APPENDIX P AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING (ADP) AND AUTOMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B05167A001800110001-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 7, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 1, 1966
• Content Type: REPORT

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APPENDIX P
AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING
AND
AUTOMATION
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AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING AND AUTOMATION
I. Introduction
This appendix is focused primarily on the unique problems of imagery
interpretation to which automatic data.processing capabilities and
techniques may be applied. Consequently an attempt is made in the ensuing
paragraphs to relate the capabilities inherent in the automatic data
processing field to the potential value of their application in support
of imagery interpretation. Little emphasis is placed in this discussion
on the application of ADP to the organization and management of tasking,
improved access to collateral data, report preparation and distribution,
and other functions which are identical to, or are closely related to
ADP applications characteristic of intelligence data handling within.
the intelligence processes.
At the outset it is important to recognize that during recent years
the state of the art developments in the field of intelligence data
handling and automation have reflected advances no less significant and
dramatic than)those which have characterized the field of reconnaissance.
It is equally important to realize that the timeliness and effectiveness
with which the exploitation of the imagery to be acquired by reconnais-
sance systems in the future depends to a significant degree on the
efficacy with which foreseeable developments in automatic data processing
and automation are planned for and utilized to provide responsive support
to imagery exploitation activities undertaken in support of national and
departmental needs. While many and diverse contributions can be made by
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intelligence data handling and automation in assisting the intelligence
community to cope Withthe,challengepresented by projected reconnais-
sance capabilities, two are particularly important. They can:
a. Significantly improve the timeliness, quality, quantity,
and utility of the imagery interpreters' output, and
b. Enable valuable things, now largely undone, to be 'accom-
plished in a timely, effective, and efficient manner as a result
Of structuring the ADP support potential of the intelligence
community to meet not only the present and future needs of the
imagery'exploitation system, as well as the finished intelligence
producers and related activities Which it designed to serve:
II. Computer Functions
The tasks which can be performed by computers may be categorized
several different ways. However, these basic capabilities as applied to
imagery interpretation may readily be considered as:
Storage and retrieval
? b. Processing
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c. Computing'
-d: COmmUnications', display, and report-preparation
e. Management functions
These various capabilities Will be disdussed in terms of their
relationship to the imagery exploitation function.
III. Applications of ADP to Imagery Interpretation
A. Direet Assistance - Storage and Retrieval
Automatic data processing can improve and extend the
adcesSability-of information derived from reconnaissance imagery
as well as provide essential library
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services for the imagery
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interpreter. Rapid and complete access to collateral infor-
mation or to imagery data which has been stored as a base
can be provided as a service. Generally, this material may
be made available through a selective subject index, a
geographical index, or various other indices which may be
suitable for the intelligence support function which is
being performed. There does not appear to be a technical
impediment to providing any degree of storage and retrieval
capability which may be desirable and economically worth-
while. Unfortunately, this very straightforward application
of ADP has been obscured in the past by technically
interesting but operationally trivial differences in points
of view of various individuals and organizations. The
difficulty in reaching an agreement on film chip size to be
used in imagery interpretation typifies this problem-- in
the absence of agreement on chip size,decisions on the
engineering design of equipment to handle these film chips
have not been made. The technical aspects of this problem
may be simple, and far less significant than the necessity
for a decision on the size, or sizes, of film chips for
automatic storage and retrieval systems or the actual
value of the chip concept. CIA, DIA and EPIC have extensive
on-going ADP efforts in this field and are generally aware-
of new developments. All three organizations are represented
on.CODIB and its Task Forces.
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B.. Direct Assistance - Processing
Direct assistance to the imagery interpreter is currently
provided in making measurements. A computer can readily be
programmed to provide mensuration data on a near-real time
basis taking into account the several necessary factors.
The process of mensuration, like that of storage and retrieval,
is technically straightforward and poses no particularprob-
lems. In addition to performing the relatively straightforward
calculations which are required, including the look-up in the
storage of information to obtain the particulars of the
reconnaissance flight which are required for the calculation,
hybrid configurations of equipment may be devised for improving
.the accuracy with which the cross hairs are placed, which is
critical in the mensuration process. NPIC has programmed
extensive R&D efforts in this field over the next five year
period.
Automatic data processing techniques may be designed so
that the various parameters of imagery may be adjusted to
enhance the imagery interpretation processes. For example,
changes in the height and density (R&D) curve, latitude,
etc., may be adjusted in near-real time along with scale
and other dimensional factors. This may be done by using
automatic data processing techniques coupled with electronic
display devices which are currently available and compatible
with digital systems. This is especially significant for
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third-phase exploitation. NPIC has on-going R&D programs
for non-automatic parameter adjustment equipment. . This
area of automatic processing should be investigated.
It is possible to view, automatically, new imagery
and compare it with the data in the imagery base to deter-
mine whether or not changes in the imagery have occurred.
The threshold or sensitivity to change can be adjusted to
the particular problem. For example, changes may be
restricted to variations in lengths of lines, variations
in:the sizes of built up areas, and similar changes in
dimensions, configuration, and orientation.
Techniques which are adaptable to imagery exploitation
have been highly developed and tested in optical and radar
missile guidance systems, and are generally referred to as
automatic map-matching.
Numerous techniques for automatic target recognition
have been developed in the past which are applicable to
imagery interpretation. Like change detection, the threshold
for recognition may be adjusted to any desired value. As
confidence increases that all of a particular type of target
is recognized the probability of false alarm and the
requirement for imagery interpreter time decreases. Conse-
quently, these techniques may assist in detection,
recognition and enumeration of various types of objects
over very large areas. NPIC has programmed extensive R&D
efforts in this field over the next five year period.
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A significant function for which automatic
equipment is highly effective, but not now used
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data processing
in imagery
exploitation, is image correlation, especially multi-sensor
image correlation, to provide additional confidence in the
identification or the assessment of the
istics of particular typed of 'targets.
Improving the probability and certainty
suChAechniques may be programmed along
will provide information on changes and
characteristics.
Ultimately, automatic data processing systems may be
adapted to handle new imagery data against a vast reference
store based on several different types of sensors. This,
could be accomplished by photo digitizing and represents
the most powerful interpretation application which is fore-
seen at this time. It is also a technique well beyond the
scope of the unaided human because of his limitations in
handling the quantity of Information involved. The USAF
is developing equipment in this field.
C. System Assistance - Computing
? Through automatic processing techniques the effective-
ness and efficiency of the-collection systems may be improved
in a way which will result in directly reducing the imagery
interpretation work load. A sophisticated operational
capability now exists for automatic indexing and plotting
of reconnaissance imagery acquired by satellites: This also
functional character-
In addition to
of target detection,
adaptive lines which
trends in target
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can be accomplished for imagery acquired by airborne recon-
naissance platforms by a combination of accurate automatic
plotting of the navigational data with subsequent refinement
of geographical coordinates through imagery matching against
the existing store of information.
Image quality may be considered in two ways: from a
purely physical point of view which takes Into account the
physical characteristics of the object viewed, the inter-
vening optical path, the camera mechanism, and the processing;
and from a subjective viewpoint which relates factors such as
contrast, "snap" or "crispness" which will vary considerably,
depending upon the personal preferences of the image inter-
preter involved. Although complex, the physical parameters
should be, and can be, readily assessed in concrete terms.
Data on these physical characteristics of image quality are
important so that meaningful data for equipment design can
be derived from interpreter performance. Although the
subjective assessment of image quality will involve a number
of different parameters, these may be readily related, in a
Meaningful way; through automatic data processing techniques
to the physical measurements of image quality.
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D. Communications, Display and Report Preparation
The efficiency of the imagery interpreter may be improved
through improved communications and display devices so that
direct communication between simagery interpreters as well as
between image interpreters and intelligence analysts is
possible via common communications.links. Hopefully, this
willpermit analyst access to the imagerystore. Although
this will not reduce the imagery interpreter's time for basic
work, an increase in efficiency once this material has been
classified and stored may be envisioned. Techniques for the
accelerated preparation and dissemination of imagery inter-
pretation reports have been in use for some time. Improvements
are currently being studied.
E. Management
Executive management decisions now determine the extent
of imagery exploitation. The efficiency of the manpower
available for imagery exploitation may be improved through near-
real-time control of tasking, and control of production so that
duplication of effort is precluded. The technology for accom-
plishing this is relatively simple, but requires development
of an appropriate vocabulary so that a reasonable number of
descriptors can adequately define the work in process.
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The automatic data processing equipment suitable for
performing the various functions described above may also
be used to perform a number of "bookkeeping" tasks so that
statistics may be readily derived to permit further evalua-
tion and refining of the imagery interpretation process.
IV. Summary
The types of imagery interpretation tasks in which automatic data
prodessing teahniques may significantly assist have been discussed. Some
tasks may require on-line equipment and a central computer, but others may
require only small computers and programming support. Annex A differen-
tiates those functions which are common to many activities in addition to
military or intelligence tasks, those which are unique to intelligence and
those which are unique to imagery interpretation. In addition, the Table.
indicates those functions which are of primary interest for national uses,
and those which may have an additional use in strategic or tactical military
processes.
Several factors are immediately apparent. Most of the tasks which
demand high storage capacity are not peculiar to imagery int,Frpretation,
but are similar to other national and military intelligence tasks.
The Government has extensive ADP programs directed toward the problems
of massive data manipulation and management applications, It is expected
that adaptations of this equipment and software will suffice for the
library service, pattern recognition, vast information manipulation,
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coverage indexing and plotting, tasking and production control, communica-
tions and display, and the 9rmal business functions associated with imagery
interpretation. The effort required to adapt the software to support the
imagery interpretation process, while straightforward, may be large and
fairly expensive.
In the military ADP projects, of which those associated with intelli-
gence are a significant part, it is evident that the intelligence and imagery
interpretation community must assume responsibility and take the initiative
in defining the ADP and automation support required in mensuration, parameter
adjustment, change detection, pattern or target recognition, and must parti-
cipate in the structuring of library services - both input and output.
Mensuration equipment generally should be designed to operate on a
time-sharing basis with the main facility computer or an available tactical
computer. The input-output devices associated with mensuration are not so
demanding as to require identical computers among those facilities which
may be engaged in this work. Consequently, the coordination of design of
common measurement devices and the dissemination of information on software
would tend to avoid duplication and result in the application of the best
techniques in this area.
Parameter adjustment refers to an electro-optical ADP device, which
can change scale, contrast and various other parameters as desired during
the viewing process in order to enhance interpretation of the image. Such
equipment may be generally independent of any facility or tactical computer
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installation. Tactical equipment may allow variation of only a-few para-
meters, whereas equipment in permanent installations should be very
flexible. A common design effort for equipment for permanent installations
is obviously desirable, and equipment designs for tactical use could derive
design criteria from the more complex equipment. Coordination of design
and procurement of tactical equipment may readily be accomplished by normal
Committee On Photographic Exploitation Equipment (COPE) activities.
Target recognition equipment is generally similar to parameter adjust-
ment equipment from the standpoint of coordination of design characteristics
and a similar recommendation is made for these devices.
V. Findings
As a result of its investigation of the field of ADP and automation
Support to imagery exploitation, the JIIRG considers the following findings
to be pertinent and deserving of further consideration by the proposed
national imagery exploitation instrumentality. With respect to finding
No. 9, the JIIRG developed the concept of a national image-derived informa-
tion base as discussed in Annex B. This concept has been incorporated into
the National Tasking Plan.
1. In developing responsive and effective ADP and automa-
tion support to imagery exploitation serving national and departmental
needs emphasis should be focused on those functional areas which are unique
to the exploitation of multi-sensor imagery.
2. In those areas of intelligence data handling and automa-
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tion support which imagery exploitation organizations have in common with
the intelligence community, they should participate with and seek expedi-
tious support from those assigned responsibility for structuring effective
ADP and automation support of intelligence production.
3. ADP and automation design and development undertaken in
other related areas should be closely monitored for possible application
to imagery exploitation and efforts should be aggressively sponsored to
adapt progress in other fields to the needs of imagery interpretation
serving national and departmental needs.
4. The appreciable ADP and automation support potential
currently available to or programmed either for those imagery exploitation
organizations serving national and departmental needs, or their parent
organizations, should be viewed in a systems context and utilized to the
maximum extent practicable to support the exploitation of imagery in
consonance with the National Tasking Plan for the Exploitation of Multi-
Sensor Imagery.
5. Emphasis should be placed upon achieving at an early
date the ADP and automation support required to facilitate the automated
transmission, storage, retrieval, and manipulation of high resolution
imagery and image-derived information in both human readable and computer
processable form.
6. ADP and automation support programs should be accelerated
and expanded in areas of mensuration, automated indexing, target recognition,
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change detection, parameter adjustment, image digitization, and composite
unit record storage and retrieval. The latter encompasses on a single'
record, in standard formats, high resolution imagery and digitized opera-
tional data and image-derived information.
T. Emphasis should be placed during peacetime to insure
that ADP and automation research and development activities are undertaken
which will provide a high confidence factor that imagery exploitation will
be able to provide timely, accurate, and high quality information inputs
during crisis, limited, and general war situation.
8. Automatic data processing and automation undertaken in
support of imagery exploitation serving national and departmental needs
should be approached in a systems context fully coordinated and directly
responsive to the imagery exploitation management authorities.
9. Immediate and continuing emphasis should be directed
toward the establishment and maintenance of an automated national image-
derived information base (see Annex B) which is fully responsive to both
the state of the art and the current and changing needs of finished
intelligence producers, and other organizations concerned with reconnaissance
collection and exploitation.
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Annex P-1
COMPARISON OF ADP FUNCTIONS
Primary Supplemental
Intel P. I. Nat'l Tactical
Common Peculiar Peculiar Use Use
LIBRARY SERVICE
MENSURATION X X X
PARAMETER ADJUSTMENT X X X
CHANGE DETECTION
X
TARGET RECOGNITION
PATTERN RECOGNITION
(CORRELATION) X
rn
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VAST STORE MANIPULATION
DIRECT COVERAGE PLOT
IMAGE QUALITY MEASURE X X
TASKING 80 PROD CONTROL X
COMM. 8G DISPLAY
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS X
X
IMMO IMO . . MEM IMIINS MM.,
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Annex P-2
NATIONAL IMAGE-DERIVED INFORMATION BASE
(NIDIB)
I. Introduction
Centralization of an image-derived information data base is essential
if the data required on a timely basis by the intelligence analysts, the
imagery collectors, and the imagery interpreters is to be managed effectively.
The imagery interpretation organizations of the intelligence community should
exploit the capabilities of existing and oncoming generations of computers
which offer "on-line",- rapid access to comprehensive information files from
remote locations. A National Image-Derived Information Base (NIDIB) can
significantly assist intelligence collection and production activities at
the national level.
This database- is important to finished intelligence analysts and is
critical to the imagery interpreter during all phases of his exploitation
process. A central computer-based bank of imagery and image-derived or
related information is required to provide more timely and accurate reporting
and at the same time cope with the increased volumes of film inputs. First-
and second-phase reporting can be accomplished within the framework of a
human-readable, machine-processable system. New information now can be
related to the accumulation of past reporting, bUt because an automated
base is not established, products being disseminated as a result of first--
and second-phase reporting do not reflect the interplay with the total
imagery Interpretation base. Future reporting should place less reliance
upon cumbersome hard copy dissemination practices, and strive for full
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utilization of automated processes of information handling.
Additionally, imagery collection managers and programmers require
timely access to data on the status of target and area coverage as well as
the status of exploitation in order effectively to plan collection missions
and programs.
Organization of A National Image-Derived Information Base (NIDIB) and
Its Composition
.The National Image-Derived Information Base, automated to the fullest
extent practicable and primarily designed to support the production of
finished intelligence, should be structured to serve additional purposes.
It is intended that to the maximum extent feasible, this, base will satisfy
the interdependent needs for imagery-derived information which exists .
laterally and vertically at all echelons of command from the National Command
.Authorities to Commanders of major command components in the field. It
provides an authoritative and historical base of image-derived information
essential to timely and effective imagery exploitation. This base also ?
will support the essential information needs of collection management
authorities at the national level; help to insure the effective and timely
programming of individual reconnaissance missions; and be of assistance in
the development of short and long-term reconnaissance programs.
Such a data-base of imagery-derived information initially should be
comprised of six basic files, namely:
(1) .The Installations Data File (maintained by NPIC) which con-
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tains all the information derived from reconnaissance imagery under
this plan, as well as the outstanding elements of information (EEI's)
to be derived from future missions on each installation of intelli-
gence interest contained in the National Imagery Exploitation Target
Base (NIETB). Included also would be data required by reconnaissance
collection management pertaining to targets covered and the quality
of such coverage.
(2) The Object Data File (maintained by NPIC) which contains
specific mensural and narrative data on equipment and objects of
intelligence interest.
(3) The Area Coverage Data File (maintained by DIA) which
contains indexed information on the geographic areas imaged and the
quality of imagery acquired as a result of the U. S. reconnaissance
effort.
(4) The Mensuration Parameters File (maintained by NPIC) which
contains specific technical information on vehicle performance and
sensor design specifications required in support of on-line mensura-
tion conducted by imagery interpretation organizations.
(5) The Exploitation Products File (maintained by NPIC) which
contains information on products produced and disseminated as a result
-f accomplished under the National Tasking Plan.
(6) The Imagery Interpretation Resource Information File
(coordinated by COMEX) which contains basic information on the appli-
cation of resources 'subject to direct tasking under the National
Tasking Plan.
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The details as to the specific organization of files, format, and
procedures to be employed in the establishment and maintenance of these
data base files will be developed in consonance with the needs of agencies
and departments represented on the U. S. Intelligence Board, with the
assistance of CODIB, and coordinated by the COMEX. The following general
concepts of operations, however, should apply:
1. Immediate inputs to the various files would be made by
the NPIC, CIA/IAD, DIAAP-1P, and selected imagery interpretation
elements of the DOD through DIA, based on information derived
from the exploitation of imagery during all three phases of
exploitation, in accordance with a program developed by the COMEX.
2. A standardized national format for data input is required
and should be structured to incorporate the best features of the
current NPIC and DOD reporting systems.
3. File coordinators should be established by COMEX who will
be responsible for exercising input and output control over the
use of the six basic files (comprising the National Image-Derived
Information Base) in serving national needs for image-derived
information.
4. Each entry should be clearly identified as being the
product of the originator. Conflicting information would be
referred back to the originator(s) for validation; thereafter
should disagreement continue to exist, both views will be incor-
porated in the file, but such disagreement would be clearly noted.
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5. Tab P-1 depicts the proposed flow of data to and from the
National Image-Derived Information Base (NIDIB). This flaw is
compatible with the COINS system.
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TALENT-KEYHOLE
Control System Only
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/04/07: CIA-RDP78B05167A001800110001-3
Handle Via
TALENT-KEYHOLE
Control System Only
UNIFIED &SPECIFIED
COMMANDS
(Through DIA)
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/04/07: CIA-RDP78B05167A001800110001-3
TOP SECRET
NATIONAL IMAGE-DERIVED INFORMATION BASE
NPIC
NATIONAL IMAGE-DERIVED INFORMATION BASE
DIAAP-1P
CIA/IAD
MILITARY DEPARTMENTS
? INSTALLATIONS DATA FILE
? OBJECT DATA FILE
? AREA COVERAGE DATA FILE -
? MENSURATION PARAMETERS FILE
? EXPLOITATION PRODUCTS FILE
? RESOURCE INFORMATION FILE
TCS-84705/66
TAB 1
ANNEX P - 2
AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS
REPRESENTED ON THE
U.S. INTELLIGENCE BOARD
UNIFIED AND SPECIFIED
COMMANDS
(Through DIA)
USIB COMMITTEES
NOTE: COINS will provide a direct communications capability between selected organizations, such as
CIA, NSA, DIA, State, and NPIC.
TOP SECRET
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/04/07: CIA-RDP78B05167A001800110001-3
COLLECTION MANAGEMENT
ORGANIZATIONS
Handle Via
TALENT-KEYHOLE
Control System Only