A STUDY OF MARKING METHODS FOR USE ON A HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL COORDINATOGRAPH

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• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04770A001700010020-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 37
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 8, 2005
• Sequence Number: 20
• Publication Date: January 1, 1967
• Content Type: STUDY

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A STUDY OF MARKING METHODS
FOR USE ON
A HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL COORDINATOGRAPH
Copyright 1967
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I PURPOSE
II MARKING REQUIREMENTS
III MARKING DEVICES CONSIDERED DURING DEVELOPMENT
OF E-80 SYSTEM
IV PRESENT STATE OF THE ART
Page
1
A. Mechanical Systems 3
B. Liquid Ink Systems
C. Other Systems
V MATERIALS LIST
VI MARKING SYSTEMS TESTED
VII CONCLUSIONS
VIII RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERE NCES
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Table
1 Marker Choices of Some Manufacturers
2 Materials List
3 Test Results
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Test No. I. Government Issue Pen on Film
Test Numbers 7 and 10. Paper Mate Pen on Paper
Test Numbers 12 and 13. Paper Mate Pen on Film
Test No. 30. EAI Pon with Esterbrook Ink on Film
Test No. 45. Koh-I-Noor Pen with Esterbrook Ink on Film
Test No. 47. Koh-I-Noor Pen with Acetate Ink on Film
Test No. 49. Koh-l-Noor Pen with K & E Ink on Film
Test No. 51. Electric Marking on Electrosensitive Dry Paper
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Page
26
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PURPOSE
The purpose of this report is to present the results of a study program conducted by
STTAT
STAT
to investigate a variety of marking methods that might be
adaptable for use on a high speed coordinatograph. It was the specific intent of the
study program to determine if any improvement could be made over the marking system
currently in use on the E-80 High Speed Precision Coordinatograph.
II MARKING REQUIREMENTS
The basic requirements of the E-80 Coordinatograph system are such that the marking
device must be capable of the following:
A. A combined line drawing and dotting capability. Lines are to be plotted at speeds
up to 16 inches per second in either axis. Line widths and density should be con-
sistent although slight variations which do not jeopardize reproduction are con-
sidered acceptable. Lines should start, stop and cross without skipping or spreading.
(Charts to be produced require the generation of small symbols, figures, etc. in
which the marker makes many short strokes and crosses previous lines.) Dots are to
be plotted up to a rate of 350 per minute at a spacing of 1/8 inch, They should be
uniform in size, shape and density and should appear 99% of the time.
B. The medium upon which the charts are to be drawn shall be from a 60 inch wide
roll supply and shall be capable of producing good diazo copy.
C. The results of the marking system should be fast drying since it is desirable to wind
the finished chart onto the takeup roll immediately upon its completion.
D. The system should be capable of operating for significant periods of time (up to 8
hours), reliably, without manual intervention or attention. Using an average
writing speed of 12 inches per second and a use factor of 50%, the plotter would
be required to draw approximately 175,000 inches of line per 8 hour day.
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STAT
E. Special environmental conditions in the plotter room such as high humidity or total
darkness are not acceptable. Materials and by-products shall not be toxic or
unpleasant to handle, inflammable or otherwise dangerous.
III MARKING DEVICES CONSIDERED DURING DEVELOPMENT OF E-80 SYSTEM
in the original design ested graphite pencils, ball point pens, ribbon
percussion devices and capillary pens with ink on ordinary tracing paper. Each of the
marking devices presented problems of some magnitude for an application such as the E'-80
system. Pencils provided reliable operation, but presented problems of variable density
and feeding graphite to the marking surface. Many ball point pens had a tendency to
skip and when used without accessories such as wipers to rotate the ball were unreliable
in starting and in making successive dots. Ribbon percussion devices were excellent for
dotting but essentially unuseable for drawing lines. Capillary pens provided good density
and line width control, good starting characteristics (if not left inactive too long), and
good line performance at the expense of slow drying and the probability of spills, runs
and smears.
Of the marking systems tested it was concluded that capillary pen and ink provided the
greatest flexibility in terms of a wide selection of pens, ink and paper to meet the specific
needs of any application. The E-80 Coordinatograph system was therefore supplied with
a special purpose Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI) pen and Brush Oscillograph No.
RA276002 low viscosity, low surface tension, slow drying i'nk. The ink supply was con-
tained in a plastic bottle which allowed up to a 4 inch head, which in turn was connected
to the capillary pen by a short piece of 0.094" I.D. tubing.
IV PRESENT STATE OF THE ART
A wide variety of marking methods are available for graphic recording. While many are
not applicable to the E-80 Coordinatograph, it would seem useful to note them in order
that no desirable features of a system by overlooked. In general, marking systems may be
divided into three broad categories; (1) those which mark the paper mechanically,
(2) those which deposit a liquid such as ink, and (3) those which use heat, electricity or
some other form of energy to create a visible change in the medium.
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A. Mechanical Systems
Mechanical marking systems rely upon mechanical force or friction to transfer
pigment from a source to the paper or to so modify the surface of the paper as to
leave a visible trace. The simplest mechanical marking device is a wax or plastic
pencil containing graphite or other pigment. Systems using pencils have good
marking characteristics, write dry, hence never generate drips and smears, and
work well with ordinary paper. Unfortunately they are fragile, hence subject to
unpredictable catastrophic failure, and they do not generate lines and dQts of
uniform width and density.
A more complex mechanical system employs a hard stylus to effect a transfer or
modification of pigment from an intermediate ribbon or sheet. The simplest case
of this type system uses a full size sheet of carbon paper over the work. The
writing stylus merely presses the carbon paper against the work wherever marks
are desired. A similar effect is achieved with so-called carbonless carbon paper
in which a coating on the work sheet changes color when a treated overlay sheet
is pressed against it. In either case the work is not visible until the overlay sheet
has been removed. A more complicated use of this principle uses a ribbon of overlay
material carried by the marking device. Although such a system is ideal for dotting,
a rather complicated rotating ribbon feed system must be provided for drawing lines.
While such systems can mark ordinary paper, they use relatively large quantities
of the intermediate material which may be expensive and is always inconvenient.
A third class of mechanical system relies upon the mechanical alteration of the
surface of the work sheet to create a visible line. Many such systems employ a
pigment which is trapped in minute opaque corpuscles in the coating of the sheet
and released when the corpuscles are broken by mechanical pressure, or a contin-
uous pigment which is normally covered by an opaque scattering layer of wax or
other crystals and exposed when the mechanical pressure of the stylus removes or
compresses the wax crystals. These systems offer two serious disadvantages. First,
the pigment is uniformly present over the entire sheet initially, hence the material
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is usually quite opaque to start with. Diazo reproduction tends to be less than
satisfactory. Second, the materials are expensive.
Other forms of pressure-sensitive materials use a two reagent system in which one
colorless reagent is released into the paper to activate the other and cause a color
change as a result of the passage of a pressure stylus. These systems can provide
good lines and dots relatively insensitive to tracing speed and they make good diazo
copies. On the other hand, they remain sensitive to scratches, folds, etc. and
hence deteriorate with usage.
Another technique that is receiving much favorable attention in recent months is
scribing; an incising of an opaque surface to produce a negative master from which
positive prints can be made. This method is a reversal of the pencil or inking
technique where the image is deposited upon the surface. "Scribe coat" films are
now available with both a colored undercoat and a white topcoat on a transparent
base. The scribed line cuts through both coatings to the transparent base. The
cut edge of the :olored undercoat contrasts with the white surface coating, making
it easy to see where a I ine has been scribed without the need of a I ight table. Scribed
films offer the advantages of permanence, toughness and dimensional stability and
are masters from which a wide variety of excellent prints can be made. However,
dotting is not done easily, requiring a rotating or spinning ability for the scribe tool.
Also, the scribe coat material is relatively expensive and is not readily available
in 60-inch wide roll form as required for the E-80 automatic paper feed system.
B. Liquid Ink Systems
Ink is still the most widely used method of marking. The simplest ink system appli-
cable to the E-80 Coordinatograph is the capillary pen. This system employs a
narrow tube to convey liquid ink from a reservoir to a pen which allows ink to flow
onto the paper when the pen is in contact with the paper. When the pen is lifted
surface tension at the tip prevents the ink from dripping.
Kingmann-White, Inc. successor to J. L. Cannon Mfg. Co., one of the developers
of remote reservoir capillary inking systems, recommends that the level of the ink in
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the reservoir should always be below the level of the pen tip. This arrangement
produces a relatively "dry" pen trace. It should be noted, the diameter of the pen
tube does not influence the height to which the ink can be lifted when the pen is
on the paper, but it does control the height to which the pen may be lifted above
the reservoir when the pen is off the chart, without losing its prime. A capillary
system provides the advantage of a large reservoir and relatively trouble free opera-
tion. Recent attempts by such companies as Kingmann-White and the Esterbrook Pen
Company to improve pen tip design hold promise of recording at speeds greater than
the ten inches per second once accepted as maximum. A recent new form of capillary
pen employs a pigmented wax for its ink. The ink reservoir and pen tip are heated
electrically so that the wax is molten. Upon contacting the cooler paper it cools
to a solid state rapidly and is thereafter constructively dry. Whatever ink is used in
a capillary pen, the viscosity of the ink is another critical parameter. Overly
viscous inks will tend to write narrower lines or skip at higher writing speeds while
inks of too low a viscosity tend to drip, run out along intersecting and connecting
Iines, and run back at the ends of lines.
A modified approach is to use a more volatile solvent so that the ink does truly dry
on the paper and then to equip the pen with some device to resist clogging when the
ink dries in the pen tip. Drafting pens of the Leroy and Rapidograph type are designed
with this thought in mind and use a fine wire insert within the tubular pen tip which
projects just for enough to give a slight up and down motion as the pen is brought into
contact with the writing surface.
Ball point pens provide another possible solution for a suitable marker. They require
considerably more force than a capillary system to write successfully, on the order
of magnitude of five to fifteen grams or more. They have been used successfully at
speeds up to forty or fifty inches per second. The line appears "dry" immediately,
runs and drips are impossible since only motion of the ball surface can transfer ink out
of the reservoir. On the other hand, since no ink is transferred without ball rotation,
the system does not produce dots reliably. One other advantage of the ball point
pen is its convenience. Either it works or you throw it away and put in one that does.
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Mass production makes it economically feasible to replace them on an arbitrary
schedule, thereby reducing danger of running dry in the middle of a plot.
Other pen and ink writing systems such as pressure-inking systems are under develop-
ment by several companies including Brush Instruments Division of the Clevite
Corporation, Esterline Angus Instrument Co., and Beckman Instruments, Inc. Spe-
cific details are not available, but in general, pressure pen systems require special-
ized inks with much higher viscosity, a smooth, hard surfaced paper, plus a higher
pen pressure to assist in producing an effective seal between the pen tip and the
paper. This requires that the pen tip configuration be such that it is held absolutely
square with the writing surface when drawing. When the pen is lifted it is necessary
to release the pressure before the tip is removed from the paper or else ink will
flow from the pen tip.
C. Other Systems
A most familiar method is, of course, those systems using photographic emulsions
which have a capability of producing extremely high quality copy. Very little
consideration was given to them in this study because photographic techniques
would not comply with the marking requirements defined in Section II of this report.
Electric discharge marking systems depend on an electric potential that burns the
coating on a dry sensitized recording paper. The dry recording paper is now
available in sheets or rolls and is not affected by light, changes in humidity or
temperature. Copy is clear, dry, permanent and usable without further processing
or development. Potentials of 70 to 500 volts are used for marking, the actual
requirements depending on recording speed, recording current frequency, stylus
shape and pressure. The recording surface is of relatively high resistance and the
size of the mark is basically a function of voltage.
Some papers are also heat sensitive. For example Communication Papers, Inc. can
supply "Timefax NDA" which will allow'marking at about three inches per second
with a stylus heated to 100?C. Increased marking speeds are possible as the temper-
ature is raised.
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In pursuing a study of this type, it seemed desirable to determine what other
manufacturers who produce equipment similar to the E-80 system had chosen for
markers and to note what success they have had. Personal contact was made with
many of them. Table 1 indicates the marker choices of some of these manufacturers.
Table 1. Marker Choices of Some Manufacturers
Marker Choice
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp.
Beckman Instrument Inc.
Benson -Lehner Corp.
California Computer Products, Inc.
(Cal-Comp)
Clevite Corp, Brush Instruments Div.
Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp.
Data Equipment Co.
Esterline-Angus Instrument Co., Inc.
General Radio Co.
Hewlett Packard Co.
Sanborn Div.
Honeywell, Inc.
Houston Instrument Corp.
IBM Corp.
Leeds and Northrup Co.
Soss Mfg. Co.
Amprobe Instruments
Texas Instruments, Inc.
Varian Associates
Vol tron Products
Ink or Heat Writing
Pressurized Ink (2 Models)
(Trying everything) - Bal I Point,
Koh-I-Moor, Scribing, Spray-
Future
Ball Point Pen and Scribe
Pressurized Ink 20 mm/sec and
Thermal Sensitive Paper
Heat Sensitive Paper
Lines - Pen and Ink Cartridge
Characters - Ribbon, Percussion
Capillary Pen and Inertial Ink Pump
Electrode Stylus - 1 Mark Every
1/3000 sec.
Heated Stylus and Heat Sensitive
Paper
Capillary Pen
Esterbrook Pen Co. Special
Capillary Pen
Ball Point
Capillary Pen
Pressure, Electra Sensitive
Ink or Heat (Best Response with Ink)
Capillary Pen
Presses Pointer on Sensitized Paper
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After talking with, representatives of the manufacturers listed in Table I and in
some cases with people who are using the equipment, two facts are worth noting.
First, we did not find anyone who was operating a system that combined dotting
and line drawing capabilities over a 60" x 60" area at the speeds, and to the
accuracy required of the E-80 Coordinatograph. Secondly, while the choices are
many and varied, inking is still the most popular form of marking.
Some of the problems encountered by the other manufacturers are illustrated by
the following observations made during discussions with them.
........ Have trouble with inking, especially at speeds in excess of
2 inches per second. Best results are obtained with a *1 Leroy Pen with
Pelikan Ink on Mylar. Are experimenting with special inks .........
........ Best results with Pelikan Ink and 00 Leroy Pen but do not try
to operate faster than 4 inches per second ......... Have given up
using a free flowing ink pen. Scribing is used when good reliable charts
are required. For some applications the pen mechanism has been modified
to accept Papermate "Piggy Back" ball point refills.
V MATERIALS LIST
In considering the merits of the various marking systems, it must be remembered that the
primary goal is to determine if an improvement can be made over the marking system
presently in use on the E-80 Coordinatograph. This adds one further considertion to the
requirements previously outlined in Section II, namely that the improvements must warrant
whatever retro-fitting will be required in order to install the new marker.
From all the possibilities considered, two broad areas were chosen for further investigation;
marking with electricity and marking with ink. While most of the effort in the inking
tests were directed towards getting the right combination of pen and ink, it is recognized
that the choice of a marking medium is an important part of the success of any marking
system. The following criteria were considered as an amplification of those already
established in Section II (Marking Requirements): (I) once the ink is on the paper it must
cease flowing and become dry as rapidly as possible, (2) the paper or film should not
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experience excessive contraction or expansion due to atmospheric conditions, and
(3) although economy is important, quality of work should take precedence over low
cost. A good grade of drafting vellum similar to that presently used on the E-80 System
was chosen as one possibility. This paper is stable as to atmospheric changes, contraction
or expansion not exceeding 1/8 inch in 42 inches in either direction in a 36 hour period.
This would be acceptable for many applications, but for superior stability as well as
strength and durability it was decided to investigate drafting film. Consequently, a
second medium tried was a 0.004 inch drafting film (matte one side) such as Dupont
"Cronaflex" or Frederick Post "Polytex". Hereafter the mediums shall be referred to as
paper and film respectively. Table 2 indicates the materials used in the tests performed
during the study program.
Product
Manufacturer
& Address
Use
No. 1000H Clearprint paper
Clearprint Paper Co.
Output medium
Emeryville, Calif.
for inking
Cronaflex drafting film
Dupont
(matte one side, 0.004 inch thick)
Wilmington, Delaware
Polytex drafting film
Frederick Post Co.
Chicago, Illinois
Front grounding dry electro-
Alfax Paper & Engineering
Output medium
sensitive recording paper
Co., Westboro, Mass
for electric
Electrosensitive Recording
Communciation Papers Inc.
marking
Papers
Scranton, Pennsylvania
Self Contained Marker #54-1
Esterbrook Pen Co.
Marking device
(0.008 inch I.D. Capillary Pen)
Cherry Hill, New Jersey
for inking
Capillary Pen 18610 Cartridge Type
Kingmann-White Inc.
Placentia, California
Capillary Pen
Electronic Associates Inc.
Long Branch, New Jersey
Liquid Ink Conversion Kit
California Computer Products
Anaheim, California
Table 2. Materials List
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Table 2. Materials List - continued
Product
Manufacturer
& Address
Use
Bull Point Pens
Kingmann-White Inc.
Marking device
Fisher Pen Co.
for inking
Chicago, Illinois
The Paper Mate Co.
Chicago, Illinois
Waterman-Bic Pen Corp.
Milford, Connecticut
Government Issue
Hanover #282
Drafting Pens (Technical
A. W. Faber-CastelI -Higgins
cartridge pen with stylus)
Newark, New Jersey
Drafting Pen (Radipograph regular,
Koh-I-Noor
jewel point end tungsten carbide points
Bloomsbury, New Jersey
in sizes from 0.2 to 0.8 mm I ine width)
Drafting Pen (Technical pen points
Staedtler Inc.
in size from 0.2 to 0.8 mm I ine width)
Montville, New Jersey
Nylon Nib Pens #7902, 7907 and
Eagle Pencil Co.
7935
Danbury, Connecticut
Solenoid operated pencil and mount
Southampton Engineering Co.
(modified by Concord Control to
St. Louis, Missouri
accept ball point pen refill)
Special formula
Easy Mark, Inc.
Ink
Lowell, Mass.
Ink cartridge #50K-40225
Esterbrook Pen Co.
Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Special Ink #3089-Fl
California Computer Products
Anaheim, California
Oscillograph Ink #RA276002
Brush Instrument Div.,
Clevite Corp.
Cleveland, Ohio
Higgins India Ink
A. W. Faber-CastelI -Higgins
(in factory sealed cartridge)
Newark, New Jersey
Ink Sample
Kingmann-White
Black Waterproof Lettering Ink
Keuffel & Esser Co.
K & E #58-005
New York, N. Y.
Acetate Ink - Black #3071
Koh-I-Noor, Inc.
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VI MARKING SYSTEMS TESTED
As previously noted two areas appeared to hold the most promise for an improved marking
system for the E-80 Coordinatograph. The first area in which tests were made was marking
with ink. Here, three types of pens were tried; capillary, ball point and free flowing.
Breadboard setups were constructed to simulate the relative motion between the pen and
the chart. The drafting paper or film was taped to an aluminum cylinder which was
mounted in an adjustable speed metal turning lathe. The various ball point and free flow-
ing ink pens were mounted in a modified Southampton Engineering Co. solenoid operated
holder supported on the lathe tool holder. By rotating the cylinder at various speeds, and
knowing the circumference of the drum, various "writing speeds" could be obtained be-
tween the pen and the paper. To test the capillary pens, a plate carrying a solenoid,
springs and pen pivot bearings similar to the one already installed on the E-80 Coordina-
tograph was built and adapted to be mounted on the lathe tool holder. One problem
encountered with the lathe setup was the joint in the paper surface necessitated by
wrapping the paper around a drum. This joint interfered with pen performance and prompt-
ed the construction of another setup using a 12 inch diameter turntable as the writing
surface and mounting the pens in a rigidly supported arm whose radius could be varied.
By appropriately choosing an rpm for the turntable and a radius at which the pen was to
write, various "writing speeds" could be obtained. In addition to the two pen mounting
assemblies described above, a third was built for this breadboard which basically con-
sisted of a Cal-Comp output solenoid and pen mount assembly. In the Cal-Camp device
the free flowing ink pen or ball point pen is lifted off the paper when the solenoid is
energized and allowed to drop into writing position by gravity when the solenoid is de-
energized. This is in contrast to
previous approach of energizing the
solenoid to force the pen down. The newlount drops the pen by gravity by
removing the pen support when the solenoid is energized and lifts the pen by spring force
when the solenoid is re-energized. This eliminated the tendency to drive the pen tip
into the writing surface which caused some trouble with the finer free flowing ink pens.
Finally, since none of the breadboards really present the true problems of controlled high
speed starting and stopping in which the pen moves and the output stands still, the three
types of pens were tested several times on the actual E-80 Coordinatograph. In order to
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test the ball point pens a fitting, developed for use with the E-80 solenoid, was mounted
on the carriage. This attachment held and guided a ball point refill so that it raised or
lowered the proper distance on pen up, pen down commands. It included an L shaped
spring metal clip over which the ball of the pen rolled when being lowered to draw or
dot, in an attempt to overcome the problem of no ink being transferred to the paper
without ball rotation.
The results of these tests are presented in Table 3. A number of the tests were selected
for illustration in this report, so that the reader may make a graphic comparison of the
test results, and are included at the end of the document.
It is pertinent to note that certain facts which were observed during the tests do not show
up in a tabulation such as has been given. The following paragraphs provide a more
detailed description of the results of those tests which seemed more significant than
others. No attempt is made to list the results in an order of importance, but rather to
consider them all so that some meaningful conclusions and recommendations might be
reached.
In all cases where the ball point pen was used, it was found necessary to add a spring
wiper over which the ball rolled before hitting the paper if successive dots were to be
produced.
In tests 16 and 17 in which the ball point refill was dropped by gravity the results were
light. As the spring force was increased, the line work improved, indicating that the
ball point requires considerable more pressure than the capillary system which requires
only a few grams.
In tests 21 and 22 the Kingmann-White capillary pen was mounted on the tool holder
such that the pen point was perpendicular to the paper at the top of the cylinder. Results
were good when the level of the ink in the reservoir was 1 1/2 inches below the writing
surface, but if raised to 3/4 inch above the writing surface, ink dripped out when the
pen was raised off the paper. In test 23 the same pen was connected to its reservoir by a
length of capillary tubing approximately 100 inches long to observe the effect of a tube
long enough to go from a bottle located below the platen of the coordinatograph up onto
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the gantry and then to the carriage and pen assembly. The length did not appear to cause
any trouble, but if the ink level was more than about 1 1/2 inches below the writing
surface, some difficulty was noticed in keeping a prime in the system.
In tests 25 through 27 Esterbrook sealed plastic cartridges were used as an ink supply. The
cartridges are much superior to present E-80 methods of filling a bottle. However, there
is not at present a standard size that fits all our requirements. The 7 cc rectangular car-
tridge mounted sideways would write enough (approx. 185,000 inches) but sudden motions
in line with the vent hole caused a fine spatter on the table. To avoid this would require
a new mold for their 60-6 cartridge in which the piercing tube entered from the top. This
priming feature works well. The system was left for varying lengths of time ranging from
overnight to two weeks and in all cases wrote immediately after compressing the bulb.
Height of pen tip off surface and the force with which the pen rides on the writing
surface are important. In the original E-80 design, a flat leaf spring was added to
balance the forces exerted on the pen by the solenoid and the return spring. In tests 28
and 29 it was noticed that some of the spatter happened on the upstroke of the pen. This
situation was improved in test 30 by shortening the stroke and by installing a small piece
of sponge rubber to cushion the contact between the pen housing and spring.
The final group of ink tests were made with various sizes and designs of three different
manufacturers pens sold primarily as replacement points for drafting fountain pens. These
are hollow steel tubes with a diameter equivalent to the desired Iine width and equipped
with a fine wire riding inside the pen point tube to provide steady non-clogging ink flow.
One company, Staedtler Inc., spring loads this wire, which appeared to give more
dependable action than depending on gravity for the down motion. One exception was
in dotting, where the continual up down motion apparently jammed the spring and caused
the wire to stick up in the tube. Most of the pen points have hardened steel tips, al-
though Koh-l-Noor also supplies them with jewel tips and tungsten-carbide tips. Both
of these styles were tried.
Tests 32 through 42 used the Cal-Comp ink supplied with the conversion kit. Ink flow
was good at low speeds, less than 10 inches per second, but tended to skip at higher
13
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speeds. If left overnight without cleaning, the pen tips became clogged and had to
be removed and washed before they would write again. Tests 36 through 39 showed
this ink dried slowly on film which re-emphasized need to consider all three elements,
pen, paper and ink.
Test 42, made on the E-80 Coordinatograph, with a Staedtler 1 .0 mm pen on film gave
good results at full speed. Variations in line width were discernible when lines are
parallel and close together. Dots were good.
Tests 43 through 49 with the free flowing ink pens used the new mounting mechanism
as described on page 1 1.
In test 49 which was made on the E-80 Coordinatogroph with the new L-imounting
assembly, the pen took too long to go through the down-up cycle compared with the
time the carriage is stopped. Results were dots with tails.
STAT
The second area in which tests were made was electric marking. Samples of Alfax front
grounding, dry type electrosensitive recording paper were used in a breadboard setup
similar to that used for the pen and ink tests. The paper was taped to the aluminum
cylinder and the marker or stylus was held in the stationary tool post. It was also
necessary to mount a fixed copper wiper to act as a ground connection. A Lambda
regulated power supply was used to supply current to a beryllium copper writing electrode.
Alfax recommended applying 100 to 150 volts DC to result in 40 to 60 m.a. current.
The first tests were made with the drum turning at 113 rps (equivalent to a writing speed
of 14.6 inches per second), and with 100 volts applied to the writing electrode. The
results were of varying quality, from poor to fairly good.
A second group of tests were made with cut sheets about 6" x 20" held flat on a table by
1 inch wide metal strips around the perimeter of the paper. The voltage was increased
to 150 volts. The stylus was moved about by hand at speeds varying from 3 to 20 inches
per second. As shown in test 51 the results varied, but were better than those obtained
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111, k k I[ [ # L I L
Line uality
Test
Writing
Greater than
Less than
Runs or
Drying
Type Pen
No.
Manufacturer
Ink
Surface
10 "/sec.
10"/sec.
Smears
Dotting Ability
Spatter
Time
Remarks
Ball Point
1
U.S. Gov't issue
-
Film
Good
Good
No
Acceptable
No
OK
Spring wiper is
variation
variation
with wiper
necessary for
in width
in width
dotting with all
ball points tried.
Ball Point
2
Kingmann-White
-
Film
Poor
Fair
No
Fair
No
OK
Holder did not
give adequate
support. Refill
is flexible.
Ball Point
.3
Hanover #282
-
Film
Fair
Good
No
Acceptable
No
OK
{
variation
variation
with wiper
in width
in width
Ball Point
4
Kingmann-White
-
Paper
-
Fair
No
Did not try
No
OK
Tore paper.
Ball Point
5
BIC
-
Paper
Faint
Faint
No
Fair
No
OK
BulI Point
6
Kingmann-White
- '
Paper
Skipped
Fair
No
Fair
No
OK
variation
variation
in width
in width
Ball Point
7,
1
Papermate
d
Red and Black
Paper
Good
Good
No
Acceptable
No
OK
0
(me
ium)
with wiper
Ball Point
8,
Papermate
ff
Red and Blackl
Paper
Good but
Good
No
Fair
No
OK
11
(fine)
Light
Ball Point
9
Kingmann-White
-
Paper
Skipped
Some Skip
No
Fair
No
OK
Ball Point
12
Papermate
- w
Film
Good but
Good but
No
Acceptable with
OK
(fine)
light
light
wiper
Ball Point
13
Papermate
-
Film
Good.
Good
No
Acceptable with
OK
(medium)
wiper
Ball Point
14
Papermate
-
Paper
Light
Did not try
Acceptable with
No
OK
(fine)
wiper
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
I- !
Line Quali
Test
Writing
Greater than
Less than
Runs or
Drying
Type Pen
No.
Manufacturer
Ink
Surface
10"/sec.
10"/sec.
Smears
Dotting Ability
Spatter
Time
Remarks
Ball Point
15
Kingmann-White
-
Paper
Fair
Did not try
No
Fair
No
OK
variation
in width
Ball Point
16
Papermate
-
Film
Some skip
Faint
Residue
No
OK
Spring holding
(fine) .
pen on paper
not strong
enough
Ball Point
17
Kingmann-White
-
Paper
Fair
Faint
Residue
Fair
No
OK
Capillary
18
EAI
Brush
Paper
Fair
Good
No
Good
Yes on
Fair
3" head
1RA276002
dotting
Capillary
19
EAI
Brush
Paper
Fair
Good
No
Good
Someon
Fair
1" head
RRA276002
dotting
Capillary
20
I
EAI
I
Brush
A2
2
#
Paper
I
Skips
Did not try
I I
Nc
I
Good
Some o
Fair
head
R
7600
dotting
(new pen)
Capillary
21
Kingmann-White
Brush
#RA276002
Paper
Did not try
Good
No
Did not try
No
Good
Capillary
22
Kingmann-White
Brush
Film
Did not try
Good
Some
Did not try
No
Slow
1RA276002
Capillary
23
Kingmann-White
Brush
Paper
Did not try
See remarks
Drip when
1RA276002
head reached
3/4". 100"
tube from source
to pen made no
appreciable
difference.
Capillary
24
Esterbrook
Easy Mark
Paper
Did not try
Fair
Yes
Poor
Some
Slow
#139
under
rapid
start
& stop
M
0
o.
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Line Quality
Test
Writing
Greater than
Less than
Runs or
Drying
Type Pen
No.
Manufacturer
Ink
Surface
l0"/sec.
10"/sec.
Smears
Dotting Ability
Spatter
Time
Remarks
Capillary
25
Esterbrook
Esterbrook
Paper
Good
Good
See
Did not try
-
Fair
Ran badly if
50K Fast Dry
remarks
pen remained
in contact with
paper without
moving.
Capillary
26
Esterbrook
Esterbrook
Paper
See remarks
-
-
-
-
-
Pen clogged,
purple
Capillary
27
Esterbrook
Esterbrook
Film
See remarks
-
-
-
-
-
Pen clogged.
purple
Capillary
28
EAI
Esterbrook
Film
Fair
Did not try
No
Good
Yes
Slow
Dots spread
while drying.
Capillary
29
EAI
Esterbrook
Film
Fair to good
Did not try
Some
Good
Some
Slow
Tried to vary
vertical pen
Capillary
30
EAI
Esterbrook
Film
1
Fair to oood
'
yes
Good
Some
I
Slow
travel,
Free flow-
31
Higgins
Sealed India
Paper
Fair
See remarks
No
Did not try
Some
Fast
Pen clogged.
ing ink
ink cartridge
& film
when
shaken
hard
Free flow-
32
Stoedtler
Calcomp
Paper
See remarks
-
No
Good
None
Good
Tested hand
ing ink
various sizes
#3089 Fl
& film
on drafting table,
Free flow-
33
Staedtler 0.4 mm
Koh-I-Noor
Paper
Skip
Acceptable
No
Good
No
Fair
ing ink
Cartridge
Free flow-
34
Staedtler 0.5 mm
Calcomp
Paper
Good
Good
ing ink
#3089 FI
Free flow-
35
Staedtler 1 .0 mm
Calcomp
Paper
Skips
Good
No
Did not try
No
Good
ing ink
#3089 FI
Free flow-
ing ink
36
Staedtler 1.0 mm
Calcomp
#3089 FI
Film
Fair
Good
No
Fair
No
Fair
WT
}
~
t
eeds_j
.g
i
er
sp
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Line Quality
Test
Writing
Greater than
Less than
Runs or
Drying
Type Pen
No.
Manufacturer
Ink
Surface
10"/sec.
10"/sec.
Smears
Dotting Ability
Spatter
Time
Remarks
Free flow-
37
Staedtler 0.2 mm
Calcomp
Film
Fair
Good No
Good
No
Fair
Pen snagged.
ing ink
#3089 F1
Free flow-
38
Staedtler 0.6 mm
Calcomp
Film
Fair
Did not try No
Fair
No
Fair
Dots spread.
ing ink
#3089 FI
Free flow-
39
Koh-l-Noor
Calcomp
Film
Uneven
Did not try No
Uneven
No.
Fair
Results unreliable
ing ink
#62 J-I
#3089 F1
without wire.
(No wire in tube)
Free flow-
40
Staedtler 0.8 mm
Calcomp
Paper
Fair
Did not try No
Did not try
No
Good
Skips
ing ink
#3089 FI
Free flow-
41
Stoedtler 1 .0 mm
Calcomp
Paper
Variation
Good I No
Did not try
No
Good
I
Skips
ing ink
#3089 Fl
in width
Free flow-
42
Staedtler 1.0 mm
Calcomp
Film
Good
Did not try No
Fair. Dots
No
Slow
ing ink
I
#3089 FI
spread
Free flow- 1
43
Koh-l-Noor
Acetate 1
Film
Good
~ Good No
Good
No
Fast
Ink dries too
ing ink
#62 J-I
fast in pen
(
causing clogging.
Free flow-
44
Koh-l-Noor
Esterbrook
Film
Good
Good Some
Good
No
Slow
Dots spread
ing ink
#62 J-2
smearing
while drying.
Free flow- 1
:45
Koh-l-Noor
Leroy (K&E)I
Film
Good
Good No
Good
No
Good
ing ink
#62 J-2
#58-0005
I
I
i
Free flow-
46
Koh-I-Noor
Acetate
!
Film
Good
Good No
Good
No
Fast
Pen clogged .
ing ink
#62 T-I
some skips
Free flow-
47
Koh-I-Noor
Acetate
Film
Fair, varied
Fair, varied No
Varied
No
Fast
Ink dries very fast I
ing ink
#62 J-2
See remarks
See remarks
causing clogging
& varying line
width
Free flow-
48
Staedtler #0
60% Calcomp
Film
Fair
Good No
Varied
Yes
Good
ing ink
40% alcohol
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 1. 1 111 1 1 1_ 1 I I
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Table 3. Test Results - (cont.)
Line Qualit
Test
Writing
Greater than
Less than
Runs or
Drying
Type Pen
No.
Manufacturer
Ink
Surface
10"sec.
10"/sec.
Smears
Dotting Ability
Spatter
Time
Remarks
Free flow-
49
Koh-I-Noor
Leroy (K&E)
Film
Good
Good
No
Fair
No
Good
Dots had tails.
ing ink
#62 J-2
#58-0005
See remarks
Pen up - pen
down timing
not properly
adjusted.
Free flow-
50
Eagle, nylon tip
Paper
Good
Good
No
Good
No
Good
Wears and
ing ink
Varied
Varied
broadens with
with usage
with usage
usage.
Electric
51
-
Pen
Alfax
Varies
Varies
Good
Line quality
Electra-
deteriorates as
sensitive
pen is moved
Dry Paper
away from
electrical
I
'
(
I
I
I
I
ground.
I
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78B04770A001700010020-2
E-106
on the rotating drum and improved when the ground strap was in a fresh position or applied
with pressure. It is believed that the poor results obtained with the rotating cylinder were
due to insufficient contact between the ground brush and the paper. Lines or dots were
drawn equally well, and the resulting chart made acceptable ozalid copies. There was
some arcing and odor and a powdery deposit formed on the writing electrode. The
manufacturer recognized the need for an adequate ground strap to maintain satisfactory
contact for an acceptable length of time but had no suggestions that were applicable to
the E-80 System. The problem here is that the paper is coated and any ground connector
attached to the moving head tends to mark the surface. A non-moving ground or clamp,
which would also have to operate in harmony with the automatic paper feed, tended to
deteriorate with time resulting in non-uniform line work. Another factor which caused
some concerns was that the quality of the line decreased as the distance from the marker
to the ground strap increased.
Considerable development effort is still being exerted by many companies to improve the
techniques required to produce a satisfactory marking system in which "electricity is
the ink."
VII CONCLUSIONS
In making a survey of a field so rich in variety of choice as that of marking paper, one
of the prime problems is to establish some reasonable means of limiting the study. At the
outset of the program the technical goal was defined as a study directed toward significant
improvement of the marking system now used on thel Model E-80 High STAT
Speed Coordinatograph. Bearing this in mind certain marker systems were eliminated,
with only a cursory consideration, because the E-80 marking requirements made them
unsuitable. Examples of marker systems eliminated included any of the systems using
carbon paper or similar pressure sensitive methods of marking because of the difficulties
in procuring 60 inch wide rolls and of interleaving the carbon paper with the chart paper.
Other methods not considered were damp electrosensitive paper which tends to dry out
when the supply roll is left on the machine for several days, and any of the other electro-
sensitive papers which require an electrode on both sides of the paper. The latter type
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E -106
would require that-the coordinatograph platen be insulated. A dry, top grounding,
electrosensitive paper was tested by the results were not uniform due in some measure
to the difficulty in maintaining an adequate ground over such a large area. Consider-
able effort is being expended by many companies such as Hewlett Packard/Moseley
Division, Palo Alto, Calif., Clevite Corp./Brush Instruments Div., Cleveland, Ohio
and Alden Electronic and Impulse Recording Equipment Co., Westboro, Mass, to improve
the electric discharge technique of marking. Any significant developments in this field
could improve the technique to a level which would then make it an excellent candidate
for use on a system such as the E-80 Coordinatograph. An electrically heated pen using
solid state ink also was eliminated because it exhibited a tendency to spatter uni er fast
reversals and did not appear to dot satisfactorily.
Scribing is a method that produces excellent results on a stable material, although the
result is a negative (clear line on opaque background) when compared with the conven-
tional ink or pencil line on clear paper. With the development of double coated scribing
materials, which eliminate the need for a light table to read the scribed sheet, and
rotating scribe tools to permit dotting, another area is provided which offers good pos-
sibilities for a satisfactory marking system for the E-80 Coordinatograph.
All things considered, however, inking still appears to be the method which provides the
most opportunity for a significant improvement for the E-80 system. Again, the problem
of where to end the study becomes pertinent, since it is obvious that at any point further
investigation brings better results. However, after trying many combinations, the follow-
ing conclusions were reached.
Free flowing ink pens giving a line width of about 0.021 inch and using a block water-
proof K & E ink 158-0005 on film gave the best overall results. Line width varied very
little even at full speed. Dots were good and dried in less than 10 seconds. These pens
did not work as well on regular drafting paper, the rougher surface tending to snag them
on occasion. Major disadvantage was the inconvenience of ink drying in the pen which
would necessitate removing the pen tip when the unit was not in use and keeping it in
a cleaning solution. This could be easily accomplished.
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78B04770A001700010020-2
ell point pens were the next most successful when used with a leaf spring for the ball
to roll over just before it struck the paper. The leaf spring is particularly necessary
when attempting to produce a series of dots. Dotting was not entirely dependable but
an, improved mechanical design for the leaf spring would help. Advantages are; economy,
ease (no mess) with which the points can be changed, and wide choice of line width
and color.
The capillary pen works well when properly adjusted, but the dotting requirements are
difficult to meet because of spatter. Improvements such as sealed ink supply cartridges,
priming devices, etc. will remove much of the messiness previously encountered on the
E-80 installation and modification of the mechanical operation of the pen could help
the spatter problem.
VIII RECOMMENDATIONS
It is our recommendation that a universal mount, to accept either the free flowing ink
pens described in this report or various ball point pens available, be built and mounted
on the E-80 carriage. It appears that good results will be obtained with either of the
two pen types. Since improvement in this area is of vital interest to those using the
E-80 equipment, such a mount has been built and installed on the equipment with the
hope that additional experience gained in operation of the equipment may be useful in
complementing the results of this study.
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Gov't. Issue Ball Point Pen mounted in
an adapter on the original E-80 carriage.
Adapter included a wiper to rotate ball.
Tests run on film on E-80 Coordinatograph at
various speeds. This figure depicts results
at 1/2 speed (approx. 8"/sec).
Test No. 1. Government Issue Pen on Film
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
'W AT
Medium Paper Mate Ball Point Pen (Red or Black)
mounted inlathe fixture.
Tests run on paper on rotating cylinder,
Spring wiper needed to make acceptable dots.
Line work shown made with black pen at approx 14.6"/Sec.
Initial skips are result of varying pressure between pen and paper.
7
p,1,~
_4 4 it
"F~
17 "T
"IrPI 1J,
W
E
UT" Z 'A
71 A
M 111711 M 21 Tr
W k,
J~ UK IM, alt
qT,
'W, '71
1 Oil
la"
TA,
4-11, 4L
,
-
40 4
4
---------------------
A2
017
T, A
4
4
%al M- I:
Hit.
Test Numbers 7 and 10. Paper Mate Pen on Paper
24
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Fine and Medium Paper Mate Pens.
Same setup as Tests 7 and 10 except tests made on film,
Line work shown made with black pen at speeds indicated.
Medium
Point at
10. 6"/sec.
Fine
Point at
10. 6"/sec.
Medium
Point at
14. 6"/sec.
Fine '
Point at
14.6"/sec.
E-106
Test Numbers 12 and 13. Paper Mate Pen on Film
25
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Original E.A. I. Pen with Esterbrook Ink on Film.
Slow drying. Note spreading of dots due to long drying time.
Relative motion of
pen vs film.
Test No. 30. EAI Pen with Esterbrook Ink on Film
26
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Koh-I-Noor Jewel Tip on Film.
Leroy Ink 058-0005.
Test No. 45. Koh-l-Noor Pen with Esterbrook Ink on Film
2 ~t
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Koh-I-Noor Jewel Tip on Film.
Acetate Ink.
Results are good at first but vary with time
due to fast drying ink which tended to clog pen.
Test No. 47. Koh-I-Noor Pen with Acetate Ink on Film
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
SCAT
Koh-I-Noor Jewel Tip on Film.
Leroy Ink 158-0005
Tests made with newlnounting plate on
E-80 Coordinatograph.
Results shown here drawn at 3/4 speed (approx. 12"/sec).
3-I I [ TTTTTTTI7
1 11111 IIH
I X=
Test No. 49. Koh-I-Noor Pen with K & E Ink on Film
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 : CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
Metal Scale Grounding Imprint I
1/16 dia. round
Steel Stylus
Flat, pointed, Note impressions from
Beryllium Copper Leaf Metal Scale used as
ground strap.
Test No. 51. Electric Marking on Electrosensitive Dry Paper
30
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mmi E- 106
1. Cerni & Foster, Instrumentation for Engineering Measurement, (Wiley, New York,
1962)
2. Draper, C.S., Instrument Engineering, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952)
3. Edgecumbe, K., industrial Electrical Measuring Instruments, (Sir I. Pitman &
Sons, Ltd., London, 1933)
4. Considine, D., Process Instruments & Control Handbooks, (McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1957)
5. Behar, M. F . , Handbook of Measurements & Control , (Pittsburgh Instrument
Publishing Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1951)
6. Eckman, D.P., Industrial Instrumentation, (Wiley, New York, 1950)
7. Mattiello, J.J., 5 Volumes on Paints, Varnished, Ink, etc., Vol. III
(Wiley, New York, Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London, 1941-1944)
Magazines
1 . Brush (Clevite) Electro Dynamic pen motors - 100"/sec, Aviation Weekly - 7/54
2. Instruments & Control Systems, pages 71, 83, 87 - 7/66
3. Reprographics, United Business Publications, N.Y., pages 10, 11 - 5/66
4. Recording Instruments, Electro-Technology, page 89 6/66
5. Whats new in Graphic Recorders, Electronic Products, page 24 - 8/66
Advertising Literature
i . Custom Designed Marking Systems - The Esterbrook Pen Company
2. Stabilene Films and Related Equipment - Keuffel & Esser Company
3. Pens, Inks, Charts - Kingmann-White, Inc.
4. Electrosensitive Recording Paper - Communication Papers Inc.
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 Approved For Release 2005/05/20 CIA-RDP78BO477OA001700010020-2
STAT
is an engineering firm specializing in the
development and manufacture of automatic systems utilizing advanced
Computation, Control, Electronics and Instrumentation techniques
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