of selecting samples than by
sending highly skilled, but non-
scientific, men to the moon. And
because of stringent payload
limitations in the present Apollo
programme, which restrict land-
ings to regions close to the lunar
equator, the Russians may be the
first to sample materials from the
lunar poles where there may be
sub-surface permafrost.
The latest Russian landing,
based according to Tass on the
standard Luna platform and there-
fore intended for return to earth,
was farther north than any earlier
landing, and required a consider-
able adjustment of lunar orbit be-
fore it could be made.
Pledge on Cuban base
by Adam Raphael, Washington, November 17
Russia has assured the United
States in secret talks that it has
no intention of basing nuclear sub-
marines in Cuba. Although Russian
ships, including a submarine
tender and rescue tugs, are still
in Cienfuegos Harbour, these as-
surances, which are understood
to have been given by the Soviet
Ambassador, Mr Dobrynin, to the
US Secretary of State, Mr Rogers,
have satisfied the Administration.
A State Department spokesman
Mr Robert McCloskey, made no,
public reference to the talks in the
daily correspondence briefing
today but declared that the Ad-
ministration was confident that "an
understanding'' existed.
The statement corresponded
closely to one made by the Ad-
rninist'ation on Friday except that
the first left out the indefinite
article and referred specifically to
"understanding" based on the
Russian statement in Tass on
October 13. This denied that
Russia had any intention of build-
ing a base of "its own" at Cien-
fuegos.
Pentagon and State Department
sources said the movements of
Soviet ships near Cuba were still
being closely monitored by air
reconnaissance, but much of the
steam appears to have gone out
of t he crisis today.
The Cienfuegos affair, most of
which has been conducted by
sec?rct diplomacy, is likely to re-
main a mystery unto one of the
principal participants decides that
the time is ripe for disclosures.
What induced Russia to test the
validity of the 1962 understanding
by its construction work at Cien-
fuegos and the deployment of its
submarine support ships is still
not clear, nor is it known what
pressures the US may have
brought to bear to persuade the
Soviets to cancel their plans - if
indeed they intended to use Cuba
as a refuelling base for their Y-
class submarines patrolling the
Caribbean.
The US Defence Department
said yesterday that Russia con-
tinues to snake progress on de-
velopment of the MIRV missile
the nuclear-tipped multiple re-
entry vehicle and it could thus
be assumed that this would lead
to perfection.
The spokesman said no Russian
MIRV tests had been carried out
in the Pacifier test zone recently
marked out by Moscow.
Such tests would be viewed as
possible stumbling blocks in the
strategic arms limitation talks
between the United States and the
Soviet tluion, in which the two
Powers are striving to limit de-
ployment of nuclear offensive and
defensive weaponry.
If Washington believed Moscow
had perfected a MIRY, it would
affect the arms balance tinder
discussion at the Helsinki talks,
defence experts said.
Bribes
scandal
grows
by Norman Crossland
in Bonn
A political scandal that started
here with allegations by a Free
Democratic MP that he had been
offered bribes to join the Oppo-
sition has developed into a con-
fusion of recrimination that must
surely damage the reputation of
politicians generally.
The role of the MP, Herr Geldner,
appears only marginally less
questionable than the methods
used by Right-wing supporters to
persuade him to defect.
There is always the fear here
that this kind of affair might
tempt people to support an ex-
tremist party. My butcher said to
me this week: "Just look at that
lot in Bonn, engaged in some
gigantic fiddle while we have to
work for every pfennig." Such
reactions usually benefit the ex-
tremists.
The "Stuttgarter Zeitung" said
that the affair was no comic,
political whodunit, but the big-
gest scandal in West Germany's
parliamentary history. Many
aspects of the story were still
obscure, but it had been proved
that to some people Herr Geldner's
defection from the Free Demo-
crats was worth ?50,(00.
Herr Geldner had gone to the
lengths of announcing his switch
to Herr Strauss's party, the
Christian Social Union, to the
Speaker of the Bundestag, and lot'
weeks had been misleading his
colleagues.
Herr Geldner, a master baker
from Bavaria who has not shone
as an MP, had signed a contract
to work in an advisory capacity
for four years - at about ?12,500
a year -- for it Herr Beyer, the
owner of a paper mill in West-
phalia. Herr Beyer was a founder
member of National Liberal
Action, a Right-wing offshoot of
the Free Democratic Party.
It is now clear that the two
men had been close friends for
years. Herr Beyer is denying that
he was trying to seduce Herr
Goldner away from the Free
Democrats. "He was going to
make business contacts for me,"
he said. "Ile's not just a master
baker these clays, but a profes-
sional politician."
Herr Strauss, whose party comes
out of the affair badly, has been
trying to turn the tables. He said
this week that the Christian
Socialists had never offered any-
body any money to defect from
another party and that it had no
connection with National Liberal
Action. (It is well known that the
chairman of NLA, Herr Zoghnann,
has been having political discus-
sions with Herr Strauss recently.)
One theory was, said Herr
Strauss, that Herr Geldner had at
first been seriously toying with the
idea of leaving the Free Demo-
crats, but had changed his mind
at the last moment.. "What's been
going on here can only be de-
scribed as a bit of underworld."
According to Herr Strauss, the
Free Democratic Party had offered
highly paid posts to persuade
two Right-wing defectors, Herr
Zoglntann and Herr Starke, to
resign their seats instead of going
over to the Opposition. They had
refused. Herr Strauss alleged that
the Free Democrats had wanted
to replace the rebels with Mem-
hers who would be loyal to the
coalition Government.
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
) Guardian Weekly November 211970
Syria's secretive coup
The military wing of the ruling
I3a',ithist regime appears to have
triumphed in Syria over its civilian
rivals, and opened the door fot-
inajur changes in i country held
for our and a half years in the
fight grip 01 party dictatorship.
fast week there took ptacc what
has heen described as a ''coup
without communique No I-" This
is the first broadcast which Arabs,
after a coup, make to their
supposedly delighted people.
But for two days the Syrian
radio, true to the ultra-secretive
ways of Ba'athisln, had covered
events far and wide, but none in
Syria itself. More than one Syrian
came to Beirut last weekend
to find out what is going on in his
country.
However, it does seem that
Lieutenant-General Hafiz Al-Assad
the Defence Minister and head of
the military faction, has struck
with unprecedented vigour against
his rival Major-General Salah
Jadid, assistant secretary-general
of the party, and his extreme Left-
%%'ing civilian supporters.
Reports, such as they are, agree
that General Jadid, with several
henchmen, is in the Mezze prison,
which the Ba'athists were once
going to replace with a people's
pleasure park.
But this is an old conflict and
experienced observers hesitate to
say that General Assad intends
this time to oust his rival for good.
He has seemed on the point of
doing so, and has then retracted,
many times before.
The latest round was triggered
off by the tlo6.-,~: T"'''l'In or
rather the dispute arlsfng eat o1
Syria's intervention, and, less
directly, by the death of President
Nasser. But these events merely
accelerated what was corning any-
way-
Tile duality of power, with the
army at odds with the party, was
becoming intolerable. For three
weeks an emergency session of
the party leadership has been de-
hating the problem. If General
Assad had not acted himself, a
powerful group of officers
wounded in their military anwur-
propre, might have acted without
him.
For them the last straw came
last week when General Jadid and
his civilian henchmen bluntly
by David Hirst
in Beirut
called on General Assad and the
army to toe the party line. As the
army's prompt reaction showed,
they were in no position to enforce
this call.
How far will General Assad go?
The Ba'athist regime is, in
essence, a minority regime,
founded on the solidarity of the
sub-Shiite Moslem sect, the Ala-
wites. They represent about nine
per cent of the population, who
have an historic grudge against
the Sunni Moslem majority. Gen-
erals Assad and Jadid are Alaw-
ites. If General Assad gets rid of
General Jadid, he is in danger of
setting Alawite against Alawite.
That is why observers believe
that, even now, the two, knowing
that ultimately they will stand or
fall together, can reach some fresh
compromise-though a compro-
.^w, .: . I ` h General Jadid will
certainly come off worse.
Both want to preserve the Ala-
wite character of the regime. Both
have the traditional minority fear
of pan-Arabism. General Assad
would, if lie could, end the c'on-
flic't without deposing General
Jadid. But if he cannot it is be-
cause their differences now out-
weigh their common convictions.
General Assad. out of conviction
or c'irc'umstances, has always seen
the need to disguise the regional
character of the regime in pan-
Arab apparel. Now that President
Nasser, the always menacing
focus of pan-Arabism, has gone,
General Jadid, the rallying point
of the anti-Nasserists, has lost
some of his raison d'etre. The
more that General Assail asserts
himself the readier Syria will be
to follow in Egypt's footsteps.
It is not true that because
General Jadid was in favour of
intervention in the Jordanian civil
war and General Assad was
against it, General .Jadid is more
uncompromisingly anti-Israel than
General Assad.
General Jadid wanted to inter-
vene because, ever since he was
supplanted as the Syrian strong
man, he has seen the Palestinian
resistance, and especially the
Syrian-hacked Saiqah organisa-
tion, as his main chance for re-
building his power. General Assad
is now said to he curbing Saiqah
but this is less a move against
the Palestinians than against his
rival.
Whichever way Egypt. leads
General Assad will try to follow-
towards peace, if Egypt leads that
way, or towards war. Either way,
a victory for him must be at the
expense of Israel, because it
means a new chance for inter-
Arab collaboration-and Israel
has always thrived on Arab
discord.
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Ring of truth about
Hussein-Alton talks
by Eric Silver
Official spokesman in Amman
and Jerusalem have denied re-
ports of a secret meeting between
King Hussein and the Israeli
deputy Prime Minister, Mr Yigal
Allon. The balance of opinion
among correspondents in Israel
remains, however, that the story
is true.
Reports of the meeting, said to
have taken place in the desert
north of the twin Israeli and
Jordanian towns of Elath and
Akaba, have been rife in Jerusa-
lem for the past week.
The Israeli censors were still
refusing this week to allow foreign
correspondents to report what
they knew or believed about the
alleged meeting. Listeners in Lon-
don heard Michael Elkins, the
BBC correspondent in Jerusalem,
deliberately defy censorship. He
was joined in this by two other
foreign radio journalists.
"Since the story has been pub-
lished," Elkins said by telephone
to the BBC, "Leading correspond-
ents - I among them - have
decided to challenge what seems
to us totally unjustified censor-
ship. The meeting between King
Hussein and the Israeli deputy
Prime Minister did take place. It
is not the first meeting the king
has had with Israeli leaders."
There have been previous re-
ports from Israel of clandestine
meeting between Israeli and
Jordanian representatives since
the 1967 war - in Switzerland and
in Jordan (the river bridges are
open and anyone with the right
permit can cross the "order with-
out attracting undue attention).
If King Hussein did indeed
rendezvous with Mr Alton it implies
that both sides are anxious to
explore the prospects of a separ-
ate accommodation between Israel
and Jordan. The King would evid-
ently feel that at this stage he
could not trust the task to a
subordinate. The Jordanian civil
war and its attendant upheaval of
loyalty are too close for such com-
fort.
It would also suggest that the
king's intentions are serious and
that he feels an unusual sense of
urgency. Hussein cannot have
forgotten that his grandfather,
King Abdulla, was assassinated
for contemplating agreement with
Israel, and that his death followed
a secret meeting with Mrs Golda
Meir, who was smuggled into
Amman disguised as an Arab
woman.
The dangers would be no less
now than they were when Abdulla
was killed in 1951. What might
have tempted Hussein is the lull
in his conflict with the Palestinian
guerrillas, and an appreciation
that for the time being at least
their position is weaker than at
any period since the war. The
change of regimes in Cairo - and
more recently in Damascus -
might also have given the King
a sense of having more elbow
room than usual.
Whether or not the desert meet-
Ing did take place, the publicity
it has now received must have put
an end to any hopes of early pro-
gress. Perhaps that is why this
week's denials were so categorical
and so bitter.
Soya bean,
hay been.
by Alistair Cooke, New York, November 13
After 20 years of so of keeping
his car to the ground, the 1)ic't
Conscious American got to his
feel today and wished a plague
on the whole medieval profession.
Obediently, old DCA has gone
from blackstrap molasses to
cottage cheese, from meiraca1 to
yogurt, froni the drinking titan's
diet to high protein Without
alcohol. Buffeted by one dogma
after another he has trusted to
one certain sheet-anchor: poly-
unsaturated fats, because the one
certified villain in the past dozen
years has been cholesterol, right?
Study after study, survey piled on
survey. convinced us all eons ago
that fatty meats, butter, carbo-
hydrates. milk, were the surest
recipe for hea rt disease.
Ten years ago, the clinics could
hardly hold the invasion of ex-
pansive businessmen submitting
to cholesterol counts and emerging
with the dire resolution to avoid
from then on all bacon, milk, cream
and cakes and to put in a weekly
order for soya bean and other
vegetable oils. The rush of females
was deterred only by the odd dis-
covery that women don't have to
worry about cholesterol until after
the change of life,
Now 60 years after an obscure
monograph demonstrated a sure
relationship between the intake of
tats and hardening of the arteries,
the American Heart Association
arrived in Atlantic City and began
its annual show with a performance
by Pearce and Dayton, a couple
of blasphemers from the University
of California ,it Los Angeles, who
nlay set >,I% ' - bl? to 1 : I?, .r :,, ..
back 60 years and, conversely, rr-
c'civc the dairy industry's next
citizenship award.
'1'llcsc heretic's have been work-
ing for eight years on 846 elderly
muds who had gone on consuming
the old meal and potatoes, apple
pie and ice c'rcanl, high saturated.
.III-American diet.
The Messrs Pearce and Dayton
were alarmed and intrigued by the
further finding that many of the old
men who popped off with cancer
had been on the polyunsaturated
diet for only a few months Post
hoc propter hoc seemed to sug-
gest that a quick retreat from
bacon to soya bean was the surest
path to the grave.
This amunlnc'etnc'nt threw the
attending heart specialists into
confusion and self-defensive pos-
tures. for many of them have
earned their eminence on their
religious dedication to the poly
-
unsaturated doctrine. A heart man
from Massachusetts tossed off the
whole thing by remarking that
"these old men were soon to die,
if they weren't going to die of heart
disease, it had to he something
else. Cancer was a logical alterna-
tive."
An expert from the National
Heart and Lung Institute had done
sonic studies, admittedly much
shorter, which did not confirm the
Pearce-Dayton findings. However,
to spread alarm on the distaff side,
a Canadian heart specialist added
the news that female rats fed a
diet high in polyunsaturated fats
tended to show also a high in-
cidence of cancerof the breast.
The meeting ended with a cauti-
ous retreat. by the medical direc-
torof the American Heart Associa-
tion. The association, he said, had
never made a big point of increas-
IPR 11n1y'tlfl6'Itnr'ltf d fats. The
ae+.de u...i %% as to reduce the
Sattn:dcd fats Colt out the milk
bacon, butter, etc, but don t take
on the suspect polyunsaturateds.
men. Those of them who stayed were offered forguessing what hap-
with a diet low in saturated fats, pens to a man, young or old, who
and high in polyunsaturated fats. takes in no fats at all. Boredom,
showed indeed half the incidence languor, lassitude, and coma, that's
of heart disease found in those what. Well, if you don't die of heart
whose vices were versa. But they disease or cancer, it has to be
also showed double the death rate something else. Starvation is a
from cancer of those stick-in-the- logical alternative.
Birth control ban stays
by George Armstrong in Rome
The Pope again condemned birth opinions held in international
control, and again created some organisations which extol planned
confusion with a hedging qualifica- birth control which, it is believed,
tion on the ban, in a speech to will bring a radical solution to the
delegates from the 119 member problems of developing countries.
nations of the United Nations' "We must repeat this today: the
Food and Agriculture Organisa- Church, on her part, in every
tion (FAO).
The AO) rile domain of human action, en-
(in these days of courages scientific and technical
press officers and speech advisers) progress, but always claims
of the multiplication of errors in respect for the inviolable rights
interpreting a Papal pronounce- of the human person whose
went thus continues. Whatever primary guarantors are the public
outsiders Inay read into this authorities.
week's speech, it is improbable
that the Pope has changed his "Being firmly opposed to a birth
mind on birth control for Roman control which, according to the
Catholics, or for anyone else. just expression of Pope John XXIII,
The controversy which resulted would be in accordance with `the
from the cloudy phrasing of his methods and means which are tin-
1967 encyclical, "Popularum pro' worthy of man,' the Church calls
gressio," when even the then head on all those responsible to work
of FAO thought the Pope had with fearlessness and generosity
given his for the development go-ahead for birth con- of the he whole
e
trol in developing countries, is not Ivan and every man. This, among
worth reliving. other effects, will undoubtedly
The Pope said on Monday: "Cer- favour a rational control of birth
tainl_y, in the face of the difficul- by couples who are capable of
ties to be overcome (in solving freely assuming their own destiny."
the world's food problems), there It could be noted that he attribu-
is a great temptation to use one's ted to Pope John the rejection of
authority to diminish the number "a'' form of birth control. The
of guests rather than to multiply phrase "couples who are capable
the bread that is to be shared. Of freely assuming their own
We are not at all unaware of the destiny"is the real puzzle.
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703AO00400100001-0
The death toll in the East Pakistan flood disaster is likely to be among
the highest the world has ever known-certainly more than 40,000,
possibly as much as half a million. A twenty-foot wave, blown by
a cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, swept over the low-lying and densely
populated islands at the mouth of the Ganges. Here KALIM SADDIQUI
looks at the political obstacles in the way of flood prevention schemes.
Food, famine, and flood
A labyrinth of channels and
thousands of little islands form the
Ganges-Brahmaputra delta that
opens into the Bay of Bengal, east
of ('aleutta. This Mater landscape
provides the million` who live
there were three things flood.
food, and famine - all equally
familiar.
In much of the area the land is
so flat and low that the only bar-
riers encountered by rivers are
their own overloads deposited in a
previous year, or the levees built
by over-zealous villagers. The
delta land is seldom more than
150 to 200 feet above sea level.
The sea habitually accepts the
waters from the Ganges and the
Brahtuapotra, but on the odd
occasions it rebels, turns the
tables on the delta, and one tidal
wave perhaps 20 or even 50ft high
destroys everything that man had
managed to build with his bare
hands since the last great wave.
This delta land supports 80 per
cent of the 70 million people of
Fast Pakistan, making it the
world's highest density area with
about 1,200 people to a square
toile. Mercifully, however, only
three to five million people are di-
rectly exposed to the danger from
the Bay of Bengal.
But these people are among the
poorest in the world, with a per
capita annual income of as little as
200 rupees. (The average per
capita income for Pakistan as a
whole, including the more de-
veloped. richer West Pakistan, is
418 rupees, or about ?30 at the
high official exchange rate.)
The last tidal wave, sweeping
about 15,000 people and 50,000
head of cattle out to sea, struck
the sauce area on May 11, 1965.
Most families there own a boat in
much the same way as Westerners
own a car-boats which capsize and
sink easily. As the bodies are
washed hack on to land, many of
the survivors are mopped up by
cholera and typhoid.
The rescuers and the Govern-
ment teams usually arrive too late
when there is little for them to do.
fhey find the problems of the area
so daunting that-on past experi-
ence-they shrug their shouiuerS
and go back to their air-conditioned
offices in Dacca or Islamabad-un-
til the next tidal wave.
Then the usual fashionable story
is heard -- "all communications
haver been disrupted by the
cyclones." All they can do in the
meantime is fly in helicopters and
aircraft, look down upon the desola-
tion, and perhaps drop food
wherever they see any remaining
evidence of life. The fact is that
these areas have no modern forms
of communication to be disrupted.
In the best conditions one often
has to wait a week to catch the
next boat to one of the islands.
Geography, however, is not the
only or the main problem of the
area. Throughout history Bengal
has been the marginal land of the
empires that have risen and fallen
on the Indian mainland.
Bengal has always been ruled by
it remote authority, and the para-
dox is that this authority has
never been more remote than since
independence in 1947. This need
not have been necessarily so if
local and provincial democratic
governments had been allowed to
develop, not disrupted by domi-
nant groups led by the Army in
West Pakistan.
Examine some of the contradic-
tions. The British introduced jute
to East Pakistan but partition left
the jute mills in Calcutta. Paki-
stan has built huge new jute mills
in Fast Pakistan but the agricul-
tural price policies pursued by chit
government have merely trans-
ferred the exploitation of jute
growers and peasants to entrepre-
neurs in Dacca and Chittagong.
Much of the relative prosperity of
West Pakistan, and particularly of
its urban centres, has been built
tip on the surplus of East Paki-
stan's jute-based foreign trade be-
ing transferred to pay for in-
dustrialisation in the West wing.
The annual transfer of resources
from East to West is about 250
million rupees. The cumulative loss
to the area since 1947, and in
particular since the army rule be-
gan under Ayub Khan's hegemony
in 1958, is stupendous.
Sino-Soviet competition in
The visit of President Yahya
Khan of Pakistan to Peking, which
ended last Saturday, shows again
the crucial position that Pakistan
occupies in great power diplomatic
and strategic calculations, in spite
of internal instability and fears
that the country may disintegrate.
Pakistan, more than most States,
lives by her foreign policy and has
become adept at using world con-
flicts to extract sustenance for her
own survival. In the Eisenhower-
Dulles era Pakistan became an
outcast in the growth of nonalign-
ment, when she joined SEATO and
Cento in return for, as the former
dictator Ayub Khan put it, "un-
limited aid."
The nonaligned have not for-
given her and Pakistan was not
invited to the nonaligned Summit
meeting at Lusaka. Yet it is Yahya
Khan who has an audience in
Peking before all the rest.
In the controversy over arms
for South Africa and the presumed
Soviet naval threat in the Indian
Ocean, Pakistan's recent military
arrangements with Moscow may
be causing anxiety in the West
as well as in Peking.
While Pakistan is still formally
an ally of the United States in
SEATO, she is suspected of having
it secret defence treaty with China,
and it secret agreement to let the
Soviet Union develop a naval base
at Gawadar, west of Karachi. In
return for building the base, the
Russians are expected to have
facilities for servicing their vessels
cruising in the Indian Ocean.
This puts Pakistan in the envi-
able position of being the only
Afro-Asian country with simul-
taneous defence arrangements
with China, Russia, and the US.
The Pakistani army, navy, and the
air force are equipped with arms
and material from the three super-
Powers.
The US decision to lift the arms
supply embargo imposed during
the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, was
clear acknowledgment that the US
was in danger of losing the initia-
tive there to China and Russia.
Communist supplies were large
enough to replace all US equip-
ment in the Pakistan defence ser-
vices within a few years.
When the Pentagon first hinted
in May that it would consider lift-
ing the five-year-old embargo,
Pakistanis reacted from a position
of strength. A Foreign Office
spokesman in Islamabad "wel-
comed" the impending change in
US policy but said that Pakistan
Karachi
had "diversified" sources of sup-
plies and was no longer dependent
on America. The Pentagon in the
end opened its arsenal without the
Pakistanis having to beg.
Another fact is that the Soviet
Union is linked with Pakistan by a
modern road completed in July
through Afghanistan into Quetta.
This road can be extended to link
up with the naval base at
Gawadar. For the moment, the
Russians are likely to use this
road link to supply stores, fuels,
and food to their ships as a substi-
tute to the long sea haul to Vladi-
vostok. The area is so remote that
it will be safe against espionage.
China, too, has its land link with
Pakistan since the opening of the
old "silk route" through Northern
Kashmir and Tibet. This road,
which is not to be compared with
the modern highway the Russians
have built, is being used for mule-
borne trade alone. But its military
and strategic potential is widely
recognised. Some Chinese military
aid to Pakistan is believed to have
come this way.
India has protested to Russia
and the US on their arms supplies
to Pakistan. But neither Russia
nor the US has felt able to leave
each other or China a clear field.
Compared with these resources
the cost of flood control measures
in East Pakistan is small. The
World Bank, which has been study-
ing the problem for some years.
has identified 20 multi-purpose
projects that will largely eliminate
the problem at an estimated cost
of around $800 millions.
Compared with what Pakistan
spends on the import of foreign
cars (mainly Japanese and Get,-
man), refrigerators, air-condi-
tioners, and other consumer goods,
this bill takes a new perspective.
Pakistan has contracted foreign
loans of over $5 billions, paying al-
most 20 per cent of its foreign ex-
change earnings in interest pay-
ments. In any ease, no determined
Government can be short of inter-
nal currency resources.
These inay not build the kind if
dams, barrages, and dikes the
World Bank proposes. Yet it
system of dikes based on outward
islands w at leant soften the bluek
could be achieved without any ex-
ternal grants. It is a failure of will
more than of money.
But the World Bank cannot raise
the 800 million dollars required
because death and destruction on
this scale is not a political issue.
To settle the explosive Indo-Paki-
stan dispute over the Indus
water, the World Bank and
the Western Powers managed to
make "a billion dollar investment
in peace."
But there is at last some evi-
dence that the present regime is
taking the problem more seriously.
In every speech that General
Yahya Khan has made he has
mentioned flood control as it top
priority. The only action he has so
far announced is: "Under my in-
structions the Planning Commis-
sion have already taken the initia-
tive to mobilise foreign assistance.
from all friendly countries to
finance this programme. I am con-
fident the international com-
munity will not fail us in financing
this programme, which is of such
crucial importance to the future of
East Pakistan."
But the President does not see
the urgency of the problem in
national terms. Mobilisation of in-
ternal resources to solve the prob-
lem, or at least make it less
hazardous, does "fit went to be on
the regime's agenda. Yahya
Khan added: ''We intend to set up
a Special hand for this purpose to
which contributions will be invited
from friendly countries and inter-
national financial institutions and
to which Pakistan itself will make
a suitable contribution."
Whether or not the world com-
munity responds to Yahya Khan's
appeal remains to be seen. What
is certain, however, is that some
more of the remaining hopes of an
orderly return to civilian and
democratic rule in Pakistan have
been swept out to sea.
by Kalim Saddiqui
India's stake in Pakistan's col-
laboration with Russia is even
greater than her conflicts with
Pakistan. In recent years India,
too, has granted the Russians
hunkering facilities in the Anda-
man and Nicobar Islands. Russia
has also been allowed a supply
depot at Visakhapatnam ostensibly
to handle her naval aid to India.
But geography is against India.
Only Pakistan can provide a land
outlet to the Russians to the warm
waters of the South - a dream of
all Russian rulers since Peter the
Great.
If Soviet naval ambitions in the
Indian Ocean area are what Britain
fears them to be, the Pakistan
connection is far more important
for the Soviet military planners
than anyhing India can offer. This
will have its inevitable political
consequences, though for the
moment the Pakistanis will be
satisfied with a Soviet-built steel
mill at Karachi and other econ-
omic aid.
All roads on the Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent ultimately lead to
Kashmir. Since 1966 the Soviet
Union has modified its former
stand of unqualified support for
India's contention that Kashmir
had become an integral part of the
Indian union.
Soviet diplomacy now takes it
much more neutral stand in line
with the Western Powers and would
not be expected to use her veto
in the Security Council to bail out
India as she did in the 1950s.
The growing warmth of Soviet-
Pakistan relations has no doubt
been noted in Peking as well. That
famous handshake between it
Chinese and an Indian diplomat
in Cairo recently may have been
a Chinese way of warning Pakistan
not to get any closer to the Soviet
Union, or China may mend her
Himalayan fences with India.
The Sino-Soviet competiton for
influence in Pakistan also poses a
problem for the West. Before any
new warmth can be put back into
the West's relations with Pakistan,
the Pakistanis will need to be
assured that they can expect more
positive help towards the solution
of the Kashmir and Farrakka
Barrage disputes with India.
While the Kashmir dispute re-
mains unresolved the Pakistanis
will find themselves increasingly
sucked into the Communist sphere
of influence just as they were into
the Western umbrella in the 1950s.
If this happens the Soviet naval
threat in the Indian Ocean area,
which is at present perhaps mini-
mal, could grow.
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
Wild bunch on the bench
Adam Raphael describes the perverted justice meted out in
some American courtrooms
So much is heard about the
problems of crime and violence in
the I'oited States. They are
analysed and agonised over to
such an extent that even those
most frightened switch with relief
to almost any other topic. Yet
little is said about the often appal-
ling standards of justice in a
society where judgeships are, more
frequently than not, political plums
awarded for past favours rather
than on any basis of merit.
The Chicago conspiracy case was
a travesty of what a trial should
be, hut it shucked Americans a
great deal less than it might be-
cause they have grown ac-
customed to some very tough
forms of justice.
The District of Columbia, in
which Washington is situated, has
one of the worst crime problems in
the nation. It has also probably
some of the worst judges. The DC
Court of Appeals, for instance, has,
just published a blistering opinion
criticising General Sessions judge
Edward Beard who, during the
course of a narcotics trial, asked
for a show of hands among court-
room spectators on the guilt or
innocence of the defendant. "When
one indulges in the kind of
dialogue, which as here, results in
calling lawyers 'butchers' and
mocking it defendant at sentencing
by taking it vote among courtroom
spectators on whether they believe
he is telling the truth, it is time for
some serious reflection on past con-
duct and positive effort at self-
control," said the Court of Appeal.
It is doubtful, however, if Judge
Beard, who has been on the
General Sessions bench for 17
years, will take this criticism to
heart any more than the two
previous occasions in the past 18
months in which he has been
reprimanded for improper court-
room conduct. In one case he got
furious with a young prosecutor.
"This city is a desolate place." he
said, leaning over the bench point-
ing at the young lawyer, "and it's
your fault. You don't know how to
try a case. You prosecute felonies
as misdemeanours and some cases
you don't even prosecute. If some-
one rapes a woman in Bethesda,
they really give it to him. When
was a rapist last electrocuted in
the District of Columbia? You tell
tile. "
In another case, two defendants
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would he tried together on
narcotic's charges. One fell asleep
in court and Judge Beard
sentenced both to 30 days in gaol
for contempt. "But t'lu all right."
the other said. "Why me?"
You're guilty by association,"
shouted Judge Beard. "Get, them
out of here."
If Judge Beard was an isolated
example, such conduct could pos-
sibly be laughed off as gloriously
eccentric, leaving the idiocies to be
reversed on appeal, but unfortun-
ately he is not. An extremely
detailed study by a practising
lawyer, Mr Harvey Katz, was
published by the "Washingtonian"
magazine this autumn and
estimated that nearly it third of
the judges of the General Sessions,
now to become the ma'or district
court hearing both misdemeanours
and felonies, were totally unsuited
to sit on the bench. Two of the
worst were fortunately forced to
retire this month under a new
court reorganisation plan but the
damage they have done in the past
is enough.
Take Judge Thomas Sculley,
whose usual verdict. "the court
finds him guilty-leniine see his
record" had rung through DC
courtrooms for more than a genera-
tion. In recent years the judge had
become so hard of hearing and so
uncertain of what was going on
that he had handed over control
of his court for all practical
purposes to his clerk, Charlie
Driscol, whom everyone referred to
as judge. On one famous occasion
".Judge" Driscoll dispensed with
87 landlord and tenant cases while
the real judge was out of the court-
room for six minutes talking on the
telephone.
The judge, however, with per-
haps the most notorious reputa-
tion was judge Mill an Kronhciiu
Jnr, who was also finally forced to
retire this month. In the United
States v. Barnes, Kronheim found
the defendant not guilty of robbery
and then ordered him to return the
money he had "stolen" from the
complaining witness. In another
case recently.Judge Kronheim first
convicted a man for attempting to
Guardian Weekly November21 1970
locked up any longer so I will
not appeal the case. '
Judge: "No, we can't bargain
about a substantive right like that.
Now step back, sir." (At this point
the defendant was taken crown to
the cells. )
Judge: ''Get him back agar-, a ill
you please? (The defendrytt w3S
brought hack.)
Judge: "I put him a probation
only because they r.cvmmended
it. It was against my better
judgment. I'm going to revoke
that and give him 360 days con-
currently . . . let )le have that
probation report again. 't'his is lilt
fourth time he has been in trouble.
I was going to give hire a break,
but apparently that is not possible.
All right, step back. Call the next
case."
The way such men o k ^li illt,
y, or for that matter
Beard, Scalle
even Carswell, whom President
Nixon tried vainly to elevate to
the Supreme Court, are appointed
to the bench invariably is it result
of political patronage. Kronhc?ini,
the son of a wealthy alcohol dis-
' :t .' h; ntrihuted hand-
somely to Tr?un,an's presidential
c:u)p: ign. is a fAir cxanlph \1 Liu
he was appointed in 1949, his only
qualification for the bench was 1,,u'
undistinguished years spent as a
lawyer forhis father's business.
Sip long, therefore, as judicial
appointments are made in this
way, without regard to merit or
cxpericncc, su long is the quality
of justice in the United States
likely to be as variable as it
is often strained.
by Norman Crossland
East is, east, West is west
The other morning I had to be
at Cologne/ Bonn Airport -- early. It
was barely half past six as I
approached the Cologne autobahn,
but there was already so much
traffic about that the sen ii 'vi rig
headlights on the labyrinth of
roads below, beyond, and around
the looked like a crossfire of tracer
bullets. The Germans were o1l to
work, and these uric lnttst ly
Bonnet's, rushing out to ('oIogn1,
or Dusseldorf, or deep into the
Ruhr.
The scene reminded nit' of a
conversation I had with a Polish
engineer last week as we drove
IC roilavti
along the aulobahtr trout
in the direction of the Fast
German lwrdci-- if(' looked it the
speedometer, smiled, and remark-
ed that his old car began to
tremble when it reached a speed
of 85 kph. "But it gets there all
the sank", he said.
Ile told me that during a holiday
in East Germany he had looked at
West. German television, and from
the advertisements had a pretty
good idea of tlu materialism of
Western society. "There are cer-
tain things you can get over there,
of course, that we would like to
have," he said, "but really--politics
apart-we don't really envy you.
It seems to me that your lives are
Address .................................................................. I
City . State ............................ -P .....................
pickpocket but then reversed him-
self as soon as fie learnt the man
had had no previous convictions.
lie also enjoyed using shock
tactic's; in a traffic case the judge
convicted the defendants and then
with a menacing voice bolted
forward in his chair "to sentence
you to death." When the
defendants recovered the sentence
was thoughtfully reduced to a fine.
To gel the real flavour of Judge
Kronheim, one has to look at
it case in some detail. The tran-
script of Fleming v. United
States indicates that he has hill(,
time for those who cross []till in
Court.
Judge: "The imposition of sen-
tence is suspended. You are placed
an probation for a period of it
year. All right."
Defendant's attorney: "Your
honour, I would also like to aulm!!
the court's finding ... I would ask
the papers reflect that a motion
was made to note an appeal."
Judge: "In this case:'"
Attorney: "In this case. yes."
Judge: "All right. There will be
IS?'.oun1- r;,l
Attorney: "Well, you were going
to susprtld his seutcnce so I he-
liove he will bt' out lice today,
but I',mulct still like to appeal the
finding."
Judge: "No, they don't go on
probation until alter the finding
of the Court of Appeals. Step
back..,
Attorney: "Then I won't- let 111c
make this representation. In light
at Ihat. Your Honour, I would
not \ianl h., see this defendant
far too Frantic. What's the point
of it all.' Vault only die of a
heart attack in theend."
Back to the reality of the road
to Cologne on a rainy morning
Is'fore dawn. I iniagined that I
could make out it fairly strong
case why tile in Wrozlaw or War-
saw w.is infinitely preferable to
lift in I'nlognc or Frankfurt or
Birnlinghaiiiur Pittsburgh.
But then such thoughts are
understandable at half past six
in tin' rnol Ming. 11hen I spoke to
a callc.1gut' about this, he said:
"i don't want to spoil your case,
but IhC ti:luis of Cologne don't
stall runuin- at 4.30 ever} niorn-
ing.:ulll the Kest lieitllatls don't
to take. t\t"n jobs to fluke
ends Inc(.[ ...
D[]RIN(G the debate in the Carly'
fifties on whetlier the Federal
Republic should have armed
forces. Ihere was a strong opposi-
tion uulvenu'nt in the c?ountrV
that hecanu? known as the ..Uhne
Mich" u'oughty', the ''count-nu
nut") hrigacle. Today, West Ger-
many bas not far short of half
a million mien nuclei- arms. but
most, young Germans who receive
call-up papers stiff have to be
dragged into uniform.
twenty four sixth-formers at a
grammar school in Karlsruhe
were asked recently to express
their attitude towards military
service. Seven of then) said Ihey
didn't think the Federal Republic
was worth defending, and a few
members of this group said they
would like to see the State in its
present form abolished anyway.
Five boys allowed that the country
was worth defending, but consider-
ed that military action involved
too great a risk of resc'alation
into a nuclear conflict. "Better
Iced than dead" was their motto.
The rest acknowledged military
service to be the lesser evil, and
declared themselves reluctantly
prepared to defend their country
should the c?ireunlstances demand.
It is thought that these replies
may he fairly representative of
the view of grammar school boys
generally -an indifferent, loot-
dragging majority faces a militant
minority that regards refusal to
do military se'rvic'e as a political
ueahurl.
One headmaster said it required
courage today for an army officer
to lecture to a sixth form about
democracy's need to defend itself.
Ile can mostly expect to be
roundly abused.
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703AO00400100001-0
Guardian Weekly November211970
Can Latin America achieve a social revolution by peaceful means-or
is the only means violent action by guerrillas? Here
Guardian correspondents look at the current situation in Peru and Chile.
Ultimatum to lotus-eaters
Nowhere in Latin America is the
fibre of change burning more fiercely
than in Peru, where senior army
officers are attempting to revolu-
tionise the country's social and
economic structure by decree.
In the course of two years, the
military, headed by President
Juan Velasco Alvarado, have
broken the hold of foreign corn-
panies on the economy, initiated a
sweeping land reforun programme,
and have posted an ultimatum to
Peru's notoriously lotus-eating
middle class that they either work
for the country's development or
they get out.
Apart from the professional poli-
ticians who lost their johs. han'dI%
anyone regrets the passing of rep
resentative democracy, largely
because it was so unrepresenta-
tive and because the last Con-
gress, which was sent packing
along with President Fernando
Belaunde in 1968, was so totally
corrupt and selfish in its opposition
to all reform.
The army had backed Belaunde
when he was elected in 1963, and
he might well have served out a
full term if only he had accepted
the advice of his military advisers
and closed down Congress when it
persisted in thwarting his plans
for reforming the country's anti-
quated institution.
Many of the young economists,
agronomists, and sociologists who
gathered in hope at the court of
Belaunde quickly became disillu-
sioned by their leader's lack of
toughness.
Some drifted into academic life
in Peru or abroad while others
joined the revolutionary opposition
which supported guerrilla warfare
in 1965. Some of these are now
members of the Vanguardia Revo-
lucionaria, which offers the princi-
pal left-wing opposition to the pre-
sent military Government, but
many of their former colleagues
are working enthusiastically with
that same Government.
Christian Democ'r'ats. the Marx-
ist Social Progresistas, the left
wing of Belaunde's Accion Popular
Party, and the Moscow-line Conn.
munists are all enthusiastically
behind this unusual niliteo'y dic-
tatorship.
The Peruvian Government has
been loosely described by both its
friends and its enemies as "leftist"
and "nationalist": leftist because
it has increased the power of the
State and begun to redistribute
land to the peasants, and nation-
alist because of its refusal to obey
orders from Washington.
However, both labels tend to
mislead. In the first place, most
of the leading figures in the Gov-
ernment are passionately anti-
Communist and certainly do not
look for popular participation in
the running of the country even to
the extent that Social Democrats
would wish-either now or in the
future. "We will organise popular
support for our policies," President
Velasco told a crowd in Lima last
month. In fact, they often seem to
be trying to run the Government
as if it were just another armoured
division which had to be licked into
shape.
At this point. European liberals
tend to sniff the breeze and
say "Ha, fascism." While it is true
that some of the ideas that are
by Christopher Roper
current in Lima today seem to
hark back 30 to 5i0 years
to Europe in the 1920s and 1930s,
it is probably an unfair label to
choose. Julio Cotter, a Peruvian
sociologist, said the other day
there was probably a greater de-
gree of personal and intellectual
liberty in Lima today than there
had ever been.
The Government is nationalist,
but this label may be used to cover
such a wide variety of Latin
American governments as to be
a11uost meaningless. The Peruvian
military's political ideas do not
seem to be vague at all, in fact
they give an air of great precision,
picking off their targets one by
one.
However, like all good soldiers
they cover their progress under a
smokescreen: "We are following
it new road, which is neither capi-
talist no- Communist, but corres-
ponds to Peru's historical needs,"
is the kind of statement which is
repeated ad nauseam by senior
officers.
An American sociologist, James
Petras, has made the most com-
prehensive attempt yet at defining
this new road. He compares the
present Peruvian situation to Ger
many in the second half of the
nineteenth century.
"The structure of public
authority is strongly influenced h%
military personnel or values." he
says. "There is a strong drive to-
wards industrialisation, linked to
the overwhelming sense of build-
ing a strong nation. There is the
same understanding that paternal-
istic social legislation administered
by the State is necessary to head
off a Socialist revolution and cre-
ate bonds of loyalty to the Govern-
ment while undercutting class and
populist appeals."
This is much more complicated
than any label but seems worth
pursuing as Petras has accounted
far more successfully than other
writers for the many anomalous
features of the Peruvian situation.
His label for Peru is Neo-
Bismarckian, although he admits
that there are important cultural
and historical dissimilarities.
Ile concludes: "It is not alto-
gether certain that the develop-
mental and welfare policies of the
authoritarian Peruvian military
will have. the same type of suc-
cess in winning middle-class sup-
port and creating a powerful
nation-state that Bismarck was
able to achieve. A key element will
be their ability to limit social con-
flict and control popular demands
during the period of industrialisa-
tion and economic expansion."
The Peruvian Government is
clearly attempting something quite
new for Latin America, which is
fully deserving of the title revolu-
tionary. It is far too early to tell
whether the outcome will be good
or bad for Peru. Briefly, its de-
velopment strategy may be out-
lined as follows:
1 Break the power of foreign
companies by strengthening the
public sector. The Government has
established control over the mar-
keting of Peru's principal exports
-fishmeal and copper-and is well
on the way to controlling the bank-
ing system. Basic industries will
in future be reserved for the State.
2 Strengthen the agricultural
High hopes in Allende
It was the most sober revolution:
the night that Salvador Allende
took over Chile's ['residential
Palace 500,000 people filled the
main boulevard of Santiago. On
foot or in suicidally over-crowded
buses they came in from the
working-class districts, the slums,
and the senu-legal "mushroom
settlements" of squatters who
have been seizing private land all
round the city in the last few
months.
In two giant streams the width
of the whole street the crowd
surged tip and down. On a dozen
wooded stages groups from
various national companies
danced, recited poems, mimed, de-
claimed, and sang. But in all the
sea of people there was barely
one policeman. Nor need there
have been. There were no scuffles.
There was no opposition. There
were not even any drunks.
It was a strangely calm and
disciplined fiesta. The people were
happy enough but they were not
going to go wild. By the end of the
evening the touts selling the paper
Allende hats were visibly des-
perate to be rid of their stocks.
Was this the lack of exuberance
that makes them call Chile the
England of South America? Was
it on a mass scale the feeling of
unreality and disbelief that still
hangs over the leaders of the
Popular Unity coalition two
months after their unexpected
election victory?
Was it justifiable apprehension
lingering on since the country's
first political assassination for
several decades, the murder of
the General Rene Schneider, the
Commander-in-Chief of the Army,
in an abortive Right-wing putsch
a month ago? Or was this dis-
cipline, this sobriety, and this calm
the best proof that there is no
revolution in Chile?
The arrival of a Marxist coalition
in power in Chile is certainly the
most significant event in Latin
America since Fidel Castro's
triumphal descent into Havana.
In one sense it could even be
more than that. Government has
come to power which will not just
speak in the language of socialism
for the masses but is actually built
on representative and functioning
institutions of working-class
power.
Six political parties form the
coalition. The trade unions are
solidly behind it. Hundreds of local
committees formed during the
election campaign remain in exist-
ence, although their future role
still has to be worked out. The
number of peasant unions has shot
up in the last few years from 24
to 413, largely under the inspira-
tion of the energetic new Minister
of Agriculture, Jacques Chonchol,
who worked for the Christian
Democrat Government but de-
serted to found his own party,
MAPU last year.
His political swing to the Left
is part of a wider current, but one
which the Christian Democrats
themselves encouraged. President
Frei's own rhetoric attacked
capitalism, and called instead for
a "revolution in liberty." But, as
the Unidad Popular puts it, "Frei
represented reformist capitalism."
by Jonathan Steele
By attacking capitalism verbally
but failing to change it, Frei lost
both Right and Left. The party
itself split. Then in this year's
three-cornered election the remain-
ing Christian Democrats were
squeezed between the Right-wing
ex-President Alessandri and the
Popular Unity candidate, Salvador
Allende.
The previous Government did
not leave office with a bad record
of reform. During their six years
270,000 houses were built: the
number of university places more
than doubled to 82,500; 150,000
people were given land; 3.4 million
hectares of large estates were
expropriated; the illiteracy rate
went down from 16.4 per cent to
I1 percent.
But it was not enough. Unem-
ployment remained sky high, with
350,000 out of work in a country
of 10 millions. The problem of
homelessness became more acute
as more and more "marginal"
people, in that grim phrase,
started to organise in impressively
united campaigns to seize unused
land and defy the authorities.
"Seize the land, and then power"
is one of the many slogans on the
walls of Santiago.
But it is not one of the most
common ones. Revolutionary
slogans are, indeed, conspicuous
by their rarity. Occasionally you
see a call for "nationalisation with-
out compensation," but it is likely
to be handscrawled and small. The
"official" slogans are magnifi-
cently done, huge multi-coloured
pop art messages, but they are
safe-"Allende et Presidente del
Pueblo," or simply "Unidad Pop-
ular."
To talk with the new men is to
get the same impression of
caution, respectability, and
moderation. These are not bearded
guerrilleros just down from the
mountains. The Cabinet. does in-
clude four working-class members,
a printer, an ex-miner, and union
officials. But younger supporters
of the Government complain that
with one or two exceptions it is
old and unexciting.
Allende is quiet, courteous, and
intelligent, but has little charisma.
For years he has worked hard lot-
the Presidency, and has now
assumed the dignified mask of
office with consummate ease.
(Whatever happened to that polo-
neck sweater)) On the day of the
inauguration he barely smiled as
he walked through the streets
from the Congress to the
Cathedral. In the National
Stadium two days later be finished
his speech and was immediately
gone, leaving the immense crowd's
ovation poised in mid-air to fade
into an embarrassed and heavy
silence.
But in the encampments of
squatters around Santiago the
feeling is clear. At least the
country has a good government,
a government that can do some-
thing for ordinary people. Hopes
are high that change is on the
way, but the coalition is doing its
best to dampen down any incipient
feelings of impatience.
During the tense 60 days be-
tween the election and its con-
firmation by Congress it called
sector by breaking up the
vast estates-one was the size of
Belgium - which characterised
Peruvian landholdings.
3 Strengthen industry by forcing
the middle class to take an active
part in the process of industriali-
sation. This is being pursued
through land reform, exchange
control, Government investment
in major industrial projects, and
by making foreign investors oper-
ate in partnership with Peruvian
capitalists.
The most important unresolved
doubt concerns the army as part
of the Peruvian middle class. Will
the army officers, who are largely
drawn from middle-class families,
feel able to coerce their own class
into giving up their privileged
position in society in favour of
some larger goal?
Army officers., who spend much
of their working lives in the
mountainous central area of Peru,
surrounded by the desperate
poverty of the rural population,
understand how essential that lar-
ger goal is to the future security
of the middle class.
They have fought against revo-
lutionary guerrillas and have
Liken part in massacres of
peasants who supported those
guerrillas. They know that the
only alternative to change is a
bloody revolution. But it is rather
as if the South African army came
to a similar conclusion, overthrew
the Vorster Government, and then
tried to persuade their fellow
white South Africans to accept
material sacrifices in order to
raise the standard of living of the
black population.
for complete restraint so as not
to provoke the Army or the Right
wing. Even the day of the
inauguration was not a public
holiday. It almost looked as
though it was meant to ensure
that most of his supporters would
be responsibly at work when Al-
lende himself paraded through
the streets.
The result is that there is still
a gulf between the Government
and the governed. People are
passive, but watchful. It has
caused some alarm on the Left-
wing of the Socialist party, and
among the Mereskas, the Left-
wing Revolutionary Movement,
where the discussion turns on the
danger of a coup by the army.
The bourgeoisie will not give up
power without a struggle. We
should prepare ourselves, they
say. They would like the Com-
mittees of Popular Unity to be
transformed into committees for
the defence of the revolution. But
the coalition, and particularly the
Communists who control 80 per
cent of the committees, do not
want anything as potentially un-
stable as that.
Allende knows that his problems
in nationalising the mines and the
banks, in effecting a meaningful
land reform, in holding off the
Army, in curbing rampant infla-
tion, and in keeping his dispapate
coalition together are formidable
indeed. The Comrade President
means well and will probably do
well, but he is going to tackle
things in the careful methodical
way that he knows best.
Next week: the chances of success.
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Heath's key to revival
The Prime Minister this week than, the policies which have been
gave the clearest and most un- so described up to now. It fulfils
mistakeable definition he has so the duty of the Government to
far uttered of the principles which provide the framework within
guide the policy of his Govern- which the abilities and the
went. They involve the elevation energies of the community as a
of personal achievement as the whole can be developed to the
source of national revival and the full - protected from the encroach-
offer of a new economic freedom ment of sectional interests."
to the individual. He went on: "This is the course
Mr Heath was addressing the from which Her Majesty's Minis-
Lord Mayor's Banquet at the ters will not be deflected. It is
Guildhall. But if the bankers, indus- also the course to which our
trialists, and business men who historic traditions call us. It was
joined with him in the Lord Mayor's in freedom, not in reliance upon
hospitality were looking to the the State, that Britain achieved
Prime Mini
t
f
s
er
or a statement
of Government policy to deal with
inflation and the worsening
economic situation, they were
disappointed.
Instead, Mr Heath confined his
remarks on the economy to an
outline of the philosophy under-
lying his brand of the new Toryism.
In doing so he created a new
phrase: "Not just in months, but
in years." Mr Heath was arguing
that the strategy on which his
Government had embarked was
a long-term one.
He insisted that previous govern-
ments had been diverted from
their long-term purposes by short-
terul difficulties. In contrast, his
Government would hold to its
course. and the results would not
begin to show themselves
innnediately.
lie said: "As individuals, we
have lost sight of our duty to
accept responsihility for taking
a rational and long-term view of
our tare interests. The fact is-that
the practice of true individual re-
sponsibility is the key to the well-
beiugof the community. The health
and strength of a free society must
be based essentially upon the
ac?hievetuetits of the individual."
He insisted that the policies
which the Government had already
launched - cuts in Government
expenditure and reductions in
personal taxation -- constituted an
incomes policy of a new type. He
answered those critics who are
demanding the reintroduction of
an old-style incomes policy by
saying: This is not less an in-
comes policy because it is dif-
ferent from, and more constructive
by Ian Aitken
Guardian Weekly November211970
and clarified. "The time has come
to establish clearly and unmistake-
ably that British policies are
determined by British interests,"
he said. More specifically he
insisted on Britain's right to
pursue its interests in making up
its mind about the sale of arms
to South Africa.
His arguments were largely the
familiar ones. But, at the same
time, he went further than usual
in declaring his Government's
opposition to South African
aparthied policies.
It was not his purpose to en-
courage South Africa in these
policies
or to co
f
,
n
er
of a certificate treating within industry from the
respectability on them, he said. Marxist parties to the left of them
he
r
He vi greatness, through individual M d
n d It is a matter of considerable
as Ministers one apaS of
development and through indus- are well known. They are not i heart searching in King Street i trial expansion. It was the question. We believe it to be about what needs to be done to tOO acceptance of personal responsi- detestable. We believe it to be retrieve the situation.
bility, not dependent upon the damaging to all races. We believe the There she 1, m nisi branches a in
central Government, that made it is doomed to inevitable failure." and ritish Communist mart are
this small island so dominant in But that was a moral attitude, baonly about 220 of and her
the world." not a based on factories and other
policy. It was certainly not industrial premises. With just over
But Mr Heath is clearly a categorical imperative against 30,000 members the average size
sensitive to the accusation that any contact with South Africans. of a branch is 29 people. Obviously
his Government, by pursuing the It was not the view of the Govern- there are variations, but it would
policies he described, is returning Pent that apartheid would be be safe to say that there are un-
to traditional Tory policies in- brought to an end only by the likely to he more than about 6.500
tended to enrich the well-to-do use of force. The isolation of South card-carrying industrial members
and further impoverish the poor. Africa, far from ending apartheid, in a total labour force of 25 million
He argued: "This is not looking would do the opposite. Liberal -thatis.0038percent.
hack. This is looking forward to the forces would he best assisted by These figures are to some degree
time when we ran release our- maintaining contact with the rest borne out by the returns from the
selves front the constraints which of the world. (if
have c?ondentned Britain to Mr Heath's denunciation of paSorrtyt ' h chnds district d the
frustration and short-term ex- apartheid seemed to be couched . re ckingh Oxfordshire,
pedients.'' And he offered a new in even stronger terms than those Berkshire. Buckinghamshire. rea
slogan for the new Toryism. "The he has used. But he advanced the of~~skilli d lworkers, many of them
cry was once 'Set the people familiar arguments about the in the militan r
free.' Today I say to the people: threat to the sea routes around t enginhasing indus-
try.
'The freedom is yours, but yours the Cape of Good hope, and meulbersscattered in ten branches
to use aright.' " Britain's joint responsibility for
(ther'c is another Which is mori-
But perhaps the most astonish- them under the Simonstown Agree- hued) _
iug feature of Mr Heath's relatively Pent of 1955. He insisted that Many party members of course,
brief passage on domestic affairs under these arrangements, achieve positions as shop stewards
was that he made no reference Britain had an obligation to and therefore carry all influence
whatsoever to inflation, or to supply maritime equipment to beyond their apparent numbers.
any of the specific economic prop- South Africa to enable her to ful- There were, for example, about a
hems facing Britain. It was clear fil her side of the agreement. hundred Communist delegates at
this week that a number of Tory But he emphatically did not the Trades Union Congress this
backbenchers are unhappy about declare that Britain had yet made year. But the degree to which they
the omission. a decision to sell the disputed can contrive industrial unrest
Most of Mr Heath's speech was arms. All he would do was issue among unwilling workers seems
devoted to a survey of foreign an appeal to the Commonwealth very restricted. The reasons are
affairs, and a reiteration of his to accept Britain's right to take complex and have faced the party
view that British interests have so decisions in pursuance of British faithful with a deem dile. -
hi
h
-r`-
far not been sufficientl
w
c
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Something had to go right for
the Chancellor, Mr Barber, and on
Monday it did - twice over.
Britain's exporters delivered a
thumping and largely unexpected
trade surplus. And the indefati-
gable clerks at the Department of
Trade and Industry (the Board of
Trade, as it used to be in Mr
Heath's day) did even better, and
dug up some ?130 millions worth
Of unreoordad -ports.
What it all means is that
Britain's visible trade has been
roughly in balance for the first
nine months of this year-possibly
a shade better - and is now in
surplus.
Take in invisible earnings, which
averaged ?44 millions a month in
the first half of the year, and a
wonderful tourist summer, and it
means that we could get quite
near the famous Jenkins ?600 mil-
lions current account surplus again
for calendar 1970. (It also means
that the Jenkins surplus was
understated by up to ?40 millions.)
It could hardly have happened
on a better day, with the Treasury
just starting an uncomfortable ses-
sion with the bank examiners from
the International Monetary Fund.
The IMF officials (perhaps we
should call them I-men?) will still
nag away about wage-cost infla-
tion, about which they had some
harsh things to say as early as
last spring, and will no doubt join
the chorus of unwelcome advice to
try an incomes policy: but a sur-
plus is a surplus, and our main
creditor can't blink that off.
Meanwhile, back in the Com-
mons, Mr John Davies had the
job of announcing the discovery of
the missing export documents - a
job slightly soured for a Conserva-
tive Minister by the fact that the
Government has decided to stop
this nonsense once for all by insist-
ing on more form-filling.
It appears that what happened is
that after all the fuss last autumn,
when Labour was catching up on
earlier under-recording (and got
accused of cooking the books for
its pains), exporters fell back into
their old, sloppy ways in a matter
of weeks, and we were back with
figures understated by about 2
per cent.
Luckily, Labour did set up a
checking procedure to watch for
just such a possibility, but check-
ing export forms against cargo
manifests is such a labyrinthine
business that the facts have only
justemerged.
If the cause is obscure, the
effect is startling. On Monday the
Department of Trade and Industry
Thin end of
the Red line
by Harold Jackson
Lord Robens's charge that the The party leaders years ago
miners had been led out on strike decided that their most effective
by Communist agitators may have method to gain power would be to
an element of truth-the miners work within the existing political
have always been a stronghold framework. They set the party,
for the party. But the implication therefore, to build up an electoral
that British industry still faces machine so that more Communists
the sort of disruption which the could achieve office in local govern-
Communists of the 1950s were anent. For the best part of twenty
able to achieve could hardly be years they have plugged away at
farther from the truth. There is this, and it has been a dishearten-
substantial evid
ence, not least ing struggle,
from within the party itself, that From the heady days of 1945
the f ilinmllnists F.?,..., t..L..._
by Anthony Harris
(not for nothing is it known in
Whitehall as Dotty) announced an
October surplus of ?27 millions,
which was good enough to cheer
up the markets in foreign ex-
change and Government securities
(hut not the stock market). It was
the first smile for gilts brokers
since Mr Barber delivered his
package.
But if you take the under-record-
ing into account, the October
surplus was over ?40 millions,
which is good even when allow-
ances are made for the long echoes
of the dock strike (now affecting
export figures more than imports).
Exports reached over ?760 mil-
lions on a seasonally adjusted
basis (?749 millions officially re-
corded), which is about ?85 mil-
lions better than in the second
quarter of the year - the last
period little touched by the strike.
Imports, at ?690 millions, were
at most ?50 millions up over the
same period, after allowing for a
rush of shipments ahead of the
dock strike. The October surplus
of ?40 millions or a little more is
no doubt a bit above trend, but it
is hardly a freak (the figures don't
add up, for statistical reasons).
Even Mr Barber's critics will for-
give him if he looks a little more
cheerful now.
60,000 members, they have moved
increasingly into political impot-
ence. In the last general elect QQ_
they put up 5S candidates and
lost 43 per cent of the vote they
achieved in 1966. It hardly bred
confidence in the strategy of the
leadership.
More and more party members
are calling for a reversion to their
original power base on the factory
floor-only to discover that much
of it has atrophied in the concen-
Iration on conventional politics-
One of the reasons advanced for
this decline has been that the
r'etatiyely small number of party
activists have been unable to
cope with all the work piled on
them.
"Who really listens to the lowly
voices soldiering on at the grass
roots''" asked one member, Mr
Dave Waddington, recently, in the
party journal. "Why the continuing
low level of party activity, of parti-
cipation in struggle? Why so much
passivity in our ranks? Why the
continual loss of nientbership, the
inability to grow?"
None of which exactly sustains
Lord Robens's apparent conten-
tion that once niore our industrial
troubles can be put down to King
Street. What might worry him,
just as it worries the Communists,
is the extent to which their former
role seems to have been taken
over by such militant groups as
the International Socialists, the
Socialist Labour League, and
others of the "ultra-Left."
Just how great is their influence
is hard to gauge, but there
certainly seems to he great appeal
in their approach. A Merseyside
Communist, Tony McClelland,
complained:
"The attraction to ultra-Left
militancy is constantly with us.
Often very fine comrades, young
and old, fall for the idea of short
cuts, get weary of the disciplined
struggle, seek the more adven-
turist road and inevitably end up
burnt out. The dockers on Mersey-
side know to their cost what the
ultra-Left road leads to-division,
non-trade unionism, brother fight-
ing brother."
But there are other members
who argue that the only way out
is to unite with the other
Marxist groups against the com-
mon enemy, a move that is greeted
with some hilarity by the Trotsk-
yists and International Socialists.
The main battleground is among
the young, both in the factories
and in universities and colleges.
The Plight of the Young Com-
munist League reflects the way
the struggle is going. Its present
membership is 3,452, a drop of
7 per cent on last year, but 40 per
cent lower than in 1967.
The reality of industrial unrest
seems to hinge much more on the
general economic situation and
the feeling that there is worse to
come, rather than on any evident
manipulation by tightly-knit
groups of politically motivated
men. But, if there are such groups
it can hardly be claimed that the
limping British Communist Party
is at the head of them.
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Madmen in
authority
The disastrous debate on public
expenditure and taxation and the
flood of interviews published, re-
interpretations attempted, and
intellectual life rafts thrown in the
general direction of the Govern-
ment's spokesmen, especially the
Prime Minister, make depressing
reading.
If there had remained any sense
of superiority in this country over
the United States it must surely
have vanished. The contrast be-
tween the firm resistance of the
American voter to the blandish-
ments and misrepresentations of
Nixon contrasts sharply with our
June election. The "rock-throwing
radicals" were about on a par
in non-existence with the "direct
action to reduce prices." In this
country, alas, even Professor
Townsend fell forthis nonsense.
If Keynes's famous dictum that
"madmen in authority who hear
voices in the air are usually the
slaves of some defunct economist"
was ever apposite, Mr Heath and
his men have thoroughly vin-
dicated it. They seem to have
taken in all seriousness the non-
sense of Herbert Spencer and his
present-day devotees. In particu-
lar, Mr Reading, his economic
adviser responsible for the famous
scare statement, has successfully
indoctrinated the Tory politicians.
We are back to a policy based
on the conviction in classical
theories that the consumer is
sovereign, that free market prices
will automatically bring about a
continuous balance between
supply and demand and harmony
of interest. Any monetary menace
to this perfection could, according
to Keynesian fiscal manipulation,
be eliminated by a slight variation
of taxation through the sensitivity
of the price level to the slightest
change in unemployment.
The monetary mystery-mongers,
on the other hand, believed that a
steady but restricted increase in
monetary circulation would bring
about the same again at the
cost of some "natural" unemploy-
ment. The financial journalists
who blew up this trivial dispute
into a serious disagreement about
exclusive choices contributed to
the confusion of the politicians.
The Conservative Ministers
opted for monetary mysticism,
and for "removing the State-
created fetters" from consumer
and entrepreneur alike. Thus the
Consumers' Council went the way
of the Prices and Incomes Board.
The former was, according to
the dogma, unnecessary; the
latter harmful. A menacing twist
was given to the inflationary
spiral by accelerating the vast
increases in top salaries in the
Civil Service and the defence
forces. This is how the repression
of the public sector incomes and
prices was initiated.
It was followed up by a general
"incentive" for the upper bracket
incomes, purchased at the cost
of a slight, but embittering, net
increase in overall purchasing
power. The middle incomes group
-those between ?1,000 and ?3,000
a year, with families-nevertheless
came off worst from the deal, and
the top income group best.
To round off the inflammatory
package, the Conservative Gov-
ernment produced a Bill on
industrial relations which is cal-
culated to embitter unions, and
their rank and file, without being
effective in checking cumulative
wage demands and inflation. The
US experience shows this con-
clusively.
Finally, the Government seems
to wish to enforce competition
through the Monopolies Commis-
sion. Ministers apparently think
that they can exert a pressure on
prices through deflation, which
would make the weaker go to the
wall and the stronger refuse wage
demands.
Hence the gratuitous smashing
of the machinery of the IRC which
enabled the Labour Government
to reap the benefit of bankruptcies
in terms of increased efficiency
while avoiding the fact.
Mr Davies, whose economic
"expertise" we suffered from im-
mediately after devaluation,
seems to wish to breed, at any
rate, small lame ducks. His
desires might be fulfilled with a
vengeance. The support of air-
craft, it must be said, was always
excluded from the Davies touch.
They will spend on Rolls-Royce
more than they got back from
abolishing the IRC or from the
prescription charges. But will they
Resting in peace
Negro humour is in rather short
supply in the United States, but I
would like to tell you a story I
heard in South Carolina a couple
of weeks ago.
It's about an African who was
resting under a coconut tree when
he was addressed by a passing
Englishman. "What," asked the
Englishman, "are you doing for
yourself, just idly sitting there?
Why don't you get busy and
develop your fields, those mines,
and build cities?"
"What for?" the African asked.
"To establish commerce," the
Englishman replied.
"Commerce for what?"
"So you can make lots of money."
"What good is money?"
"Money will bring you leisure."
"What will I do with leisure?"
"Then you can rest."
"But why do all that," asked the
African, "when I'm resting now?"
I'm not sure whether you ought
to show this story to Ted Heath,
because it would probably upset
him. His whole strategy, after all,
is based on the belief that, given
a little encouragement to make
more money, everyone is going to
work harder than ever before.
It's an attractive theory, but I
have always suspected that it is
a more effective political slogan
than an economic weapon.
This is partly because there are
a lot of people in Britain who feel
like that African. In other, more
successful, countries there is a
great debate right now about "the
quality of life." Success brings dan-
gers, and both in America and
Japan this year people have told
me how envious they are of our
more leisurely way of life. It is an
aspect rarely stressed by hard-
pressed politicians in search of
economic solutions.
The majority of people work to
live. A minority live to work. It's
a fact of life which has exasperated
many an employer and it's fashion-
able to regard it as a vice. But is
it? I'm a compulsive worker my-
self, and I'm not at all sure.
Sixpence off the income tax
merely restores the position as it
was when the Tories left office in
1964. And how much does it really
count in a situation where, as one
of Mr Heath's Ministers, told
Lord Balogh on the Tory attempt
to get back to the Nineteenth Century
not chicken-out when it comes to
others? The most faithful de-
votees of Tory economic politics
are about to learn the lesson the
hard way or sterling will be com-
promised.
The tragedy is that all the bom-
bastic statements with which we
have been inundated are beside
the point. Unfortunately they nail
the Government even more firmly
into wrong policies, attitudes, and
measures. Most of our problems
have been caused by the profound
change all over the world in the
structure of industry. The increase
in power of vast firms over their
markets, combined with strong
trade unions, has destroyed such
weak balancing mechanism
(mainly monetary) as the econ-
omic system possessed in the hey-
day of Victorian prosperity.
Even then it worked at the cost
of crises, unemployment, and
misery which would not now be
politically acceptable. Since 1945,
however, we have had no year in
which wages and domestic prices
have not increased.
So long as this increase was
limited and did not give rise to
cumulatively rising wage and in-
come demands, this was tolerable.
But it was only a question of time
before inflation would become
super-inflation, feeding upon itself.
Industry, which could shift the
burden of the increase in wages
through increased prices on to the
consumer, had everything to lose
by strikes and nothing to gain by
resisting claims. A floating rate
for the pound, or repeated
devaluation, both advocated by
mechanistic economists, would
only hasten the catastrophe. Un-
fortunately, economists as well as
trade union leaders firmly resist
this obvious analysis of our prob-
lem. It would rob the former of
their status as scientists. It would
circumscribe the power of the
latter.
The Labour Government, much
to its credit, realised that a double
pronged attack was necessary on
this basic problem. It had to
accelerate industrial restructuring
to increase the rate at which
productivity rose; and it had to
restrain income demands.
It failed because prices and in-
comes policy was not closely and
visibly linked to measures of
general social advance, so as to
obtain consensus. In the end, and
as a result of the unpopularity of
incomes policy, it switched its
attack on the hardly meaningul
legal regulation of the problem of
strikes.
The Tories followed this ignis
fatuus. They changed from out-
right investment grants to tax
allowances, which had been shown
by Professor Neild to be in-
effectual, a conclusion which has
just been reaffirmed, by, of all
people, a survey commissioned by
the Institute of Directors.
Finally, they pledged them-
selves to non-intervention in wage
disputes not only in the dominant
private sector but even in the case
of dustmen. They are making sure
of leap-frogging by dividing their
responsibilities for income de-
termination in the most sensitive
areas (doctors, for instance).
A general attack on the non-
means-tested Welfare State
rounded off the first unveiling of
a comprehensive policy package.
The response was much as it
could have been expected by any-
body not besotted by abstract
imaginings. The inflation took a
dangerously accelerated turn.
Had Labour been returned to
office in June its strategy would
have been clear. It was essential
to win it breathing space. A price
stop, combined with easier money
to firms hit by it, and an amicable
agreement with the unions on a
"norm" for wage increases would
at last have solved our problem.
In spite of the subsequent out-
bursts of Messrs Scanlon and
.Jones, I believe that this might
have been possible.
The Conservatives have no
chance to win consensus with their
present policies. I believe that
their "semi-Maudling" strategy
has collapsed, because of timidity,
before it started expansion
through "greater incentives." We
are back at the choice of severe
deflation, the first consequence of
which they are already shying
away from. Devaluation under
present conditions will solve
nothing. It would aggravate the
long-run problem.
In both cases union reaction is
bound to be fierce-and here is the
danger. If Heath cannot stop the
unions Mr Powell might.
by William Davis
Parliament this week, another
threepence was knocked off the
value of the pound in our pockets
between the June general election
and mid-September?
I don't blame the Tories for
adopting the "incentives" slogan
back in 1964. It appeals to human
greed, and it fits in with Tory
philosophy.
I am not just saying this because
I recognise the appeal of leisure.
There is more to it than that. I am
saying it also because there is no
evidence, either here or in America,
that tax cuts alone lead to a really
significant change in attitude to-
wards work. They stimulate spend-
ing, but do not necessarily stimu-
late effort.
One economic research organisa-
tion found that, on the contrary,
really ambitious people work
harder under high taxation. They
are determined to get the things
they want, and if it takes more
effort to acquire the necessary
spending money they will do their
best.
Experience also shows that, as
fat' as industry is concerned, the
general economic outlook and the
availability of credit can be at
least as important as tax con-
siderations.
Mr Heath has already tightened
the credit squeeze. If he now
pushes the country into a serious
recession in order to deal with
wage inflation, as some people ad-
vise him to do, he may find his
incentives argument even more
seriously weakened.
Management experts will tell you
that, in the case of individuals,
"job satisfaction" is often more
important than marginal differ-
ences in financial rewards. Pres-
tige, power, security, honours -
all these are far more potent in-
fluences than Mr Heath seems
prepared to acknowledge. If it
were not so, many of our leading
industrialist would either retire, or
move to another country.
I am glad the Government has
announced an early cut in
personal taxation. It was, I know,
Roy Jenkins's dearest wish to be
able to do the same sometime
during the seventies. But I think
Mr Heath is very wrong to present
it as some sort of miracle cure.
Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
CHRISTMAS
1970
Our specialised gift servi,.: is at
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CHRISTMAS SELECTION
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Smoked Salmon, 41/2 oz tin Pate de
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Christmas Pudding.
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CHRISTMAS SELECTION
3 lb 2 oz tin Whole Stuffed English
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3 lb tin Whole Pheasant in Bur-
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15 oz tin Whole Pigeon in Red
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Finest Ox Tongue, 4 oz tin Frank-
furter Sausages, 1 lb tin Steak and
Kidney Pie, 2'/4 oz tin Chopped
Chicken, 41/2 oz tin Sardines, 101/2
oz tin Beetroot, 11 oz jar Sweet
Pickles, 15' oz tin Mushroom Soup,
15% oz tin Ox Tail Soup, 3 oz
packet Sage and Onion Stuffing,
3 oz box Cheese Portions, 8 oz
box Dairy Milk Chocolates, 2 lb tin
Assorted Biscuits, 12 oz tin Short-
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12 oz jar Mincemeat, 12 oz jar
Blackcurrant Jam, 1 lb jar Marma-
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tin Salted Peanuts, 8 ozs Finest
Tea, 2 x 41/2 oz Raspberry and
Lemon Jellies, 151/2 oz tin Rice
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151/2 oz tin Halved Pears, 151;2 oz
tin Sliced Peaches, 151/2 oz tin
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We guarantee complete satisfaction.
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of k, ' rcester Ltd
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WorcesterWR53DP UK
 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
What makes
Sun' burn?
Peter Fiddick ponders the
success of a tabloid
It is not usual for newspapers
to take much public notice of each
other. Such admission of other
sheets' existence as does take
place these days is usually con-
fined to academic professional
discussions, or the occasional
more public jeremiads of some
proprietor or other apparently
bent on talking his rivals out of
business.
Rest assured, therefore, that if
we are about to break the con-
vention of silence, we shall also
ignore the precedents of gloom.
This week saw the first birthday
of Mr Rupert Murdoch's "Sun"
and we are here to wish it a happy
one.
YIPPEE! THEY'VE
GOT THE BOOT
Guardian Weekly November211970
Race cltallenge on
?10 passages
by Charles Stokes
The Race Relations Board has
officially asked the Australian
Government to reconsider its
policy of refusing ?10 assisted
passages to people from Britain
who are of non-European origin.
It has also specifically asked
for an assisted passage for Mr
Jan Augustine Allen, aged 36,
his French-born wife, and their
three young children. Mr Allen
is Jamaican-born although a
British citizen.
The board's request was passed
to the Australian High Commis-
sioner in London, Sir Alexander
Downer by the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office. It is being
discussed by the Australian Minis-
ter for Immigration, Mr Philip
Lynch, who will prepare a report
for his Prime Minister, Mr John
Gorton, and the Federal Cabinet.
Neither the board nor Australia
House would comment this week.
An Australia House official said:
"This is a policy matter which has
to be decided in Canberra. "
Australian immigration depart-
ment sources in Canberra regard
the board's challenge as being
likely to open up a crucial political
controversy in Australia. They
said the whole question had stem-
med from press reports in July
which revealed that Australia was
discriminating because of colour.
Mr Jan Allen and his family later
complained to the "Observer"
that they had been refused
assisted passages because he was
black.
But Australia House still insists
that Mr Allen only applied for
permission to enter Australia. In
spite of his colour, he was given
permission because he was a
computer engineer, and his special
skill was needed. But Australia
has insisted that she did not at
the same time have to give them
assisted passages.
A Melbourne lawyer, Mr David
Waxman, has Opened a fund to
pay for the Allen's fares.
The board and its legal advisers
are believed to have based their
action on Section 2 of the Race
Relations Act, which says it is
illegal to discriminate in goods,
facilities, and services.
The discrimination is more
relevant to the British Govern-
ment than might at first be ap-
parent, because it pays ?150,000
a year towards the assisted as-
sage scheme. Pressure coul we
be put on the Government not
to renew this agreement when it
expires in 1972 on the grounds
that Australia is scorning a
British Act of Parliament.
Judging from his most recent
statements, Mr Gorton is unlikely
to favour much further relaxation
of the White Australia policy. In
Sydney last month he said it would
be "immoral" to create racial ten-
sions in Australia, which would
follow any sizeable influx of
coloured immigrants.
"But there is a difficult moral
problem on which, in the fullness
of time, it will be for those who are
now Young Liberals, and young
Australians generally, to decide.
As for me, I make it clear that
I am not going to change our
present liberalised policy in any
way. "
greeted with considerable amaze- smile politely, smell fish, and pass
ment at the time. But when you on to the highly pictorial topless
know the dip a popular news- dancers on Page 3. Older organ-
paper's circulation takes almost isations have better screening
automatically every autumn (when systems. The "Sun" has not come
racing switches from the Flat to out in favour of legislation.
the less attractive "sticks") you But though the intricacies of
can find a sort of logic in making a politics and the press obsess some
big noise in that area. (mostly politicians), their rele-
Then, of course, there is politics. vance in the context of the reader-
The general election, as ever, ship changes which the past year
polarised political attitudes in the has seen must be minimal. The
press. Both the popular broad- fact of the election makes this
sheets, "Express" and "Mail," clear: if Right-wing newspapers
took off sharply to the Right. Of lose readers while a massive swing
the tabloids, the "Sketch" followed in the country is putting back a
them. The "Mirror" had tempered Conservative Government, politics
its traditional Labourite stance can scarcely be a factor. And this
by not following the
art
's
it
h
p
y
sw
c
isilht h h
precsey waasappened.
ceIt certainly has something ooo back to opposing strike legislation. Audited circulation figures are
The "Sun," however, seems to available only up to June, and
over last year from the ailing be getting more thoroughly radical current figures are held very close
successor to the "Herald" (which as time goes on. This is not just in to the chest, so one can only guess
some will doubtless remember its leaders but also in extended at the present situation. The feel-
more or less fondly) was no more coverage of subj
i
e
s
Th
h
t
is weeke new poverty and council housing
"Sun" is heading for 1.8 millions. "Hands off the Health Service."
Back in the summer, before a Its views are often expressed
distribution dispute wreaked havoc with a panache (not to say vul-
with all trends, the optimists of garity) which the others have
Bouverie street had been hoping over the years drifted away from.
to hit the two million for their It can lead them to excesses like
birthday treat. Now they are talk- last Saturday's full-front-page
ing about Christmas. raspberry to Jerry Rubin, cele-
No one in his right mind would brating that hate-figure's depar-
pretend to have a tidy explana- ture under the screaming headline,
tion for the "Sun's" success, inches high: "Yippee! They've got
though a lot of people try. People the boot," followed by the "The
buy newspapers for a host of Sun says: Good riddance." But
different reasons, from horse rac- less fashionable subjects get simi-
ing to murder, and when you are lar treatment once the paper
dealing with the sort of numbers decides what to say.
involved in the mass circulation The sociology of newspapers,
field all you can do is to see however, is a race without winners.
whether you are winning or losing Any journalist knows how particu-
and guess why. lar subjects or treatments get
Take sex. There are those who into a newspaper on totally non-
will tell you - and did so with ideological grounds - such as
much hollering of "yellow press" who happened to be in the office
when the "Sun" started - that the the night someone got the idea, or
secret of its success was a solid who wins the fight in the daily
step back to the sort of sexsation- conference, or whether a featured
alism exploited by (conveniently) writer has, for once, a particular
the "News of the World," its new bee in his bonnet. It is my impres-
parent. Well, it's certainly sexy. sion that such vagaries are more
October brought a week-long likely to have a significant effect
serialisation of one lurid sex- on a tabloid newspaper simply be-
manual - "The Sensuous Woman" cause there are fewer id
t
q
on o
eas
o
costs against revenue
- bowdlerised as only a right- the page; once the idea goes in, against advertising rates might
minded newspaper knows how. the big-bang theory takes over. take on a very different look.
Now birthday week offers "The At the extreme, this gives rise Certainly the men at IPC will be
Modern Mating Game," an Ameri- to happenings like the curious watching this more closely than
can opus on how to take the guess- case of October 6, when the the statement from their old chair-
work out of pick-ups, decorated by Government's anti-strike Bill was man, Mr Cecil King, with which
a hairy tummied lad and equally published. "Sun" readers in the their rivals are said to be ready
nude bird face to face. Hebrides might have read a lead- to regale us: to the effect that the
All very racy, of course, but - ing article on Page 2 opposing the "Sun" is being run the way Mr
even with nipples - is it really legislation. Readers of later King would have run the "Mirror."
worth a million readers? The editions, having read the main But after all, what sort of news-
answer is certainly more com- story on Page 4, found them- paper is this compendium of birds,
plicated and equally certainly not selves directed to Page 2 to find politics, concern, frivolity, sex-
something to take a high moral what "The Sun Says." But what serials, and sport? One year old,
tone about. The full answer in- they found there was a (totally it is not the newspaper it was six
eludes the success of a paper's laudable) plea to readers to help months ago, nor yet the one it will
tipsters relative to the rest, the find over-80s entitled to pensions be in six months' time. For journal-
amount of space it devotes to and get them registered. ists, publishers, readers,
television, how much women like it, Senior executives at the "Sun" alike, it has - merely by epundits,
xisting
and whether people like its sports stoutly deny that the change was - upset a few theories of what
writers. The "Sun" chose to open made because "Someone High you can do, what you cannot do,
new life with a curious sort of Up" disliked the first version's and what works. Its second birth-
racing "scoop" about doping tak- sentiments. Outsiders, and Mr day could be celebrated in a very
ing the front page, a decision Murdoch's lowlier employees, changed world.
Pro-Market MP wants
referendum
by our own reporter
The case for a referendum on
Britain's entry into the Common
Market is immensely powerful, if
not overwhelming, Mr Anthony
Wedgwood Benn stated in a letter
to his constituents released at the
weekend. "If people are not to
participate in this decision, no one
will ever take participation seri-
ously again," he writes.
Mr Wedgwood Bonn is the first
leading politician from either
major party to espouse firmly the
idea of a referendum on Common
Market entry. He is also the first
prominent pro-marketeer to favour
a referendum, although anti-
marketeers in both parties want a
referendum because they believe
it would go against entry.
"What is being created," Mr
Wedgwood Benn writes, "is not
just a Customs union, but a politi-
cal unit. Slowly but surely the
pressures are building up to create
a federal political structure.
"The political implications of
entry have been played down and
anyone who asks questions about
it is always told that it would have
to be decided later and Britain
would by then, be a member of the
Community, and would have a say
in the decision.
"But this really is to fudge the
issue. It is inconceivable that
Britain with its strong parliament-
ary tradition would allow a bureau-
cratic commission in Brussels to
reach central decisions about
economic policy without being sub-
ject to broad democratic control
by an elected Assembly. Certainly
no Socialist could accept anything
less."
But the "key question," he says,
is: How are we to decide whether
we want to join? "Up to now it
Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
ever, seems to be that the million
new readers for the new "Sun"
can be accounted for quite closely
by corresponding losses in the
four other popular newspapers:
three of them Right wing. If you
take it that the "Mirror" - with
nearly five million readers a year
ago - had most fat to lose in those
who bought it just because they
didn't much fancy the alternatives,
then they could have lost any-
thing up to half the "Sun's" gain.
The other three share the rest.
So where does popular publish-
ing stand one year after the dawn?
At a crossroads. I said this birth-
day greeting would eschew gloom,
but it must only be stating the
obvious to point out that if the
"Sketch" is slipping towards
750,000 its proprietors must be
less happy than ever before,
especially if its sister, the "Mail,';
has been trimmed too.
The "Mirror" is perhaps in a
different position from the others
through very weight of numbers,
though if the "Sun" ever got itself
above two million and the "Mirror"
below four million the crucial
e
uati
f
has been assumed that, like every
other treaty, the decision would
be after a parliamentary vote. But
this is not the same as any other
treaty. It is an irreversible decision
which would transfer certain
sovereign powers now exercised by
the British Parliament to the EEC.
Parliament would then be obliged
to carry through those changes
in its law that were necessary to
implement Community policy and
the Courts would have to uphold
and enforce Community law in
Britain. Thus a Government that
signed the Treaty of Rome would
be binding on all succeeding Parlia-
ments for all time and these de-
cisions could not be changed even
if that Government was later de-
feated in a general election."
He argues that a general election
fought on British entry would "not
be a good way of reaching such
an important decision." If both
parties were in favour, there would
be no choice. If one was opposed,
voting would be distorted by party
loyalties.
A bill to allow a referendum on
the Common Market could easily
be introduced and passed in
Parliament, he says. Because of
the unique nature of the Common
Market issue, it would not lead, as
is sometimes argued, to a referen-
dum on all kinds of other, issues.
"If Britain really is to play a
useful part in Europe, and to ac-
cept the inevitably difficult process
of transition, it must have decided
consciously that it wants to enter.
Nothing would be more likely to
lead to trouble than the feeling
that we had been led into Europe
by leaders who didn't trust the
public to make their views known
on it."
 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
by DENNIS JOHNSON
Time for a change
When a friend of mine read at
the weekend that the Govern-
merit was proposing to introduce
"open ended" drinking hours, so
that we can behave like real
members of the Common Market,
he reacted instead like the true
son of a feather-bedding Welfare
State. "That's no good," he said,
with a hint of anxiety, "we shan't
know when to go home."
Britain still is not. a nation of
sophisticated, cultured, and care-
free drinkers. Sit your average
clock-watching British tourist at
a table outside a French bar late
at night and he will be a study
in discomfort, worrying about
the number of francs he will have
to spend on another drink to
enjoy the "open ended" system,
worrying about whether he will
be locked out of his pension.
Worrying about his delicious
sense of wittiness at boozing
publicly and in full view of the
children as the clock nears mid-
night, and worrying, deep down,
whether much more of this would
turn him into a hopeless al-
coholic. We are the prisoners of
our long standing Puritanism,
and in spite of our protests about
stop-watch landlords and officious
policemen, we rest secure in our
protective framework of restric-
tions, testing them now and again
to make sure they will prop us
up.
Do we want to be a nation of
"civilised drinkers?" The British
Tourist Association, which is
said to he behind the Govern-
ment's trove, has no do iiht that
Office. And indeed the whole
Government sees reform, includ-
ing a much freer granting of
drinks licences to shops, cafes,
and restaurants, as the best way
to promote competition in the
brewing industry and the licence
trade. As one Cabinet Minister
puts it privately, the reforms will
be 'comprehensive and tough'
and will prove popular with the
public."
It is much too early to assess
who will be for and who against.
Certainly, the Council on Alcohol-
ism, which estimates that Britain
What prompted Her Majesty's
stern and Tory Government to bail
out Rolls-Royce? Well, of course,
it would have been a bit like pawn-
ing the crown jewels to let Rolls
go bankrupt. And, of course, the
company is still a great and
potential dollar earner. But the
word in the upper reaches of West-
minster is that the decision was
neither so sentimental nor so
vague.
As much as anything, it seems,
"cancellation clauses" tipped the
balance. Rolls-Royce was con-
tracted to sell engines at a fixed
price for the American airbus
planned by Lockheed. If Rolls
had been allowed to fold, it would
have cost the balance of payments
millions of dollars in compensation.
But that is only half the story.
Lockheed is in as shaky a state
as dear old Rolls. Washington is
faced with the same kind of
dilemma as Whitehall. Should the
stern and Republican American
Administration bail out Lockheed?
Probably yes, but maybe not. If
not, there will, of course, be a little
matter of cancellation clauses with
may be losing ?300 millions a
year because of the effects of
drink on health, production, and
the Welfare State, cannot be
expected to enthuse. Nor, it
seems, can the licence trade,
which complains angrily about
the amount of taxation which
reduces its profit and argues
that there is not enough money
in pubs for unrestricted opening
and a leisurely Continental habit
of sitting around with a glass of
cheap wine. Even the brewers,
who have traditionally been
regarded as the Conservative
Party's private Mafia, must be
now beginning to wonder whether
their loyalty has been long mis-
placed. Though the Anglicans
must he assumed to be doubtful
until they declare themselves,
the non-conformist churches can
safely be placed among the
enemies of a free-drinking
society.
All these, however, are parties
with a vested interest in restric-
tions of one kind or another.
What manner of man is the "con-
sumer," whose children are
apparently to be allowed to
watch him at his tipple? Al-
though the BTA clearly has in
mind the frustrating effect of
licencing hours on foreign visi-
tors, it is as well for the Govern-
ment to understand the funda-
mental importance for a native
of what it proposes to do. Drink-
ing in Britain, though it evolves
in style, conforms to a universal
pattern which is itself part of a
long-ostahlishod way of life. To
is nee y a
bad thing. There is, for example,
good reason to believe that city
gents linger in the pub so long
at lunchtime only because they
know their freedom is within
official limits. Many an extra pint
is bought at ten minutes to three
because it is bound to be the
last, and no one bears the
responsibility of cutting the ses-
sion short. When the Glasgow
pubs used to close at 9.30pm
they were invariably full to the
last second, not of people
engrossed in compelling con-
versation but of drinkers swallow-
ing as much as they could in the
Rolls-Royce. No one is saying how
many dollars would flow eastwards
across the Atlantic, but the engine
contract could be worth as much
as ?20 millions.
Destinations
Exit Des Wilson, the Ralph Nader
of Britain. The retiring director
of Shelter, the campaign for the
homeless, has abandoned his idea
for a consumers' defence corps
that would have filled part of the
gap left by the lamented Consumer
Council (doubly lamented by Des,
who was supposed to run the coun-
cil from the end of January).
Wilson says he could have raised
the ?30,000 a year he wanted to
get a small unit off the ground, but
there would have been too many
strings attached. "The cash would
have had to come from business
and industry, but you can't protect
the consumer from business and
industry using their own money."
Enter, presumably then, Des
Wilson, campaigning journalist and
broadcaster. Wilson says he is not
looking for another job in the
comforting knowledge that, late
as it was, it was only as late as
the law would allow. Even when
the hours were extended, there
was always the final, reassuring
call of "time" the flashing of
lights, the sudden clearing of
empties and the sight of a
fatherly, scar - faced barman
standing meanfully at the street
door like the sentinel of an ordered
society.
But the Government is not
merely asking the people to throw
away their crutches. Open ended
drinking could alter the structure
of the British weekend. For count-
less fathers the outline is sharply
enough defined to remove the
need for decision - Saturday:
shopping with wife: pub; lunch;
football: pub: tea; pub. Sunday:
reading papers; washing car; pub;
lunch: snoozing or gardening:
tea; pub.
For their families, the arrange-
ment has the advantage of at
least regularity. In future, with
licensing hours removed, not only
will every activity be the subject
of a conscious decision, but wives
may take a fancy to a glass of
Scotch in The Grapes at four
o'clock in the afternoon, children
to playing on the newly installed
rocking horse in the tap room,
fathers to dropping in for a
quickie mid-morning instead of
buying the potatoes, thus caus-
ing the entire family to miss its
lunch and join him for an expen-
sive round in the pub's new
family room
at ease witn armK. f''or thousan s
of people, a pub is still a faintly
naughty place, and the beer
tastes better for being drunk
within its ambient. Pubs were
lighted windows on street corners,
the last refuges for those who
found the industrial towns of the
19th century too intolerable.
They were sinful places in the
eyes of Liberal England, the
haunts of tipsters and wastrels,
and the term "public house"
continues to have a pejorative
ring.
We are not yet family drinkers
except at our worldliest levels.
Our pubs are necessarily con-
lincu places, defences against
01.. ii ate. Unly for a few
weeks in the summer can we
spill out of a country pub and
sit with the children in the sun-
shine. The result is that the
brewers have built even bigger,
brassier, and more seductive
concrete enclosures with bigger
and more profitable "drinking
areas," filled with tables just big
enough for glasses. At weekends,
particularly in the country pubs
where families might be expec-
ted to go, the crowds are so
great that a child would be
trampled under foot. Yet some-
one had to make us grow up. To
be trusted not to drink from morn-
ing until night, starve our fami-
lies, and ruin our health, that will
be some progress; to be able to
take the kids into a comfortable
bar or restaurant for a sandwich
instead of rushing out to them
with trays full of Coke.
Coming home from the West
country in the summer, I asked
a landlord if it would be possible
for my wife and I to take the
children into a "back room." He
said it would, and we were
escorted in like fugitives, sat
behind a closed door, served
swiftly with sandwiches, and
ushered out again. Any law
which removes absurdities of
that kind must be good, whether
the English pub is ever the same
again or not.
Why Rolls was spared
charity game. Nor is he likely to
launch himself into another branch
of community action. If he'd wanted
that, he could have stayed with
Shelter. Which leaves the offers
he's known to have had from press
and television. Welcome even
farther aboard.
Hang up
Another poser for Edward Heath,
man of culture, On November
27, Christie's is selling a master-
piece by Velasquez, a portrait of
his part-Moorish assistant, Juan
De Pareja, painted in 1649. Ex-
perts expect it to make the highest
sum ever paid for a painting at
auction. The record stands at
?821,400 paid in 1961 for Rem-
brandt's "Aristotle contemplating
the Bust of Homer."
The Velasquez has been in
Britain since at least 1801, when
Christie's sold it for 39 guineas.
It is on the list of works of art
for which an export licence will be
refused. But in the contemplated
price range, who can bid? Who but
Americans? It looks as if the
Treasury will have to step in. But
what of HMG's tightened purse
strings, not to say stern individual-
ism and market forces?
Marking time
Last week saw the publication
of Report No 158 from the Prices
and Incomes Board - the fifth in a
series of reports on pay in the
armed forces. A relatively in-
nocuous document, about the
separation allowance for troops
away from their spouses.
But where is PIB Report No 157,
the fourth in the series on Services'
pay? On the desks of several
Ministers, where it has been lying
since October 15 - three weeks,
that is, before the fifth report was
submitted to the Government. It
was scheduled for publication last
month but wasn't.
Why not? Because the fourth
report recommends a 30 per cent
pay increase for senior officers:
bumping-up a Field-Marshal from
around ?10,500 to ?14,000, and a
General from ?9,500 to ?12,500.
Not the right time of year to
be putting out such inflationary
and inflammatory material.
Vapour trails
Into Europe - at a price. Last
week the world's airlines an-
nounced increases in transatlantic
fares, but said they would leave
European and other increases until
later this month when there is an-
other gathering of one of the
world's most powerful employers'
organisations, the International
Air Transport Association.
Proper enough, but check the
small print. In fact, lots of Euro-
pean fares were quietly inflated on
November 1. Among them fares
from Britain to Belgium, Holland,
Germany, France, and Ireland -
all up by 71/2 per cent. There has
been no public announcement, and
the airlines will not seek the neces-
sary Government permission until
next week's IATA meeting in
Geneva, which will endorse these
and other increases. Meanwhile,
the passenger pays.
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 TERRY COLEMAN talks to Britain's
next Ambassador to Washington
Guardian Weekly November 21 1970
Cromer's credit
cards
George Rowland Stanley Baring,
third Earl of Cromer, who has
just been appointed the next Brit-
ish Ambassador to Washington,
will not he the first of his family to
be sent to America to act diplo-
matically. Alexander Baring, his
great grandfather's brother, went
to Washington in 1842 to nego-
tiate the boundary between the
United States and Canada, and
is said to have "spread a social
charm over Washington, and
filled everybody with friendly feel-
ings towards England."
Lord Cromer has lots of aristo-
cratic connections, English and
American. One grandfather was
Consul-General of Egypt, and the
other Viceroy of India. His father
was Lord Chamberlain, and de-
clined the office of Governor-
General of Canada. Lord Cromer
is chairman of Baring Bros, mer-
chant bankers in the City of
London since the eighteenth cen-
tury, and also of the English side
of IBM. His own godfather was
George V; the godfather of one of
his sons was J. P. Morgan II.
As a page of honour, he handed
the princesses Elizabeth and
Margaret their coronets at the
Coronation of 1937. Later, from
1961 to 1966, he was Governor of
the Bank of England, where he
sat not at a desk but at an Adam
table, and was said by many to
have saved the pound, and by Mr
Wilson to have preached him
"familiar sermons" about inflation.
Lord Cromer is very amiable,
and amenable to questions.
Doesn't he think it hard on the
professional diplomats that he is
the second consecutive outsider to
be given Washington? He says
that when he was approached,
two or three weeks ago, that was
the first question he asked him-
self. He decided it was by no
means untoward. An old diplomat,
long retired, whom he met at a
Chatham House dinner told him
that in his day as many as five of
the top posts were held by out-
siders. Of course, said Lord
Cromer, not being in the service
he did not know who might have
expected Washington.
How long had he known Mr
Heath?-Fifteen years, but he
did not remember the first meeting
as any great event.
Did he know Mr Nixon?-Yes,
but he did not want to claim any-
thing like a Harlech-Kennedy re-
lationship.
At what age did he first realise
that he was a Baring? When he
came to work at the Bank at the
age of 20, in the postal depart-
ment.
But surely he must have real-
ised before then that he was not
as other little boys were? Ile does
not seem to have done: he said
his was not a clannish family and
he did not grow up among masses
of little Baring cousins.
But he was, among other things,
a page to George V and Queen
Mary? Yes; he remembers stand-
ing round at State occasions.
His mother wrote in her memoirs
that the night before the 1937
Coronation he had nightmares that
his ceremonial coat, which the
tailors had still not delivered
would turn up in the wrong colours,
and not in the proper scarlet and
gold. Was this true?-"I've read
that too," he said.
After Eton, Trinity College,
Cambridge, and a year as a well-
qualified post boy at Baring's, the
war came and he went into the
Guards. He joined the training
battalion at Windsor, and retnem-
bers they did sword drill every
morning on the cricket pitch.
He remembers that orders said
"Officers who do not have swords
will borrow there." He had one.
He was at Normandy as a staff
officer, and was mentioned in dis-
patches, not, he says, for
gallantry but for administrative
work, and was a lieutenant-colonel
at 27. After the war he went to
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America for a year, and then re- meab&Ad how did he dlrit? P,
turned to Baring's to become telephoning foreign bankers`
managing director. He was 29. "More or less. The reserves
In 1953 he inherited the earl- were just going to run out. My job
dom and three years later, at the was to deal with the situation. I
time of Suez, was making, accord- literally got on the. telephone to
hog to the parliamentary reports, all the other leading central banks,
what appeared to be a patriotic having worked out on an envelope
speech to the House of Lords, before how much we needed, to
First Lord Birdwood spoke, in the ask if they would give us credit."
uniform of a lieutenant-colonel of How much for? - "?3,000
Probyn's Horse; and then the millions. In the course of one
young Lord Cromer, in the uni- rather hair- raisi ng a fternoo it. "
form of a lieutenant-colonel of the A good thing the telephones
Grenadier Guards, spoke of worked fcr once?-"We had the
Nasser's hollow intent and said, most excellent service from the
with apparent indignation, that GPO. By seven in the evening I
within almost living memory was able to tell the Prince Minister
Britain had saved Egypt from we had these promises. He
bankruptcy. couldn't have known exactly what
Why the uniform? Lord Cromer wasgoingon."
explained that in the autumn, So it was fair to say he did save
when the world was all calm and the pound?-"It was saved at that
peace, Lord Salisbury asked hint, nu nlent. There would have been
as a young back bench peer, to awurrd wruew[lapsa.
second the reply to the Queen's After he re'ired in 1966, tvhv
Speech. was he criticised for going back
The custom was, in those days, into commercial life? He thinks
that if you had a uniform you this was because in recent years
jolly well put it on, so he went to governors have not gone back.
the reserve stores of his regiment "I couldn't, at the age of 47, say
and borrowed one. Between the I was going to retire. I couldn't
time of his being asked and the affordto."
time of the speech, the whole Suez Oh, but surey, he was a rich
crisis blew up, and he wondered man?
whether he ought to speak, since He shook hishead, very sadly.
the name had had inherited had But he ww a Baring. On his
been closely connected with mother's sidehe was a Minto (the
Egypt. (The first Lord Cromer had Viceroy side) : and he had married
been Consul General.) That was a Harmswortf.
the onlysignificance of the uniform. Lord Cromer- patiently explained
But he had spoken, and in favour that the wonderful wealth of the
of the invasion?-"The thing Barings was not . His grand-
having happened, certainly I father had been the eighth of ten
supportedit." children, although he had happily
In 1961 Lord Cromer was made been given a grant by Parliament
Governor of the Bank of England. on his retirement. Lord Cromer
It was a Macmillan appointment. could not remember what that
Macmillan had been known to grant was. As for the Mintos,
appoint relations. So the droll Mr daughters nevergotanything.
Woodrow Wyatt got up in the But, putting everything else
Commons, said that "Debrett" re- apart, he had been reported in
vealed only the most tenuous con- the past few yeas as having sold
nection between Cromer and Mac- a house in Ken for .?35,000, and
millan (something to do with the bought a villa in Provence for
second husband of an aunt by "less than ?42,:00" so he could
marriage), and by implication in- not be on the breai line?
quired what other reason there Lord Cromer hquired how much
could be for the appointment- The Mr Callaghan paid for his farm,
droll Mr Macmillan said: "He is a and suggested fiat it must have
young man, which is said to be not cost 4:35,000 at least. "Obviously,"
a bad thing." he said, "I'm rat going to com-
Cromer was 42 and the plain on this score, but it is a fact
youngest governor for about 200 of life: I've knovn since childhood
years. He had family connections that I would alvays have to work
there, though. Sit* Francis Baring,
his great great grandfather and
the founder of Baring Bros, wrote
a pamphlet in 1797 applauding the
establishment of the Bank of
England and saying paper
currency was as good as gold.
Jeremy Bentham, in his copy, now
in the British Museum, wrote in
the margin "Nonsense," "Con-
fused," and, if I can read his
writing, "Bach."
As governor, Lord Cromer was
to be pretty nearly as outspoken
as Bentham, but first he saved the
pound. Now, did he? What did it
earth man, who seems Ito see no
great virtue in aristocracy as such,
and no ideas about having been
destined for high office or any-
thing. But I Jid ask him about his
christening.
He said lie did not I'emenijer it.
I said his mother, it her
memoirs, hac written tha. her
child, "as the Cross was made
on his brow, raised higher and
higher a little upstretched hznd."
Ile said: "My mother was very
poetic. I have not inherited ttat."
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
Danger-but not
yet Doomsday
Anthony Tucker on pollution
In spite of years of speculation
about potential worldwide dangers
through changes wrought by
recent technologies, no pro-
gramme of investigation and
assessment yet exists. But during
the late summer about 100 scien-
tists and other professionals met
for a month at Williamstown,
Massachusetts, to consider critical
environmental problems.
The findings, a true reflection
of current knowledge, ring no
doomsday bells but point to real
dangers. They also provide a
platform for realistic national and
international programmes of mon-
itoring and control. The full text
of the discussions has now been
published by the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology Press.
Those who, at one time or
another, have speculated that the
burning of fossil fuels will lead
to a disastrous depletion of oxy-
gen on our abused planet can
relax. If all the fuel resources of
the globe were to go up in smoke,
the oxygen content of the our,
would remain almost unchanged,
falling only from 20.946 per cent
to around 20.11 per cent. So say
the Williamstown college of
experts and, in the absence of a
more authoritative source, it
seems safe to breath easily. Yet
that is about the only crumb of
comfort these deliberations have
to offer. On carbon dioxide, heavy
not::! rnnl::imnation. pesticides
and-in particular-on the effects of
supersonic transport, the present
level of knowledge is inadequate
for prediction. The disturbing truth
is that man does not know what
he is doing.
Since SSTs are already with us,
the Williamstown discussions of
their probable effects are the most
urgent. Disturbances of the upper
levels of the atmosphere leave
their imprint for years, and the
question being asked is whether
it is possible to predict the effects
of the large disturbances SSTs will
certainly produce at stratospheric
levels. The problem centres on
engine emissions and, since no
definite measurements of SST
engine emissions have been made
on either side of the Atlantic, it
is necessary to extrapolate from
work on smaller engines. Particles
of various kinds, water vapour,
and carbon dioxide, are all poten-
tially disturbing factors, leading to
increased absorption of sunlight
and higher temperatures in the
stratosphere, to increased cloud-
iness and resultant changes at
ground level.
Taking current estimates of 500
SSTs operating mainly in the
Northern Hemisphere in 1985-90,
flying seven hours a day at around
65,000ft, the conclusions are
salutary. World wide stratospheric
water vapour will increase 10 per
cent and, in regions of dense
traffic, by as much as 60 per cent.
Particle contamination may reach
levels that are 10 times as high
as those produced by the violent
volcanic eruption of Agung Bali,
in 196:3. This has become a kind
of datum line for assessment of
effects, since it produced a strato-
spheric temperature increase of
6 deg. C. through the injection
of dust particles which absorbed
incoming radiation. Although the
Aging-effect produced no
measurable changes at ground
level, 10 times that effect prob-
ably would. Further, the combin-
ation of nucleating particles and
high water vapour could lead
to extensive cloudiness affecting
large areas of the globe.
The Williamstown study does
not go on to point out that any
changes of incident sunlight on
the earth fundamentally affects its
productivity. This is because it is
impossible to say, at this time,
whether cloudiness would occur.
But it does point to the urgent
need to find out enough about the
lower stratosphere to determine
what its mechanisms are, to get
accurate measurements of SST
emissions, and to develop tech-
niques for monitoring stratospheric
conditions continuously.
We are talking about effects
which, at their worst, could sig-
nificantly reduce oceanic and
agricultural productivity, and
which are only 15 years away. It
is strange, to say the least, that
techniques for continuous mon-
itoring do not at this moment
exist and that no Government has
established a firm research policy
which will keep the state of know-
ledge sufficiently ahead of prac-
tical developments for climatic
predictions to be made.
That, of course, was precisely
the position in the case of per-
sistent pesticides and, in spite of
belated partial reductions in their
use, it is by no means certain that
they will leave the planet un-
scathed. This is not a national
affair, as some Governments pre-
tend, for large-scale distribution is
predominantly through the earth's
water cycle and thus affects the
whole globe.
The Williamstown study points
to the accidental elimination of
desired predators and to unknown
long-term effects on productivity.
It recommends not simply a
drastic and rapid reduction in the
use of chlorinated hydrocarbons
and related materials, but the
furnishing of subsidies to enable
other techniques to be developed
as soon as possible. Greatly in-
creased effort should be put into
the development of integrated pest
control systems in which biological
control is integrated with a
minimal use of non-persistent
pesticides.
Other areas deserve emphasis.
Heavy metals, such as mercury
and lead, are reaching the en-
vironment in increasing amounts
and are highly poisonous. The
study is uncompromising in its
conclusion that they must be re-
duced.
Similarly, although no one now
doubts that it is urgently neces-
sary to reduce the 1.5 million tons
of oil which reach the oceans
directly each year, little attention
is being given to the three or four
million tons which get there in-
directly. There is enormous scope
for improvement through re-
cycling, just as there is through
the recycling of urban wastes.
Both deserve much more attention
than they are getting or, indeed,
are likely to get unless con-
siderable pressure is applied.
Taken largely, you could say
that things looked fairly grim,
through Williamstown eyes, if by
no means hopeless. On the
hoary chestnut of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere the outlook is
moderate. Serious effects are
likely only after 2,000. Is 30 years
a long time?
Goodbye to Bessie
Mrs Bessie Braddock died in a
Liverpool hospital last week after
a long illness. She was 71. With her
death, Britain-and Liverpool in
particular-has lost one of the most
distinctive political personalities of
the century.
Bessie Braddock rose from
humble, but militantly Left-wing,
origins to become perhaps the
best-known woman in Britain after
the Queen. She remained Liver-
pool-rooted throughout her life, and
was married to Jack Braddock,
leader of the city Labour Party,
who died in 1963. Fame as what
Mr Wilson called "a doughty
fighter" did not affect the ` wo
fixed points in her week-Saturday
constituency surgery, and Monday
washday.
Much of Mrs Braddock's most
enduring work was done in Liver-
pool in the inter-war years. Elec-
ted to the city council as a non-
sectarian candidate for the Labour
Party during an argument about
providing a site for Liverpool's
Catholic Cathedral, she was ap-
pointed first to the Port Sanitary
and Hospitals Committee. Here
she pursued deplorable conditions,
helped to bring some logic into the
relation of municipal and teaching
hospitals, and rationalised the
uniforms of the city's nurses. She
spent the war driving an ambu-
lance in the Liverpool blitzes and
helping to organise others in the
service.
She was born into a political
cradle: her mother, Mary (Ma)
Bamber, was a volatile Scottish
revolutionary whose home was a
permanent cauldron of Socialist
ideas. When she left school, where
a good memory helped her to keep
up without effort, Bessie started
her working life putting seeds in
packets for 5s a week. She soon
moved to the Co-op drapery de-
partment in Walton Road, where
she stayed until 1918.
In 1922 she married Jack Brad-
dock-"in the lunch break from
my clerical job with the Ware-
house Workers' Union." They had
no children.
All Mrs Braddock's early years
were spent in an atmosphere of
soup kitchens and deprivation, al-
though her own father was a
printer and kept the family off
the breadline. She always claimed
that it was the sight of well-fed
police on fat horses charging a
crowd of unemployed men on St
George's Plateau, on August 13,
1911, that drove her into the Com-
munist Party. After four years in
the party, however, she became
disillusioned, and, joining the
Labour Party, tended to move
steadily right. This led to recurrent
difficulties with her constituency
party, the most notable when the
party went Bevanite in the fifties
and voted to ask Bessie to stand
down: repeated National Executive
action was needed to put the
matter right.
It was in the Exchange con-
stituency that Mrs Braddock felt
herself to be most at home and
working most effectively. Her
Saturday morning surgeries in the
tatty Islington offices were famous,
and there she coped with the
heartbreaking problems thrown up
by overcrowding and bad housing
in central Liverpool. Often there
was nothing she could do-but
she answered every query with a
well thought out reply, and this
helped to keep her majority in-
vincible. Experience with problems
in the city with the least play-
ground space, and working as a
juvenile city magistrate, led her
to a belief in the beneficial effects
of boxing. She became honorary
president of the Professional
Boxers Association.
Mrs Braddock entered Parlia-
ment for Liverpool Exchange in
1945, and remained there until the
last general election, when she did
not stand again for reasons of
health. She often electrified the
House with her accounts of poverty
and hardship, in fact, in her maiden
speech she told MPs-many of
whom sat stunned at hearing such
sentiments from a woman member
-that throughout Britain, and
particularly in industrial areas,
people were living in "flea-ridden,
bug-ridden, lousy hell holes."
In her later years her speeches
were rare, but she played an
influential role behind the scenes
until she was overcome by mental
exhaustion last year. She was a
member of the Labour Party
National Executive for 22 years.
Last February she became Liver-
pool's first woman freeman.
Give a little whistle
At twenty-five minutes to nine
on Monday morning my nine year
old son was suddenly seized with
a passionate desire to improve on
the thin, uncertain note-rather
like a very soft wind in a very
small tree-that is all he can
manage when he puckers up his
lips and blows. The boy who sits
next to him in class, it seemed,
could emit ear-piercing blasts,
imitate birds, and decorate any
popular tune with improvised,
warbling variations. Could I, in
the five minutes left before he set
out for school, bring him to a
similar level of whistling pro-
ficiency?
Of course, I couldn't and I
haven't yet. For someone with no
sense of tone, melody, or rhythm,
I am not a bad whistler. I've got
a loud, strong whistle that can
fetch a dog from two fields away
or drive a colleague to the farthest
corner of the office faster than
most. But passing on this skill to
another, I've found, is harder
than practising it. Whistling is
like winking or wiggling your ears;
if you can do it, you know you can
do but you don't know how you do
it.
Over and over again since Mon-
day morning, I've shown him how
I whistle. I've taught him to imi-
tate the exact position of my lips,
the precise indrawing of my
cheeks, and the slightly raised
level of the eye-brows-which
seems a necessary adjunct to
whistling even if it's not a con-
tributing factor-and all to no
avail. When he has composed his
features into this grotesque pat-
tern and then blows, all that cones
out is a lot of air and, very occa-
sionally, something that almost
promises to be a whistle but never
remotely begins to live up to it.
Both of us have looked round
for other tutors and have found
that whistling seems to be another
of those dying skills and pastimes
that will soon only survive as
tape recordings in the BBC sound
archives. Our milkman never
whistles and confessed yesterday
morning that he had never
learned. The paper boy doesn't
whistle and since neither the
grocer nor the greengrocer have
delivery boys, there is no longer
any chance of enjoying that most
characteristic and dazzling of all
amateur whistling displays-the
errand boy riding a delivery
bicycle with both hands deep in
his pockets and his head thrown
by Harry Whewell
back, whistling at the sky as
though his pedalling legs were
pumping out the soaring sound.
The professional whistlers have
gone too. They used to be billed
on music hall programmes as
"Siffleur Extraordinary" or some
such. Perhaps to set their skill
as far as possible from the errand
boys, they would make a great
show of holding their lower jaw
with one hand and cupping the
other over their mouth while
adding the most astonishing trills
and runs to the basic melody of
''In a Monastery Garden."
The finale of their act hardly
ever varied. Crouched down on one
knee, their cupped hand vibrating
like a tuning fork, they would
embark on an imitation of a sky
lark rising from its nest in which
they too rose to a climatic cres-
cendo on tip-toe and often brought
the audience to its feet as well.
Why whistling should be so much
in decline is hard to say. Lnles,
it is that in some mysterious way
whistling goes with poverty, and
keeping up both appearances and
spirits in trying circumstances.
Dickens's hard-pressed characters
were much given to whistling, and
the tradition was kept up in novels
and plays about working-class
life right up to the last war. It
even spread into the plastic arts.
There used to be vastly popular,
mass-produced plaster statuettes
of a whistling boy that once
adorned as many mantelpieces
and window sills as those three
flying ducks now adorn walls.
The boy was barefoot and his
trousers were tattered and out
at the seat.
One can speculate with as much
pleasure and as little profit on
the origins of whistling. Who was
the first whistler? Could men
whistle before they could speak?
Did they whistle before they sang?
Who invented the two finger in
the mouth whistle that can carry
half a mile on a clear day? Why
can so few women whistle at all
and hardly any of them well.
Addressing myself to the theory,
as well as the practice, of whistl-
ing I've considered all these
questions since last Monday and
still my son is no nearer his ambi-
tion. Fortunately, he has just
joined the Scouts and one of their
precepts, I seem to remember, is
"A Scout smiles and whistles
under all difficulties." Frankly,
I've always thought the double
feat impossible but if he can just
master the second part of it, we
will both be well pleased and the
old tradition will be kept alive a
bit longer.
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
Guardian Weekly November 211970
NORMAN SHRAPNEL'S series on university towns continues with a visit to Colchester-a town of oysters, roses, and revolt
"In the main streets," says the yet this seemed to be the only way plaice two-and-nine,
witty guidebook, "the future lies of seeing what is left of this once onions five bob) .
with the spry rather than the con- incomparable town Across th
templative." That's Colchester for still seductive river, past some On the upper level of the court-
you. Meaning, of course, that if distinguished facades the demol- yard they are advertising headier
you step off the kerb to get a fishers have overlooked, past the fare - an anarchist meeting ("cof-
better view of some interesting Arts Cinema (Andy Warhol's fee, biscuits, and bomb") at some-
survival you are unlikely to sur-
vive yourself.
It was Colchester that gave us
that splendid counterblast to Ken-
neth Tynan in the shape of an
overdressed revue called "Oh!
Colchester!" They're a sharp lot
in this town of oysters, roses, and
revolt. It has a long history of
that, way before the University of
Essex was ever thought of: from
Bo:,r~icea to the Quaker boy,
James Parnell, who (according to
the memorial in the castle) "was
imprisoned for his faith and died
here in 1656, aged 19."
Faith and rebellion are more
diffuse these days, but perhaps
Colchester was always a dan-
gerous town. As if the traffic were
not enough, a warning notice in
four-inch red letters informs us
that guard dogs are on patrol in
the castle park. Guarding what,
from whom? Yet there is still some
surviving virtue in this gutted,
filleted place, this fast-dissolving
monument to the belated truth
that what is good for the motor
industry is fatal for English towns.
come - "Sh-sb! Keep it quiet! " a rower. There's a counter-attrac-
notice entreats), past the Oxfam lion promised by the Go Society
shop, a pricey Chinese restaurant ("down with the Mah-Jong paper
on its chaste Georgian corner, a tigers"; no coffee or biscuits, le
stock-car racing poster, the prem- bomb, but mint-imperials available
ises (inactive, not surprisingly) of to all). Crowds sit peacefully
the Forces Help Society and Lord enough with ice- the blues for fsh.
Roberts Workshops. Pond -cream spoons frfish
Neat Magdalen Street - no Everything is man-made here,
saeeintended le you can already glass and stone and concrete, no
see the tall austere blocks of the vegetation; a kind of more sophis-
university brooding in the dhe ticated Blackpool. There's the
tance; nothing could look less bank, the bar, the general store.
Arnoldesque. And what are they One thing you can't conceivably
cooking up now in those scheming have here, or so one would think,
towers? You remember that Essex is solitude. Then why that service
students, anyway until Cambridge called Nightline, giving an emer-
took over, dominated the head- gency number to ring for "loneli-
lines of revolt. They once went so ness, crisis, or despair"? An ad-
far as getting embroiled in a visory service has also been set
parliamentary privilege issue with up to deal with emotional prob-
the dreaming towers of West- lems. What has been called "the
minster. (All forgotten now, but it freest, most exotic, most relaxed
made a high old sensation at the university in Britain" is plainly not
time.) free of tensions.
The administration block, sur- The bookshop is determined that
prisingly, has disguised itself as a its books aren't going to be free,
Jacobean country house. ("Pigs! " either. There has been so much
somebody has chalked. "Help the pilfering that customers are asked
dustmen.
n
la
have to protest about, and it
nprotestting
ducks.
Beyond theleentrance. It'ss an and cases tiny
usually seems to be plenty, the that, a sea of cars glittering in the minority, they say, but a tiny
motorcar is hardly involved. Legs sun, and those gloomy towers that minority can be bad for trade.
are already obsolete here, and can never shine. Have they proved Finally, there's a rather provoca-
nonmotorised members of the sociological successes in this tive headline in the local news-
university have developed the sociological university? Some paper, front page at that. "Uni-
most fluent and persuasive hitch- doubt it. However, large sectors versity women shape up for the
hiking thumbs in the entire student of the student body - and maybe sex war," it says. With the flouncy
community. I was regarded with staff too, for it's hard to tell the indeterminate student fashions of
some kind of awe as probably the one from the other here - are the moment, few of them look as if
only person who has walked to cheerfully piling into what looks they're shaping up to anything -
Wivenhoe Park in the (admittedly like a very decent lunch in the more, you'd say, as if they were
short) history of the university, enormous restaurant (fillet of rehearsing for "Carmen."
Two sides of The Strip
This is the most violent corner of
Fortress Israel, but that does not
mean much these days. The soldier
at the checkpoint told me to "be
careful"; but when I asked what
this meant he just shrugged and
waved me on. From Jerusalem
"The Strip" seems remote and
dangerous. People advise you not
to go in a car that has Israeli
plates (they are red, while occupied
Arab ones are blue, diplomatic ones
white, and foreign ones, like mine,
black).
Scores of people have been killed
here this year, hundreds wounded
-nearly all of them Arabs. Most
died when grenades thrown at
Israeli cars missed or bounced
back (which is what they nearly
always seem to do if they go off at
all) ; some were deliberately blown
up for going to work on buses
bound for Israel; others were
singled out because of more por-
tentous forms of collaboration; a
few died because they belonged to
the Popular Front for the Libera-
tion of Palestine but failed to
deliver the Front's money to those
for whom it was intended.
When I was last here 18 months
ago the children were on strike,
soldiers peered from behind
machineguns on top of the milit ary
governor's office and patrolled the
streets, looking ill at ease, as if the
Israeli army had never been
designed for garrison duty.
But in these post-Nasser days
Gaza looks, and is, as quiet as any
other occupied town. Hardly a
soldier to be seen. The streets at
noon jammed with children going
home; the boys looking studious
and the girls in Turkish-style
trousers or prudish stockings.
More than quiet, Gaza is
pleasant. I can see why those
United Nations wives grumbled so
much when they were moved in
Jerusalem last year because of the
danger. Orange groves around the
town, ready for the autumn picking,
look as neat and cherished as the
Israeli ones. Wide and cool are the
main streets with plenty of trees,
spacious villas, leisurely traffic, the
comforting Arab smells of charcoal
and coffee, and, at the far end of
the main road, a magnificent beach.
What Gaza is like depends on who
you talk to. An American journalist
emerged from the military
governor's office and told an
Egyptian woman in the plush
lounge of her beach hotel: "Isn't it
wonderful what the Israelis have
done in three years. Look at those
streets, all those wonderful houses."
The woman whose surname is
Nasser and not, politically speak-
ing, especially misleading, in-
formed him icily that her hotel
dated from 1934 and that Gaza's
imposing streets looked much
livelier before the Sinai campaign
than after.
Colonel Shmuel Liram is the
military government's officer for
liaison with everyone, from the
United Nations Relief and Works
Agency to the foreign press. He is
a talker, a fine example of the in-
tellectual, non-military Israeli
soldier. "I want you to look at this
photograph. It sums up the Gaza
story." Ile rummaged in his
shelves and produced a blow-up
Of a group of laughing college girls
walking in the streets.
"Look at this, ' he said, as if it
were an operations map. "First,
the picture was taken by a soldier.
I)o they look scared?" They did
not, and here followed a digression
on the solid reasons Gaza girls
had for being scared of soldiers in
the Egyptian days.
"Next, look at the blouses:
white blouses-unheard of in the
old days. And look again: two of
by Walter Schwarz in Gaza
the girls have the top buttons un-
done. And bras underneath. It's a
revolution."
But Colonel Liram's punchline
was in the hems. The picture
showed these had been turned up
by two or three inches. "You see?
They turn them up but don't cut
them. They know, as everyone in
Gaza knows, that things have
changed, but that they can change
back again, as they did when we
pulled out in 1957."
Colonel Liram is paternal, affec-
tionate, reassuring. "Our problem
isn't security (the Egyptians had a
dusk to dawn curfew in the refugee
camps for 20 years; ours is only
from 10 to four and it's at their own
request.) It's education. There's
revolution going on all right, but
it's inside people's homes and the
girls are leading it."
It is a good line to take with the
foreign press, for the social effects
of Israeli occupation, here as on
the West Bank, look more positive
than the political ones. The
twentieth century blows in every-
where, but it happens more
spectacularly when Israelis, with
their girl soldiers, their trade
unionism, and their informality,
move into a place like Gaza. Just
as the Gaza girls shorten their
skirts, bus drivers in East
Jerusalem go on strike against the
Arab employers. And wives, it is
said, now call the police when their
husbands beat them.
"If Israel said categorically that
Gaza would never return to Egypt,
85 per cent. of the people would
come out in support of us, 5 per
cent would fight against us, and the
rest would go away." The colonel
was clearly an optimist.
But there are no miniskirts in the
refugee camps. Beach camp in the
town, Maghazi and El Rurciz
camps outside, each a seething,
muddy mass of corrugated iron,
are as grotesquely overcrowded,
as smelly, as those around
Amman.
Talks with the inhabitants do not
bear out Colonel Liram's theory
that Gaza youth is with Israel.
Refugees have been talking to
visiting reporters for 22 years and
they know the answers so well that
they supply them before the
questions have been put. What
sounded new, though, was that
the "democratic Palestine for
Arabs and Jews" idea has got
down to the grass roots.
At Bureiz and Maghazi you can
see this in action. Wide streets
have been driven through the
camps and lit up at night. Huts
which had to be pulled down have
been rebuilt by UNRWA at Israeli
expense. It is strictly a "one for
one" exchange.
Mr Arthur Geaney, UNRWA's
American director, says that any
action that might be interpreted as
"resettlement" is vetoed, because
it would go against UN resolutions.
Even the size of the rooms had to
stay the same: a miserable nine
square yards. But the Israelis
were allowed to install inside
lavatories and, more significantly,
to put the new huts inside much
bigger compounds, which allows
for expansion by private enterprise-
I met Fayez Abu Rahman, head
of the Gaza bar, who pleads for
UNRWA and for indicated guer-
rillas alike, and Dr Wadi Terrazi,
headmaster of Gaza College, in
Mrs Nasser's drawing rooms. She
served tea and cake and spiced
the conversation with cynical
asides. ''Everyone always
promised us a port: the British, the
Egyptians, and now the Israelis.
But we still haven't even a jetty-.'
The lounge soon resounded twit h
the explosion of cherished Israeli
myths about Gaza. "That the
Egyptians neglected us is simply
not true; they provided excellent
education. At this moment we have
1,050 students in Egyptian
universities." This was the figure
Colonel Liram had given me, but
to prove the rather different point
that he was running his own
personal "open bridges" policy
across the Suez Canal.
Liram's point about the
Egyptians' "dusk to dawn curfew"
was also denied. The Egyptian one
had been from midnight to 4 am
-shorter than the Israeli one and
much less strictly enforced. It was
also apparently untrue that Israel
had brought in much industry. The
stawberry export scheme had been
a flop; strawberries had been sold
off in local markets. The copper
smelting (about which I heard on
my last visit) had turned out to be
an ad hoc affair for melting down
scrap shells left over from the two
desert wars: the raw materials
were now exhausted.
Dr Terrazo had grouses about
telescoped courses and over-
crowded classes in the Israeli state
schools, and Rahman said that he
had four children at school "and
not one of them has a single text-
book." The trouble about textbooks
is that the Egyptian ones had been
censored as being inflammatory
and few others were yet available.
But Gaza's economic grouse is
that nothing has replaced the
smuggling trade on which its
prosperity has been based. The
Egyptians had made it a free port,
to which Egyptian tourists repaired
to stock up. duty free, with every-
thing lacking in the Cairo shops.
That trade had gone, ard, thanks
to the guerrillas, so had the tour-
ism of the early Israeli days. For
that, at least, the government
could not be blamed.
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
Czech that bounced
GERALD LARNER talks to Zdenek Macal (right)
it's a bad invasion which pro-
duces no good exiles; and the atro-
cious Russian invasion of Czechos-
lovakia in 1968 did commit to the
West the most promising of Czech-
oslovakia's young conductors.
Zdenek Macal clearly enjoys his
new international life. In Man-
chester the other day he was
dressed more Western than any of
us, in a black suit flecked with
lurex and a tie to match, shiny
waistcoat, silver-buckled shoes.
You might have taken him and
his long hair for something in
show business, except that the
high East-European cheekbones,
the hollow cheeks, and sunken
eyes suggest a less mundane occu-
pation. His language, too-a flood
of little English, more German,
occasional words of French, and
musical dictionary Italian-sounds
rather more exotic than that of the
average club comedian passing
through the Midland Hotel.
But the first impression is not
completely misleading. Fortunately
for him, there is more than a little
of the showman and the business-
man beside the musician in Zdenek
Macal. He has a flair for doing
the right thing at the right time.
Only just over two years ago he
arrived in Holland with no money
and few prospects. Now he is con-
ductor of the Cologne Radio Sym-
phony Orchestra, living comfort-
ably in Lucerne, and receiving
more offers than he can accept.
It was a bold move. "Three days
after the invasion we left, with
three baggages. It was necessary
to go." He uprooted himself, his
wile, and their then 8-year-old
daughter for the sake of what he
quite simply calls "freedom." Less
simply, he tried to explain some-
thing for which neither his German
nor his English was adequate
about na? relationship between I1is
artistic and his private life. "When
one will make good music, one
must have good private life. Ifow
can you conduct Beethoven when
you are not free?" So for that, at
the age of 32, he gave up his new
position as conductor of the Prague
Symphony Orchestra, his good
standing with the Czech Philhar-
monic, his house and other posses-
sions. What would happen if they
went back? His wife turned an
imaginary key in front of her-
"Verhaftet," she said. "In prison,"
he ?..i,?
It wa,, also a shrewd move. At
last Macal found himself indepen-
dent of the need to get a visa when
invited to conduct one of the great
orchestras on this side of the
border. Though he had little more
than three weeks' engagements
in Holland in August 1968, he had
friends in the West, knew he could
count on sympathy for his situa-
tion, and was known for his success
in the Besancon and Mitropoulos
competitions, as well as for earlier
appearances in Western Europe
(including those on tour with the
Czech Philharmonic), and for the
gramophone records he was begin-
ning to make.
He had his friends smuggle his
scores out to him. Within a few
months he made his first appear-
ance in England, deputising for
Constantin Silvestri, who died on
the very day Macal took his place
with the Bournemouth Symphony
Orchestra at the Royal Festival
Hall. "Bornamowth" was so im-
pressed by him that he was later
invited to become the next per-
manent conductor. By then, how-
ever, he was so busy that he had
to decline the offer. Within two
years he had converted a promis-
ing domestic concern into a flour-
ishing international business.
So he didn't regret the move?
"When I decide," he said, "I do
not go back." He has an impres-
sive (even for a conductor) confi-
dence in himself. He mentioned
that Czech musicians who want to
go back home cannot play in his
concerts, like Josef Suk, who was
to have appeared with him and the
Scottish National Orchestra in
Scotland last week: "But that is
not pity for Macal, that is pity for
Mr Suk." He rejects any sugges-
tion of homesickness "Where I
work, where I conduct, where I
have my family, that is home."
But he did not look as happy as
he sounded when he talked about
this loss of contact with Suk, who
as well as being a fine violinist, is
also the grandson of the composer
Suk and great grandson of Dvorak
an embodiment of Czech musical
tradition. Macal has a similarly
ambivalent attitude to tradition. On
the one hand he can say almost
cynically, "Talich one day has an
idea about performing a work.
Ancerl hears it and says to him-
self, 'Ah, that is tradition. I must
do that.' And now we must all do
it." On the other hand he is proud
of his direct contact, through his
Brno education, with the Janacek
tradition, and defends it against
the rival Prague version.
He feels himself part of the
Dvorak tradition too. So, remem-
bering his exciting, but very un-
literal performance of the Eighth
Symphony with the Royal Liver-
pool Philharmonic last year, I
asked him about something he did
in the slow movement. The Czech
in him came through at last. "The
mountains in Czechoslovakia, the
paysage"-"the villages," his wife
suggested-"the country is very
poetic, very colourful. If you came
to the mountains you would under-
stand."
Much of what he does in music
is done in that instinctive way.
Asked about the performance of
Brahms's First Symphony he had
just broadcast with the BB('
Northern Synlphon-v Orchestra, he
knew of course that he suddenly
halved the tempo in the coda of
the last movement, that he acceler-
ated the main thenic of that same
movement several times on its
first series of statements, that the
tempo in the Andante sostenuto
fluctuated considerably. He was
surprised only that anyone would
question these things.
Zdenek Macal is like that. A
critic might, intellectually, ques-
tion some of the extravagant
things he does with the classics.
But they are the physically and
emotionally arousing things to do,
the popular things to do. Showy
or businesslike it might be, but
that is not the intention. He knows
that, musically, he is right, and
you cannot ignore the conviction
behind it all.
Art for moneys sake
Let us hope that anger and
alarm over Government proposals
for museum and gallery charges
will not fade into mortified accept-
ance after the initial letters of
polite resistance. These proposals
are -Ail only the most niggling
hit or cultural meanness since
places of public pleasure and
learning were set up, they are
also short-sighted, uneconomic,
and dishonest. Short-sighted in the
effect such measures will have on
the museum-public relationship
that has been carefully built up
by most museums over the years.
Uneconomic, in that the cost of
administrating charges and ex-
emptions, installing equipment to
deal with them, and providing
space for all this to go on, will
swallow up a large chunk of any
profits. Dishonest in that the
public have already contributed
once through taxation, and it's
not as though the Chancellor has
given any assurance that the
revenue collected will be ploughed
back.
The whole attitude that implies
that people appreciate only what
they actually pay for is condes-
by Caroline Tisdall
cending. The plain fact is, as any
random survey of museum or
gallerygoers shows, that if charges
are introduced, attendance will
drop. This is what most museum
directors. had they only been con-
suited. would have pointed out.
Those magical Ate?ndancc? figures
from the Castle Museum, Norwich,
quoted to prove the opposite, are
misleading. In summer, the
museum is a stopping point on
day trips from Great Yarmouth,
and in winter it's free, anyway.
It seems that 2s 6d will be the
price. Charges in the Musee d'Art
Moderne started at one franc and
jumped to three francs. Some
American museums cost initially
25 cents and now one dollar.
Neither is it any good palming us
off with the promise of free ad-
mission on Sundays. The scrum
would make it impossible to see
anything, as anyone who has been
in the Louvre or the Sistine Chapel
on Sunday well knows.
The argument that relative
profits from museum to museum
will reflect each director's effici-
ency is equally shaky. There will
always be some museums and
galleries, which by their cry
nature appeal to smaller groups
of people. Unless enjoyment is to
be measured solely in terms of
number, this does not necessarily
mean that the museum is no good.
Being civil servants, museum
directors are virtually gagged as
far as public protest is concerned,
and trustees rarely say anything.
Surely museum staff acting as a
whole round-robin-style could
achieve something? The National
Art Collections Fund could be less
gentle in its protest and threaten
to withdraw all it has donated.
Students could temporarily put
aside their reservations about the
function of museums to save one
of the good aspects of them.
Above all, museum and gallery
users could make their feelings
felt.
It is not just a question of
museum charges, but of value.
Who still believes that bases east
of Suez are more prestigious than
our rapidly diminishing Welfare
State, of which free museums and
galleries form part?
venerable showman
RECORDS by Edward Greenfield
Leopold Stokowski has seriously
suffered as well as gained by
being typecast as a showman.
Now nearing his ninetieth year,
his interpretations remain as flam-
boyant as ever-listen to the
brassy re-orchestration in the
final bars of Beethoven's Ninth,
newly recorded on Phase Four-
but one compensation of age is
that veneration finally wins.
Whatever the personal idiosyn-
crasies of this account of the Ninth
(Decca Phase Four PFS 4183) it
is unmistakably a great perform-
ance. Robert Layton has some-
times bewailed the fact that now-
adays it is all too easy, economic-
ally as well as technically, to
make new versions of established
classics. In the old days of "78,"
there were few symphonies or
concertos that merited more than
one recording. The actual process
was laborious, and though some-
times this reduced the overall
flow and spontaneity, the per-
formers really meant what they
played. There was no chance of
a later remake. The feeling one
has with Stokowski is that he has
kept this attitude: that his work
in the recording studio is not
something to be dispatched easily.
With the Ninth, of all works, the
just weight of utterance is particu-
larly hard to capture on record,
but here, as in Stokowski's ancient
"78'' version of the thirties, he
certainly achieves it.
The first movement is fast and
dramatic, the scherzo tight and
pointed, and the slow movement.
taken comparatively straight with
no sentimentality, has genuine
lnnigkeit. The finale is uneven
with some strangely slow tempi,
but with the LSO and chorus and
a fine quartet of soloists, con-
c?enlration is always there. an
exciting new version.
Another fine memorial to
Stokowski's continued vitality
comes in a record of Shostako-
vich's still underestimated Sixth
Symphony, made with the Chicago
Symphony Orchestra (RCA SB
6839). The weight of argument
here lies in the long opening slow
movement, and it is fascinating
to study the deliberate modifica-
tions of the composer's markings.
made in the interests of focusing
attention on the climactic point
of the movement. Boult, on
Everest, is meticulous by con-
trast, and though the result. is
very strong, he cannot match
Stokowski in emotional intensity.
Both performances are far more
satisfying than a recent Russian
one under Kondrashin on HMV
Melodiya, though there the
coupling is more generous
Shostakoviteh's Violin Concerto
No. 2. Stokowski has for coupling
the witty "Age of Gold" Suite.
RCA has also brought out on the
cheap Victrola label (now only
19s lid per disc) two historic
Shostakovich performances by .
Toscanini and the NBC Symphony
Orchestra (RCA VICS 6038. )
records). The sound (taken from
wartime broadcasts) is often
terrifyingly bad, but the electrify
ing intensity of Toscanini's inter
pretations is never in doubt. Well
worth hearing. I am glad too that
Music for Pleasure on its C'lassic's
for Pleasure label, has reissued
Petre's version with the Phil-
harntonia of Shostakovich's 12th
Symphony, the programme wort:
celebrating the 1917 Revolution
(CFP 141). This is, on the whole,
better recorded and more sly lishl',
played than the recent Mclodiya
version from Russia issued at full
price. At 17s 9d it slakes an ex-
cellent bargain, and so does the
reissue of Markevitch's account
of Slavinsky's "Rite of Spring" on
the same label (CF'P 124 with
lyrical qualities given weight a,
well as dramatic ones.
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Papas Prints solve the problem of what to give a
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Illustrates too well that mar-
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Guardian Weekly November21 1970
Cathedrals of Britain: 3 black Manchester Set: 6 black and
and white 27" x 20" prints of white 18" x 1 1" prints of this
Durham, Salisbury and Can- misty, noisy, crazy, likeable
terbury Cathedrals. Pompous city. Price $15 a set.
priests, passionate lovers,
and an odd passing bishop,
these prints have everything,
all for the price of $1 5 a set.
These fantastic, marvellous prints will 6e mailed free to any part of the world enclosed in beautiful wrap-
ping. Please make your cheques payable and send plus completed order form to: "Papas Prints," Waltham,
Canterbury, Kent, England. Thank you very much.
Req Cost
Cathedrals of Britain Set
Israel Set
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Canterbury Set
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A0004001
Chess Gunderam's Gambit
anv defence thy A. M. Sparke, 1st
prize Good Companions 1918).
Solution No. 1113:
1 NxBP (waiting). If 1 . . . R-R3
2 N-R4, or if R-N3 2 N-N5, or if R-K3
2 N(3)-K5, or if R-Q3 2 N(3)-Q4, or if
Rx either N 2 RxR, or if R-B1 2 N-Q8,
or if R-B2 2 N-K7, or if R-B4 2 N(6)-
K5, or if R-B5 2 N(6) _Q4, or if P-N6
2Q-Q2, or if B-N7 2 Q-B4.
One of the most fruitful methods of
studying chess openings is to learn a
few very sharp variations for White.
Even if not completely sound, such
aysictn. put pressure on an opponent
who knows that a single tactical slip
made through ignorance can prove
decisive This is the philosophy behind
the various gambits (Goring, Tarrasch,
Wilkes-Barre) recommended in the
Guardian Chess Book, and in practice
it works out well.
Several sharp system_ arc ;tvitable
against the popular King's Indian
Defence. One which seems to have
Bridge
good results against opponents below
master strength is a little-known line
in the Four Pawns Attack worked out
by the gifted but eccentric German
amateur Gunderam. I use the word
"eccentric" because Gunderam has
seriously recommended both 1 P-K4
P-K4 2 N-KB3 Q-K2 and 1 P-KB3
with the idea of a Blackmar gambit
after l ... P-Q4 2 P-Q4.
Gunderam's Gambit against the
King's Indian is a more practical
proposition, and, as shown by this
week's game, confronts Black with a
difficult defence.
Nun-Gtrzsenvi
Czechoslovak team match, 197(1
1 P-Q I N-KB3 2 P-QBI P-KN3 3
N-QB3 B-N2 4 11-K I P-Q3 5 B-K2 31-0
6 P-B4 P-B-i 7 P-Q5 P-K3 8 N-133
PxP 9 1'-K5!? This is Gunderam's
Gambit: the normal moves are
9BPxPor9KPxP.
9 , , PxKP 9 . . . N-N5, recom-
mended by Hartston in The King's
Indian Defence, is dubious after 10
BPxl PxP 11 P-KRS or to NxP PxP
it P-KR3, but not at once 10 P-KR3?
P-Q5! 11 N-K4 NxKP! 12 PxN PxP and
the three pawns are stronger than
the knight.
9 . . KN-Q2 10 BPxP PxP 11 0-0
PxP 12 BxP N-KB3 13 Q-Q2 N-N5
14 P-KR3 BxN 15 BxB QN-Q2 (so far
Ney-Polugaevsky, Tiflis 1966) should
be in White's favour if he maintains
his space advantage with l6 P-QR4
followed by KR-K 1.
If 9 ... N-K5 Gunderam recommends
10 NxP, and if 9 . . . N-K1 to BPxP
B-N5 I1 B-K3.
10 PxKP N-N:, 11 B-N5 Q-R4.
Another critical position in Gunderam's
Gambit. 11 P-133 is nr3b abiy best,
when 12 KPxP BxP 13 QxP ell QxQ
14 NxQ BxB 15 NxB N-QB3 16 N-B7
R-NI 17 KN-K6 should lead to an
even game.
If 11 . Q-Q2 12 NxP and 12 .
NxKP? is dangerous because of 13
NxN BxN 14 B-B6.
11 . . . Q-N3 is the hook move in a
similar position in the main line of the
Four Pawns Attack, but it is risky
here because of 12 NxP QxP 13 0-0
(or even 13 N-137).
12 P\P, Gunderam suggests the
futher gambit 12 0-01' P-Q5 (safer
PxP) 13 N-Q5 NxKP 14 B-K7
R-K115NxNBxN 16B-B6.
12 . NxKP 12 . . . N-Q2 is met
by 13 P-K6, while if 12 ... P-B5 White
can offer the exchange with l3 0-0
Q-B4 ch? (better P-N4) 14 K-RI N-B7
ch 15 RxN QxR 16 N-K4 Q-N3 17
N-B6 ch K-R1 18 Q-B1 and wins.
13 0-i) NxN eh, Black has a difficult
position. If 13 . . . R-KI (or 13 . . .
QN-Q2 14 P-Q6!) 14 NxN BxN 15 B-
QB4 N-Q2 16 P-Q6 B-Q5 ch 17 K-RI
N-K4 18 B-Q5 B-K3 19 N-K4! (Ney-
Westerinen, Helsinki 1966) keeps the
initiative.
11 RxN B-N5? Overlooking the
combination which follows: 14 'N-Q2 is better.
15 RxP! RA I 16 BxB K-Rt 17
B-K6 R-B1 18 Q-Q2 N-R3 19 P-06.
White's strong passed pawn and active
position more than offset the sacrifice
of the exchange; in the rest of the
game White is always winning.
19 QR-KI 20 R-K7 Q-N.5, 21
R-K1 N-N1 22 I'-KR:3 N-B:3 23 B-07
B _Q5 ch 21 K-R2 R-Qi 25 P-R3 Q-R1
26 BxN PxB 27 Q-N3 Q-N:3 28 N-RI
Q-NI 29 Nx1' Rx:10 QRN (S R-31
N-B7 Q-Q2
B-N8 c?h 3-1 K-R1! Avoiding the last
trap of 34 KxB? R-Q8 cl; F~-ii2
0-139-ch.
:31 . , R-K3 :35 0-116 ch! Resigns.
If 35 - RxQ 36 B-R6 dis ch forces
[Male.
Leonard Barden
The Wei way
The Aiuericans are in the enviable, so lung as the players using them
hul difficun, position of having an are first class.
abundance of first-class c.mdidat,?s Here is i~all t ucln'dilhy at all
lc ant Ille
i 1: r their Mali dia
cl bridge teams. One cod requiring skill 1., make. \lcst
?t their' [.Jai aculs. the Sping"ld requiring
all.
('hanipionsIt It i1) s, has reeenlIs been dealt at game
won by a comparatively unknown Not-Ili
- K.s
team of young players under the call-
1.16 tan.-N of C. C. Wei. who heal the K d,J,7
famous Dallas Aces by 59 (Ml's in K 9.5
the Iinai- They attribute their vic't;,ry 1?ast
mainly to it new system called the West
`l. 5 l' a 1, 8. 7, 2
Precision Club, invculcd by :sir Wei, 4 ' '- K. 10.9
whose bidding inetlr,ds and training .5'
V - K4, .2
were also responsible for the stir- ? -A, 5,3
.1, 8, 7, 4, :1, 2 -:1. Q
prisiuglt ,?- i result, -.f the \ati;'n- South
alist Chin:, that tun>he`I A .l.lu.4 :3
e ?nd in Q 11.:. 2
~ , f?..~:::p:,.:ri,-.
~ 111.9.6
~
over the tvnrid, each -1 ,- - T'ht' bidding: 1':ati( S?nth
It, have found the answer G, all btu IS INI
B IC
'
abed N
ding problems I well rcuu?nibei
as 1935, when 1 was a NB N'1' NB 3N'l'
as long ago
meniber of the famous Or Paul Steins Nil Nil NB
team, we had to abide by the strict West led the 9 of spades. Declarem'
rules and discipline of his One Club played low tram dummy and East's
system. Since we wan the European jack forced his ace. He led the lit al
nd West went in with his
d
s a
and world c?hampioaistups for three diamon
sears running it must have been a ace to lead another spade to duuiniy"s
gaol[ systeni: but so are most sssicuh king. Two dianu,ud tricks were
cashed. then ace' :uui a small beal'1
were led. Hasa won with the king
and c;,nlinucd with a he:art. taken
in dummy Declurtr n;,\% cashed his
last diatuaud and led a heart I it,ii'ds
the queen. This was East's impossible
Detail of Barry's engraving "The Thames or The Triumph of Navigation"
The Grand Manner
We are so accustomed to think of artists could paint "serious" subjects
English painting of the late eighteenth as well as the Italians, and they
and early nineteenth centuries ex- tended to fill their picture galleries
elusively in terns of landscape and with foreign paintings, and relegated
portrait that we can easily forget that their English ones to their living
there were many artists of that time quarters. The more uncompromising
who aspired to paint immense painters in the Grand Manner. like
allegorical paintings on grand and Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786-
heroic themes. 1846), were frequently forced into
It comes as something of a shock debt, and Haydon himself, in despair
when we see portraits by Sir Joshua at his poverty and lack of recogni-
Reynolds (1723-92) and remember tion,conmmittedsuicide.
that he himself regarded portrait In spite of their misfortunes. these
painting as a second-rate activity: painters provide excellent material
resent-day collectors. Their
f
or p
he exhorted his students at the Royal
Academy not to imitate the outward larger projects are c Cher unobtain-
form of Nature, but to emulate the ,:r Or too large to be manageable,
gravity and nnhi;tt of liajian artists but they left many preparatory
?i'r:: Raphacl, Michelangelo, and the sketches behind. George Romney was
Carracci, who lived in earlier a eonpulsive draughtsman, and he
centuries. filled dozens of sketchbooks with
George Romney- (17344802), whose rapid drawings usually of Cataclysmic
portraits are admired for their gaiety events. One sometimes sees complete
and elegance, regarded portrait paint- sketchbooks devoted to a single motif
tog as a deadly drudgery that kept or group, but these are usually broken
him away from more ambitious pro- up by dealers. A great many of these
jests. These included a series of large sketchbooks have been through the
the crthrnw of the soclmostcioof rooms theth London fedrawings
c?onpleted, on none
Creation and Fall of Man, which would dealers have a few in stock, although
have no rival in scale and sublimity the more finished ones can he ex-
hut Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel. pensive.
Only Thomas Gainsborough, the third Drawings by .Janes Barry are
great portrait painter of eighteenth- extremely rare, but he made engraved
century England, had no greater versions of all his Adelphi paintings,
ambition than to paint landscapes, and these are sometimes available in
and he was a constant irritant to Sir print shops. As can he seen from the
Joshua for openly ridiculing pompous engraving of "The Thames, or The
aspirationstotheGrandManner. Triumph of Navigation" (above).
arc strong and decorative, hill
the
y
ames Barry 11741-181)iSl, a
l
ishinan, ^t the same time rather pompous and
North quarrelsome and impulsive It-
nilt,n
Nuilc suffered near-starvation to paint the dry' in exec -ution791 . is nut, Hai strictly
Morti
enormous series of wall-paintings sx'a pea nier (1740
r Ei king a painter of the Grand
+ Nan,, which can still be seen in the lecture lt
3 are
A 9. ., [hearer of the Sudety of Arts in the iandisoft ~irchrilliandrawings t hey
Adelphi, off the Strand. The Ihcnu' energetic
f arc fast rising in price. but his n
West East is nothing less than the progress o
ne human culture, from its origins with gravings arc cheap and fairly plenti-
7 No Orpheus to the Final Retribution, ful. It might he a good idea to look
~- taking a brief detour to bring in the out for the more elusive artists of
None N. nc
-None Na no ? Olympic (.amts, the triumph of this kind, like Giles Hussey (1710-
.I 7 1 1 O B'it15h c,,:itmtl'('P :old the fouIlding of 88) whose drawings are pedantic
I the Suciet) 131 Arts itst?li 'tilt- l.,ttt?r. ,nd p:unst.rking.
South c'n tetg xMVielf 1 The art I of the` Gf.til(i 1(ruu&r
aigh h. 4a
Ai- 10,4 enough to pay are I Barry more than cilc?onsc?iuusiy uuuated [wir.,n
o expenses. methods of compositioit but it woidd
. 1 ',tic t ? ,bs,r'd to pretend that cccu the
o
[
t
it N ne
4 1i)
11 he had discardrri :v rlub hr u,~uhd
hmc been thrown' in will, for ace I?
lead into South's spades. in [.act he
discarded a spade, s, declarer put
hint on Iead with the queen "I spade
and he had to Iead Io the king
Clubs.
?Rixi Markus
ACROSS
1. Rule, too; you start in France
(8).
5. Duck, and somehow clear the
voice (6).
9. The country endlessly swells
with song (8).
to. CO's PRO makes a grating
sound (6).
it. A victor's cause--a better
character (8, 6).
14. Page returns somewhat white,
sniggering (5).
15. She mothers two (5).
16. Mount of chaste Edwardian
(5).
17. First-class Communist pub-
lishedabroad (5).
20. No native makes a charge (5).
22. "I'm certainly reckoned a true
-" (W. S. Gilbert) (14).
24. Battle one ill part of old
London (6).
25. Prize for girl with a broken
lute (8).
c
.
o
For good or :11 In(- ,[s
11 p:,trotls of Fn;l:uul refused to he hest would stand 111) to the cuilipeti
shamed roue 11,15itig 10t, Similar tiun of their Italian counterparts
grandiose schcmcs. The bible lords l';ccn so. what they lack in quatits
agreed that there was a m'i'd for they gain in their associative value:
therm, but they quietly went on )idly- the artists themselves come alive in
ing pictures of their horses, houses, the memoirs of the period. and they
and themselves from native artists: give fascinating glimpses 111111 litet'at)
if they wanted something more London in its heyday.
elevated then they bought pictures
front Italy. Anthony Penge
They refused to believe that F:nglish
26. Way to surrotutdtrain (6).
27. Fool levers bad lad into tree
on Sunday (8).
DOWN
1. Writers in revolt against
doctor (4).
2. Widows so leave cloisters in
disarray (7).
3. First roan, hill-dweller v'er'y
tough! (7):
4. Urging trial of licensee (7, 4)
6. About to make a demand, and
getback (7).
7. Gruulpy journalist went over
7).
8. dormer fairy intended, we
hear, to test a theory (to).
12. 'Fool to squeeze motorist? (11).
13. Said sapper: "Change
vanishes! " (10) .
18. Make merry French king rest
in a different way (7).
19. Old soldier sees nothing in the
beast (7) .
20. In the morning, a tug first
reaches the vessel (7).
21. Put in office, Stalin is reformed
by student (7).
23. Bungle. of course! (4).
Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
 The last
reckoning
by John Gooch.
HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD
WAR, by B. 11. Liddell Hart (Cassell,
5gns).
"War," Clausewitz remarked, "is an act of
violence to compel the enemy to fulfil our will."
The late Sir Basil Liddell Hart devoted his life to
devising a system of strategy which could utilise
violence in a way at once controlled and imagina-
tive in order to gain political ends swiftly and with
the least possible cost. The outcome was his
theory of mechanised warfare which was put to
the test during the Second World War. So the pros-
pect of his analysis of that war is an exciting one.
The result not surprisingly, is a work which
concentrates its attention on those theatres where
armour and mechanised warfare played a major
role, in North Africa and Western Europe. Liddell
Hart's analysis of the campaigns in these theatres
is brilliant, compounded as it is of rich detail
and acute perception. It abounds with firm and
scholarly judgments which are one of the delights
of the work, and from them some of the iliilitaryr
emerge with great credit. Sir John Dill dared to
An anthology of the best of the Guardian 1969-1970.
This is the 19th of the annual series-as usual collecting
together the Guardian's wisest and wittiest thoughts
and reports.
The articles offer as good reading as ever this year,
recording and commenting on the passing of the sixties
and the beginning of a new decade.
The Guardian writers included are familiar names-
Alistair Cooke, Norman Shrapnel, Sir Neville Cardus,
and Victor Zorza, amongst others. Here they all are,
telling you how Wall Street lost its nerve, how Mr Heath
was changed utterly, and how it was in Paris, in Hanoi
and in Rome . . and many more interesting reports
from the pages of The Guardian (awarded newspaper of
the year, 1970)-
A limited number of books are available in hard cover-
price $3.75.
To The Manager,
Manchester Guardian lnc.20 East 53rd Street, NewYork NY 10022 USA
Please send . copies of the Bedside Guardian No 19 to
the address below:
Zip.. _ ............... _.....................-_......... _.......................... _..................
l enclose $ ... for .... books at $3.75 per copy.
Payments must be enclosed with order.
Please make checks payah I e to Ma nchester G uardia n I nc.
proved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
challenge Churchill's decision not to shore up
Singapore in 1941 but failed; Singapore fell. His
opposite number, General Halder, endeavoured
to persuade an infinitely more vindictive master
that the pace of advance into Russia in 1942
was too great; he too failed, with results far more
catastrophic. Some operational commanders also
are singled out for special mention, among them
O'Connor, Cunningham, Gretton, Rommel, and
Kleist-who has perhaps not yet been given his
due.
Some aspects of the struggle clearly failed to
excite the author's interest and are given corres-
pondingly less attention; thus we learn little of
naval or aerial warfare, nothing of the role of
partisans and nothing of the wartime organisa-
tions of societies and economies. This is perhaps
the great defect of the work, because the Second
World War was as much a war of attrition as was
the first, but materiel replaced manpower as a
crucial factor. There was no re-enactment of the
costly operations such as the battle of the Somme
when 60,000 men were lost on the first day.
However the battle of Midway in June, 1942, saw
what was to all intents and purposes a death
struggle between American and Japanese aircraft
carriers. Naval warfare also furnishes an example
of the speed with which such strategic capital
could be destroyed: the engagement in which the
Hood was sunk and the Prince of Wales severely
damaged on May 24, 1941, lasted only twenty-
one minutes, not much longer than an episode of
The Archers.
What cane to count for at least as much as
military facility was the economic capacity of the
belligerents to sustain the level of industrial pro-
duction needed to keep up the impetus of their
military t-f1ach nes, An aside on Speer's heroic
attempts to shore up the ramshackle German
economic system only whets the appetite. The
process of conducting a modern war also gave
birth to important social changes, yet we get no
mention of Beveridge, of Abercrombie, or even of
PAYE-to the man in the street surely one of the
most immediate and enduring of wartime
measures.
Clausewitz it was who described war as "the
bloody and destructive measuring of the strength
of forces physical and moral." Liddell Hart's
History of the Second World War gives us as in-
cidentals the blood and destruction while des-
cribing the process of that measuring with sure-
ness and scholarship, aided by a very fine set
of maps. The work is flawed because it pays little
attention to the moral forces, the organisation
of civil communities to meet the demanding em-
braces of modern mechanised warfare. But there
is none the less very great merit in it. Combat
was the only means by which Hitler could be de-
feated and the Axis dissolved, and that process
has now been described and explained so well
that we need not wish it done over again.
Manchester men
by Harry Whewell
PORTRAIT OF MANCHESTER, by
Michael Kennedy (Robert Hale, 30s).
In his preface, Michael Kennedy quotes Robert
Southey, writing in 1802: "A place more destitute
of all interesting objects than Manchester it is
not easy to conceive." Mr Kennedy adds that he
disagrees and that his book explains why. With
respect-and one must be respectful to so much
relevant material diligently collected and thought-
fully arranged- it does no such thing.
As anyone who has ever tried to devise such a
list of interesting objects for an inquiring child
or a curious visitor must know, the count is
pathetically small for a place of Manchester's
size and influence. The city was short of interest-
ing objects in 1802 and it is short of them still.
What it has always been rich in-at least for the
past hundred years-is interesting subjects:
native or adopted citizens.
Most men who write about Manchester make
this clear, consciously or unconsciously, and Mr
Kennedy is no exception. His book contains as
much information about the physical side of Man-
chester as the common reader could want. The
developing histories of the industrial areas and
the housing estates are duly noted and dated
along with those of the Grammar School and the
Free Trade Hall. He catalogues, as he was bound
to do, the cultural and sporting sides of the city's
life, and there are chapters on some of the causes
and concepts it has taken up and enhanced.
All these things are clearly the duty of anyone
writing about Manchester. Mr Kennedy only
exceeds his duty when he writes about the great
figures. When he is dealing with Scott and Simon,
Barbirolli and Halle, Stopford and Lowry, the
pages reflect depth and colour that are often
missing elsewhere. The parallel between the book
and the city itself is too obvious to miss and too
close forcomfort.
Spluuerings
by Anthony Howard
THE PENDULUM YEARS, by Bernard
Levin (Cape, 50s).
The first book from arguably Britain's best-
known journalist is clearly something of an event.
From the moment that I originally met Bernard
Levin-which was before even he introduced him-
self' to readers of the (then) "Manchester
Guardian" with that memorable piece on ITV's
opening night in September 1955 he was always
both templed and tormented by the idea of writing
a book. Publishers would line up hefore hint like
the burghers of Calais. he would toy with their
pleas and requests -only at the end of the day
sternly to resist every blandishment that they
could otter him. Book-writing, he would announce,
was really an uneconomic use of a successful
ir+nrnalist's time, talent, and effort. But he kidded
no one. We all ;..,L., fl,-ft secretly he wanted to
do it-and now he has.
The result, it has to be said, merely demon-
strates that there were good reasons for his earlier
wariness. All the tricks of the phrase-maker, the
nimble debating foot-work, the splendid capacity
to pick up and immortalise instances of the outer
reaches of human folly, are represented in this
435-page personal survey of the Sixties. But the
very skills that make Mr Levin such a muster
of the journalistic sprint prove his undoing .a
long-distance runner. The knowing tone that
always before excited now simply exhausts; the
seeing-off punch-lines that previously never failed
to be funny now succeed only in sounding forced;
even that enviable, enveloping self-confidence
(does anyone construct and control longer sen-
tences?) in the end suffocates rather than stimu-
lates.
But it is not just a question of the style: there
is something badly wrong with the content too.
The Pendulum Years is very much a bran-tub of
a book-but however deep you dig into it there
is never anything approaching a surprise pack-
age. Both the events it deals with and the way
it treats them are altogether too predictable:
whether it is Mr Levin inveighing against Mr
Mervyn Griffith-Jones in the Lady Chatterley
case or laying into the aged Bertrand Russell
-we have been through it all before and do not
really need to have it rehashed for our benefit
now. In fact the one area where Mr Levin might
have had something fresh and arresting to say
he h a rd ly enters .
The Vietnam War, which was very much Mr
Levin's personal cause, at least of the later 1960s
(as I ought to know, having had his "Daily Mail"
columns defending it regularly presented to me
by the LBJ White House), becomes the subject
merely of a few bad-tempered pages on Canon
Collins, Miss Vanessa Redgrave, Tariq Ali, and
sundry other disapproved of British demonstrators.
There is no effort on Mr Levin's part to defend
or justify the hard-hat position he took up de-
manding that we should all be properly grateful
for the efforts the Americans were making on our
behalf. Charitably, one can only conclude that our
Bernard still has enough native shrewdness to
spot a loser when he is onto one.
But in that case one also has to ask "What
about this book?" Perhaps the best that can be
said is that it was worth a try. The familiar bril-
liance is certainly there in flashes: who else could
have summoned up the vision of Sir Alec Douglas-
Home "floating on the lethargic sea of his own
simplicity" or, for that matter, have characterised
Mr Wilson's voice as an "ingratiating wheedle?"
But somehow and sadly the total impact is of a
damp firework that splutters once or twice and
then goes out.
Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
 Being Fiedler
by Gabriel Pearson
BEING RUSTED, by Leslie A. Fiedler
(Seeker and Warburg, 35s).
In 1968 Leslie Fiedler's home was penetrated
by a teenage female police spy concealing an
electronic bugging device. She allegedly planted a
packet of marijuana which the police seized as
evidence that the premises were used for drug-
taking. Professor Fiedler has since been sentenced
to six months' imprisonment. He is currently
appealing.
Meanwhile, in Being Busted, he is appealing to
the different constituency of intellectual and
academic peers. The appeal is simultaneously an
apologia and fictional autobiography. His case
commands all one's sympathy. The book of the
case is another matter and requires to be treated
on its own terms.
Fiedler views "Being Busted" as a third stage in
London
Shopping
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his self-evolution as a controversial figure, living
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heroic resiliency. "Be faithful to your ambivalence,"
he exhorts himself. To be so is to be truly, to be
mythically American, "to suit oneself, one's
history and one's fate." Above all, Fiedler is
heroically a teacher, a critic, a professor. It is in
the academy that America encounters institu-
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dream. This is the new, last frontier manned by
Fiedler with a pen as deadly and self-expressive
as Hemingway's gun.
He images the academy as "the spot-lighted
ring . . . in which bleeding actors and reeling
audience are equally violated, only the referee a
mediator, dancing his detachment from the kill."
"Being Busted" does not turn Fiedler into a pro-
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age even in this L u1.
In spite of some admission of the pathos of
tiredness, an ecstasy of self-congratulation still
keeps this book fairly high. It celebrates a
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fortunate 1,11, the sheer beautiful luck of being so
positioned as to overhear what the young dream
and purvey it, not ungainfully, to the old. Being
Busted has become the latest mode of Making It.
Making It, of course, is still the American Dream
and it depends upon the assumption that America
is superlative: "America, however, surpasses all
the rest"; in efficient repression, that is. Europe
remains America's superannuated shadow, at
best a consumer durable served up to the tripping
Fulbrighter. Fiedler's stay in Sussex left no more
deposit than irritation at British self-absorption
in the minutiae of her own decadence.
Fiedler is a brave fighter. The first half of the
book is a wonderfully stylish, self-sustaining dance
between the dandified and the demotic that con-
stitutes, as in Mailer, the modern Song of Myself.
Fiedler notes how Montana wives strove "to extort
gardens out of the porous soil." Exactly like th,.~
American writer. Though sooner or later must he
not admit that it is extortion, the soil really
porous, the wives also relevantly on the scene,
the all-male jamboree over? Between the lines
of this book one glimpses precisely a responsible
domestic sobriety. To admit to that would be
heroism indeed, as also that the dream-crazed
young should be handled with extreme caution.
They may be bugged.
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Guardian Weekly November 211970
C42M to rescue Rolls-Royce
In its first major intervention,
the Government has saved Rolls-
Royce. Britain's most prestigious
company, from the threat of bank-
ruptcy by providing an extra 4'42
millions of public money. This will
be used for development on the
RB 211-22 jet engine for the Lock-
heed TriStar airbus.
At the same time Rolls aston-
ished the City by announcing a
loss of ?48 millions for the first
hall of this year (against a profit
?,.f t2.5 millions last year) largely
because of provisions made for
mounting losses on the RB 211-22
engine, which was accepted at a
fixed price in March, 1968.
At the time it was hailed as the
biggest British export order,
which would herald a new era
for Rolls-Royce. Instead, inflation
and technical problems (including
troubles with the much-vaunted
carbon fibre blades) have all
brought the company to its knees.
Rolls admitted last week that up
to 600 engines had been accepted
for delivery over five years and
Engines for the Concorde are
financed separately by the British
and French Governments. Like
most aerospace companies in
America, Rolls is more or less
mortgaged to the Government.
Rolls-Royce's unsullied reputation
throughout the world, however, is
bound to suffer from the announce
me nt.
The group has often been criti-
cised for having too many brilliant
young engineers and not enough
financial control. This has been all
too well demonstrated in practice,
in spite of American companies
suffering Similar problems.
In the Commons there were
gasps of surprise from the Optw-
sition when Mr Frederick Corfield
the Minister for Aviation Supply,
announced that the cost of develop-_
ing the RB 211-22 engine was
estimated to have risen from 1'100
millions to ?135 millions. Recog-
nising the size and importance of
the development programme, he
said, the Government had decided
to join the company and its
VICTOR KEEGAN ON R-R's problems
with the Lockheed Airbus contract.
So Rolls-Royce, the fallen idol of parent company have plummeted if it is seen as a sign of a volte
British industry, has proved the over the last year and 13 and W face by the Government over
first big exception to the Govern- itself has had to cough up ?20 propping up ailing companies. To
nient's declared policy of non in- millions for technical troubles on have let Rolls go bankrupt was
lertruliorr. To be lair the Govern- its Jumbo jet engines. Lockheed, virtually unthinkable. It is a large
ment has hinted that aerospace which takes the Rolls-Royce RB employer of labour and the
may have to be helped. Bid the 211-22 engine, has been hovering nation's fifth largest exporter.
scale of assistance (an extra t42 around bankruptcy largely be- More than that. If Rolls-Royce
millions; on top of t47 millions cause of a who-pays-what wrangle had been allowed to go under
already committed to save the with the US Government over (1on- there would have been no corn-
group from disaster) conics as a tracts.
surprise. Rolls-Royce has had its lair the ey aleft in rtile
ight world the to challenge
And all this just for the RB 211- share of technical troubles, to mke rgh nc Americans
22 engine to power the Lockheed notably with its carbon fibre engines. make advanced civil acrd
Airbus. The question of further blades, but they should be seen Electric of AmWithouterica Rolls, salt a ai
money for a different version of against this context. Rolls is still and Pratt and
the engine for the British or Euro- a brilliant engineering company, worldWhitney would have shared a
pean Airbus has been shelved for but the fact remains it must bear monopoly between thine,
the nioment. This is expected to heavy responsibility for making with alt that implies for prices
cost around ?60 millions-if you the ''shipbuilders" mistake inl.hereture.
believeestiniatesanymore. takin on contracts involvin sae are t the elsewhere that
The announcement that last advanced technology with no sub- City trek that the Gmajo ba is
year's
year's hall-yearly profit of 4;2.5 stantialescalationclauses. prepared to see a moor ink-
has, after- going into a It is the company's business to ruptcy in an attempt to jolt the
disastrous
untry disastrous reverse thrust, become make judgments about likely tech- co
tion away from net ni it)-
a loss of t48 millions this year, is meal problems and the prospects Rolion, is not far elf the heart
the, latest in Rolls-Royce's igno- of runaway inflation. As a result Rolls eta}' have been the last to
minions fall froni grace. The proud- of these errors of judgment (for escape.
est name in British engineering which the Ministry of Technology. In any ease, the Government
has seen its shares sink from 50s which was deeply involved, must has yet to decide whether Rolls-
last year to less than l2s even share the Marne) what was hailed Royce stays ill the first league of
before the announcement was as the biggest breakthrough for world aero engine manufacturers
made. Rolls-Royce in March 1968, has or whether it ought to be relegated
The Rolls-Royce debacle raises become an albatross around the to the second. That will depend
two important points: the ineplica- company's neck. on permission being given for Rolls
lions for Government jilt er?vereljolt, On one matter the present to develop an advanced version
and the competence of the con- Government is responsible. The of the RB 211-22 (almost a differ-
pally itself. In defence of Rolls, replacing of investment grants- ent engine) for whatever airbus
it must be said that the world paid in cash-with profit - related the Government opts for.
aerospace industry is ina bad benefits by the Government to The Government may yet decide
way and to a large extent lives off stimulate investment, has hit Rolls that so much of the country's re-
national assistance. The crisis hard. It has no profits against sources of skilled manpower and
applies to airframe mail ul act u let's which it can offset anything-or capital should not be concentrated
like Boeing, airlines (with the sue- even with which it could take ad- in one company. The choice is
prising exception of BOAC), and vantage of the 2r , per cent cut either to opt out of the big league
lg liii' iii au ut act tire's. in corporation tax. It is not the and channel the resources saved
['rail and Whitney, the biggest only major British company in this in another more profitable direc?-
of the three remaining eugiue cam- position.
lion, or to merge Rolls with a
panics of any ineportanee, has The (evernux'rrt's kiss of life company outside Britain. This has
been in trouble. The shares of its for Rolls could be very misleading already been mooted in the City.
that "substantial losses" are
forecast.
The Government's help is linked
to a large management shuffle, in-
cluding the appointment of Lord
Cole, former chairman of Unilever,
as chairman instead of Sir Denning
Pearson, who becomes a non-
executive deputy chairman.
It was also announced that Sir
David Huddie, who was knighted
for his services to exports after
neogitating the RB 211-22 con-
tract, is to retire, although he
will continue as a "consultant."
Government aid of 442 millions
is supported by another unsecured
loan of ?I8 millions by a group of
banks. On present calculations
this should enable Rolls-Royce to
meet expected cash needs of ?35
millions in 1971 and 425 millions
in 1972.
All this relates to the need of
the RB 211-22 engine for the Lock-
heed airbus. If it is decided to go
ahead with the British or Euro-
pean airbus, still more money will
have to be made available.
Cause of the
trouble-the
R 8211-22 engine
for the Lockheed
TriStarairliner
being tested at
Derby. The engine
shown here is
being prepared for
its first run in one
of the new
production engine
test beds.
bankers in meeting the increased
cost-
Rolls-Royce, inits financial state-
ment, said that provision for
engine losses of i;15 millions and
?10 millions for contingencies
turned a loss of ?.1 millions for
the first 24 weeks of this year
into a loss of ?48 millions. In
effect the company is throwing all
the dirt into this year's accounts.
This should enable the group,
other things being equal, to show
a profit in 1971.
British Leyland hopeful
by John Coyne
British Leyland Motor Corpora-
tion will not be coming to the
market with either an equity or a
loan issue in the near future,. nor
is it looking to the Government to
mount any financial support
operation,
In spite of a severe Liquidity
strain, which was well known even
before the management's warning
to Austin. Morris workers, the
group has arranged with its
bankers to provide extra facilities
to fund a capital ex pcndittn'd' plan
running in excess of 4:.50 millions a
year.
British Leyland has recently
been the subject of considerable
speculation on its financial posi-
tion, and one MP has raised the
possibility of it bankruptcy in
Parliament. With the Rolls-Royce
situation coming to a head,
speculation on BLMC has intensi-
fied, but company sources make it
clear that the reports are not
accurate.
The group's cash problems have
been accentuated by the recent
changes in investment grants. In
the year just ended, for instance,
the group expected grants of ?8.3
millions on expenditure of ?52
millions. The group is continuing
Settlement
by Tom Ticket!
The agreement between General
Motors and the Auto Workers'
Union in America is obviously
going to be a major setback to the
Administration's efforts to restrict
inflation.
It appears that the settlement
will give the company's workers
increases in wages and fringe
benefits totalling more than 30
per cent during the next three
years, including an immediate pay
increase of about 14 per cent.
Wages for most men will go up by
about 7s to snore l ham ?2 an hour-.
The union has won a major
victory in getting General motors
to accept that there should be no
ceiling on the "escalator clause"
which will raise pay as the cost of
living goes up. The cost to General
Motors in wages alone could well
be in excess of $2,000 millions a
year,
The settlement will certainly in-
crease pressure for agreement
its rolling four-year capital expen-
diture plans for 1200 millions, sug-
gesting that this year spending
will be on a par with last year's.
This time around, however, the
group will have no grants to aid
its cash flow.
Of course the 60 per cent free
depreciation allowed in its place
could be just as valuable in the
short term, but only if the profits
are available to take advantage of
the tax benefits. Present indicators
are that British Leyland should
indeed have the profits available
to take advantage of the changes.
There is no reason, say company
sources, why the group should not
have a "respectable profit" for
the present year.
In any event, with a deprecia-
tion charge of ?40 millions there is
only it small gap to find between
planned annual capital expenditure
of around ?.50 millions. The group's
bankers have apparently indi-
cated their willingness to accom-
modate the group until permanent
finance can be arranged in a year
or two when capital markets are
stronger.
As to the year just ended on
September 30, City expectations
are of a figure ?500,000 either side
of break even.
at GM
elsewhere. In the industry it will
be the model for settlements with
Fords, Chryslers, and the Ameri-
can Motor Corporation, and with
firms supplying components.
The increases will also set a
target for other unions, which will
soon be starting negotiations on
new contracts. The steelworkers,
whose contract expires next year,
are determined to get "very, very
substantial wage increases"
according to their president, Mr I.
W. Abel.
General Motors' main negotia-
tor, Mr Earl Brarmblett said after
the talks that the cost of the settle-
ment was "substantially more
than the anticipated rise in produc-
tivity in this country and this, of
course, is true of the general level
of settlements in recent times."
When he was asked specifically
whether it was inflationary, lie
replied that what he had said was
"the general definition of
inflation."
Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
 Our 'Enery lightens the gloom
It would be easy to take a gloomy
view of British sport this week: there
have been so many setbacks, ranging
from the continuing dreary form of
the MCC cricketers in Australia to
the inability of home tennis players
to dominate the final stages of the
Dewar Cup circuit. Throw in the
failure of British golfers in the World
Cup at Buenos Aires, the drubbing in
the Laurel International horse race
in Washington, the pronounced dip in
attendances at Football League
matches, and the unconvincing form
of all four home countries in inter-
national soccer matches, and this
week's sports diary looks as cheer-
less as the month that has spawned
these events.
One chink of light was the success
of Henry Cooper in regaining the
European heavyweight boxing cham-
pionship, the third time he has held
the title, having twice had it taken
from him for technical reasons. At 36,
Our 'Enery" gave the holder, Jose
lbar Urtain, the Basque boulder
thrower, 10 years and the expected
lesson in the noble art as exemplified
in all the brutal efficiency of Cooper's
]eft arm. Jabbing, hooking. or upper-
cutting, but mostly jabbing insistently
in Urtain's face, that left showed little
loss of skill, though doubts were ex-
pressed later about other aspects of
Cooper's abilities.
Urtain, one eye closed and the
other cut as records of Cooper's ef-
ficiency, was unable to continue before
the ninth round began, but in the
eight rounds he lasted he did enough
to expose the fact, obvious as it may
seem to some, that Cooper's age is be-
ginning to catch up. No one wants to
see him end his career horizontal,
and there are numerous calls for him
to retire. His manager, Jim Wicks, has
no such doubts. Cooper next visits
South Africa for a couple of fights,
and then would like two or three fights
as champion before quitting.
The simple reason is money . . .
"r rt1i ,v r?r '1,',':r rrtirement. But
rLS- eager to challenge
Cooper, including McAlinden and
Bogner in Britain, have much more
talent than Urtain, who though strong
and willing was mostly wild. It is the
yourgsters who could end Cooper's
plans abruptly. One thing is sure,
though, Cooper's final pay packet will
be weighty.
Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
Another boxing success was that of
Bunny Sterling, the coloured Common-
wealth middleweight champion who is
having difficulty getting fights in
Britain. Although still suffering the
effects of gastro-enteritis, Sterling
outpointed Kahu Mahange (New
Zealand) in a title defence in Aus-
tralia. Sterling hopes to return to Aus-
ALAN DUNN'S
DIARY
tralia to fight their champion, Tony
Mundine, and also wants to challenge
the European title holder. Tom Bogs
(Denmark).
More cheerful news came with the
announcement of the British team to
meet the americans for the Walker
Cup at St Andrews next May. It is:
M. F. Bonallack (capt.), R. Carr, R.
Foster, C. W. Breen, W. Humphreys,
.1. S. Macdonald, C. Macgregor, G. C.
Marks, D. M. Marsh, H. B. Stuart.
Reserves are: M. G. King and A. P.
Thomson. Young Humphreys, who
drew a touch of praise from Jack
Nicklaus after they were paired in
the Open this year, is, at 18, one of
the youngest players to be selected
for the series, while Roddy Carr, at
20, completes a notable double for
the Carr family, his father, Joe, being
a formidable figure in the amateur
golfing world for three decades. While
the leaning towards youth is admir-
able, there is a sufficient leavening
of experience, including the recall of
David Marsh after 12 years, to give
the team a balanced look. So many
top amateurs have recently turned
professional that the field for selec-
tion has been rather limited, and the
team faces a stiff task.
The flood of indifferent news can no
longer be staunched, however, and
one might as well stay on the golf
course to record Britain's dreary
showing in the World Cup. The Welsh
pair, Brian Huggett and David
Thomas, were the best of the four
British teams, 27 strokes behind the
winners, Bruce Devlin and David
Graham, of Australia, whose only
poor rounds were on the last day
when both scored more than 70 for
the first time at the Jockey Club
course.
England, with Tony Jacklin failing
to find inspiration from Peter Butler's
steadiness, were on 575; Scotland
(Ronnie Shade and George Will) on
576; and Ireland (Hugh Jackson and
Jimmy Martin) on 588. The individual
winner was the highly popular "local"
winner, Roberto de Vicenzo (Argen-
tina) with 269, beating Graham by
one shot. The final four in the team
prize were 545 Australia; 554 Argen-
tine; 563 South Africa: and 565
United States - thus ending for a
year the US domination of both
events.
The Americans had greater success
in the Laurel Washington Inter-
national. Fort Marcy, the favourite at
6-5, repeated his success of 1967,
finishing a length ahead of the French
filly, Miss Dan, in driving rain. The
sodden conditions were blamed for the
fifth placing of England's challenger,
Lorenzaccio, ridden by our champion
jockey, Lester Piggott, seeking his
third successive victory. Fort Marcy's
win brought his earnings in stake
money to more than $1 million, the
tenth US horse to reach that figure.
Soccer took a few knocks this week,
notably at the gate. Figures produced
by the Football League showed that
up to the end of October, average at-
tendances were down by t.164 The
First and Second Divisions have lost
the most, more people are watching
Third Division games, and the Fourth
Division also dipped. Average gates
were: First Division, 31,949 from
33,765 last year; Second Division
15,818 (17,254); Third Division 8,544
(7,880); Fourth Division 5,067 (5,436).
Too much soccer crowd violence,
reduced standards of play, and tele-
vising of extracts of matches were
among the reasons for the decline
put forward by critics. Certainly, at
international level, there seems to be
a degree of indifference, perhaps only
natural after seeing World Cup soccer
pumped through one's tele?.:,. :. .
during the summer. At the huge
Hampden Park stadium, 24,000 were
scattered like birds around the
stands for Scotland's match with
Denmark in the European Nations
Cup. Scotland, hit by injuries,
squeezed a win 1-0, but did little to
encourage the 24,000 to call again.
Four thousand fewer were at Cardiff
to see Wales secure a goalless draw
against the strong Rumanian side,
while only 17,000 turned out at Hull
to watch England beat Sweden in an
Under-23 international. These are
End of an athletics era
There will be no more athletics at
th? White City, London. In a tortuous
statement last week the Greyhound
Racing Association and the British
Amateur Athletics Board got round
tc the fact that the last winning step
has been taken, the final long jump
Pleasured, and the shot and discus
stored away for the last time.
For those within the sport in
Britain this is hardly news; the
closure has been expected, even
urged, for the past few years. But
for many people all over the world
the end of the White City will be like
the death of a close friend. People
Irr,? Vladimir Kutz, Emile Zatopek,
Herb i,:uiott, Peter Snell, Ron Clarke,
Sydney Wooderson, Chris Chataway,
Herb McKinley, McDonald Bailey,
Arne Anderson, Gundar Hagg, Sandor
fheros, Laszlo Tabori, John Pennel,
Valeriy Brumet, Lynn Davies, Wilma
Rudolph, Mary Rand, Tamara and
Irena Press, and Nina Ponomoreyva
and a host of others will pause and
remember an important moment in
their athletic lives. It was the
Parthenon of the sport, and there
were more great athletics achieve-
ments at the stadium than in any
otherone.
It was, as Sydney Wooderson said
the other day, inadequate from the
time that athletics made its home
there in 1932. But that really did not
matter, and men broke world records
at distances from it mile upwards.
The Stadium was built for the 1908
Olympic Games, and it had a dramatic
beginning for it was there that Peitri
Dorando was helped across the finish-
ing line in the marathon and thus was
disqualified from taking the gold
medal.
The greatest race? I put that
question to the chairman of the GRA,
Laddie Lucas, who has seen most of
the big events there since the end
of the last war: "Oh, the Kutz-Chata-
way race: I can see that tremendous
surge in the middle of the back
straight now." Anyone else there on
October 13, 1954, will have the same
clear vision of the man with the red
hair matching the surges of the red-
vested Russian and finally just getting
away from him, an effort that brought
a world record of 13min 51.6sec for
5,000 metres.
Derek Ibbotson brought the world
mile record back to Britain there on
September 19, 1957. A perfect piece
of pacemaking accomplished by Mike
Blagrove of Ealing Harriers cleared
the way for a flying last lap by the
indomitable Ibbotson who broke the
tape and achieved the magical figure
of 3min 57.4 sec.
Gordon Pirie's singleness of purpose
helped to pack the arena through the
fifties. But there were moments of
freatness seen by but a few, such as
the afternoon Adrian Metcalfe set up
hree Oxbridge records. for 100 yards,
120 yards, and 440 yards, in less than
wo hours.
The GRA have fathered the sport
,yell. Having enjoyed the years of
the 30,000 and 40,000 spectators,
they supported it through the days
when economically it was not really
wise to do so. "We are a commercial
organisation," Mr Lucas told me, "and
are responsible to our shareholders.
Our revenue from athletics is less
than half of one per cent. To re-
develop the track with eight lanes
and a Tartan surface costing ?60,000
would not have been commercially
profitable for three or four meetings
a year.
"The stadium is to be redeveloped
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the type of show occasions when the
future senior internationals are
paraded, but although England won
2-0 with goals by Brian Kidd, the
game drifted quickly into anonymity-
In contrast, Northern Ireland had
an audience of 48,000 for their Euro-
pean Nations Cup match with Spain
in Seville. Spain were flattered by
their win, 3-0, for the Irish were
generally lively, especially Best. But
in his next match, Best was booked
for the third time in a year and now
faces the possibility of a hefty fine
and suspension from his club, Man-
chester United. Two of Best's three
bookings have been for registering
dissent from a referee's decision --
the Irish ;Ere traditionally hot tem-
pered - but the Disciplinary Commit-
tee are unlikely to be charitable,
There will be gloom in such North-
ern cities as Manchester, Leeds, and
Stoke at Sir Alf Ramsey's decision
not to include Bobby Charlton, Jack
Chariton, and Gordon Banks in his
England squad from which the team
to play East Germany at Wemhlety
next week will be chosen. Banks, con-
sidered widely to be the finest goal-
keeper in the world, and the Charlton
brothers are in their 30s, and Sir All,
loyalist but no sentimentalist where
the hard world of professional soccer
is concerned, knows that the time has
come to start rebuilding for the World
Cup of 1972. These are his early
choices: Clemence and Shilton as goal-
keepers; Cooper, Hollins, Hughes,
Hunter, McFarland, Moore, Mullery,
Reaney, Sadler, and Wright as defen-
ders: and Ball, BeII, Clarke, Hurst,
Kidd, Lee, Osgood, Royale, and
Thompson as forwards. Somewhere
among that lot there could be the
makings of another World Cup side.
Lawn ton -z in turmoil
at the nrument, saw British preten-
sions slapped down in the indoor
Dewar Cup finals in London. Francoise
Durr (France) beat Ann Jones 7-6,
2-6, 6-2 in an absorbing final, having
beaten Virginia Wade in a semifinal.
In the men's final the British were
unrepresented, John Alexander (Aus-
tralia) beating Tom Gorman (US)
5-7, 7-6, 7-6. It was the first time
that a tie-break system had been
used, and though confusing at first it
eventually served its purpose of get-
ting matches finished in reasonable
order.
by John Rodda
as an all-purpose one for a crowd of
between 7,000 and 10,000 with the
crowd on one side housed in a luxury
that is not available at any stadium
in either Europe or the United States."
Last week's announcement was
prompted because the only athletics
international in London next year
will now be at Crystal Palace. With
the Women's, Schools, and the AAA
championships there, this is the new
home of the sport. But the administra-
tors of the sport should say so.
No Test
for Ward
by Brian Chapman
in Sydney
Alar Ward's MCC Test career in
Austra'ia is finished before it began.
The Derlayshire fast bowler is going
home to rngland, but the manager,
David Clark, said this week: "We shall
not rush him.'
The injury to his right leg is still
something of a mystery. Clark said:
"There is something in his physical
make-up which nobody seems to under-
stand." Ward is naturally deeply dis-
tressed at the decision, but he accepts
it as a necessity which is tragic for him.
Unless this medical problem can be
solved it may cause the close of his
career at 23, when he held out promise
of becoming one of the great fast bowlers
of the world. His X-ray examination
revealed "a slight irregularity of the
lateral aspect of the fibular," which was
due to "a tiny avulsion fracture." The
harsh dictum is that rest is essential
and that "spurting activity" is ruled
out for at least four weeks.
The doctors have spoken in their own
technical terms, and cricket is infinitely
the poorer. The pros and cons of Ward's
interest and the team's interests have
been fairly worked out. In effect he could
not bowl in any Test before the fifth
with any degree of prudence."
The replacement for Ward is Bob
Willis, of Surrey, who at 21 receives his
big chance in international cricket.
Willis came near to selection when the
England team was originally picked.
He bowls with fire and lift. though not
So outstandingly fast as Ward. It is
in his favour that he moves the ball
away from the batsman. I have heard
Surrey colleagues say that at his best
few faster bowlers are his equal, but
that he is inconsistent.
Willis is tackling a tremendous job
out here and will need to be at his
peak all the time. If our fast attack
cannot crack open the top Australian
batsman more effectively than hitherto,
we can hardly expect to win the series.
The Australian team for the first Test
Contains four newcomers. They are Greg
Chappell. an all rounder and brother of
Ian, Rod Marsh, a wicket-keeper bats-
man who supplants Taber, Terlyien-w%.
a leg break bowler, and Alan Thomson,
the Victoria unconventional fast bowler.
It is surprising that Jenner is preferred
to O'Keeffe, who bowled so well for New
South Wales in the first innings against
MCC. Marsh, from West Australia, was
described to me as capable of being the
first wicket-keeper to score a Test
century for Australia. Lawry has to
undergo a fitness examination but is
expected to play. The side has high
potential in batting but does not look
so impressive in bowling as Connolly is
omitted. The team is:
W. F. Lawry (capt.), I. M. Chappell (vice
Capt.), G. Chappell, J. W. Gleeson, T. Jenner,
It. Marsh, D. McKenzie, I. R. Redpath, A-
P. Sheahan, K. R. Stackpole, A. Thomson.
K. D. Walters.
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 Approved For Release 2003/12/22 : CIA-RDP78BO5703A000400100001-0
What's in it for American
business today?
A one-day Symposium at the Waldorf Astoria, New York, on Wednesday, 2nd December 1970
9.20 `Introduction'
The Rt. l-ion. Lord
Robbins, C.H., C.B.
Clwirmati of the Financial Times
9.45
`A European
Currency-
Counterweight
to the Dollar'
Herr Hermann Abs,
mint of the Supera'isory
Bnanzl of the Deutsche Bank
11.00
`Financing
European
Industry'
Baron Guy de Rothschild
President of Banque Rothschild,
Paris
Current concern in American business circles, about the
development of the European Economic Community, goes far
beyond the import restrictions at present before Congress.
Is there much likelihood of a `trade war' with Europe?
Would the effect of Britain joining E.E.C. be favourable to
America? Will a slightly smaller American share of a rapidly
expanding European market be greater than a larger share of a
stagnant market? Would a single European currency benefit
American interests? If a powerful European market has an effect
11.55
`Creating
Europe's
Industrial
Giants'
Signor Giovanni Agnelli
Chanmooof FIAT, Tinin
2.15
`Challenging
Europe's
Industrial
Giants'
M. Louis Camu
P,,-ddent, Banque de fintxclles
`Britain's Role
3.10 in Europe'
Rt. Hon. Roy Jenkins,
M.P.
131 itish Channcellot of the
Erhequer, 1967-1970
upon the American economy, is this outweighed by political
benefits? Does America now face a more formidable challenge in
Europe than heretofore or will expansion continue at its recent rate ?
These, and other questions of crucial importance to
American business, are discussed by six leading Europeans in a
Symposium organised by the `Financial Times' of London at
the Waldorf Astoria, New York. Entitled `The Challenge of
Europe', it could well prove a seminal occasion for all
concerned with the American economy over the next decade.
Reservation form for The challenge of Europe
A one-day Symposium at the Waldorf Astoria,
New York. Dec. 2. 1970
Please reserve a total of ticket/s, at $100 each (or any currency
equivalent), in the name/s of the following delegate/s:
Surname of delegate
Position in company
Telephone numher_
Guardian Newspapers Ltd. 1970. Published by Guardian Newspapers Ltd., 192 Gray's inn Road, London. WC1 at 184 Deansga to, Manchester, and printed forthem, by Lancashire Colour Printers Ltd.
Sandy Lane, Lowton St. Mary's, Warrington. Lancashire. England. Second class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional mailing offices.
The Financial Times Symposium
and sent to: Mr. Emery Cleaves,
The Financial Times
Symposium Office,
Partners for Growth Inc.,
1270 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, N.Y. 10020.
cheque for enclosed/Please invoice
Authorised by
Position in company
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